--- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/swapcontext.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/swapcontext.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +/* @r{Set by the signal handler.} */ +static volatile int expired; + +/* @r{The contexts.} */ +static ucontext_t uc[3]; + +/* @r{We do only a certain number of switches.} */ +static int switches; + + +/* @r{This is the function doing the work. It is just a + skeleton, real code has to be filled in.} */ +static void +f (int n) +@{ + int m = 0; + while (1) + @{ + /* @r{This is where the work would be done.} */ + if (++m % 100 == 0) + @{ + putchar ('.'); + fflush (stdout); + @} + + /* @r{Regularly the @var{expire} variable must be checked.} */ + if (expired) + @{ + /* @r{We do not want the program to run forever.} */ + if (++switches == 20) + return; + + printf ("\nswitching from %d to %d\n", n, 3 - n); + expired = 0; + /* @r{Switch to the other context, saving the current one.} */ + swapcontext (&uc[n], &uc[3 - n]); + @} + @} +@} + +/* @r{This is the signal handler which simply set the variable.} */ +void +handler (int signal) +@{ + expired = 1; +@} + + +int +main (void) +@{ + struct sigaction sa; + struct itimerval it; + char st1[8192]; + char st2[8192]; + + /* @r{Initialize the data structures for the interval timer.} */ + sa.sa_flags = SA_RESTART; + sigfillset (&sa.sa_mask); + sa.sa_handler = handler; + it.it_interval.tv_sec = 0; + it.it_interval.tv_usec = 1; + it.it_value = it.it_interval; + + /* @r{Install the timer and get the context we can manipulate.} */ + if (sigaction (SIGPROF, &sa, NULL) < 0 + || setitimer (ITIMER_PROF, &it, NULL) < 0 + || getcontext (&uc[1]) == -1 + || getcontext (&uc[2]) == -1) + abort (); + + /* @r{Create a context with a separate stack which causes the + function @code{f} to be call with the parameter @code{1}. + Note that the @code{uc_link} points to the main context + which will cause the program to terminate once the function + return.} */ + uc[1].uc_link = &uc[0]; + uc[1].uc_stack.ss_sp = st1; + uc[1].uc_stack.ss_size = sizeof st1; + makecontext (&uc[1], (void (*) (void)) f, 1, 1); + + /* @r{Similarly, but @code{2} is passed as the parameter to @code{f}.} */ + uc[2].uc_link = &uc[0]; + uc[2].uc_stack.ss_sp = st2; + uc[2].uc_stack.ss_size = sizeof st2; + makecontext (&uc[2], (void (*) (void)) f, 1, 2); + + /* @r{Start running.} */ + swapcontext (&uc[0], &uc[1]); + putchar ('\n'); + + return 0; +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/popen.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/popen.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +#include +#include + +void +write_data (FILE * stream) +@{ + int i; + for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) + fprintf (stream, "%d\n", i); + if (ferror (stream)) + @{ + fprintf (stderr, "Output to stream failed.\n"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + @} +@} + +@group +int +main (void) +@{ + FILE *output; + + output = popen ("more", "w"); + if (!output) + @{ + fprintf (stderr, + "incorrect parameters or too many files.\n"); + return EXIT_FAILURE; + @} + write_data (output); + if (pclose (output) != 0) + @{ + fprintf (stderr, + "Could not run more or other error.\n"); + @} + return EXIT_SUCCESS; +@} +@end group --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc.info-3 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc.info-3 @@ -0,0 +1,8594 @@ +This is libc.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from libc.texinfo. + +INFO-DIR-SECTION Software libraries +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* Libc: (libc). C library. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + +INFO-DIR-SECTION GNU C library functions and macros +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* ALTWERASE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN: (libc)Argp Parser Functions. +* ARG_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* BC_BASE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_DIM_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_SCALE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_STRING_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BRKINT: (libc)Input Modes. +* BUFSIZ: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* CCTS_OFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CHILD_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* CIGNORE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLK_TCK: (libc)CPU Time. +* CLOCAL: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLOCKS_PER_SEC: (libc)CPU Time. +* COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* CPU_CLR: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ISSET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SETSIZE: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ZERO: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CREAD: (libc)Control Modes. +* CRTS_IFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS5: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS6: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS7: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS8: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSIZE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSTOPB: (libc)Control Modes. +* DES_FAILED: (libc)DES Encryption. +* DTTOIF: (libc)Directory Entries. +* E2BIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EACCES: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRINUSE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRNOTAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAGAIN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EALREADY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBACKGROUND: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADF: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADFD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRQC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADSLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBFONT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBUSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECANCELED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHILD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOCTL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOK: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOKE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHONL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOPRT: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECOMM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNABORTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNREFUSED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDESTADDRREQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDIED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOTDOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDQUOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EEXIST: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFAULT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFBIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGRATUITOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGREGIOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIDRM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EILSEQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINPROGRESS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINVAL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYEXPIRED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREJECTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREVOKED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2NSYNC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3RST: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBACC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBBAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBMAX: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBSCN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELNRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELOOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMEDIUMTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMSGSIZE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMULTIHOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAMETOOLONG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENEEDAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOANO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOBUFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOCSI: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODATA: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOENT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOKEY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEDIUM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENONET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPKG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPROTOOPT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSYS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTBLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTEMPTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTRECOVERABLE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSUP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTUNIQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENXIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* EOPNOTSUPP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOVERFLOW: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOWNERDEAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPERM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCLIM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTONOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTOTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EQUIV_CLASS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* ERANGE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMCHG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERESTART: (libc)Error Codes. +* EROFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERPCMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESHUTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESOCKTNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRMNT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTALE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTRPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIME: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIMEDOUT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETOOMANYREFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETXTBSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUCLEAN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUNATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUSERS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EWOULDBLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXDEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXFULL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXIT_FAILURE: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXIT_SUCCESS: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXPR_NEST_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* FD_CLOEXEC: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* FD_CLR: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ISSET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SETSIZE: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ZERO: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FILENAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* FLUSHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* FOPEN_MAX: (libc)Opening Streams. +* FP_ILOGB0: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* FP_ILOGBNAN: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* F_DUPFD: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* F_GETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_GETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_GETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_GETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* F_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* F_SETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_SETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_SETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETLKW: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* HUGE_VAL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALF: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUPCL: (libc)Control Modes. +* I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* ICANON: (libc)Local Modes. +* ICRNL: (libc)Input Modes. +* IEXTEN: (libc)Local Modes. +* IFNAMSIZ: (libc)Interface Naming. +* IFTODT: (libc)Directory Entries. +* IGNBRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNPAR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IMAXBEL: (libc)Input Modes. +* INADDR_ANY: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_BROADCAST: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_LOOPBACK: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_NONE: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INFINITY: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* INLCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* INPCK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IPPORT_RESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* IPPORT_USERRESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* ISIG: (libc)Local Modes. +* ISTRIP: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXANY: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXOFF: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXON: (libc)Input Modes. +* LINE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* LINK_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* L_ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* L_cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* L_tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* MAXNAMLEN: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAXSYMLINKS: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* MAX_CANON: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAX_INPUT: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MB_CUR_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MB_LEN_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MDMBUF: (libc)Control Modes. +* MSG_DONTROUTE: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_OOB: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_PEEK: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* NAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* NAN: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* NCCS: (libc)Mode Data Types. +* NGROUPS_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* NOFLSH: (libc)Local Modes. +* NOKERNINFO: (libc)Local Modes. +* NSIG: (libc)Standard Signals. +* NULL: (libc)Null Pointer Constant. +* ONLCR: (libc)Output Modes. +* ONOEOT: (libc)Output Modes. +* OPEN_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* OPOST: (libc)Output Modes. +* OXTABS: (libc)Output Modes. +* O_ACCMODE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_APPEND: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_ASYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_CREAT: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXCL: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXEC: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_EXLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_FSYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_IGNORE_CTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NDELAY: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOATIME: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOCTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NOLINK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOTRANS: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_RDONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_RDWR: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_READ: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_SHLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_SYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_TRUNC: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_WRITE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_WRONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* PARENB: (libc)Control Modes. +* PARMRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* PARODD: (libc)Control Modes. +* PATH_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* PA_FLAG_MASK: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* PENDIN: (libc)Local Modes. +* PF_FILE: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_INET6: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_INET: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_LOCAL: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_UNIX: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PIPE_BUF: (libc)Limits for Files. +* P_tmpdir: (libc)Temporary Files. +* RAND_MAX: (libc)ISO Random. +* RE_DUP_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* RLIM_INFINITY: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* R_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* SA_NOCLDSTOP: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_ONSTACK: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_RESTART: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SEEK_CUR: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_END: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_SET: (libc)File Positioning. +* SIGABRT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGBUS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGCHLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCONT: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGEMT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGFPE: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGHUP: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGILL: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGINFO: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGINT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGIO: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGIOT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGKILL: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGLOST: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPIPE: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPOLL: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGPROF: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGQUIT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGSEGV: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGSTOP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGSYS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTERM: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGTRAP: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTSTP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTIN: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTOU: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGURG: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGUSR1: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGUSR2: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGVTALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGWINCH: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGXCPU: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGXFSZ: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIG_ERR: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* SOCK_DGRAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RAW: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RDM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_SEQPACKET: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_STREAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOL_SOCKET: (libc)Socket-Level Options. +* SSIZE_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* STREAM_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* SUN_LEN: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* SV_INTERRUPT: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_ONSTACK: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_RESETHAND: (libc)BSD Handler. +* S_IFMT: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISBLK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISCHR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISDIR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISFIFO: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISLNK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISREG: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISSOCK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISMQ: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSEM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSHM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* TMP_MAX: (libc)Temporary Files. +* TOSTOP: (libc)Local Modes. +* TZNAME_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* VDISCARD: (libc)Other Special. +* VDSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VEOF: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL2: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VINTR: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VKILL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VLNEXT: (libc)Other Special. +* VMIN: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VQUIT: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VREPRINT: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VSTART: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSTATUS: (libc)Other Special. +* VSTOP: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VTIME: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VWERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* WCHAR_MAX: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCHAR_MIN: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCOREDUMP: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WEOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* WEOF: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WEXITSTATUS: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFEXITED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSIGNALED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSTOPPED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WSTOPSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WTERMSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* W_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* X_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* _Complex_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _Exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _IOFBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IOLBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IONBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _Imaginary_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _PATH_UTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _PATH_WTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _POSIX2_C_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_C_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* _POSIX2_FORT_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_FORT_RUN: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_LOCALEDEF: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_SW_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_NO_TRUNC: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_SAVED_IDS: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_VDISABLE: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* __fbufsize: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __flbf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpending: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpurge: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* __freadable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __freading: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fsetlocking: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* __fwritable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fwriting: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __gconv_end_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_init_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __va_copy: (libc)Argument Macros. +* _exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _flushlbf: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* _tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* _toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* a64l: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* abort: (libc)Aborting a Program. +* abs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* accept: (libc)Accepting Connections. +* access: (libc)Testing File Access. +* acos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* addmntent: (libc)mtab. +* addseverity: (libc)Adding Severity Classes. +* adjtime: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* adjtimex: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* aio_cancel64: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_cancel: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_error64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_error: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_init: (libc)Configuration of AIO. +* aio_read64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_read: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_return64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_return: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_write64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_write: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* alarm: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* alloca: (libc)Variable Size Automatic. +* alphasort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* alphasort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* argp_error: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_failure: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_help: (libc)Argp Help. +* argp_parse: (libc)Argp. +* argp_state_help: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_usage: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argz_add: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_add_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_append: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_count: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_delete: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_extract: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_insert: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_next: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_replace: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_stringify: (libc)Argz Functions. +* asctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asprintf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* assert: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* assert_perror: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* atan2: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2f: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2l: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atexit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* atof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* atoi: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* backtrace: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols_fd: (libc)Backtraces. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* bcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* bcopy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* bind: (libc)Setting Address. +* bind_textdomain_codeset: (libc)Charset conversion in gettext. +* bindtextdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* brk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* bsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* btowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* bzero: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* cabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cacos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* calloc: (libc)Allocating Cleared Space. +* canonicalize_file_name: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* carg: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* casin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catclose: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catgets: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catopen: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* cbc_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* cbrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ccos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ceil: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceilf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceill: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* cexp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cfgetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfgetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfmakeraw: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* cfree: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* cfsetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetspeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* chdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* chmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* chown: (libc)File Owner. +* cimag: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* clearenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* clearerr: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clearerr_unlocked: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clock: (libc)CPU Time. +* clog10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* close: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* closedir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* closelog: (libc)closelog. +* confstr: (libc)String Parameters. +* conj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* connect: (libc)Connecting. +* copysign: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* cos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cpow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cproj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creal: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* crealf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creall: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creat64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* creat: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* crypt: (libc)crypt. +* crypt_r: (libc)crypt. +* csin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ctan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* ctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* ctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* dcgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* dcngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* des_setparity: (libc)DES Encryption. +* dgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* difftime: (libc)Elapsed Time. +* dirfd: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* dirname: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* div: (libc)Integer Division. +* dngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* drand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* drand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* drem: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dremf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dreml: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dup2: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* dup: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* ecb_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* ecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* ecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* encrypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* encrypt_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* endfsent: (libc)fstab. +* endgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* endhostent: (libc)Host Names. +* endmntent: (libc)mtab. +* endnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* endnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* endprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* endpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* endservent: (libc)Services Database. +* endutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* endutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* envz_add: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_entry: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_get: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_merge: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_strip: (libc)Envz Functions. +* erand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* erand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* erf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfc: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcl: (libc)Special Functions. +* erff: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfl: (libc)Special Functions. +* err: (libc)Error Messages. +* errno: (libc)Checking for Errors. +* error: (libc)Error Messages. +* error_at_line: (libc)Error Messages. +* errx: (libc)Error Messages. +* execl: (libc)Executing a File. +* execle: (libc)Executing a File. +* execlp: (libc)Executing a File. +* execv: (libc)Executing a File. +* execve: (libc)Executing a File. +* execvp: (libc)Executing a File. +* exit: (libc)Normal Termination. +* exp10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* fabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fchdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* fchmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* fchown: (libc)File Owner. +* fclean: (libc)Cleaning Streams. +* fclose: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcloseall: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcntl: (libc)Control Operations. +* fcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fdatasync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* fdim: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdimf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdiml: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdopen: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fdopendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* feclearexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fedisableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feenableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fegetround: (libc)Rounding. +* feholdexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feof: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feof_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feraiseexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* ferror: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* ferror_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* fesetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fesetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fesetround: (libc)Rounding. +* fetestexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* feupdateenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fflush: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fflush_unlocked: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fgetc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgetpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgets: (libc)Line Input. +* fgets_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetwc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetws: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetws_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fileno: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fileno_unlocked: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* finite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitef: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitel: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* flockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* floor: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* fma: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmal: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmax: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmemopen: (libc)String Streams. +* fmin: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmod: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmtmsg: (libc)Printing Formatted Messages. +* fnmatch: (libc)Wildcard Matching. +* fopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopencookie: (libc)Streams and Cookies. +* fork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* forkpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* fpathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* fpclassify: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* fprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fputc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fread: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fread_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* free: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* freopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* freopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* frexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* fscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* fseek: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko64: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko: (libc)File Positioning. +* fsetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fsetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fsync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* ftell: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello64: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftruncate64: (libc)File Size. +* ftruncate: (libc)File Size. +* ftrylockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* ftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* funlockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* futimes: (libc)File Times. +* fwide: (libc)Streams and I18N. +* fwprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fwrite: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwrite_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* gamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* gcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* get_avphys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* get_current_dir_name: (libc)Working Directory. +* get_nprocs: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_nprocs_conf: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_phys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getc: (libc)Character Input. +* getc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* getcwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* getdate: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdate_r: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdelim: (libc)Line Input. +* getdomainnname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getegid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* geteuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getfsent: (libc)fstab. +* getfsfile: (libc)fstab. +* getfsspec: (libc)fstab. +* getgid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrgid: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrgid_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrouplist: (libc)Setting Groups. +* getgroups: (libc)Reading Persona. +* gethostbyaddr: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyaddr_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* gethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* getline: (libc)Line Input. +* getloadavg: (libc)Processor Resources. +* getlogin: (libc)Who Logged In. +* getmntent: (libc)mtab. +* getmntent_r: (libc)mtab. +* getnetbyaddr: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetbyname: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getnetgrent_r: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getopt: (libc)Using Getopt. +* getopt_long: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getopt_long_only: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getpagesize: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getpass: (libc)getpass. +* getpeername: (libc)Who is Connected. +* getpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getppid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* getprotobyname: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotobynumber: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getpt: (libc)Allocation. +* getpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwnam: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwnam_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrusage: (libc)Resource Usage. +* gets: (libc)Line Input. +* getservbyname: (libc)Services Database. +* getservbyport: (libc)Services Database. +* getservent: (libc)Services Database. +* getsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getsockname: (libc)Reading Address. +* getsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* getsubopt: (libc)Suboptions. +* gettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* gettimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* getuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getumask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* getutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutent_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutmp: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutmpx: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxid: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getw: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* glob64: (libc)Calling Glob. +* glob: (libc)Calling Glob. +* globfree64: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* globfree: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* gmtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* gmtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* grantpt: (libc)Allocation. +* gsignal: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* gtty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* hasmntopt: (libc)mtab. +* hcreate: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hcreate_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* htonl: (libc)Byte Order. +* htons: (libc)Byte Order. +* hypot: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* iconv: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_close: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_open: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* if_freenameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_indextoname: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nametoindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* ilogb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* imaxabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* imaxdiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* in6addr_any: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* in6addr_loopback: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* index: (libc)Search Functions. +* inet_addr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_aton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_lnaof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_makeaddr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_netof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_network: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntoa: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntop: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_pton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* initgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* initstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* initstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* innetgr: (libc)Netgroup Membership. +* int: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* ioctl: (libc)IOCTLs. +* isalnum: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isalpha: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isascii: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isatty: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* isblank: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iscntrl: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isfinite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isgraph: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isgreaterequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isinf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinff: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinfl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isless: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islower: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnormal: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isprint: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* ispunct: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isspace: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isunordered: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isupper: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iswalnum: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswalpha: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswblank: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswcntrl: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswgraph: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswlower: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswprint: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswpunct: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswspace: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswupper: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswxdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* isxdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* j0: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* jn: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnf: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnl: (libc)Special Functions. +* jrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* jrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* kill: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* killpg: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* l64a: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* labs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lcong48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lcong48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ldexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* lfind: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgamma_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* link: (libc)Hard Links. +* lio_listio64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* lio_listio: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* listen: (libc)Listening. +* llabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* llrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* localeconv: (libc)The Lame Way to Locale Data. +* localtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* localtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* log10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1p: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* login: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* login_tty: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logout: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logwtmp: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* longjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* lrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lseek64: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lseek: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lutimes: (libc)File Times. +* madvise: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* makecontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* mallinfo: (libc)Statistics of Malloc. +* malloc: (libc)Basic Allocation. +* mallopt: (libc)Malloc Tunable Parameters. +* mblen: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mbrlen: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbrtowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbsinit: (libc)Keeping the state. +* mbsnrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbsrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbstowcs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* mbtowc: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mcheck: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* memccpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* memcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memfrob: (libc)Trivial Encryption. +* memmem: (libc)Search Functions. +* memmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mkdir: (libc)Creating Directories. +* mkdtemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mkfifo: (libc)FIFO Special Files. +* mknod: (libc)Making Special Files. +* mkstemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* mlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mmap64: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* modf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modff: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modfl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* mount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* mprobe: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* mrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* mrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* mremap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* msync: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mtrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* munlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* muntrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* nan: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanosleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* nearbyint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nextafter: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttoward: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* nftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* nice: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* nl_langinfo: (libc)The Elegant and Fast Way. +* nrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* nrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ntohl: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntohs: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntp_adjtime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* ntp_gettime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* obstack_1grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_1grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_alignment_mask: (libc)Obstacks Data Alignment. +* obstack_alloc: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_base: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_blank: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_blank_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_chunk_size: (libc)Obstack Chunks. +* obstack_copy0: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_copy: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_finish: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_free: (libc)Freeing Obstack Objects. +* obstack_grow0: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_init: (libc)Preparing for Obstacks. +* obstack_int_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_int_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_next_free: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_printf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* obstack_ptr_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_ptr_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_room: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* offsetof: (libc)Structure Measurement. +* on_exit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* open64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open_memstream: (libc)String Streams. +* open_obstack_stream: (libc)Obstack Streams. +* opendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* openlog: (libc)openlog. +* openpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* parse_printf_format: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* pathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* pause: (libc)Using Pause. +* pclose: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* perror: (libc)Error Messages. +* pipe: (libc)Creating a Pipe. +* popen: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* posix_memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* pow10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pread64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pread: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* printf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* printf_size: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* printf_size_info: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* psignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* ptsname: (libc)Allocation. +* ptsname_r: (libc)Allocation. +* putc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* putpwent: (libc)Writing a User Entry. +* puts: (libc)Simple Output. +* pututline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* pututxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* putw: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* pwrite64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pwrite: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* qecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qgcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qsort: (libc)Array Sort Function. +* raise: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* rand: (libc)ISO Random. +* rand_r: (libc)ISO Random. +* random: (libc)BSD Random. +* random_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* rawmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* read: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* readdir64: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir64_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* readv: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* realloc: (libc)Changing Block Size. +* realpath: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* recv: (libc)Receiving Data. +* recvfrom: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* recvmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* regcomp: (libc)POSIX Regexp Compilation. +* regerror: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* regexec: (libc)Matching POSIX Regexps. +* regfree: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* register_printf_function: (libc)Registering New Conversions. +* remainder: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remove: (libc)Deleting Files. +* rename: (libc)Renaming Files. +* rewind: (libc)File Positioning. +* rewinddir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* rindex: (libc)Search Functions. +* rint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rmdir: (libc)Deleting Files. +* round: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rpmatch: (libc)Yes-or-No Questions. +* sbrk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* scalb: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbln: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbn: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scandir64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scandir: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* sched_get_priority_max: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_get_priority_min: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_getparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_rr_get_interval: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_setparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_yield: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* seed48: (libc)SVID Random. +* seed48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* seekdir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* select: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* send: (libc)Sending Data. +* sendmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* sendto: (libc)Sending Datagrams. +* setbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setbuffer: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* setdomainname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setegid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* seteuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setfsent: (libc)fstab. +* setgid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* setgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* sethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* sethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* sethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* setjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* setkey: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setkey_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setlinebuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setlocale: (libc)Setting the Locale. +* setlogmask: (libc)setlogmask. +* setmntent: (libc)mtab. +* setnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* setnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* setpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* setprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* setpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* setregid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setreuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setservent: (libc)Services Database. +* setsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* setstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* setstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* settimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* setuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* setutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* setvbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* shutdown: (libc)Closing a Socket. +* sigaction: (libc)Advanced Signal Handling. +* sigaddset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigaltstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigblock: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigdelset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigemptyset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigfillset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siginterrupt: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sigismember: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siglongjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* signbit: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* significand: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* sigpause: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigpending: (libc)Checking for Pending Signals. +* sigprocmask: (libc)Process Signal Mask. +* sigsetjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigsetmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigsuspend: (libc)Sigsuspend. +* sigvec: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* snprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* socket: (libc)Creating a Socket. +* socketpair: (libc)Socket Pairs. +* sprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* sqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* srand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand: (libc)ISO Random. +* srandom: (libc)BSD Random. +* srandom_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* sscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* ssignal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* stat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stime: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* stpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* stpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcasestr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strchrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* strcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strdupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strerror: (libc)Error Messages. +* strerror_r: (libc)Error Messages. +* strfmon: (libc)Formatting Numbers. +* strfry: (libc)strfry. +* strftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* strlen: (libc)String Length. +* strncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strnlen: (libc)String Length. +* strpbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* strptime: (libc)Low-Level Time String Parsing. +* strrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strsep: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strsignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* strspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strtod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtok_r: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strverscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* stty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* swapcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* swprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* swscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* symlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* sync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* syscall: (libc)System Calls. +* sysconf: (libc)Sysconf Definition. +* sysctl: (libc)System Parameters. +* syslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* system: (libc)Running a Command. +* sysv_signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* tan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tcdrain: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflow: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflush: (libc)Line Control. +* tcgetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcgetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcgetsid: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcsendbreak: (libc)Line Control. +* tcsetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcsetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tdelete: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tdestroy: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tempnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* textdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* tfind: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* time: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* timegm: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* timelocal: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* times: (libc)Processor Time. +* tmpfile64: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpfile: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam_r: (libc)Temporary Files. +* toascii: (libc)Case Conversion. +* tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* towctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towlower: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towupper: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* trunc: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncate64: (libc)File Size. +* truncate: (libc)File Size. +* truncf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* tsearch: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* ttyname: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* ttyname_r: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* twalk: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tzset: (libc)Time Zone Functions. +* ulimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* umask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* umount2: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* umount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* uname: (libc)Platform Type. +* ungetc: (libc)How Unread. +* ungetwc: (libc)How Unread. +* unlink: (libc)Deleting Files. +* unlockpt: (libc)Allocation. +* unsetenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* updwtmp: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utime: (libc)File Times. +* utimes: (libc)File Times. +* utmpname: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utmpxname: (libc)XPG Functions. +* va_arg: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_end: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Old Varargs. +* valloc: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* vasprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* verr: (libc)Error Messages. +* verrx: (libc)Error Messages. +* versionsort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* versionsort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* vfork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* vfprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vfwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsnprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vswprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vswscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsyslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* vtimes: (libc)Resource Usage. +* vwarn: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwarnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* wait3: (libc)BSD Wait Functions. +* wait4: (libc)Process Completion. +* wait: (libc)Process Completion. +* waitpid: (libc)Process Completion. +* warn: (libc)Error Messages. +* warnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* wcpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcrtomb: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wcscasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcschr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcschrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wcscpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcscspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* wcslen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsnlen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsnrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcspbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcsspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcstod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* wcstol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstombs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* wcstoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcswcs: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wctob: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wctomb: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* wctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* wctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* wmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wmemcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wmemcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wordexp: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wordfree: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* write: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* writev: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* wscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* y0: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* yn: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynf: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynl: (libc)Special Functions. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + This file documents the GNU C library. + + This is Edition 0.12, last updated 2007-10-27, of `The GNU C Library +Reference Manual', for version 2.8 (EGLIBC). + + Copyright (C) 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, +2003, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document +under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or +any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the +Invariant Sections being "Free Software Needs Free Documentation" and +"GNU Lesser General Public License", the Front-Cover texts being "A GNU +Manual", and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the +license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation +License". + + (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have the freedom to copy and +modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in +developing GNU and promoting software freedom." + + +File: libc.info, Node: GUI program problems, Next: Using gettextized software, Prev: Charset conversion in gettext, Up: Message catalogs with gettext + +8.2.1.5 How to use `gettext' in GUI programs +............................................ + +One place where the `gettext' functions, if used normally, have big +problems is within programs with graphical user interfaces (GUIs). The +problem is that many of the strings which have to be translated are very +short. They have to appear in pull-down menus which restricts the +length. But strings which are not containing entire sentences or at +least large fragments of a sentence may appear in more than one +situation in the program but might have different translations. This is +especially true for the one-word strings which are frequently used in +GUI programs. + + As a consequence many people say that the `gettext' approach is +wrong and instead `catgets' should be used which indeed does not have +this problem. But there is a very simple and powerful method to handle +these kind of problems with the `gettext' functions. + +As as example consider the following fictional situation. A GUI program +has a menu bar with the following entries: + + +------------+------------+--------------------------------------+ + | File | Printer | | + +------------+------------+--------------------------------------+ + | Open | | Select | + | New | | Open | + +----------+ | Connect | + +----------+ + + To have the strings `File', `Printer', `Open', `New', `Select', and +`Connect' translated there has to be at some point in the code a call +to a function of the `gettext' family. But in two places the string +passed into the function would be `Open'. The translations might not +be the same and therefore we are in the dilemma described above. + + One solution to this problem is to artificially enlengthen the +strings to make them unambiguous. But what would the program do if no +translation is available? The enlengthened string is not what should be +printed. So we should use a little bit modified version of the +functions. + + To enlengthen the strings a uniform method should be used. E.g., in +the example above the strings could be chosen as + + Menu|File + Menu|Printer + Menu|File|Open + Menu|File|New + Menu|Printer|Select + Menu|Printer|Open + Menu|Printer|Connect + + Now all the strings are different and if now instead of `gettext' +the following little wrapper function is used, everything works just +fine: + + char * + sgettext (const char *msgid) + { + char *msgval = gettext (msgid); + if (msgval == msgid) + msgval = strrchr (msgid, '|') + 1; + return msgval; + } + + What this little function does is to recognize the case when no +translation is available. This can be done very efficiently by a +pointer comparison since the return value is the input value. If there +is no translation we know that the input string is in the format we used +for the Menu entries and therefore contains a `|' character. We simply +search for the last occurrence of this character and return a pointer +to the character following it. That's it! + + If one now consistently uses the enlengthened string form and +replaces the `gettext' calls with calls to `sgettext' (this is normally +limited to very few places in the GUI implementation) then it is +possible to produce a program which can be internationalized. + + With advanced compilers (such as GNU C) one can write the `sgettext' +functions as an inline function or as a macro like this: + + #define sgettext(msgid) \ + ({ const char *__msgid = (msgid); \ + char *__msgstr = gettext (__msgid); \ + if (__msgval == __msgid) \ + __msgval = strrchr (__msgid, '|') + 1; \ + __msgval; }) + + The other `gettext' functions (`dgettext', `dcgettext' and the +`ngettext' equivalents) can and should have corresponding functions as +well which look almost identical, except for the parameters and the +call to the underlying function. + + Now there is of course the question why such functions do not exist +in the GNU C library? There are two parts of the answer to this +question. + + * They are easy to write and therefore can be provided by the + project they are used in. This is not an answer by itself and + must be seen together with the second part which is: + + * There is no way the C library can contain a version which can work + everywhere. The problem is the selection of the character to + separate the prefix from the actual string in the enlenghtened + string. The examples above used `|' which is a quite good choice + because it resembles a notation frequently used in this context + and it also is a character not often used in message strings. + + But what if the character is used in message strings. Or if the + chose character is not available in the character set on the + machine one compiles (e.g., `|' is not required to exist for + ISO C; this is why the `iso646.h' file exists in ISO C programming + environments). + + There is only one more comment to make left. The wrapper function +above require that the translations strings are not enlengthened +themselves. This is only logical. There is no need to disambiguate +the strings (since they are never used as keys for a search) and one +also saves quite some memory and disk space by doing this. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Using gettextized software, Prev: GUI program problems, Up: Message catalogs with gettext + +8.2.1.6 User influence on `gettext' +................................... + +The last sections described what the programmer can do to +internationalize the messages of the program. But it is finally up to +the user to select the message s/he wants to see. S/He must understand +them. + + The POSIX locale model uses the environment variables `LC_COLLATE', +`LC_CTYPE', `LC_MESSAGES', `LC_MONETARY', `LC_NUMERIC', and `LC_TIME' +to select the locale which is to be used. This way the user can +influence lots of functions. As we mentioned above the `gettext' +functions also take advantage of this. + + To understand how this happens it is necessary to take a look at the +various components of the filename which gets computed to locate a +message catalog. It is composed as follows: + + DIR_NAME/LOCALE/LC_CATEGORY/DOMAIN_NAME.mo + + The default value for DIR_NAME is system specific. It is computed +from the value given as the prefix while configuring the C library. +This value normally is `/usr' or `/'. For the former the complete +DIR_NAME is: + + /usr/share/locale + + We can use `/usr/share' since the `.mo' files containing the message +catalogs are system independent, so all systems can use the same files. +If the program executed the `bindtextdomain' function for the message +domain that is currently handled, the `dir_name' component is exactly +the value which was given to the function as the second parameter. +I.e., `bindtextdomain' allows overwriting the only system dependent and +fixed value to make it possible to address files anywhere in the +filesystem. + + The CATEGORY is the name of the locale category which was selected +in the program code. For `gettext' and `dgettext' this is always +`LC_MESSAGES', for `dcgettext' this is selected by the value of the +third parameter. As said above it should be avoided to ever use a +category other than `LC_MESSAGES'. + + The LOCALE component is computed based on the category used. Just +like for the `setlocale' function here comes the user selection into +the play. Some environment variables are examined in a fixed order and +the first environment variable set determines the return value of the +lookup process. In detail, for the category `LC_xxx' the following +variables in this order are examined: + +`LANGUAGE' + +`LC_ALL' + +`LC_xxx' + +`LANG' + + This looks very familiar. With the exception of the `LANGUAGE' +environment variable this is exactly the lookup order the `setlocale' +function uses. But why introducing the `LANGUAGE' variable? + + The reason is that the syntax of the values these variables can have +is different to what is expected by the `setlocale' function. If we +would set `LC_ALL' to a value following the extended syntax that would +mean the `setlocale' function will never be able to use the value of +this variable as well. An additional variable removes this problem +plus we can select the language independently of the locale setting +which sometimes is useful. + + While for the `LC_xxx' variables the value should consist of exactly +one specification of a locale the `LANGUAGE' variable's value can +consist of a colon separated list of locale names. The attentive +reader will realize that this is the way we manage to implement one of +our additional demands above: we want to be able to specify an ordered +list of language. + + Back to the constructed filename we have only one component missing. +The DOMAIN_NAME part is the name which was either registered using the +`textdomain' function or which was given to `dgettext' or `dcgettext' +as the first parameter. Now it becomes obvious that a good choice for +the domain name in the program code is a string which is closely +related to the program/package name. E.g., for the GNU C Library the +domain name is `libc'. + +A limit piece of example code should show how the programmer is supposed +to work: + + { + setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); + textdomain ("test-package"); + bindtextdomain ("test-package", "/usr/local/share/locale"); + puts (gettext ("Hello, world!")); + } + + At the program start the default domain is `messages', and the +default locale is "C". The `setlocale' call sets the locale according +to the user's environment variables; remember that correct functioning +of `gettext' relies on the correct setting of the `LC_MESSAGES' locale +(for looking up the message catalog) and of the `LC_CTYPE' locale (for +the character set conversion). The `textdomain' call changes the +default domain to `test-package'. The `bindtextdomain' call specifies +that the message catalogs for the domain `test-package' can be found +below the directory `/usr/local/share/locale'. + + If now the user set in her/his environment the variable `LANGUAGE' +to `de' the `gettext' function will try to use the translations from +the file + + /usr/local/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/test-package.mo + + From the above descriptions it should be clear which component of +this filename is determined by which source. + + In the above example we assumed that the `LANGUAGE' environment +variable to `de'. This might be an appropriate selection but what +happens if the user wants to use `LC_ALL' because of the wider +usability and here the required value is `de_DE.ISO-8859-1'? We +already mentioned above that a situation like this is not infrequent. +E.g., a person might prefer reading a dialect and if this is not +available fall back on the standard language. + + The `gettext' functions know about situations like this and can +handle them gracefully. The functions recognize the format of the value +of the environment variable. It can split the value is different pieces +and by leaving out the only or the other part it can construct new +values. This happens of course in a predictable way. To understand +this one must know the format of the environment variable value. There +is one more or less standardized form, originally from the X/Open +specification: + + `language[_territory[.codeset]][@modifier]' + + Less specific locale names will be stripped of in the order of the +following list: + + 1. `codeset' + + 2. `normalized codeset' + + 3. `territory' + + 4. `modifier' + + The `language' field will never be dropped for obvious reasons. + + The only new thing is the `normalized codeset' entry. This is +another goodie which is introduced to help reducing the chaos which +derives from the inability of the people to standardize the names of +character sets. Instead of ISO-8859-1 one can often see 8859-1, 88591, +iso8859-1, or iso_8859-1. The `normalized codeset' value is generated +from the user-provided character set name by applying the following +rules: + + 1. Remove all characters beside numbers and letters. + + 2. Fold letters to lowercase. + + 3. If the same only contains digits prepend the string `"iso"'. + +So all of the above name will be normalized to `iso88591'. This allows +the program user much more freely choosing the locale name. + + Even this extended functionality still does not help to solve the +problem that completely different names can be used to denote the same +locale (e.g., `de' and `german'). To be of help in this situation the +locale implementation and also the `gettext' functions know about +aliases. + + The file `/usr/share/locale/locale.alias' (replace `/usr' with +whatever prefix you used for configuring the C library) contains a +mapping of alternative names to more regular names. The system manager +is free to add new entries to fill her/his own needs. The selected +locale from the environment is compared with the entries in the first +column of this file ignoring the case. If they match the value of the +second column is used instead for the further handling. + + In the description of the format of the environment variables we +already mentioned the character set as a factor in the selection of the +message catalog. In fact, only catalogs which contain text written +using the character set of the system/program can be used (directly; +there will come a solution for this some day). This means for the user +that s/he will always have to take care for this. If in the collection +of the message catalogs there are files for the same language but coded +using different character sets the user has to be careful. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Helper programs for gettext, Prev: Message catalogs with gettext, Up: The Uniforum approach + +8.2.2 Programs to handle message catalogs for `gettext' +------------------------------------------------------- + +The GNU C Library does not contain the source code for the programs to +handle message catalogs for the `gettext' functions. As part of the +GNU project the GNU gettext package contains everything the developer +needs. The functionality provided by the tools in this package by far +exceeds the abilities of the `gencat' program described above for the +`catgets' functions. + + There is a program `msgfmt' which is the equivalent program to the +`gencat' program. It generates from the human-readable and -editable +form of the message catalog a binary file which can be used by the +`gettext' functions. But there are several more programs available. + + The `xgettext' program can be used to automatically extract the +translatable messages from a source file. I.e., the programmer need not +take care for the translations and the list of messages which have to be +translated. S/He will simply wrap the translatable string in calls to +`gettext' et.al and the rest will be done by `xgettext'. This program +has a lot of option which help to customize the output or do help to +understand the input better. + + Other programs help to manage development cycle when new messages +appear in the source files or when a new translation of the messages +appear. Here it should only be noted that using all the tools in GNU +gettext it is possible to _completely_ automate the handling of message +catalog. Beside marking the translatable string in the source code and +generating the translations the developers do not have anything to do +themselves. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Searching and Sorting, Next: Pattern Matching, Prev: Message Translation, Up: Top + +9 Searching and Sorting +*********************** + +This chapter describes functions for searching and sorting arrays of +arbitrary objects. You pass the appropriate comparison function to be +applied as an argument, along with the size of the objects in the array +and the total number of elements. + +* Menu: + +* Comparison Functions:: Defining how to compare two objects. + Since the sort and search facilities + are general, you have to specify the + ordering. +* Array Search Function:: The `bsearch' function. +* Array Sort Function:: The `qsort' function. +* Search/Sort Example:: An example program. +* Hash Search Function:: The `hsearch' function. +* Tree Search Function:: The `tsearch' function. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Comparison Functions, Next: Array Search Function, Up: Searching and Sorting + +9.1 Defining the Comparison Function +==================================== + +In order to use the sorted array library functions, you have to describe +how to compare the elements of the array. + + To do this, you supply a comparison function to compare two elements +of the array. The library will call this function, passing as arguments +pointers to two array elements to be compared. Your comparison function +should return a value the way `strcmp' (*note String/Array +Comparison::) does: negative if the first argument is "less" than the +second, zero if they are "equal", and positive if the first argument is +"greater". + + Here is an example of a comparison function which works with an +array of numbers of type `double': + + int + compare_doubles (const void *a, const void *b) + { + const double *da = (const double *) a; + const double *db = (const double *) b; + + return (*da > *db) - (*da < *db); + } + + The header file `stdlib.h' defines a name for the data type of +comparison functions. This type is a GNU extension. + + int comparison_fn_t (const void *, const void *); + + +File: libc.info, Node: Array Search Function, Next: Array Sort Function, Prev: Comparison Functions, Up: Searching and Sorting + +9.2 Array Search Function +========================= + +Generally searching for a specific element in an array means that +potentially all elements must be checked. The GNU C library contains +functions to perform linear search. The prototypes for the following +two functions can be found in `search.h'. + + -- Function: void * lfind (const void *KEY, void *BASE, size_t *NMEMB, + size_t SIZE, comparison_fn_t COMPAR) + The `lfind' function searches in the array with `*NMEMB' elements + of SIZE bytes pointed to by BASE for an element which matches the + one pointed to by KEY. The function pointed to by COMPAR is used + decide whether two elements match. + + The return value is a pointer to the matching element in the array + starting at BASE if it is found. If no matching element is + available `NULL' is returned. + + The mean runtime of this function is `*NMEMB'/2. This function + should only be used if elements often get added to or deleted from + the array in which case it might not be useful to sort the array + before searching. + + -- Function: void * lsearch (const void *KEY, void *BASE, size_t + *NMEMB, size_t SIZE, comparison_fn_t COMPAR) + The `lsearch' function is similar to the `lfind' function. It + searches the given array for an element and returns it if found. + The difference is that if no matching element is found the + `lsearch' function adds the object pointed to by KEY (with a size + of SIZE bytes) at the end of the array and it increments the value + of `*NMEMB' to reflect this addition. + + This means for the caller that if it is not sure that the array + contains the element one is searching for the memory allocated for + the array starting at BASE must have room for at least SIZE more + bytes. If one is sure the element is in the array it is better to + use `lfind' so having more room in the array is always necessary + when calling `lsearch'. + + To search a sorted array for an element matching the key, use the +`bsearch' function. The prototype for this function is in the header +file `stdlib.h'. + + -- Function: void * bsearch (const void *KEY, const void *ARRAY, + size_t COUNT, size_t SIZE, comparison_fn_t COMPARE) + The `bsearch' function searches the sorted array ARRAY for an + object that is equivalent to KEY. The array contains COUNT + elements, each of which is of size SIZE bytes. + + The COMPARE function is used to perform the comparison. This + function is called with two pointer arguments and should return an + integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero corresponding to + whether its first argument is considered less than, equal to, or + greater than its second argument. The elements of the ARRAY must + already be sorted in ascending order according to this comparison + function. + + The return value is a pointer to the matching array element, or a + null pointer if no match is found. If the array contains more + than one element that matches, the one that is returned is + unspecified. + + This function derives its name from the fact that it is implemented + using the binary search algorithm. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Array Sort Function, Next: Search/Sort Example, Prev: Array Search Function, Up: Searching and Sorting + +9.3 Array Sort Function +======================= + +To sort an array using an arbitrary comparison function, use the +`qsort' function. The prototype for this function is in `stdlib.h'. + + -- Function: void qsort (void *ARRAY, size_t COUNT, size_t SIZE, + comparison_fn_t COMPARE) + The QSORT function sorts the array ARRAY. The array contains + COUNT elements, each of which is of size SIZE. + + The COMPARE function is used to perform the comparison on the + array elements. This function is called with two pointer + arguments and should return an integer less than, equal to, or + greater than zero corresponding to whether its first argument is + considered less than, equal to, or greater than its second + argument. + + *Warning:* If two objects compare as equal, their order after + sorting is unpredictable. That is to say, the sorting is not + stable. This can make a difference when the comparison considers + only part of the elements. Two elements with the same sort key + may differ in other respects. + + If you want the effect of a stable sort, you can get this result by + writing the comparison function so that, lacking other reason + distinguish between two elements, it compares them by their + addresses. Note that doing this may make the sorting algorithm + less efficient, so do it only if necessary. + + Here is a simple example of sorting an array of doubles in + numerical order, using the comparison function defined above + (*note Comparison Functions::): + + { + double *array; + int size; + ... + qsort (array, size, sizeof (double), compare_doubles); + } + + The `qsort' function derives its name from the fact that it was + originally implemented using the "quick sort" algorithm. + + The implementation of `qsort' in this library might not be an + in-place sort and might thereby use an extra amount of memory to + store the array. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Search/Sort Example, Next: Hash Search Function, Prev: Array Sort Function, Up: Searching and Sorting + +9.4 Searching and Sorting Example +================================= + +Here is an example showing the use of `qsort' and `bsearch' with an +array of structures. The objects in the array are sorted by comparing +their `name' fields with the `strcmp' function. Then, we can look up +individual objects based on their names. + + #include + #include + #include + + /* Define an array of critters to sort. */ + + struct critter + { + const char *name; + const char *species; + }; + + struct critter muppets[] = + { + {"Kermit", "frog"}, + {"Piggy", "pig"}, + {"Gonzo", "whatever"}, + {"Fozzie", "bear"}, + {"Sam", "eagle"}, + {"Robin", "frog"}, + {"Animal", "animal"}, + {"Camilla", "chicken"}, + {"Sweetums", "monster"}, + {"Dr. Strangepork", "pig"}, + {"Link Hogthrob", "pig"}, + {"Zoot", "human"}, + {"Dr. Bunsen Honeydew", "human"}, + {"Beaker", "human"}, + {"Swedish Chef", "human"} + }; + + int count = sizeof (muppets) / sizeof (struct critter); + + + + /* This is the comparison function used for sorting and searching. */ + + int + critter_cmp (const struct critter *c1, const struct critter *c2) + { + return strcmp (c1->name, c2->name); + } + + + /* Print information about a critter. */ + + void + print_critter (const struct critter *c) + { + printf ("%s, the %s\n", c->name, c->species); + } + + + /* Do the lookup into the sorted array. */ + + void + find_critter (const char *name) + { + struct critter target, *result; + target.name = name; + result = bsearch (&target, muppets, count, sizeof (struct critter), + critter_cmp); + if (result) + print_critter (result); + else + printf ("Couldn't find %s.\n", name); + } + + /* Main program. */ + + int + main (void) + { + int i; + + for (i = 0; i < count; i++) + print_critter (&muppets[i]); + printf ("\n"); + + qsort (muppets, count, sizeof (struct critter), critter_cmp); + + for (i = 0; i < count; i++) + print_critter (&muppets[i]); + printf ("\n"); + + find_critter ("Kermit"); + find_critter ("Gonzo"); + find_critter ("Janice"); + + return 0; + } + + The output from this program looks like: + + Kermit, the frog + Piggy, the pig + Gonzo, the whatever + Fozzie, the bear + Sam, the eagle + Robin, the frog + Animal, the animal + Camilla, the chicken + Sweetums, the monster + Dr. Strangepork, the pig + Link Hogthrob, the pig + Zoot, the human + Dr. Bunsen Honeydew, the human + Beaker, the human + Swedish Chef, the human + + Animal, the animal + Beaker, the human + Camilla, the chicken + Dr. Bunsen Honeydew, the human + Dr. Strangepork, the pig + Fozzie, the bear + Gonzo, the whatever + Kermit, the frog + Link Hogthrob, the pig + Piggy, the pig + Robin, the frog + Sam, the eagle + Swedish Chef, the human + Sweetums, the monster + Zoot, the human + + Kermit, the frog + Gonzo, the whatever + Couldn't find Janice. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Hash Search Function, Next: Tree Search Function, Prev: Search/Sort Example, Up: Searching and Sorting + +9.5 The `hsearch' function. +=========================== + +The functions mentioned so far in this chapter are for searching in a +sorted or unsorted array. There are other methods to organize +information which later should be searched. The costs of insert, +delete and search differ. One possible implementation is using hashing +tables. The following functions are declared in the header file +`search.h'. + + -- Function: int hcreate (size_t NEL) + The `hcreate' function creates a hashing table which can contain at + least NEL elements. There is no possibility to grow this table so + it is necessary to choose the value for NEL wisely. The method + used to implement this function might make it necessary to make the + number of elements in the hashing table larger than the expected + maximal number of elements. Hashing tables usually work + inefficiently if they are filled 80% or more. The constant access + time guaranteed by hashing can only be achieved if few collisions + exist. See Knuth's "The Art of Computer Programming, Part 3: + Searching and Sorting" for more information. + + The weakest aspect of this function is that there can be at most + one hashing table used through the whole program. The table is + allocated in local memory out of control of the programmer. As an + extension the GNU C library provides an additional set of + functions with an reentrant interface which provide a similar + interface but which allow to keep arbitrarily many hashing tables. + + It is possible to use more than one hashing table in the program + run if the former table is first destroyed by a call to `hdestroy'. + + The function returns a non-zero value if successful. If it return + zero something went wrong. This could either mean there is + already a hashing table in use or the program runs out of memory. + + -- Function: void hdestroy (void) + The `hdestroy' function can be used to free all the resources + allocated in a previous call of `hcreate'. After a call to this + function it is again possible to call `hcreate' and allocate a new + table with possibly different size. + + It is important to remember that the elements contained in the + hashing table at the time `hdestroy' is called are _not_ freed by + this function. It is the responsibility of the program code to + free those strings (if necessary at all). Freeing all the element + memory is not possible without extra, separately kept information + since there is no function to iterate through all available + elements in the hashing table. If it is really necessary to free + a table and all elements the programmer has to keep a list of all + table elements and before calling `hdestroy' s/he has to free all + element's data using this list. This is a very unpleasant + mechanism and it also shows that this kind of hashing tables is + mainly meant for tables which are created once and used until the + end of the program run. + + Entries of the hashing table and keys for the search are defined +using this type: + + -- Data type: struct ENTRY + Both elements of this structure are pointers to zero-terminated + strings. This is a limiting restriction of the functionality of + the `hsearch' functions. They can only be used for data sets + which use the NUL character always and solely to terminate the + records. It is not possible to handle general binary data. + + `char *key' + Pointer to a zero-terminated string of characters describing + the key for the search or the element in the hashing table. + + `char *data' + Pointer to a zero-terminated string of characters describing + the data. If the functions will be called only for searching + an existing entry this element might stay undefined since it + is not used. + + -- Function: ENTRY * hsearch (ENTRY ITEM, ACTION ACTION) + To search in a hashing table created using `hcreate' the `hsearch' + function must be used. This function can perform simple search + for an element (if ACTION has the `FIND') or it can alternatively + insert the key element into the hashing table. Entries are never + replaced. + + The key is denoted by a pointer to an object of type `ENTRY'. For + locating the corresponding position in the hashing table only the + `key' element of the structure is used. + + If an entry with matching key is found the ACTION parameter is + irrelevant. The found entry is returned. If no matching entry is + found and the ACTION parameter has the value `FIND' the function + returns a `NULL' pointer. If no entry is found and the ACTION + parameter has the value `ENTER' a new entry is added to the + hashing table which is initialized with the parameter ITEM. A + pointer to the newly added entry is returned. + + As mentioned before the hashing table used by the functions +described so far is global and there can be at any time at most one +hashing table in the program. A solution is to use the following +functions which are a GNU extension. All have in common that they +operate on a hashing table which is described by the content of an +object of the type `struct hsearch_data'. This type should be treated +as opaque, none of its members should be changed directly. + + -- Function: int hcreate_r (size_t NEL, struct hsearch_data *HTAB) + The `hcreate_r' function initializes the object pointed to by HTAB + to contain a hashing table with at least NEL elements. So this + function is equivalent to the `hcreate' function except that the + initialized data structure is controlled by the user. + + This allows having more than one hashing table at one time. The + memory necessary for the `struct hsearch_data' object can be + allocated dynamically. It must be initialized with zero before + calling this function. + + The return value is non-zero if the operation was successful. If + the return value is zero, something went wrong, which probably + means the programs ran out of memory. + + -- Function: void hdestroy_r (struct hsearch_data *HTAB) + The `hdestroy_r' function frees all resources allocated by the + `hcreate_r' function for this very same object HTAB. As for + `hdestroy' it is the programs responsibility to free the strings + for the elements of the table. + + -- Function: int hsearch_r (ENTRY ITEM, ACTION ACTION, ENTRY **RETVAL, + struct hsearch_data *HTAB) + The `hsearch_r' function is equivalent to `hsearch'. The meaning + of the first two arguments is identical. But instead of operating + on a single global hashing table the function works on the table + described by the object pointed to by HTAB (which is initialized + by a call to `hcreate_r'). + + Another difference to `hcreate' is that the pointer to the found + entry in the table is not the return value of the functions. It is + returned by storing it in a pointer variables pointed to by the + RETVAL parameter. The return value of the function is an integer + value indicating success if it is non-zero and failure if it is + zero. In the latter case the global variable ERRNO signals the + reason for the failure. + + `ENOMEM' + The table is filled and `hsearch_r' was called with an so far + unknown key and ACTION set to `ENTER'. + + `ESRCH' + The ACTION parameter is `FIND' and no corresponding element + is found in the table. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Tree Search Function, Prev: Hash Search Function, Up: Searching and Sorting + +9.6 The `tsearch' function. +=========================== + +Another common form to organize data for efficient search is to use +trees. The `tsearch' function family provides a nice interface to +functions to organize possibly large amounts of data by providing a mean +access time proportional to the logarithm of the number of elements. +The GNU C library implementation even guarantees that this bound is +never exceeded even for input data which cause problems for simple +binary tree implementations. + + The functions described in the chapter are all described in the +System V and X/Open specifications and are therefore quite portable. + + In contrast to the `hsearch' functions the `tsearch' functions can +be used with arbitrary data and not only zero-terminated strings. + + The `tsearch' functions have the advantage that no function to +initialize data structures is necessary. A simple pointer of type +`void *' initialized to `NULL' is a valid tree and can be extended or +searched. The prototypes for these functions can be found in the +header file `search.h'. + + -- Function: void * tsearch (const void *KEY, void **ROOTP, + comparison_fn_t COMPAR) + The `tsearch' function searches in the tree pointed to by `*ROOTP' + for an element matching KEY. The function pointed to by COMPAR is + used to determine whether two elements match. *Note Comparison + Functions::, for a specification of the functions which can be + used for the COMPAR parameter. + + If the tree does not contain a matching entry the KEY value will + be added to the tree. `tsearch' does not make a copy of the object + pointed to by KEY (how could it since the size is unknown). + Instead it adds a reference to this object which means the object + must be available as long as the tree data structure is used. + + The tree is represented by a pointer to a pointer since it is + sometimes necessary to change the root node of the tree. So it + must not be assumed that the variable pointed to by ROOTP has the + same value after the call. This also shows that it is not safe to + call the `tsearch' function more than once at the same time using + the same tree. It is no problem to run it more than once at a + time on different trees. + + The return value is a pointer to the matching element in the tree. + If a new element was created the pointer points to the new data + (which is in fact KEY). If an entry had to be created and the + program ran out of space `NULL' is returned. + + -- Function: void * tfind (const void *KEY, void *const *ROOTP, + comparison_fn_t COMPAR) + The `tfind' function is similar to the `tsearch' function. It + locates an element matching the one pointed to by KEY and returns + a pointer to this element. But if no matching element is + available no new element is entered (note that the ROOTP parameter + points to a constant pointer). Instead the function returns + `NULL'. + + Another advantage of the `tsearch' function in contrast to the +`hsearch' functions is that there is an easy way to remove elements. + + -- Function: void * tdelete (const void *KEY, void **ROOTP, + comparison_fn_t COMPAR) + To remove a specific element matching KEY from the tree `tdelete' + can be used. It locates the matching element using the same + method as `tfind'. The corresponding element is then removed and + a pointer to the parent of the deleted node is returned by the + function. If there is no matching entry in the tree nothing can be + deleted and the function returns `NULL'. If the root of the tree + is deleted `tdelete' returns some unspecified value not equal to + `NULL'. + + -- Function: void tdestroy (void *VROOT, __free_fn_t FREEFCT) + If the complete search tree has to be removed one can use + `tdestroy'. It frees all resources allocated by the `tsearch' + function to generate the tree pointed to by VROOT. + + For the data in each tree node the function FREEFCT is called. + The pointer to the data is passed as the argument to the function. + If no such work is necessary FREEFCT must point to a function doing + nothing. It is called in any case. + + This function is a GNU extension and not covered by the System V or + X/Open specifications. + + In addition to the function to create and destroy the tree data +structure, there is another function which allows you to apply a +function to all elements of the tree. The function must have this type: + + void __action_fn_t (const void *nodep, VISIT value, int level); + + The NODEP is the data value of the current node (once given as the +KEY argument to `tsearch'). LEVEL is a numeric value which corresponds +to the depth of the current node in the tree. The root node has the +depth 0 and its children have a depth of 1 and so on. The `VISIT' type +is an enumeration type. + + -- Data Type: VISIT + The `VISIT' value indicates the status of the current node in the + tree and how the function is called. The status of a node is + either `leaf' or `internal node'. For each leaf node the function + is called exactly once, for each internal node it is called three + times: before the first child is processed, after the first child + is processed and after both children are processed. This makes it + possible to handle all three methods of tree traversal (or even a + combination of them). + + `preorder' + The current node is an internal node and the function is + called before the first child was processed. + + `postorder' + The current node is an internal node and the function is + called after the first child was processed. + + `endorder' + The current node is an internal node and the function is + called after the second child was processed. + + `leaf' + The current node is a leaf. + + -- Function: void twalk (const void *ROOT, __action_fn_t ACTION) + For each node in the tree with a node pointed to by ROOT, the + `twalk' function calls the function provided by the parameter + ACTION. For leaf nodes the function is called exactly once with + VALUE set to `leaf'. For internal nodes the function is called + three times, setting the VALUE parameter or ACTION to the + appropriate value. The LEVEL argument for the ACTION function is + computed while descending the tree with increasing the value by + one for the descend to a child, starting with the value 0 for the + root node. + + Since the functions used for the ACTION parameter to `twalk' must + not modify the tree data, it is safe to run `twalk' in more than + one thread at the same time, working on the same tree. It is also + safe to call `tfind' in parallel. Functions which modify the tree + must not be used, otherwise the behavior is undefined. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Pattern Matching, Next: I/O Overview, Prev: Searching and Sorting, Up: Top + +10 Pattern Matching +******************* + +The GNU C Library provides pattern matching facilities for two kinds of +patterns: regular expressions and file-name wildcards. The library also +provides a facility for expanding variable and command references and +parsing text into words in the way the shell does. + +* Menu: + +* Wildcard Matching:: Matching a wildcard pattern against a single string. +* Globbing:: Finding the files that match a wildcard pattern. +* Regular Expressions:: Matching regular expressions against strings. +* Word Expansion:: Expanding shell variables, nested commands, + arithmetic, and wildcards. + This is what the shell does with shell commands. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Wildcard Matching, Next: Globbing, Up: Pattern Matching + +10.1 Wildcard Matching +====================== + +This section describes how to match a wildcard pattern against a +particular string. The result is a yes or no answer: does the string +fit the pattern or not. The symbols described here are all declared in +`fnmatch.h'. + + -- Function: int fnmatch (const char *PATTERN, const char *STRING, int + FLAGS) + This function tests whether the string STRING matches the pattern + PATTERN. It returns `0' if they do match; otherwise, it returns + the nonzero value `FNM_NOMATCH'. The arguments PATTERN and STRING + are both strings. + + The argument FLAGS is a combination of flag bits that alter the + details of matching. See below for a list of the defined flags. + + In the GNU C Library, `fnmatch' cannot experience an "error"--it + always returns an answer for whether the match succeeds. However, + other implementations of `fnmatch' might sometimes report "errors". + They would do so by returning nonzero values that are not equal to + `FNM_NOMATCH'. + + These are the available flags for the FLAGS argument: + +`FNM_FILE_NAME' + Treat the `/' character specially, for matching file names. If + this flag is set, wildcard constructs in PATTERN cannot match `/' + in STRING. Thus, the only way to match `/' is with an explicit + `/' in PATTERN. + +`FNM_PATHNAME' + This is an alias for `FNM_FILE_NAME'; it comes from POSIX.2. We + don't recommend this name because we don't use the term "pathname" + for file names. + +`FNM_PERIOD' + Treat the `.' character specially if it appears at the beginning of + STRING. If this flag is set, wildcard constructs in PATTERN + cannot match `.' as the first character of STRING. + + If you set both `FNM_PERIOD' and `FNM_FILE_NAME', then the special + treatment applies to `.' following `/' as well as to `.' at the + beginning of STRING. (The shell uses the `FNM_PERIOD' and + `FNM_FILE_NAME' flags together for matching file names.) + +`FNM_NOESCAPE' + Don't treat the `\' character specially in patterns. Normally, + `\' quotes the following character, turning off its special meaning + (if any) so that it matches only itself. When quoting is enabled, + the pattern `\?' matches only the string `?', because the question + mark in the pattern acts like an ordinary character. + + If you use `FNM_NOESCAPE', then `\' is an ordinary character. + +`FNM_LEADING_DIR' + Ignore a trailing sequence of characters starting with a `/' in + STRING; that is to say, test whether STRING starts with a + directory name that PATTERN matches. + + If this flag is set, either `foo*' or `foobar' as a pattern would + match the string `foobar/frobozz'. + +`FNM_CASEFOLD' + Ignore case in comparing STRING to PATTERN. + +`FNM_EXTMATCH' + Recognize beside the normal patterns also the extended patterns + introduced in `ksh'. The patterns are written in the form + explained in the following table where PATTERN-LIST is a `|' + separated list of patterns. + + `?(PATTERN-LIST)' + The pattern matches if zero or one occurrences of any of the + patterns in the PATTERN-LIST allow matching the input string. + + `*(PATTERN-LIST)' + The pattern matches if zero or more occurrences of any of the + patterns in the PATTERN-LIST allow matching the input string. + + `+(PATTERN-LIST)' + The pattern matches if one or more occurrences of any of the + patterns in the PATTERN-LIST allow matching the input string. + + `@(PATTERN-LIST)' + The pattern matches if exactly one occurrence of any of the + patterns in the PATTERN-LIST allows matching the input string. + + `!(PATTERN-LIST)' + The pattern matches if the input string cannot be matched + with any of the patterns in the PATTERN-LIST. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Globbing, Next: Regular Expressions, Prev: Wildcard Matching, Up: Pattern Matching + +10.2 Globbing +============= + +The archetypal use of wildcards is for matching against the files in a +directory, and making a list of all the matches. This is called +"globbing". + + You could do this using `fnmatch', by reading the directory entries +one by one and testing each one with `fnmatch'. But that would be slow +(and complex, since you would have to handle subdirectories by hand). + + The library provides a function `glob' to make this particular use +of wildcards convenient. `glob' and the other symbols in this section +are declared in `glob.h'. + +* Menu: + +* Calling Glob:: Basic use of `glob'. +* Flags for Globbing:: Flags that enable various options in `glob'. +* More Flags for Globbing:: GNU specific extensions to `glob'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Calling Glob, Next: Flags for Globbing, Up: Globbing + +10.2.1 Calling `glob' +--------------------- + +The result of globbing is a vector of file names (strings). To return +this vector, `glob' uses a special data type, `glob_t', which is a +structure. You pass `glob' the address of the structure, and it fills +in the structure's fields to tell you about the results. + + -- Data Type: glob_t + This data type holds a pointer to a word vector. More precisely, + it records both the address of the word vector and its size. The + GNU implementation contains some more fields which are non-standard + extensions. + + `gl_pathc' + The number of elements in the vector, excluding the initial + null entries if the GLOB_DOOFFS flag is used (see gl_offs + below). + + `gl_pathv' + The address of the vector. This field has type `char **'. + + `gl_offs' + The offset of the first real element of the vector, from its + nominal address in the `gl_pathv' field. Unlike the other + fields, this is always an input to `glob', rather than an + output from it. + + If you use a nonzero offset, then that many elements at the + beginning of the vector are left empty. (The `glob' function + fills them with null pointers.) + + The `gl_offs' field is meaningful only if you use the + `GLOB_DOOFFS' flag. Otherwise, the offset is always zero + regardless of what is in this field, and the first real + element comes at the beginning of the vector. + + `gl_closedir' + The address of an alternative implementation of the `closedir' + function. It is used if the `GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC' bit is set in + the flag parameter. The type of this field is + `void (*) (void *)'. + + This is a GNU extension. + + `gl_readdir' + The address of an alternative implementation of the `readdir' + function used to read the contents of a directory. It is + used if the `GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC' bit is set in the flag + parameter. The type of this field is + `struct dirent *(*) (void *)'. + + This is a GNU extension. + + `gl_opendir' + The address of an alternative implementation of the `opendir' + function. It is used if the `GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC' bit is set in + the flag parameter. The type of this field is + `void *(*) (const char *)'. + + This is a GNU extension. + + `gl_stat' + The address of an alternative implementation of the `stat' + function to get information about an object in the + filesystem. It is used if the `GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC' bit is set + in the flag parameter. The type of this field is + `int (*) (const char *, struct stat *)'. + + This is a GNU extension. + + `gl_lstat' + The address of an alternative implementation of the `lstat' + function to get information about an object in the + filesystems, not following symbolic links. It is used if the + `GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC' bit is set in the flag parameter. The type + of this field is `int (*) (const char *, struct stat *)'. + + This is a GNU extension. + + For use in the `glob64' function `glob.h' contains another +definition for a very similar type. `glob64_t' differs from `glob_t' +only in the types of the members `gl_readdir', `gl_stat', and +`gl_lstat'. + + -- Data Type: glob64_t + This data type holds a pointer to a word vector. More precisely, + it records both the address of the word vector and its size. The + GNU implementation contains some more fields which are non-standard + extensions. + + `gl_pathc' + The number of elements in the vector, excluding the initial + null entries if the GLOB_DOOFFS flag is used (see gl_offs + below). + + `gl_pathv' + The address of the vector. This field has type `char **'. + + `gl_offs' + The offset of the first real element of the vector, from its + nominal address in the `gl_pathv' field. Unlike the other + fields, this is always an input to `glob', rather than an + output from it. + + If you use a nonzero offset, then that many elements at the + beginning of the vector are left empty. (The `glob' function + fills them with null pointers.) + + The `gl_offs' field is meaningful only if you use the + `GLOB_DOOFFS' flag. Otherwise, the offset is always zero + regardless of what is in this field, and the first real + element comes at the beginning of the vector. + + `gl_closedir' + The address of an alternative implementation of the `closedir' + function. It is used if the `GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC' bit is set in + the flag parameter. The type of this field is + `void (*) (void *)'. + + This is a GNU extension. + + `gl_readdir' + The address of an alternative implementation of the + `readdir64' function used to read the contents of a + directory. It is used if the `GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC' bit is set in + the flag parameter. The type of this field is + `struct dirent64 *(*) (void *)'. + + This is a GNU extension. + + `gl_opendir' + The address of an alternative implementation of the `opendir' + function. It is used if the `GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC' bit is set in + the flag parameter. The type of this field is + `void *(*) (const char *)'. + + This is a GNU extension. + + `gl_stat' + The address of an alternative implementation of the `stat64' + function to get information about an object in the + filesystem. It is used if the `GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC' bit is set + in the flag parameter. The type of this field is + `int (*) (const char *, struct stat64 *)'. + + This is a GNU extension. + + `gl_lstat' + The address of an alternative implementation of the `lstat64' + function to get information about an object in the + filesystems, not following symbolic links. It is used if the + `GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC' bit is set in the flag parameter. The type + of this field is `int (*) (const char *, struct stat64 *)'. + + This is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: int glob (const char *PATTERN, int FLAGS, int (*ERRFUNC) + (const char *FILENAME, int ERROR-CODE), glob_t *VECTOR-PTR) + The function `glob' does globbing using the pattern PATTERN in the + current directory. It puts the result in a newly allocated + vector, and stores the size and address of this vector into + `*VECTOR-PTR'. The argument FLAGS is a combination of bit flags; + see *note Flags for Globbing::, for details of the flags. + + The result of globbing is a sequence of file names. The function + `glob' allocates a string for each resulting word, then allocates + a vector of type `char **' to store the addresses of these + strings. The last element of the vector is a null pointer. This + vector is called the "word vector". + + To return this vector, `glob' stores both its address and its + length (number of elements, not counting the terminating null + pointer) into `*VECTOR-PTR'. + + Normally, `glob' sorts the file names alphabetically before + returning them. You can turn this off with the flag `GLOB_NOSORT' + if you want to get the information as fast as possible. Usually + it's a good idea to let `glob' sort them--if you process the files + in alphabetical order, the users will have a feel for the rate of + progress that your application is making. + + If `glob' succeeds, it returns 0. Otherwise, it returns one of + these error codes: + + `GLOB_ABORTED' + There was an error opening a directory, and you used the flag + `GLOB_ERR' or your specified ERRFUNC returned a nonzero value. + *Note Flags for Globbing::, for an explanation of the + `GLOB_ERR' flag and ERRFUNC. + + `GLOB_NOMATCH' + The pattern didn't match any existing files. If you use the + `GLOB_NOCHECK' flag, then you never get this error code, + because that flag tells `glob' to _pretend_ that the pattern + matched at least one file. + + `GLOB_NOSPACE' + It was impossible to allocate memory to hold the result. + + In the event of an error, `glob' stores information in + `*VECTOR-PTR' about all the matches it has found so far. + + It is important to notice that the `glob' function will not fail if + it encounters directories or files which cannot be handled without + the LFS interfaces. The implementation of `glob' is supposed to + use these functions internally. This at least is the assumptions + made by the Unix standard. The GNU extension of allowing the user + to provide own directory handling and `stat' functions complicates + things a bit. If these callback functions are used and a large + file or directory is encountered `glob' _can_ fail. + + -- Function: int glob64 (const char *PATTERN, int FLAGS, int + (*ERRFUNC) (const char *FILENAME, int ERROR-CODE), glob64_t + *VECTOR-PTR) + The `glob64' function was added as part of the Large File Summit + extensions but is not part of the original LFS proposal. The + reason for this is simple: it is not necessary. The necessity for + a `glob64' function is added by the extensions of the GNU `glob' + implementation which allows the user to provide own directory + handling and `stat' functions. The `readdir' and `stat' functions + do depend on the choice of `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS' since the definition + of the types `struct dirent' and `struct stat' will change + depending on the choice. + + Beside this difference the `glob64' works just like `glob' in all + aspects. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Flags for Globbing, Next: More Flags for Globbing, Prev: Calling Glob, Up: Globbing + +10.2.2 Flags for Globbing +------------------------- + +This section describes the flags that you can specify in the FLAGS +argument to `glob'. Choose the flags you want, and combine them with +the C bitwise OR operator `|'. + +`GLOB_APPEND' + Append the words from this expansion to the vector of words + produced by previous calls to `glob'. This way you can + effectively expand several words as if they were concatenated with + spaces between them. + + In order for appending to work, you must not modify the contents + of the word vector structure between calls to `glob'. And, if you + set `GLOB_DOOFFS' in the first call to `glob', you must also set + it when you append to the results. + + Note that the pointer stored in `gl_pathv' may no longer be valid + after you call `glob' the second time, because `glob' might have + relocated the vector. So always fetch `gl_pathv' from the + `glob_t' structure after each `glob' call; *never* save the + pointer across calls. + +`GLOB_DOOFFS' + Leave blank slots at the beginning of the vector of words. The + `gl_offs' field says how many slots to leave. The blank slots + contain null pointers. + +`GLOB_ERR' + Give up right away and report an error if there is any difficulty + reading the directories that must be read in order to expand + PATTERN fully. Such difficulties might include a directory in + which you don't have the requisite access. Normally, `glob' tries + its best to keep on going despite any errors, reading whatever + directories it can. + + You can exercise even more control than this by specifying an + error-handler function ERRFUNC when you call `glob'. If ERRFUNC + is not a null pointer, then `glob' doesn't give up right away when + it can't read a directory; instead, it calls ERRFUNC with two + arguments, like this: + + (*ERRFUNC) (FILENAME, ERROR-CODE) + + The argument FILENAME is the name of the directory that `glob' + couldn't open or couldn't read, and ERROR-CODE is the `errno' + value that was reported to `glob'. + + If the error handler function returns nonzero, then `glob' gives up + right away. Otherwise, it continues. + +`GLOB_MARK' + If the pattern matches the name of a directory, append `/' to the + directory's name when returning it. + +`GLOB_NOCHECK' + If the pattern doesn't match any file names, return the pattern + itself as if it were a file name that had been matched. + (Normally, when the pattern doesn't match anything, `glob' returns + that there were no matches.) + +`GLOB_NOSORT' + Don't sort the file names; return them in no particular order. + (In practice, the order will depend on the order of the entries in + the directory.) The only reason _not_ to sort is to save time. + +`GLOB_NOESCAPE' + Don't treat the `\' character specially in patterns. Normally, + `\' quotes the following character, turning off its special meaning + (if any) so that it matches only itself. When quoting is enabled, + the pattern `\?' matches only the string `?', because the question + mark in the pattern acts like an ordinary character. + + If you use `GLOB_NOESCAPE', then `\' is an ordinary character. + + `glob' does its work by calling the function `fnmatch' repeatedly. + It handles the flag `GLOB_NOESCAPE' by turning on the + `FNM_NOESCAPE' flag in calls to `fnmatch'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: More Flags for Globbing, Prev: Flags for Globbing, Up: Globbing + +10.2.3 More Flags for Globbing +------------------------------ + +Beside the flags described in the last section, the GNU implementation +of `glob' allows a few more flags which are also defined in the +`glob.h' file. Some of the extensions implement functionality which is +available in modern shell implementations. + +`GLOB_PERIOD' + The `.' character (period) is treated special. It cannot be + matched by wildcards. *Note Wildcard Matching::, `FNM_PERIOD'. + +`GLOB_MAGCHAR' + The `GLOB_MAGCHAR' value is not to be given to `glob' in the FLAGS + parameter. Instead, `glob' sets this bit in the GL_FLAGS element + of the GLOB_T structure provided as the result if the pattern used + for matching contains any wildcard character. + +`GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC' + Instead of the using the using the normal functions for accessing + the filesystem the `glob' implementation uses the user-supplied + functions specified in the structure pointed to by PGLOB + parameter. For more information about the functions refer to the + sections about directory handling see *note Accessing + Directories::, and *note Reading Attributes::. + +`GLOB_BRACE' + If this flag is given the handling of braces in the pattern is + changed. It is now required that braces appear correctly grouped. + I.e., for each opening brace there must be a closing one. Braces + can be used recursively. So it is possible to define one brace + expression in another one. It is important to note that the range + of each brace expression is completely contained in the outer + brace expression (if there is one). + + The string between the matching braces is separated into single + expressions by splitting at `,' (comma) characters. The commas + themselves are discarded. Please note what we said above about + recursive brace expressions. The commas used to separate the + subexpressions must be at the same level. Commas in brace + subexpressions are not matched. They are used during expansion of + the brace expression of the deeper level. The example below shows + this + + glob ("{foo/{,bar,biz},baz}", GLOB_BRACE, NULL, &result) + + is equivalent to the sequence + + glob ("foo/", GLOB_BRACE, NULL, &result) + glob ("foo/bar", GLOB_BRACE|GLOB_APPEND, NULL, &result) + glob ("foo/biz", GLOB_BRACE|GLOB_APPEND, NULL, &result) + glob ("baz", GLOB_BRACE|GLOB_APPEND, NULL, &result) + + if we leave aside error handling. + +`GLOB_NOMAGIC' + If the pattern contains no wildcard constructs (it is a literal + file name), return it as the sole "matching" word, even if no file + exists by that name. + +`GLOB_TILDE' + If this flag is used the character `~' (tilde) is handled special + if it appears at the beginning of the pattern. Instead of being + taken verbatim it is used to represent the home directory of a + known user. + + If `~' is the only character in pattern or it is followed by a `/' + (slash), the home directory of the process owner is substituted. + Using `getlogin' and `getpwnam' the information is read from the + system databases. As an example take user `bart' with his home + directory at `/home/bart'. For him a call like + + glob ("~/bin/*", GLOB_TILDE, NULL, &result) + + would return the contents of the directory `/home/bart/bin'. + Instead of referring to the own home directory it is also possible + to name the home directory of other users. To do so one has to + append the user name after the tilde character. So the contents + of user `homer''s `bin' directory can be retrieved by + + glob ("~homer/bin/*", GLOB_TILDE, NULL, &result) + + If the user name is not valid or the home directory cannot be + determined for some reason the pattern is left untouched and + itself used as the result. I.e., if in the last example `home' is + not available the tilde expansion yields to `"~homer/bin/*"' and + `glob' is not looking for a directory named `~homer'. + + This functionality is equivalent to what is available in C-shells + if the `nonomatch' flag is set. + +`GLOB_TILDE_CHECK' + If this flag is used `glob' behaves like as if `GLOB_TILDE' is + given. The only difference is that if the user name is not + available or the home directory cannot be determined for other + reasons this leads to an error. `glob' will return `GLOB_NOMATCH' + instead of using the pattern itself as the name. + + This functionality is equivalent to what is available in C-shells + if `nonomatch' flag is not set. + +`GLOB_ONLYDIR' + If this flag is used the globbing function takes this as a *hint* + that the caller is only interested in directories matching the + pattern. If the information about the type of the file is easily + available non-directories will be rejected but no extra work will + be done to determine the information for each file. I.e., the + caller must still be able to filter directories out. + + This functionality is only available with the GNU `glob' + implementation. It is mainly used internally to increase the + performance but might be useful for a user as well and therefore is + documented here. + + Calling `glob' will in most cases allocate resources which are used +to represent the result of the function call. If the same object of +type `glob_t' is used in multiple call to `glob' the resources are +freed or reused so that no leaks appear. But this does not include the +time when all `glob' calls are done. + + -- Function: void globfree (glob_t *PGLOB) + The `globfree' function frees all resources allocated by previous + calls to `glob' associated with the object pointed to by PGLOB. + This function should be called whenever the currently used + `glob_t' typed object isn't used anymore. + + -- Function: void globfree64 (glob64_t *PGLOB) + This function is equivalent to `globfree' but it frees records of + type `glob64_t' which were allocated by `glob64'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Regular Expressions, Next: Word Expansion, Prev: Globbing, Up: Pattern Matching + +10.3 Regular Expression Matching +================================ + +The GNU C library supports two interfaces for matching regular +expressions. One is the standard POSIX.2 interface, and the other is +what the GNU system has had for many years. + + Both interfaces are declared in the header file `regex.h'. If you +define `_POSIX_C_SOURCE', then only the POSIX.2 functions, structures, +and constants are declared. + +* Menu: + +* POSIX Regexp Compilation:: Using `regcomp' to prepare to match. +* Flags for POSIX Regexps:: Syntax variations for `regcomp'. +* Matching POSIX Regexps:: Using `regexec' to match the compiled + pattern that you get from `regcomp'. +* Regexp Subexpressions:: Finding which parts of the string were matched. +* Subexpression Complications:: Find points of which parts were matched. +* Regexp Cleanup:: Freeing storage; reporting errors. + + +File: libc.info, Node: POSIX Regexp Compilation, Next: Flags for POSIX Regexps, Up: Regular Expressions + +10.3.1 POSIX Regular Expression Compilation +------------------------------------------- + +Before you can actually match a regular expression, you must "compile" +it. This is not true compilation--it produces a special data +structure, not machine instructions. But it is like ordinary +compilation in that its purpose is to enable you to "execute" the +pattern fast. (*Note Matching POSIX Regexps::, for how to use the +compiled regular expression for matching.) + + There is a special data type for compiled regular expressions: + + -- Data Type: regex_t + This type of object holds a compiled regular expression. It is + actually a structure. It has just one field that your programs + should look at: + + `re_nsub' + This field holds the number of parenthetical subexpressions + in the regular expression that was compiled. + + There are several other fields, but we don't describe them here, + because only the functions in the library should use them. + + After you create a `regex_t' object, you can compile a regular +expression into it by calling `regcomp'. + + -- Function: int regcomp (regex_t *restrict COMPILED, const char + *restrict PATTERN, int CFLAGS) + The function `regcomp' "compiles" a regular expression into a data + structure that you can use with `regexec' to match against a + string. The compiled regular expression format is designed for + efficient matching. `regcomp' stores it into `*COMPILED'. + + It's up to you to allocate an object of type `regex_t' and pass its + address to `regcomp'. + + The argument CFLAGS lets you specify various options that control + the syntax and semantics of regular expressions. *Note Flags for + POSIX Regexps::. + + If you use the flag `REG_NOSUB', then `regcomp' omits from the + compiled regular expression the information necessary to record + how subexpressions actually match. In this case, you might as well + pass `0' for the MATCHPTR and NMATCH arguments when you call + `regexec'. + + If you don't use `REG_NOSUB', then the compiled regular expression + does have the capacity to record how subexpressions match. Also, + `regcomp' tells you how many subexpressions PATTERN has, by + storing the number in `COMPILED->re_nsub'. You can use that value + to decide how long an array to allocate to hold information about + subexpression matches. + + `regcomp' returns `0' if it succeeds in compiling the regular + expression; otherwise, it returns a nonzero error code (see the + table below). You can use `regerror' to produce an error message + string describing the reason for a nonzero value; see *note Regexp + Cleanup::. + + + Here are the possible nonzero values that `regcomp' can return: + +`REG_BADBR' + There was an invalid `\{...\}' construct in the regular + expression. A valid `\{...\}' construct must contain either a + single number, or two numbers in increasing order separated by a + comma. + +`REG_BADPAT' + There was a syntax error in the regular expression. + +`REG_BADRPT' + A repetition operator such as `?' or `*' appeared in a bad + position (with no preceding subexpression to act on). + +`REG_ECOLLATE' + The regular expression referred to an invalid collating element + (one not defined in the current locale for string collation). + *Note Locale Categories::. + +`REG_ECTYPE' + The regular expression referred to an invalid character class name. + +`REG_EESCAPE' + The regular expression ended with `\'. + +`REG_ESUBREG' + There was an invalid number in the `\DIGIT' construct. + +`REG_EBRACK' + There were unbalanced square brackets in the regular expression. + +`REG_EPAREN' + An extended regular expression had unbalanced parentheses, or a + basic regular expression had unbalanced `\(' and `\)'. + +`REG_EBRACE' + The regular expression had unbalanced `\{' and `\}'. + +`REG_ERANGE' + One of the endpoints in a range expression was invalid. + +`REG_ESPACE' + `regcomp' ran out of memory. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Flags for POSIX Regexps, Next: Matching POSIX Regexps, Prev: POSIX Regexp Compilation, Up: Regular Expressions + +10.3.2 Flags for POSIX Regular Expressions +------------------------------------------ + +These are the bit flags that you can use in the CFLAGS operand when +compiling a regular expression with `regcomp'. + +`REG_EXTENDED' + Treat the pattern as an extended regular expression, rather than + as a basic regular expression. + +`REG_ICASE' + Ignore case when matching letters. + +`REG_NOSUB' + Don't bother storing the contents of the MATCHES-PTR array. + +`REG_NEWLINE' + Treat a newline in STRING as dividing STRING into multiple lines, + so that `$' can match before the newline and `^' can match after. + Also, don't permit `.' to match a newline, and don't permit + `[^...]' to match a newline. + + Otherwise, newline acts like any other ordinary character. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Matching POSIX Regexps, Next: Regexp Subexpressions, Prev: Flags for POSIX Regexps, Up: Regular Expressions + +10.3.3 Matching a Compiled POSIX Regular Expression +--------------------------------------------------- + +Once you have compiled a regular expression, as described in *note +POSIX Regexp Compilation::, you can match it against strings using +`regexec'. A match anywhere inside the string counts as success, +unless the regular expression contains anchor characters (`^' or `$'). + + -- Function: int regexec (const regex_t *restrict COMPILED, const char + *restrict STRING, size_t NMATCH, regmatch_t + MATCHPTR[restrict], int EFLAGS) + This function tries to match the compiled regular expression + `*COMPILED' against STRING. + + `regexec' returns `0' if the regular expression matches; + otherwise, it returns a nonzero value. See the table below for + what nonzero values mean. You can use `regerror' to produce an + error message string describing the reason for a nonzero value; + see *note Regexp Cleanup::. + + The argument EFLAGS is a word of bit flags that enable various + options. + + If you want to get information about what part of STRING actually + matched the regular expression or its subexpressions, use the + arguments MATCHPTR and NMATCH. Otherwise, pass `0' for NMATCH, + and `NULL' for MATCHPTR. *Note Regexp Subexpressions::. + + You must match the regular expression with the same set of current +locales that were in effect when you compiled the regular expression. + + The function `regexec' accepts the following flags in the EFLAGS +argument: + +`REG_NOTBOL' + Do not regard the beginning of the specified string as the + beginning of a line; more generally, don't make any assumptions + about what text might precede it. + +`REG_NOTEOL' + Do not regard the end of the specified string as the end of a + line; more generally, don't make any assumptions about what text + might follow it. + + Here are the possible nonzero values that `regexec' can return: + +`REG_NOMATCH' + The pattern didn't match the string. This isn't really an error. + +`REG_ESPACE' + `regexec' ran out of memory. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Regexp Subexpressions, Next: Subexpression Complications, Prev: Matching POSIX Regexps, Up: Regular Expressions + +10.3.4 Match Results with Subexpressions +---------------------------------------- + +When `regexec' matches parenthetical subexpressions of PATTERN, it +records which parts of STRING they match. It returns that information +by storing the offsets into an array whose elements are structures of +type `regmatch_t'. The first element of the array (index `0') records +the part of the string that matched the entire regular expression. +Each other element of the array records the beginning and end of the +part that matched a single parenthetical subexpression. + + -- Data Type: regmatch_t + This is the data type of the MATCHARRAY array that you pass to + `regexec'. It contains two structure fields, as follows: + + `rm_so' + The offset in STRING of the beginning of a substring. Add + this value to STRING to get the address of that part. + + `rm_eo' + The offset in STRING of the end of the substring. + + -- Data Type: regoff_t + `regoff_t' is an alias for another signed integer type. The + fields of `regmatch_t' have type `regoff_t'. + + The `regmatch_t' elements correspond to subexpressions positionally; +the first element (index `1') records where the first subexpression +matched, the second element records the second subexpression, and so +on. The order of the subexpressions is the order in which they begin. + + When you call `regexec', you specify how long the MATCHPTR array is, +with the NMATCH argument. This tells `regexec' how many elements to +store. If the actual regular expression has more than NMATCH +subexpressions, then you won't get offset information about the rest of +them. But this doesn't alter whether the pattern matches a particular +string or not. + + If you don't want `regexec' to return any information about where +the subexpressions matched, you can either supply `0' for NMATCH, or +use the flag `REG_NOSUB' when you compile the pattern with `regcomp'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Subexpression Complications, Next: Regexp Cleanup, Prev: Regexp Subexpressions, Up: Regular Expressions + +10.3.5 Complications in Subexpression Matching +---------------------------------------------- + +Sometimes a subexpression matches a substring of no characters. This +happens when `f\(o*\)' matches the string `fum'. (It really matches +just the `f'.) In this case, both of the offsets identify the point in +the string where the null substring was found. In this example, the +offsets are both `1'. + + Sometimes the entire regular expression can match without using some +of its subexpressions at all--for example, when `ba\(na\)*' matches the +string `ba', the parenthetical subexpression is not used. When this +happens, `regexec' stores `-1' in both fields of the element for that +subexpression. + + Sometimes matching the entire regular expression can match a +particular subexpression more than once--for example, when `ba\(na\)*' +matches the string `bananana', the parenthetical subexpression matches +three times. When this happens, `regexec' usually stores the offsets +of the last part of the string that matched the subexpression. In the +case of `bananana', these offsets are `6' and `8'. + + But the last match is not always the one that is chosen. It's more +accurate to say that the last _opportunity_ to match is the one that +takes precedence. What this means is that when one subexpression +appears within another, then the results reported for the inner +subexpression reflect whatever happened on the last match of the outer +subexpression. For an example, consider `\(ba\(na\)*s \)*' matching +the string `bananas bas '. The last time the inner expression actually +matches is near the end of the first word. But it is _considered_ +again in the second word, and fails to match there. `regexec' reports +nonuse of the "na" subexpression. + + Another place where this rule applies is when the regular expression + \(ba\(na\)*s \|nefer\(ti\)* \)* + matches `bananas nefertiti'. The "na" subexpression does match in +the first word, but it doesn't match in the second word because the +other alternative is used there. Once again, the second repetition of +the outer subexpression overrides the first, and within that second +repetition, the "na" subexpression is not used. So `regexec' reports +nonuse of the "na" subexpression. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Regexp Cleanup, Prev: Subexpression Complications, Up: Regular Expressions + +10.3.6 POSIX Regexp Matching Cleanup +------------------------------------ + +When you are finished using a compiled regular expression, you can free +the storage it uses by calling `regfree'. + + -- Function: void regfree (regex_t *COMPILED) + Calling `regfree' frees all the storage that `*COMPILED' points + to. This includes various internal fields of the `regex_t' + structure that aren't documented in this manual. + + `regfree' does not free the object `*COMPILED' itself. + + You should always free the space in a `regex_t' structure with +`regfree' before using the structure to compile another regular +expression. + + When `regcomp' or `regexec' reports an error, you can use the +function `regerror' to turn it into an error message string. + + -- Function: size_t regerror (int ERRCODE, const regex_t *restrict + COMPILED, char *restrict BUFFER, size_t LENGTH) + This function produces an error message string for the error code + ERRCODE, and stores the string in LENGTH bytes of memory starting + at BUFFER. For the COMPILED argument, supply the same compiled + regular expression structure that `regcomp' or `regexec' was + working with when it got the error. Alternatively, you can supply + `NULL' for COMPILED; you will still get a meaningful error + message, but it might not be as detailed. + + If the error message can't fit in LENGTH bytes (including a + terminating null character), then `regerror' truncates it. The + string that `regerror' stores is always null-terminated even if it + has been truncated. + + The return value of `regerror' is the minimum length needed to + store the entire error message. If this is less than LENGTH, then + the error message was not truncated, and you can use it. + Otherwise, you should call `regerror' again with a larger buffer. + + Here is a function which uses `regerror', but always dynamically + allocates a buffer for the error message: + + char *get_regerror (int errcode, regex_t *compiled) + { + size_t length = regerror (errcode, compiled, NULL, 0); + char *buffer = xmalloc (length); + (void) regerror (errcode, compiled, buffer, length); + return buffer; + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Word Expansion, Prev: Regular Expressions, Up: Pattern Matching + +10.4 Shell-Style Word Expansion +=============================== + +"Word expansion" means the process of splitting a string into "words" +and substituting for variables, commands, and wildcards just as the +shell does. + + For example, when you write `ls -l foo.c', this string is split into +three separate words--`ls', `-l' and `foo.c'. This is the most basic +function of word expansion. + + When you write `ls *.c', this can become many words, because the +word `*.c' can be replaced with any number of file names. This is +called "wildcard expansion", and it is also a part of word expansion. + + When you use `echo $PATH' to print your path, you are taking +advantage of "variable substitution", which is also part of word +expansion. + + Ordinary programs can perform word expansion just like the shell by +calling the library function `wordexp'. + +* Menu: + +* Expansion Stages:: What word expansion does to a string. +* Calling Wordexp:: How to call `wordexp'. +* Flags for Wordexp:: Options you can enable in `wordexp'. +* Wordexp Example:: A sample program that does word expansion. +* Tilde Expansion:: Details of how tilde expansion works. +* Variable Substitution:: Different types of variable substitution. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Expansion Stages, Next: Calling Wordexp, Up: Word Expansion + +10.4.1 The Stages of Word Expansion +----------------------------------- + +When word expansion is applied to a sequence of words, it performs the +following transformations in the order shown here: + + 1. "Tilde expansion": Replacement of `~foo' with the name of the home + directory of `foo'. + + 2. Next, three different transformations are applied in the same step, + from left to right: + + * "Variable substitution": Environment variables are + substituted for references such as `$foo'. + + * "Command substitution": Constructs such as ``cat foo`' and + the equivalent `$(cat foo)' are replaced with the output from + the inner command. + + * "Arithmetic expansion": Constructs such as `$(($x-1))' are + replaced with the result of the arithmetic computation. + + 3. "Field splitting": subdivision of the text into "words". + + 4. "Wildcard expansion": The replacement of a construct such as `*.c' + with a list of `.c' file names. Wildcard expansion applies to an + entire word at a time, and replaces that word with 0 or more file + names that are themselves words. + + 5. "Quote removal": The deletion of string-quotes, now that they have + done their job by inhibiting the above transformations when + appropriate. + + For the details of these transformations, and how to write the +constructs that use them, see `The BASH Manual' (to appear). + + +File: libc.info, Node: Calling Wordexp, Next: Flags for Wordexp, Prev: Expansion Stages, Up: Word Expansion + +10.4.2 Calling `wordexp' +------------------------ + +All the functions, constants and data types for word expansion are +declared in the header file `wordexp.h'. + + Word expansion produces a vector of words (strings). To return this +vector, `wordexp' uses a special data type, `wordexp_t', which is a +structure. You pass `wordexp' the address of the structure, and it +fills in the structure's fields to tell you about the results. + + -- Data Type: wordexp_t + This data type holds a pointer to a word vector. More precisely, + it records both the address of the word vector and its size. + + `we_wordc' + The number of elements in the vector. + + `we_wordv' + The address of the vector. This field has type `char **'. + + `we_offs' + The offset of the first real element of the vector, from its + nominal address in the `we_wordv' field. Unlike the other + fields, this is always an input to `wordexp', rather than an + output from it. + + If you use a nonzero offset, then that many elements at the + beginning of the vector are left empty. (The `wordexp' + function fills them with null pointers.) + + The `we_offs' field is meaningful only if you use the + `WRDE_DOOFFS' flag. Otherwise, the offset is always zero + regardless of what is in this field, and the first real + element comes at the beginning of the vector. + + -- Function: int wordexp (const char *WORDS, wordexp_t + *WORD-VECTOR-PTR, int FLAGS) + Perform word expansion on the string WORDS, putting the result in + a newly allocated vector, and store the size and address of this + vector into `*WORD-VECTOR-PTR'. The argument FLAGS is a + combination of bit flags; see *note Flags for Wordexp::, for + details of the flags. + + You shouldn't use any of the characters `|&;<>' in the string + WORDS unless they are quoted; likewise for newline. If you use + these characters unquoted, you will get the `WRDE_BADCHAR' error + code. Don't use parentheses or braces unless they are quoted or + part of a word expansion construct. If you use quotation + characters `'"`', they should come in pairs that balance. + + The results of word expansion are a sequence of words. The + function `wordexp' allocates a string for each resulting word, then + allocates a vector of type `char **' to store the addresses of + these strings. The last element of the vector is a null pointer. + This vector is called the "word vector". + + To return this vector, `wordexp' stores both its address and its + length (number of elements, not counting the terminating null + pointer) into `*WORD-VECTOR-PTR'. + + If `wordexp' succeeds, it returns 0. Otherwise, it returns one of + these error codes: + + `WRDE_BADCHAR' + The input string WORDS contains an unquoted invalid character + such as `|'. + + `WRDE_BADVAL' + The input string refers to an undefined shell variable, and + you used the flag `WRDE_UNDEF' to forbid such references. + + `WRDE_CMDSUB' + The input string uses command substitution, and you used the + flag `WRDE_NOCMD' to forbid command substitution. + + `WRDE_NOSPACE' + It was impossible to allocate memory to hold the result. In + this case, `wordexp' can store part of the results--as much + as it could allocate room for. + + `WRDE_SYNTAX' + There was a syntax error in the input string. For example, + an unmatched quoting character is a syntax error. + + -- Function: void wordfree (wordexp_t *WORD-VECTOR-PTR) + Free the storage used for the word-strings and vector that + `*WORD-VECTOR-PTR' points to. This does not free the structure + `*WORD-VECTOR-PTR' itself--only the other data it points to. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Flags for Wordexp, Next: Wordexp Example, Prev: Calling Wordexp, Up: Word Expansion + +10.4.3 Flags for Word Expansion +------------------------------- + +This section describes the flags that you can specify in the FLAGS +argument to `wordexp'. Choose the flags you want, and combine them +with the C operator `|'. + +`WRDE_APPEND' + Append the words from this expansion to the vector of words + produced by previous calls to `wordexp'. This way you can + effectively expand several words as if they were concatenated with + spaces between them. + + In order for appending to work, you must not modify the contents + of the word vector structure between calls to `wordexp'. And, if + you set `WRDE_DOOFFS' in the first call to `wordexp', you must also + set it when you append to the results. + +`WRDE_DOOFFS' + Leave blank slots at the beginning of the vector of words. The + `we_offs' field says how many slots to leave. The blank slots + contain null pointers. + +`WRDE_NOCMD' + Don't do command substitution; if the input requests command + substitution, report an error. + +`WRDE_REUSE' + Reuse a word vector made by a previous call to `wordexp'. Instead + of allocating a new vector of words, this call to `wordexp' will + use the vector that already exists (making it larger if necessary). + + Note that the vector may move, so it is not safe to save an old + pointer and use it again after calling `wordexp'. You must fetch + `we_pathv' anew after each call. + +`WRDE_SHOWERR' + Do show any error messages printed by commands run by command + substitution. More precisely, allow these commands to inherit the + standard error output stream of the current process. By default, + `wordexp' gives these commands a standard error stream that + discards all output. + +`WRDE_UNDEF' + If the input refers to a shell variable that is not defined, + report an error. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Wordexp Example, Next: Tilde Expansion, Prev: Flags for Wordexp, Up: Word Expansion + +10.4.4 `wordexp' Example +------------------------ + +Here is an example of using `wordexp' to expand several strings and use +the results to run a shell command. It also shows the use of +`WRDE_APPEND' to concatenate the expansions and of `wordfree' to free +the space allocated by `wordexp'. + + int + expand_and_execute (const char *program, const char **options) + { + wordexp_t result; + pid_t pid + int status, i; + + /* Expand the string for the program to run. */ + switch (wordexp (program, &result, 0)) + { + case 0: /* Successful. */ + break; + case WRDE_NOSPACE: + /* If the error was `WRDE_NOSPACE', + then perhaps part of the result was allocated. */ + wordfree (&result); + default: /* Some other error. */ + return -1; + } + + /* Expand the strings specified for the arguments. */ + for (i = 0; options[i] != NULL; i++) + { + if (wordexp (options[i], &result, WRDE_APPEND)) + { + wordfree (&result); + return -1; + } + } + + pid = fork (); + if (pid == 0) + { + /* This is the child process. Execute the command. */ + execv (result.we_wordv[0], result.we_wordv); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + } + else if (pid < 0) + /* The fork failed. Report failure. */ + status = -1; + else + /* This is the parent process. Wait for the child to complete. */ + if (waitpid (pid, &status, 0) != pid) + status = -1; + + wordfree (&result); + return status; + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Tilde Expansion, Next: Variable Substitution, Prev: Wordexp Example, Up: Word Expansion + +10.4.5 Details of Tilde Expansion +--------------------------------- + +It's a standard part of shell syntax that you can use `~' at the +beginning of a file name to stand for your own home directory. You can +use `~USER' to stand for USER's home directory. + + "Tilde expansion" is the process of converting these abbreviations +to the directory names that they stand for. + + Tilde expansion applies to the `~' plus all following characters up +to whitespace or a slash. It takes place only at the beginning of a +word, and only if none of the characters to be transformed is quoted in +any way. + + Plain `~' uses the value of the environment variable `HOME' as the +proper home directory name. `~' followed by a user name uses +`getpwname' to look up that user in the user database, and uses +whatever directory is recorded there. Thus, `~' followed by your own +name can give different results from plain `~', if the value of `HOME' +is not really your home directory. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Variable Substitution, Prev: Tilde Expansion, Up: Word Expansion + +10.4.6 Details of Variable Substitution +--------------------------------------- + +Part of ordinary shell syntax is the use of `$VARIABLE' to substitute +the value of a shell variable into a command. This is called "variable +substitution", and it is one part of doing word expansion. + + There are two basic ways you can write a variable reference for +substitution: + +`${VARIABLE}' + If you write braces around the variable name, then it is completely + unambiguous where the variable name ends. You can concatenate + additional letters onto the end of the variable value by writing + them immediately after the close brace. For example, `${foo}s' + expands into `tractors'. + +`$VARIABLE' + If you do not put braces around the variable name, then the + variable name consists of all the alphanumeric characters and + underscores that follow the `$'. The next punctuation character + ends the variable name. Thus, `$foo-bar' refers to the variable + `foo' and expands into `tractor-bar'. + + When you use braces, you can also use various constructs to modify +the value that is substituted, or test it in various ways. + +`${VARIABLE:-DEFAULT}' + Substitute the value of VARIABLE, but if that is empty or + undefined, use DEFAULT instead. + +`${VARIABLE:=DEFAULT}' + Substitute the value of VARIABLE, but if that is empty or + undefined, use DEFAULT instead and set the variable to DEFAULT. + +`${VARIABLE:?MESSAGE}' + If VARIABLE is defined and not empty, substitute its value. + + Otherwise, print MESSAGE as an error message on the standard error + stream, and consider word expansion a failure. + +`${VARIABLE:+REPLACEMENT}' + Substitute REPLACEMENT, but only if VARIABLE is defined and + nonempty. Otherwise, substitute nothing for this construct. + +`${#VARIABLE}' + Substitute a numeral which expresses in base ten the number of + characters in the value of VARIABLE. `${#foo}' stands for `7', + because `tractor' is seven characters. + + These variants of variable substitution let you remove part of the +variable's value before substituting it. The PREFIX and SUFFIX are not +mere strings; they are wildcard patterns, just like the patterns that +you use to match multiple file names. But in this context, they match +against parts of the variable value rather than against file names. + +`${VARIABLE%%SUFFIX}' + Substitute the value of VARIABLE, but first discard from that + variable any portion at the end that matches the pattern SUFFIX. + + If there is more than one alternative for how to match against + SUFFIX, this construct uses the longest possible match. + + Thus, `${foo%%r*}' substitutes `t', because the largest match for + `r*' at the end of `tractor' is `ractor'. + +`${VARIABLE%SUFFIX}' + Substitute the value of VARIABLE, but first discard from that + variable any portion at the end that matches the pattern SUFFIX. + + If there is more than one alternative for how to match against + SUFFIX, this construct uses the shortest possible alternative. + + Thus, `${foo%r*}' substitutes `tracto', because the shortest match + for `r*' at the end of `tractor' is just `r'. + +`${VARIABLE##PREFIX}' + Substitute the value of VARIABLE, but first discard from that + variable any portion at the beginning that matches the pattern + PREFIX. + + If there is more than one alternative for how to match against + PREFIX, this construct uses the longest possible match. + + Thus, `${foo##*t}' substitutes `or', because the largest match for + `*t' at the beginning of `tractor' is `tract'. + +`${VARIABLE#PREFIX}' + Substitute the value of VARIABLE, but first discard from that + variable any portion at the beginning that matches the pattern + PREFIX. + + If there is more than one alternative for how to match against + PREFIX, this construct uses the shortest possible alternative. + + Thus, `${foo#*t}' substitutes `ractor', because the shortest match + for `*t' at the beginning of `tractor' is just `t'. + + + +File: libc.info, Node: I/O Overview, Next: I/O on Streams, Prev: Pattern Matching, Up: Top + +11 Input/Output Overview +************************ + +Most programs need to do either input (reading data) or output (writing +data), or most frequently both, in order to do anything useful. The GNU +C library provides such a large selection of input and output functions +that the hardest part is often deciding which function is most +appropriate! + + This chapter introduces concepts and terminology relating to input +and output. Other chapters relating to the GNU I/O facilities are: + + * *note I/O on Streams::, which covers the high-level functions that + operate on streams, including formatted input and output. + + * *note Low-Level I/O::, which covers the basic I/O and control + functions on file descriptors. + + * *note File System Interface::, which covers functions for + operating on directories and for manipulating file attributes such + as access modes and ownership. + + * *note Pipes and FIFOs::, which includes information on the basic + interprocess communication facilities. + + * *note Sockets::, which covers a more complicated interprocess + communication facility with support for networking. + + * *note Low-Level Terminal Interface::, which covers functions for + changing how input and output to terminals or other serial devices + are processed. + +* Menu: + +* I/O Concepts:: Some basic information and terminology. +* File Names:: How to refer to a file. + + +File: libc.info, Node: I/O Concepts, Next: File Names, Up: I/O Overview + +11.1 Input/Output Concepts +========================== + +Before you can read or write the contents of a file, you must establish +a connection or communications channel to the file. This process is +called "opening" the file. You can open a file for reading, writing, +or both. + + The connection to an open file is represented either as a stream or +as a file descriptor. You pass this as an argument to the functions +that do the actual read or write operations, to tell them which file to +operate on. Certain functions expect streams, and others are designed +to operate on file descriptors. + + When you have finished reading to or writing from the file, you can +terminate the connection by "closing" the file. Once you have closed a +stream or file descriptor, you cannot do any more input or output +operations on it. + +* Menu: + +* Streams and File Descriptors:: The GNU Library provides two ways + to access the contents of files. +* File Position:: The number of bytes from the + beginning of the file. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Streams and File Descriptors, Next: File Position, Up: I/O Concepts + +11.1.1 Streams and File Descriptors +----------------------------------- + +When you want to do input or output to a file, you have a choice of two +basic mechanisms for representing the connection between your program +and the file: file descriptors and streams. File descriptors are +represented as objects of type `int', while streams are represented as +`FILE *' objects. + + File descriptors provide a primitive, low-level interface to input +and output operations. Both file descriptors and streams can represent +a connection to a device (such as a terminal), or a pipe or socket for +communicating with another process, as well as a normal file. But, if +you want to do control operations that are specific to a particular kind +of device, you must use a file descriptor; there are no facilities to +use streams in this way. You must also use file descriptors if your +program needs to do input or output in special modes, such as +nonblocking (or polled) input (*note File Status Flags::). + + Streams provide a higher-level interface, layered on top of the +primitive file descriptor facilities. The stream interface treats all +kinds of files pretty much alike--the sole exception being the three +styles of buffering that you can choose (*note Stream Buffering::). + + The main advantage of using the stream interface is that the set of +functions for performing actual input and output operations (as opposed +to control operations) on streams is much richer and more powerful than +the corresponding facilities for file descriptors. The file descriptor +interface provides only simple functions for transferring blocks of +characters, but the stream interface also provides powerful formatted +input and output functions (`printf' and `scanf') as well as functions +for character- and line-oriented input and output. + + Since streams are implemented in terms of file descriptors, you can +extract the file descriptor from a stream and perform low-level +operations directly on the file descriptor. You can also initially open +a connection as a file descriptor and then make a stream associated with +that file descriptor. + + In general, you should stick with using streams rather than file +descriptors, unless there is some specific operation you want to do that +can only be done on a file descriptor. If you are a beginning +programmer and aren't sure what functions to use, we suggest that you +concentrate on the formatted input functions (*note Formatted Input::) +and formatted output functions (*note Formatted Output::). + + If you are concerned about portability of your programs to systems +other than GNU, you should also be aware that file descriptors are not +as portable as streams. You can expect any system running ISO C to +support streams, but non-GNU systems may not support file descriptors at +all, or may only implement a subset of the GNU functions that operate on +file descriptors. Most of the file descriptor functions in the GNU +library are included in the POSIX.1 standard, however. + + +File: libc.info, Node: File Position, Prev: Streams and File Descriptors, Up: I/O Concepts + +11.1.2 File Position +-------------------- + +One of the attributes of an open file is its "file position" that keeps +track of where in the file the next character is to be read or written. +In the GNU system, and all POSIX.1 systems, the file position is simply +an integer representing the number of bytes from the beginning of the +file. + + The file position is normally set to the beginning of the file when +it is opened, and each time a character is read or written, the file +position is incremented. In other words, access to the file is normally +"sequential". + + Ordinary files permit read or write operations at any position within +the file. Some other kinds of files may also permit this. Files which +do permit this are sometimes referred to as "random-access" files. You +can change the file position using the `fseek' function on a stream +(*note File Positioning::) or the `lseek' function on a file descriptor +(*note I/O Primitives::). If you try to change the file position on a +file that doesn't support random access, you get the `ESPIPE' error. + + Streams and descriptors that are opened for "append access" are +treated specially for output: output to such files is _always_ appended +sequentially to the _end_ of the file, regardless of the file position. +However, the file position is still used to control where in the file +reading is done. + + If you think about it, you'll realize that several programs can read +a given file at the same time. In order for each program to be able to +read the file at its own pace, each program must have its own file +pointer, which is not affected by anything the other programs do. + + In fact, each opening of a file creates a separate file position. +Thus, if you open a file twice even in the same program, you get two +streams or descriptors with independent file positions. + + By contrast, if you open a descriptor and then duplicate it to get +another descriptor, these two descriptors share the same file position: +changing the file position of one descriptor will affect the other. + + +File: libc.info, Node: File Names, Prev: I/O Concepts, Up: I/O Overview + +11.2 File Names +=============== + +In order to open a connection to a file, or to perform other operations +such as deleting a file, you need some way to refer to the file. Nearly +all files have names that are strings--even files which are actually +devices such as tape drives or terminals. These strings are called +"file names". You specify the file name to say which file you want to +open or operate on. + + This section describes the conventions for file names and how the +operating system works with them. + +* Menu: + +* Directories:: Directories contain entries for files. +* File Name Resolution:: A file name specifies how to look up a file. +* File Name Errors:: Error conditions relating to file names. +* File Name Portability:: File name portability and syntax issues. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Directories, Next: File Name Resolution, Up: File Names + +11.2.1 Directories +------------------ + +In order to understand the syntax of file names, you need to understand +how the file system is organized into a hierarchy of directories. + + A "directory" is a file that contains information to associate other +files with names; these associations are called "links" or "directory +entries". Sometimes, people speak of "files in a directory", but in +reality, a directory only contains pointers to files, not the files +themselves. + + The name of a file contained in a directory entry is called a "file +name component". In general, a file name consists of a sequence of one +or more such components, separated by the slash character (`/'). A +file name which is just one component names a file with respect to its +directory. A file name with multiple components names a directory, and +then a file in that directory, and so on. + + Some other documents, such as the POSIX standard, use the term +"pathname" for what we call a file name, and either "filename" or +"pathname component" for what this manual calls a file name component. +We don't use this terminology because a "path" is something completely +different (a list of directories to search), and we think that +"pathname" used for something else will confuse users. We always use +"file name" and "file name component" (or sometimes just "component", +where the context is obvious) in GNU documentation. Some macros use +the POSIX terminology in their names, such as `PATH_MAX'. These macros +are defined by the POSIX standard, so we cannot change their names. + + You can find more detailed information about operations on +directories in *note File System Interface::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: File Name Resolution, Next: File Name Errors, Prev: Directories, Up: File Names + +11.2.2 File Name Resolution +--------------------------- + +A file name consists of file name components separated by slash (`/') +characters. On the systems that the GNU C library supports, multiple +successive `/' characters are equivalent to a single `/' character. + + The process of determining what file a file name refers to is called +"file name resolution". This is performed by examining the components +that make up a file name in left-to-right order, and locating each +successive component in the directory named by the previous component. +Of course, each of the files that are referenced as directories must +actually exist, be directories instead of regular files, and have the +appropriate permissions to be accessible by the process; otherwise the +file name resolution fails. + + If a file name begins with a `/', the first component in the file +name is located in the "root directory" of the process (usually all +processes on the system have the same root directory). Such a file name +is called an "absolute file name". + + Otherwise, the first component in the file name is located in the +current working directory (*note Working Directory::). This kind of +file name is called a "relative file name". + + The file name components `.' ("dot") and `..' ("dot-dot") have +special meanings. Every directory has entries for these file name +components. The file name component `.' refers to the directory +itself, while the file name component `..' refers to its "parent +directory" (the directory that contains the link for the directory in +question). As a special case, `..' in the root directory refers to the +root directory itself, since it has no parent; thus `/..' is the same +as `/'. + + Here are some examples of file names: + +`/a' + The file named `a', in the root directory. + +`/a/b' + The file named `b', in the directory named `a' in the root + directory. + +`a' + The file named `a', in the current working directory. + +`/a/./b' + This is the same as `/a/b'. + +`./a' + The file named `a', in the current working directory. + +`../a' + The file named `a', in the parent directory of the current working + directory. + + A file name that names a directory may optionally end in a `/'. You +can specify a file name of `/' to refer to the root directory, but the +empty string is not a meaningful file name. If you want to refer to +the current working directory, use a file name of `.' or `./'. + + Unlike some other operating systems, the GNU system doesn't have any +built-in support for file types (or extensions) or file versions as part +of its file name syntax. Many programs and utilities use conventions +for file names--for example, files containing C source code usually +have names suffixed with `.c'--but there is nothing in the file system +itself that enforces this kind of convention. + + +File: libc.info, Node: File Name Errors, Next: File Name Portability, Prev: File Name Resolution, Up: File Names + +11.2.3 File Name Errors +----------------------- + +Functions that accept file name arguments usually detect these `errno' +error conditions relating to the file name syntax or trouble finding +the named file. These errors are referred to throughout this manual as +the "usual file name errors". + +`EACCES' + The process does not have search permission for a directory + component of the file name. + +`ENAMETOOLONG' + This error is used when either the total length of a file name is + greater than `PATH_MAX', or when an individual file name component + has a length greater than `NAME_MAX'. *Note Limits for Files::. + + In the GNU system, there is no imposed limit on overall file name + length, but some file systems may place limits on the length of a + component. + +`ENOENT' + This error is reported when a file referenced as a directory + component in the file name doesn't exist, or when a component is a + symbolic link whose target file does not exist. *Note Symbolic + Links::. + +`ENOTDIR' + A file that is referenced as a directory component in the file name + exists, but it isn't a directory. + +`ELOOP' + Too many symbolic links were resolved while trying to look up the + file name. The system has an arbitrary limit on the number of + symbolic links that may be resolved in looking up a single file + name, as a primitive way to detect loops. *Note Symbolic Links::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: File Name Portability, Prev: File Name Errors, Up: File Names + +11.2.4 Portability of File Names +-------------------------------- + +The rules for the syntax of file names discussed in *note File Names::, +are the rules normally used by the GNU system and by other POSIX +systems. However, other operating systems may use other conventions. + + There are two reasons why it can be important for you to be aware of +file name portability issues: + + * If your program makes assumptions about file name syntax, or + contains embedded literal file name strings, it is more difficult + to get it to run under other operating systems that use different + syntax conventions. + + * Even if you are not concerned about running your program on + machines that run other operating systems, it may still be + possible to access files that use different naming conventions. + For example, you may be able to access file systems on another + computer running a different operating system over a network, or + read and write disks in formats used by other operating systems. + + The ISO C standard says very little about file name syntax, only that +file names are strings. In addition to varying restrictions on the +length of file names and what characters can validly appear in a file +name, different operating systems use different conventions and syntax +for concepts such as structured directories and file types or +extensions. Some concepts such as file versions might be supported in +some operating systems and not by others. + + The POSIX.1 standard allows implementations to put additional +restrictions on file name syntax, concerning what characters are +permitted in file names and on the length of file name and file name +component strings. However, in the GNU system, you do not need to worry +about these restrictions; any character except the null character is +permitted in a file name string, and there are no limits on the length +of file name strings. + + +File: libc.info, Node: I/O on Streams, Next: Low-Level I/O, Prev: I/O Overview, Up: Top + +12 Input/Output on Streams +************************** + +This chapter describes the functions for creating streams and performing +input and output operations on them. As discussed in *note I/O +Overview::, a stream is a fairly abstract, high-level concept +representing a communications channel to a file, device, or process. + +* Menu: + +* Streams:: About the data type representing a stream. +* Standard Streams:: Streams to the standard input and output + devices are created for you. +* Opening Streams:: How to create a stream to talk to a file. +* Closing Streams:: Close a stream when you are finished with it. +* Streams and Threads:: Issues with streams in threaded programs. +* Streams and I18N:: Streams in internationalized applications. +* Simple Output:: Unformatted output by characters and lines. +* Character Input:: Unformatted input by characters and words. +* Line Input:: Reading a line or a record from a stream. +* Unreading:: Peeking ahead/pushing back input just read. +* Block Input/Output:: Input and output operations on blocks of data. +* Formatted Output:: `printf' and related functions. +* Customizing Printf:: You can define new conversion specifiers for + `printf' and friends. +* Formatted Input:: `scanf' and related functions. +* EOF and Errors:: How you can tell if an I/O error happens. +* Error Recovery:: What you can do about errors. +* Binary Streams:: Some systems distinguish between text files + and binary files. +* File Positioning:: About random-access streams. +* Portable Positioning:: Random access on peculiar ISO C systems. +* Stream Buffering:: How to control buffering of streams. +* Other Kinds of Streams:: Streams that do not necessarily correspond + to an open file. +* Formatted Messages:: Print strictly formatted messages. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Streams, Next: Standard Streams, Up: I/O on Streams + +12.1 Streams +============ + +For historical reasons, the type of the C data structure that represents +a stream is called `FILE' rather than "stream". Since most of the +library functions deal with objects of type `FILE *', sometimes the +term "file pointer" is also used to mean "stream". This leads to +unfortunate confusion over terminology in many books on C. This +manual, however, is careful to use the terms "file" and "stream" only +in the technical sense. + + The `FILE' type is declared in the header file `stdio.h'. + + -- Data Type: FILE + This is the data type used to represent stream objects. A `FILE' + object holds all of the internal state information about the + connection to the associated file, including such things as the + file position indicator and buffering information. Each stream + also has error and end-of-file status indicators that can be + tested with the `ferror' and `feof' functions; see *note EOF and + Errors::. + + `FILE' objects are allocated and managed internally by the +input/output library functions. Don't try to create your own objects of +type `FILE'; let the library do it. Your programs should deal only +with pointers to these objects (that is, `FILE *' values) rather than +the objects themselves. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Standard Streams, Next: Opening Streams, Prev: Streams, Up: I/O on Streams + +12.2 Standard Streams +===================== + +When the `main' function of your program is invoked, it already has +three predefined streams open and available for use. These represent +the "standard" input and output channels that have been established for +the process. + + These streams are declared in the header file `stdio.h'. + + -- Variable: FILE * stdin + The "standard input" stream, which is the normal source of input + for the program. + + -- Variable: FILE * stdout + The "standard output" stream, which is used for normal output from + the program. + + -- Variable: FILE * stderr + The "standard error" stream, which is used for error messages and + diagnostics issued by the program. + + In the GNU system, you can specify what files or processes +correspond to these streams using the pipe and redirection facilities +provided by the shell. (The primitives shells use to implement these +facilities are described in *note File System Interface::.) Most other +operating systems provide similar mechanisms, but the details of how to +use them can vary. + + In the GNU C library, `stdin', `stdout', and `stderr' are normal +variables which you can set just like any others. For example, to +redirect the standard output to a file, you could do: + + fclose (stdout); + stdout = fopen ("standard-output-file", "w"); + + Note however, that in other systems `stdin', `stdout', and `stderr' +are macros that you cannot assign to in the normal way. But you can +use `freopen' to get the effect of closing one and reopening it. *Note +Opening Streams::. + + The three streams `stdin', `stdout', and `stderr' are not unoriented +at program start (*note Streams and I18N::). + + +File: libc.info, Node: Opening Streams, Next: Closing Streams, Prev: Standard Streams, Up: I/O on Streams + +12.3 Opening Streams +==================== + +Opening a file with the `fopen' function creates a new stream and +establishes a connection between the stream and a file. This may +involve creating a new file. + + Everything described in this section is declared in the header file +`stdio.h'. + + -- Function: FILE * fopen (const char *FILENAME, const char *OPENTYPE) + The `fopen' function opens a stream for I/O to the file FILENAME, + and returns a pointer to the stream. + + The OPENTYPE argument is a string that controls how the file is + opened and specifies attributes of the resulting stream. It must + begin with one of the following sequences of characters: + + `r' + Open an existing file for reading only. + + `w' + Open the file for writing only. If the file already exists, + it is truncated to zero length. Otherwise a new file is + created. + + `a' + Open a file for append access; that is, writing at the end of + file only. If the file already exists, its initial contents + are unchanged and output to the stream is appended to the end + of the file. Otherwise, a new, empty file is created. + + `r+' + Open an existing file for both reading and writing. The + initial contents of the file are unchanged and the initial + file position is at the beginning of the file. + + `w+' + Open a file for both reading and writing. If the file + already exists, it is truncated to zero length. Otherwise, a + new file is created. + + `a+' + Open or create file for both reading and appending. If the + file exists, its initial contents are unchanged. Otherwise, + a new file is created. The initial file position for reading + is at the beginning of the file, but output is always + appended to the end of the file. + + As you can see, `+' requests a stream that can do both input and + output. The ISO standard says that when using such a stream, you + must call `fflush' (*note Stream Buffering::) or a file positioning + function such as `fseek' (*note File Positioning::) when switching + from reading to writing or vice versa. Otherwise, internal buffers + might not be emptied properly. The GNU C library does not have + this limitation; you can do arbitrary reading and writing + operations on a stream in whatever order. + + Additional characters may appear after these to specify flags for + the call. Always put the mode (`r', `w+', etc.) first; that is + the only part you are guaranteed will be understood by all systems. + + The GNU C library defines one additional character for use in + OPENTYPE: the character `x' insists on creating a new file--if a + file FILENAME already exists, `fopen' fails rather than opening + it. If you use `x' you are guaranteed that you will not clobber + an existing file. This is equivalent to the `O_EXCL' option to + the `open' function (*note Opening and Closing Files::). + + The character `b' in OPENTYPE has a standard meaning; it requests + a binary stream rather than a text stream. But this makes no + difference in POSIX systems (including the GNU system). If both + `+' and `b' are specified, they can appear in either order. *Note + Binary Streams::. + + If the OPENTYPE string contains the sequence `,ccs=STRING' then + STRING is taken as the name of a coded character set and `fopen' + will mark the stream as wide-oriented which appropriate conversion + functions in place to convert from and to the character set STRING + is place. Any other stream is opened initially unoriented and the + orientation is decided with the first file operation. If the + first operation is a wide character operation, the stream is not + only marked as wide-oriented, also the conversion functions to + convert to the coded character set used for the current locale are + loaded. This will not change anymore from this point on even if + the locale selected for the `LC_CTYPE' category is changed. + + Any other characters in OPENTYPE are simply ignored. They may be + meaningful in other systems. + + If the open fails, `fopen' returns a null pointer. + + When the sources are compiling with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on a + 32 bit machine this function is in fact `fopen64' since the LFS + interface replaces transparently the old interface. + + You can have multiple streams (or file descriptors) pointing to the +same file open at the same time. If you do only input, this works +straightforwardly, but you must be careful if any output streams are +included. *Note Stream/Descriptor Precautions::. This is equally true +whether the streams are in one program (not usual) or in several +programs (which can easily happen). It may be advantageous to use the +file locking facilities to avoid simultaneous access. *Note File +Locks::. + + -- Function: FILE * fopen64 (const char *FILENAME, const char + *OPENTYPE) + This function is similar to `fopen' but the stream it returns a + pointer for is opened using `open64'. Therefore this stream can be + used even on files larger then 2^31 bytes on 32 bit machines. + + Please note that the return type is still `FILE *'. There is no + special `FILE' type for the LFS interface. + + If the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on a 32 + bits machine this function is available under the name `fopen' and + so transparently replaces the old interface. + + -- Macro: int FOPEN_MAX + The value of this macro is an integer constant expression that + represents the minimum number of streams that the implementation + guarantees can be open simultaneously. You might be able to open + more than this many streams, but that is not guaranteed. The + value of this constant is at least eight, which includes the three + standard streams `stdin', `stdout', and `stderr'. In POSIX.1 + systems this value is determined by the `OPEN_MAX' parameter; + *note General Limits::. In BSD and GNU, it is controlled by the + `RLIMIT_NOFILE' resource limit; *note Limits on Resources::. + + -- Function: FILE * freopen (const char *FILENAME, const char + *OPENTYPE, FILE *STREAM) + This function is like a combination of `fclose' and `fopen'. It + first closes the stream referred to by STREAM, ignoring any errors + that are detected in the process. (Because errors are ignored, + you should not use `freopen' on an output stream if you have + actually done any output using the stream.) Then the file named by + FILENAME is opened with mode OPENTYPE as for `fopen', and + associated with the same stream object STREAM. + + If the operation fails, a null pointer is returned; otherwise, + `freopen' returns STREAM. + + `freopen' has traditionally been used to connect a standard stream + such as `stdin' with a file of your own choice. This is useful in + programs in which use of a standard stream for certain purposes is + hard-coded. In the GNU C library, you can simply close the + standard streams and open new ones with `fopen'. But other + systems lack this ability, so using `freopen' is more portable. + + When the sources are compiling with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on a + 32 bit machine this function is in fact `freopen64' since the LFS + interface replaces transparently the old interface. + + -- Function: FILE * freopen64 (const char *FILENAME, const char + *OPENTYPE, FILE *STREAM) + This function is similar to `freopen'. The only difference is that + on 32 bit machine the stream returned is able to read beyond the + 2^31 bytes limits imposed by the normal interface. It should be + noted that the stream pointed to by STREAM need not be opened + using `fopen64' or `freopen64' since its mode is not important for + this function. + + If the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on a 32 + bits machine this function is available under the name `freopen' + and so transparently replaces the old interface. + + In some situations it is useful to know whether a given stream is +available for reading or writing. This information is normally not +available and would have to be remembered separately. Solaris +introduced a few functions to get this information from the stream +descriptor and these functions are also available in the GNU C library. + + -- Function: int __freadable (FILE *STREAM) + The `__freadable' function determines whether the stream STREAM + was opened to allow reading. In this case the return value is + nonzero. For write-only streams the function returns zero. + + This function is declared in `stdio_ext.h'. + + -- Function: int __fwritable (FILE *STREAM) + The `__fwritable' function determines whether the stream STREAM + was opened to allow writing. In this case the return value is + nonzero. For read-only streams the function returns zero. + + This function is declared in `stdio_ext.h'. + + For slightly different kind of problems there are two more functions. +They provide even finer-grained information. + + -- Function: int __freading (FILE *STREAM) + The `__freading' function determines whether the stream STREAM was + last read from or whether it is opened read-only. In this case + the return value is nonzero, otherwise it is zero. Determining + whether a stream opened for reading and writing was last used for + writing allows to draw conclusions about the content about the + buffer, among other things. + + This function is declared in `stdio_ext.h'. + + -- Function: int __fwriting (FILE *STREAM) + The `__fwriting' function determines whether the stream STREAM was + last written to or whether it is opened write-only. In this case + the return value is nonzero, otherwise it is zero. + + This function is declared in `stdio_ext.h'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Closing Streams, Next: Streams and Threads, Prev: Opening Streams, Up: I/O on Streams + +12.4 Closing Streams +==================== + +When a stream is closed with `fclose', the connection between the +stream and the file is canceled. After you have closed a stream, you +cannot perform any additional operations on it. + + -- Function: int fclose (FILE *STREAM) + This function causes STREAM to be closed and the connection to the + corresponding file to be broken. Any buffered output is written + and any buffered input is discarded. The `fclose' function returns + a value of `0' if the file was closed successfully, and `EOF' if + an error was detected. + + It is important to check for errors when you call `fclose' to close + an output stream, because real, everyday errors can be detected at + this time. For example, when `fclose' writes the remaining + buffered output, it might get an error because the disk is full. + Even if you know the buffer is empty, errors can still occur when + closing a file if you are using NFS. + + The function `fclose' is declared in `stdio.h'. + + To close all streams currently available the GNU C Library provides +another function. + + -- Function: int fcloseall (void) + This function causes all open streams of the process to be closed + and the connection to corresponding files to be broken. All + buffered data is written and any buffered input is discarded. The + `fcloseall' function returns a value of `0' if all the files were + closed successfully, and `EOF' if an error was detected. + + This function should be used only in special situations, e.g., + when an error occurred and the program must be aborted. Normally + each single stream should be closed separately so that problems + with individual streams can be identified. It is also problematic + since the standard streams (*note Standard Streams::) will also be + closed. + + The function `fcloseall' is declared in `stdio.h'. + + If the `main' function to your program returns, or if you call the +`exit' function (*note Normal Termination::), all open streams are +automatically closed properly. If your program terminates in any other +manner, such as by calling the `abort' function (*note Aborting a +Program::) or from a fatal signal (*note Signal Handling::), open +streams might not be closed properly. Buffered output might not be +flushed and files may be incomplete. For more information on buffering +of streams, see *note Stream Buffering::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Streams and Threads, Next: Streams and I18N, Prev: Closing Streams, Up: I/O on Streams + +12.5 Streams and Threads +======================== + +Streams can be used in multi-threaded applications in the same way they +are used in single-threaded applications. But the programmer must be +aware of the possible complications. It is important to know about +these also if the program one writes never use threads since the design +and implementation of many stream functions is heavily influenced by the +requirements added by multi-threaded programming. + + The POSIX standard requires that by default the stream operations are +atomic. I.e., issuing two stream operations for the same stream in two +threads at the same time will cause the operations to be executed as if +they were issued sequentially. The buffer operations performed while +reading or writing are protected from other uses of the same stream. To +do this each stream has an internal lock object which has to be +(implicitly) acquired before any work can be done. + + But there are situations where this is not enough and there are also +situations where this is not wanted. The implicit locking is not enough +if the program requires more than one stream function call to happen +atomically. One example would be if an output line a program wants to +generate is created by several function calls. The functions by +themselves would ensure only atomicity of their own operation, but not +atomicity over all the function calls. For this it is necessary to +perform the stream locking in the application code. + + -- Function: void flockfile (FILE *STREAM) + The `flockfile' function acquires the internal locking object + associated with the stream STREAM. This ensures that no other + thread can explicitly through `flockfile'/`ftrylockfile' or + implicit through a call of a stream function lock the stream. The + thread will block until the lock is acquired. An explicit call to + `funlockfile' has to be used to release the lock. + + -- Function: int ftrylockfile (FILE *STREAM) + The `ftrylockfile' function tries to acquire the internal locking + object associated with the stream STREAM just like `flockfile'. + But unlike `flockfile' this function does not block if the lock is + not available. `ftrylockfile' returns zero if the lock was + successfully acquired. Otherwise the stream is locked by another + thread. + + -- Function: void funlockfile (FILE *STREAM) + The `funlockfile' function releases the internal locking object of + the stream STREAM. The stream must have been locked before by a + call to `flockfile' or a successful call of `ftrylockfile'. The + implicit locking performed by the stream operations do not count. + The `funlockfile' function does not return an error status and the + behavior of a call for a stream which is not locked by the current + thread is undefined. + + The following example shows how the functions above can be used to +generate an output line atomically even in multi-threaded applications +(yes, the same job could be done with one `fprintf' call but it is +sometimes not possible): + + FILE *fp; + { + ... + flockfile (fp); + fputs ("This is test number ", fp); + fprintf (fp, "%d\n", test); + funlockfile (fp) + } + + Without the explicit locking it would be possible for another thread +to use the stream FP after the `fputs' call return and before `fprintf' +was called with the result that the number does not follow the word +`number'. + + From this description it might already be clear that the locking +objects in streams are no simple mutexes. Since locking the same +stream twice in the same thread is allowed the locking objects must be +equivalent to recursive mutexes. These mutexes keep track of the owner +and the number of times the lock is acquired. The same number of +`funlockfile' calls by the same threads is necessary to unlock the +stream completely. For instance: + + void + foo (FILE *fp) + { + ftrylockfile (fp); + fputs ("in foo\n", fp); + /* This is very wrong!!! */ + funlockfile (fp); + } + + It is important here that the `funlockfile' function is only called +if the `ftrylockfile' function succeeded in locking the stream. It is +therefore always wrong to ignore the result of `ftrylockfile'. And it +makes no sense since otherwise one would use `flockfile'. The result +of code like that above is that either `funlockfile' tries to free a +stream that hasn't been locked by the current thread or it frees the +stream prematurely. The code should look like this: + + void + foo (FILE *fp) + { + if (ftrylockfile (fp) == 0) + { + fputs ("in foo\n", fp); + funlockfile (fp); + } + } + + Now that we covered why it is necessary to have these locking it is +necessary to talk about situations when locking is unwanted and what can +be done. The locking operations (explicit or implicit) don't come for +free. Even if a lock is not taken the cost is not zero. The operations +which have to be performed require memory operations that are safe in +multi-processor environments. With the many local caches involved in +such systems this is quite costly. So it is best to avoid the locking +completely if it is not needed - because the code in question is never +used in a context where two or more threads may use a stream at a time. +This can be determined most of the time for application code; for +library code which can be used in many contexts one should default to be +conservative and use locking. + + There are two basic mechanisms to avoid locking. The first is to use +the `_unlocked' variants of the stream operations. The POSIX standard +defines quite a few of those and the GNU library adds a few more. +These variants of the functions behave just like the functions with the +name without the suffix except that they do not lock the stream. Using +these functions is very desirable since they are potentially much +faster. This is not only because the locking operation itself is +avoided. More importantly, functions like `putc' and `getc' are very +simple and traditionally (before the introduction of threads) were +implemented as macros which are very fast if the buffer is not empty. +With the addition of locking requirements these functions are no longer +implemented as macros since they would would expand to too much code. +But these macros are still available with the same functionality under +the new names `putc_unlocked' and `getc_unlocked'. This possibly huge +difference of speed also suggests the use of the `_unlocked' functions +even if locking is required. The difference is that the locking then +has to be performed in the program: + + void + foo (FILE *fp, char *buf) + { + flockfile (fp); + while (*buf != '/') + putc_unlocked (*buf++, fp); + funlockfile (fp); + } + + If in this example the `putc' function would be used and the +explicit locking would be missing the `putc' function would have to +acquire the lock in every call, potentially many times depending on when +the loop terminates. Writing it the way illustrated above allows the +`putc_unlocked' macro to be used which means no locking and direct +manipulation of the buffer of the stream. + + A second way to avoid locking is by using a non-standard function +which was introduced in Solaris and is available in the GNU C library +as well. + + -- Function: int __fsetlocking (FILE *STREAM, int TYPE) + The `__fsetlocking' function can be used to select whether the + stream operations will implicitly acquire the locking object of the + stream STREAM. By default this is done but it can be disabled and + reinstated using this function. There are three values defined + for the TYPE parameter. + + `FSETLOCKING_INTERNAL' + The stream `stream' will from now on use the default internal + locking. Every stream operation with exception of the + `_unlocked' variants will implicitly lock the stream. + + `FSETLOCKING_BYCALLER' + After the `__fsetlocking' function returns the user is + responsible for locking the stream. None of the stream + operations will implicitly do this anymore until the state is + set back to `FSETLOCKING_INTERNAL'. + + `FSETLOCKING_QUERY' + `__fsetlocking' only queries the current locking state of the + stream. The return value will be `FSETLOCKING_INTERNAL' or + `FSETLOCKING_BYCALLER' depending on the state. + + The return value of `__fsetlocking' is either + `FSETLOCKING_INTERNAL' or `FSETLOCKING_BYCALLER' depending on the + state of the stream before the call. + + This function and the values for the TYPE parameter are declared + in `stdio_ext.h'. + + This function is especially useful when program code has to be used +which is written without knowledge about the `_unlocked' functions (or +if the programmer was too lazy to use them). + + +File: libc.info, Node: Streams and I18N, Next: Simple Output, Prev: Streams and Threads, Up: I/O on Streams + +12.6 Streams in Internationalized Applications +============================================== + +ISO C90 introduced the new type `wchar_t' to allow handling larger +character sets. What was missing was a possibility to output strings +of `wchar_t' directly. One had to convert them into multibyte strings +using `mbstowcs' (there was no `mbsrtowcs' yet) and then use the normal +stream functions. While this is doable it is very cumbersome since +performing the conversions is not trivial and greatly increases program +complexity and size. + + The Unix standard early on (I think in XPG4.2) introduced two +additional format specifiers for the `printf' and `scanf' families of +functions. Printing and reading of single wide characters was made +possible using the `%C' specifier and wide character strings can be +handled with `%S'. These modifiers behave just like `%c' and `%s' only +that they expect the corresponding argument to have the wide character +type and that the wide character and string are transformed into/from +multibyte strings before being used. + + This was a beginning but it is still not good enough. Not always is +it desirable to use `printf' and `scanf'. The other, smaller and +faster functions cannot handle wide characters. Second, it is not +possible to have a format string for `printf' and `scanf' consisting of +wide characters. The result is that format strings would have to be +generated if they have to contain non-basic characters. + + In the Amendment 1 to ISO C90 a whole new set of functions was added +to solve the problem. Most of the stream functions got a counterpart +which take a wide character or wide character string instead of a +character or string respectively. The new functions operate on the +same streams (like `stdout'). This is different from the model of the +C++ runtime library where separate streams for wide and normal I/O are +used. + + Being able to use the same stream for wide and normal operations +comes with a restriction: a stream can be used either for wide +operations or for normal operations. Once it is decided there is no +way back. Only a call to `freopen' or `freopen64' can reset the +"orientation". The orientation can be decided in three ways: + + * If any of the normal character functions is used (this includes the + `fread' and `fwrite' functions) the stream is marked as not wide + oriented. + + * If any of the wide character functions is used the stream is + marked as wide oriented. + + * The `fwide' function can be used to set the orientation either way. + + It is important to never mix the use of wide and not wide operations +on a stream. There are no diagnostics issued. The application behavior +will simply be strange or the application will simply crash. The +`fwide' function can help avoiding this. + + -- Function: int fwide (FILE *STREAM, int MODE) + The `fwide' function can be used to set and query the state of the + orientation of the stream STREAM. If the MODE parameter has a + positive value the streams get wide oriented, for negative values + narrow oriented. It is not possible to overwrite previous + orientations with `fwide'. I.e., if the stream STREAM was already + oriented before the call nothing is done. + + If MODE is zero the current orientation state is queried and + nothing is changed. + + The `fwide' function returns a negative value, zero, or a positive + value if the stream is narrow, not at all, or wide oriented + respectively. + + This function was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90 and is + declared in `wchar.h'. + + It is generally a good idea to orient a stream as early as possible. +This can prevent surprise especially for the standard streams `stdin', +`stdout', and `stderr'. If some library function in some situations +uses one of these streams and this use orients the stream in a +different way the rest of the application expects it one might end up +with hard to reproduce errors. Remember that no errors are signal if +the streams are used incorrectly. Leaving a stream unoriented after +creation is normally only necessary for library functions which create +streams which can be used in different contexts. + + When writing code which uses streams and which can be used in +different contexts it is important to query the orientation of the +stream before using it (unless the rules of the library interface +demand a specific orientation). The following little, silly function +illustrates this. + + void + print_f (FILE *fp) + { + if (fwide (fp, 0) > 0) + /* Positive return value means wide orientation. */ + fputwc (L'f', fp); + else + fputc ('f', fp); + } + + Note that in this case the function `print_f' decides about the +orientation of the stream if it was unoriented before (will not happen +if the advise above is followed). + + The encoding used for the `wchar_t' values is unspecified and the +user must not make any assumptions about it. For I/O of `wchar_t' +values this means that it is impossible to write these values directly +to the stream. This is not what follows from the ISO C locale model +either. What happens instead is that the bytes read from or written to +the underlying media are first converted into the internal encoding +chosen by the implementation for `wchar_t'. The external encoding is +determined by the `LC_CTYPE' category of the current locale or by the +`ccs' part of the mode specification given to `fopen', `fopen64', +`freopen', or `freopen64'. How and when the conversion happens is +unspecified and it happens invisible to the user. + + Since a stream is created in the unoriented state it has at that +point no conversion associated with it. The conversion which will be +used is determined by the `LC_CTYPE' category selected at the time the +stream is oriented. If the locales are changed at the runtime this +might produce surprising results unless one pays attention. This is +just another good reason to orient the stream explicitly as soon as +possible, perhaps with a call to `fwide'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Simple Output, Next: Character Input, Prev: Streams and I18N, Up: I/O on Streams + +12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines +========================================= + +This section describes functions for performing character- and +line-oriented output. + + These narrow streams functions are declared in the header file +`stdio.h' and the wide stream functions in `wchar.h'. + + -- Function: int fputc (int C, FILE *STREAM) + The `fputc' function converts the character C to type `unsigned + char', and writes it to the stream STREAM. `EOF' is returned if a + write error occurs; otherwise the character C is returned. + + -- Function: wint_t fputwc (wchar_t WC, FILE *STREAM) + The `fputwc' function writes the wide character WC to the stream + STREAM. `WEOF' is returned if a write error occurs; otherwise the + character WC is returned. + + -- Function: int fputc_unlocked (int C, FILE *STREAM) + The `fputc_unlocked' function is equivalent to the `fputc' + function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. + + -- Function: wint_t fputwc_unlocked (wint_t WC, FILE *STREAM) + The `fputwc_unlocked' function is equivalent to the `fputwc' + function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: int putc (int C, FILE *STREAM) + This is just like `fputc', except that most systems implement it as + a macro, making it faster. One consequence is that it may + evaluate the STREAM argument more than once, which is an exception + to the general rule for macros. `putc' is usually the best + function to use for writing a single character. + + -- Function: wint_t putwc (wchar_t WC, FILE *STREAM) + This is just like `fputwc', except that it can be implement as a + macro, making it faster. One consequence is that it may evaluate + the STREAM argument more than once, which is an exception to the + general rule for macros. `putwc' is usually the best function to + use for writing a single wide character. + + -- Function: int putc_unlocked (int C, FILE *STREAM) + The `putc_unlocked' function is equivalent to the `putc' function + except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. + + -- Function: wint_t putwc_unlocked (wchar_t WC, FILE *STREAM) + The `putwc_unlocked' function is equivalent to the `putwc' + function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: int putchar (int C) + The `putchar' function is equivalent to `putc' with `stdout' as + the value of the STREAM argument. + + -- Function: wint_t putwchar (wchar_t WC) + The `putwchar' function is equivalent to `putwc' with `stdout' as + the value of the STREAM argument. + + -- Function: int putchar_unlocked (int C) + The `putchar_unlocked' function is equivalent to the `putchar' + function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. + + -- Function: wint_t putwchar_unlocked (wchar_t WC) + The `putwchar_unlocked' function is equivalent to the `putwchar' + function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: int fputs (const char *S, FILE *STREAM) + The function `fputs' writes the string S to the stream STREAM. + The terminating null character is not written. This function does + _not_ add a newline character, either. It outputs only the + characters in the string. + + This function returns `EOF' if a write error occurs, and otherwise + a non-negative value. + + For example: + + fputs ("Are ", stdout); + fputs ("you ", stdout); + fputs ("hungry?\n", stdout); + + outputs the text `Are you hungry?' followed by a newline. + + -- Function: int fputws (const wchar_t *WS, FILE *STREAM) + The function `fputws' writes the wide character string WS to the + stream STREAM. The terminating null character is not written. + This function does _not_ add a newline character, either. It + outputs only the characters in the string. + + This function returns `WEOF' if a write error occurs, and otherwise + a non-negative value. + + -- Function: int fputs_unlocked (const char *S, FILE *STREAM) + The `fputs_unlocked' function is equivalent to the `fputs' + function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: int fputws_unlocked (const wchar_t *WS, FILE *STREAM) + The `fputws_unlocked' function is equivalent to the `fputws' + function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: int puts (const char *S) + The `puts' function writes the string S to the stream `stdout' + followed by a newline. The terminating null character of the + string is not written. (Note that `fputs' does _not_ write a + newline as this function does.) + + `puts' is the most convenient function for printing simple + messages. For example: + + puts ("This is a message."); + + outputs the text `This is a message.' followed by a newline. + + -- Function: int putw (int W, FILE *STREAM) + This function writes the word W (that is, an `int') to STREAM. It + is provided for compatibility with SVID, but we recommend you use + `fwrite' instead (*note Block Input/Output::). + + +File: libc.info, Node: Character Input, Next: Line Input, Prev: Simple Output, Up: I/O on Streams + +12.8 Character Input +==================== + +This section describes functions for performing character-oriented +input. These narrow streams functions are declared in the header file +`stdio.h' and the wide character functions are declared in `wchar.h'. + + These functions return an `int' or `wint_t' value (for narrow and +wide stream functions respectively) that is either a character of +input, or the special value `EOF'/`WEOF' (usually -1). For the narrow +stream functions it is important to store the result of these functions +in a variable of type `int' instead of `char', even when you plan to +use it only as a character. Storing `EOF' in a `char' variable +truncates its value to the size of a character, so that it is no longer +distinguishable from the valid character `(char) -1'. So always use an +`int' for the result of `getc' and friends, and check for `EOF' after +the call; once you've verified that the result is not `EOF', you can be +sure that it will fit in a `char' variable without loss of information. + + -- Function: int fgetc (FILE *STREAM) + This function reads the next character as an `unsigned char' from + the stream STREAM and returns its value, converted to an `int'. + If an end-of-file condition or read error occurs, `EOF' is + returned instead. + + -- Function: wint_t fgetwc (FILE *STREAM) + This function reads the next wide character from the stream STREAM + and returns its value. If an end-of-file condition or read error + occurs, `WEOF' is returned instead. + + -- Function: int fgetc_unlocked (FILE *STREAM) + The `fgetc_unlocked' function is equivalent to the `fgetc' + function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. + + -- Function: wint_t fgetwc_unlocked (FILE *STREAM) + The `fgetwc_unlocked' function is equivalent to the `fgetwc' + function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: int getc (FILE *STREAM) + This is just like `fgetc', except that it is permissible (and + typical) for it to be implemented as a macro that evaluates the + STREAM argument more than once. `getc' is often highly optimized, + so it is usually the best function to use to read a single + character. + + -- Function: wint_t getwc (FILE *STREAM) + This is just like `fgetwc', except that it is permissible for it to + be implemented as a macro that evaluates the STREAM argument more + than once. `getwc' can be highly optimized, so it is usually the + best function to use to read a single wide character. + + -- Function: int getc_unlocked (FILE *STREAM) + The `getc_unlocked' function is equivalent to the `getc' function + except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. + + -- Function: wint_t getwc_unlocked (FILE *STREAM) + The `getwc_unlocked' function is equivalent to the `getwc' + function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: int getchar (void) + The `getchar' function is equivalent to `getc' with `stdin' as the + value of the STREAM argument. + + -- Function: wint_t getwchar (void) + The `getwchar' function is equivalent to `getwc' with `stdin' as + the value of the STREAM argument. + + -- Function: int getchar_unlocked (void) + The `getchar_unlocked' function is equivalent to the `getchar' + function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. + + -- Function: wint_t getwchar_unlocked (void) + The `getwchar_unlocked' function is equivalent to the `getwchar' + function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + Here is an example of a function that does input using `fgetc'. It +would work just as well using `getc' instead, or using `getchar ()' +instead of `fgetc (stdin)'. The code would also work the same for the +wide character stream functions. + + int + y_or_n_p (const char *question) + { + fputs (question, stdout); + while (1) + { + int c, answer; + /* Write a space to separate answer from question. */ + fputc (' ', stdout); + /* Read the first character of the line. + This should be the answer character, but might not be. */ + c = tolower (fgetc (stdin)); + answer = c; + /* Discard rest of input line. */ + while (c != '\n' && c != EOF) + c = fgetc (stdin); + /* Obey the answer if it was valid. */ + if (answer == 'y') + return 1; + if (answer == 'n') + return 0; + /* Answer was invalid: ask for valid answer. */ + fputs ("Please answer y or n:", stdout); + } + } + + -- Function: int getw (FILE *STREAM) + This function reads a word (that is, an `int') from STREAM. It's + provided for compatibility with SVID. We recommend you use + `fread' instead (*note Block Input/Output::). Unlike `getc', any + `int' value could be a valid result. `getw' returns `EOF' when it + encounters end-of-file or an error, but there is no way to + distinguish this from an input word with value -1. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Line Input, Next: Unreading, Prev: Character Input, Up: I/O on Streams + +12.9 Line-Oriented Input +======================== + +Since many programs interpret input on the basis of lines, it is +convenient to have functions to read a line of text from a stream. + + Standard C has functions to do this, but they aren't very safe: null +characters and even (for `gets') long lines can confuse them. So the +GNU library provides the nonstandard `getline' function that makes it +easy to read lines reliably. + + Another GNU extension, `getdelim', generalizes `getline'. It reads +a delimited record, defined as everything through the next occurrence +of a specified delimiter character. + + All these functions are declared in `stdio.h'. + + -- Function: ssize_t getline (char **LINEPTR, size_t *N, FILE *STREAM) + This function reads an entire line from STREAM, storing the text + (including the newline and a terminating null character) in a + buffer and storing the buffer address in `*LINEPTR'. + + Before calling `getline', you should place in `*LINEPTR' the + address of a buffer `*N' bytes long, allocated with `malloc'. If + this buffer is long enough to hold the line, `getline' stores the + line in this buffer. Otherwise, `getline' makes the buffer bigger + using `realloc', storing the new buffer address back in `*LINEPTR' + and the increased size back in `*N'. *Note Unconstrained + Allocation::. + + If you set `*LINEPTR' to a null pointer, and `*N' to zero, before + the call, then `getline' allocates the initial buffer for you by + calling `malloc'. + + In either case, when `getline' returns, `*LINEPTR' is a `char *' + which points to the text of the line. + + When `getline' is successful, it returns the number of characters + read (including the newline, but not including the terminating + null). This value enables you to distinguish null characters that + are part of the line from the null character inserted as a + terminator. + + This function is a GNU extension, but it is the recommended way to + read lines from a stream. The alternative standard functions are + unreliable. + + If an error occurs or end of file is reached without any bytes + read, `getline' returns `-1'. + + -- Function: ssize_t getdelim (char **LINEPTR, size_t *N, int + DELIMITER, FILE *STREAM) + This function is like `getline' except that the character which + tells it to stop reading is not necessarily newline. The argument + DELIMITER specifies the delimiter character; `getdelim' keeps + reading until it sees that character (or end of file). + + The text is stored in LINEPTR, including the delimiter character + and a terminating null. Like `getline', `getdelim' makes LINEPTR + bigger if it isn't big enough. + + `getline' is in fact implemented in terms of `getdelim', just like + this: + + ssize_t + getline (char **lineptr, size_t *n, FILE *stream) + { + return getdelim (lineptr, n, '\n', stream); + } + + -- Function: char * fgets (char *S, int COUNT, FILE *STREAM) + The `fgets' function reads characters from the stream STREAM up to + and including a newline character and stores them in the string S, + adding a null character to mark the end of the string. You must + supply COUNT characters worth of space in S, but the number of + characters read is at most COUNT - 1. The extra character space + is used to hold the null character at the end of the string. + + If the system is already at end of file when you call `fgets', then + the contents of the array S are unchanged and a null pointer is + returned. A null pointer is also returned if a read error occurs. + Otherwise, the return value is the pointer S. + + *Warning:* If the input data has a null character, you can't tell. + So don't use `fgets' unless you know the data cannot contain a + null. Don't use it to read files edited by the user because, if + the user inserts a null character, you should either handle it + properly or print a clear error message. We recommend using + `getline' instead of `fgets'. + + -- Function: wchar_t * fgetws (wchar_t *WS, int COUNT, FILE *STREAM) + The `fgetws' function reads wide characters from the stream STREAM + up to and including a newline character and stores them in the + string WS, adding a null wide character to mark the end of the + string. You must supply COUNT wide characters worth of space in + WS, but the number of characters read is at most COUNT - 1. The + extra character space is used to hold the null wide character at + the end of the string. + + If the system is already at end of file when you call `fgetws', + then the contents of the array WS are unchanged and a null pointer + is returned. A null pointer is also returned if a read error + occurs. Otherwise, the return value is the pointer WS. + + *Warning:* If the input data has a null wide character (which are + null bytes in the input stream), you can't tell. So don't use + `fgetws' unless you know the data cannot contain a null. Don't use + it to read files edited by the user because, if the user inserts a + null character, you should either handle it properly or print a + clear error message. + + -- Function: char * fgets_unlocked (char *S, int COUNT, FILE *STREAM) + The `fgets_unlocked' function is equivalent to the `fgets' + function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: wchar_t * fgetws_unlocked (wchar_t *WS, int COUNT, FILE + *STREAM) + The `fgetws_unlocked' function is equivalent to the `fgetws' + function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Deprecated function: char * gets (char *S) + The function `gets' reads characters from the stream `stdin' up to + the next newline character, and stores them in the string S. The + newline character is discarded (note that this differs from the + behavior of `fgets', which copies the newline character into the + string). If `gets' encounters a read error or end-of-file, it + returns a null pointer; otherwise it returns S. + + *Warning:* The `gets' function is *very dangerous* because it + provides no protection against overflowing the string S. The GNU + library includes it for compatibility only. You should *always* + use `fgets' or `getline' instead. To remind you of this, the + linker (if using GNU `ld') will issue a warning whenever you use + `gets'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Unreading, Next: Block Input/Output, Prev: Line Input, Up: I/O on Streams + +12.10 Unreading +=============== + +In parser programs it is often useful to examine the next character in +the input stream without removing it from the stream. This is called +"peeking ahead" at the input because your program gets a glimpse of the +input it will read next. + + Using stream I/O, you can peek ahead at input by first reading it and +then "unreading" it (also called "pushing it back" on the stream). +Unreading a character makes it available to be input again from the +stream, by the next call to `fgetc' or other input function on that +stream. + +* Menu: + +* Unreading Idea:: An explanation of unreading with pictures. +* How Unread:: How to call `ungetc' to do unreading. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Unreading Idea, Next: How Unread, Up: Unreading + +12.10.1 What Unreading Means +---------------------------- + +Here is a pictorial explanation of unreading. Suppose you have a +stream reading a file that contains just six characters, the letters +`foobar'. Suppose you have read three characters so far. The +situation looks like this: + + f o o b a r + ^ + +so the next input character will be `b'. + + If instead of reading `b' you unread the letter `o', you get a +situation like this: + + f o o b a r + | + o-- + ^ + +so that the next input characters will be `o' and `b'. + + If you unread `9' instead of `o', you get this situation: + + f o o b a r + | + 9-- + ^ + +so that the next input characters will be `9' and `b'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: How Unread, Prev: Unreading Idea, Up: Unreading + +12.10.2 Using `ungetc' To Do Unreading +-------------------------------------- + +The function to unread a character is called `ungetc', because it +reverses the action of `getc'. + + -- Function: int ungetc (int C, FILE *STREAM) + The `ungetc' function pushes back the character C onto the input + stream STREAM. So the next input from STREAM will read C before + anything else. + + If C is `EOF', `ungetc' does nothing and just returns `EOF'. This + lets you call `ungetc' with the return value of `getc' without + needing to check for an error from `getc'. + + The character that you push back doesn't have to be the same as + the last character that was actually read from the stream. In + fact, it isn't necessary to actually read any characters from the + stream before unreading them with `ungetc'! But that is a strange + way to write a program; usually `ungetc' is used only to unread a + character that was just read from the same stream. The GNU C + library supports this even on files opened in binary mode, but + other systems might not. + + The GNU C library only supports one character of pushback--in other + words, it does not work to call `ungetc' twice without doing input + in between. Other systems might let you push back multiple + characters; then reading from the stream retrieves the characters + in the reverse order that they were pushed. + + Pushing back characters doesn't alter the file; only the internal + buffering for the stream is affected. If a file positioning + function (such as `fseek', `fseeko' or `rewind'; *note File + Positioning::) is called, any pending pushed-back characters are + discarded. + + Unreading a character on a stream that is at end of file clears the + end-of-file indicator for the stream, because it makes the + character of input available. After you read that character, + trying to read again will encounter end of file. + + -- Function: wint_t ungetwc (wint_t WC, FILE *STREAM) + The `ungetwc' function behaves just like `ungetc' just that it + pushes back a wide character. + + Here is an example showing the use of `getc' and `ungetc' to skip +over whitespace characters. When this function reaches a +non-whitespace character, it unreads that character to be seen again on +the next read operation on the stream. + + #include + #include + + void + skip_whitespace (FILE *stream) + { + int c; + do + /* No need to check for `EOF' because it is not + `isspace', and `ungetc' ignores `EOF'. */ + c = getc (stream); + while (isspace (c)); + ungetc (c, stream); + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Block Input/Output, Next: Formatted Output, Prev: Unreading, Up: I/O on Streams + +12.11 Block Input/Output +======================== + +This section describes how to do input and output operations on blocks +of data. You can use these functions to read and write binary data, as +well as to read and write text in fixed-size blocks instead of by +characters or lines. + + Binary files are typically used to read and write blocks of data in +the same format as is used to represent the data in a running program. +In other words, arbitrary blocks of memory--not just character or string +objects--can be written to a binary file, and meaningfully read in +again by the same program. + + Storing data in binary form is often considerably more efficient than +using the formatted I/O functions. Also, for floating-point numbers, +the binary form avoids possible loss of precision in the conversion +process. On the other hand, binary files can't be examined or modified +easily using many standard file utilities (such as text editors), and +are not portable between different implementations of the language, or +different kinds of computers. + + These functions are declared in `stdio.h'. + + -- Function: size_t fread (void *DATA, size_t SIZE, size_t COUNT, FILE + *STREAM) + This function reads up to COUNT objects of size SIZE into the + array DATA, from the stream STREAM. It returns the number of + objects actually read, which might be less than COUNT if a read + error occurs or the end of the file is reached. This function + returns a value of zero (and doesn't read anything) if either SIZE + or COUNT is zero. + + If `fread' encounters end of file in the middle of an object, it + returns the number of complete objects read, and discards the + partial object. Therefore, the stream remains at the actual end + of the file. + + -- Function: size_t fread_unlocked (void *DATA, size_t SIZE, size_t + COUNT, FILE *STREAM) + The `fread_unlocked' function is equivalent to the `fread' + function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: size_t fwrite (const void *DATA, size_t SIZE, size_t + COUNT, FILE *STREAM) + This function writes up to COUNT objects of size SIZE from the + array DATA, to the stream STREAM. The return value is normally + COUNT, if the call succeeds. Any other value indicates some sort + of error, such as running out of space. + + -- Function: size_t fwrite_unlocked (const void *DATA, size_t SIZE, + size_t COUNT, FILE *STREAM) + The `fwrite_unlocked' function is equivalent to the `fwrite' + function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Formatted Output, Next: Customizing Printf, Prev: Block Input/Output, Up: I/O on Streams + +12.12 Formatted Output +====================== + +The functions described in this section (`printf' and related +functions) provide a convenient way to perform formatted output. You +call `printf' with a "format string" or "template string" that +specifies how to format the values of the remaining arguments. + + Unless your program is a filter that specifically performs line- or +character-oriented processing, using `printf' or one of the other +related functions described in this section is usually the easiest and +most concise way to perform output. These functions are especially +useful for printing error messages, tables of data, and the like. + +* Menu: + +* Formatted Output Basics:: Some examples to get you started. +* Output Conversion Syntax:: General syntax of conversion + specifications. +* Table of Output Conversions:: Summary of output conversions and + what they do. +* Integer Conversions:: Details about formatting of integers. +* Floating-Point Conversions:: Details about formatting of + floating-point numbers. +* Other Output Conversions:: Details about formatting of strings, + characters, pointers, and the like. +* Formatted Output Functions:: Descriptions of the actual functions. +* Dynamic Output:: Functions that allocate memory for the output. +* Variable Arguments Output:: `vprintf' and friends. +* Parsing a Template String:: What kinds of args does a given template + call for? +* Example of Parsing:: Sample program using `parse_printf_format'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Formatted Output Basics, Next: Output Conversion Syntax, Up: Formatted Output + +12.12.1 Formatted Output Basics +------------------------------- + +The `printf' function can be used to print any number of arguments. +The template string argument you supply in a call provides information +not only about the number of additional arguments, but also about their +types and what style should be used for printing them. + + Ordinary characters in the template string are simply written to the +output stream as-is, while "conversion specifications" introduced by a +`%' character in the template cause subsequent arguments to be +formatted and written to the output stream. For example, + + int pct = 37; + char filename[] = "foo.txt"; + printf ("Processing of `%s' is %d%% finished.\nPlease be patient.\n", + filename, pct); + +produces output like + + Processing of `foo.txt' is 37% finished. + Please be patient. + + This example shows the use of the `%d' conversion to specify that an +`int' argument should be printed in decimal notation, the `%s' +conversion to specify printing of a string argument, and the `%%' +conversion to print a literal `%' character. + + There are also conversions for printing an integer argument as an +unsigned value in octal, decimal, or hexadecimal radix (`%o', `%u', or +`%x', respectively); or as a character value (`%c'). + + Floating-point numbers can be printed in normal, fixed-point notation +using the `%f' conversion or in exponential notation using the `%e' +conversion. The `%g' conversion uses either `%e' or `%f' format, +depending on what is more appropriate for the magnitude of the +particular number. + + You can control formatting more precisely by writing "modifiers" +between the `%' and the character that indicates which conversion to +apply. These slightly alter the ordinary behavior of the conversion. +For example, most conversion specifications permit you to specify a +minimum field width and a flag indicating whether you want the result +left- or right-justified within the field. + + The specific flags and modifiers that are permitted and their +interpretation vary depending on the particular conversion. They're all +described in more detail in the following sections. Don't worry if this +all seems excessively complicated at first; you can almost always get +reasonable free-format output without using any of the modifiers at all. +The modifiers are mostly used to make the output look "prettier" in +tables. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Output Conversion Syntax, Next: Table of Output Conversions, Prev: Formatted Output Basics, Up: Formatted Output + +12.12.2 Output Conversion Syntax +-------------------------------- + +This section provides details about the precise syntax of conversion +specifications that can appear in a `printf' template string. + + Characters in the template string that are not part of a conversion +specification are printed as-is to the output stream. Multibyte +character sequences (*note Character Set Handling::) are permitted in a +template string. + + The conversion specifications in a `printf' template string have the +general form: + + % [ PARAM-NO $] FLAGS WIDTH [ . PRECISION ] TYPE CONVERSION + +or + + % [ PARAM-NO $] FLAGS WIDTH . * [ PARAM-NO $] TYPE CONVERSION + + For example, in the conversion specifier `%-10.8ld', the `-' is a +flag, `10' specifies the field width, the precision is `8', the letter +`l' is a type modifier, and `d' specifies the conversion style. (This +particular type specifier says to print a `long int' argument in +decimal notation, with a minimum of 8 digits left-justified in a field +at least 10 characters wide.) + + In more detail, output conversion specifications consist of an +initial `%' character followed in sequence by: + + * An optional specification of the parameter used for this format. + Normally the parameters to the `printf' function are assigned to + the formats in the order of appearance in the format string. But + in some situations (such as message translation) this is not + desirable and this extension allows an explicit parameter to be + specified. + + The PARAM-NO parts of the format must be integers in the range of + 1 to the maximum number of arguments present to the function call. + Some implementations limit this number to a certainly upper bound. + The exact limit can be retrieved by the following constant. + + -- Macro: NL_ARGMAX + The value of `NL_ARGMAX' is the maximum value allowed for the + specification of an positional parameter in a `printf' call. + The actual value in effect at runtime can be retrieved by + using `sysconf' using the `_SC_NL_ARGMAX' parameter *note + Sysconf Definition::. + + Some system have a quite low limit such as 9 for System V + systems. The GNU C library has no real limit. + + If any of the formats has a specification for the parameter + position all of them in the format string shall have one. + Otherwise the behavior is undefined. + + * Zero or more "flag characters" that modify the normal behavior of + the conversion specification. + + * An optional decimal integer specifying the "minimum field width". + If the normal conversion produces fewer characters than this, the + field is padded with spaces to the specified width. This is a + _minimum_ value; if the normal conversion produces more characters + than this, the field is _not_ truncated. Normally, the output is + right-justified within the field. + + You can also specify a field width of `*'. This means that the + next argument in the argument list (before the actual value to be + printed) is used as the field width. The value must be an `int'. + If the value is negative, this means to set the `-' flag (see + below) and to use the absolute value as the field width. + + * An optional "precision" to specify the number of digits to be + written for the numeric conversions. If the precision is + specified, it consists of a period (`.') followed optionally by a + decimal integer (which defaults to zero if omitted). + + You can also specify a precision of `*'. This means that the next + argument in the argument list (before the actual value to be + printed) is used as the precision. The value must be an `int', + and is ignored if it is negative. If you specify `*' for both the + field width and precision, the field width argument precedes the + precision argument. Other C library versions may not recognize + this syntax. + + * An optional "type modifier character", which is used to specify the + data type of the corresponding argument if it differs from the + default type. (For example, the integer conversions assume a type + of `int', but you can specify `h', `l', or `L' for other integer + types.) + + * A character that specifies the conversion to be applied. + + The exact options that are permitted and how they are interpreted +vary between the different conversion specifiers. See the descriptions +of the individual conversions for information about the particular +options that they use. + + With the `-Wformat' option, the GNU C compiler checks calls to +`printf' and related functions. It examines the format string and +verifies that the correct number and types of arguments are supplied. +There is also a GNU C syntax to tell the compiler that a function you +write uses a `printf'-style format string. *Note Declaring Attributes +of Functions: (gcc.info)Function Attributes, for more information. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Table of Output Conversions, Next: Integer Conversions, Prev: Output Conversion Syntax, Up: Formatted Output + +12.12.3 Table of Output Conversions +----------------------------------- + +Here is a table summarizing what all the different conversions do: + +`%d', `%i' + Print an integer as a signed decimal number. *Note Integer + Conversions::, for details. `%d' and `%i' are synonymous for + output, but are different when used with `scanf' for input (*note + Table of Input Conversions::). + +`%o' + Print an integer as an unsigned octal number. *Note Integer + Conversions::, for details. + +`%u' + Print an integer as an unsigned decimal number. *Note Integer + Conversions::, for details. + +`%x', `%X' + Print an integer as an unsigned hexadecimal number. `%x' uses + lower-case letters and `%X' uses upper-case. *Note Integer + Conversions::, for details. + +`%f' + Print a floating-point number in normal (fixed-point) notation. + *Note Floating-Point Conversions::, for details. + +`%e', `%E' + Print a floating-point number in exponential notation. `%e' uses + lower-case letters and `%E' uses upper-case. *Note Floating-Point + Conversions::, for details. + +`%g', `%G' + Print a floating-point number in either normal or exponential + notation, whichever is more appropriate for its magnitude. `%g' + uses lower-case letters and `%G' uses upper-case. *Note + Floating-Point Conversions::, for details. + +`%a', `%A' + Print a floating-point number in a hexadecimal fractional notation + which the exponent to base 2 represented in decimal digits. `%a' + uses lower-case letters and `%A' uses upper-case. *Note + Floating-Point Conversions::, for details. + +`%c' + Print a single character. *Note Other Output Conversions::. + +`%C' + This is an alias for `%lc' which is supported for compatibility + with the Unix standard. + +`%s' + Print a string. *Note Other Output Conversions::. + +`%S' + This is an alias for `%ls' which is supported for compatibility + with the Unix standard. + +`%p' + Print the value of a pointer. *Note Other Output Conversions::. + +`%n' + Get the number of characters printed so far. *Note Other Output + Conversions::. Note that this conversion specification never + produces any output. + +`%m' + Print the string corresponding to the value of `errno'. (This is + a GNU extension.) *Note Other Output Conversions::. + +`%%' + Print a literal `%' character. *Note Other Output Conversions::. + + If the syntax of a conversion specification is invalid, unpredictable +things will happen, so don't do this. If there aren't enough function +arguments provided to supply values for all the conversion +specifications in the template string, or if the arguments are not of +the correct types, the results are unpredictable. If you supply more +arguments than conversion specifications, the extra argument values are +simply ignored; this is sometimes useful. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Integer Conversions, Next: Floating-Point Conversions, Prev: Table of Output Conversions, Up: Formatted Output + +12.12.4 Integer Conversions +--------------------------- + +This section describes the options for the `%d', `%i', `%o', `%u', +`%x', and `%X' conversion specifications. These conversions print +integers in various formats. + + The `%d' and `%i' conversion specifications both print an `int' +argument as a signed decimal number; while `%o', `%u', and `%x' print +the argument as an unsigned octal, decimal, or hexadecimal number +(respectively). The `%X' conversion specification is just like `%x' +except that it uses the characters `ABCDEF' as digits instead of +`abcdef'. + + The following flags are meaningful: + +`-' + Left-justify the result in the field (instead of the normal + right-justification). + +`+' + For the signed `%d' and `%i' conversions, print a plus sign if the + value is positive. + +` ' + For the signed `%d' and `%i' conversions, if the result doesn't + start with a plus or minus sign, prefix it with a space character + instead. Since the `+' flag ensures that the result includes a + sign, this flag is ignored if you supply both of them. + +`#' + For the `%o' conversion, this forces the leading digit to be `0', + as if by increasing the precision. For `%x' or `%X', this + prefixes a leading `0x' or `0X' (respectively) to the result. + This doesn't do anything useful for the `%d', `%i', or `%u' + conversions. Using this flag produces output which can be parsed + by the `strtoul' function (*note Parsing of Integers::) and + `scanf' with the `%i' conversion (*note Numeric Input + Conversions::). + +`'' + Separate the digits into groups as specified by the locale + specified for the `LC_NUMERIC' category; *note General Numeric::. + This flag is a GNU extension. + +`0' + Pad the field with zeros instead of spaces. The zeros are placed + after any indication of sign or base. This flag is ignored if the + `-' flag is also specified, or if a precision is specified. + + If a precision is supplied, it specifies the minimum number of +digits to appear; leading zeros are produced if necessary. If you +don't specify a precision, the number is printed with as many digits as +it needs. If you convert a value of zero with an explicit precision of +zero, then no characters at all are produced. + + Without a type modifier, the corresponding argument is treated as an +`int' (for the signed conversions `%i' and `%d') or `unsigned int' (for +the unsigned conversions `%o', `%u', `%x', and `%X'). Recall that +since `printf' and friends are variadic, any `char' and `short' +arguments are automatically converted to `int' by the default argument +promotions. For arguments of other integer types, you can use these +modifiers: + +`hh' + Specifies that the argument is a `signed char' or `unsigned char', + as appropriate. A `char' argument is converted to an `int' or + `unsigned int' by the default argument promotions anyway, but the + `h' modifier says to convert it back to a `char' again. + + This modifier was introduced in ISO C99. + +`h' + Specifies that the argument is a `short int' or `unsigned short + int', as appropriate. A `short' argument is converted to an `int' + or `unsigned int' by the default argument promotions anyway, but + the `h' modifier says to convert it back to a `short' again. + +`j' + Specifies that the argument is a `intmax_t' or `uintmax_t', as + appropriate. + + This modifier was introduced in ISO C99. + +`l' + Specifies that the argument is a `long int' or `unsigned long + int', as appropriate. Two `l' characters is like the `L' + modifier, below. + + If used with `%c' or `%s' the corresponding parameter is + considered as a wide character or wide character string + respectively. This use of `l' was introduced in Amendment 1 to + ISO C90. + +`L' +`ll' +`q' + Specifies that the argument is a `long long int'. (This type is + an extension supported by the GNU C compiler. On systems that + don't support extra-long integers, this is the same as `long int'.) + + The `q' modifier is another name for the same thing, which comes + from 4.4 BSD; a `long long int' is sometimes called a "quad" `int'. + +`t' + Specifies that the argument is a `ptrdiff_t'. + + This modifier was introduced in ISO C99. + +`z' +`Z' + Specifies that the argument is a `size_t'. + + `z' was introduced in ISO C99. `Z' is a GNU extension predating + this addition and should not be used in new code. + + Here is an example. Using the template string: + + "|%5d|%-5d|%+5d|%+-5d|% 5d|%05d|%5.0d|%5.2d|%d|\n" + +to print numbers using the different options for the `%d' conversion +gives results like: + + | 0|0 | +0|+0 | 0|00000| | 00|0| + | 1|1 | +1|+1 | 1|00001| 1| 01|1| + | -1|-1 | -1|-1 | -1|-0001| -1| -01|-1| + |100000|100000|+100000|+100000| 100000|100000|100000|100000|100000| + + In particular, notice what happens in the last case where the number +is too large to fit in the minimum field width specified. + + Here are some more examples showing how unsigned integers print under +various format options, using the template string: + + "|%5u|%5o|%5x|%5X|%#5o|%#5x|%#5X|%#10.8x|\n" + + | 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 00000000| + | 1| 1| 1| 1| 01| 0x1| 0X1|0x00000001| + |100000|303240|186a0|186A0|0303240|0x186a0|0X186A0|0x000186a0| + + +File: libc.info, Node: Floating-Point Conversions, Next: Other Output Conversions, Prev: Integer Conversions, Up: Formatted Output + +12.12.5 Floating-Point Conversions +---------------------------------- + +This section discusses the conversion specifications for floating-point +numbers: the `%f', `%e', `%E', `%g', and `%G' conversions. + + The `%f' conversion prints its argument in fixed-point notation, +producing output of the form [`-']DDD`.'DDD, where the number of digits +following the decimal point is controlled by the precision you specify. + + The `%e' conversion prints its argument in exponential notation, +producing output of the form [`-']D`.'DDD`e'[`+'|`-']DD. Again, the +number of digits following the decimal point is controlled by the +precision. The exponent always contains at least two digits. The `%E' +conversion is similar but the exponent is marked with the letter `E' +instead of `e'. + + The `%g' and `%G' conversions print the argument in the style of +`%e' or `%E' (respectively) if the exponent would be less than -4 or +greater than or equal to the precision; otherwise they use the `%f' +style. A precision of `0', is taken as 1. Trailing zeros are removed +from the fractional portion of the result and a decimal-point character +appears only if it is followed by a digit. + + The `%a' and `%A' conversions are meant for representing +floating-point numbers exactly in textual form so that they can be +exchanged as texts between different programs and/or machines. The +numbers are represented is the form [`-']`0x'H`.'HHH`p'[`+'|`-']DD. At +the left of the decimal-point character exactly one digit is print. +This character is only `0' if the number is denormalized. Otherwise +the value is unspecified; it is implementation dependent how many bits +are used. The number of hexadecimal digits on the right side of the +decimal-point character is equal to the precision. If the precision is +zero it is determined to be large enough to provide an exact +representation of the number (or it is large enough to distinguish two +adjacent values if the `FLT_RADIX' is not a power of 2, *note Floating +Point Parameters::). For the `%a' conversion lower-case characters are +used to represent the hexadecimal number and the prefix and exponent +sign are printed as `0x' and `p' respectively. Otherwise upper-case +characters are used and `0X' and `P' are used for the representation of +prefix and exponent string. The exponent to the base of two is printed +as a decimal number using at least one digit but at most as many digits +as necessary to represent the value exactly. + + If the value to be printed represents infinity or a NaN, the output +is [`-']`inf' or `nan' respectively if the conversion specifier is +`%a', `%e', `%f', or `%g' and it is [`-']`INF' or `NAN' respectively if +the conversion is `%A', `%E', or `%G'. + + The following flags can be used to modify the behavior: + +`-' + Left-justify the result in the field. Normally the result is + right-justified. + +`+' + Always include a plus or minus sign in the result. + +` ' + If the result doesn't start with a plus or minus sign, prefix it + with a space instead. Since the `+' flag ensures that the result + includes a sign, this flag is ignored if you supply both of them. + +`#' + Specifies that the result should always include a decimal point, + even if no digits follow it. For the `%g' and `%G' conversions, + this also forces trailing zeros after the decimal point to be left + in place where they would otherwise be removed. + +`'' + Separate the digits of the integer part of the result into groups + as specified by the locale specified for the `LC_NUMERIC' category; + *note General Numeric::. This flag is a GNU extension. + +`0' + Pad the field with zeros instead of spaces; the zeros are placed + after any sign. This flag is ignored if the `-' flag is also + specified. + + The precision specifies how many digits follow the decimal-point +character for the `%f', `%e', and `%E' conversions. For these +conversions, the default precision is `6'. If the precision is +explicitly `0', this suppresses the decimal point character entirely. +For the `%g' and `%G' conversions, the precision specifies how many +significant digits to print. Significant digits are the first digit +before the decimal point, and all the digits after it. If the +precision is `0' or not specified for `%g' or `%G', it is treated like +a value of `1'. If the value being printed cannot be expressed +accurately in the specified number of digits, the value is rounded to +the nearest number that fits. + + Without a type modifier, the floating-point conversions use an +argument of type `double'. (By the default argument promotions, any +`float' arguments are automatically converted to `double'.) The +following type modifier is supported: + +`L' + An uppercase `L' specifies that the argument is a `long double'. + + Here are some examples showing how numbers print using the various +floating-point conversions. All of the numbers were printed using this +template string: + + "|%13.4a|%13.4f|%13.4e|%13.4g|\n" + + Here is the output: + + | 0x0.0000p+0| 0.0000| 0.0000e+00| 0| + | 0x1.0000p-1| 0.5000| 5.0000e-01| 0.5| + | 0x1.0000p+0| 1.0000| 1.0000e+00| 1| + | -0x1.0000p+0| -1.0000| -1.0000e+00| -1| + | 0x1.9000p+6| 100.0000| 1.0000e+02| 100| + | 0x1.f400p+9| 1000.0000| 1.0000e+03| 1000| + | 0x1.3880p+13| 10000.0000| 1.0000e+04| 1e+04| + | 0x1.81c8p+13| 12345.0000| 1.2345e+04| 1.234e+04| + | 0x1.86a0p+16| 100000.0000| 1.0000e+05| 1e+05| + | 0x1.e240p+16| 123456.0000| 1.2346e+05| 1.235e+05| + + Notice how the `%g' conversion drops trailing zeros. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Other Output Conversions, Next: Formatted Output Functions, Prev: Floating-Point Conversions, Up: Formatted Output + +12.12.6 Other Output Conversions +-------------------------------- + +This section describes miscellaneous conversions for `printf'. + + The `%c' conversion prints a single character. In case there is no +`l' modifier the `int' argument is first converted to an `unsigned +char'. Then, if used in a wide stream function, the character is +converted into the corresponding wide character. The `-' flag can be +used to specify left-justification in the field, but no other flags are +defined, and no precision or type modifier can be given. For example: + + printf ("%c%c%c%c%c", 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'); + +prints `hello'. + + If there is a `l' modifier present the argument is expected to be of +type `wint_t'. If used in a multibyte function the wide character is +converted into a multibyte character before being added to the output. +In this case more than one output byte can be produced. + + The `%s' conversion prints a string. If no `l' modifier is present +the corresponding argument must be of type `char *' (or `const char +*'). If used in a wide stream function the string is first converted +in a wide character string. A precision can be specified to indicate +the maximum number of characters to write; otherwise characters in the +string up to but not including the terminating null character are +written to the output stream. The `-' flag can be used to specify +left-justification in the field, but no other flags or type modifiers +are defined for this conversion. For example: + + printf ("%3s%-6s", "no", "where"); + +prints ` nowhere '. + + If there is a `l' modifier present the argument is expected to be of +type `wchar_t' (or `const wchar_t *'). + + If you accidentally pass a null pointer as the argument for a `%s' +conversion, the GNU library prints it as `(null)'. We think this is +more useful than crashing. But it's not good practice to pass a null +argument intentionally. + + The `%m' conversion prints the string corresponding to the error +code in `errno'. *Note Error Messages::. Thus: + + fprintf (stderr, "can't open `%s': %m\n", filename); + +is equivalent to: + + fprintf (stderr, "can't open `%s': %s\n", filename, strerror (errno)); + +The `%m' conversion is a GNU C library extension. + + The `%p' conversion prints a pointer value. The corresponding +argument must be of type `void *'. In practice, you can use any type +of pointer. + + In the GNU system, non-null pointers are printed as unsigned +integers, as if a `%#x' conversion were used. Null pointers print as +`(nil)'. (Pointers might print differently in other systems.) + + For example: + + printf ("%p", "testing"); + +prints `0x' followed by a hexadecimal number--the address of the string +constant `"testing"'. It does not print the word `testing'. + + You can supply the `-' flag with the `%p' conversion to specify +left-justification, but no other flags, precision, or type modifiers +are defined. + + The `%n' conversion is unlike any of the other output conversions. +It uses an argument which must be a pointer to an `int', but instead of +printing anything it stores the number of characters printed so far by +this call at that location. The `h' and `l' type modifiers are +permitted to specify that the argument is of type `short int *' or +`long int *' instead of `int *', but no flags, field width, or +precision are permitted. + + For example, + + int nchar; + printf ("%d %s%n\n", 3, "bears", &nchar); + +prints: + + 3 bears + +and sets `nchar' to `7', because `3 bears' is seven characters. + + The `%%' conversion prints a literal `%' character. This conversion +doesn't use an argument, and no flags, field width, precision, or type +modifiers are permitted. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Formatted Output Functions, Next: Dynamic Output, Prev: Other Output Conversions, Up: Formatted Output + +12.12.7 Formatted Output Functions +---------------------------------- + +This section describes how to call `printf' and related functions. +Prototypes for these functions are in the header file `stdio.h'. +Because these functions take a variable number of arguments, you _must_ +declare prototypes for them before using them. Of course, the easiest +way to make sure you have all the right prototypes is to just include +`stdio.h'. + + -- Function: int printf (const char *TEMPLATE, ...) + The `printf' function prints the optional arguments under the + control of the template string TEMPLATE to the stream `stdout'. + It returns the number of characters printed, or a negative value + if there was an output error. + + -- Function: int wprintf (const wchar_t *TEMPLATE, ...) + The `wprintf' function prints the optional arguments under the + control of the wide template string TEMPLATE to the stream + `stdout'. It returns the number of wide characters printed, or a + negative value if there was an output error. + + -- Function: int fprintf (FILE *STREAM, const char *TEMPLATE, ...) + This function is just like `printf', except that the output is + written to the stream STREAM instead of `stdout'. + + -- Function: int fwprintf (FILE *STREAM, const wchar_t *TEMPLATE, ...) + This function is just like `wprintf', except that the output is + written to the stream STREAM instead of `stdout'. + + -- Function: int sprintf (char *S, const char *TEMPLATE, ...) + This is like `printf', except that the output is stored in the + character array S instead of written to a stream. A null + character is written to mark the end of the string. + + The `sprintf' function returns the number of characters stored in + the array S, not including the terminating null character. + + The behavior of this function is undefined if copying takes place + between objects that overlap--for example, if S is also given as + an argument to be printed under control of the `%s' conversion. + *Note Copying and Concatenation::. + + *Warning:* The `sprintf' function can be *dangerous* because it + can potentially output more characters than can fit in the + allocation size of the string S. Remember that the field width + given in a conversion specification is only a _minimum_ value. + + To avoid this problem, you can use `snprintf' or `asprintf', + described below. + + -- Function: int swprintf (wchar_t *S, size_t SIZE, const wchar_t + *TEMPLATE, ...) + This is like `wprintf', except that the output is stored in the + wide character array WS instead of written to a stream. A null + wide character is written to mark the end of the string. The SIZE + argument specifies the maximum number of characters to produce. + The trailing null character is counted towards this limit, so you + should allocate at least SIZE wide characters for the string WS. + + The return value is the number of characters generated for the + given input, excluding the trailing null. If not all output fits + into the provided buffer a negative value is returned. You should + try again with a bigger output string. _Note:_ this is different + from how `snprintf' handles this situation. + + Note that the corresponding narrow stream function takes fewer + parameters. `swprintf' in fact corresponds to the `snprintf' + function. Since the `sprintf' function can be dangerous and should + be avoided the ISO C committee refused to make the same mistake + again and decided to not define an function exactly corresponding + to `sprintf'. + + -- Function: int snprintf (char *S, size_t SIZE, const char *TEMPLATE, + ...) + The `snprintf' function is similar to `sprintf', except that the + SIZE argument specifies the maximum number of characters to + produce. The trailing null character is counted towards this + limit, so you should allocate at least SIZE characters for the + string S. + + The return value is the number of characters which would be + generated for the given input, excluding the trailing null. If + this value is greater or equal to SIZE, not all characters from + the result have been stored in S. You should try again with a + bigger output string. Here is an example of doing this: + + /* Construct a message describing the value of a variable + whose name is NAME and whose value is VALUE. */ + char * + make_message (char *name, char *value) + { + /* Guess we need no more than 100 chars of space. */ + int size = 100; + char *buffer = (char *) xmalloc (size); + int nchars; + if (buffer == NULL) + return NULL; + + /* Try to print in the allocated space. */ + nchars = snprintf (buffer, size, "value of %s is %s", + name, value); + if (nchars >= size) + { + /* Reallocate buffer now that we know + how much space is needed. */ + size = nchars + 1; + buffer = (char *) xrealloc (buffer, size); + + if (buffer != NULL) + /* Try again. */ + snprintf (buffer, size, "value of %s is %s", + name, value); + } + /* The last call worked, return the string. */ + return buffer; + } + + In practice, it is often easier just to use `asprintf', below. + + *Attention:* In versions of the GNU C library prior to 2.1 the + return value is the number of characters stored, not including the + terminating null; unless there was not enough space in S to store + the result in which case `-1' is returned. This was changed in + order to comply with the ISO C99 standard. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Dynamic Output, Next: Variable Arguments Output, Prev: Formatted Output Functions, Up: Formatted Output + +12.12.8 Dynamically Allocating Formatted Output +----------------------------------------------- + +The functions in this section do formatted output and place the results +in dynamically allocated memory. + + -- Function: int asprintf (char **PTR, const char *TEMPLATE, ...) + This function is similar to `sprintf', except that it dynamically + allocates a string (as with `malloc'; *note Unconstrained + Allocation::) to hold the output, instead of putting the output in + a buffer you allocate in advance. The PTR argument should be the + address of a `char *' object, and a successful call to `asprintf' + stores a pointer to the newly allocated string at that location. + + The return value is the number of characters allocated for the + buffer, or less than zero if an error occurred. Usually this means + that the buffer could not be allocated. + + Here is how to use `asprintf' to get the same result as the + `snprintf' example, but more easily: + + /* Construct a message describing the value of a variable + whose name is NAME and whose value is VALUE. */ + char * + make_message (char *name, char *value) + { + char *result; + if (asprintf (&result, "value of %s is %s", name, value) < 0) + return NULL; + return result; + } + + -- Function: int obstack_printf (struct obstack *OBSTACK, const char + *TEMPLATE, ...) + This function is similar to `asprintf', except that it uses the + obstack OBSTACK to allocate the space. *Note Obstacks::. + + The characters are written onto the end of the current object. To + get at them, you must finish the object with `obstack_finish' + (*note Growing Objects::). + + +File: libc.info, Node: Variable Arguments Output, Next: Parsing a Template String, Prev: Dynamic Output, Up: Formatted Output + +12.12.9 Variable Arguments Output Functions +------------------------------------------- + +The functions `vprintf' and friends are provided so that you can define +your own variadic `printf'-like functions that make use of the same +internals as the built-in formatted output functions. + + The most natural way to define such functions would be to use a +language construct to say, "Call `printf' and pass this template plus +all of my arguments after the first five." But there is no way to do +this in C, and it would be hard to provide a way, since at the C +language level there is no way to tell how many arguments your function +received. + + Since that method is impossible, we provide alternative functions, +the `vprintf' series, which lets you pass a `va_list' to describe "all +of my arguments after the first five." + + When it is sufficient to define a macro rather than a real function, +the GNU C compiler provides a way to do this much more easily with +macros. For example: + + #define myprintf(a, b, c, d, e, rest...) \ + printf (mytemplate , ## rest) + +*Note Variadic Macros: (cpp)Variadic Macros, for details. But this is +limited to macros, and does not apply to real functions at all. + + Before calling `vprintf' or the other functions listed in this +section, you _must_ call `va_start' (*note Variadic Functions::) to +initialize a pointer to the variable arguments. Then you can call +`va_arg' to fetch the arguments that you want to handle yourself. This +advances the pointer past those arguments. + + Once your `va_list' pointer is pointing at the argument of your +choice, you are ready to call `vprintf'. That argument and all +subsequent arguments that were passed to your function are used by +`vprintf' along with the template that you specified separately. + + In some other systems, the `va_list' pointer may become invalid +after the call to `vprintf', so you must not use `va_arg' after you +call `vprintf'. Instead, you should call `va_end' to retire the +pointer from service. However, you can safely call `va_start' on +another pointer variable and begin fetching the arguments again through +that pointer. Calling `vprintf' does not destroy the argument list of +your function, merely the particular pointer that you passed to it. + + GNU C does not have such restrictions. You can safely continue to +fetch arguments from a `va_list' pointer after passing it to `vprintf', +and `va_end' is a no-op. (Note, however, that subsequent `va_arg' +calls will fetch the same arguments which `vprintf' previously used.) + + Prototypes for these functions are declared in `stdio.h'. + + -- Function: int vprintf (const char *TEMPLATE, va_list AP) + This function is similar to `printf' except that, instead of taking + a variable number of arguments directly, it takes an argument list + pointer AP. + + -- Function: int vwprintf (const wchar_t *TEMPLATE, va_list AP) + This function is similar to `wprintf' except that, instead of + taking a variable number of arguments directly, it takes an + argument list pointer AP. + + -- Function: int vfprintf (FILE *STREAM, const char *TEMPLATE, va_list + AP) + This is the equivalent of `fprintf' with the variable argument list + specified directly as for `vprintf'. + + -- Function: int vfwprintf (FILE *STREAM, const wchar_t *TEMPLATE, + va_list AP) + This is the equivalent of `fwprintf' with the variable argument + list specified directly as for `vwprintf'. + + -- Function: int vsprintf (char *S, const char *TEMPLATE, va_list AP) + This is the equivalent of `sprintf' with the variable argument list + specified directly as for `vprintf'. + + -- Function: int vswprintf (wchar_t *S, size_t SIZE, const wchar_t + *TEMPLATE, va_list AP) + This is the equivalent of `swprintf' with the variable argument + list specified directly as for `vwprintf'. + + -- Function: int vsnprintf (char *S, size_t SIZE, const char + *TEMPLATE, va_list AP) + This is the equivalent of `snprintf' with the variable argument + list specified directly as for `vprintf'. + + -- Function: int vasprintf (char **PTR, const char *TEMPLATE, va_list + AP) + The `vasprintf' function is the equivalent of `asprintf' with the + variable argument list specified directly as for `vprintf'. + + -- Function: int obstack_vprintf (struct obstack *OBSTACK, const char + *TEMPLATE, va_list AP) + The `obstack_vprintf' function is the equivalent of + `obstack_printf' with the variable argument list specified directly + as for `vprintf'. + + Here's an example showing how you might use `vfprintf'. This is a +function that prints error messages to the stream `stderr', along with +a prefix indicating the name of the program (*note Error Messages::, +for a description of `program_invocation_short_name'). + + #include + #include + + void + eprintf (const char *template, ...) + { + va_list ap; + extern char *program_invocation_short_name; + + fprintf (stderr, "%s: ", program_invocation_short_name); + va_start (ap, template); + vfprintf (stderr, template, ap); + va_end (ap); + } + +You could call `eprintf' like this: + + eprintf ("file `%s' does not exist\n", filename); + + In GNU C, there is a special construct you can use to let the +compiler know that a function uses a `printf'-style format string. +Then it can check the number and types of arguments in each call to the +function, and warn you when they do not match the format string. For +example, take this declaration of `eprintf': + + void eprintf (const char *template, ...) + __attribute__ ((format (printf, 1, 2))); + +This tells the compiler that `eprintf' uses a format string like +`printf' (as opposed to `scanf'; *note Formatted Input::); the format +string appears as the first argument; and the arguments to satisfy the +format begin with the second. *Note Declaring Attributes of Functions: +(gcc.info)Function Attributes, for more information. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Parsing a Template String, Next: Example of Parsing, Prev: Variable Arguments Output, Up: Formatted Output + +12.12.10 Parsing a Template String +---------------------------------- + +You can use the function `parse_printf_format' to obtain information +about the number and types of arguments that are expected by a given +template string. This function permits interpreters that provide +interfaces to `printf' to avoid passing along invalid arguments from +the user's program, which could cause a crash. + + All the symbols described in this section are declared in the header +file `printf.h'. + + -- Function: size_t parse_printf_format (const char *TEMPLATE, size_t + N, int *ARGTYPES) + This function returns information about the number and types of + arguments expected by the `printf' template string TEMPLATE. The + information is stored in the array ARGTYPES; each element of this + array describes one argument. This information is encoded using + the various `PA_' macros, listed below. + + The argument N specifies the number of elements in the array + ARGTYPES. This is the maximum number of elements that + `parse_printf_format' will try to write. + + `parse_printf_format' returns the total number of arguments + required by TEMPLATE. If this number is greater than N, then the + information returned describes only the first N arguments. If you + want information about additional arguments, allocate a bigger + array and call `parse_printf_format' again. + + The argument types are encoded as a combination of a basic type and +modifier flag bits. + + -- Macro: int PA_FLAG_MASK + This macro is a bitmask for the type modifier flag bits. You can + write the expression `(argtypes[i] & PA_FLAG_MASK)' to extract + just the flag bits for an argument, or `(argtypes[i] & + ~PA_FLAG_MASK)' to extract just the basic type code. + + Here are symbolic constants that represent the basic types; they +stand for integer values. + +`PA_INT' + This specifies that the base type is `int'. + +`PA_CHAR' + This specifies that the base type is `int', cast to `char'. + +`PA_STRING' + This specifies that the base type is `char *', a null-terminated + string. + +`PA_POINTER' + This specifies that the base type is `void *', an arbitrary + pointer. + +`PA_FLOAT' + This specifies that the base type is `float'. + +`PA_DOUBLE' + This specifies that the base type is `double'. + +`PA_LAST' + You can define additional base types for your own programs as + offsets from `PA_LAST'. For example, if you have data types `foo' + and `bar' with their own specialized `printf' conversions, you + could define encodings for these types as: + + #define PA_FOO PA_LAST + #define PA_BAR (PA_LAST + 1) + + Here are the flag bits that modify a basic type. They are combined +with the code for the basic type using inclusive-or. + +`PA_FLAG_PTR' + If this bit is set, it indicates that the encoded type is a + pointer to the base type, rather than an immediate value. For + example, `PA_INT|PA_FLAG_PTR' represents the type `int *'. + +`PA_FLAG_SHORT' + If this bit is set, it indicates that the base type is modified + with `short'. (This corresponds to the `h' type modifier.) + +`PA_FLAG_LONG' + If this bit is set, it indicates that the base type is modified + with `long'. (This corresponds to the `l' type modifier.) + +`PA_FLAG_LONG_LONG' + If this bit is set, it indicates that the base type is modified + with `long long'. (This corresponds to the `L' type modifier.) + +`PA_FLAG_LONG_DOUBLE' + This is a synonym for `PA_FLAG_LONG_LONG', used by convention with + a base type of `PA_DOUBLE' to indicate a type of `long double'. + + For an example of using these facilities, see *note Example of +Parsing::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Example of Parsing, Prev: Parsing a Template String, Up: Formatted Output + +12.12.11 Example of Parsing a Template String +--------------------------------------------- + +Here is an example of decoding argument types for a format string. We +assume this is part of an interpreter which contains arguments of type +`NUMBER', `CHAR', `STRING' and `STRUCTURE' (and perhaps others which +are not valid here). + + /* Test whether the NARGS specified objects + in the vector ARGS are valid + for the format string FORMAT: + if so, return 1. + If not, return 0 after printing an error message. */ + + int + validate_args (char *format, int nargs, OBJECT *args) + { + int *argtypes; + int nwanted; + + /* Get the information about the arguments. + Each conversion specification must be at least two characters + long, so there cannot be more specifications than half the + length of the string. */ + + argtypes = (int *) alloca (strlen (format) / 2 * sizeof (int)); + nwanted = parse_printf_format (string, nelts, argtypes); + + /* Check the number of arguments. */ + if (nwanted > nargs) + { + error ("too few arguments (at least %d required)", nwanted); + return 0; + } + + /* Check the C type wanted for each argument + and see if the object given is suitable. */ + for (i = 0; i < nwanted; i++) + { + int wanted; + + if (argtypes[i] & PA_FLAG_PTR) + wanted = STRUCTURE; + else + switch (argtypes[i] & ~PA_FLAG_MASK) + { + case PA_INT: + case PA_FLOAT: + case PA_DOUBLE: + wanted = NUMBER; + break; + case PA_CHAR: + wanted = CHAR; + break; + case PA_STRING: + wanted = STRING; + break; + case PA_POINTER: + wanted = STRUCTURE; + break; + } + if (TYPE (args[i]) != wanted) + { + error ("type mismatch for arg number %d", i); + return 0; + } + } + return 1; + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Customizing Printf, Next: Formatted Input, Prev: Formatted Output, Up: I/O on Streams + +12.13 Customizing `printf' +========================== + +The GNU C library lets you define your own custom conversion specifiers +for `printf' template strings, to teach `printf' clever ways to print +the important data structures of your program. + + The way you do this is by registering the conversion with the +function `register_printf_function'; see *note Registering New +Conversions::. One of the arguments you pass to this function is a +pointer to a handler function that produces the actual output; see +*note Defining the Output Handler::, for information on how to write +this function. + + You can also install a function that just returns information about +the number and type of arguments expected by the conversion specifier. +*Note Parsing a Template String::, for information about this. + + The facilities of this section are declared in the header file +`printf.h'. + +* Menu: + +* Registering New Conversions:: Using `register_printf_function' + to register a new output conversion. +* Conversion Specifier Options:: The handler must be able to get + the options specified in the + template when it is called. +* Defining the Output Handler:: Defining the handler and arginfo + functions that are passed as arguments + to `register_printf_function'. +* Printf Extension Example:: How to define a `printf' + handler function. +* Predefined Printf Handlers:: Predefined `printf' handlers. + + *Portability Note:* The ability to extend the syntax of `printf' +template strings is a GNU extension. ISO standard C has nothing +similar. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Registering New Conversions, Next: Conversion Specifier Options, Up: Customizing Printf + +12.13.1 Registering New Conversions +----------------------------------- + +The function to register a new output conversion is +`register_printf_function', declared in `printf.h'. + + -- Function: int register_printf_function (int SPEC, printf_function + HANDLER-FUNCTION, printf_arginfo_function ARGINFO-FUNCTION) + This function defines the conversion specifier character SPEC. + Thus, if SPEC is `'Y'', it defines the conversion `%Y'. You can + redefine the built-in conversions like `%s', but flag characters + like `#' and type modifiers like `l' can never be used as + conversions; calling `register_printf_function' for those + characters has no effect. It is advisable not to use lowercase + letters, since the ISO C standard warns that additional lowercase + letters may be standardized in future editions of the standard. + + The HANDLER-FUNCTION is the function called by `printf' and + friends when this conversion appears in a template string. *Note + Defining the Output Handler::, for information about how to define + a function to pass as this argument. If you specify a null + pointer, any existing handler function for SPEC is removed. + + The ARGINFO-FUNCTION is the function called by + `parse_printf_format' when this conversion appears in a template + string. *Note Parsing a Template String::, for information about + this. + + *Attention:* In the GNU C library versions before 2.0 the + ARGINFO-FUNCTION function did not need to be installed unless the + user used the `parse_printf_format' function. This has changed. + Now a call to any of the `printf' functions will call this + function when this format specifier appears in the format string. + + The return value is `0' on success, and `-1' on failure (which + occurs if SPEC is out of range). + + You can redefine the standard output conversions, but this is + probably not a good idea because of the potential for confusion. + Library routines written by other people could break if you do + this. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Conversion Specifier Options, Next: Defining the Output Handler, Prev: Registering New Conversions, Up: Customizing Printf + +12.13.2 Conversion Specifier Options +------------------------------------ + +If you define a meaning for `%A', what if the template contains `%+23A' +or `%-#A'? To implement a sensible meaning for these, the handler when +called needs to be able to get the options specified in the template. + + Both the HANDLER-FUNCTION and ARGINFO-FUNCTION accept an argument +that points to a `struct printf_info', which contains information about +the options appearing in an instance of the conversion specifier. This +data type is declared in the header file `printf.h'. + + -- Type: struct printf_info + This structure is used to pass information about the options + appearing in an instance of a conversion specifier in a `printf' + template string to the handler and arginfo functions for that + specifier. It contains the following members: + + `int prec' + This is the precision specified. The value is `-1' if no + precision was specified. If the precision was given as `*', + the `printf_info' structure passed to the handler function + contains the actual value retrieved from the argument list. + But the structure passed to the arginfo function contains a + value of `INT_MIN', since the actual value is not known. + + `int width' + This is the minimum field width specified. The value is `0' + if no width was specified. If the field width was given as + `*', the `printf_info' structure passed to the handler + function contains the actual value retrieved from the + argument list. But the structure passed to the arginfo + function contains a value of `INT_MIN', since the actual + value is not known. + + `wchar_t spec' + This is the conversion specifier character specified. It's + stored in the structure so that you can register the same + handler function for multiple characters, but still have a + way to tell them apart when the handler function is called. + + `unsigned int is_long_double' + This is a boolean that is true if the `L', `ll', or `q' type + modifier was specified. For integer conversions, this + indicates `long long int', as opposed to `long double' for + floating point conversions. + + `unsigned int is_char' + This is a boolean that is true if the `hh' type modifier was + specified. + + `unsigned int is_short' + This is a boolean that is true if the `h' type modifier was + specified. + + `unsigned int is_long' + This is a boolean that is true if the `l' type modifier was + specified. + + `unsigned int alt' + This is a boolean that is true if the `#' flag was specified. + + `unsigned int space' + This is a boolean that is true if the ` ' flag was specified. + + `unsigned int left' + This is a boolean that is true if the `-' flag was specified. + + `unsigned int showsign' + This is a boolean that is true if the `+' flag was specified. + + `unsigned int group' + This is a boolean that is true if the `'' flag was specified. + + `unsigned int extra' + This flag has a special meaning depending on the context. It + could be used freely by the user-defined handlers but when + called from the `printf' function this variable always + contains the value `0'. + + `unsigned int wide' + This flag is set if the stream is wide oriented. + + `wchar_t pad' + This is the character to use for padding the output to the + minimum field width. The value is `'0'' if the `0' flag was + specified, and `' '' otherwise. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Defining the Output Handler, Next: Printf Extension Example, Prev: Conversion Specifier Options, Up: Customizing Printf + +12.13.3 Defining the Output Handler +----------------------------------- + +Now let's look at how to define the handler and arginfo functions which +are passed as arguments to `register_printf_function'. + + *Compatibility Note:* The interface changed in GNU libc version 2.0. +Previously the third argument was of type `va_list *'. + + You should define your handler functions with a prototype like: + + int FUNCTION (FILE *stream, const struct printf_info *info, + const void *const *args) + + The STREAM argument passed to the handler function is the stream to +which it should write output. + + The INFO argument is a pointer to a structure that contains +information about the various options that were included with the +conversion in the template string. You should not modify this structure +inside your handler function. *Note Conversion Specifier Options::, for +a description of this data structure. + + The ARGS is a vector of pointers to the arguments data. The number +of arguments was determined by calling the argument information +function provided by the user. + + Your handler function should return a value just like `printf' does: +it should return the number of characters it has written, or a negative +value to indicate an error. + + -- Data Type: printf_function + This is the data type that a handler function should have. + + If you are going to use `parse_printf_format' in your application, +you must also define a function to pass as the ARGINFO-FUNCTION +argument for each new conversion you install with +`register_printf_function'. + + You have to define these functions with a prototype like: + + int FUNCTION (const struct printf_info *info, + size_t n, int *argtypes) + + The return value from the function should be the number of arguments +the conversion expects. The function should also fill in no more than +N elements of the ARGTYPES array with information about the types of +each of these arguments. This information is encoded using the various +`PA_' macros. (You will notice that this is the same calling +convention `parse_printf_format' itself uses.) + + -- Data Type: printf_arginfo_function + This type is used to describe functions that return information + about the number and type of arguments used by a conversion + specifier. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Printf Extension Example, Next: Predefined Printf Handlers, Prev: Defining the Output Handler, Up: Customizing Printf + +12.13.4 `printf' Extension Example +---------------------------------- + +Here is an example showing how to define a `printf' handler function. +This program defines a data structure called a `Widget' and defines the +`%W' conversion to print information about `Widget *' arguments, +including the pointer value and the name stored in the data structure. +The `%W' conversion supports the minimum field width and +left-justification options, but ignores everything else. + + #include + #include + #include + + typedef struct + { + char *name; + } + Widget; + + int + print_widget (FILE *stream, + const struct printf_info *info, + const void *const *args) + { + const Widget *w; + char *buffer; + int len; + + /* Format the output into a string. */ + w = *((const Widget **) (args[0])); + len = asprintf (&buffer, "", w, w->name); + if (len == -1) + return -1; + + /* Pad to the minimum field width and print to the stream. */ + len = fprintf (stream, "%*s", + (info->left ? -info->width : info->width), + buffer); + + /* Clean up and return. */ + free (buffer); + return len; + } + + + int + print_widget_arginfo (const struct printf_info *info, size_t n, + int *argtypes) + { + /* We always take exactly one argument and this is a pointer to the + structure.. */ + if (n > 0) + argtypes[0] = PA_POINTER; + return 1; + } + + + int + main (void) + { + /* Make a widget to print. */ + Widget mywidget; + mywidget.name = "mywidget"; + + /* Register the print function for widgets. */ + register_printf_function ('W', print_widget, print_widget_arginfo); + + /* Now print the widget. */ + printf ("|%W|\n", &mywidget); + printf ("|%35W|\n", &mywidget); + printf ("|%-35W|\n", &mywidget); + + return 0; + } + + The output produced by this program looks like: + + || + | | + | | + + +File: libc.info, Node: Predefined Printf Handlers, Prev: Printf Extension Example, Up: Customizing Printf + +12.13.5 Predefined `printf' Handlers +------------------------------------ + +The GNU libc also contains a concrete and useful application of the +`printf' handler extension. There are two functions available which +implement a special way to print floating-point numbers. + + -- Function: int printf_size (FILE *FP, const struct printf_info + *INFO, const void *const *ARGS) + Print a given floating point number as for the format `%f' except + that there is a postfix character indicating the divisor for the + number to make this less than 1000. There are two possible + divisors: powers of 1024 or powers of 1000. Which one is used + depends on the format character specified while registered this + handler. If the character is of lower case, 1024 is used. For + upper case characters, 1000 is used. + + The postfix tag corresponds to bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, + gigabytes, etc. The full table is: + + +------+--------------+--------+--------+---------------+ + |low|Multiplier|From|Upper|Multiplier| + |' '|1||' '|1| + |k|2^10 (1024)|kilo|K|10^3 (1000)| + |m|2^20|mega|M|10^6| + |g|2^30|giga|G|10^9| + |t|2^40|tera|T|10^12| + |p|2^50|peta|P|10^15| + |e|2^60|exa|E|10^18| + |z|2^70|zetta|Z|10^21| + |y|2^80|yotta|Y|10^24| + + The default precision is 3, i.e., 1024 is printed with a lower-case + format character as if it were `%.3fk' and will yield `1.000k'. + + Due to the requirements of `register_printf_function' we must also +provide the function which returns information about the arguments. + + -- Function: int printf_size_info (const struct printf_info *INFO, + size_t N, int *ARGTYPES) + This function will return in ARGTYPES the information about the + used parameters in the way the `vfprintf' implementation expects + it. The format always takes one argument. + + To use these functions both functions must be registered with a call +like + + register_printf_function ('B', printf_size, printf_size_info); + + Here we register the functions to print numbers as powers of 1000 +since the format character `'B'' is an upper-case character. If we +would additionally use `'b'' in a line like + + register_printf_function ('b', printf_size, printf_size_info); + +we could also print using a power of 1024. Please note that all that is +different in these two lines is the format specifier. The +`printf_size' function knows about the difference between lower and +upper case format specifiers. + + The use of `'B'' and `'b'' is no coincidence. Rather it is the +preferred way to use this functionality since it is available on some +other systems which also use format specifiers. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Formatted Input, Next: EOF and Errors, Prev: Customizing Printf, Up: I/O on Streams + +12.14 Formatted Input +===================== + +The functions described in this section (`scanf' and related functions) +provide facilities for formatted input analogous to the formatted +output facilities. These functions provide a mechanism for reading +arbitrary values under the control of a "format string" or "template +string". + +* Menu: + +* Formatted Input Basics:: Some basics to get you started. +* Input Conversion Syntax:: Syntax of conversion specifications. +* Table of Input Conversions:: Summary of input conversions and what they do. +* Numeric Input Conversions:: Details of conversions for reading numbers. +* String Input Conversions:: Details of conversions for reading strings. +* Dynamic String Input:: String conversions that `malloc' the buffer. +* Other Input Conversions:: Details of miscellaneous other conversions. +* Formatted Input Functions:: Descriptions of the actual functions. +* Variable Arguments Input:: `vscanf' and friends. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Formatted Input Basics, Next: Input Conversion Syntax, Up: Formatted Input + +12.14.1 Formatted Input Basics +------------------------------ + +Calls to `scanf' are superficially similar to calls to `printf' in that +arbitrary arguments are read under the control of a template string. +While the syntax of the conversion specifications in the template is +very similar to that for `printf', the interpretation of the template +is oriented more towards free-format input and simple pattern matching, +rather than fixed-field formatting. For example, most `scanf' +conversions skip over any amount of "white space" (including spaces, +tabs, and newlines) in the input file, and there is no concept of +precision for the numeric input conversions as there is for the +corresponding output conversions. Ordinarily, non-whitespace +characters in the template are expected to match characters in the +input stream exactly, but a matching failure is distinct from an input +error on the stream. + + Another area of difference between `scanf' and `printf' is that you +must remember to supply pointers rather than immediate values as the +optional arguments to `scanf'; the values that are read are stored in +the objects that the pointers point to. Even experienced programmers +tend to forget this occasionally, so if your program is getting strange +errors that seem to be related to `scanf', you might want to +double-check this. + + When a "matching failure" occurs, `scanf' returns immediately, +leaving the first non-matching character as the next character to be +read from the stream. The normal return value from `scanf' is the +number of values that were assigned, so you can use this to determine if +a matching error happened before all the expected values were read. + + The `scanf' function is typically used for things like reading in +the contents of tables. For example, here is a function that uses +`scanf' to initialize an array of `double': + + void + readarray (double *array, int n) + { + int i; + for (i=0; i scanf ("%a[a-zA-Z0-9] = %a[^\n]\n", + &variable, &value)) + { + invalid_input_error (); + return 0; + } + + ... + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Other Input Conversions, Next: Formatted Input Functions, Prev: Dynamic String Input, Up: Formatted Input + +12.14.7 Other Input Conversions +------------------------------- + +This section describes the miscellaneous input conversions. + + The `%p' conversion is used to read a pointer value. It recognizes +the same syntax used by the `%p' output conversion for `printf' (*note +Other Output Conversions::); that is, a hexadecimal number just as the +`%x' conversion accepts. The corresponding argument should be of type +`void **'; that is, the address of a place to store a pointer. + + The resulting pointer value is not guaranteed to be valid if it was +not originally written during the same program execution that reads it +in. + + The `%n' conversion produces the number of characters read so far by +this call. The corresponding argument should be of type `int *'. This +conversion works in the same way as the `%n' conversion for `printf'; +see *note Other Output Conversions::, for an example. + + The `%n' conversion is the only mechanism for determining the +success of literal matches or conversions with suppressed assignments. +If the `%n' follows the locus of a matching failure, then no value is +stored for it since `scanf' returns before processing the `%n'. If you +store `-1' in that argument slot before calling `scanf', the presence +of `-1' after `scanf' indicates an error occurred before the `%n' was +reached. + + Finally, the `%%' conversion matches a literal `%' character in the +input stream, without using an argument. This conversion does not +permit any flags, field width, or type modifier to be specified. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Formatted Input Functions, Next: Variable Arguments Input, Prev: Other Input Conversions, Up: Formatted Input + +12.14.8 Formatted Input Functions +--------------------------------- + +Here are the descriptions of the functions for performing formatted +input. Prototypes for these functions are in the header file `stdio.h'. + + -- Function: int scanf (const char *TEMPLATE, ...) + The `scanf' function reads formatted input from the stream `stdin' + under the control of the template string TEMPLATE. The optional + arguments are pointers to the places which receive the resulting + values. + + The return value is normally the number of successful assignments. + If an end-of-file condition is detected before any matches are + performed, including matches against whitespace and literal + characters in the template, then `EOF' is returned. + + -- Function: int wscanf (const wchar_t *TEMPLATE, ...) + The `wscanf' function reads formatted input from the stream + `stdin' under the control of the template string TEMPLATE. The + optional arguments are pointers to the places which receive the + resulting values. + + The return value is normally the number of successful assignments. + If an end-of-file condition is detected before any matches are + performed, including matches against whitespace and literal + characters in the template, then `WEOF' is returned. + + -- Function: int fscanf (FILE *STREAM, const char *TEMPLATE, ...) + This function is just like `scanf', except that the input is read + from the stream STREAM instead of `stdin'. + + -- Function: int fwscanf (FILE *STREAM, const wchar_t *TEMPLATE, ...) + This function is just like `wscanf', except that the input is read + from the stream STREAM instead of `stdin'. + + -- Function: int sscanf (const char *S, const char *TEMPLATE, ...) + This is like `scanf', except that the characters are taken from the + null-terminated string S instead of from a stream. Reaching the + end of the string is treated as an end-of-file condition. + + The behavior of this function is undefined if copying takes place + between objects that overlap--for example, if S is also given as + an argument to receive a string read under control of the `%s', + `%S', or `%[' conversion. + + -- Function: int swscanf (const wchar_t *WS, const char *TEMPLATE, ...) + This is like `wscanf', except that the characters are taken from + the null-terminated string WS instead of from a stream. Reaching + the end of the string is treated as an end-of-file condition. + + The behavior of this function is undefined if copying takes place + between objects that overlap--for example, if WS is also given as + an argument to receive a string read under control of the `%s', + `%S', or `%[' conversion. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Variable Arguments Input, Prev: Formatted Input Functions, Up: Formatted Input + +12.14.9 Variable Arguments Input Functions +------------------------------------------ + +The functions `vscanf' and friends are provided so that you can define +your own variadic `scanf'-like functions that make use of the same +internals as the built-in formatted output functions. These functions +are analogous to the `vprintf' series of output functions. *Note +Variable Arguments Output::, for important information on how to use +them. + + *Portability Note:* The functions listed in this section were +introduced in ISO C99 and were before available as GNU extensions. + + -- Function: int vscanf (const char *TEMPLATE, va_list AP) + This function is similar to `scanf', but instead of taking a + variable number of arguments directly, it takes an argument list + pointer AP of type `va_list' (*note Variadic Functions::). + + -- Function: int vwscanf (const wchar_t *TEMPLATE, va_list AP) + This function is similar to `wscanf', but instead of taking a + variable number of arguments directly, it takes an argument list + pointer AP of type `va_list' (*note Variadic Functions::). + + -- Function: int vfscanf (FILE *STREAM, const char *TEMPLATE, va_list + AP) + This is the equivalent of `fscanf' with the variable argument list + specified directly as for `vscanf'. + + -- Function: int vfwscanf (FILE *STREAM, const wchar_t *TEMPLATE, + va_list AP) + This is the equivalent of `fwscanf' with the variable argument list + specified directly as for `vwscanf'. + + -- Function: int vsscanf (const char *S, const char *TEMPLATE, va_list + AP) + This is the equivalent of `sscanf' with the variable argument list + specified directly as for `vscanf'. + + -- Function: int vswscanf (const wchar_t *S, const wchar_t *TEMPLATE, + va_list AP) + This is the equivalent of `swscanf' with the variable argument list + specified directly as for `vwscanf'. + + In GNU C, there is a special construct you can use to let the +compiler know that a function uses a `scanf'-style format string. Then +it can check the number and types of arguments in each call to the +function, and warn you when they do not match the format string. For +details, see *note Declaring Attributes of Functions: +(gcc.info)Function Attributes. + + +File: libc.info, Node: EOF and Errors, Next: Error Recovery, Prev: Formatted Input, Up: I/O on Streams + +12.15 End-Of-File and Errors +============================ + +Many of the functions described in this chapter return the value of the +macro `EOF' to indicate unsuccessful completion of the operation. +Since `EOF' is used to report both end of file and random errors, it's +often better to use the `feof' function to check explicitly for end of +file and `ferror' to check for errors. These functions check +indicators that are part of the internal state of the stream object, +indicators set if the appropriate condition was detected by a previous +I/O operation on that stream. + + -- Macro: int EOF + This macro is an integer value that is returned by a number of + narrow stream functions to indicate an end-of-file condition, or + some other error situation. With the GNU library, `EOF' is `-1'. + In other libraries, its value may be some other negative number. + + This symbol is declared in `stdio.h'. + + -- Macro: int WEOF + This macro is an integer value that is returned by a number of wide + stream functions to indicate an end-of-file condition, or some + other error situation. With the GNU library, `WEOF' is `-1'. In + other libraries, its value may be some other negative number. + + This symbol is declared in `wchar.h'. + + -- Function: int feof (FILE *STREAM) + The `feof' function returns nonzero if and only if the end-of-file + indicator for the stream STREAM is set. + + This symbol is declared in `stdio.h'. + + -- Function: int feof_unlocked (FILE *STREAM) + The `feof_unlocked' function is equivalent to the `feof' function + except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + This symbol is declared in `stdio.h'. + + -- Function: int ferror (FILE *STREAM) + The `ferror' function returns nonzero if and only if the error + indicator for the stream STREAM is set, indicating that an error + has occurred on a previous operation on the stream. + + This symbol is declared in `stdio.h'. + + -- Function: int ferror_unlocked (FILE *STREAM) + The `ferror_unlocked' function is equivalent to the `ferror' + function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + This symbol is declared in `stdio.h'. + + In addition to setting the error indicator associated with the +stream, the functions that operate on streams also set `errno' in the +same way as the corresponding low-level functions that operate on file +descriptors. For example, all of the functions that perform output to a +stream--such as `fputc', `printf', and `fflush'--are implemented in +terms of `write', and all of the `errno' error conditions defined for +`write' are meaningful for these functions. For more information about +the descriptor-level I/O functions, see *note Low-Level I/O::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Error Recovery, Next: Binary Streams, Prev: EOF and Errors, Up: I/O on Streams + +12.16 Recovering from errors +============================ + +You may explicitly clear the error and EOF flags with the `clearerr' +function. + + -- Function: void clearerr (FILE *STREAM) + This function clears the end-of-file and error indicators for the + stream STREAM. + + The file positioning functions (*note File Positioning::) also + clear the end-of-file indicator for the stream. + + -- Function: void clearerr_unlocked (FILE *STREAM) + The `clearerr_unlocked' function is equivalent to the `clearerr' + function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + Note that it is _not_ correct to just clear the error flag and retry +a failed stream operation. After a failed write, any number of +characters since the last buffer flush may have been committed to the +file, while some buffered data may have been discarded. Merely retrying +can thus cause lost or repeated data. + + A failed read may leave the file pointer in an inappropriate +position for a second try. In both cases, you should seek to a known +position before retrying. + + Most errors that can happen are not recoverable -- a second try will +always fail again in the same way. So usually it is best to give up and +report the error to the user, rather than install complicated recovery +logic. + + One important exception is `EINTR' (*note Interrupted Primitives::). +Many stream I/O implementations will treat it as an ordinary error, +which can be quite inconvenient. You can avoid this hassle by +installing all signals with the `SA_RESTART' flag. + + For similar reasons, setting nonblocking I/O on a stream's file +descriptor is not usually advisable. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Binary Streams, Next: File Positioning, Prev: Error Recovery, Up: I/O on Streams + +12.17 Text and Binary Streams +============================= + +The GNU system and other POSIX-compatible operating systems organize all +files as uniform sequences of characters. However, some other systems +make a distinction between files containing text and files containing +binary data, and the input and output facilities of ISO C provide for +this distinction. This section tells you how to write programs portable +to such systems. + + When you open a stream, you can specify either a "text stream" or a +"binary stream". You indicate that you want a binary stream by +specifying the `b' modifier in the OPENTYPE argument to `fopen'; see +*note Opening Streams::. Without this option, `fopen' opens the file +as a text stream. + + Text and binary streams differ in several ways: + + * The data read from a text stream is divided into "lines" which are + terminated by newline (`'\n'') characters, while a binary stream is + simply a long series of characters. A text stream might on some + systems fail to handle lines more than 254 characters long + (including the terminating newline character). + + * On some systems, text files can contain only printing characters, + horizontal tab characters, and newlines, and so text streams may + not support other characters. However, binary streams can handle + any character value. + + * Space characters that are written immediately preceding a newline + character in a text stream may disappear when the file is read in + again. + + * More generally, there need not be a one-to-one mapping between + characters that are read from or written to a text stream, and the + characters in the actual file. + + Since a binary stream is always more capable and more predictable +than a text stream, you might wonder what purpose text streams serve. +Why not simply always use binary streams? The answer is that on these +operating systems, text and binary streams use different file formats, +and the only way to read or write "an ordinary file of text" that can +work with other text-oriented programs is through a text stream. + + In the GNU library, and on all POSIX systems, there is no difference +between text streams and binary streams. When you open a stream, you +get the same kind of stream regardless of whether you ask for binary. +This stream can handle any file content, and has none of the +restrictions that text streams sometimes have. + + +File: libc.info, Node: File Positioning, Next: Portable Positioning, Prev: Binary Streams, Up: I/O on Streams + +12.18 File Positioning +====================== + +The "file position" of a stream describes where in the file the stream +is currently reading or writing. I/O on the stream advances the file +position through the file. In the GNU system, the file position is +represented as an integer, which counts the number of bytes from the +beginning of the file. *Note File Position::. + + During I/O to an ordinary disk file, you can change the file position +whenever you wish, so as to read or write any portion of the file. Some +other kinds of files may also permit this. Files which support changing +the file position are sometimes referred to as "random-access" files. + + You can use the functions in this section to examine or modify the +file position indicator associated with a stream. The symbols listed +below are declared in the header file `stdio.h'. + + -- Function: long int ftell (FILE *STREAM) + This function returns the current file position of the stream + STREAM. + + This function can fail if the stream doesn't support file + positioning, or if the file position can't be represented in a + `long int', and possibly for other reasons as well. If a failure + occurs, a value of `-1' is returned. + + -- Function: off_t ftello (FILE *STREAM) + The `ftello' function is similar to `ftell', except that it + returns a value of type `off_t'. Systems which support this type + use it to describe all file positions, unlike the POSIX + specification which uses a long int. The two are not necessarily + the same size. Therefore, using ftell can lead to problems if the + implementation is written on top of a POSIX compliant low-level + I/O implementation, and using `ftello' is preferable whenever it + is available. + + If this function fails it returns `(off_t) -1'. This can happen + due to missing support for file positioning or internal errors. + Otherwise the return value is the current file position. + + The function is an extension defined in the Unix Single + Specification version 2. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on a + 32 bit system this function is in fact `ftello64'. I.e., the LFS + interface transparently replaces the old interface. + + -- Function: off64_t ftello64 (FILE *STREAM) + This function is similar to `ftello' with the only difference that + the return value is of type `off64_t'. This also requires that the + stream STREAM was opened using either `fopen64', `freopen64', or + `tmpfile64' since otherwise the underlying file operations to + position the file pointer beyond the 2^31 bytes limit might fail. + + If the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on a 32 + bits machine this function is available under the name `ftello' + and so transparently replaces the old interface. + + -- Function: int fseek (FILE *STREAM, long int OFFSET, int WHENCE) + The `fseek' function is used to change the file position of the + stream STREAM. The value of WHENCE must be one of the constants + `SEEK_SET', `SEEK_CUR', or `SEEK_END', to indicate whether the + OFFSET is relative to the beginning of the file, the current file + position, or the end of the file, respectively. + + This function returns a value of zero if the operation was + successful, and a nonzero value to indicate failure. A successful + call also clears the end-of-file indicator of STREAM and discards + any characters that were "pushed back" by the use of `ungetc'. + + `fseek' either flushes any buffered output before setting the file + position or else remembers it so it will be written later in its + proper place in the file. + + -- Function: int fseeko (FILE *STREAM, off_t OFFSET, int WHENCE) + This function is similar to `fseek' but it corrects a problem with + `fseek' in a system with POSIX types. Using a value of type `long + int' for the offset is not compatible with POSIX. `fseeko' uses + the correct type `off_t' for the OFFSET parameter. + + For this reason it is a good idea to prefer `ftello' whenever it is + available since its functionality is (if different at all) closer + the underlying definition. + + The functionality and return value is the same as for `fseek'. + + The function is an extension defined in the Unix Single + Specification version 2. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on a + 32 bit system this function is in fact `fseeko64'. I.e., the LFS + interface transparently replaces the old interface. + + -- Function: int fseeko64 (FILE *STREAM, off64_t OFFSET, int WHENCE) + This function is similar to `fseeko' with the only difference that + the OFFSET parameter is of type `off64_t'. This also requires + that the stream STREAM was opened using either `fopen64', + `freopen64', or `tmpfile64' since otherwise the underlying file + operations to position the file pointer beyond the 2^31 bytes + limit might fail. + + If the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on a 32 + bits machine this function is available under the name `fseeko' + and so transparently replaces the old interface. + + *Portability Note:* In non-POSIX systems, `ftell', `ftello', `fseek' +and `fseeko' might work reliably only on binary streams. *Note Binary +Streams::. + + The following symbolic constants are defined for use as the WHENCE +argument to `fseek'. They are also used with the `lseek' function +(*note I/O Primitives::) and to specify offsets for file locks (*note +Control Operations::). + + -- Macro: int SEEK_SET + This is an integer constant which, when used as the WHENCE + argument to the `fseek' or `fseeko' function, specifies that the + offset provided is relative to the beginning of the file. + + -- Macro: int SEEK_CUR + This is an integer constant which, when used as the WHENCE + argument to the `fseek' or `fseeko' function, specifies that the + offset provided is relative to the current file position. + + -- Macro: int SEEK_END + This is an integer constant which, when used as the WHENCE + argument to the `fseek' or `fseeko' function, specifies that the + offset provided is relative to the end of the file. + + -- Function: void rewind (FILE *STREAM) + The `rewind' function positions the stream STREAM at the beginning + of the file. It is equivalent to calling `fseek' or `fseeko' on + the STREAM with an OFFSET argument of `0L' and a WHENCE argument + of `SEEK_SET', except that the return value is discarded and the + error indicator for the stream is reset. + + These three aliases for the `SEEK_...' constants exist for the sake +of compatibility with older BSD systems. They are defined in two +different header files: `fcntl.h' and `sys/file.h'. + +`L_SET' + An alias for `SEEK_SET'. + +`L_INCR' + An alias for `SEEK_CUR'. + +`L_XTND' + An alias for `SEEK_END'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Portable Positioning, Next: Stream Buffering, Prev: File Positioning, Up: I/O on Streams + +12.19 Portable File-Position Functions +====================================== + +On the GNU system, the file position is truly a character count. You +can specify any character count value as an argument to `fseek' or +`fseeko' and get reliable results for any random access file. However, +some ISO C systems do not represent file positions in this way. + + On some systems where text streams truly differ from binary streams, +it is impossible to represent the file position of a text stream as a +count of characters from the beginning of the file. For example, the +file position on some systems must encode both a record offset within +the file, and a character offset within the record. + + As a consequence, if you want your programs to be portable to these +systems, you must observe certain rules: + + * The value returned from `ftell' on a text stream has no predictable + relationship to the number of characters you have read so far. + The only thing you can rely on is that you can use it subsequently + as the OFFSET argument to `fseek' or `fseeko' to move back to the + same file position. + + * In a call to `fseek' or `fseeko' on a text stream, either the + OFFSET must be zero, or WHENCE must be `SEEK_SET' and and the + OFFSET must be the result of an earlier call to `ftell' on the + same stream. + + * The value of the file position indicator of a text stream is + undefined while there are characters that have been pushed back + with `ungetc' that haven't been read or discarded. *Note + Unreading::. + + But even if you observe these rules, you may still have trouble for +long files, because `ftell' and `fseek' use a `long int' value to +represent the file position. This type may not have room to encode all +the file positions in a large file. Using the `ftello' and `fseeko' +functions might help here since the `off_t' type is expected to be able +to hold all file position values but this still does not help to handle +additional information which must be associated with a file position. + + So if you do want to support systems with peculiar encodings for the +file positions, it is better to use the functions `fgetpos' and +`fsetpos' instead. These functions represent the file position using +the data type `fpos_t', whose internal representation varies from +system to system. + + These symbols are declared in the header file `stdio.h'. + + -- Data Type: fpos_t + This is the type of an object that can encode information about the + file position of a stream, for use by the functions `fgetpos' and + `fsetpos'. + + In the GNU system, `fpos_t' is an opaque data structure that + contains internal data to represent file offset and conversion + state information. In other systems, it might have a different + internal representation. + + When compiling with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on a 32 bit machine + this type is in fact equivalent to `fpos64_t' since the LFS + interface transparently replaces the old interface. + + -- Data Type: fpos64_t + This is the type of an object that can encode information about the + file position of a stream, for use by the functions `fgetpos64' and + `fsetpos64'. + + In the GNU system, `fpos64_t' is an opaque data structure that + contains internal data to represent file offset and conversion + state information. In other systems, it might have a different + internal representation. + + -- Function: int fgetpos (FILE *STREAM, fpos_t *POSITION) + This function stores the value of the file position indicator for + the stream STREAM in the `fpos_t' object pointed to by POSITION. + If successful, `fgetpos' returns zero; otherwise it returns a + nonzero value and stores an implementation-defined positive value + in `errno'. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on a + 32 bit system the function is in fact `fgetpos64'. I.e., the LFS + interface transparently replaces the old interface. + + -- Function: int fgetpos64 (FILE *STREAM, fpos64_t *POSITION) + This function is similar to `fgetpos' but the file position is + returned in a variable of type `fpos64_t' to which POSITION points. + + If the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on a 32 + bits machine this function is available under the name `fgetpos' + and so transparently replaces the old interface. + + -- Function: int fsetpos (FILE *STREAM, const fpos_t *POSITION) + This function sets the file position indicator for the stream + STREAM to the position POSITION, which must have been set by a + previous call to `fgetpos' on the same stream. If successful, + `fsetpos' clears the end-of-file indicator on the stream, discards + any characters that were "pushed back" by the use of `ungetc', and + returns a value of zero. Otherwise, `fsetpos' returns a nonzero + value and stores an implementation-defined positive value in + `errno'. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on a + 32 bit system the function is in fact `fsetpos64'. I.e., the LFS + interface transparently replaces the old interface. + + -- Function: int fsetpos64 (FILE *STREAM, const fpos64_t *POSITION) + This function is similar to `fsetpos' but the file position used + for positioning is provided in a variable of type `fpos64_t' to + which POSITION points. + + If the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on a 32 + bits machine this function is available under the name `fsetpos' + and so transparently replaces the old interface. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Stream Buffering, Next: Other Kinds of Streams, Prev: Portable Positioning, Up: I/O on Streams + +12.20 Stream Buffering +====================== + +Characters that are written to a stream are normally accumulated and +transmitted asynchronously to the file in a block, instead of appearing +as soon as they are output by the application program. Similarly, +streams often retrieve input from the host environment in blocks rather +than on a character-by-character basis. This is called "buffering". + + If you are writing programs that do interactive input and output +using streams, you need to understand how buffering works when you +design the user interface to your program. Otherwise, you might find +that output (such as progress or prompt messages) doesn't appear when +you intended it to, or displays some other unexpected behavior. + + This section deals only with controlling when characters are +transmitted between the stream and the file or device, and _not_ with +how things like echoing, flow control, and the like are handled on +specific classes of devices. For information on common control +operations on terminal devices, see *note Low-Level Terminal +Interface::. + + You can bypass the stream buffering facilities altogether by using +the low-level input and output functions that operate on file +descriptors instead. *Note Low-Level I/O::. + +* Menu: + +* Buffering Concepts:: Terminology is defined here. +* Flushing Buffers:: How to ensure that output buffers are flushed. +* Controlling Buffering:: How to specify what kind of buffering to use. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Buffering Concepts, Next: Flushing Buffers, Up: Stream Buffering + +12.20.1 Buffering Concepts +-------------------------- + +There are three different kinds of buffering strategies: + + * Characters written to or read from an "unbuffered" stream are + transmitted individually to or from the file as soon as possible. + + * Characters written to a "line buffered" stream are transmitted to + the file in blocks when a newline character is encountered. + + * Characters written to or read from a "fully buffered" stream are + transmitted to or from the file in blocks of arbitrary size. + + Newly opened streams are normally fully buffered, with one +exception: a stream connected to an interactive device such as a +terminal is initially line buffered. *Note Controlling Buffering::, +for information on how to select a different kind of buffering. +Usually the automatic selection gives you the most convenient kind of +buffering for the file or device you open. + + The use of line buffering for interactive devices implies that output +messages ending in a newline will appear immediately--which is usually +what you want. Output that doesn't end in a newline might or might not +show up immediately, so if you want them to appear immediately, you +should flush buffered output explicitly with `fflush', as described in +*note Flushing Buffers::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Flushing Buffers, Next: Controlling Buffering, Prev: Buffering Concepts, Up: Stream Buffering + +12.20.2 Flushing Buffers +------------------------ + +"Flushing" output on a buffered stream means transmitting all +accumulated characters to the file. There are many circumstances when +buffered output on a stream is flushed automatically: + + * When you try to do output and the output buffer is full. + + * When the stream is closed. *Note Closing Streams::. + + * When the program terminates by calling `exit'. *Note Normal + Termination::. + + * When a newline is written, if the stream is line buffered. + + * Whenever an input operation on _any_ stream actually reads data + from its file. + + If you want to flush the buffered output at another time, call +`fflush', which is declared in the header file `stdio.h'. + + -- Function: int fflush (FILE *STREAM) + This function causes any buffered output on STREAM to be delivered + to the file. If STREAM is a null pointer, then `fflush' causes + buffered output on _all_ open output streams to be flushed. + + This function returns `EOF' if a write error occurs, or zero + otherwise. + + -- Function: int fflush_unlocked (FILE *STREAM) + The `fflush_unlocked' function is equivalent to the `fflush' + function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. + + The `fflush' function can be used to flush all streams currently +opened. While this is useful in some situations it does often more than +necessary since it might be done in situations when terminal input is +required and the program wants to be sure that all output is visible on +the terminal. But this means that only line buffered streams have to be +flushed. Solaris introduced a function especially for this. It was +always available in the GNU C library in some form but never officially +exported. + + -- Function: void _flushlbf (void) + The `_flushlbf' function flushes all line buffered streams + currently opened. + + This function is declared in the `stdio_ext.h' header. + + *Compatibility Note:* Some brain-damaged operating systems have been +known to be so thoroughly fixated on line-oriented input and output +that flushing a line buffered stream causes a newline to be written! +Fortunately, this "feature" seems to be becoming less common. You do +not need to worry about this in the GNU system. + + In some situations it might be useful to not flush the output pending +for a stream but instead simply forget it. If transmission is costly +and the output is not needed anymore this is valid reasoning. In this +situation a non-standard function introduced in Solaris and available in +the GNU C library can be used. + + -- Function: void __fpurge (FILE *STREAM) + The `__fpurge' function causes the buffer of the stream STREAM to + be emptied. If the stream is currently in read mode all input in + the buffer is lost. If the stream is in output mode the buffered + output is not written to the device (or whatever other underlying + storage) and the buffer the cleared. + + This function is declared in `stdio_ext.h'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Controlling Buffering, Prev: Flushing Buffers, Up: Stream Buffering + +12.20.3 Controlling Which Kind of Buffering +------------------------------------------- + +After opening a stream (but before any other operations have been +performed on it), you can explicitly specify what kind of buffering you +want it to have using the `setvbuf' function. + + The facilities listed in this section are declared in the header +file `stdio.h'. + + -- Function: int setvbuf (FILE *STREAM, char *BUF, int MODE, size_t + SIZE) + This function is used to specify that the stream STREAM should + have the buffering mode MODE, which can be either `_IOFBF' (for + full buffering), `_IOLBF' (for line buffering), or `_IONBF' (for + unbuffered input/output). + + If you specify a null pointer as the BUF argument, then `setvbuf' + allocates a buffer itself using `malloc'. This buffer will be + freed when you close the stream. + + Otherwise, BUF should be a character array that can hold at least + SIZE characters. You should not free the space for this array as + long as the stream remains open and this array remains its buffer. + You should usually either allocate it statically, or `malloc' + (*note Unconstrained Allocation::) the buffer. Using an automatic + array is not a good idea unless you close the file before exiting + the block that declares the array. + + While the array remains a stream buffer, the stream I/O functions + will use the buffer for their internal purposes. You shouldn't + try to access the values in the array directly while the stream is + using it for buffering. + + The `setvbuf' function returns zero on success, or a nonzero value + if the value of MODE is not valid or if the request could not be + honored. + + -- Macro: int _IOFBF + The value of this macro is an integer constant expression that can + be used as the MODE argument to the `setvbuf' function to specify + that the stream should be fully buffered. + + -- Macro: int _IOLBF + The value of this macro is an integer constant expression that can + be used as the MODE argument to the `setvbuf' function to specify + that the stream should be line buffered. + + -- Macro: int _IONBF + The value of this macro is an integer constant expression that can + be used as the MODE argument to the `setvbuf' function to specify + that the stream should be unbuffered. + + -- Macro: int BUFSIZ + The value of this macro is an integer constant expression that is + good to use for the SIZE argument to `setvbuf'. This value is + guaranteed to be at least `256'. + + The value of `BUFSIZ' is chosen on each system so as to make stream + I/O efficient. So it is a good idea to use `BUFSIZ' as the size + for the buffer when you call `setvbuf'. + + Actually, you can get an even better value to use for the buffer + size by means of the `fstat' system call: it is found in the + `st_blksize' field of the file attributes. *Note Attribute + Meanings::. + + Sometimes people also use `BUFSIZ' as the allocation size of + buffers used for related purposes, such as strings used to receive + a line of input with `fgets' (*note Character Input::). There is + no particular reason to use `BUFSIZ' for this instead of any other + integer, except that it might lead to doing I/O in chunks of an + efficient size. + + -- Function: void setbuf (FILE *STREAM, char *BUF) + If BUF is a null pointer, the effect of this function is + equivalent to calling `setvbuf' with a MODE argument of `_IONBF'. + Otherwise, it is equivalent to calling `setvbuf' with BUF, and a + MODE of `_IOFBF' and a SIZE argument of `BUFSIZ'. + + The `setbuf' function is provided for compatibility with old code; + use `setvbuf' in all new programs. + + -- Function: void setbuffer (FILE *STREAM, char *BUF, size_t SIZE) + If BUF is a null pointer, this function makes STREAM unbuffered. + Otherwise, it makes STREAM fully buffered using BUF as the buffer. + The SIZE argument specifies the length of BUF. + + This function is provided for compatibility with old BSD code. Use + `setvbuf' instead. + + -- Function: void setlinebuf (FILE *STREAM) + This function makes STREAM be line buffered, and allocates the + buffer for you. + + This function is provided for compatibility with old BSD code. Use + `setvbuf' instead. + + It is possible to query whether a given stream is line buffered or +not using a non-standard function introduced in Solaris and available +in the GNU C library. + + -- Function: int __flbf (FILE *STREAM) + The `__flbf' function will return a nonzero value in case the + stream STREAM is line buffered. Otherwise the return value is + zero. + + This function is declared in the `stdio_ext.h' header. + + Two more extensions allow to determine the size of the buffer and how +much of it is used. These functions were also introduced in Solaris. + + -- Function: size_t __fbufsize (FILE *STREAM) + The `__fbufsize' function return the size of the buffer in the + stream STREAM. This value can be used to optimize the use of the + stream. + + This function is declared in the `stdio_ext.h' header. + + -- Function: size_t __fpending (FILE *STREAM) The `__fpending' + function returns the number of bytes currently in the output + buffer. For wide-oriented stream the measuring unit is wide + characters. This function should not be used on buffers in read + mode or opened read-only. + + This function is declared in the `stdio_ext.h' header. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Other Kinds of Streams, Next: Formatted Messages, Prev: Stream Buffering, Up: I/O on Streams + +12.21 Other Kinds of Streams +============================ + +The GNU library provides ways for you to define additional kinds of +streams that do not necessarily correspond to an open file. + + One such type of stream takes input from or writes output to a +string. These kinds of streams are used internally to implement the +`sprintf' and `sscanf' functions. You can also create such a stream +explicitly, using the functions described in *note String Streams::. + + More generally, you can define streams that do input/output to +arbitrary objects using functions supplied by your program. This +protocol is discussed in *note Custom Streams::. + + *Portability Note:* The facilities described in this section are +specific to GNU. Other systems or C implementations might or might not +provide equivalent functionality. + +* Menu: + +* String Streams:: Streams that get data from or put data in + a string or memory buffer. +* Obstack Streams:: Streams that store data in an obstack. +* Custom Streams:: Defining your own streams with an arbitrary + input data source and/or output data sink. + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/rprintf.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/rprintf.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +#include +#include +#include + +@group +typedef struct +@{ + char *name; +@} +Widget; +@end group + +int +print_widget (FILE *stream, + const struct printf_info *info, + const void *const *args) +@{ + const Widget *w; + char *buffer; + int len; + + /* @r{Format the output into a string.} */ + w = *((const Widget **) (args[0])); + len = asprintf (&buffer, "", w, w->name); + if (len == -1) + return -1; + + /* @r{Pad to the minimum field width and print to the stream.} */ + len = fprintf (stream, "%*s", + (info->left ? -info->width : info->width), + buffer); + + /* @r{Clean up and return.} */ + free (buffer); + return len; +@} + + +int +print_widget_arginfo (const struct printf_info *info, size_t n, + int *argtypes) +@{ + /* @r{We always take exactly one argument and this is a pointer to the + structure..} */ + if (n > 0) + argtypes[0] = PA_POINTER; + return 1; +@} + + +int +main (void) +@{ + /* @r{Make a widget to print.} */ + Widget mywidget; + mywidget.name = "mywidget"; + + /* @r{Register the print function for widgets.} */ + register_printf_function ('W', print_widget, print_widget_arginfo); + + /* @r{Now print the widget.} */ + printf ("|%W|\n", &mywidget); + printf ("|%35W|\n", &mywidget); + printf ("|%-35W|\n", &mywidget); + + return 0; +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/argp-ex2.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/argp-ex2.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +/* @r{Argp example #2 -- a pretty minimal program using argp} */ + +/* @r{This program doesn't use any options or arguments, but uses + argp to be compliant with the GNU standard command line + format. + + In addition to making sure no arguments are given, and + implementing a --help option, this example will have a + --version option, and will put the given documentation string + and bug address in the --help output, as per GNU standards. + + The variable ARGP contains the argument parser specification; + adding fields to this structure is the way most parameters are + passed to argp_parse (the first three fields are usually used, + but not in this small program). There are also two global + variables that argp knows about defined here, + ARGP_PROGRAM_VERSION and ARGP_PROGRAM_BUG_ADDRESS (they are + global variables because they will almost always be constant + for a given program, even if it uses different argument + parsers for various tasks).} */ + +#include + +const char *argp_program_version = + "argp-ex2 1.0"; +const char *argp_program_bug_address = + ""; + +/* @r{Program documentation.} */ +static char doc[] = + "Argp example #2 -- a pretty minimal program using argp"; + +/* @r{Our argument parser. The @code{options}, @code{parser}, and + @code{args_doc} fields are zero because we have neither options or + arguments; @code{doc} and @code{argp_program_bug_address} will be + used in the output for @samp{--help}, and the @samp{--version} + option will print out @code{argp_program_version}.} */ +static struct argp argp = @{ 0, 0, 0, doc @}; + +int main (int argc, char **argv) +@{ + argp_parse (&argp, argc, argv, 0, 0, 0); + exit (0); +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/genpass.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/genpass.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +#include +#include +#include +#include + +int +main(void) +@{ + unsigned long seed[2]; + char salt[] = "$1$........"; + const char *const seedchars = + "./0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRST" + "UVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"; + char *password; + int i; + + /* @r{Generate a (not very) random seed. + You should do it better than this...} */ + seed[0] = time(NULL); + seed[1] = getpid() ^ (seed[0] >> 14 & 0x30000); + + /* @r{Turn it into printable characters from `seedchars'.} */ + for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) + salt[3+i] = seedchars[(seed[i/5] >> (i%5)*6) & 0x3f]; + + /* @r{Read in the user's password and encrypt it.} */ + password = crypt(getpass("Password:"), salt); + + /* @r{Print the results.} */ + puts(password); + return 0; +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc.info-2 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc.info-2 @@ -0,0 +1,8366 @@ +This is libc.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from libc.texinfo. + +INFO-DIR-SECTION Software libraries +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* Libc: (libc). C library. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + +INFO-DIR-SECTION GNU C library functions and macros +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* ALTWERASE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN: (libc)Argp Parser Functions. +* ARG_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* BC_BASE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_DIM_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_SCALE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_STRING_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BRKINT: (libc)Input Modes. +* BUFSIZ: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* CCTS_OFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CHILD_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* CIGNORE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLK_TCK: (libc)CPU Time. +* CLOCAL: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLOCKS_PER_SEC: (libc)CPU Time. +* COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* CPU_CLR: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ISSET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SETSIZE: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ZERO: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CREAD: (libc)Control Modes. +* CRTS_IFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS5: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS6: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS7: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS8: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSIZE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSTOPB: (libc)Control Modes. +* DES_FAILED: (libc)DES Encryption. +* DTTOIF: (libc)Directory Entries. +* E2BIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EACCES: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRINUSE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRNOTAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAGAIN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EALREADY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBACKGROUND: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADF: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADFD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRQC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADSLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBFONT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBUSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECANCELED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHILD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOCTL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOK: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOKE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHONL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOPRT: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECOMM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNABORTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNREFUSED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDESTADDRREQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDIED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOTDOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDQUOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EEXIST: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFAULT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFBIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGRATUITOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGREGIOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIDRM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EILSEQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINPROGRESS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINVAL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYEXPIRED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREJECTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREVOKED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2NSYNC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3RST: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBACC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBBAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBMAX: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBSCN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELNRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELOOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMEDIUMTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMSGSIZE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMULTIHOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAMETOOLONG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENEEDAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOANO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOBUFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOCSI: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODATA: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOENT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOKEY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEDIUM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENONET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPKG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPROTOOPT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSYS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTBLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTEMPTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTRECOVERABLE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSUP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTUNIQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENXIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* EOPNOTSUPP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOVERFLOW: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOWNERDEAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPERM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCLIM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTONOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTOTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EQUIV_CLASS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* ERANGE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMCHG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERESTART: (libc)Error Codes. +* EROFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERPCMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESHUTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESOCKTNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRMNT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTALE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTRPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIME: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIMEDOUT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETOOMANYREFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETXTBSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUCLEAN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUNATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUSERS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EWOULDBLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXDEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXFULL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXIT_FAILURE: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXIT_SUCCESS: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXPR_NEST_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* FD_CLOEXEC: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* FD_CLR: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ISSET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SETSIZE: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ZERO: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FILENAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* FLUSHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* FOPEN_MAX: (libc)Opening Streams. +* FP_ILOGB0: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* FP_ILOGBNAN: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* F_DUPFD: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* F_GETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_GETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_GETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_GETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* F_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* F_SETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_SETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_SETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETLKW: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* HUGE_VAL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALF: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUPCL: (libc)Control Modes. +* I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* ICANON: (libc)Local Modes. +* ICRNL: (libc)Input Modes. +* IEXTEN: (libc)Local Modes. +* IFNAMSIZ: (libc)Interface Naming. +* IFTODT: (libc)Directory Entries. +* IGNBRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNPAR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IMAXBEL: (libc)Input Modes. +* INADDR_ANY: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_BROADCAST: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_LOOPBACK: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_NONE: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INFINITY: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* INLCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* INPCK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IPPORT_RESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* IPPORT_USERRESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* ISIG: (libc)Local Modes. +* ISTRIP: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXANY: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXOFF: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXON: (libc)Input Modes. +* LINE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* LINK_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* L_ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* L_cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* L_tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* MAXNAMLEN: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAXSYMLINKS: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* MAX_CANON: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAX_INPUT: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MB_CUR_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MB_LEN_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MDMBUF: (libc)Control Modes. +* MSG_DONTROUTE: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_OOB: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_PEEK: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* NAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* NAN: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* NCCS: (libc)Mode Data Types. +* NGROUPS_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* NOFLSH: (libc)Local Modes. +* NOKERNINFO: (libc)Local Modes. +* NSIG: (libc)Standard Signals. +* NULL: (libc)Null Pointer Constant. +* ONLCR: (libc)Output Modes. +* ONOEOT: (libc)Output Modes. +* OPEN_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* OPOST: (libc)Output Modes. +* OXTABS: (libc)Output Modes. +* O_ACCMODE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_APPEND: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_ASYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_CREAT: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXCL: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXEC: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_EXLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_FSYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_IGNORE_CTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NDELAY: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOATIME: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOCTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NOLINK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOTRANS: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_RDONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_RDWR: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_READ: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_SHLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_SYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_TRUNC: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_WRITE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_WRONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* PARENB: (libc)Control Modes. +* PARMRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* PARODD: (libc)Control Modes. +* PATH_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* PA_FLAG_MASK: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* PENDIN: (libc)Local Modes. +* PF_FILE: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_INET6: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_INET: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_LOCAL: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_UNIX: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PIPE_BUF: (libc)Limits for Files. +* P_tmpdir: (libc)Temporary Files. +* RAND_MAX: (libc)ISO Random. +* RE_DUP_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* RLIM_INFINITY: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* R_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* SA_NOCLDSTOP: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_ONSTACK: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_RESTART: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SEEK_CUR: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_END: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_SET: (libc)File Positioning. +* SIGABRT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGBUS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGCHLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCONT: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGEMT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGFPE: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGHUP: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGILL: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGINFO: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGINT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGIO: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGIOT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGKILL: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGLOST: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPIPE: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPOLL: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGPROF: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGQUIT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGSEGV: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGSTOP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGSYS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTERM: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGTRAP: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTSTP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTIN: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTOU: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGURG: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGUSR1: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGUSR2: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGVTALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGWINCH: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGXCPU: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGXFSZ: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIG_ERR: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* SOCK_DGRAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RAW: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RDM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_SEQPACKET: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_STREAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOL_SOCKET: (libc)Socket-Level Options. +* SSIZE_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* STREAM_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* SUN_LEN: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* SV_INTERRUPT: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_ONSTACK: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_RESETHAND: (libc)BSD Handler. +* S_IFMT: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISBLK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISCHR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISDIR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISFIFO: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISLNK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISREG: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISSOCK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISMQ: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSEM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSHM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* TMP_MAX: (libc)Temporary Files. +* TOSTOP: (libc)Local Modes. +* TZNAME_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* VDISCARD: (libc)Other Special. +* VDSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VEOF: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL2: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VINTR: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VKILL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VLNEXT: (libc)Other Special. +* VMIN: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VQUIT: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VREPRINT: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VSTART: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSTATUS: (libc)Other Special. +* VSTOP: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VTIME: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VWERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* WCHAR_MAX: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCHAR_MIN: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCOREDUMP: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WEOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* WEOF: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WEXITSTATUS: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFEXITED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSIGNALED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSTOPPED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WSTOPSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WTERMSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* W_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* X_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* _Complex_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _Exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _IOFBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IOLBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IONBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _Imaginary_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _PATH_UTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _PATH_WTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _POSIX2_C_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_C_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* _POSIX2_FORT_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_FORT_RUN: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_LOCALEDEF: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_SW_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_NO_TRUNC: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_SAVED_IDS: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_VDISABLE: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* __fbufsize: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __flbf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpending: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpurge: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* __freadable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __freading: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fsetlocking: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* __fwritable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fwriting: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __gconv_end_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_init_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __va_copy: (libc)Argument Macros. +* _exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _flushlbf: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* _tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* _toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* a64l: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* abort: (libc)Aborting a Program. +* abs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* accept: (libc)Accepting Connections. +* access: (libc)Testing File Access. +* acos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* addmntent: (libc)mtab. +* addseverity: (libc)Adding Severity Classes. +* adjtime: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* adjtimex: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* aio_cancel64: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_cancel: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_error64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_error: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_init: (libc)Configuration of AIO. +* aio_read64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_read: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_return64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_return: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_write64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_write: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* alarm: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* alloca: (libc)Variable Size Automatic. +* alphasort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* alphasort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* argp_error: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_failure: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_help: (libc)Argp Help. +* argp_parse: (libc)Argp. +* argp_state_help: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_usage: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argz_add: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_add_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_append: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_count: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_delete: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_extract: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_insert: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_next: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_replace: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_stringify: (libc)Argz Functions. +* asctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asprintf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* assert: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* assert_perror: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* atan2: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2f: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2l: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atexit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* atof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* atoi: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* backtrace: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols_fd: (libc)Backtraces. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* bcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* bcopy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* bind: (libc)Setting Address. +* bind_textdomain_codeset: (libc)Charset conversion in gettext. +* bindtextdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* brk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* bsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* btowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* bzero: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* cabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cacos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* calloc: (libc)Allocating Cleared Space. +* canonicalize_file_name: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* carg: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* casin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catclose: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catgets: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catopen: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* cbc_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* cbrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ccos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ceil: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceilf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceill: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* cexp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cfgetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfgetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfmakeraw: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* cfree: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* cfsetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetspeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* chdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* chmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* chown: (libc)File Owner. +* cimag: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* clearenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* clearerr: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clearerr_unlocked: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clock: (libc)CPU Time. +* clog10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* close: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* closedir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* closelog: (libc)closelog. +* confstr: (libc)String Parameters. +* conj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* connect: (libc)Connecting. +* copysign: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* cos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cpow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cproj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creal: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* crealf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creall: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creat64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* creat: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* crypt: (libc)crypt. +* crypt_r: (libc)crypt. +* csin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ctan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* ctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* ctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* dcgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* dcngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* des_setparity: (libc)DES Encryption. +* dgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* difftime: (libc)Elapsed Time. +* dirfd: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* dirname: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* div: (libc)Integer Division. +* dngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* drand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* drand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* drem: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dremf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dreml: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dup2: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* dup: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* ecb_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* ecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* ecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* encrypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* encrypt_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* endfsent: (libc)fstab. +* endgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* endhostent: (libc)Host Names. +* endmntent: (libc)mtab. +* endnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* endnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* endprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* endpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* endservent: (libc)Services Database. +* endutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* endutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* envz_add: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_entry: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_get: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_merge: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_strip: (libc)Envz Functions. +* erand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* erand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* erf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfc: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcl: (libc)Special Functions. +* erff: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfl: (libc)Special Functions. +* err: (libc)Error Messages. +* errno: (libc)Checking for Errors. +* error: (libc)Error Messages. +* error_at_line: (libc)Error Messages. +* errx: (libc)Error Messages. +* execl: (libc)Executing a File. +* execle: (libc)Executing a File. +* execlp: (libc)Executing a File. +* execv: (libc)Executing a File. +* execve: (libc)Executing a File. +* execvp: (libc)Executing a File. +* exit: (libc)Normal Termination. +* exp10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* fabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fchdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* fchmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* fchown: (libc)File Owner. +* fclean: (libc)Cleaning Streams. +* fclose: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcloseall: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcntl: (libc)Control Operations. +* fcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fdatasync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* fdim: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdimf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdiml: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdopen: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fdopendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* feclearexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fedisableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feenableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fegetround: (libc)Rounding. +* feholdexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feof: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feof_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feraiseexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* ferror: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* ferror_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* fesetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fesetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fesetround: (libc)Rounding. +* fetestexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* feupdateenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fflush: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fflush_unlocked: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fgetc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgetpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgets: (libc)Line Input. +* fgets_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetwc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetws: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetws_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fileno: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fileno_unlocked: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* finite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitef: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitel: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* flockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* floor: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* fma: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmal: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmax: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmemopen: (libc)String Streams. +* fmin: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmod: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmtmsg: (libc)Printing Formatted Messages. +* fnmatch: (libc)Wildcard Matching. +* fopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopencookie: (libc)Streams and Cookies. +* fork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* forkpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* fpathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* fpclassify: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* fprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fputc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fread: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fread_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* free: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* freopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* freopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* frexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* fscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* fseek: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko64: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko: (libc)File Positioning. +* fsetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fsetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fsync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* ftell: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello64: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftruncate64: (libc)File Size. +* ftruncate: (libc)File Size. +* ftrylockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* ftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* funlockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* futimes: (libc)File Times. +* fwide: (libc)Streams and I18N. +* fwprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fwrite: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwrite_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* gamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* gcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* get_avphys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* get_current_dir_name: (libc)Working Directory. +* get_nprocs: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_nprocs_conf: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_phys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getc: (libc)Character Input. +* getc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* getcwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* getdate: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdate_r: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdelim: (libc)Line Input. +* getdomainnname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getegid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* geteuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getfsent: (libc)fstab. +* getfsfile: (libc)fstab. +* getfsspec: (libc)fstab. +* getgid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrgid: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrgid_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrouplist: (libc)Setting Groups. +* getgroups: (libc)Reading Persona. +* gethostbyaddr: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyaddr_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* gethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* getline: (libc)Line Input. +* getloadavg: (libc)Processor Resources. +* getlogin: (libc)Who Logged In. +* getmntent: (libc)mtab. +* getmntent_r: (libc)mtab. +* getnetbyaddr: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetbyname: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getnetgrent_r: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getopt: (libc)Using Getopt. +* getopt_long: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getopt_long_only: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getpagesize: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getpass: (libc)getpass. +* getpeername: (libc)Who is Connected. +* getpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getppid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* getprotobyname: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotobynumber: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getpt: (libc)Allocation. +* getpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwnam: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwnam_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrusage: (libc)Resource Usage. +* gets: (libc)Line Input. +* getservbyname: (libc)Services Database. +* getservbyport: (libc)Services Database. +* getservent: (libc)Services Database. +* getsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getsockname: (libc)Reading Address. +* getsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* getsubopt: (libc)Suboptions. +* gettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* gettimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* getuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getumask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* getutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutent_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutmp: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutmpx: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxid: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getw: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* glob64: (libc)Calling Glob. +* glob: (libc)Calling Glob. +* globfree64: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* globfree: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* gmtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* gmtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* grantpt: (libc)Allocation. +* gsignal: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* gtty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* hasmntopt: (libc)mtab. +* hcreate: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hcreate_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* htonl: (libc)Byte Order. +* htons: (libc)Byte Order. +* hypot: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* iconv: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_close: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_open: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* if_freenameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_indextoname: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nametoindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* ilogb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* imaxabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* imaxdiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* in6addr_any: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* in6addr_loopback: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* index: (libc)Search Functions. +* inet_addr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_aton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_lnaof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_makeaddr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_netof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_network: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntoa: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntop: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_pton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* initgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* initstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* initstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* innetgr: (libc)Netgroup Membership. +* int: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* ioctl: (libc)IOCTLs. +* isalnum: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isalpha: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isascii: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isatty: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* isblank: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iscntrl: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isfinite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isgraph: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isgreaterequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isinf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinff: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinfl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isless: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islower: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnormal: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isprint: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* ispunct: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isspace: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isunordered: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isupper: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iswalnum: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswalpha: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswblank: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswcntrl: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswgraph: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswlower: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswprint: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswpunct: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswspace: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswupper: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswxdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* isxdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* j0: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* jn: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnf: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnl: (libc)Special Functions. +* jrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* jrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* kill: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* killpg: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* l64a: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* labs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lcong48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lcong48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ldexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* lfind: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgamma_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* link: (libc)Hard Links. +* lio_listio64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* lio_listio: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* listen: (libc)Listening. +* llabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* llrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* localeconv: (libc)The Lame Way to Locale Data. +* localtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* localtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* log10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1p: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* login: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* login_tty: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logout: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logwtmp: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* longjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* lrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lseek64: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lseek: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lutimes: (libc)File Times. +* madvise: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* makecontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* mallinfo: (libc)Statistics of Malloc. +* malloc: (libc)Basic Allocation. +* mallopt: (libc)Malloc Tunable Parameters. +* mblen: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mbrlen: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbrtowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbsinit: (libc)Keeping the state. +* mbsnrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbsrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbstowcs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* mbtowc: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mcheck: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* memccpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* memcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memfrob: (libc)Trivial Encryption. +* memmem: (libc)Search Functions. +* memmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mkdir: (libc)Creating Directories. +* mkdtemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mkfifo: (libc)FIFO Special Files. +* mknod: (libc)Making Special Files. +* mkstemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* mlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mmap64: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* modf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modff: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modfl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* mount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* mprobe: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* mrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* mrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* mremap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* msync: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mtrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* munlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* muntrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* nan: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanosleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* nearbyint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nextafter: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttoward: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* nftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* nice: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* nl_langinfo: (libc)The Elegant and Fast Way. +* nrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* nrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ntohl: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntohs: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntp_adjtime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* ntp_gettime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* obstack_1grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_1grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_alignment_mask: (libc)Obstacks Data Alignment. +* obstack_alloc: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_base: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_blank: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_blank_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_chunk_size: (libc)Obstack Chunks. +* obstack_copy0: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_copy: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_finish: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_free: (libc)Freeing Obstack Objects. +* obstack_grow0: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_init: (libc)Preparing for Obstacks. +* obstack_int_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_int_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_next_free: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_printf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* obstack_ptr_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_ptr_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_room: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* offsetof: (libc)Structure Measurement. +* on_exit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* open64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open_memstream: (libc)String Streams. +* open_obstack_stream: (libc)Obstack Streams. +* opendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* openlog: (libc)openlog. +* openpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* parse_printf_format: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* pathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* pause: (libc)Using Pause. +* pclose: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* perror: (libc)Error Messages. +* pipe: (libc)Creating a Pipe. +* popen: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* posix_memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* pow10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pread64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pread: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* printf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* printf_size: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* printf_size_info: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* psignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* ptsname: (libc)Allocation. +* ptsname_r: (libc)Allocation. +* putc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* putpwent: (libc)Writing a User Entry. +* puts: (libc)Simple Output. +* pututline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* pututxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* putw: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* pwrite64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pwrite: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* qecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qgcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qsort: (libc)Array Sort Function. +* raise: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* rand: (libc)ISO Random. +* rand_r: (libc)ISO Random. +* random: (libc)BSD Random. +* random_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* rawmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* read: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* readdir64: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir64_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* readv: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* realloc: (libc)Changing Block Size. +* realpath: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* recv: (libc)Receiving Data. +* recvfrom: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* recvmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* regcomp: (libc)POSIX Regexp Compilation. +* regerror: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* regexec: (libc)Matching POSIX Regexps. +* regfree: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* register_printf_function: (libc)Registering New Conversions. +* remainder: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remove: (libc)Deleting Files. +* rename: (libc)Renaming Files. +* rewind: (libc)File Positioning. +* rewinddir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* rindex: (libc)Search Functions. +* rint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rmdir: (libc)Deleting Files. +* round: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rpmatch: (libc)Yes-or-No Questions. +* sbrk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* scalb: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbln: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbn: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scandir64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scandir: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* sched_get_priority_max: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_get_priority_min: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_getparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_rr_get_interval: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_setparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_yield: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* seed48: (libc)SVID Random. +* seed48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* seekdir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* select: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* send: (libc)Sending Data. +* sendmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* sendto: (libc)Sending Datagrams. +* setbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setbuffer: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* setdomainname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setegid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* seteuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setfsent: (libc)fstab. +* setgid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* setgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* sethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* sethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* sethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* setjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* setkey: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setkey_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setlinebuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setlocale: (libc)Setting the Locale. +* setlogmask: (libc)setlogmask. +* setmntent: (libc)mtab. +* setnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* setnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* setpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* setprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* setpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* setregid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setreuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setservent: (libc)Services Database. +* setsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* setstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* setstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* settimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* setuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* setutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* setvbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* shutdown: (libc)Closing a Socket. +* sigaction: (libc)Advanced Signal Handling. +* sigaddset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigaltstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigblock: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigdelset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigemptyset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigfillset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siginterrupt: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sigismember: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siglongjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* signbit: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* significand: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* sigpause: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigpending: (libc)Checking for Pending Signals. +* sigprocmask: (libc)Process Signal Mask. +* sigsetjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigsetmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigsuspend: (libc)Sigsuspend. +* sigvec: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* snprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* socket: (libc)Creating a Socket. +* socketpair: (libc)Socket Pairs. +* sprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* sqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* srand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand: (libc)ISO Random. +* srandom: (libc)BSD Random. +* srandom_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* sscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* ssignal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* stat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stime: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* stpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* stpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcasestr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strchrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* strcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strdupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strerror: (libc)Error Messages. +* strerror_r: (libc)Error Messages. +* strfmon: (libc)Formatting Numbers. +* strfry: (libc)strfry. +* strftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* strlen: (libc)String Length. +* strncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strnlen: (libc)String Length. +* strpbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* strptime: (libc)Low-Level Time String Parsing. +* strrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strsep: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strsignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* strspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strtod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtok_r: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strverscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* stty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* swapcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* swprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* swscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* symlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* sync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* syscall: (libc)System Calls. +* sysconf: (libc)Sysconf Definition. +* sysctl: (libc)System Parameters. +* syslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* system: (libc)Running a Command. +* sysv_signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* tan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tcdrain: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflow: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflush: (libc)Line Control. +* tcgetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcgetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcgetsid: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcsendbreak: (libc)Line Control. +* tcsetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcsetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tdelete: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tdestroy: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tempnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* textdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* tfind: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* time: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* timegm: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* timelocal: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* times: (libc)Processor Time. +* tmpfile64: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpfile: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam_r: (libc)Temporary Files. +* toascii: (libc)Case Conversion. +* tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* towctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towlower: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towupper: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* trunc: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncate64: (libc)File Size. +* truncate: (libc)File Size. +* truncf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* tsearch: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* ttyname: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* ttyname_r: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* twalk: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tzset: (libc)Time Zone Functions. +* ulimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* umask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* umount2: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* umount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* uname: (libc)Platform Type. +* ungetc: (libc)How Unread. +* ungetwc: (libc)How Unread. +* unlink: (libc)Deleting Files. +* unlockpt: (libc)Allocation. +* unsetenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* updwtmp: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utime: (libc)File Times. +* utimes: (libc)File Times. +* utmpname: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utmpxname: (libc)XPG Functions. +* va_arg: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_end: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Old Varargs. +* valloc: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* vasprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* verr: (libc)Error Messages. +* verrx: (libc)Error Messages. +* versionsort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* versionsort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* vfork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* vfprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vfwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsnprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vswprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vswscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsyslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* vtimes: (libc)Resource Usage. +* vwarn: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwarnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* wait3: (libc)BSD Wait Functions. +* wait4: (libc)Process Completion. +* wait: (libc)Process Completion. +* waitpid: (libc)Process Completion. +* warn: (libc)Error Messages. +* warnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* wcpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcrtomb: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wcscasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcschr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcschrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wcscpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcscspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* wcslen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsnlen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsnrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcspbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcsspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcstod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* wcstol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstombs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* wcstoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcswcs: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wctob: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wctomb: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* wctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* wctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* wmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wmemcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wmemcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wordexp: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wordfree: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* write: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* writev: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* wscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* y0: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* yn: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynf: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynl: (libc)Special Functions. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + This file documents the GNU C library. + + This is Edition 0.12, last updated 2007-10-27, of `The GNU C Library +Reference Manual', for version 2.8 (EGLIBC). + + Copyright (C) 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, +2003, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document +under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or +any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the +Invariant Sections being "Free Software Needs Free Documentation" and +"GNU Lesser General Public License", the Front-Cover texts being "A GNU +Manual", and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the +license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation +License". + + (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have the freedom to copy and +modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in +developing GNU and promoting software freedom." + + +File: libc.info, Node: String/Array Comparison, Next: Collation Functions, Prev: Copying and Concatenation, Up: String and Array Utilities + +5.5 String/Array Comparison +=========================== + +You can use the functions in this section to perform comparisons on the +contents of strings and arrays. As well as checking for equality, these +functions can also be used as the ordering functions for sorting +operations. *Note Searching and Sorting::, for an example of this. + + Unlike most comparison operations in C, the string comparison +functions return a nonzero value if the strings are _not_ equivalent +rather than if they are. The sign of the value indicates the relative +ordering of the first characters in the strings that are not +equivalent: a negative value indicates that the first string is "less" +than the second, while a positive value indicates that the first string +is "greater". + + The most common use of these functions is to check only for equality. +This is canonically done with an expression like `! strcmp (s1, s2)'. + + All of these functions are declared in the header file `string.h'. + + -- Function: int memcmp (const void *A1, const void *A2, size_t SIZE) + The function `memcmp' compares the SIZE bytes of memory beginning + at A1 against the SIZE bytes of memory beginning at A2. The value + returned has the same sign as the difference between the first + differing pair of bytes (interpreted as `unsigned char' objects, + then promoted to `int'). + + If the contents of the two blocks are equal, `memcmp' returns `0'. + + -- Function: int wmemcmp (const wchar_t *A1, const wchar_t *A2, size_t + SIZE) + The function `wmemcmp' compares the SIZE wide characters beginning + at A1 against the SIZE wide characters beginning at A2. The value + returned is smaller than or larger than zero depending on whether + the first differing wide character is A1 is smaller or larger than + the corresponding character in A2. + + If the contents of the two blocks are equal, `wmemcmp' returns `0'. + + On arbitrary arrays, the `memcmp' function is mostly useful for +testing equality. It usually isn't meaningful to do byte-wise ordering +comparisons on arrays of things other than bytes. For example, a +byte-wise comparison on the bytes that make up floating-point numbers +isn't likely to tell you anything about the relationship between the +values of the floating-point numbers. + + `wmemcmp' is really only useful to compare arrays of type `wchar_t' +since the function looks at `sizeof (wchar_t)' bytes at a time and this +number of bytes is system dependent. + + You should also be careful about using `memcmp' to compare objects +that can contain "holes", such as the padding inserted into structure +objects to enforce alignment requirements, extra space at the end of +unions, and extra characters at the ends of strings whose length is less +than their allocated size. The contents of these "holes" are +indeterminate and may cause strange behavior when performing byte-wise +comparisons. For more predictable results, perform an explicit +component-wise comparison. + + For example, given a structure type definition like: + + struct foo + { + unsigned char tag; + union + { + double f; + long i; + char *p; + } value; + }; + +you are better off writing a specialized comparison function to compare +`struct foo' objects instead of comparing them with `memcmp'. + + -- Function: int strcmp (const char *S1, const char *S2) + The `strcmp' function compares the string S1 against S2, returning + a value that has the same sign as the difference between the first + differing pair of characters (interpreted as `unsigned char' + objects, then promoted to `int'). + + If the two strings are equal, `strcmp' returns `0'. + + A consequence of the ordering used by `strcmp' is that if S1 is an + initial substring of S2, then S1 is considered to be "less than" + S2. + + `strcmp' does not take sorting conventions of the language the + strings are written in into account. To get that one has to use + `strcoll'. + + -- Function: int wcscmp (const wchar_t *WS1, const wchar_t *WS2) + The `wcscmp' function compares the wide character string WS1 + against WS2. The value returned is smaller than or larger than + zero depending on whether the first differing wide character is + WS1 is smaller or larger than the corresponding character in WS2. + + If the two strings are equal, `wcscmp' returns `0'. + + A consequence of the ordering used by `wcscmp' is that if WS1 is + an initial substring of WS2, then WS1 is considered to be "less + than" WS2. + + `wcscmp' does not take sorting conventions of the language the + strings are written in into account. To get that one has to use + `wcscoll'. + + -- Function: int strcasecmp (const char *S1, const char *S2) + This function is like `strcmp', except that differences in case are + ignored. How uppercase and lowercase characters are related is + determined by the currently selected locale. In the standard `"C"' + locale the characters A" and a" do not match but in a locale which + regards these characters as parts of the alphabet they do match. + + `strcasecmp' is derived from BSD. + + -- Function: int wcscasecmp (const wchar_t *WS1, const wchar_T *WS2) + This function is like `wcscmp', except that differences in case are + ignored. How uppercase and lowercase characters are related is + determined by the currently selected locale. In the standard `"C"' + locale the characters A" and a" do not match but in a locale which + regards these characters as parts of the alphabet they do match. + + `wcscasecmp' is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: int strncmp (const char *S1, const char *S2, size_t SIZE) + This function is the similar to `strcmp', except that no more than + SIZE characters are compared. In other words, if the two strings + are the same in their first SIZE characters, the return value is + zero. + + -- Function: int wcsncmp (const wchar_t *WS1, const wchar_t *WS2, + size_t SIZE) + This function is the similar to `wcscmp', except that no more than + SIZE wide characters are compared. In other words, if the two + strings are the same in their first SIZE wide characters, the + return value is zero. + + -- Function: int strncasecmp (const char *S1, const char *S2, size_t N) + This function is like `strncmp', except that differences in case + are ignored. Like `strcasecmp', it is locale dependent how + uppercase and lowercase characters are related. + + `strncasecmp' is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: int wcsncasecmp (const wchar_t *WS1, const wchar_t *S2, + size_t N) + This function is like `wcsncmp', except that differences in case + are ignored. Like `wcscasecmp', it is locale dependent how + uppercase and lowercase characters are related. + + `wcsncasecmp' is a GNU extension. + + Here are some examples showing the use of `strcmp' and `strncmp' +(equivalent examples can be constructed for the wide character +functions). These examples assume the use of the ASCII character set. +(If some other character set--say, EBCDIC--is used instead, then the +glyphs are associated with different numeric codes, and the return +values and ordering may differ.) + + strcmp ("hello", "hello") + => 0 /* These two strings are the same. */ + strcmp ("hello", "Hello") + => 32 /* Comparisons are case-sensitive. */ + strcmp ("hello", "world") + => -15 /* The character `'h'' comes before `'w''. */ + strcmp ("hello", "hello, world") + => -44 /* Comparing a null character against a comma. */ + strncmp ("hello", "hello, world", 5) + => 0 /* The initial 5 characters are the same. */ + strncmp ("hello, world", "hello, stupid world!!!", 5) + => 0 /* The initial 5 characters are the same. */ + + -- Function: int strverscmp (const char *S1, const char *S2) + The `strverscmp' function compares the string S1 against S2, + considering them as holding indices/version numbers. Return value + follows the same conventions as found in the `strverscmp' + function. In fact, if S1 and S2 contain no digits, `strverscmp' + behaves like `strcmp'. + + Basically, we compare strings normally (character by character), + until we find a digit in each string - then we enter a special + comparison mode, where each sequence of digits is taken as a + whole. If we reach the end of these two parts without noticing a + difference, we return to the standard comparison mode. There are + two types of numeric parts: "integral" and "fractional" (those + begin with a '0'). The types of the numeric parts affect the way + we sort them: + + * integral/integral: we compare values as you would expect. + + * fractional/integral: the fractional part is less than the + integral one. Again, no surprise. + + * fractional/fractional: the things become a bit more complex. + If the common prefix contains only leading zeroes, the + longest part is less than the other one; else the comparison + behaves normally. + + strverscmp ("no digit", "no digit") + => 0 /* same behavior as strcmp. */ + strverscmp ("item#99", "item#100") + => <0 /* same prefix, but 99 < 100. */ + strverscmp ("alpha1", "alpha001") + => >0 /* fractional part inferior to integral one. */ + strverscmp ("part1_f012", "part1_f01") + => >0 /* two fractional parts. */ + strverscmp ("foo.009", "foo.0") + => <0 /* idem, but with leading zeroes only. */ + + This function is especially useful when dealing with filename + sorting, because filenames frequently hold indices/version numbers. + + `strverscmp' is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: int bcmp (const void *A1, const void *A2, size_t SIZE) + This is an obsolete alias for `memcmp', derived from BSD. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Collation Functions, Next: Search Functions, Prev: String/Array Comparison, Up: String and Array Utilities + +5.6 Collation Functions +======================= + +In some locales, the conventions for lexicographic ordering differ from +the strict numeric ordering of character codes. For example, in Spanish +most glyphs with diacritical marks such as accents are not considered +distinct letters for the purposes of collation. On the other hand, the +two-character sequence `ll' is treated as a single letter that is +collated immediately after `l'. + + You can use the functions `strcoll' and `strxfrm' (declared in the +headers file `string.h') and `wcscoll' and `wcsxfrm' (declared in the +headers file `wchar') to compare strings using a collation ordering +appropriate for the current locale. The locale used by these functions +in particular can be specified by setting the locale for the +`LC_COLLATE' category; see *note Locales::. + + In the standard C locale, the collation sequence for `strcoll' is +the same as that for `strcmp'. Similarly, `wcscoll' and `wcscmp' are +the same in this situation. + + Effectively, the way these functions work is by applying a mapping to +transform the characters in a string to a byte sequence that represents +the string's position in the collating sequence of the current locale. +Comparing two such byte sequences in a simple fashion is equivalent to +comparing the strings with the locale's collating sequence. + + The functions `strcoll' and `wcscoll' perform this translation +implicitly, in order to do one comparison. By contrast, `strxfrm' and +`wcsxfrm' perform the mapping explicitly. If you are making multiple +comparisons using the same string or set of strings, it is likely to be +more efficient to use `strxfrm' or `wcsxfrm' to transform all the +strings just once, and subsequently compare the transformed strings +with `strcmp' or `wcscmp'. + + -- Function: int strcoll (const char *S1, const char *S2) + The `strcoll' function is similar to `strcmp' but uses the + collating sequence of the current locale for collation (the + `LC_COLLATE' locale). + + -- Function: int wcscoll (const wchar_t *WS1, const wchar_t *WS2) + The `wcscoll' function is similar to `wcscmp' but uses the + collating sequence of the current locale for collation (the + `LC_COLLATE' locale). + + Here is an example of sorting an array of strings, using `strcoll' +to compare them. The actual sort algorithm is not written here; it +comes from `qsort' (*note Array Sort Function::). The job of the code +shown here is to say how to compare the strings while sorting them. +(Later on in this section, we will show a way to do this more +efficiently using `strxfrm'.) + + /* This is the comparison function used with `qsort'. */ + + int + compare_elements (char **p1, char **p2) + { + return strcoll (*p1, *p2); + } + + /* This is the entry point--the function to sort + strings using the locale's collating sequence. */ + + void + sort_strings (char **array, int nstrings) + { + /* Sort `temp_array' by comparing the strings. */ + qsort (array, nstrings, + sizeof (char *), compare_elements); + } + + -- Function: size_t strxfrm (char *restrict TO, const char *restrict + FROM, size_t SIZE) + The function `strxfrm' transforms the string FROM using the + collation transformation determined by the locale currently + selected for collation, and stores the transformed string in the + array TO. Up to SIZE characters (including a terminating null + character) are stored. + + The behavior is undefined if the strings TO and FROM overlap; see + *note Copying and Concatenation::. + + The return value is the length of the entire transformed string. + This value is not affected by the value of SIZE, but if it is + greater or equal than SIZE, it means that the transformed string + did not entirely fit in the array TO. In this case, only as much + of the string as actually fits was stored. To get the whole + transformed string, call `strxfrm' again with a bigger output + array. + + The transformed string may be longer than the original string, and + it may also be shorter. + + If SIZE is zero, no characters are stored in TO. In this case, + `strxfrm' simply returns the number of characters that would be + the length of the transformed string. This is useful for + determining what size the allocated array should be. It does not + matter what TO is if SIZE is zero; TO may even be a null pointer. + + -- Function: size_t wcsxfrm (wchar_t *restrict WTO, const wchar_t + *WFROM, size_t SIZE) + The function `wcsxfrm' transforms wide character string WFROM + using the collation transformation determined by the locale + currently selected for collation, and stores the transformed + string in the array WTO. Up to SIZE wide characters (including a + terminating null character) are stored. + + The behavior is undefined if the strings WTO and WFROM overlap; + see *note Copying and Concatenation::. + + The return value is the length of the entire transformed wide + character string. This value is not affected by the value of + SIZE, but if it is greater or equal than SIZE, it means that the + transformed wide character string did not entirely fit in the + array WTO. In this case, only as much of the wide character + string as actually fits was stored. To get the whole transformed + wide character string, call `wcsxfrm' again with a bigger output + array. + + The transformed wide character string may be longer than the + original wide character string, and it may also be shorter. + + If SIZE is zero, no characters are stored in TO. In this case, + `wcsxfrm' simply returns the number of wide characters that would + be the length of the transformed wide character string. This is + useful for determining what size the allocated array should be + (remember to multiply with `sizeof (wchar_t)'). It does not + matter what WTO is if SIZE is zero; WTO may even be a null pointer. + + Here is an example of how you can use `strxfrm' when you plan to do +many comparisons. It does the same thing as the previous example, but +much faster, because it has to transform each string only once, no +matter how many times it is compared with other strings. Even the time +needed to allocate and free storage is much less than the time we save, +when there are many strings. + + struct sorter { char *input; char *transformed; }; + + /* This is the comparison function used with `qsort' + to sort an array of `struct sorter'. */ + + int + compare_elements (struct sorter *p1, struct sorter *p2) + { + return strcmp (p1->transformed, p2->transformed); + } + + /* This is the entry point--the function to sort + strings using the locale's collating sequence. */ + + void + sort_strings_fast (char **array, int nstrings) + { + struct sorter temp_array[nstrings]; + int i; + + /* Set up `temp_array'. Each element contains + one input string and its transformed string. */ + for (i = 0; i < nstrings; i++) + { + size_t length = strlen (array[i]) * 2; + char *transformed; + size_t transformed_length; + + temp_array[i].input = array[i]; + + /* First try a buffer perhaps big enough. */ + transformed = (char *) xmalloc (length); + + /* Transform `array[i]'. */ + transformed_length = strxfrm (transformed, array[i], length); + + /* If the buffer was not large enough, resize it + and try again. */ + if (transformed_length >= length) + { + /* Allocate the needed space. +1 for terminating + `NUL' character. */ + transformed = (char *) xrealloc (transformed, + transformed_length + 1); + + /* The return value is not interesting because we know + how long the transformed string is. */ + (void) strxfrm (transformed, array[i], + transformed_length + 1); + } + + temp_array[i].transformed = transformed; + } + + /* Sort `temp_array' by comparing transformed strings. */ + qsort (temp_array, sizeof (struct sorter), + nstrings, compare_elements); + + /* Put the elements back in the permanent array + in their sorted order. */ + for (i = 0; i < nstrings; i++) + array[i] = temp_array[i].input; + + /* Free the strings we allocated. */ + for (i = 0; i < nstrings; i++) + free (temp_array[i].transformed); + } + + The interesting part of this code for the wide character version +would look like this: + + void + sort_strings_fast (wchar_t **array, int nstrings) + { + ... + /* Transform `array[i]'. */ + transformed_length = wcsxfrm (transformed, array[i], length); + + /* If the buffer was not large enough, resize it + and try again. */ + if (transformed_length >= length) + { + /* Allocate the needed space. +1 for terminating + `NUL' character. */ + transformed = (wchar_t *) xrealloc (transformed, + (transformed_length + 1) + * sizeof (wchar_t)); + + /* The return value is not interesting because we know + how long the transformed string is. */ + (void) wcsxfrm (transformed, array[i], + transformed_length + 1); + } + ... + +Note the additional multiplication with `sizeof (wchar_t)' in the +`realloc' call. + + *Compatibility Note:* The string collation functions are a new +feature of ISO C90. Older C dialects have no equivalent feature. The +wide character versions were introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Search Functions, Next: Finding Tokens in a String, Prev: Collation Functions, Up: String and Array Utilities + +5.7 Search Functions +==================== + +This section describes library functions which perform various kinds of +searching operations on strings and arrays. These functions are +declared in the header file `string.h'. + + -- Function: void * memchr (const void *BLOCK, int C, size_t SIZE) + This function finds the first occurrence of the byte C (converted + to an `unsigned char') in the initial SIZE bytes of the object + beginning at BLOCK. The return value is a pointer to the located + byte, or a null pointer if no match was found. + + -- Function: wchar_t * wmemchr (const wchar_t *BLOCK, wchar_t WC, + size_t SIZE) + This function finds the first occurrence of the wide character WC + in the initial SIZE wide characters of the object beginning at + BLOCK. The return value is a pointer to the located wide + character, or a null pointer if no match was found. + + -- Function: void * rawmemchr (const void *BLOCK, int C) + Often the `memchr' function is used with the knowledge that the + byte C is available in the memory block specified by the + parameters. But this means that the SIZE parameter is not really + needed and that the tests performed with it at runtime (to check + whether the end of the block is reached) are not needed. + + The `rawmemchr' function exists for just this situation which is + surprisingly frequent. The interface is similar to `memchr' except + that the SIZE parameter is missing. The function will look beyond + the end of the block pointed to by BLOCK in case the programmer + made an error in assuming that the byte C is present in the block. + In this case the result is unspecified. Otherwise the return + value is a pointer to the located byte. + + This function is of special interest when looking for the end of a + string. Since all strings are terminated by a null byte a call + like + + rawmemchr (str, '\0') + + will never go beyond the end of the string. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: void * memrchr (const void *BLOCK, int C, size_t SIZE) + The function `memrchr' is like `memchr', except that it searches + backwards from the end of the block defined by BLOCK and SIZE + (instead of forwards from the front). + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: char * strchr (const char *STRING, int C) + The `strchr' function finds the first occurrence of the character + C (converted to a `char') in the null-terminated string beginning + at STRING. The return value is a pointer to the located + character, or a null pointer if no match was found. + + For example, + strchr ("hello, world", 'l') + => "llo, world" + strchr ("hello, world", '?') + => NULL + + The terminating null character is considered to be part of the + string, so you can use this function get a pointer to the end of a + string by specifying a null character as the value of the C + argument. It would be better (but less portable) to use + `strchrnul' in this case, though. + + -- Function: wchar_t * wcschr (const wchar_t *WSTRING, int WC) + The `wcschr' function finds the first occurrence of the wide + character WC in the null-terminated wide character string + beginning at WSTRING. The return value is a pointer to the + located wide character, or a null pointer if no match was found. + + The terminating null character is considered to be part of the wide + character string, so you can use this function get a pointer to + the end of a wide character string by specifying a null wude + character as the value of the WC argument. It would be better + (but less portable) to use `wcschrnul' in this case, though. + + -- Function: char * strchrnul (const char *STRING, int C) + `strchrnul' is the same as `strchr' except that if it does not + find the character, it returns a pointer to string's terminating + null character rather than a null pointer. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: wchar_t * wcschrnul (const wchar_t *WSTRING, wchar_t WC) + `wcschrnul' is the same as `wcschr' except that if it does not + find the wide character, it returns a pointer to wide character + string's terminating null wide character rather than a null + pointer. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + One useful, but unusual, use of the `strchr' function is when one +wants to have a pointer pointing to the NUL byte terminating a string. +This is often written in this way: + + s += strlen (s); + +This is almost optimal but the addition operation duplicated a bit of +the work already done in the `strlen' function. A better solution is +this: + + s = strchr (s, '\0'); + + There is no restriction on the second parameter of `strchr' so it +could very well also be the NUL character. Those readers thinking very +hard about this might now point out that the `strchr' function is more +expensive than the `strlen' function since we have two abort criteria. +This is right. But in the GNU C library the implementation of `strchr' +is optimized in a special way so that `strchr' actually is faster. + + -- Function: char * strrchr (const char *STRING, int C) + The function `strrchr' is like `strchr', except that it searches + backwards from the end of the string STRING (instead of forwards + from the front). + + For example, + strrchr ("hello, world", 'l') + => "ld" + + -- Function: wchar_t * wcsrchr (const wchar_t *WSTRING, wchar_t C) + The function `wcsrchr' is like `wcschr', except that it searches + backwards from the end of the string WSTRING (instead of forwards + from the front). + + -- Function: char * strstr (const char *HAYSTACK, const char *NEEDLE) + This is like `strchr', except that it searches HAYSTACK for a + substring NEEDLE rather than just a single character. It returns + a pointer into the string HAYSTACK that is the first character of + the substring, or a null pointer if no match was found. If NEEDLE + is an empty string, the function returns HAYSTACK. + + For example, + strstr ("hello, world", "l") + => "llo, world" + strstr ("hello, world", "wo") + => "world" + + -- Function: wchar_t * wcsstr (const wchar_t *HAYSTACK, const wchar_t + *NEEDLE) + This is like `wcschr', except that it searches HAYSTACK for a + substring NEEDLE rather than just a single wide character. It + returns a pointer into the string HAYSTACK that is the first wide + character of the substring, or a null pointer if no match was + found. If NEEDLE is an empty string, the function returns + HAYSTACK. + + -- Function: wchar_t * wcswcs (const wchar_t *HAYSTACK, const wchar_t + *NEEDLE) + `wcswcs' is an deprecated alias for `wcsstr'. This is the name + originally used in the X/Open Portability Guide before the + Amendment 1 to ISO C90 was published. + + -- Function: char * strcasestr (const char *HAYSTACK, const char + *NEEDLE) + This is like `strstr', except that it ignores case in searching for + the substring. Like `strcasecmp', it is locale dependent how + uppercase and lowercase characters are related. + + For example, + strcasestr ("hello, world", "L") + => "llo, world" + strcasestr ("hello, World", "wo") + => "World" + + -- Function: void * memmem (const void *HAYSTACK, size_t HAYSTACK-LEN, + const void *NEEDLE, size_t NEEDLE-LEN) + This is like `strstr', but NEEDLE and HAYSTACK are byte arrays + rather than null-terminated strings. NEEDLE-LEN is the length of + NEEDLE and HAYSTACK-LEN is the length of HAYSTACK. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: size_t strspn (const char *STRING, const char *SKIPSET) + The `strspn' ("string span") function returns the length of the + initial substring of STRING that consists entirely of characters + that are members of the set specified by the string SKIPSET. The + order of the characters in SKIPSET is not important. + + For example, + strspn ("hello, world", "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz") + => 5 + + Note that "character" is here used in the sense of byte. In a + string using a multibyte character encoding (abstract) character + consisting of more than one byte are not treated as an entity. + Each byte is treated separately. The function is not + locale-dependent. + + -- Function: size_t wcsspn (const wchar_t *WSTRING, const wchar_t + *SKIPSET) + The `wcsspn' ("wide character string span") function returns the + length of the initial substring of WSTRING that consists entirely + of wide characters that are members of the set specified by the + string SKIPSET. The order of the wide characters in SKIPSET is not + important. + + -- Function: size_t strcspn (const char *STRING, const char *STOPSET) + The `strcspn' ("string complement span") function returns the + length of the initial substring of STRING that consists entirely + of characters that are _not_ members of the set specified by the + string STOPSET. (In other words, it returns the offset of the + first character in STRING that is a member of the set STOPSET.) + + For example, + strcspn ("hello, world", " \t\n,.;!?") + => 5 + + Note that "character" is here used in the sense of byte. In a + string using a multibyte character encoding (abstract) character + consisting of more than one byte are not treated as an entity. + Each byte is treated separately. The function is not + locale-dependent. + + -- Function: size_t wcscspn (const wchar_t *WSTRING, const wchar_t + *STOPSET) + The `wcscspn' ("wide character string complement span") function + returns the length of the initial substring of WSTRING that + consists entirely of wide characters that are _not_ members of the + set specified by the string STOPSET. (In other words, it returns + the offset of the first character in STRING that is a member of + the set STOPSET.) + + -- Function: char * strpbrk (const char *STRING, const char *STOPSET) + The `strpbrk' ("string pointer break") function is related to + `strcspn', except that it returns a pointer to the first character + in STRING that is a member of the set STOPSET instead of the + length of the initial substring. It returns a null pointer if no + such character from STOPSET is found. + + For example, + + strpbrk ("hello, world", " \t\n,.;!?") + => ", world" + + Note that "character" is here used in the sense of byte. In a + string using a multibyte character encoding (abstract) character + consisting of more than one byte are not treated as an entity. + Each byte is treated separately. The function is not + locale-dependent. + + -- Function: wchar_t * wcspbrk (const wchar_t *WSTRING, const wchar_t + *STOPSET) + The `wcspbrk' ("wide character string pointer break") function is + related to `wcscspn', except that it returns a pointer to the first + wide character in WSTRING that is a member of the set STOPSET + instead of the length of the initial substring. It returns a null + pointer if no such character from STOPSET is found. + +5.7.1 Compatibility String Search Functions +------------------------------------------- + + -- Function: char * index (const char *STRING, int C) + `index' is another name for `strchr'; they are exactly the same. + New code should always use `strchr' since this name is defined in + ISO C while `index' is a BSD invention which never was available + on System V derived systems. + + -- Function: char * rindex (const char *STRING, int C) + `rindex' is another name for `strrchr'; they are exactly the same. + New code should always use `strrchr' since this name is defined in + ISO C while `rindex' is a BSD invention which never was available + on System V derived systems. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Finding Tokens in a String, Next: strfry, Prev: Search Functions, Up: String and Array Utilities + +5.8 Finding Tokens in a String +============================== + +It's fairly common for programs to have a need to do some simple kinds +of lexical analysis and parsing, such as splitting a command string up +into tokens. You can do this with the `strtok' function, declared in +the header file `string.h'. + + -- Function: char * strtok (char *restrict NEWSTRING, const char + *restrict DELIMITERS) + A string can be split into tokens by making a series of calls to + the function `strtok'. + + The string to be split up is passed as the NEWSTRING argument on + the first call only. The `strtok' function uses this to set up + some internal state information. Subsequent calls to get + additional tokens from the same string are indicated by passing a + null pointer as the NEWSTRING argument. Calling `strtok' with + another non-null NEWSTRING argument reinitializes the state + information. It is guaranteed that no other library function ever + calls `strtok' behind your back (which would mess up this internal + state information). + + The DELIMITERS argument is a string that specifies a set of + delimiters that may surround the token being extracted. All the + initial characters that are members of this set are discarded. + The first character that is _not_ a member of this set of + delimiters marks the beginning of the next token. The end of the + token is found by looking for the next character that is a member + of the delimiter set. This character in the original string + NEWSTRING is overwritten by a null character, and the pointer to + the beginning of the token in NEWSTRING is returned. + + On the next call to `strtok', the searching begins at the next + character beyond the one that marked the end of the previous token. + Note that the set of delimiters DELIMITERS do not have to be the + same on every call in a series of calls to `strtok'. + + If the end of the string NEWSTRING is reached, or if the remainder + of string consists only of delimiter characters, `strtok' returns + a null pointer. + + Note that "character" is here used in the sense of byte. In a + string using a multibyte character encoding (abstract) character + consisting of more than one byte are not treated as an entity. + Each byte is treated separately. The function is not + locale-dependent. + + -- Function: wchar_t * wcstok (wchar_t *NEWSTRING, const char + *DELIMITERS) + A string can be split into tokens by making a series of calls to + the function `wcstok'. + + The string to be split up is passed as the NEWSTRING argument on + the first call only. The `wcstok' function uses this to set up + some internal state information. Subsequent calls to get + additional tokens from the same wide character string are + indicated by passing a null pointer as the NEWSTRING argument. + Calling `wcstok' with another non-null NEWSTRING argument + reinitializes the state information. It is guaranteed that no + other library function ever calls `wcstok' behind your back (which + would mess up this internal state information). + + The DELIMITERS argument is a wide character string that specifies + a set of delimiters that may surround the token being extracted. + All the initial wide characters that are members of this set are + discarded. The first wide character that is _not_ a member of + this set of delimiters marks the beginning of the next token. The + end of the token is found by looking for the next wide character + that is a member of the delimiter set. This wide character in the + original wide character string NEWSTRING is overwritten by a null + wide character, and the pointer to the beginning of the token in + NEWSTRING is returned. + + On the next call to `wcstok', the searching begins at the next + wide character beyond the one that marked the end of the previous + token. Note that the set of delimiters DELIMITERS do not have to + be the same on every call in a series of calls to `wcstok'. + + If the end of the wide character string NEWSTRING is reached, or + if the remainder of string consists only of delimiter wide + characters, `wcstok' returns a null pointer. + + Note that "character" is here used in the sense of byte. In a + string using a multibyte character encoding (abstract) character + consisting of more than one byte are not treated as an entity. + Each byte is treated separately. The function is not + locale-dependent. + + *Warning:* Since `strtok' and `wcstok' alter the string they is +parsing, you should always copy the string to a temporary buffer before +parsing it with `strtok'/`wcstok' (*note Copying and Concatenation::). +If you allow `strtok' or `wcstok' to modify a string that came from +another part of your program, you are asking for trouble; that string +might be used for other purposes after `strtok' or `wcstok' has +modified it, and it would not have the expected value. + + The string that you are operating on might even be a constant. Then +when `strtok' or `wcstok' tries to modify it, your program will get a +fatal signal for writing in read-only memory. *Note Program Error +Signals::. Even if the operation of `strtok' or `wcstok' would not +require a modification of the string (e.g., if there is exactly one +token) the string can (and in the GNU libc case will) be modified. + + This is a special case of a general principle: if a part of a program +does not have as its purpose the modification of a certain data +structure, then it is error-prone to modify the data structure +temporarily. + + The functions `strtok' and `wcstok' are not reentrant. *Note +Nonreentrancy::, for a discussion of where and why reentrancy is +important. + + Here is a simple example showing the use of `strtok'. + + #include + #include + + ... + + const char string[] = "words separated by spaces -- and, punctuation!"; + const char delimiters[] = " .,;:!-"; + char *token, *cp; + + ... + + cp = strdupa (string); /* Make writable copy. */ + token = strtok (cp, delimiters); /* token => "words" */ + token = strtok (NULL, delimiters); /* token => "separated" */ + token = strtok (NULL, delimiters); /* token => "by" */ + token = strtok (NULL, delimiters); /* token => "spaces" */ + token = strtok (NULL, delimiters); /* token => "and" */ + token = strtok (NULL, delimiters); /* token => "punctuation" */ + token = strtok (NULL, delimiters); /* token => NULL */ + + The GNU C library contains two more functions for tokenizing a string +which overcome the limitation of non-reentrancy. They are only +available for multibyte character strings. + + -- Function: char * strtok_r (char *NEWSTRING, const char *DELIMITERS, + char **SAVE_PTR) + Just like `strtok', this function splits the string into several + tokens which can be accessed by successive calls to `strtok_r'. + The difference is that the information about the next token is + stored in the space pointed to by the third argument, SAVE_PTR, + which is a pointer to a string pointer. Calling `strtok_r' with a + null pointer for NEWSTRING and leaving SAVE_PTR between the calls + unchanged does the job without hindering reentrancy. + + This function is defined in POSIX.1 and can be found on many + systems which support multi-threading. + + -- Function: char * strsep (char **STRING_PTR, const char *DELIMITER) + This function has a similar functionality as `strtok_r' with the + NEWSTRING argument replaced by the SAVE_PTR argument. The + initialization of the moving pointer has to be done by the user. + Successive calls to `strsep' move the pointer along the tokens + separated by DELIMITER, returning the address of the next token + and updating STRING_PTR to point to the beginning of the next + token. + + One difference between `strsep' and `strtok_r' is that if the + input string contains more than one character from DELIMITER in a + row `strsep' returns an empty string for each pair of characters + from DELIMITER. This means that a program normally should test + for `strsep' returning an empty string before processing it. + + This function was introduced in 4.3BSD and therefore is widely + available. + + Here is how the above example looks like when `strsep' is used. + + #include + #include + + ... + + const char string[] = "words separated by spaces -- and, punctuation!"; + const char delimiters[] = " .,;:!-"; + char *running; + char *token; + + ... + + running = strdupa (string); + token = strsep (&running, delimiters); /* token => "words" */ + token = strsep (&running, delimiters); /* token => "separated" */ + token = strsep (&running, delimiters); /* token => "by" */ + token = strsep (&running, delimiters); /* token => "spaces" */ + token = strsep (&running, delimiters); /* token => "" */ + token = strsep (&running, delimiters); /* token => "" */ + token = strsep (&running, delimiters); /* token => "" */ + token = strsep (&running, delimiters); /* token => "and" */ + token = strsep (&running, delimiters); /* token => "" */ + token = strsep (&running, delimiters); /* token => "punctuation" */ + token = strsep (&running, delimiters); /* token => "" */ + token = strsep (&running, delimiters); /* token => NULL */ + + -- Function: char * basename (const char *FILENAME) + The GNU version of the `basename' function returns the last + component of the path in FILENAME. This function is the preferred + usage, since it does not modify the argument, FILENAME, and + respects trailing slashes. The prototype for `basename' can be + found in `string.h'. Note, this function is overriden by the XPG + version, if `libgen.h' is included. + + Example of using GNU `basename': + + #include + + int + main (int argc, char *argv[]) + { + char *prog = basename (argv[0]); + + if (argc < 2) + { + fprintf (stderr, "Usage %s \n", prog); + exit (1); + } + + ... + } + + *Portability Note:* This function may produce different results on + different systems. + + + -- Function: char * basename (char *PATH) + This is the standard XPG defined `basename'. It is similar in + spirit to the GNU version, but may modify the PATH by removing + trailing '/' characters. If the PATH is made up entirely of '/' + characters, then "/" will be returned. Also, if PATH is `NULL' or + an empty string, then "." is returned. The prototype for the XPG + version can be found in `libgen.h'. + + Example of using XPG `basename': + + #include + + int + main (int argc, char *argv[]) + { + char *prog; + char *path = strdupa (argv[0]); + + prog = basename (path); + + if (argc < 2) + { + fprintf (stderr, "Usage %s \n", prog); + exit (1); + } + + ... + + } + + -- Function: char * dirname (char *PATH) + The `dirname' function is the compliment to the XPG version of + `basename'. It returns the parent directory of the file specified + by PATH. If PATH is `NULL', an empty string, or contains no '/' + characters, then "." is returned. The prototype for this function + can be found in `libgen.h'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: strfry, Next: Trivial Encryption, Prev: Finding Tokens in a String, Up: String and Array Utilities + +5.9 strfry +========== + +The function below addresses the perennial programming quandary: "How do +I take good data in string form and painlessly turn it into garbage?" +This is actually a fairly simple task for C programmers who do not use +the GNU C library string functions, but for programs based on the GNU C +library, the `strfry' function is the preferred method for destroying +string data. + + The prototype for this function is in `string.h'. + + -- Function: char * strfry (char *STRING) + `strfry' creates a pseudorandom anagram of a string, replacing the + input with the anagram in place. For each position in the string, + `strfry' swaps it with a position in the string selected at random + (from a uniform distribution). The two positions may be the same. + + The return value of `strfry' is always STRING. + + *Portability Note:* This function is unique to the GNU C library. + + + +File: libc.info, Node: Trivial Encryption, Next: Encode Binary Data, Prev: strfry, Up: String and Array Utilities + +5.10 Trivial Encryption +======================= + +The `memfrob' function converts an array of data to something +unrecognizable and back again. It is not encryption in its usual sense +since it is easy for someone to convert the encrypted data back to clear +text. The transformation is analogous to Usenet's "Rot13" encryption +method for obscuring offensive jokes from sensitive eyes and such. +Unlike Rot13, `memfrob' works on arbitrary binary data, not just text. + + For true encryption, *Note Cryptographic Functions::. + + This function is declared in `string.h'. + + -- Function: void * memfrob (void *MEM, size_t LENGTH) + `memfrob' transforms (frobnicates) each byte of the data structure + at MEM, which is LENGTH bytes long, by bitwise exclusive oring it + with binary 00101010. It does the transformation in place and its + return value is always MEM. + + Note that `memfrob' a second time on the same data structure + returns it to its original state. + + This is a good function for hiding information from someone who + doesn't want to see it or doesn't want to see it very much. To + really prevent people from retrieving the information, use + stronger encryption such as that described in *Note Cryptographic + Functions::. + + *Portability Note:* This function is unique to the GNU C library. + + + +File: libc.info, Node: Encode Binary Data, Next: Argz and Envz Vectors, Prev: Trivial Encryption, Up: String and Array Utilities + +5.11 Encode Binary Data +======================= + +To store or transfer binary data in environments which only support text +one has to encode the binary data by mapping the input bytes to +characters in the range allowed for storing or transfering. SVID +systems (and nowadays XPG compliant systems) provide minimal support for +this task. + + -- Function: char * l64a (long int N) + This function encodes a 32-bit input value using characters from + the basic character set. It returns a pointer to a 7 character + buffer which contains an encoded version of N. To encode a series + of bytes the user must copy the returned string to a destination + buffer. It returns the empty string if N is zero, which is + somewhat bizarre but mandated by the standard. + *Warning:* Since a static buffer is used this function should not + be used in multi-threaded programs. There is no thread-safe + alternative to this function in the C library. + *Compatibility Note:* The XPG standard states that the return + value of `l64a' is undefined if N is negative. In the GNU + implementation, `l64a' treats its argument as unsigned, so it will + return a sensible encoding for any nonzero N; however, portable + programs should not rely on this. + + To encode a large buffer `l64a' must be called in a loop, once for + each 32-bit word of the buffer. For example, one could do + something like this: + + char * + encode (const void *buf, size_t len) + { + /* We know in advance how long the buffer has to be. */ + unsigned char *in = (unsigned char *) buf; + char *out = malloc (6 + ((len + 3) / 4) * 6 + 1); + char *cp = out, *p; + + /* Encode the length. */ + /* Using `htonl' is necessary so that the data can be + decoded even on machines with different byte order. + `l64a' can return a string shorter than 6 bytes, so + we pad it with encoding of 0 ('.') at the end by + hand. */ + + p = stpcpy (cp, l64a (htonl (len))); + cp = mempcpy (p, "......", 6 - (p - cp)); + + while (len > 3) + { + unsigned long int n = *in++; + n = (n << 8) | *in++; + n = (n << 8) | *in++; + n = (n << 8) | *in++; + len -= 4; + p = stpcpy (cp, l64a (htonl (n))); + cp = mempcpy (p, "......", 6 - (p - cp)); + } + if (len > 0) + { + unsigned long int n = *in++; + if (--len > 0) + { + n = (n << 8) | *in++; + if (--len > 0) + n = (n << 8) | *in; + } + cp = stpcpy (cp, l64a (htonl (n))); + } + *cp = '\0'; + return out; + } + + It is strange that the library does not provide the complete + functionality needed but so be it. + + + To decode data produced with `l64a' the following function should be +used. + + -- Function: long int a64l (const char *STRING) + The parameter STRING should contain a string which was produced by + a call to `l64a'. The function processes at least 6 characters of + this string, and decodes the characters it finds according to the + table below. It stops decoding when it finds a character not in + the table, rather like `atoi'; if you have a buffer which has been + broken into lines, you must be careful to skip over the + end-of-line characters. + + The decoded number is returned as a `long int' value. + + The `l64a' and `a64l' functions use a base 64 encoding, in which +each character of an encoded string represents six bits of an input +word. These symbols are used for the base 64 digits: + + 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +0 `.' `/' `0' `1' `2' `3' `4' `5' +8 `6' `7' `8' `9' `A' `B' `C' `D' +16 `E' `F' `G' `H' `I' `J' `K' `L' +24 `M' `N' `O' `P' `Q' `R' `S' `T' +32 `U' `V' `W' `X' `Y' `Z' `a' `b' +40 `c' `d' `e' `f' `g' `h' `i' `j' +48 `k' `l' `m' `n' `o' `p' `q' `r' +56 `s' `t' `u' `v' `w' `x' `y' `z' + + This encoding scheme is not standard. There are some other encoding +methods which are much more widely used (UU encoding, MIME encoding). +Generally, it is better to use one of these encodings. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Argz and Envz Vectors, Prev: Encode Binary Data, Up: String and Array Utilities + +5.12 Argz and Envz Vectors +========================== + +"argz vectors" are vectors of strings in a contiguous block of memory, +each element separated from its neighbors by null-characters (`'\0''). + + "Envz vectors" are an extension of argz vectors where each element +is a name-value pair, separated by a `'='' character (as in a Unix +environment). + +* Menu: + +* Argz Functions:: Operations on argz vectors. +* Envz Functions:: Additional operations on environment vectors. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Argz Functions, Next: Envz Functions, Up: Argz and Envz Vectors + +5.12.1 Argz Functions +--------------------- + +Each argz vector is represented by a pointer to the first element, of +type `char *', and a size, of type `size_t', both of which can be +initialized to `0' to represent an empty argz vector. All argz +functions accept either a pointer and a size argument, or pointers to +them, if they will be modified. + + The argz functions use `malloc'/`realloc' to allocate/grow argz +vectors, and so any argz vector creating using these functions may be +freed by using `free'; conversely, any argz function that may grow a +string expects that string to have been allocated using `malloc' (those +argz functions that only examine their arguments or modify them in +place will work on any sort of memory). *Note Unconstrained +Allocation::. + + All argz functions that do memory allocation have a return type of +`error_t', and return `0' for success, and `ENOMEM' if an allocation +error occurs. + + These functions are declared in the standard include file `argz.h'. + + -- Function: error_t argz_create (char *const ARGV[], char **ARGZ, + size_t *ARGZ_LEN) + The `argz_create' function converts the Unix-style argument vector + ARGV (a vector of pointers to normal C strings, terminated by + `(char *)0'; *note Program Arguments::) into an argz vector with + the same elements, which is returned in ARGZ and ARGZ_LEN. + + -- Function: error_t argz_create_sep (const char *STRING, int SEP, + char **ARGZ, size_t *ARGZ_LEN) + The `argz_create_sep' function converts the null-terminated string + STRING into an argz vector (returned in ARGZ and ARGZ_LEN) by + splitting it into elements at every occurrence of the character + SEP. + + -- Function: size_t argz_count (const char *ARGZ, size_t ARG_LEN) + Returns the number of elements in the argz vector ARGZ and + ARGZ_LEN. + + -- Function: void argz_extract (char *ARGZ, size_t ARGZ_LEN, char + **ARGV) + The `argz_extract' function converts the argz vector ARGZ and + ARGZ_LEN into a Unix-style argument vector stored in ARGV, by + putting pointers to every element in ARGZ into successive + positions in ARGV, followed by a terminator of `0'. ARGV must be + pre-allocated with enough space to hold all the elements in ARGZ + plus the terminating `(char *)0' (`(argz_count (ARGZ, ARGZ_LEN) + + 1) * sizeof (char *)' bytes should be enough). Note that the + string pointers stored into ARGV point into ARGZ--they are not + copies--and so ARGZ must be copied if it will be changed while + ARGV is still active. This function is useful for passing the + elements in ARGZ to an exec function (*note Executing a File::). + + -- Function: void argz_stringify (char *ARGZ, size_t LEN, int SEP) + The `argz_stringify' converts ARGZ into a normal string with the + elements separated by the character SEP, by replacing each `'\0'' + inside ARGZ (except the last one, which terminates the string) + with SEP. This is handy for printing ARGZ in a readable manner. + + -- Function: error_t argz_add (char **ARGZ, size_t *ARGZ_LEN, const + char *STR) + The `argz_add' function adds the string STR to the end of the argz + vector `*ARGZ', and updates `*ARGZ' and `*ARGZ_LEN' accordingly. + + -- Function: error_t argz_add_sep (char **ARGZ, size_t *ARGZ_LEN, + const char *STR, int DELIM) + The `argz_add_sep' function is similar to `argz_add', but STR is + split into separate elements in the result at occurrences of the + character DELIM. This is useful, for instance, for adding the + components of a Unix search path to an argz vector, by using a + value of `':'' for DELIM. + + -- Function: error_t argz_append (char **ARGZ, size_t *ARGZ_LEN, const + char *BUF, size_t BUF_LEN) + The `argz_append' function appends BUF_LEN bytes starting at BUF + to the argz vector `*ARGZ', reallocating `*ARGZ' to accommodate + it, and adding BUF_LEN to `*ARGZ_LEN'. + + -- Function: void argz_delete (char **ARGZ, size_t *ARGZ_LEN, char + *ENTRY) + If ENTRY points to the beginning of one of the elements in the + argz vector `*ARGZ', the `argz_delete' function will remove this + entry and reallocate `*ARGZ', modifying `*ARGZ' and `*ARGZ_LEN' + accordingly. Note that as destructive argz functions usually + reallocate their argz argument, pointers into argz vectors such as + ENTRY will then become invalid. + + -- Function: error_t argz_insert (char **ARGZ, size_t *ARGZ_LEN, char + *BEFORE, const char *ENTRY) + The `argz_insert' function inserts the string ENTRY into the argz + vector `*ARGZ' at a point just before the existing element pointed + to by BEFORE, reallocating `*ARGZ' and updating `*ARGZ' and + `*ARGZ_LEN'. If BEFORE is `0', ENTRY is added to the end instead + (as if by `argz_add'). Since the first element is in fact the + same as `*ARGZ', passing in `*ARGZ' as the value of BEFORE will + result in ENTRY being inserted at the beginning. + + -- Function: char * argz_next (char *ARGZ, size_t ARGZ_LEN, const char + *ENTRY) + The `argz_next' function provides a convenient way of iterating + over the elements in the argz vector ARGZ. It returns a pointer + to the next element in ARGZ after the element ENTRY, or `0' if + there are no elements following ENTRY. If ENTRY is `0', the first + element of ARGZ is returned. + + This behavior suggests two styles of iteration: + + char *entry = 0; + while ((entry = argz_next (ARGZ, ARGZ_LEN, entry))) + ACTION; + + (the double parentheses are necessary to make some C compilers + shut up about what they consider a questionable `while'-test) and: + + char *entry; + for (entry = ARGZ; + entry; + entry = argz_next (ARGZ, ARGZ_LEN, entry)) + ACTION; + + Note that the latter depends on ARGZ having a value of `0' if it + is empty (rather than a pointer to an empty block of memory); this + invariant is maintained for argz vectors created by the functions + here. + + -- Function: error_t argz_replace (char **ARGZ, size_t *ARGZ_LEN, + const char *STR, const char *WITH, unsigned *REPLACE_COUNT) + Replace any occurrences of the string STR in ARGZ with WITH, + reallocating ARGZ as necessary. If REPLACE_COUNT is non-zero, + `*REPLACE_COUNT' will be incremented by number of replacements + performed. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Envz Functions, Prev: Argz Functions, Up: Argz and Envz Vectors + +5.12.2 Envz Functions +--------------------- + +Envz vectors are just argz vectors with additional constraints on the +form of each element; as such, argz functions can also be used on them, +where it makes sense. + + Each element in an envz vector is a name-value pair, separated by a +`'='' character; if multiple `'='' characters are present in an +element, those after the first are considered part of the value, and +treated like all other non-`'\0'' characters. + + If _no_ `'='' characters are present in an element, that element is +considered the name of a "null" entry, as distinct from an entry with an +empty value: `envz_get' will return `0' if given the name of null +entry, whereas an entry with an empty value would result in a value of +`""'; `envz_entry' will still find such entries, however. Null entries +can be removed with `envz_strip' function. + + As with argz functions, envz functions that may allocate memory (and +thus fail) have a return type of `error_t', and return either `0' or +`ENOMEM'. + + These functions are declared in the standard include file `envz.h'. + + -- Function: char * envz_entry (const char *ENVZ, size_t ENVZ_LEN, + const char *NAME) + The `envz_entry' function finds the entry in ENVZ with the name + NAME, and returns a pointer to the whole entry--that is, the argz + element which begins with NAME followed by a `'='' character. If + there is no entry with that name, `0' is returned. + + -- Function: char * envz_get (const char *ENVZ, size_t ENVZ_LEN, const + char *NAME) + The `envz_get' function finds the entry in ENVZ with the name NAME + (like `envz_entry'), and returns a pointer to the value portion of + that entry (following the `'=''). If there is no entry with that + name (or only a null entry), `0' is returned. + + -- Function: error_t envz_add (char **ENVZ, size_t *ENVZ_LEN, const + char *NAME, const char *VALUE) + The `envz_add' function adds an entry to `*ENVZ' (updating `*ENVZ' + and `*ENVZ_LEN') with the name NAME, and value VALUE. If an entry + with the same name already exists in ENVZ, it is removed first. + If VALUE is `0', then the new entry will the special null type of + entry (mentioned above). + + -- Function: error_t envz_merge (char **ENVZ, size_t *ENVZ_LEN, const + char *ENVZ2, size_t ENVZ2_LEN, int OVERRIDE) + The `envz_merge' function adds each entry in ENVZ2 to ENVZ, as if + with `envz_add', updating `*ENVZ' and `*ENVZ_LEN'. If OVERRIDE is + true, then values in ENVZ2 will supersede those with the same name + in ENVZ, otherwise not. + + Null entries are treated just like other entries in this respect, + so a null entry in ENVZ can prevent an entry of the same name in + ENVZ2 from being added to ENVZ, if OVERRIDE is false. + + -- Function: void envz_strip (char **ENVZ, size_t *ENVZ_LEN) + The `envz_strip' function removes any null entries from ENVZ, + updating `*ENVZ' and `*ENVZ_LEN'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Character Set Handling, Next: Locales, Prev: String and Array Utilities, Up: Top + +6 Character Set Handling +************************ + +Character sets used in the early days of computing had only six, seven, +or eight bits for each character: there was never a case where more than +eight bits (one byte) were used to represent a single character. The +limitations of this approach became more apparent as more people +grappled with non-Roman character sets, where not all the characters +that make up a language's character set can be represented by 2^8 +choices. This chapter shows the functionality that was added to the C +library to support multiple character sets. + +* Menu: + +* Extended Char Intro:: Introduction to Extended Characters. +* Charset Function Overview:: Overview about Character Handling + Functions. +* Restartable multibyte conversion:: Restartable multibyte conversion + Functions. +* Non-reentrant Conversion:: Non-reentrant Conversion Function. +* Generic Charset Conversion:: Generic Charset Conversion. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Extended Char Intro, Next: Charset Function Overview, Up: Character Set Handling + +6.1 Introduction to Extended Characters +======================================= + +A variety of solutions is available to overcome the differences between +character sets with a 1:1 relation between bytes and characters and +character sets with ratios of 2:1 or 4:1. The remainder of this +section gives a few examples to help understand the design decisions +made while developing the functionality of the C library. + + A distinction we have to make right away is between internal and +external representation. "Internal representation" means the +representation used by a program while keeping the text in memory. +External representations are used when text is stored or transmitted +through some communication channel. Examples of external +representations include files waiting in a directory to be read and +parsed. + + Traditionally there has been no difference between the two +representations. It was equally comfortable and useful to use the same +single-byte representation internally and externally. This comfort +level decreases with more and larger character sets. + + One of the problems to overcome with the internal representation is +handling text that is externally encoded using different character +sets. Assume a program that reads two texts and compares them using +some metric. The comparison can be usefully done only if the texts are +internally kept in a common format. + + For such a common format (= character set) eight bits are certainly +no longer enough. So the smallest entity will have to grow: "wide +characters" will now be used. Instead of one byte per character, two or +four will be used instead. (Three are not good to address in memory and +more than four bytes seem not to be necessary). + + As shown in some other part of this manual, a completely new family +has been created of functions that can handle wide character texts in +memory. The most commonly used character sets for such internal wide +character representations are Unicode and ISO 10646 (also known as UCS +for Universal Character Set). Unicode was originally planned as a +16-bit character set; whereas, ISO 10646 was designed to be a 31-bit +large code space. The two standards are practically identical. They +have the same character repertoire and code table, but Unicode specifies +added semantics. At the moment, only characters in the first `0x10000' +code positions (the so-called Basic Multilingual Plane, BMP) have been +assigned, but the assignment of more specialized characters outside this +16-bit space is already in progress. A number of encodings have been +defined for Unicode and ISO 10646 characters: UCS-2 is a 16-bit word +that can only represent characters from the BMP, UCS-4 is a 32-bit word +than can represent any Unicode and ISO 10646 character, UTF-8 is an +ASCII compatible encoding where ASCII characters are represented by +ASCII bytes and non-ASCII characters by sequences of 2-6 non-ASCII +bytes, and finally UTF-16 is an extension of UCS-2 in which pairs of +certain UCS-2 words can be used to encode non-BMP characters up to +`0x10ffff'. + + To represent wide characters the `char' type is not suitable. For +this reason the ISO C standard introduces a new type that is designed +to keep one character of a wide character string. To maintain the +similarity there is also a type corresponding to `int' for those +functions that take a single wide character. + + -- Data type: wchar_t + This data type is used as the base type for wide character strings. + In other words, arrays of objects of this type are the equivalent + of `char[]' for multibyte character strings. The type is defined + in `stddef.h'. + + The ISO C90 standard, where `wchar_t' was introduced, does not say + anything specific about the representation. It only requires that + this type is capable of storing all elements of the basic + character set. Therefore it would be legitimate to define + `wchar_t' as `char', which might make sense for embedded systems. + + But for GNU systems `wchar_t' is always 32 bits wide and, + therefore, capable of representing all UCS-4 values and, + therefore, covering all of ISO 10646. Some Unix systems define + `wchar_t' as a 16-bit type and thereby follow Unicode very + strictly. This definition is perfectly fine with the standard, + but it also means that to represent all characters from Unicode + and ISO 10646 one has to use UTF-16 surrogate characters, which is + in fact a multi-wide-character encoding. But resorting to + multi-wide-character encoding contradicts the purpose of the + `wchar_t' type. + + -- Data type: wint_t + `wint_t' is a data type used for parameters and variables that + contain a single wide character. As the name suggests this type + is the equivalent of `int' when using the normal `char' strings. + The types `wchar_t' and `wint_t' often have the same + representation if their size is 32 bits wide but if `wchar_t' is + defined as `char' the type `wint_t' must be defined as `int' due + to the parameter promotion. + + This type is defined in `wchar.h' and was introduced in + Amendment 1 to ISO C90. + + As there are for the `char' data type macros are available for +specifying the minimum and maximum value representable in an object of +type `wchar_t'. + + -- Macro: wint_t WCHAR_MIN + The macro `WCHAR_MIN' evaluates to the minimum value representable + by an object of type `wint_t'. + + This macro was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90. + + -- Macro: wint_t WCHAR_MAX + The macro `WCHAR_MAX' evaluates to the maximum value representable + by an object of type `wint_t'. + + This macro was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90. + + Another special wide character value is the equivalent to `EOF'. + + -- Macro: wint_t WEOF + The macro `WEOF' evaluates to a constant expression of type + `wint_t' whose value is different from any member of the extended + character set. + + `WEOF' need not be the same value as `EOF' and unlike `EOF' it + also need _not_ be negative. In other words, sloppy code like + + { + int c; + ... + while ((c = getc (fp)) < 0) + ... + } + + has to be rewritten to use `WEOF' explicitly when wide characters + are used: + + { + wint_t c; + ... + while ((c = wgetc (fp)) != WEOF) + ... + } + + This macro was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90 and is defined + in `wchar.h'. + + These internal representations present problems when it comes to +storing and transmittal. Because each single wide character consists +of more than one byte, they are effected by byte-ordering. Thus, +machines with different endianesses would see different values when +accessing the same data. This byte ordering concern also applies for +communication protocols that are all byte-based and therefore require +that the sender has to decide about splitting the wide character in +bytes. A last (but not least important) point is that wide characters +often require more storage space than a customized byte-oriented +character set. + + For all the above reasons, an external encoding that is different +from the internal encoding is often used if the latter is UCS-2 or +UCS-4. The external encoding is byte-based and can be chosen +appropriately for the environment and for the texts to be handled. A +variety of different character sets can be used for this external +encoding (information that will not be exhaustively presented +here-instead, a description of the major groups will suffice). All of +the ASCII-based character sets fulfill one requirement: they are +"filesystem safe." This means that the character `'/'' is used in the +encoding _only_ to represent itself. Things are a bit different for +character sets like EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange +Code, a character set family used by IBM), but if the operation system +does not understand EBCDIC directly the parameters-to-system calls have +to be converted first anyhow. + + * The simplest character sets are single-byte character sets. There + can be only up to 256 characters (for 8 bit character sets), which + is not sufficient to cover all languages but might be sufficient + to handle a specific text. Handling of a 8 bit character sets is + simple. This is not true for other kinds presented later, and + therefore, the application one uses might require the use of 8 bit + character sets. + + * The ISO 2022 standard defines a mechanism for extended character + sets where one character _can_ be represented by more than one + byte. This is achieved by associating a state with the text. + Characters that can be used to change the state can be embedded in + the text. Each byte in the text might have a different + interpretation in each state. The state might even influence + whether a given byte stands for a character on its own or whether + it has to be combined with some more bytes. + + In most uses of ISO 2022 the defined character sets do not allow + state changes that cover more than the next character. This has + the big advantage that whenever one can identify the beginning of + the byte sequence of a character one can interpret a text + correctly. Examples of character sets using this policy are the + various EUC character sets (used by Sun's operations systems, + EUC-JP, EUC-KR, EUC-TW, and EUC-CN) or Shift_JIS (SJIS, a Japanese + encoding). + + But there are also character sets using a state that is valid for + more than one character and has to be changed by another byte + sequence. Examples for this are ISO-2022-JP, ISO-2022-KR, and + ISO-2022-CN. + + * Early attempts to fix 8 bit character sets for other languages + using the Roman alphabet lead to character sets like ISO 6937. + Here bytes representing characters like the acute accent do not + produce output themselves: one has to combine them with other + characters to get the desired result. For example, the byte + sequence `0xc2 0x61' (non-spacing acute accent, followed by + lower-case `a') to get the "small a with acute" character. To + get the acute accent character on its own, one has to write `0xc2 + 0x20' (the non-spacing acute followed by a space). + + Character sets like ISO 6937 are used in some embedded systems such + as teletex. + + * Instead of converting the Unicode or ISO 10646 text used + internally, it is often also sufficient to simply use an encoding + different than UCS-2/UCS-4. The Unicode and ISO 10646 standards + even specify such an encoding: UTF-8. This encoding is able to + represent all of ISO 10646 31 bits in a byte string of length one + to six. + + There were a few other attempts to encode ISO 10646 such as UTF-7, + but UTF-8 is today the only encoding that should be used. In + fact, with any luck UTF-8 will soon be the only external encoding + that has to be supported. It proves to be universally usable and + its only disadvantage is that it favors Roman languages by making + the byte string representation of other scripts (Cyrillic, Greek, + Asian scripts) longer than necessary if using a specific character + set for these scripts. Methods like the Unicode compression + scheme can alleviate these problems. + + The question remaining is: how to select the character set or +encoding to use. The answer: you cannot decide about it yourself, it +is decided by the developers of the system or the majority of the +users. Since the goal is interoperability one has to use whatever the +other people one works with use. If there are no constraints, the +selection is based on the requirements the expected circle of users +will have. In other words, if a project is expected to be used in +only, say, Russia it is fine to use KOI8-R or a similar character set. +But if at the same time people from, say, Greece are participating one +should use a character set that allows all people to collaborate. + + The most widely useful solution seems to be: go with the most general +character set, namely ISO 10646. Use UTF-8 as the external encoding +and problems about users not being able to use their own language +adequately are a thing of the past. + + One final comment about the choice of the wide character +representation is necessary at this point. We have said above that the +natural choice is using Unicode or ISO 10646. This is not required, +but at least encouraged, by the ISO C standard. The standard defines +at least a macro `__STDC_ISO_10646__' that is only defined on systems +where the `wchar_t' type encodes ISO 10646 characters. If this symbol +is not defined one should avoid making assumptions about the wide +character representation. If the programmer uses only the functions +provided by the C library to handle wide character strings there should +be no compatibility problems with other systems. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Charset Function Overview, Next: Restartable multibyte conversion, Prev: Extended Char Intro, Up: Character Set Handling + +6.2 Overview about Character Handling Functions +=============================================== + +A Unix C library contains three different sets of functions in two +families to handle character set conversion. One of the function +families (the most commonly used) is specified in the ISO C90 standard +and, therefore, is portable even beyond the Unix world. Unfortunately +this family is the least useful one. These functions should be avoided +whenever possible, especially when developing libraries (as opposed to +applications). + + The second family of functions got introduced in the early Unix +standards (XPG2) and is still part of the latest and greatest Unix +standard: Unix 98. It is also the most powerful and useful set of +functions. But we will start with the functions defined in Amendment 1 +to ISO C90. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Restartable multibyte conversion, Next: Non-reentrant Conversion, Prev: Charset Function Overview, Up: Character Set Handling + +6.3 Restartable Multibyte Conversion Functions +============================================== + +The ISO C standard defines functions to convert strings from a +multibyte representation to wide character strings. There are a number +of peculiarities: + + * The character set assumed for the multibyte encoding is not + specified as an argument to the functions. Instead the character + set specified by the `LC_CTYPE' category of the current locale is + used; see *note Locale Categories::. + + * The functions handling more than one character at a time require + NUL terminated strings as the argument (i.e., converting blocks of + text does not work unless one can add a NUL byte at an appropriate + place). The GNU C library contains some extensions to the + standard that allow specifying a size, but basically they also + expect terminated strings. + + Despite these limitations the ISO C functions can be used in many +contexts. In graphical user interfaces, for instance, it is not +uncommon to have functions that require text to be displayed in a wide +character string if the text is not simple ASCII. The text itself might +come from a file with translations and the user should decide about the +current locale, which determines the translation and therefore also the +external encoding used. In such a situation (and many others) the +functions described here are perfect. If more freedom while performing +the conversion is necessary take a look at the `iconv' functions (*note +Generic Charset Conversion::). + +* Menu: + +* Selecting the Conversion:: Selecting the conversion and its properties. +* Keeping the state:: Representing the state of the conversion. +* Converting a Character:: Converting Single Characters. +* Converting Strings:: Converting Multibyte and Wide Character + Strings. +* Multibyte Conversion Example:: A Complete Multibyte Conversion Example. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Selecting the Conversion, Next: Keeping the state, Up: Restartable multibyte conversion + +6.3.1 Selecting the conversion and its properties +------------------------------------------------- + +We already said above that the currently selected locale for the +`LC_CTYPE' category decides about the conversion that is performed by +the functions we are about to describe. Each locale uses its own +character set (given as an argument to `localedef') and this is the one +assumed as the external multibyte encoding. The wide character +character set always is UCS-4, at least on GNU systems. + + A characteristic of each multibyte character set is the maximum +number of bytes that can be necessary to represent one character. This +information is quite important when writing code that uses the +conversion functions (as shown in the examples below). The ISO C +standard defines two macros that provide this information. + + -- Macro: int MB_LEN_MAX + `MB_LEN_MAX' specifies the maximum number of bytes in the multibyte + sequence for a single character in any of the supported locales. + It is a compile-time constant and is defined in `limits.h'. + + -- Macro: int MB_CUR_MAX + `MB_CUR_MAX' expands into a positive integer expression that is the + maximum number of bytes in a multibyte character in the current + locale. The value is never greater than `MB_LEN_MAX'. Unlike + `MB_LEN_MAX' this macro need not be a compile-time constant, and in + the GNU C library it is not. + + `MB_CUR_MAX' is defined in `stdlib.h'. + + Two different macros are necessary since strictly ISO C90 compilers +do not allow variable length array definitions, but still it is +desirable to avoid dynamic allocation. This incomplete piece of code +shows the problem: + + { + char buf[MB_LEN_MAX]; + ssize_t len = 0; + + while (! feof (fp)) + { + fread (&buf[len], 1, MB_CUR_MAX - len, fp); + /* ... process buf */ + len -= used; + } + } + + The code in the inner loop is expected to have always enough bytes in +the array BUF to convert one multibyte character. The array BUF has to +be sized statically since many compilers do not allow a variable size. +The `fread' call makes sure that `MB_CUR_MAX' bytes are always +available in BUF. Note that it isn't a problem if `MB_CUR_MAX' is not +a compile-time constant. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Keeping the state, Next: Converting a Character, Prev: Selecting the Conversion, Up: Restartable multibyte conversion + +6.3.2 Representing the state of the conversion +---------------------------------------------- + +In the introduction of this chapter it was said that certain character +sets use a "stateful" encoding. That is, the encoded values depend in +some way on the previous bytes in the text. + + Since the conversion functions allow converting a text in more than +one step we must have a way to pass this information from one call of +the functions to another. + + -- Data type: mbstate_t + A variable of type `mbstate_t' can contain all the information + about the "shift state" needed from one call to a conversion + function to another. + + `mbstate_t' is defined in `wchar.h'. It was introduced in + Amendment 1 to ISO C90. + + To use objects of type `mbstate_t' the programmer has to define such +objects (normally as local variables on the stack) and pass a pointer to +the object to the conversion functions. This way the conversion +function can update the object if the current multibyte character set +is stateful. + + There is no specific function or initializer to put the state object +in any specific state. The rules are that the object should always +represent the initial state before the first use, and this is achieved +by clearing the whole variable with code such as follows: + + { + mbstate_t state; + memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (state)); + /* from now on STATE can be used. */ + ... + } + + When using the conversion functions to generate output it is often +necessary to test whether the current state corresponds to the initial +state. This is necessary, for example, to decide whether to emit +escape sequences to set the state to the initial state at certain +sequence points. Communication protocols often require this. + + -- Function: int mbsinit (const mbstate_t *PS) + The `mbsinit' function determines whether the state object pointed + to by PS is in the initial state. If PS is a null pointer or the + object is in the initial state the return value is nonzero. + Otherwise it is zero. + + `mbsinit' was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90 and is declared + in `wchar.h'. + + Code using `mbsinit' often looks similar to this: + + { + mbstate_t state; + memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (state)); + /* Use STATE. */ + ... + if (! mbsinit (&state)) + { + /* Emit code to return to initial state. */ + const wchar_t empty[] = L""; + const wchar_t *srcp = empty; + wcsrtombs (outbuf, &srcp, outbuflen, &state); + } + ... + } + + The code to emit the escape sequence to get back to the initial +state is interesting. The `wcsrtombs' function can be used to +determine the necessary output code (*note Converting Strings::). +Please note that on GNU systems it is not necessary to perform this +extra action for the conversion from multibyte text to wide character +text since the wide character encoding is not stateful. But there is +nothing mentioned in any standard that prohibits making `wchar_t' using +a stateful encoding. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Converting a Character, Next: Converting Strings, Prev: Keeping the state, Up: Restartable multibyte conversion + +6.3.3 Converting Single Characters +---------------------------------- + +The most fundamental of the conversion functions are those dealing with +single characters. Please note that this does not always mean single +bytes. But since there is very often a subset of the multibyte +character set that consists of single byte sequences, there are +functions to help with converting bytes. Frequently, ASCII is a subpart +of the multibyte character set. In such a scenario, each ASCII +character stands for itself, and all other characters have at least a +first byte that is beyond the range 0 to 127. + + -- Function: wint_t btowc (int C) + The `btowc' function ("byte to wide character") converts a valid + single byte character C in the initial shift state into the wide + character equivalent using the conversion rules from the currently + selected locale of the `LC_CTYPE' category. + + If `(unsigned char) C' is no valid single byte multibyte character + or if C is `EOF', the function returns `WEOF'. + + Please note the restriction of C being tested for validity only in + the initial shift state. No `mbstate_t' object is used from which + the state information is taken, and the function also does not use + any static state. + + The `btowc' function was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90 and + is declared in `wchar.h'. + + Despite the limitation that the single byte value always is +interpreted in the initial state this function is actually useful most +of the time. Most characters are either entirely single-byte character +sets or they are extension to ASCII. But then it is possible to write +code like this (not that this specific example is very useful): + + wchar_t * + itow (unsigned long int val) + { + static wchar_t buf[30]; + wchar_t *wcp = &buf[29]; + *wcp = L'\0'; + while (val != 0) + { + *--wcp = btowc ('0' + val % 10); + val /= 10; + } + if (wcp == &buf[29]) + *--wcp = L'0'; + return wcp; + } + + Why is it necessary to use such a complicated implementation and not +simply cast `'0' + val % 10' to a wide character? The answer is that +there is no guarantee that one can perform this kind of arithmetic on +the character of the character set used for `wchar_t' representation. +In other situations the bytes are not constant at compile time and so +the compiler cannot do the work. In situations like this it is +necessary `btowc'. + +There also is a function for the conversion in the other direction. + + -- Function: int wctob (wint_t C) + The `wctob' function ("wide character to byte") takes as the + parameter a valid wide character. If the multibyte representation + for this character in the initial state is exactly one byte long, + the return value of this function is this character. Otherwise + the return value is `EOF'. + + `wctob' was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90 and is declared + in `wchar.h'. + + There are more general functions to convert single character from +multibyte representation to wide characters and vice versa. These +functions pose no limit on the length of the multibyte representation +and they also do not require it to be in the initial state. + + -- Function: size_t mbrtowc (wchar_t *restrict PWC, const char + *restrict S, size_t N, mbstate_t *restrict PS) + The `mbrtowc' function ("multibyte restartable to wide character") + converts the next multibyte character in the string pointed to by + S into a wide character and stores it in the wide character string + pointed to by PWC. The conversion is performed according to the + locale currently selected for the `LC_CTYPE' category. If the + conversion for the character set used in the locale requires a + state, the multibyte string is interpreted in the state + represented by the object pointed to by PS. If PS is a null + pointer, a static, internal state variable used only by the + `mbrtowc' function is used. + + If the next multibyte character corresponds to the NUL wide + character, the return value of the function is 0 and the state + object is afterwards in the initial state. If the next N or fewer + bytes form a correct multibyte character, the return value is the + number of bytes starting from S that form the multibyte character. + The conversion state is updated according to the bytes consumed in + the conversion. In both cases the wide character (either the + `L'\0'' or the one found in the conversion) is stored in the + string pointed to by PWC if PWC is not null. + + If the first N bytes of the multibyte string possibly form a valid + multibyte character but there are more than N bytes needed to + complete it, the return value of the function is `(size_t) -2' and + no value is stored. Please note that this can happen even if N + has a value greater than or equal to `MB_CUR_MAX' since the input + might contain redundant shift sequences. + + If the first `n' bytes of the multibyte string cannot possibly form + a valid multibyte character, no value is stored, the global + variable `errno' is set to the value `EILSEQ', and the function + returns `(size_t) -1'. The conversion state is afterwards + undefined. + + `mbrtowc' was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90 and is declared + in `wchar.h'. + + Use of `mbrtowc' is straightforward. A function that copies a +multibyte string into a wide character string while at the same time +converting all lowercase characters into uppercase could look like this +(this is not the final version, just an example; it has no error +checking, and sometimes leaks memory): + + wchar_t * + mbstouwcs (const char *s) + { + size_t len = strlen (s); + wchar_t *result = malloc ((len + 1) * sizeof (wchar_t)); + wchar_t *wcp = result; + wchar_t tmp[1]; + mbstate_t state; + size_t nbytes; + + memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (state)); + while ((nbytes = mbrtowc (tmp, s, len, &state)) > 0) + { + if (nbytes >= (size_t) -2) + /* Invalid input string. */ + return NULL; + *wcp++ = towupper (tmp[0]); + len -= nbytes; + s += nbytes; + } + return result; + } + + The use of `mbrtowc' should be clear. A single wide character is +stored in `TMP[0]', and the number of consumed bytes is stored in the +variable NBYTES. If the conversion is successful, the uppercase +variant of the wide character is stored in the RESULT array and the +pointer to the input string and the number of available bytes is +adjusted. + + The only non-obvious thing about `mbrtowc' might be the way memory +is allocated for the result. The above code uses the fact that there +can never be more wide characters in the converted results than there +are bytes in the multibyte input string. This method yields a +pessimistic guess about the size of the result, and if many wide +character strings have to be constructed this way or if the strings are +long, the extra memory required to be allocated because the input +string contains multibyte characters might be significant. The +allocated memory block can be resized to the correct size before +returning it, but a better solution might be to allocate just the right +amount of space for the result right away. Unfortunately there is no +function to compute the length of the wide character string directly +from the multibyte string. There is, however, a function that does +part of the work. + + -- Function: size_t mbrlen (const char *restrict S, size_t N, + mbstate_t *PS) + The `mbrlen' function ("multibyte restartable length") computes + the number of at most N bytes starting at S, which form the next + valid and complete multibyte character. + + If the next multibyte character corresponds to the NUL wide + character, the return value is 0. If the next N bytes form a valid + multibyte character, the number of bytes belonging to this + multibyte character byte sequence is returned. + + If the first N bytes possibly form a valid multibyte character but + the character is incomplete, the return value is `(size_t) -2'. + Otherwise the multibyte character sequence is invalid and the + return value is `(size_t) -1'. + + The multibyte sequence is interpreted in the state represented by + the object pointed to by PS. If PS is a null pointer, a state + object local to `mbrlen' is used. + + `mbrlen' was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90 and is declared + in `wchar.h'. + + The attentive reader now will note that `mbrlen' can be implemented +as + + mbrtowc (NULL, s, n, ps != NULL ? ps : &internal) + + This is true and in fact is mentioned in the official specification. +How can this function be used to determine the length of the wide +character string created from a multibyte character string? It is not +directly usable, but we can define a function `mbslen' using it: + + size_t + mbslen (const char *s) + { + mbstate_t state; + size_t result = 0; + size_t nbytes; + memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (state)); + while ((nbytes = mbrlen (s, MB_LEN_MAX, &state)) > 0) + { + if (nbytes >= (size_t) -2) + /* Something is wrong. */ + return (size_t) -1; + s += nbytes; + ++result; + } + return result; + } + + This function simply calls `mbrlen' for each multibyte character in +the string and counts the number of function calls. Please note that +we here use `MB_LEN_MAX' as the size argument in the `mbrlen' call. +This is acceptable since a) this value is larger then the length of the +longest multibyte character sequence and b) we know that the string S +ends with a NUL byte, which cannot be part of any other multibyte +character sequence but the one representing the NUL wide character. +Therefore, the `mbrlen' function will never read invalid memory. + + Now that this function is available (just to make this clear, this +function is _not_ part of the GNU C library) we can compute the number +of wide character required to store the converted multibyte character +string S using + + wcs_bytes = (mbslen (s) + 1) * sizeof (wchar_t); + + Please note that the `mbslen' function is quite inefficient. The +implementation of `mbstouwcs' with `mbslen' would have to perform the +conversion of the multibyte character input string twice, and this +conversion might be quite expensive. So it is necessary to think about +the consequences of using the easier but imprecise method before doing +the work twice. + + -- Function: size_t wcrtomb (char *restrict S, wchar_t WC, mbstate_t + *restrict PS) + The `wcrtomb' function ("wide character restartable to multibyte") + converts a single wide character into a multibyte string + corresponding to that wide character. + + If S is a null pointer, the function resets the state stored in + the objects pointed to by PS (or the internal `mbstate_t' object) + to the initial state. This can also be achieved by a call like + this: + + wcrtombs (temp_buf, L'\0', ps) + + since, if S is a null pointer, `wcrtomb' performs as if it writes + into an internal buffer, which is guaranteed to be large enough. + + If WC is the NUL wide character, `wcrtomb' emits, if necessary, a + shift sequence to get the state PS into the initial state followed + by a single NUL byte, which is stored in the string S. + + Otherwise a byte sequence (possibly including shift sequences) is + written into the string S. This only happens if WC is a valid wide + character (i.e., it has a multibyte representation in the + character set selected by locale of the `LC_CTYPE' category). If + WC is no valid wide character, nothing is stored in the strings S, + `errno' is set to `EILSEQ', the conversion state in PS is + undefined and the return value is `(size_t) -1'. + + If no error occurred the function returns the number of bytes + stored in the string S. This includes all bytes representing shift + sequences. + + One word about the interface of the function: there is no parameter + specifying the length of the array S. Instead the function + assumes that there are at least `MB_CUR_MAX' bytes available since + this is the maximum length of any byte sequence representing a + single character. So the caller has to make sure that there is + enough space available, otherwise buffer overruns can occur. + + `wcrtomb' was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90 and is declared + in `wchar.h'. + + Using `wcrtomb' is as easy as using `mbrtowc'. The following +example appends a wide character string to a multibyte character string. +Again, the code is not really useful (or correct), it is simply here to +demonstrate the use and some problems. + + char * + mbscatwcs (char *s, size_t len, const wchar_t *ws) + { + mbstate_t state; + /* Find the end of the existing string. */ + char *wp = strchr (s, '\0'); + len -= wp - s; + memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (state)); + do + { + size_t nbytes; + if (len < MB_CUR_LEN) + { + /* We cannot guarantee that the next + character fits into the buffer, so + return an error. */ + errno = E2BIG; + return NULL; + } + nbytes = wcrtomb (wp, *ws, &state); + if (nbytes == (size_t) -1) + /* Error in the conversion. */ + return NULL; + len -= nbytes; + wp += nbytes; + } + while (*ws++ != L'\0'); + return s; + } + + First the function has to find the end of the string currently in the +array S. The `strchr' call does this very efficiently since a +requirement for multibyte character representations is that the NUL byte +is never used except to represent itself (and in this context, the end +of the string). + + After initializing the state object the loop is entered where the +first task is to make sure there is enough room in the array S. We +abort if there are not at least `MB_CUR_LEN' bytes available. This is +not always optimal but we have no other choice. We might have less +than `MB_CUR_LEN' bytes available but the next multibyte character +might also be only one byte long. At the time the `wcrtomb' call +returns it is too late to decide whether the buffer was large enough. +If this solution is unsuitable, there is a very slow but more accurate +solution. + + ... + if (len < MB_CUR_LEN) + { + mbstate_t temp_state; + memcpy (&temp_state, &state, sizeof (state)); + if (wcrtomb (NULL, *ws, &temp_state) > len) + { + /* We cannot guarantee that the next + character fits into the buffer, so + return an error. */ + errno = E2BIG; + return NULL; + } + } + ... + + Here we perform the conversion that might overflow the buffer so that +we are afterwards in the position to make an exact decision about the +buffer size. Please note the `NULL' argument for the destination +buffer in the new `wcrtomb' call; since we are not interested in the +converted text at this point, this is a nice way to express this. The +most unusual thing about this piece of code certainly is the duplication +of the conversion state object, but if a change of the state is +necessary to emit the next multibyte character, we want to have the +same shift state change performed in the real conversion. Therefore, +we have to preserve the initial shift state information. + + There are certainly many more and even better solutions to this +problem. This example is only provided for educational purposes. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Converting Strings, Next: Multibyte Conversion Example, Prev: Converting a Character, Up: Restartable multibyte conversion + +6.3.4 Converting Multibyte and Wide Character Strings +----------------------------------------------------- + +The functions described in the previous section only convert a single +character at a time. Most operations to be performed in real-world +programs include strings and therefore the ISO C standard also defines +conversions on entire strings. However, the defined set of functions +is quite limited; therefore, the GNU C library contains a few +extensions that can help in some important situations. + + -- Function: size_t mbsrtowcs (wchar_t *restrict DST, const char + **restrict SRC, size_t LEN, mbstate_t *restrict PS) + The `mbsrtowcs' function ("multibyte string restartable to wide + character string") converts an NUL-terminated multibyte character + string at `*SRC' into an equivalent wide character string, + including the NUL wide character at the end. The conversion is + started using the state information from the object pointed to by + PS or from an internal object of `mbsrtowcs' if PS is a null + pointer. Before returning, the state object is updated to match + the state after the last converted character. The state is the + initial state if the terminating NUL byte is reached and converted. + + If DST is not a null pointer, the result is stored in the array + pointed to by DST; otherwise, the conversion result is not + available since it is stored in an internal buffer. + + If LEN wide characters are stored in the array DST before reaching + the end of the input string, the conversion stops and LEN is + returned. If DST is a null pointer, LEN is never checked. + + Another reason for a premature return from the function call is if + the input string contains an invalid multibyte sequence. In this + case the global variable `errno' is set to `EILSEQ' and the + function returns `(size_t) -1'. + + In all other cases the function returns the number of wide + characters converted during this call. If DST is not null, + `mbsrtowcs' stores in the pointer pointed to by SRC either a null + pointer (if the NUL byte in the input string was reached) or the + address of the byte following the last converted multibyte + character. + + `mbsrtowcs' was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90 and is + declared in `wchar.h'. + + The definition of the `mbsrtowcs' function has one important +limitation. The requirement that DST has to be a NUL-terminated string +provides problems if one wants to convert buffers with text. A buffer +is normally no collection of NUL-terminated strings but instead a +continuous collection of lines, separated by newline characters. Now +assume that a function to convert one line from a buffer is needed. +Since the line is not NUL-terminated, the source pointer cannot +directly point into the unmodified text buffer. This means, either one +inserts the NUL byte at the appropriate place for the time of the +`mbsrtowcs' function call (which is not doable for a read-only buffer +or in a multi-threaded application) or one copies the line in an extra +buffer where it can be terminated by a NUL byte. Note that it is not +in general possible to limit the number of characters to convert by +setting the parameter LEN to any specific value. Since it is not known +how many bytes each multibyte character sequence is in length, one can +only guess. + + There is still a problem with the method of NUL-terminating a line +right after the newline character, which could lead to very strange +results. As said in the description of the `mbsrtowcs' function above +the conversion state is guaranteed to be in the initial shift state +after processing the NUL byte at the end of the input string. But this +NUL byte is not really part of the text (i.e., the conversion state +after the newline in the original text could be something different +than the initial shift state and therefore the first character of the +next line is encoded using this state). But the state in question is +never accessible to the user since the conversion stops after the NUL +byte (which resets the state). Most stateful character sets in use +today require that the shift state after a newline be the initial +state-but this is not a strict guarantee. Therefore, simply +NUL-terminating a piece of a running text is not always an adequate +solution and, therefore, should never be used in generally used code. + + The generic conversion interface (*note Generic Charset Conversion::) +does not have this limitation (it simply works on buffers, not +strings), and the GNU C library contains a set of functions that take +additional parameters specifying the maximal number of bytes that are +consumed from the input string. This way the problem of `mbsrtowcs''s +example above could be solved by determining the line length and +passing this length to the function. + + -- Function: size_t wcsrtombs (char *restrict DST, const wchar_t + **restrict SRC, size_t LEN, mbstate_t *restrict PS) + The `wcsrtombs' function ("wide character string restartable to + multibyte string") converts the NUL-terminated wide character + string at `*SRC' into an equivalent multibyte character string and + stores the result in the array pointed to by DST. The NUL wide + character is also converted. The conversion starts in the state + described in the object pointed to by PS or by a state object + locally to `wcsrtombs' in case PS is a null pointer. If DST is a + null pointer, the conversion is performed as usual but the result + is not available. If all characters of the input string were + successfully converted and if DST is not a null pointer, the + pointer pointed to by SRC gets assigned a null pointer. + + If one of the wide characters in the input string has no valid + multibyte character equivalent, the conversion stops early, sets + the global variable `errno' to `EILSEQ', and returns `(size_t) -1'. + + Another reason for a premature stop is if DST is not a null + pointer and the next converted character would require more than + LEN bytes in total to the array DST. In this case (and if DEST is + not a null pointer) the pointer pointed to by SRC is assigned a + value pointing to the wide character right after the last one + successfully converted. + + Except in the case of an encoding error the return value of the + `wcsrtombs' function is the number of bytes in all the multibyte + character sequences stored in DST. Before returning the state in + the object pointed to by PS (or the internal object in case PS is + a null pointer) is updated to reflect the state after the last + conversion. The state is the initial shift state in case the + terminating NUL wide character was converted. + + The `wcsrtombs' function was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90 + and is declared in `wchar.h'. + + The restriction mentioned above for the `mbsrtowcs' function applies +here also. There is no possibility of directly controlling the number +of input characters. One has to place the NUL wide character at the +correct place or control the consumed input indirectly via the +available output array size (the LEN parameter). + + -- Function: size_t mbsnrtowcs (wchar_t *restrict DST, const char + **restrict SRC, size_t NMC, size_t LEN, mbstate_t *restrict + PS) + The `mbsnrtowcs' function is very similar to the `mbsrtowcs' + function. All the parameters are the same except for NMC, which is + new. The return value is the same as for `mbsrtowcs'. + + This new parameter specifies how many bytes at most can be used + from the multibyte character string. In other words, the + multibyte character string `*SRC' need not be NUL-terminated. But + if a NUL byte is found within the NMC first bytes of the string, + the conversion stops here. + + This function is a GNU extension. It is meant to work around the + problems mentioned above. Now it is possible to convert a buffer + with multibyte character text piece for piece without having to + care about inserting NUL bytes and the effect of NUL bytes on the + conversion state. + + A function to convert a multibyte string into a wide character string +and display it could be written like this (this is not a really useful +example): + + void + showmbs (const char *src, FILE *fp) + { + mbstate_t state; + int cnt = 0; + memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (state)); + while (1) + { + wchar_t linebuf[100]; + const char *endp = strchr (src, '\n'); + size_t n; + + /* Exit if there is no more line. */ + if (endp == NULL) + break; + + n = mbsnrtowcs (linebuf, &src, endp - src, 99, &state); + linebuf[n] = L'\0'; + fprintf (fp, "line %d: \"%S\"\n", linebuf); + } + } + + There is no problem with the state after a call to `mbsnrtowcs'. +Since we don't insert characters in the strings that were not in there +right from the beginning and we use STATE only for the conversion of +the given buffer, there is no problem with altering the state. + + -- Function: size_t wcsnrtombs (char *restrict DST, const wchar_t + **restrict SRC, size_t NWC, size_t LEN, mbstate_t *restrict + PS) + The `wcsnrtombs' function implements the conversion from wide + character strings to multibyte character strings. It is similar to + `wcsrtombs' but, just like `mbsnrtowcs', it takes an extra + parameter, which specifies the length of the input string. + + No more than NWC wide characters from the input string `*SRC' are + converted. If the input string contains a NUL wide character in + the first NWC characters, the conversion stops at this place. + + The `wcsnrtombs' function is a GNU extension and just like + `mbsnrtowcs' helps in situations where no NUL-terminated input + strings are available. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Multibyte Conversion Example, Prev: Converting Strings, Up: Restartable multibyte conversion + +6.3.5 A Complete Multibyte Conversion Example +--------------------------------------------- + +The example programs given in the last sections are only brief and do +not contain all the error checking, etc. Presented here is a complete +and documented example. It features the `mbrtowc' function but it +should be easy to derive versions using the other functions. + + int + file_mbsrtowcs (int input, int output) + { + /* Note the use of `MB_LEN_MAX'. + `MB_CUR_MAX' cannot portably be used here. */ + char buffer[BUFSIZ + MB_LEN_MAX]; + mbstate_t state; + int filled = 0; + int eof = 0; + + /* Initialize the state. */ + memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (state)); + + while (!eof) + { + ssize_t nread; + ssize_t nwrite; + char *inp = buffer; + wchar_t outbuf[BUFSIZ]; + wchar_t *outp = outbuf; + + /* Fill up the buffer from the input file. */ + nread = read (input, buffer + filled, BUFSIZ); + if (nread < 0) + { + perror ("read"); + return 0; + } + /* If we reach end of file, make a note to read no more. */ + if (nread == 0) + eof = 1; + + /* `filled' is now the number of bytes in `buffer'. */ + filled += nread; + + /* Convert those bytes to wide characters-as many as we can. */ + while (1) + { + size_t thislen = mbrtowc (outp, inp, filled, &state); + /* Stop converting at invalid character; + this can mean we have read just the first part + of a valid character. */ + if (thislen == (size_t) -1) + break; + /* We want to handle embedded NUL bytes + but the return value is 0. Correct this. */ + if (thislen == 0) + thislen = 1; + /* Advance past this character. */ + inp += thislen; + filled -= thislen; + ++outp; + } + + /* Write the wide characters we just made. */ + nwrite = write (output, outbuf, + (outp - outbuf) * sizeof (wchar_t)); + if (nwrite < 0) + { + perror ("write"); + return 0; + } + + /* See if we have a _real_ invalid character. */ + if ((eof && filled > 0) || filled >= MB_CUR_MAX) + { + error (0, 0, "invalid multibyte character"); + return 0; + } + + /* If any characters must be carried forward, + put them at the beginning of `buffer'. */ + if (filled > 0) + memmove (buffer, inp, filled); + } + + return 1; + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Non-reentrant Conversion, Next: Generic Charset Conversion, Prev: Restartable multibyte conversion, Up: Character Set Handling + +6.4 Non-reentrant Conversion Function +===================================== + +The functions described in the previous chapter are defined in +Amendment 1 to ISO C90, but the original ISO C90 standard also +contained functions for character set conversion. The reason that +these original functions are not described first is that they are almost +entirely useless. + + The problem is that all the conversion functions described in the +original ISO C90 use a local state. Using a local state implies that +multiple conversions at the same time (not only when using threads) +cannot be done, and that you cannot first convert single characters and +then strings since you cannot tell the conversion functions which state +to use. + + These original functions are therefore usable only in a very limited +set of situations. One must complete converting the entire string +before starting a new one, and each string/text must be converted with +the same function (there is no problem with the library itself; it is +guaranteed that no library function changes the state of any of these +functions). *For the above reasons it is highly requested that the +functions described in the previous section be used in place of +non-reentrant conversion functions.* + +* Menu: + +* Non-reentrant Character Conversion:: Non-reentrant Conversion of Single + Characters. +* Non-reentrant String Conversion:: Non-reentrant Conversion of Strings. +* Shift State:: States in Non-reentrant Functions. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Non-reentrant Character Conversion, Next: Non-reentrant String Conversion, Up: Non-reentrant Conversion + +6.4.1 Non-reentrant Conversion of Single Characters +--------------------------------------------------- + + -- Function: int mbtowc (wchar_t *restrict RESULT, const char + *restrict STRING, size_t SIZE) + The `mbtowc' ("multibyte to wide character") function when called + with non-null STRING converts the first multibyte character + beginning at STRING to its corresponding wide character code. It + stores the result in `*RESULT'. + + `mbtowc' never examines more than SIZE bytes. (The idea is to + supply for SIZE the number of bytes of data you have in hand.) + + `mbtowc' with non-null STRING distinguishes three possibilities: + the first SIZE bytes at STRING start with valid multibyte + characters, they start with an invalid byte sequence or just part + of a character, or STRING points to an empty string (a null + character). + + For a valid multibyte character, `mbtowc' converts it to a wide + character and stores that in `*RESULT', and returns the number of + bytes in that character (always at least 1 and never more than + SIZE). + + For an invalid byte sequence, `mbtowc' returns -1. For an empty + string, it returns 0, also storing `'\0'' in `*RESULT'. + + If the multibyte character code uses shift characters, then + `mbtowc' maintains and updates a shift state as it scans. If you + call `mbtowc' with a null pointer for STRING, that initializes the + shift state to its standard initial value. It also returns + nonzero if the multibyte character code in use actually has a + shift state. *Note Shift State::. + + -- Function: int wctomb (char *STRING, wchar_t WCHAR) + The `wctomb' ("wide character to multibyte") function converts the + wide character code WCHAR to its corresponding multibyte character + sequence, and stores the result in bytes starting at STRING. At + most `MB_CUR_MAX' characters are stored. + + `wctomb' with non-null STRING distinguishes three possibilities + for WCHAR: a valid wide character code (one that can be translated + to a multibyte character), an invalid code, and `L'\0''. + + Given a valid code, `wctomb' converts it to a multibyte character, + storing the bytes starting at STRING. Then it returns the number + of bytes in that character (always at least 1 and never more than + `MB_CUR_MAX'). + + If WCHAR is an invalid wide character code, `wctomb' returns -1. + If WCHAR is `L'\0'', it returns `0', also storing `'\0'' in + `*STRING'. + + If the multibyte character code uses shift characters, then + `wctomb' maintains and updates a shift state as it scans. If you + call `wctomb' with a null pointer for STRING, that initializes the + shift state to its standard initial value. It also returns + nonzero if the multibyte character code in use actually has a + shift state. *Note Shift State::. + + Calling this function with a WCHAR argument of zero when STRING is + not null has the side-effect of reinitializing the stored shift + state _as well as_ storing the multibyte character `'\0'' and + returning 0. + + Similar to `mbrlen' there is also a non-reentrant function that +computes the length of a multibyte character. It can be defined in +terms of `mbtowc'. + + -- Function: int mblen (const char *STRING, size_t SIZE) + The `mblen' function with a non-null STRING argument returns the + number of bytes that make up the multibyte character beginning at + STRING, never examining more than SIZE bytes. (The idea is to + supply for SIZE the number of bytes of data you have in hand.) + + The return value of `mblen' distinguishes three possibilities: the + first SIZE bytes at STRING start with valid multibyte characters, + they start with an invalid byte sequence or just part of a + character, or STRING points to an empty string (a null character). + + For a valid multibyte character, `mblen' returns the number of + bytes in that character (always at least `1' and never more than + SIZE). For an invalid byte sequence, `mblen' returns -1. For an + empty string, it returns 0. + + If the multibyte character code uses shift characters, then `mblen' + maintains and updates a shift state as it scans. If you call + `mblen' with a null pointer for STRING, that initializes the shift + state to its standard initial value. It also returns a nonzero + value if the multibyte character code in use actually has a shift + state. *Note Shift State::. + + The function `mblen' is declared in `stdlib.h'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Non-reentrant String Conversion, Next: Shift State, Prev: Non-reentrant Character Conversion, Up: Non-reentrant Conversion + +6.4.2 Non-reentrant Conversion of Strings +----------------------------------------- + +For convenience the ISO C90 standard also defines functions to convert +entire strings instead of single characters. These functions suffer +from the same problems as their reentrant counterparts from Amendment 1 +to ISO C90; see *note Converting Strings::. + + -- Function: size_t mbstowcs (wchar_t *WSTRING, const char *STRING, + size_t SIZE) + The `mbstowcs' ("multibyte string to wide character string") + function converts the null-terminated string of multibyte + characters STRING to an array of wide character codes, storing not + more than SIZE wide characters into the array beginning at WSTRING. + The terminating null character counts towards the size, so if SIZE + is less than the actual number of wide characters resulting from + STRING, no terminating null character is stored. + + The conversion of characters from STRING begins in the initial + shift state. + + If an invalid multibyte character sequence is found, the `mbstowcs' + function returns a value of -1. Otherwise, it returns the number + of wide characters stored in the array WSTRING. This number does + not include the terminating null character, which is present if the + number is less than SIZE. + + Here is an example showing how to convert a string of multibyte + characters, allocating enough space for the result. + + wchar_t * + mbstowcs_alloc (const char *string) + { + size_t size = strlen (string) + 1; + wchar_t *buf = xmalloc (size * sizeof (wchar_t)); + + size = mbstowcs (buf, string, size); + if (size == (size_t) -1) + return NULL; + buf = xrealloc (buf, (size + 1) * sizeof (wchar_t)); + return buf; + } + + + -- Function: size_t wcstombs (char *STRING, const wchar_t *WSTRING, + size_t SIZE) + The `wcstombs' ("wide character string to multibyte string") + function converts the null-terminated wide character array WSTRING + into a string containing multibyte characters, storing not more + than SIZE bytes starting at STRING, followed by a terminating null + character if there is room. The conversion of characters begins in + the initial shift state. + + The terminating null character counts towards the size, so if SIZE + is less than or equal to the number of bytes needed in WSTRING, no + terminating null character is stored. + + If a code that does not correspond to a valid multibyte character + is found, the `wcstombs' function returns a value of -1. + Otherwise, the return value is the number of bytes stored in the + array STRING. This number does not include the terminating null + character, which is present if the number is less than SIZE. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Shift State, Prev: Non-reentrant String Conversion, Up: Non-reentrant Conversion + +6.4.3 States in Non-reentrant Functions +--------------------------------------- + +In some multibyte character codes, the _meaning_ of any particular byte +sequence is not fixed; it depends on what other sequences have come +earlier in the same string. Typically there are just a few sequences +that can change the meaning of other sequences; these few are called +"shift sequences" and we say that they set the "shift state" for other +sequences that follow. + + To illustrate shift state and shift sequences, suppose we decide that +the sequence `0200' (just one byte) enters Japanese mode, in which +pairs of bytes in the range from `0240' to `0377' are single +characters, while `0201' enters Latin-1 mode, in which single bytes in +the range from `0240' to `0377' are characters, and interpreted +according to the ISO Latin-1 character set. This is a multibyte code +that has two alternative shift states ("Japanese mode" and "Latin-1 +mode"), and two shift sequences that specify particular shift states. + + When the multibyte character code in use has shift states, then +`mblen', `mbtowc', and `wctomb' must maintain and update the current +shift state as they scan the string. To make this work properly, you +must follow these rules: + + * Before starting to scan a string, call the function with a null + pointer for the multibyte character address--for example, `mblen + (NULL, 0)'. This initializes the shift state to its standard + initial value. + + * Scan the string one character at a time, in order. Do not "back + up" and rescan characters already scanned, and do not intersperse + the processing of different strings. + + Here is an example of using `mblen' following these rules: + + void + scan_string (char *s) + { + int length = strlen (s); + + /* Initialize shift state. */ + mblen (NULL, 0); + + while (1) + { + int thischar = mblen (s, length); + /* Deal with end of string and invalid characters. */ + if (thischar == 0) + break; + if (thischar == -1) + { + error ("invalid multibyte character"); + break; + } + /* Advance past this character. */ + s += thischar; + length -= thischar; + } + } + + The functions `mblen', `mbtowc' and `wctomb' are not reentrant when +using a multibyte code that uses a shift state. However, no other +library functions call these functions, so you don't have to worry that +the shift state will be changed mysteriously. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Generic Charset Conversion, Prev: Non-reentrant Conversion, Up: Character Set Handling + +6.5 Generic Charset Conversion +============================== + +The conversion functions mentioned so far in this chapter all had in +common that they operate on character sets that are not directly +specified by the functions. The multibyte encoding used is specified by +the currently selected locale for the `LC_CTYPE' category. The wide +character set is fixed by the implementation (in the case of GNU C +library it is always UCS-4 encoded ISO 10646. + + This has of course several problems when it comes to general +character conversion: + + * For every conversion where neither the source nor the destination + character set is the character set of the locale for the `LC_CTYPE' + category, one has to change the `LC_CTYPE' locale using + `setlocale'. + + Changing the `LC_TYPE' locale introduces major problems for the + rest of the programs since several more functions (e.g., the + character classification functions, *note Classification of + Characters::) use the `LC_CTYPE' category. + + * Parallel conversions to and from different character sets are not + possible since the `LC_CTYPE' selection is global and shared by all + threads. + + * If neither the source nor the destination character set is the + character set used for `wchar_t' representation, there is at least + a two-step process necessary to convert a text using the functions + above. One would have to select the source character set as the + multibyte encoding, convert the text into a `wchar_t' text, select + the destination character set as the multibyte encoding, and + convert the wide character text to the multibyte (= destination) + character set. + + Even if this is possible (which is not guaranteed) it is a very + tiring work. Plus it suffers from the other two raised points + even more due to the steady changing of the locale. + + The XPG2 standard defines a completely new set of functions, which +has none of these limitations. They are not at all coupled to the +selected locales, and they have no constraints on the character sets +selected for source and destination. Only the set of available +conversions limits them. The standard does not specify that any +conversion at all must be available. Such availability is a measure of +the quality of the implementation. + + In the following text first the interface to `iconv' and then the +conversion function, will be described. Comparisons with other +implementations will show what obstacles stand in the way of portable +applications. Finally, the implementation is described in so far as +might interest the advanced user who wants to extend conversion +capabilities. + +* Menu: + +* Generic Conversion Interface:: Generic Character Set Conversion Interface. +* iconv Examples:: A complete `iconv' example. +* Other iconv Implementations:: Some Details about other `iconv' + Implementations. +* glibc iconv Implementation:: The `iconv' Implementation in the GNU C + library. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Generic Conversion Interface, Next: iconv Examples, Up: Generic Charset Conversion + +6.5.1 Generic Character Set Conversion Interface +------------------------------------------------ + +This set of functions follows the traditional cycle of using a resource: +open-use-close. The interface consists of three functions, each of +which implements one step. + + Before the interfaces are described it is necessary to introduce a +data type. Just like other open-use-close interfaces the functions +introduced here work using handles and the `iconv.h' header defines a +special type for the handles used. + + -- Data Type: iconv_t + This data type is an abstract type defined in `iconv.h'. The user + must not assume anything about the definition of this type; it + must be completely opaque. + + Objects of this type can get assigned handles for the conversions + using the `iconv' functions. The objects themselves need not be + freed, but the conversions for which the handles stand for have to. + +The first step is the function to create a handle. + + -- Function: iconv_t iconv_open (const char *TOCODE, const char + *FROMCODE) + The `iconv_open' function has to be used before starting a + conversion. The two parameters this function takes determine the + source and destination character set for the conversion, and if the + implementation has the possibility to perform such a conversion, + the function returns a handle. + + If the wanted conversion is not available, the `iconv_open' + function returns `(iconv_t) -1'. In this case the global variable + `errno' can have the following values: + + `EMFILE' + The process already has `OPEN_MAX' file descriptors open. + + `ENFILE' + The system limit of open file is reached. + + `ENOMEM' + Not enough memory to carry out the operation. + + `EINVAL' + The conversion from FROMCODE to TOCODE is not supported. + + It is not possible to use the same descriptor in different threads + to perform independent conversions. The data structures associated + with the descriptor include information about the conversion state. + This must not be messed up by using it in different conversions. + + An `iconv' descriptor is like a file descriptor as for every use a + new descriptor must be created. The descriptor does not stand for + all of the conversions from FROMSET to TOSET. + + The GNU C library implementation of `iconv_open' has one + significant extension to other implementations. To ease the + extension of the set of available conversions, the implementation + allows storing the necessary files with data and code in an + arbitrary number of directories. How this extension must be + written will be explained below (*note glibc iconv + Implementation::). Here it is only important to say that all + directories mentioned in the `GCONV_PATH' environment variable are + considered only if they contain a file `gconv-modules'. These + directories need not necessarily be created by the system + administrator. In fact, this extension is introduced to help users + writing and using their own, new conversions. Of course, this + does not work for security reasons in SUID binaries; in this case + only the system directory is considered and this normally is + `PREFIX/lib/gconv'. The `GCONV_PATH' environment variable is + examined exactly once at the first call of the `iconv_open' + function. Later modifications of the variable have no effect. + + The `iconv_open' function was introduced early in the X/Open + Portability Guide, version 2. It is supported by all commercial + Unices as it is required for the Unix branding. However, the + quality and completeness of the implementation varies widely. The + `iconv_open' function is declared in `iconv.h'. + + The `iconv' implementation can associate large data structure with +the handle returned by `iconv_open'. Therefore, it is crucial to free +all the resources once all conversions are carried out and the +conversion is not needed anymore. + + -- Function: int iconv_close (iconv_t CD) + The `iconv_close' function frees all resources associated with the + handle CD, which must have been returned by a successful call to + the `iconv_open' function. + + If the function call was successful the return value is 0. + Otherwise it is -1 and `errno' is set appropriately. Defined + error are: + + `EBADF' + The conversion descriptor is invalid. + + The `iconv_close' function was introduced together with the rest + of the `iconv' functions in XPG2 and is declared in `iconv.h'. + + The standard defines only one actual conversion function. This has, +therefore, the most general interface: it allows conversion from one +buffer to another. Conversion from a file to a buffer, vice versa, or +even file to file can be implemented on top of it. + + -- Function: size_t iconv (iconv_t CD, char **INBUF, size_t + *INBYTESLEFT, char **OUTBUF, size_t *OUTBYTESLEFT) + The `iconv' function converts the text in the input buffer + according to the rules associated with the descriptor CD and + stores the result in the output buffer. It is possible to call the + function for the same text several times in a row since for + stateful character sets the necessary state information is kept in + the data structures associated with the descriptor. + + The input buffer is specified by `*INBUF' and it contains + `*INBYTESLEFT' bytes. The extra indirection is necessary for + communicating the used input back to the caller (see below). It is + important to note that the buffer pointer is of type `char' and the + length is measured in bytes even if the input text is encoded in + wide characters. + + The output buffer is specified in a similar way. `*OUTBUF' points + to the beginning of the buffer with at least `*OUTBYTESLEFT' bytes + room for the result. The buffer pointer again is of type `char' + and the length is measured in bytes. If OUTBUF or `*OUTBUF' is a + null pointer, the conversion is performed but no output is + available. + + If INBUF is a null pointer, the `iconv' function performs the + necessary action to put the state of the conversion into the + initial state. This is obviously a no-op for non-stateful + encodings, but if the encoding has a state, such a function call + might put some byte sequences in the output buffer, which perform + the necessary state changes. The next call with INBUF not being a + null pointer then simply goes on from the initial state. It is + important that the programmer never makes any assumption as to + whether the conversion has to deal with states. Even if the input + and output character sets are not stateful, the implementation + might still have to keep states. This is due to the + implementation chosen for the GNU C library as it is described + below. Therefore an `iconv' call to reset the state should always + be performed if some protocol requires this for the output text. + + The conversion stops for one of three reasons. The first is that + all characters from the input buffer are converted. This actually + can mean two things: either all bytes from the input buffer are + consumed or there are some bytes at the end of the buffer that + possibly can form a complete character but the input is + incomplete. The second reason for a stop is that the output + buffer is full. And the third reason is that the input contains + invalid characters. + + In all of these cases the buffer pointers after the last successful + conversion, for input and output buffer, are stored in INBUF and + OUTBUF, and the available room in each buffer is stored in + INBYTESLEFT and OUTBYTESLEFT. + + Since the character sets selected in the `iconv_open' call can be + almost arbitrary, there can be situations where the input buffer + contains valid characters, which have no identical representation + in the output character set. The behavior in this situation is + undefined. The _current_ behavior of the GNU C library in this + situation is to return with an error immediately. This certainly + is not the most desirable solution; therefore, future versions + will provide better ones, but they are not yet finished. + + If all input from the input buffer is successfully converted and + stored in the output buffer, the function returns the number of + non-reversible conversions performed. In all other cases the + return value is `(size_t) -1' and `errno' is set appropriately. + In such cases the value pointed to by INBYTESLEFT is nonzero. + + `EILSEQ' + The conversion stopped because of an invalid byte sequence in + the input. After the call, `*INBUF' points at the first byte + of the invalid byte sequence. + + `E2BIG' + The conversion stopped because it ran out of space in the + output buffer. + + `EINVAL' + The conversion stopped because of an incomplete byte sequence + at the end of the input buffer. + + `EBADF' + The CD argument is invalid. + + The `iconv' function was introduced in the XPG2 standard and is + declared in the `iconv.h' header. + + The definition of the `iconv' function is quite good overall. It +provides quite flexible functionality. The only problems lie in the +boundary cases, which are incomplete byte sequences at the end of the +input buffer and invalid input. A third problem, which is not really a +design problem, is the way conversions are selected. The standard does +not say anything about the legitimate names, a minimal set of available +conversions. We will see how this negatively impacts other +implementations, as demonstrated below. + + +File: libc.info, Node: iconv Examples, Next: Other iconv Implementations, Prev: Generic Conversion Interface, Up: Generic Charset Conversion + +6.5.2 A complete `iconv' example +-------------------------------- + +The example below features a solution for a common problem. Given that +one knows the internal encoding used by the system for `wchar_t' +strings, one often is in the position to read text from a file and store +it in wide character buffers. One can do this using `mbsrtowcs', but +then we run into the problems discussed above. + + int + file2wcs (int fd, const char *charset, wchar_t *outbuf, size_t avail) + { + char inbuf[BUFSIZ]; + size_t insize = 0; + char *wrptr = (char *) outbuf; + int result = 0; + iconv_t cd; + + cd = iconv_open ("WCHAR_T", charset); + if (cd == (iconv_t) -1) + { + /* Something went wrong. */ + if (errno == EINVAL) + error (0, 0, "conversion from '%s' to wchar_t not available", + charset); + else + perror ("iconv_open"); + + /* Terminate the output string. */ + *outbuf = L'\0'; + + return -1; + } + + while (avail > 0) + { + size_t nread; + size_t nconv; + char *inptr = inbuf; + + /* Read more input. */ + nread = read (fd, inbuf + insize, sizeof (inbuf) - insize); + if (nread == 0) + { + /* When we come here the file is completely read. + This still could mean there are some unused + characters in the `inbuf'. Put them back. */ + if (lseek (fd, -insize, SEEK_CUR) == -1) + result = -1; + + /* Now write out the byte sequence to get into the + initial state if this is necessary. */ + iconv (cd, NULL, NULL, &wrptr, &avail); + + break; + } + insize += nread; + + /* Do the conversion. */ + nconv = iconv (cd, &inptr, &insize, &wrptr, &avail); + if (nconv == (size_t) -1) + { + /* Not everything went right. It might only be + an unfinished byte sequence at the end of the + buffer. Or it is a real problem. */ + if (errno == EINVAL) + /* This is harmless. Simply move the unused + bytes to the beginning of the buffer so that + they can be used in the next round. */ + memmove (inbuf, inptr, insize); + else + { + /* It is a real problem. Maybe we ran out of + space in the output buffer or we have invalid + input. In any case back the file pointer to + the position of the last processed byte. */ + lseek (fd, -insize, SEEK_CUR); + result = -1; + break; + } + } + } + + /* Terminate the output string. */ + if (avail >= sizeof (wchar_t)) + *((wchar_t *) wrptr) = L'\0'; + + if (iconv_close (cd) != 0) + perror ("iconv_close"); + + return (wchar_t *) wrptr - outbuf; + } + + This example shows the most important aspects of using the `iconv' +functions. It shows how successive calls to `iconv' can be used to +convert large amounts of text. The user does not have to care about +stateful encodings as the functions take care of everything. + + An interesting point is the case where `iconv' returns an error and +`errno' is set to `EINVAL'. This is not really an error in the +transformation. It can happen whenever the input character set contains +byte sequences of more than one byte for some character and texts are +not processed in one piece. In this case there is a chance that a +multibyte sequence is cut. The caller can then simply read the +remainder of the takes and feed the offending bytes together with new +character from the input to `iconv' and continue the work. The +internal state kept in the descriptor is _not_ unspecified after such +an event as is the case with the conversion functions from the ISO C +standard. + + The example also shows the problem of using wide character strings +with `iconv'. As explained in the description of the `iconv' function +above, the function always takes a pointer to a `char' array and the +available space is measured in bytes. In the example, the output +buffer is a wide character buffer; therefore, we use a local variable +WRPTR of type `char *', which is used in the `iconv' calls. + + This looks rather innocent but can lead to problems on platforms that +have tight restriction on alignment. Therefore the caller of `iconv' +has to make sure that the pointers passed are suitable for access of +characters from the appropriate character set. Since, in the above +case, the input parameter to the function is a `wchar_t' pointer, this +is the case (unless the user violates alignment when computing the +parameter). But in other situations, especially when writing generic +functions where one does not know what type of character set one uses +and, therefore, treats text as a sequence of bytes, it might become +tricky. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Other iconv Implementations, Next: glibc iconv Implementation, Prev: iconv Examples, Up: Generic Charset Conversion + +6.5.3 Some Details about other `iconv' Implementations +------------------------------------------------------ + +This is not really the place to discuss the `iconv' implementation of +other systems but it is necessary to know a bit about them to write +portable programs. The above mentioned problems with the specification +of the `iconv' functions can lead to portability issues. + + The first thing to notice is that, due to the large number of +character sets in use, it is certainly not practical to encode the +conversions directly in the C library. Therefore, the conversion +information must come from files outside the C library. This is +usually done in one or both of the following ways: + + * The C library contains a set of generic conversion functions that + can read the needed conversion tables and other information from + data files. These files get loaded when necessary. + + This solution is problematic as it requires a great deal of effort + to apply to all character sets (potentially an infinite set). The + differences in the structure of the different character sets is so + large that many different variants of the table-processing + functions must be developed. In addition, the generic nature of + these functions make them slower than specifically implemented + functions. + + * The C library only contains a framework that can dynamically load + object files and execute the conversion functions contained + therein. + + This solution provides much more flexibility. The C library itself + contains only very little code and therefore reduces the general + memory footprint. Also, with a documented interface between the C + library and the loadable modules it is possible for third parties + to extend the set of available conversion modules. A drawback of + this solution is that dynamic loading must be available. + + Some implementations in commercial Unices implement a mixture of +these possibilities; the majority implement only the second solution. +Using loadable modules moves the code out of the library itself and +keeps the door open for extensions and improvements, but this design is +also limiting on some platforms since not many platforms support dynamic +loading in statically linked programs. On platforms without this +capability it is therefore not possible to use this interface in +statically linked programs. The GNU C library has, on ELF platforms, no +problems with dynamic loading in these situations; therefore, this +point is moot. The danger is that one gets acquainted with this +situation and forgets about the restrictions on other systems. + + A second thing to know about other `iconv' implementations is that +the number of available conversions is often very limited. Some +implementations provide, in the standard release (not special +international or developer releases), at most 100 to 200 conversion +possibilities. This does not mean 200 different character sets are +supported; for example, conversions from one character set to a set of +10 others might count as 10 conversions. Together with the other +direction this makes 20 conversion possibilities used up by one +character set. One can imagine the thin coverage these platform +provide. Some Unix vendors even provide only a handful of conversions, +which renders them useless for almost all uses. + + This directly leads to a third and probably the most problematic +point. The way the `iconv' conversion functions are implemented on all +known Unix systems and the availability of the conversion functions from +character set A to B and the conversion from B to C does _not_ imply +that the conversion from A to C is available. + + This might not seem unreasonable and problematic at first, but it is +a quite big problem as one will notice shortly after hitting it. To +show the problem we assume to write a program that has to convert from +A to C. A call like + + cd = iconv_open ("C", "A"); + +fails according to the assumption above. But what does the program do +now? The conversion is necessary; therefore, simply giving up is not +an option. + + This is a nuisance. The `iconv' function should take care of this. +But how should the program proceed from here on? If it tries to convert +to character set B, first the two `iconv_open' calls + + cd1 = iconv_open ("B", "A"); + +and + + cd2 = iconv_open ("C", "B"); + +will succeed, but how to find B? + + Unfortunately, the answer is: there is no general solution. On some +systems guessing might help. On those systems most character sets can +convert to and from UTF-8 encoded ISO 10646 or Unicode text. Beside +this only some very system-specific methods can help. Since the +conversion functions come from loadable modules and these modules must +be stored somewhere in the filesystem, one _could_ try to find them and +determine from the available file which conversions are available and +whether there is an indirect route from A to C. + + This example shows one of the design errors of `iconv' mentioned +above. It should at least be possible to determine the list of +available conversion programmatically so that if `iconv_open' says +there is no such conversion, one could make sure this also is true for +indirect routes. + + +File: libc.info, Node: glibc iconv Implementation, Prev: Other iconv Implementations, Up: Generic Charset Conversion + +6.5.4 The `iconv' Implementation in the GNU C library +----------------------------------------------------- + +After reading about the problems of `iconv' implementations in the last +section it is certainly good to note that the implementation in the GNU +C library has none of the problems mentioned above. What follows is a +step-by-step analysis of the points raised above. The evaluation is +based on the current state of the development (as of January 1999). +The development of the `iconv' functions is not complete, but basic +functionality has solidified. + + The GNU C library's `iconv' implementation uses shared loadable +modules to implement the conversions. A very small number of +conversions are built into the library itself but these are only rather +trivial conversions. + + All the benefits of loadable modules are available in the GNU C +library implementation. This is especially appealing since the +interface is well documented (see below), and it, therefore, is easy to +write new conversion modules. The drawback of using loadable objects +is not a problem in the GNU C library, at least on ELF systems. Since +the library is able to load shared objects even in statically linked +binaries, static linking need not be forbidden in case one wants to use +`iconv'. + + The second mentioned problem is the number of supported conversions. +Currently, the GNU C library supports more than 150 character sets. The +way the implementation is designed the number of supported conversions +is greater than 22350 (150 times 149). If any conversion from or to a +character set is missing, it can be added easily. + + Particularly impressive as it may be, this high number is due to the +fact that the GNU C library implementation of `iconv' does not have the +third problem mentioned above (i.e., whenever there is a conversion +from a character set A to B and from B to C it is always possible to +convert from A to C directly). If the `iconv_open' returns an error +and sets `errno' to `EINVAL', there is no known way, directly or +indirectly, to perform the wanted conversion. + + Triangulation is achieved by providing for each character set a +conversion from and to UCS-4 encoded ISO 10646. Using ISO 10646 as an +intermediate representation it is possible to "triangulate" (i.e., +convert with an intermediate representation). + + There is no inherent requirement to provide a conversion to +ISO 10646 for a new character set, and it is also possible to provide +other conversions where neither source nor destination character set is +ISO 10646. The existing set of conversions is simply meant to cover all +conversions that might be of interest. + + All currently available conversions use the triangulation method +above, making conversion run unnecessarily slow. If, for example, +somebody often needs the conversion from ISO-2022-JP to EUC-JP, a +quicker solution would involve direct conversion between the two +character sets, skipping the input to ISO 10646 first. The two +character sets of interest are much more similar to each other than to +ISO 10646. + + In such a situation one easily can write a new conversion and +provide it as a better alternative. The GNU C library `iconv' +implementation would automatically use the module implementing the +conversion if it is specified to be more efficient. + +6.5.4.1 Format of `gconv-modules' files +....................................... + +All information about the available conversions comes from a file named +`gconv-modules', which can be found in any of the directories along the +`GCONV_PATH'. The `gconv-modules' files are line-oriented text files, +where each of the lines has one of the following formats: + + * If the first non-whitespace character is a `#' the line contains + only comments and is ignored. + + * Lines starting with `alias' define an alias name for a character + set. Two more words are expected on the line. The first word + defines the alias name, and the second defines the original name + of the character set. The effect is that it is possible to use + the alias name in the FROMSET or TOSET parameters of `iconv_open' + and achieve the same result as when using the real character set + name. + + This is quite important as a character set has often many different + names. There is normally an official name but this need not + correspond to the most popular name. Beside this many character + sets have special names that are somehow constructed. For + example, all character sets specified by the ISO have an alias of + the form `ISO-IR-NNN' where NNN is the registration number. This + allows programs that know about the registration number to + construct character set names and use them in `iconv_open' calls. + More on the available names and aliases follows below. + + * Lines starting with `module' introduce an available conversion + module. These lines must contain three or four more words. + + The first word specifies the source character set, the second word + the destination character set of conversion implemented in this + module, and the third word is the name of the loadable module. + The filename is constructed by appending the usual shared object + suffix (normally `.so') and this file is then supposed to be found + in the same directory the `gconv-modules' file is in. The last + word on the line, which is optional, is a numeric value + representing the cost of the conversion. If this word is missing, + a cost of 1 is assumed. The numeric value itself does not matter + that much; what counts are the relative values of the sums of + costs for all possible conversion paths. Below is a more precise + description of the use of the cost value. + + Returning to the example above where one has written a module to +directly convert from ISO-2022-JP to EUC-JP and back. All that has to +be done is to put the new module, let its name be ISO2022JP-EUCJP.so, +in a directory and add a file `gconv-modules' with the following +content in the same directory: + + module ISO-2022-JP// EUC-JP// ISO2022JP-EUCJP 1 + module EUC-JP// ISO-2022-JP// ISO2022JP-EUCJP 1 + + To see why this is sufficient, it is necessary to understand how the +conversion used by `iconv' (and described in the descriptor) is +selected. The approach to this problem is quite simple. + + At the first call of the `iconv_open' function the program reads all +available `gconv-modules' files and builds up two tables: one +containing all the known aliases and another that contains the +information about the conversions and which shared object implements +them. + +6.5.4.2 Finding the conversion path in `iconv' +.............................................. + +The set of available conversions form a directed graph with weighted +edges. The weights on the edges are the costs specified in the +`gconv-modules' files. The `iconv_open' function uses an algorithm +suitable for search for the best path in such a graph and so constructs +a list of conversions that must be performed in succession to get the +transformation from the source to the destination character set. + + Explaining why the above `gconv-modules' files allows the `iconv' +implementation to resolve the specific ISO-2022-JP to EUC-JP conversion +module instead of the conversion coming with the library itself is +straightforward. Since the latter conversion takes two steps (from +ISO-2022-JP to ISO 10646 and then from ISO 10646 to EUC-JP), the cost +is 1+1 = 2. The above `gconv-modules' file, however, specifies that +the new conversion modules can perform this conversion with only the +cost of 1. + + A mysterious item about the `gconv-modules' file above (and also the +file coming with the GNU C library) are the names of the character sets +specified in the `module' lines. Why do almost all the names end in +`//'? And this is not all: the names can actually be regular +expressions. At this point in time this mystery should not be +revealed, unless you have the relevant spell-casting materials: ashes +from an original DOS 6.2 boot disk burnt in effigy, a crucifix blessed +by St. Emacs, assorted herbal roots from Central America, sand from +Cebu, etc. Sorry! *The part of the implementation where this is used +is not yet finished. For now please simply follow the existing +examples. It'll become clearer once it is. -drepper* + + A last remark about the `gconv-modules' is about the names not +ending with `//'. A character set named `INTERNAL' is often mentioned. +From the discussion above and the chosen name it should have become +clear that this is the name for the representation used in the +intermediate step of the triangulation. We have said that this is UCS-4 +but actually that is not quite right. The UCS-4 specification also +includes the specification of the byte ordering used. Since a UCS-4 +value consists of four bytes, a stored value is effected by byte +ordering. The internal representation is _not_ the same as UCS-4 in +case the byte ordering of the processor (or at least the running +process) is not the same as the one required for UCS-4. This is done +for performance reasons as one does not want to perform unnecessary +byte-swapping operations if one is not interested in actually seeing +the result in UCS-4. To avoid trouble with endianness, the internal +representation consistently is named `INTERNAL' even on big-endian +systems where the representations are identical. + +6.5.4.3 `iconv' module data structures +...................................... + +So far this section has described how modules are located and considered +to be used. What remains to be described is the interface of the +modules so that one can write new ones. This section describes the +interface as it is in use in January 1999. The interface will change a +bit in the future but, with luck, only in an upwardly compatible way. + + The definitions necessary to write new modules are publicly available +in the non-standard header `gconv.h'. The following text, therefore, +describes the definitions from this header file. First, however, it is +necessary to get an overview. + + From the perspective of the user of `iconv' the interface is quite +simple: the `iconv_open' function returns a handle that can be used in +calls to `iconv', and finally the handle is freed with a call to +`iconv_close'. The problem is that the handle has to be able to +represent the possibly long sequences of conversion steps and also the +state of each conversion since the handle is all that is passed to the +`iconv' function. Therefore, the data structures are really the +elements necessary to understanding the implementation. + + We need two different kinds of data structures. The first describes +the conversion and the second describes the state etc. There are +really two type definitions like this in `gconv.h'. + + -- Data type: struct __gconv_step + This data structure describes one conversion a module can perform. + For each function in a loaded module with conversion functions + there is exactly one object of this type. This object is shared + by all users of the conversion (i.e., this object does not contain + any information corresponding to an actual conversion; it only + describes the conversion itself). + + `struct __gconv_loaded_object *__shlib_handle' + `const char *__modname' + `int __counter' + All these elements of the structure are used internally in + the C library to coordinate loading and unloading the shared. + One must not expect any of the other elements to be available + or initialized. + + `const char *__from_name' + `const char *__to_name' + `__from_name' and `__to_name' contain the names of the source + and destination character sets. They can be used to identify + the actual conversion to be carried out since one module + might implement conversions for more than one character set + and/or direction. + + `gconv_fct __fct' + `gconv_init_fct __init_fct' + `gconv_end_fct __end_fct' + These elements contain pointers to the functions in the + loadable module. The interface will be explained below. + + `int __min_needed_from' + `int __max_needed_from' + `int __min_needed_to' + `int __max_needed_to;' + These values have to be supplied in the init function of the + module. The `__min_needed_from' value specifies how many + bytes a character of the source character set at least needs. + The `__max_needed_from' specifies the maximum value that also + includes possible shift sequences. + + The `__min_needed_to' and `__max_needed_to' values serve the + same purpose as `__min_needed_from' and `__max_needed_from' + but this time for the destination character set. + + It is crucial that these values be accurate since otherwise + the conversion functions will have problems or not work at + all. + + `int __stateful' + This element must also be initialized by the init function. + `int __stateful' is nonzero if the source character set is + stateful. Otherwise it is zero. + + `void *__data' + This element can be used freely by the conversion functions + in the module. `void *__data' can be used to communicate + extra information from one call to another. `void *__data' + need not be initialized if not needed at all. If `void + *__data' element is assigned a pointer to dynamically + allocated memory (presumably in the init function) it has to + be made sure that the end function deallocates the memory. + Otherwise the application will leak memory. + + It is important to be aware that this data structure is + shared by all users of this specification conversion and + therefore the `__data' element must not contain data specific + to one specific use of the conversion function. + + -- Data type: struct __gconv_step_data + This is the data structure that contains the information specific + to each use of the conversion functions. + + `char *__outbuf' + `char *__outbufend' + These elements specify the output buffer for the conversion + step. The `__outbuf' element points to the beginning of the + buffer, and `__outbufend' points to the byte following the + last byte in the buffer. The conversion function must not + assume anything about the size of the buffer but it can be + safely assumed the there is room for at least one complete + character in the output buffer. + + Once the conversion is finished, if the conversion is the + last step, the `__outbuf' element must be modified to point + after the last byte written into the buffer to signal how + much output is available. If this conversion step is not the + last one, the element must not be modified. The + `__outbufend' element must not be modified. + + `int __is_last' + This element is nonzero if this conversion step is the last + one. This information is necessary for the recursion. See + the description of the conversion function internals below. + This element must never be modified. + + `int __invocation_counter' + The conversion function can use this element to see how many + calls of the conversion function already happened. Some + character sets require a certain prolog when generating + output, and by comparing this value with zero, one can find + out whether it is the first call and whether, therefore, the + prolog should be emitted. This element must never be + modified. + + `int __internal_use' + This element is another one rarely used but needed in certain + situations. It is assigned a nonzero value in case the + conversion functions are used to implement `mbsrtowcs' et.al. + (i.e., the function is not used directly through the `iconv' + interface). + + This sometimes makes a difference as it is expected that the + `iconv' functions are used to translate entire texts while the + `mbsrtowcs' functions are normally used only to convert single + strings and might be used multiple times to convert entire + texts. + + But in this situation we would have problem complying with + some rules of the character set specification. Some + character sets require a prolog, which must appear exactly + once for an entire text. If a number of `mbsrtowcs' calls + are used to convert the text, only the first call must add + the prolog. However, because there is no communication + between the different calls of `mbsrtowcs', the conversion + functions have no possibility to find this out. The + situation is different for sequences of `iconv' calls since + the handle allows access to the needed information. + + The `int __internal_use' element is mostly used together with + `__invocation_counter' as follows: + + if (!data->__internal_use + && data->__invocation_counter == 0) + /* Emit prolog. */ + ... + + This element must never be modified. + + `mbstate_t *__statep' + The `__statep' element points to an object of type `mbstate_t' + (*note Keeping the state::). The conversion of a stateful + character set must use the object pointed to by `__statep' to + store information about the conversion state. The `__statep' + element itself must never be modified. + + `mbstate_t __state' + This element must _never_ be used directly. It is only part + of this structure to have the needed space allocated. + +6.5.4.4 `iconv' module interfaces +................................. + +With the knowledge about the data structures we now can describe the +conversion function itself. To understand the interface a bit of +knowledge is necessary about the functionality in the C library that +loads the objects with the conversions. + + It is often the case that one conversion is used more than once +(i.e., there are several `iconv_open' calls for the same set of +character sets during one program run). The `mbsrtowcs' et.al. +functions in the GNU C library also use the `iconv' functionality, which +increases the number of uses of the same functions even more. + + Because of this multiple use of conversions, the modules do not get +loaded exclusively for one conversion. Instead a module once loaded can +be used by an arbitrary number of `iconv' or `mbsrtowcs' calls at the +same time. The splitting of the information between conversion- +function-specific information and conversion data makes this possible. +The last section showed the two data structures used to do this. + + This is of course also reflected in the interface and semantics of +the functions that the modules must provide. There are three functions +that must have the following names: + +`gconv_init' + The `gconv_init' function initializes the conversion function + specific data structure. This very same object is shared by all + conversions that use this conversion and, therefore, no state + information about the conversion itself must be stored in here. + If a module implements more than one conversion, the `gconv_init' + function will be called multiple times. + +`gconv_end' + The `gconv_end' function is responsible for freeing all resources + allocated by the `gconv_init' function. If there is nothing to do, + this function can be missing. Special care must be taken if the + module implements more than one conversion and the `gconv_init' + function does not allocate the same resources for all conversions. + +`gconv' + This is the actual conversion function. It is called to convert + one block of text. It gets passed the conversion step information + initialized by `gconv_init' and the conversion data, specific to + this use of the conversion functions. + + There are three data types defined for the three module interface +functions and these define the interface. + + -- Data type: int (*__gconv_init_fct) (struct __gconv_step *) + This specifies the interface of the initialization function of the + module. It is called exactly once for each conversion the module + implements. + + As explained in the description of the `struct __gconv_step' data + structure above the initialization function has to initialize + parts of it. + + `__min_needed_from' + `__max_needed_from' + `__min_needed_to' + `__max_needed_to' + These elements must be initialized to the exact numbers of + the minimum and maximum number of bytes used by one character + in the source and destination character sets, respectively. + If the characters all have the same size, the minimum and + maximum values are the same. + + `__stateful' + This element must be initialized to an nonzero value if the + source character set is stateful. Otherwise it must be zero. + + If the initialization function needs to communicate some + information to the conversion function, this communication can + happen using the `__data' element of the `__gconv_step' structure. + But since this data is shared by all the conversions, it must not + be modified by the conversion function. The example below shows + how this can be used. + + #define MIN_NEEDED_FROM 1 + #define MAX_NEEDED_FROM 4 + #define MIN_NEEDED_TO 4 + #define MAX_NEEDED_TO 4 + + int + gconv_init (struct __gconv_step *step) + { + /* Determine which direction. */ + struct iso2022jp_data *new_data; + enum direction dir = illegal_dir; + enum variant var = illegal_var; + int result; + + if (__strcasecmp (step->__from_name, "ISO-2022-JP//") == 0) + { + dir = from_iso2022jp; + var = iso2022jp; + } + else if (__strcasecmp (step->__to_name, "ISO-2022-JP//") == 0) + { + dir = to_iso2022jp; + var = iso2022jp; + } + else if (__strcasecmp (step->__from_name, "ISO-2022-JP-2//") == 0) + { + dir = from_iso2022jp; + var = iso2022jp2; + } + else if (__strcasecmp (step->__to_name, "ISO-2022-JP-2//") == 0) + { + dir = to_iso2022jp; + var = iso2022jp2; + } + + result = __GCONV_NOCONV; + if (dir != illegal_dir) + { + new_data = (struct iso2022jp_data *) + malloc (sizeof (struct iso2022jp_data)); + + result = __GCONV_NOMEM; + if (new_data != NULL) + { + new_data->dir = dir; + new_data->var = var; + step->__data = new_data; + + if (dir == from_iso2022jp) + { + step->__min_needed_from = MIN_NEEDED_FROM; + step->__max_needed_from = MAX_NEEDED_FROM; + step->__min_needed_to = MIN_NEEDED_TO; + step->__max_needed_to = MAX_NEEDED_TO; + } + else + { + step->__min_needed_from = MIN_NEEDED_TO; + step->__max_needed_from = MAX_NEEDED_TO; + step->__min_needed_to = MIN_NEEDED_FROM; + step->__max_needed_to = MAX_NEEDED_FROM + 2; + } + + /* Yes, this is a stateful encoding. */ + step->__stateful = 1; + + result = __GCONV_OK; + } + } + + return result; + } + + The function first checks which conversion is wanted. The module + from which this function is taken implements four different + conversions; which one is selected can be determined by comparing + the names. The comparison should always be done without paying + attention to the case. + + Next, a data structure, which contains the necessary information + about which conversion is selected, is allocated. The data + structure `struct iso2022jp_data' is locally defined since, + outside the module, this data is not used at all. Please note + that if all four conversions this modules supports are requested + there are four data blocks. + + One interesting thing is the initialization of the `__min_' and + `__max_' elements of the step data object. A single ISO-2022-JP + character can consist of one to four bytes. Therefore the + `MIN_NEEDED_FROM' and `MAX_NEEDED_FROM' macros are defined this + way. The output is always the `INTERNAL' character set (aka + UCS-4) and therefore each character consists of exactly four + bytes. For the conversion from `INTERNAL' to ISO-2022-JP we have + to take into account that escape sequences might be necessary to + switch the character sets. Therefore the `__max_needed_to' + element for this direction gets assigned `MAX_NEEDED_FROM + 2'. + This takes into account the two bytes needed for the escape + sequences to single the switching. The asymmetry in the maximum + values for the two directions can be explained easily: when + reading ISO-2022-JP text, escape sequences can be handled alone + (i.e., it is not necessary to process a real character since the + effect of the escape sequence can be recorded in the state + information). The situation is different for the other direction. + Since it is in general not known which character comes next, one + cannot emit escape sequences to change the state in advance. This + means the escape sequences that have to be emitted together with + the next character. Therefore one needs more room than only for + the character itself. + + The possible return values of the initialization function are: + + `__GCONV_OK' + The initialization succeeded + + `__GCONV_NOCONV' + The requested conversion is not supported in the module. + This can happen if the `gconv-modules' file has errors. + + `__GCONV_NOMEM' + Memory required to store additional information could not be + allocated. + + The function called before the module is unloaded is significantly +easier. It often has nothing at all to do; in which case it can be left +out completely. + + -- Data type: void (*__gconv_end_fct) (struct gconv_step *) + The task of this function is to free all resources allocated in the + initialization function. Therefore only the `__data' element of + the object pointed to by the argument is of interest. Continuing + the example from the initialization function, the finalization + function looks like this: + + void + gconv_end (struct __gconv_step *data) + { + free (data->__data); + } + + The most important function is the conversion function itself, which +can get quite complicated for complex character sets. But since this +is not of interest here, we will only describe a possible skeleton for +the conversion function. + + -- Data type: int (*__gconv_fct) (struct __gconv_step *, struct + __gconv_step_data *, const char **, const char *, size_t *, + int) + The conversion function can be called for two basic reason: to + convert text or to reset the state. From the description of the + `iconv' function it can be seen why the flushing mode is + necessary. What mode is selected is determined by the sixth + argument, an integer. This argument being nonzero means that + flushing is selected. + + Common to both modes is where the output buffer can be found. The + information about this buffer is stored in the conversion step + data. A pointer to this information is passed as the second + argument to this function. The description of the `struct + __gconv_step_data' structure has more information on the + conversion step data. + + What has to be done for flushing depends on the source character + set. If the source character set is not stateful, nothing has to + be done. Otherwise the function has to emit a byte sequence to + bring the state object into the initial state. Once this all + happened the other conversion modules in the chain of conversions + have to get the same chance. Whether another step follows can be + determined from the `__is_last' element of the step data structure + to which the first parameter points. + + The more interesting mode is when actual text has to be converted. + The first step in this case is to convert as much text as possible + from the input buffer and store the result in the output buffer. + The start of the input buffer is determined by the third argument, + which is a pointer to a pointer variable referencing the beginning + of the buffer. The fourth argument is a pointer to the byte right + after the last byte in the buffer. + + The conversion has to be performed according to the current state + if the character set is stateful. The state is stored in an + object pointed to by the `__statep' element of the step data + (second argument). Once either the input buffer is empty or the + output buffer is full the conversion stops. At this point, the + pointer variable referenced by the third parameter must point to + the byte following the last processed byte (i.e., if all of the + input is consumed, this pointer and the fourth parameter have the + same value). + + What now happens depends on whether this step is the last one. If + it is the last step, the only thing that has to be done is to + update the `__outbuf' element of the step data structure to point + after the last written byte. This update gives the caller the + information on how much text is available in the output buffer. + In addition, the variable pointed to by the fifth parameter, which + is of type `size_t', must be incremented by the number of + characters (_not bytes_) that were converted in a non-reversible + way. Then, the function can return. + + In case the step is not the last one, the later conversion + functions have to get a chance to do their work. Therefore, the + appropriate conversion function has to be called. The information + about the functions is stored in the conversion data structures, + passed as the first parameter. This information and the step data + are stored in arrays, so the next element in both cases can be + found by simple pointer arithmetic: + + int + gconv (struct __gconv_step *step, struct __gconv_step_data *data, + const char **inbuf, const char *inbufend, size_t *written, + int do_flush) + { + struct __gconv_step *next_step = step + 1; + struct __gconv_step_data *next_data = data + 1; + ... + + The `next_step' pointer references the next step information and + `next_data' the next data record. The call of the next function + therefore will look similar to this: + + next_step->__fct (next_step, next_data, &outerr, outbuf, + written, 0) + + But this is not yet all. Once the function call returns the + conversion function might have some more to do. If the return + value of the function is `__GCONV_EMPTY_INPUT', more room is + available in the output buffer. Unless the input buffer is empty + the conversion, functions start all over again and process the + rest of the input buffer. If the return value is not + `__GCONV_EMPTY_INPUT', something went wrong and we have to recover + from this. + + A requirement for the conversion function is that the input buffer + pointer (the third argument) always point to the last character + that was put in converted form into the output buffer. This is + trivially true after the conversion performed in the current step, + but if the conversion functions deeper downstream stop + prematurely, not all characters from the output buffer are + consumed and, therefore, the input buffer pointers must be backed + off to the right position. + + Correcting the input buffers is easy to do if the input and output + character sets have a fixed width for all characters. In this + situation we can compute how many characters are left in the + output buffer and, therefore, can correct the input buffer pointer + appropriately with a similar computation. Things are getting + tricky if either character set has characters represented with + variable length byte sequences, and it gets even more complicated + if the conversion has to take care of the state. In these cases + the conversion has to be performed once again, from the known + state before the initial conversion (i.e., if necessary the state + of the conversion has to be reset and the conversion loop has to be + executed again). The difference now is that it is known how much + input must be created, and the conversion can stop before + converting the first unused character. Once this is done the + input buffer pointers must be updated again and the function can + return. + + One final thing should be mentioned. If it is necessary for the + conversion to know whether it is the first invocation (in case a + prolog has to be emitted), the conversion function should + increment the `__invocation_counter' element of the step data + structure just before returning to the caller. See the + description of the `struct __gconv_step_data' structure above for + more information on how this can be used. + + The return value must be one of the following values: + + `__GCONV_EMPTY_INPUT' + All input was consumed and there is room left in the output + buffer. + + `__GCONV_FULL_OUTPUT' + No more room in the output buffer. In case this is not the + last step this value is propagated down from the call of the + next conversion function in the chain. + + `__GCONV_INCOMPLETE_INPUT' + The input buffer is not entirely empty since it contains an + incomplete character sequence. + + The following example provides a framework for a conversion + function. In case a new conversion has to be written the holes in + this implementation have to be filled and that is it. + + int + gconv (struct __gconv_step *step, struct __gconv_step_data *data, + const char **inbuf, const char *inbufend, size_t *written, + int do_flush) + { + struct __gconv_step *next_step = step + 1; + struct __gconv_step_data *next_data = data + 1; + gconv_fct fct = next_step->__fct; + int status; + + /* If the function is called with no input this means we have + to reset to the initial state. The possibly partly + converted input is dropped. */ + if (do_flush) + { + status = __GCONV_OK; + + /* Possible emit a byte sequence which put the state object + into the initial state. */ + + /* Call the steps down the chain if there are any but only + if we successfully emitted the escape sequence. */ + if (status == __GCONV_OK && ! data->__is_last) + status = fct (next_step, next_data, NULL, NULL, + written, 1); + } + else + { + /* We preserve the initial values of the pointer variables. */ + const char *inptr = *inbuf; + char *outbuf = data->__outbuf; + char *outend = data->__outbufend; + char *outptr; + + do + { + /* Remember the start value for this round. */ + inptr = *inbuf; + /* The outbuf buffer is empty. */ + outptr = outbuf; + + /* For stateful encodings the state must be safe here. */ + + /* Run the conversion loop. `status' is set + appropriately afterwards. */ + + /* If this is the last step, leave the loop. There is + nothing we can do. */ + if (data->__is_last) + { + /* Store information about how many bytes are + available. */ + data->__outbuf = outbuf; + + /* If any non-reversible conversions were performed, + add the number to `*written'. */ + + break; + } + + /* Write out all output that was produced. */ + if (outbuf > outptr) + { + const char *outerr = data->__outbuf; + int result; + + result = fct (next_step, next_data, &outerr, + outbuf, written, 0); + + if (result != __GCONV_EMPTY_INPUT) + { + if (outerr != outbuf) + { + /* Reset the input buffer pointer. We + document here the complex case. */ + size_t nstatus; + + /* Reload the pointers. */ + *inbuf = inptr; + outbuf = outptr; + + /* Possibly reset the state. */ + + /* Redo the conversion, but this time + the end of the output buffer is at + `outerr'. */ + } + + /* Change the status. */ + status = result; + } + else + /* All the output is consumed, we can make + another run if everything was ok. */ + if (status == __GCONV_FULL_OUTPUT) + status = __GCONV_OK; + } + } + while (status == __GCONV_OK); + + /* We finished one use of this step. */ + ++data->__invocation_counter; + } + + return status; + } + + This information should be sufficient to write new modules. Anybody +doing so should also take a look at the available source code in the GNU +C library sources. It contains many examples of working and optimized +modules. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Locales, Next: Message Translation, Prev: Character Set Handling, Up: Top + +7 Locales and Internationalization +********************************** + +Different countries and cultures have varying conventions for how to +communicate. These conventions range from very simple ones, such as the +format for representing dates and times, to very complex ones, such as +the language spoken. + + "Internationalization" of software means programming it to be able +to adapt to the user's favorite conventions. In ISO C, +internationalization works by means of "locales". Each locale +specifies a collection of conventions, one convention for each purpose. +The user chooses a set of conventions by specifying a locale (via +environment variables). + + All programs inherit the chosen locale as part of their environment. +Provided the programs are written to obey the choice of locale, they +will follow the conventions preferred by the user. + +* Menu: + +* Effects of Locale:: Actions affected by the choice of + locale. +* Choosing Locale:: How the user specifies a locale. +* Locale Categories:: Different purposes for which you can + select a locale. +* Setting the Locale:: How a program specifies the locale + with library functions. +* Standard Locales:: Locale names available on all systems. +* Locale Information:: How to access the information for the locale. +* Formatting Numbers:: A dedicated function to format numbers. +* Yes-or-No Questions:: Check a Response against the locale. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Effects of Locale, Next: Choosing Locale, Up: Locales + +7.1 What Effects a Locale Has +============================= + +Each locale specifies conventions for several purposes, including the +following: + + * What multibyte character sequences are valid, and how they are + interpreted (*note Character Set Handling::). + + * Classification of which characters in the local character set are + considered alphabetic, and upper- and lower-case conversion + conventions (*note Character Handling::). + + * The collating sequence for the local language and character set + (*note Collation Functions::). + + * Formatting of numbers and currency amounts (*note General + Numeric::). + + * Formatting of dates and times (*note Formatting Calendar Time::). + + * What language to use for output, including error messages (*note + Message Translation::). + + * What language to use for user answers to yes-or-no questions + (*note Yes-or-No Questions::). + + * What language to use for more complex user input. (The C library + doesn't yet help you implement this.) + + Some aspects of adapting to the specified locale are handled +automatically by the library subroutines. For example, all your program +needs to do in order to use the collating sequence of the chosen locale +is to use `strcoll' or `strxfrm' to compare strings. + + Other aspects of locales are beyond the comprehension of the library. +For example, the library can't automatically translate your program's +output messages into other languages. The only way you can support +output in the user's favorite language is to program this more or less +by hand. The C library provides functions to handle translations for +multiple languages easily. + + This chapter discusses the mechanism by which you can modify the +current locale. The effects of the current locale on specific library +functions are discussed in more detail in the descriptions of those +functions. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Choosing Locale, Next: Locale Categories, Prev: Effects of Locale, Up: Locales + +7.2 Choosing a Locale +===================== + +The simplest way for the user to choose a locale is to set the +environment variable `LANG'. This specifies a single locale to use for +all purposes. For example, a user could specify a hypothetical locale +named `espana-castellano' to use the standard conventions of most of +Spain. + + The set of locales supported depends on the operating system you are +using, and so do their names. We can't make any promises about what +locales will exist, except for one standard locale called `C' or +`POSIX'. Later we will describe how to construct locales. + + A user also has the option of specifying different locales for +different purposes--in effect, choosing a mixture of multiple locales. + + For example, the user might specify the locale `espana-castellano' +for most purposes, but specify the locale `usa-english' for currency +formatting. This might make sense if the user is a Spanish-speaking +American, working in Spanish, but representing monetary amounts in US +dollars. + + Note that both locales `espana-castellano' and `usa-english', like +all locales, would include conventions for all of the purposes to which +locales apply. However, the user can choose to use each locale for a +particular subset of those purposes. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Locale Categories, Next: Setting the Locale, Prev: Choosing Locale, Up: Locales + +7.3 Categories of Activities that Locales Affect +================================================ + +The purposes that locales serve are grouped into "categories", so that +a user or a program can choose the locale for each category +independently. Here is a table of categories; each name is both an +environment variable that a user can set, and a macro name that you can +use as an argument to `setlocale'. + +`LC_COLLATE' + This category applies to collation of strings (functions `strcoll' + and `strxfrm'); see *note Collation Functions::. + +`LC_CTYPE' + This category applies to classification and conversion of + characters, and to multibyte and wide characters; see *note + Character Handling::, and *note Character Set Handling::. + +`LC_MONETARY' + This category applies to formatting monetary values; see *note + General Numeric::. + +`LC_NUMERIC' + This category applies to formatting numeric values that are not + monetary; see *note General Numeric::. + +`LC_TIME' + This category applies to formatting date and time values; see + *note Formatting Calendar Time::. + +`LC_MESSAGES' + This category applies to selecting the language used in the user + interface for message translation (*note The Uniforum approach::; + *note Message catalogs a la X/Open::) and contains regular + expressions for affirmative and negative responses. + +`LC_ALL' + This is not an environment variable; it is only a macro that you + can use with `setlocale' to set a single locale for all purposes. + Setting this environment variable overwrites all selections by the + other `LC_*' variables or `LANG'. + +`LANG' + If this environment variable is defined, its value specifies the + locale to use for all purposes except as overridden by the + variables above. + + When developing the message translation functions it was felt that +the functionality provided by the variables above is not sufficient. +For example, it should be possible to specify more than one locale name. +Take a Swedish user who better speaks German than English, and a program +whose messages are output in English by default. It should be possible +to specify that the first choice of language is Swedish, the second +German, and if this also fails to use English. This is possible with +the variable `LANGUAGE'. For further description of this GNU extension +see *note Using gettextized software::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Setting the Locale, Next: Standard Locales, Prev: Locale Categories, Up: Locales + +7.4 How Programs Set the Locale +=============================== + +A C program inherits its locale environment variables when it starts up. +This happens automatically. However, these variables do not +automatically control the locale used by the library functions, because +ISO C says that all programs start by default in the standard `C' +locale. To use the locales specified by the environment, you must call +`setlocale'. Call it as follows: + + setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); + +to select a locale based on the user choice of the appropriate +environment variables. + + You can also use `setlocale' to specify a particular locale, for +general use or for a specific category. + + The symbols in this section are defined in the header file +`locale.h'. + + -- Function: char * setlocale (int CATEGORY, const char *LOCALE) + The function `setlocale' sets the current locale for category + CATEGORY to LOCALE. A list of all the locales the system provides + can be created by running + + locale -a + + If CATEGORY is `LC_ALL', this specifies the locale for all + purposes. The other possible values of CATEGORY specify an single + purpose (*note Locale Categories::). + + You can also use this function to find out the current locale by + passing a null pointer as the LOCALE argument. In this case, + `setlocale' returns a string that is the name of the locale + currently selected for category CATEGORY. + + The string returned by `setlocale' can be overwritten by subsequent + calls, so you should make a copy of the string (*note Copying and + Concatenation::) if you want to save it past any further calls to + `setlocale'. (The standard library is guaranteed never to call + `setlocale' itself.) + + You should not modify the string returned by `setlocale'. It might + be the same string that was passed as an argument in a previous + call to `setlocale'. One requirement is that the CATEGORY must be + the same in the call the string was returned and the one when the + string is passed in as LOCALE parameter. + + When you read the current locale for category `LC_ALL', the value + encodes the entire combination of selected locales for all + categories. In this case, the value is not just a single locale + name. In fact, we don't make any promises about what it looks + like. But if you specify the same "locale name" with `LC_ALL' in + a subsequent call to `setlocale', it restores the same combination + of locale selections. + + To be sure you can use the returned string encoding the currently + selected locale at a later time, you must make a copy of the + string. It is not guaranteed that the returned pointer remains + valid over time. + + When the LOCALE argument is not a null pointer, the string returned + by `setlocale' reflects the newly-modified locale. + + If you specify an empty string for LOCALE, this means to read the + appropriate environment variable and use its value to select the + locale for CATEGORY. + + If a nonempty string is given for LOCALE, then the locale of that + name is used if possible. + + If you specify an invalid locale name, `setlocale' returns a null + pointer and leaves the current locale unchanged. + + Here is an example showing how you might use `setlocale' to +temporarily switch to a new locale. + + #include + #include + #include + #include + + void + with_other_locale (char *new_locale, + void (*subroutine) (int), + int argument) + { + char *old_locale, *saved_locale; + + /* Get the name of the current locale. */ + old_locale = setlocale (LC_ALL, NULL); + + /* Copy the name so it won't be clobbered by `setlocale'. */ + saved_locale = strdup (old_locale); + if (saved_locale == NULL) + fatal ("Out of memory"); + + /* Now change the locale and do some stuff with it. */ + setlocale (LC_ALL, new_locale); + (*subroutine) (argument); + + /* Restore the original locale. */ + setlocale (LC_ALL, saved_locale); + free (saved_locale); + } + + *Portability Note:* Some ISO C systems may define additional locale +categories, and future versions of the library will do so. For +portability, assume that any symbol beginning with `LC_' might be +defined in `locale.h'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Standard Locales, Next: Locale Information, Prev: Setting the Locale, Up: Locales + +7.5 Standard Locales +==================== + +The only locale names you can count on finding on all operating systems +are these three standard ones: + +`"C"' + This is the standard C locale. The attributes and behavior it + provides are specified in the ISO C standard. When your program + starts up, it initially uses this locale by default. + +`"POSIX"' + This is the standard POSIX locale. Currently, it is an alias for + the standard C locale. + +`""' + The empty name says to select a locale based on environment + variables. *Note Locale Categories::. + + Defining and installing named locales is normally a responsibility of +the system administrator at your site (or the person who installed the +GNU C library). It is also possible for the user to create private +locales. All this will be discussed later when describing the tool to +do so. + + If your program needs to use something other than the `C' locale, it +will be more portable if you use whatever locale the user specifies +with the environment, rather than trying to specify some non-standard +locale explicitly by name. Remember, different machines might have +different sets of locales installed. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Locale Information, Next: Formatting Numbers, Prev: Standard Locales, Up: Locales + +7.6 Accessing Locale Information +================================ + +There are several ways to access locale information. The simplest way +is to let the C library itself do the work. Several of the functions +in this library implicitly access the locale data, and use what +information is provided by the currently selected locale. This is how +the locale model is meant to work normally. + + As an example take the `strftime' function, which is meant to nicely +format date and time information (*note Formatting Calendar Time::). +Part of the standard information contained in the `LC_TIME' category is +the names of the months. Instead of requiring the programmer to take +care of providing the translations the `strftime' function does this +all by itself. `%A' in the format string is replaced by the +appropriate weekday name of the locale currently selected by `LC_TIME'. +This is an easy example, and wherever possible functions do things +automatically in this way. + + But there are quite often situations when there is simply no function +to perform the task, or it is simply not possible to do the work +automatically. For these cases it is necessary to access the +information in the locale directly. To do this the C library provides +two functions: `localeconv' and `nl_langinfo'. The former is part of +ISO C and therefore portable, but has a brain-damaged interface. The +second is part of the Unix interface and is portable in as far as the +system follows the Unix standards. + +* Menu: + +* The Lame Way to Locale Data:: ISO C's `localeconv'. +* The Elegant and Fast Way:: X/Open's `nl_langinfo'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: The Lame Way to Locale Data, Next: The Elegant and Fast Way, Up: Locale Information + +7.6.1 `localeconv': It is portable but ... +------------------------------------------ + +Together with the `setlocale' function the ISO C people invented the +`localeconv' function. It is a masterpiece of poor design. It is +expensive to use, not extendable, and not generally usable as it +provides access to only `LC_MONETARY' and `LC_NUMERIC' related +information. Nevertheless, if it is applicable to a given situation it +should be used since it is very portable. The function `strfmon' +formats monetary amounts according to the selected locale using this +information. + + -- Function: struct lconv * localeconv (void) + The `localeconv' function returns a pointer to a structure whose + components contain information about how numeric and monetary + values should be formatted in the current locale. + + You should not modify the structure or its contents. The + structure might be overwritten by subsequent calls to + `localeconv', or by calls to `setlocale', but no other function in + the library overwrites this value. + + -- Data Type: struct lconv + `localeconv''s return value is of this data type. Its elements are + described in the following subsections. + + If a member of the structure `struct lconv' has type `char', and the +value is `CHAR_MAX', it means that the current locale has no value for +that parameter. + +* Menu: + +* General Numeric:: Parameters for formatting numbers and + currency amounts. +* Currency Symbol:: How to print the symbol that identifies an + amount of money (e.g. `$'). +* Sign of Money Amount:: How to print the (positive or negative) sign + for a monetary amount, if one exists. + + +File: libc.info, Node: General Numeric, Next: Currency Symbol, Up: The Lame Way to Locale Data + +7.6.1.1 Generic Numeric Formatting Parameters +............................................. + +These are the standard members of `struct lconv'; there may be others. + +`char *decimal_point' +`char *mon_decimal_point' + These are the decimal-point separators used in formatting + non-monetary and monetary quantities, respectively. In the `C' + locale, the value of `decimal_point' is `"."', and the value of + `mon_decimal_point' is `""'. + +`char *thousands_sep' +`char *mon_thousands_sep' + These are the separators used to delimit groups of digits to the + left of the decimal point in formatting non-monetary and monetary + quantities, respectively. In the `C' locale, both members have a + value of `""' (the empty string). + +`char *grouping' +`char *mon_grouping' + These are strings that specify how to group the digits to the left + of the decimal point. `grouping' applies to non-monetary + quantities and `mon_grouping' applies to monetary quantities. Use + either `thousands_sep' or `mon_thousands_sep' to separate the digit + groups. + + Each member of these strings is to be interpreted as an integer + value of type `char'. Successive numbers (from left to right) + give the sizes of successive groups (from right to left, starting + at the decimal point.) The last member is either `0', in which + case the previous member is used over and over again for all the + remaining groups, or `CHAR_MAX', in which case there is no more + grouping--or, put another way, any remaining digits form one large + group without separators. + + For example, if `grouping' is `"\04\03\02"', the correct grouping + for the number `123456787654321' is `12', `34', `56', `78', `765', + `4321'. This uses a group of 4 digits at the end, preceded by a + group of 3 digits, preceded by groups of 2 digits (as many as + needed). With a separator of `,', the number would be printed as + `12,34,56,78,765,4321'. + + A value of `"\03"' indicates repeated groups of three digits, as + normally used in the U.S. + + In the standard `C' locale, both `grouping' and `mon_grouping' + have a value of `""'. This value specifies no grouping at all. + +`char int_frac_digits' +`char frac_digits' + These are small integers indicating how many fractional digits (to + the right of the decimal point) should be displayed in a monetary + value in international and local formats, respectively. (Most + often, both members have the same value.) + + In the standard `C' locale, both of these members have the value + `CHAR_MAX', meaning "unspecified". The ISO standard doesn't say + what to do when you find this value; we recommend printing no + fractional digits. (This locale also specifies the empty string + for `mon_decimal_point', so printing any fractional digits would be + confusing!) + + +File: libc.info, Node: Currency Symbol, Next: Sign of Money Amount, Prev: General Numeric, Up: The Lame Way to Locale Data + +7.6.1.2 Printing the Currency Symbol +.................................... + +These members of the `struct lconv' structure specify how to print the +symbol to identify a monetary value--the international analog of `$' +for US dollars. + + Each country has two standard currency symbols. The "local currency +symbol" is used commonly within the country, while the "international +currency symbol" is used internationally to refer to that country's +currency when it is necessary to indicate the country unambiguously. + + For example, many countries use the dollar as their monetary unit, +and when dealing with international currencies it's important to specify +that one is dealing with (say) Canadian dollars instead of U.S. dollars +or Australian dollars. But when the context is known to be Canada, +there is no need to make this explicit--dollar amounts are implicitly +assumed to be in Canadian dollars. + +`char *currency_symbol' + The local currency symbol for the selected locale. + + In the standard `C' locale, this member has a value of `""' (the + empty string), meaning "unspecified". The ISO standard doesn't + say what to do when you find this value; we recommend you simply + print the empty string as you would print any other string pointed + to by this variable. + +`char *int_curr_symbol' + The international currency symbol for the selected locale. + + The value of `int_curr_symbol' should normally consist of a + three-letter abbreviation determined by the international standard + `ISO 4217 Codes for the Representation of Currency and Funds', + followed by a one-character separator (often a space). + + In the standard `C' locale, this member has a value of `""' (the + empty string), meaning "unspecified". We recommend you simply + print the empty string as you would print any other string pointed + to by this variable. + +`char p_cs_precedes' +`char n_cs_precedes' +`char int_p_cs_precedes' +`char int_n_cs_precedes' + These members are `1' if the `currency_symbol' or + `int_curr_symbol' strings should precede the value of a monetary + amount, or `0' if the strings should follow the value. The + `p_cs_precedes' and `int_p_cs_precedes' members apply to positive + amounts (or zero), and the `n_cs_precedes' and `int_n_cs_precedes' + members apply to negative amounts. + + In the standard `C' locale, all of these members have a value of + `CHAR_MAX', meaning "unspecified". The ISO standard doesn't say + what to do when you find this value. We recommend printing the + currency symbol before the amount, which is right for most + countries. In other words, treat all nonzero values alike in + these members. + + The members with the `int_' prefix apply to the `int_curr_symbol' + while the other two apply to `currency_symbol'. + +`char p_sep_by_space' +`char n_sep_by_space' +`char int_p_sep_by_space' +`char int_n_sep_by_space' + These members are `1' if a space should appear between the + `currency_symbol' or `int_curr_symbol' strings and the amount, or + `0' if no space should appear. The `p_sep_by_space' and + `int_p_sep_by_space' members apply to positive amounts (or zero), + and the `n_sep_by_space' and `int_n_sep_by_space' members apply to + negative amounts. + + In the standard `C' locale, all of these members have a value of + `CHAR_MAX', meaning "unspecified". The ISO standard doesn't say + what you should do when you find this value; we suggest you treat + it as 1 (print a space). In other words, treat all nonzero values + alike in these members. + + The members with the `int_' prefix apply to the `int_curr_symbol' + while the other two apply to `currency_symbol'. There is one + specialty with the `int_curr_symbol', though. Since all legal + values contain a space at the end the string one either printf + this space (if the currency symbol must appear in front and must + be separated) or one has to avoid printing this character at all + (especially when at the end of the string). + + +File: libc.info, Node: Sign of Money Amount, Prev: Currency Symbol, Up: The Lame Way to Locale Data + +7.6.1.3 Printing the Sign of a Monetary Amount +.............................................. + +These members of the `struct lconv' structure specify how to print the +sign (if any) of a monetary value. + +`char *positive_sign' +`char *negative_sign' + These are strings used to indicate positive (or zero) and negative + monetary quantities, respectively. + + In the standard `C' locale, both of these members have a value of + `""' (the empty string), meaning "unspecified". + + The ISO standard doesn't say what to do when you find this value; + we recommend printing `positive_sign' as you find it, even if it is + empty. For a negative value, print `negative_sign' as you find it + unless both it and `positive_sign' are empty, in which case print + `-' instead. (Failing to indicate the sign at all seems rather + unreasonable.) + +`char p_sign_posn' +`char n_sign_posn' +`char int_p_sign_posn' +`char int_n_sign_posn' + These members are small integers that indicate how to position the + sign for nonnegative and negative monetary quantities, + respectively. (The string used by the sign is what was specified + with `positive_sign' or `negative_sign'.) The possible values are + as follows: + + `0' + The currency symbol and quantity should be surrounded by + parentheses. + + `1' + Print the sign string before the quantity and currency symbol. + + `2' + Print the sign string after the quantity and currency symbol. + + `3' + Print the sign string right before the currency symbol. + + `4' + Print the sign string right after the currency symbol. + + `CHAR_MAX' + "Unspecified". Both members have this value in the standard + `C' locale. + + The ISO standard doesn't say what you should do when the value is + `CHAR_MAX'. We recommend you print the sign after the currency + symbol. + + The members with the `int_' prefix apply to the `int_curr_symbol' + while the other two apply to `currency_symbol'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: The Elegant and Fast Way, Prev: The Lame Way to Locale Data, Up: Locale Information + +7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data +------------------------------------ + +When writing the X/Open Portability Guide the authors realized that the +`localeconv' function is not enough to provide reasonable access to +locale information. The information which was meant to be available in +the locale (as later specified in the POSIX.1 standard) requires more +ways to access it. Therefore the `nl_langinfo' function was introduced. + + -- Function: char * nl_langinfo (nl_item ITEM) + The `nl_langinfo' function can be used to access individual + elements of the locale categories. Unlike the `localeconv' + function, which returns all the information, `nl_langinfo' lets + the caller select what information it requires. This is very fast + and it is not a problem to call this function multiple times. + + A second advantage is that in addition to the numeric and monetary + formatting information, information from the `LC_TIME' and + `LC_MESSAGES' categories is available. + + The type `nl_type' is defined in `nl_types.h'. The argument ITEM + is a numeric value defined in the header `langinfo.h'. The X/Open + standard defines the following values: + + `CODESET' + `nl_langinfo' returns a string with the name of the coded + character set used in the selected locale. + + `ABDAY_1' + `ABDAY_2' + `ABDAY_3' + `ABDAY_4' + `ABDAY_5' + `ABDAY_6' + `ABDAY_7' + `nl_langinfo' returns the abbreviated weekday name. `ABDAY_1' + corresponds to Sunday. + + `DAY_1' + `DAY_2' + `DAY_3' + `DAY_4' + `DAY_5' + `DAY_6' + `DAY_7' + Similar to `ABDAY_1' etc., but here the return value is the + unabbreviated weekday name. + + `ABMON_1' + `ABMON_2' + `ABMON_3' + `ABMON_4' + `ABMON_5' + `ABMON_6' + `ABMON_7' + `ABMON_8' + `ABMON_9' + `ABMON_10' + `ABMON_11' + `ABMON_12' + The return value is abbreviated name of the month. `ABMON_1' + corresponds to January. + + `MON_1' + `MON_2' + `MON_3' + `MON_4' + `MON_5' + `MON_6' + `MON_7' + `MON_8' + `MON_9' + `MON_10' + `MON_11' + `MON_12' + Similar to `ABMON_1' etc., but here the month names are not + abbreviated. Here the first value `MON_1' also corresponds + to January. + + `AM_STR' + `PM_STR' + The return values are strings which can be used in the + representation of time as an hour from 1 to 12 plus an am/pm + specifier. + + Note that in locales which do not use this time representation + these strings might be empty, in which case the am/pm format + cannot be used at all. + + `D_T_FMT' + The return value can be used as a format string for + `strftime' to represent time and date in a locale-specific + way. + + `D_FMT' + The return value can be used as a format string for + `strftime' to represent a date in a locale-specific way. + + `T_FMT' + The return value can be used as a format string for + `strftime' to represent time in a locale-specific way. + + `T_FMT_AMPM' + The return value can be used as a format string for + `strftime' to represent time in the am/pm format. + + Note that if the am/pm format does not make any sense for the + selected locale, the return value might be the same as the + one for `T_FMT'. + + `ERA' + The return value represents the era used in the current + locale. + + Most locales do not define this value. An example of a + locale which does define this value is the Japanese one. In + Japan, the traditional representation of dates includes the + name of the era corresponding to the then-emperor's reign. + + Normally it should not be necessary to use this value + directly. Specifying the `E' modifier in their format + strings causes the `strftime' functions to use this + information. The format of the returned string is not + specified, and therefore you should not assume knowledge of + it on different systems. + + `ERA_YEAR' + The return value gives the year in the relevant era of the + locale. As for `ERA' it should not be necessary to use this + value directly. + + `ERA_D_T_FMT' + This return value can be used as a format string for + `strftime' to represent dates and times in a locale-specific + era-based way. + + `ERA_D_FMT' + This return value can be used as a format string for + `strftime' to represent a date in a locale-specific era-based + way. + + `ERA_T_FMT' + This return value can be used as a format string for + `strftime' to represent time in a locale-specific era-based + way. + + `ALT_DIGITS' + The return value is a representation of up to 100 values used + to represent the values 0 to 99. As for `ERA' this value is + not intended to be used directly, but instead indirectly + through the `strftime' function. When the modifier `O' is + used in a format which would otherwise use numerals to + represent hours, minutes, seconds, weekdays, months, or + weeks, the appropriate value for the locale is used instead. + + `INT_CURR_SYMBOL' + The same as the value returned by `localeconv' in the + `int_curr_symbol' element of the `struct lconv'. + + `CURRENCY_SYMBOL' + `CRNCYSTR' + The same as the value returned by `localeconv' in the + `currency_symbol' element of the `struct lconv'. + + `CRNCYSTR' is a deprecated alias still required by Unix98. + + `MON_DECIMAL_POINT' + The same as the value returned by `localeconv' in the + `mon_decimal_point' element of the `struct lconv'. + + `MON_THOUSANDS_SEP' + The same as the value returned by `localeconv' in the + `mon_thousands_sep' element of the `struct lconv'. + + `MON_GROUPING' + The same as the value returned by `localeconv' in the + `mon_grouping' element of the `struct lconv'. + + `POSITIVE_SIGN' + The same as the value returned by `localeconv' in the + `positive_sign' element of the `struct lconv'. + + `NEGATIVE_SIGN' + The same as the value returned by `localeconv' in the + `negative_sign' element of the `struct lconv'. + + `INT_FRAC_DIGITS' + The same as the value returned by `localeconv' in the + `int_frac_digits' element of the `struct lconv'. + + `FRAC_DIGITS' + The same as the value returned by `localeconv' in the + `frac_digits' element of the `struct lconv'. + + `P_CS_PRECEDES' + The same as the value returned by `localeconv' in the + `p_cs_precedes' element of the `struct lconv'. + + `P_SEP_BY_SPACE' + The same as the value returned by `localeconv' in the + `p_sep_by_space' element of the `struct lconv'. + + `N_CS_PRECEDES' + The same as the value returned by `localeconv' in the + `n_cs_precedes' element of the `struct lconv'. + + `N_SEP_BY_SPACE' + The same as the value returned by `localeconv' in the + `n_sep_by_space' element of the `struct lconv'. + + `P_SIGN_POSN' + The same as the value returned by `localeconv' in the + `p_sign_posn' element of the `struct lconv'. + + `N_SIGN_POSN' + The same as the value returned by `localeconv' in the + `n_sign_posn' element of the `struct lconv'. + + `INT_P_CS_PRECEDES' + The same as the value returned by `localeconv' in the + `int_p_cs_precedes' element of the `struct lconv'. + + `INT_P_SEP_BY_SPACE' + The same as the value returned by `localeconv' in the + `int_p_sep_by_space' element of the `struct lconv'. + + `INT_N_CS_PRECEDES' + The same as the value returned by `localeconv' in the + `int_n_cs_precedes' element of the `struct lconv'. + + `INT_N_SEP_BY_SPACE' + The same as the value returned by `localeconv' in the + `int_n_sep_by_space' element of the `struct lconv'. + + `INT_P_SIGN_POSN' + The same as the value returned by `localeconv' in the + `int_p_sign_posn' element of the `struct lconv'. + + `INT_N_SIGN_POSN' + The same as the value returned by `localeconv' in the + `int_n_sign_posn' element of the `struct lconv'. + + `DECIMAL_POINT' + `RADIXCHAR' + The same as the value returned by `localeconv' in the + `decimal_point' element of the `struct lconv'. + + The name `RADIXCHAR' is a deprecated alias still used in + Unix98. + + `THOUSANDS_SEP' + `THOUSEP' + The same as the value returned by `localeconv' in the + `thousands_sep' element of the `struct lconv'. + + The name `THOUSEP' is a deprecated alias still used in Unix98. + + `GROUPING' + The same as the value returned by `localeconv' in the + `grouping' element of the `struct lconv'. + + `YESEXPR' + The return value is a regular expression which can be used + with the `regex' function to recognize a positive response to + a yes/no question. The GNU C library provides the `rpmatch' + function for easier handling in applications. + + `NOEXPR' + The return value is a regular expression which can be used + with the `regex' function to recognize a negative response to + a yes/no question. + + `YESSTR' + The return value is a locale-specific translation of the + positive response to a yes/no question. + + Using this value is deprecated since it is a very special + case of message translation, and is better handled by the + message translation functions (*note Message Translation::). + + The use of this symbol is deprecated. Instead message + translation should be used. + + `NOSTR' + The return value is a locale-specific translation of the + negative response to a yes/no question. What is said for + `YESSTR' is also true here. + + The use of this symbol is deprecated. Instead message + translation should be used. + + The file `langinfo.h' defines a lot more symbols but none of them + is official. Using them is not portable, and the format of the + return values might change. Therefore we recommended you not use + them. + + Note that the return value for any valid argument can be used for + in all situations (with the possible exception of the am/pm time + formatting codes). If the user has not selected any locale for the + appropriate category, `nl_langinfo' returns the information from + the `"C"' locale. It is therefore possible to use this function as + shown in the example below. + + If the argument ITEM is not valid, a pointer to an empty string is + returned. + + An example of `nl_langinfo' usage is a function which has to print a +given date and time in a locale-specific way. At first one might think +that, since `strftime' internally uses the locale information, writing +something like the following is enough: + + size_t + i18n_time_n_data (char *s, size_t len, const struct tm *tp) + { + return strftime (s, len, "%X %D", tp); + } + + The format contains no weekday or month names and therefore is +internationally usable. Wrong! The output produced is something like +`"hh:mm:ss MM/DD/YY"'. This format is only recognizable in the USA. +Other countries use different formats. Therefore the function should +be rewritten like this: + + size_t + i18n_time_n_data (char *s, size_t len, const struct tm *tp) + { + return strftime (s, len, nl_langinfo (D_T_FMT), tp); + } + + Now it uses the date and time format of the locale selected when the +program runs. If the user selects the locale correctly there should +never be a misunderstanding over the time and date format. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Formatting Numbers, Next: Yes-or-No Questions, Prev: Locale Information, Up: Locales + +7.7 A dedicated function to format numbers +========================================== + +We have seen that the structure returned by `localeconv' as well as the +values given to `nl_langinfo' allow you to retrieve the various pieces +of locale-specific information to format numbers and monetary amounts. +We have also seen that the underlying rules are quite complex. + + Therefore the X/Open standards introduce a function which uses such +locale information, making it easier for the user to format numbers +according to these rules. + + -- Function: ssize_t strfmon (char *S, size_t MAXSIZE, const char + *FORMAT, ...) + The `strfmon' function is similar to the `strftime' function in + that it takes a buffer, its size, a format string, and values to + write into the buffer as text in a form specified by the format + string. Like `strftime', the function also returns the number of + bytes written into the buffer. + + There are two differences: `strfmon' can take more than one + argument, and, of course, the format specification is different. + Like `strftime', the format string consists of normal text, which + is output as is, and format specifiers, which are indicated by a + `%'. Immediately after the `%', you can optionally specify + various flags and formatting information before the main + formatting character, in a similar way to `printf': + + * Immediately following the `%' there can be one or more of the + following flags: + `=F' + The single byte character F is used for this field as + the numeric fill character. By default this character + is a space character. Filling with this character is + only performed if a left precision is specified. It is + not just to fill to the given field width. + + `^' + The number is printed without grouping the digits + according to the rules of the current locale. By + default grouping is enabled. + + `+', `(' + At most one of these flags can be used. They select + which format to represent the sign of a currency amount. + By default, and if `+' is given, the locale equivalent + of +/- is used. If `(' is given, negative amounts are + enclosed in parentheses. The exact format is determined + by the values of the `LC_MONETARY' category of the + locale selected at program runtime. + + `!' + The output will not contain the currency symbol. + + `-' + The output will be formatted left-justified instead of + right-justified if it does not fill the entire field + width. + + The next part of a specification is an optional field width. If no + width is specified 0 is taken. During output, the function first + determines how much space is required. If it requires at least as + many characters as given by the field width, it is output using as + much space as necessary. Otherwise, it is extended to use the + full width by filling with the space character. The presence or + absence of the `-' flag determines the side at which such padding + occurs. If present, the spaces are added at the right making the + output left-justified, and vice versa. + + So far the format looks familiar, being similar to the `printf' and + `strftime' formats. However, the next two optional fields + introduce something new. The first one is a `#' character followed + by a decimal digit string. The value of the digit string + specifies the number of _digit_ positions to the left of the + decimal point (or equivalent). This does _not_ include the + grouping character when the `^' flag is not given. If the space + needed to print the number does not fill the whole width, the + field is padded at the left side with the fill character, which + can be selected using the `=' flag and by default is a space. For + example, if the field width is selected as 6 and the number is + 123, the fill character is `*' the result will be `***123'. + + The second optional field starts with a `.' (period) and consists + of another decimal digit string. Its value describes the number of + characters printed after the decimal point. The default is + selected from the current locale (`frac_digits', + `int_frac_digits', see *note General Numeric::). If the exact + representation needs more digits than given by the field width, + the displayed value is rounded. If the number of fractional + digits is selected to be zero, no decimal point is printed. + + As a GNU extension, the `strfmon' implementation in the GNU libc + allows an optional `L' next as a format modifier. If this modifier + is given, the argument is expected to be a `long double' instead of + a `double' value. + + Finally, the last component is a format specifier. There are three + specifiers defined: + + `i' + Use the locale's rules for formatting an international + currency value. + + `n' + Use the locale's rules for formatting a national currency + value. + + `%' + Place a `%' in the output. There must be no flag, width + specifier or modifier given, only `%%' is allowed. + + As for `printf', the function reads the format string from left to + right and uses the values passed to the function following the + format string. The values are expected to be either of type + `double' or `long double', depending on the presence of the + modifier `L'. The result is stored in the buffer pointed to by S. + At most MAXSIZE characters are stored. + + The return value of the function is the number of characters + stored in S, including the terminating `NULL' byte. If the number + of characters stored would exceed MAXSIZE, the function returns -1 + and the content of the buffer S is unspecified. In this case + `errno' is set to `E2BIG'. + + A few examples should make clear how the function works. It is +assumed that all the following pieces of code are executed in a program +which uses the USA locale (`en_US'). The simplest form of the format +is this: + + strfmon (buf, 100, "@%n@%n@%n@", 123.45, -567.89, 12345.678); + +The output produced is + "@$123.45@-$567.89@$12,345.68@" + + We can notice several things here. First, the widths of the output +numbers are different. We have not specified a width in the format +string, and so this is no wonder. Second, the third number is printed +using thousands separators. The thousands separator for the `en_US' +locale is a comma. The number is also rounded. .678 is rounded to .68 +since the format does not specify a precision and the default value in +the locale is 2. Finally, note that the national currency symbol is +printed since `%n' was used, not `i'. The next example shows how we +can align the output. + + strfmon (buf, 100, "@%=*11n@%=*11n@%=*11n@", 123.45, -567.89, 12345.678); + +The output this time is: + + "@ $123.45@ -$567.89@ $12,345.68@" + + Two things stand out. Firstly, all fields have the same width +(eleven characters) since this is the width given in the format and +since no number required more characters to be printed. The second +important point is that the fill character is not used. This is +correct since the white space was not used to achieve a precision given +by a `#' modifier, but instead to fill to the given width. The +difference becomes obvious if we now add a width specification. + + strfmon (buf, 100, "@%=*11#5n@%=*11#5n@%=*11#5n@", + 123.45, -567.89, 12345.678); + +The output is + + "@ $***123.45@-$***567.89@ $12,456.68@" + + Here we can see that all the currency symbols are now aligned, and +that the space between the currency sign and the number is filled with +the selected fill character. Note that although the width is selected +to be 5 and 123.45 has three digits left of the decimal point, the +space is filled with three asterisks. This is correct since, as +explained above, the width does not include the positions used to store +thousands separators. One last example should explain the remaining +functionality. + + strfmon (buf, 100, "@%=0(16#5.3i@%=0(16#5.3i@%=0(16#5.3i@", + 123.45, -567.89, 12345.678); + +This rather complex format string produces the following output: + + "@ USD 000123,450 @(USD 000567.890)@ USD 12,345.678 @" + + The most noticeable change is the alternative way of representing +negative numbers. In financial circles this is often done using +parentheses, and this is what the `(' flag selected. The fill +character is now `0'. Note that this `0' character is not regarded as +a numeric zero, and therefore the first and second numbers are not +printed using a thousands separator. Since we used the format +specifier `i' instead of `n', the international form of the currency +symbol is used. This is a four letter string, in this case `"USD "'. +The last point is that since the precision right of the decimal point +is selected to be three, the first and second numbers are printed with +an extra zero at the end and the third number is printed without +rounding. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Yes-or-No Questions, Prev: Formatting Numbers, Up: Locales + +7.8 Yes-or-No Questions +======================= + +Some non GUI programs ask a yes-or-no question. If the messages +(especially the questions) are translated into foreign languages, be +sure that you localize the answers too. It would be very bad habit to +ask a question in one language and request the answer in another, often +English. + + The GNU C library contains `rpmatch' to give applications easy +access to the corresponding locale definitions. + + -- Function: int rpmatch (const char *RESPONSE) + The function `rpmatch' checks the string in RESPONSE whether or + not it is a correct yes-or-no answer and if yes, which one. The + check uses the `YESEXPR' and `NOEXPR' data in the `LC_MESSAGES' + category of the currently selected locale. The return value is as + follows: + + `1' + The user entered an affirmative answer. + + `0' + The user entered a negative answer. + + `-1' + The answer matched neither the `YESEXPR' nor the `NOEXPR' + regular expression. + + This function is not standardized but available beside in GNU libc + at least also in the IBM AIX library. + +This function would normally be used like this: + + ... + /* Use a safe default. */ + _Bool doit = false; + + fputs (gettext ("Do you really want to do this? "), stdout); + fflush (stdout); + /* Prepare the `getline' call. */ + line = NULL; + len = 0; + while (getline (&line, &len, stdout) >= 0) + { + /* Check the response. */ + int res = rpmatch (line); + if (res >= 0) + { + /* We got a definitive answer. */ + if (res > 0) + doit = true; + break; + } + } + /* Free what `getline' allocated. */ + free (line); + + Note that the loop continues until an read error is detected or +until a definitive (positive or negative) answer is read. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Message Translation, Next: Searching and Sorting, Prev: Locales, Up: Top + +8 Message Translation +********************* + +The program's interface with the human should be designed in a way to +ease the human the task. One of the possibilities is to use messages in +whatever language the user prefers. + + Printing messages in different languages can be implemented in +different ways. One could add all the different languages in the +source code and add among the variants every time a message has to be +printed. This is certainly no good solution since extending the set of +languages is difficult (the code must be changed) and the code itself +can become really big with dozens of message sets. + + A better solution is to keep the message sets for each language are +kept in separate files which are loaded at runtime depending on the +language selection of the user. + + The GNU C Library provides two different sets of functions to support +message translation. The problem is that neither of the interfaces is +officially defined by the POSIX standard. The `catgets' family of +functions is defined in the X/Open standard but this is derived from +industry decisions and therefore not necessarily based on reasonable +decisions. + + As mentioned above the message catalog handling provides easy +extendibility by using external data files which contain the message +translations. I.e., these files contain for each of the messages used +in the program a translation for the appropriate language. So the tasks +of the message handling functions are + + * locate the external data file with the appropriate translations. + + * load the data and make it possible to address the messages + + * map a given key to the translated message + + The two approaches mainly differ in the implementation of this last +step. The design decisions made for this influences the whole rest. + +* Menu: + +* Message catalogs a la X/Open:: The `catgets' family of functions. +* The Uniforum approach:: The `gettext' family of functions. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Message catalogs a la X/Open, Next: The Uniforum approach, Up: Message Translation + +8.1 X/Open Message Catalog Handling +=================================== + +The `catgets' functions are based on the simple scheme: + + Associate every message to translate in the source code with a + unique identifier. To retrieve a message from a catalog file + solely the identifier is used. + + This means for the author of the program that s/he will have to make +sure the meaning of the identifier in the program code and in the +message catalogs are always the same. + + Before a message can be translated the catalog file must be located. +The user of the program must be able to guide the responsible function +to find whatever catalog the user wants. This is separated from what +the programmer had in mind. + + All the types, constants and functions for the `catgets' functions +are defined/declared in the `nl_types.h' header file. + +* Menu: + +* The catgets Functions:: The `catgets' function family. +* The message catalog files:: Format of the message catalog files. +* The gencat program:: How to generate message catalogs files which + can be used by the functions. +* Common Usage:: How to use the `catgets' interface. + + +File: libc.info, Node: The catgets Functions, Next: The message catalog files, Up: Message catalogs a la X/Open + +8.1.1 The `catgets' function family +----------------------------------- + + -- Function: nl_catd catopen (const char *CAT_NAME, int FLAG) + The `catgets' function tries to locate the message data file names + CAT_NAME and loads it when found. The return value is of an + opaque type and can be used in calls to the other functions to + refer to this loaded catalog. + + The return value is `(nl_catd) -1' in case the function failed and + no catalog was loaded. The global variable ERRNO contains a code + for the error causing the failure. But even if the function call + succeeded this does not mean that all messages can be translated. + + Locating the catalog file must happen in a way which lets the user + of the program influence the decision. It is up to the user to + decide about the language to use and sometimes it is useful to use + alternate catalog files. All this can be specified by the user by + setting some environment variables. + + The first problem is to find out where all the message catalogs are + stored. Every program could have its own place to keep all the + different files but usually the catalog files are grouped by + languages and the catalogs for all programs are kept in the same + place. + + To tell the `catopen' function where the catalog for the program + can be found the user can set the environment variable `NLSPATH' to + a value which describes her/his choice. Since this value must be + usable for different languages and locales it cannot be a simple + string. Instead it is a format string (similar to `printf''s). + An example is + + /usr/share/locale/%L/%N:/usr/share/locale/%L/LC_MESSAGES/%N + + First one can see that more than one directory can be specified + (with the usual syntax of separating them by colons). The next + things to observe are the format string, `%L' and `%N' in this + case. The `catopen' function knows about several of them and the + replacement for all of them is of course different. + + `%N' + This format element is substituted with the name of the + catalog file. This is the value of the CAT_NAME argument + given to `catgets'. + + `%L' + This format element is substituted with the name of the + currently selected locale for translating messages. How this + is determined is explained below. + + `%l' + (This is the lowercase ell.) This format element is + substituted with the language element of the locale name. + The string describing the selected locale is expected to have + the form `LANG[_TERR[.CODESET]]' and this format uses the + first part LANG. + + `%t' + This format element is substituted by the territory part TERR + of the name of the currently selected locale. See the + explanation of the format above. + + `%c' + This format element is substituted by the codeset part + CODESET of the name of the currently selected locale. See + the explanation of the format above. + + `%%' + Since `%' is used in a meta character there must be a way to + express the `%' character in the result itself. Using `%%' + does this just like it works for `printf'. + + Using `NLSPATH' allows arbitrary directories to be searched for + message catalogs while still allowing different languages to be + used. If the `NLSPATH' environment variable is not set, the + default value is + + PREFIX/share/locale/%L/%N:PREFIX/share/locale/%L/LC_MESSAGES/%N + + where PREFIX is given to `configure' while installing the GNU C + Library (this value is in many cases `/usr' or the empty string). + + The remaining problem is to decide which must be used. The value + decides about the substitution of the format elements mentioned + above. First of all the user can specify a path in the message + catalog name (i.e., the name contains a slash character). In this + situation the `NLSPATH' environment variable is not used. The + catalog must exist as specified in the program, perhaps relative + to the current working directory. This situation in not desirable + and catalogs names never should be written this way. Beside this, + this behavior is not portable to all other platforms providing the + `catgets' interface. + + Otherwise the values of environment variables from the standard + environment are examined (*note Standard Environment::). Which + variables are examined is decided by the FLAG parameter of + `catopen'. If the value is `NL_CAT_LOCALE' (which is defined in + `nl_types.h') then the `catopen' function use the name of the + locale currently selected for the `LC_MESSAGES' category. + + If FLAG is zero the `LANG' environment variable is examined. This + is a left-over from the early days where the concept of the locales + had not even reached the level of POSIX locales. + + The environment variable and the locale name should have a value + of the form `LANG[_TERR[.CODESET]]' as explained above. If no + environment variable is set the `"C"' locale is used which + prevents any translation. + + The return value of the function is in any case a valid string. + Either it is a translation from a message catalog or it is the + same as the STRING parameter. So a piece of code to decide + whether a translation actually happened must look like this: + + { + char *trans = catgets (desc, set, msg, input_string); + if (trans == input_string) + { + /* Something went wrong. */ + } + } + + When an error occurred the global variable ERRNO is set to + + EBADF + The catalog does not exist. + + ENOMSG + The set/message tuple does not name an existing element in the + message catalog. + + While it sometimes can be useful to test for errors programs + normally will avoid any test. If the translation is not available + it is no big problem if the original, untranslated message is + printed. Either the user understands this as well or s/he will + look for the reason why the messages are not translated. + + Please note that the currently selected locale does not depend on a +call to the `setlocale' function. It is not necessary that the locale +data files for this locale exist and calling `setlocale' succeeds. The +`catopen' function directly reads the values of the environment +variables. + + -- Function: char * catgets (nl_catd CATALOG_DESC, int SET, int + MESSAGE, const char *STRING) + The function `catgets' has to be used to access the massage catalog + previously opened using the `catopen' function. The CATALOG_DESC + parameter must be a value previously returned by `catopen'. + + The next two parameters, SET and MESSAGE, reflect the internal + organization of the message catalog files. This will be explained + in detail below. For now it is interesting to know that a catalog + can consists of several set and the messages in each thread are + individually numbered using numbers. Neither the set number nor + the message number must be consecutive. They can be arbitrarily + chosen. But each message (unless equal to another one) must have + its own unique pair of set and message number. + + Since it is not guaranteed that the message catalog for the + language selected by the user exists the last parameter STRING + helps to handle this case gracefully. If no matching string can + be found STRING is returned. This means for the programmer that + + * the STRING parameters should contain reasonable text (this + also helps to understand the program seems otherwise there + would be no hint on the string which is expected to be + returned. + + * all STRING arguments should be written in the same language. + + It is somewhat uncomfortable to write a program using the `catgets' +functions if no supporting functionality is available. Since each +set/message number tuple must be unique the programmer must keep lists +of the messages at the same time the code is written. And the work +between several people working on the same project must be coordinated. +We will see some how these problems can be relaxed a bit (*note Common +Usage::). + + -- Function: int catclose (nl_catd CATALOG_DESC) + The `catclose' function can be used to free the resources + associated with a message catalog which previously was opened by a + call to `catopen'. If the resources can be successfully freed the + function returns `0'. Otherwise it return `-1' and the global + variable ERRNO is set. Errors can occur if the catalog descriptor + CATALOG_DESC is not valid in which case ERRNO is set to `EBADF'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: The message catalog files, Next: The gencat program, Prev: The catgets Functions, Up: Message catalogs a la X/Open + +8.1.2 Format of the message catalog files +----------------------------------------- + +The only reasonable way the translate all the messages of a function and +store the result in a message catalog file which can be read by the +`catopen' function is to write all the message text to the translator +and let her/him translate them all. I.e., we must have a file with +entries which associate the set/message tuple with a specific +translation. This file format is specified in the X/Open standard and +is as follows: + + * Lines containing only whitespace characters or empty lines are + ignored. + + * Lines which contain as the first non-whitespace character a `$' + followed by a whitespace character are comment and are also + ignored. + + * If a line contains as the first non-whitespace characters the + sequence `$set' followed by a whitespace character an additional + argument is required to follow. This argument can either be: + + - a number. In this case the value of this number determines + the set to which the following messages are added. + + - an identifier consisting of alphanumeric characters plus the + underscore character. In this case the set get automatically + a number assigned. This value is one added to the largest + set number which so far appeared. + + How to use the symbolic names is explained in section *note + Common Usage::. + + It is an error if a symbol name appears more than once. All + following messages are placed in a set with this number. + + * If a line contains as the first non-whitespace characters the + sequence `$delset' followed by a whitespace character an + additional argument is required to follow. This argument can + either be: + + - a number. In this case the value of this number determines + the set which will be deleted. + + - an identifier consisting of alphanumeric characters plus the + underscore character. This symbolic identifier must match a + name for a set which previously was defined. It is an error + if the name is unknown. + + In both cases all messages in the specified set will be removed. + They will not appear in the output. But if this set is later + again selected with a `$set' command again messages could be added + and these messages will appear in the output. + + * If a line contains after leading whitespaces the sequence + `$quote', the quoting character used for this input file is + changed to the first non-whitespace character following the + `$quote'. If no non-whitespace character is present before the + line ends quoting is disable. + + By default no quoting character is used. In this mode strings are + terminated with the first unescaped line break. If there is a + `$quote' sequence present newline need not be escaped. Instead a + string is terminated with the first unescaped appearance of the + quote character. + + A common usage of this feature would be to set the quote character + to `"'. Then any appearance of the `"' in the strings must be + escaped using the backslash (i.e., `\"' must be written). + + * Any other line must start with a number or an alphanumeric + identifier (with the underscore character included). The + following characters (starting after the first whitespace + character) will form the string which gets associated with the + currently selected set and the message number represented by the + number and identifier respectively. + + If the start of the line is a number the message number is + obvious. It is an error if the same message number already + appeared for this set. + + If the leading token was an identifier the message number gets + automatically assigned. The value is the current maximum messages + number for this set plus one. It is an error if the identifier was + already used for a message in this set. It is OK to reuse the + identifier for a message in another thread. How to use the + symbolic identifiers will be explained below (*note Common + Usage::). There is one limitation with the identifier: it must + not be `Set'. The reason will be explained below. + + The text of the messages can contain escape characters. The usual + bunch of characters known from the ISO C language are recognized + (`\n', `\t', `\v', `\b', `\r', `\f', `\\', and `\NNN', where NNN + is the octal coding of a character code). + + *Important:* The handling of identifiers instead of numbers for the +set and messages is a GNU extension. Systems strictly following the +X/Open specification do not have this feature. An example for a message +catalog file is this: + + $ This is a leading comment. + $quote " + + $set SetOne + 1 Message with ID 1. + two " Message with ID \"two\", which gets the value 2 assigned" + + $set SetTwo + $ Since the last set got the number 1 assigned this set has number 2. + 4000 "The numbers can be arbitrary, they need not start at one." + + This small example shows various aspects: + * Lines 1 and 9 are comments since they start with `$' followed by a + whitespace. + + * The quoting character is set to `"'. Otherwise the quotes in the + message definition would have to be left away and in this case the + message with the identifier `two' would loose its leading + whitespace. + + * Mixing numbered messages with message having symbolic names is no + problem and the numbering happens automatically. + + While this file format is pretty easy it is not the best possible for +use in a running program. The `catopen' function would have to parser +the file and handle syntactic errors gracefully. This is not so easy +and the whole process is pretty slow. Therefore the `catgets' +functions expect the data in another more compact and ready-to-use file +format. There is a special program `gencat' which is explained in +detail in the next section. + + Files in this other format are not human readable. To be easy to +use by programs it is a binary file. But the format is byte order +independent so translation files can be shared by systems of arbitrary +architecture (as long as they use the GNU C Library). + + Details about the binary file format are not important to know since +these files are always created by the `gencat' program. The sources of +the GNU C Library also provide the sources for the `gencat' program and +so the interested reader can look through these source files to learn +about the file format. + + +File: libc.info, Node: The gencat program, Next: Common Usage, Prev: The message catalog files, Up: Message catalogs a la X/Open + +8.1.3 Generate Message Catalogs files +------------------------------------- + +The `gencat' program is specified in the X/Open standard and the GNU +implementation follows this specification and so processes all +correctly formed input files. Additionally some extension are +implemented which help to work in a more reasonable way with the +`catgets' functions. + + The `gencat' program can be invoked in two ways: + + `gencat [OPTION]... [OUTPUT-FILE [INPUT-FILE]...]` + + This is the interface defined in the X/Open standard. If no +INPUT-FILE parameter is given input will be read from standard input. +Multiple input files will be read as if they are concatenated. If +OUTPUT-FILE is also missing, the output will be written to standard +output. To provide the interface one is used to from other programs a +second interface is provided. + + `gencat [OPTION]... -o OUTPUT-FILE [INPUT-FILE]...` + + The option `-o' is used to specify the output file and all file +arguments are used as input files. + + Beside this one can use `-' or `/dev/stdin' for INPUT-FILE to denote +the standard input. Corresponding one can use `-' and `/dev/stdout' +for OUTPUT-FILE to denote standard output. Using `-' as a file name is +allowed in X/Open while using the device names is a GNU extension. + + The `gencat' program works by concatenating all input files and then +*merge* the resulting collection of message sets with a possibly +existing output file. This is done by removing all messages with +set/message number tuples matching any of the generated messages from +the output file and then adding all the new messages. To regenerate a +catalog file while ignoring the old contents therefore requires to +remove the output file if it exists. If the output is written to +standard output no merging takes place. + +The following table shows the options understood by the `gencat' +program. The X/Open standard does not specify any option for the +program so all of these are GNU extensions. + +`-V' +`--version' + Print the version information and exit. + +`-h' +`--help' + Print a usage message listing all available options, then exit + successfully. + +`--new' + Do never merge the new messages from the input files with the old + content of the output files. The old content of the output file + is discarded. + +`-H' +`--header=name' + This option is used to emit the symbolic names given to sets and + messages in the input files for use in the program. Details about + how to use this are given in the next section. The NAME parameter + to this option specifies the name of the output file. It will + contain a number of C preprocessor `#define's to associate a name + with a number. + + Please note that the generated file only contains the symbols from + the input files. If the output is merged with the previous + content of the output file the possibly existing symbols from the + file(s) which generated the old output files are not in the + generated header file. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Common Usage, Prev: The gencat program, Up: Message catalogs a la X/Open + +8.1.4 How to use the `catgets' interface +---------------------------------------- + +The `catgets' functions can be used in two different ways. By +following slavishly the X/Open specs and not relying on the extension +and by using the GNU extensions. We will take a look at the former +method first to understand the benefits of extensions. + +8.1.4.1 Not using symbolic names +................................ + +Since the X/Open format of the message catalog files does not allow +symbol names we have to work with numbers all the time. When we start +writing a program we have to replace all appearances of translatable +strings with something like + + catgets (catdesc, set, msg, "string") + +CATGETS is retrieved from a call to `catopen' which is normally done +once at the program start. The `"string"' is the string we want to +translate. The problems start with the set and message numbers. + + In a bigger program several programmers usually work at the same +time on the program and so coordinating the number allocation is +crucial. Though no two different strings must be indexed by the same +tuple of numbers it is highly desirable to reuse the numbers for equal +strings with equal translations (please note that there might be +strings which are equal in one language but have different translations +due to difference contexts). + + The allocation process can be relaxed a bit by different set numbers +for different parts of the program. So the number of developers who +have to coordinate the allocation can be reduced. But still lists must +be keep track of the allocation and errors can easily happen. These +errors cannot be discovered by the compiler or the `catgets' functions. +Only the user of the program might see wrong messages printed. In the +worst cases the messages are so irritating that they cannot be +recognized as wrong. Think about the translations for `"true"' and +`"false"' being exchanged. This could result in a disaster. + +8.1.4.2 Using symbolic names +............................ + +The problems mentioned in the last section derive from the fact that: + + 1. the numbers are allocated once and due to the possibly frequent + use of them it is difficult to change a number later. + + 2. the numbers do not allow to guess anything about the string and + therefore collisions can easily happen. + + By constantly using symbolic names and by providing a method which +maps the string content to a symbolic name (however this will happen) +one can prevent both problems above. The cost of this is that the +programmer has to write a complete message catalog file while s/he is +writing the program itself. + + This is necessary since the symbolic names must be mapped to numbers +before the program sources can be compiled. In the last section it was +described how to generate a header containing the mapping of the names. +E.g., for the example message file given in the last section we could +call the `gencat' program as follow (assume `ex.msg' contains the +sources). + + gencat -H ex.h -o ex.cat ex.msg + +This generates a header file with the following content: + + #define SetTwoSet 0x2 /* ex.msg:8 */ + + #define SetOneSet 0x1 /* ex.msg:4 */ + #define SetOnetwo 0x2 /* ex.msg:6 */ + + As can be seen the various symbols given in the source file are +mangled to generate unique identifiers and these identifiers get numbers +assigned. Reading the source file and knowing about the rules will +allow to predict the content of the header file (it is deterministic) +but this is not necessary. The `gencat' program can take care for +everything. All the programmer has to do is to put the generated header +file in the dependency list of the source files of her/his project and +to add a rules to regenerate the header of any of the input files +change. + + One word about the symbol mangling. Every symbol consists of two +parts: the name of the message set plus the name of the message or the +special string `Set'. So `SetOnetwo' means this macro can be used to +access the translation with identifier `two' in the message set +`SetOne'. + + The other names denote the names of the message sets. The special +string `Set' is used in the place of the message identifier. + + If in the code the second string of the set `SetOne' is used the C +code should look like this: + + catgets (catdesc, SetOneSet, SetOnetwo, + " Message with ID \"two\", which gets the value 2 assigned") + + Writing the function this way will allow to change the message number +and even the set number without requiring any change in the C source +code. (The text of the string is normally not the same; this is only +for this example.) + +8.1.4.3 How does to this allow to develop +......................................... + +To illustrate the usual way to work with the symbolic version numbers +here is a little example. Assume we want to write the very complex and +famous greeting program. We start by writing the code as usual: + + #include + int + main (void) + { + printf ("Hello, world!\n"); + return 0; + } + + Now we want to internationalize the message and therefore replace the +message with whatever the user wants. + + #include + #include + #include "msgnrs.h" + int + main (void) + { + nl_catd catdesc = catopen ("hello.cat", NL_CAT_LOCALE); + printf (catgets (catdesc, SetMainSet, SetMainHello, + "Hello, world!\n")); + catclose (catdesc); + return 0; + } + + We see how the catalog object is opened and the returned descriptor +used in the other function calls. It is not really necessary to check +for failure of any of the functions since even in these situations the +functions will behave reasonable. They simply will be return a +translation. + + What remains unspecified here are the constants `SetMainSet' and +`SetMainHello'. These are the symbolic names describing the message. +To get the actual definitions which match the information in the +catalog file we have to create the message catalog source file and +process it using the `gencat' program. + + $ Messages for the famous greeting program. + $quote " + + $set Main + Hello "Hallo, Welt!\n" + + Now we can start building the program (assume the message catalog +source file is named `hello.msg' and the program source file `hello.c'): + + % gencat -H msgnrs.h -o hello.cat hello.msg + % cat msgnrs.h + #define MainSet 0x1 /* hello.msg:4 */ + #define MainHello 0x1 /* hello.msg:5 */ + % gcc -o hello hello.c -I. + % cp hello.cat /usr/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES + % echo $LC_ALL + de + % ./hello + Hallo, Welt! + % + + The call of the `gencat' program creates the missing header file +`msgnrs.h' as well as the message catalog binary. The former is used +in the compilation of `hello.c' while the later is placed in a +directory in which the `catopen' function will try to locate it. +Please check the `LC_ALL' environment variable and the default path for +`catopen' presented in the description above. + + +File: libc.info, Node: The Uniforum approach, Prev: Message catalogs a la X/Open, Up: Message Translation + +8.2 The Uniforum approach to Message Translation +================================================ + +Sun Microsystems tried to standardize a different approach to message +translation in the Uniforum group. There never was a real standard +defined but still the interface was used in Sun's operation systems. +Since this approach fits better in the development process of free +software it is also used throughout the GNU project and the GNU +`gettext' package provides support for this outside the GNU C Library. + + The code of the `libintl' from GNU `gettext' is the same as the code +in the GNU C Library. So the documentation in the GNU `gettext' manual +is also valid for the functionality here. The following text will +describe the library functions in detail. But the numerous helper +programs are not described in this manual. Instead people should read +the GNU `gettext' manual (*note GNU gettext utilities: (gettext)Top.). +We will only give a short overview. + + Though the `catgets' functions are available by default on more +systems the `gettext' interface is at least as portable as the former. +The GNU `gettext' package can be used wherever the functions are not +available. + +* Menu: + +* Message catalogs with gettext:: The `gettext' family of functions. +* Helper programs for gettext:: Programs to handle message catalogs + for `gettext'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Message catalogs with gettext, Next: Helper programs for gettext, Up: The Uniforum approach + +8.2.1 The `gettext' family of functions +--------------------------------------- + +The paradigms underlying the `gettext' approach to message translations +is different from that of the `catgets' functions the basic +functionally is equivalent. There are functions of the following +categories: + +* Menu: + +* Translation with gettext:: What has to be done to translate a message. +* Locating gettext catalog:: How to determine which catalog to be used. +* Advanced gettext functions:: Additional functions for more complicated + situations. +* Charset conversion in gettext:: How to specify the output character set + `gettext' uses. +* GUI program problems:: How to use `gettext' in GUI programs. +* Using gettextized software:: The possibilities of the user to influence + the way `gettext' works. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Translation with gettext, Next: Locating gettext catalog, Up: Message catalogs with gettext + +8.2.1.1 What has to be done to translate a message? +................................................... + +The `gettext' functions have a very simple interface. The most basic +function just takes the string which shall be translated as the +argument and it returns the translation. This is fundamentally +different from the `catgets' approach where an extra key is necessary +and the original string is only used for the error case. + + If the string which has to be translated is the only argument this of +course means the string itself is the key. I.e., the translation will +be selected based on the original string. The message catalogs must +therefore contain the original strings plus one translation for any such +string. The task of the `gettext' function is it to compare the +argument string with the available strings in the catalog and return the +appropriate translation. Of course this process is optimized so that +this process is not more expensive than an access using an atomic key +like in `catgets'. + + The `gettext' approach has some advantages but also some +disadvantages. Please see the GNU `gettext' manual for a detailed +discussion of the pros and cons. + + All the definitions and declarations for `gettext' can be found in +the `libintl.h' header file. On systems where these functions are not +part of the C library they can be found in a separate library named +`libintl.a' (or accordingly different for shared libraries). + + -- Function: char * gettext (const char *MSGID) + The `gettext' function searches the currently selected message + catalogs for a string which is equal to MSGID. If there is such a + string available it is returned. Otherwise the argument string + MSGID is returned. + + Please note that all though the return value is `char *' the + returned string must not be changed. This broken type results + from the history of the function and does not reflect the way the + function should be used. + + Please note that above we wrote "message catalogs" (plural). This + is a specialty of the GNU implementation of these functions and we + will say more about this when we talk about the ways message + catalogs are selected (*note Locating gettext catalog::). + + The `gettext' function does not modify the value of the global + ERRNO variable. This is necessary to make it possible to write + something like + + printf (gettext ("Operation failed: %m\n")); + + Here the ERRNO value is used in the `printf' function while + processing the `%m' format element and if the `gettext' function + would change this value (it is called before `printf' is called) + we would get a wrong message. + + So there is no easy way to detect a missing message catalog beside + comparing the argument string with the result. But it is normally + the task of the user to react on missing catalogs. The program + cannot guess when a message catalog is really necessary since for + a user who speaks the language the program was developed in does + not need any translation. + + The remaining two functions to access the message catalog add some +functionality to select a message catalog which is not the default one. +This is important if parts of the program are developed independently. +Every part can have its own message catalog and all of them can be used +at the same time. The C library itself is an example: internally it +uses the `gettext' functions but since it must not depend on a +currently selected default message catalog it must specify all ambiguous +information. + + -- Function: char * dgettext (const char *DOMAINNAME, const char + *MSGID) + The `dgettext' functions acts just like the `gettext' function. + It only takes an additional first argument DOMAINNAME which guides + the selection of the message catalogs which are searched for the + translation. If the DOMAINNAME parameter is the null pointer the + `dgettext' function is exactly equivalent to `gettext' since the + default value for the domain name is used. + + As for `gettext' the return value type is `char *' which is an + anachronism. The returned string must never be modified. + + -- Function: char * dcgettext (const char *DOMAINNAME, const char + *MSGID, int CATEGORY) + The `dcgettext' adds another argument to those which `dgettext' + takes. This argument CATEGORY specifies the last piece of + information needed to localize the message catalog. I.e., the + domain name and the locale category exactly specify which message + catalog has to be used (relative to a given directory, see below). + + The `dgettext' function can be expressed in terms of `dcgettext' + by using + + dcgettext (domain, string, LC_MESSAGES) + + instead of + + dgettext (domain, string) + + This also shows which values are expected for the third parameter. + One has to use the available selectors for the categories + available in `locale.h'. Normally the available values are + `LC_CTYPE', `LC_COLLATE', `LC_MESSAGES', `LC_MONETARY', + `LC_NUMERIC', and `LC_TIME'. Please note that `LC_ALL' must not + be used and even though the names might suggest this, there is no + relation to the environments variables of this name. + + The `dcgettext' function is only implemented for compatibility with + other systems which have `gettext' functions. There is not really + any situation where it is necessary (or useful) to use a different + value but `LC_MESSAGES' in for the CATEGORY parameter. We are + dealing with messages here and any other choice can only be + irritating. + + As for `gettext' the return value type is `char *' which is an + anachronism. The returned string must never be modified. + + When using the three functions above in a program it is a frequent +case that the MSGID argument is a constant string. So it is worth to +optimize this case. Thinking shortly about this one will realize that +as long as no new message catalog is loaded the translation of a message +will not change. This optimization is actually implemented by the +`gettext', `dgettext' and `dcgettext' functions. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Locating gettext catalog, Next: Advanced gettext functions, Prev: Translation with gettext, Up: Message catalogs with gettext + +8.2.1.2 How to determine which catalog to be used +................................................. + +The functions to retrieve the translations for a given message have a +remarkable simple interface. But to provide the user of the program +still the opportunity to select exactly the translation s/he wants and +also to provide the programmer the possibility to influence the way to +locate the search for catalogs files there is a quite complicated +underlying mechanism which controls all this. The code is complicated +the use is easy. + + Basically we have two different tasks to perform which can also be +performed by the `catgets' functions: + + 1. Locate the set of message catalogs. There are a number of files + for different languages and which all belong to the package. + Usually they are all stored in the filesystem below a certain + directory. + + There can be arbitrary many packages installed and they can follow + different guidelines for the placement of their files. + + 2. Relative to the location specified by the package the actual + translation files must be searched, based on the wishes of the + user. I.e., for each language the user selects the program should + be able to locate the appropriate file. + + This is the functionality required by the specifications for +`gettext' and this is also what the `catgets' functions are able to do. +But there are some problems unresolved: + + * The language to be used can be specified in several different ways. + There is no generally accepted standard for this and the user + always expects the program understand what s/he means. E.g., to + select the German translation one could write `de', `german', or + `deutsch' and the program should always react the same. + + * Sometimes the specification of the user is too detailed. If s/he, + e.g., specifies `de_DE.ISO-8859-1' which means German, spoken in + Germany, coded using the ISO 8859-1 character set there is the + possibility that a message catalog matching this exactly is not + available. But there could be a catalog matching `de' and if the + character set used on the machine is always ISO 8859-1 there is no + reason why this later message catalog should not be used. (We + call this "message inheritance".) + + * If a catalog for a wanted language is not available it is not + always the second best choice to fall back on the language of the + developer and simply not translate any message. Instead a user + might be better able to read the messages in another language and + so the user of the program should be able to define an precedence + order of languages. + + We can divide the configuration actions in two parts: the one is +performed by the programmer, the other by the user. We will start with +the functions the programmer can use since the user configuration will +be based on this. + + As the functions described in the last sections already mention +separate sets of messages can be selected by a "domain name". This is a +simple string which should be unique for each program part with uses a +separate domain. It is possible to use in one program arbitrary many +domains at the same time. E.g., the GNU C Library itself uses a domain +named `libc' while the program using the C Library could use a domain +named `foo'. The important point is that at any time exactly one +domain is active. This is controlled with the following function. + + -- Function: char * textdomain (const char *DOMAINNAME) + The `textdomain' function sets the default domain, which is used in + all future `gettext' calls, to DOMAINNAME. Please note that + `dgettext' and `dcgettext' calls are not influenced if the + DOMAINNAME parameter of these functions is not the null pointer. + + Before the first call to `textdomain' the default domain is + `messages'. This is the name specified in the specification of + the `gettext' API. This name is as good as any other name. No + program should ever really use a domain with this name since this + can only lead to problems. + + The function returns the value which is from now on taken as the + default domain. If the system went out of memory the returned + value is `NULL' and the global variable ERRNO is set to `ENOMEM'. + Despite the return value type being `char *' the return string must + not be changed. It is allocated internally by the `textdomain' + function. + + If the DOMAINNAME parameter is the null pointer no new default + domain is set. Instead the currently selected default domain is + returned. + + If the DOMAINNAME parameter is the empty string the default domain + is reset to its initial value, the domain with the name `messages'. + This possibility is questionable to use since the domain `messages' + really never should be used. + + -- Function: char * bindtextdomain (const char *DOMAINNAME, const char + *DIRNAME) + The `bindtextdomain' function can be used to specify the directory + which contains the message catalogs for domain DOMAINNAME for the + different languages. To be correct, this is the directory where + the hierarchy of directories is expected. Details are explained + below. + + For the programmer it is important to note that the translations + which come with the program have be placed in a directory + hierarchy starting at, say, `/foo/bar'. Then the program should + make a `bindtextdomain' call to bind the domain for the current + program to this directory. So it is made sure the catalogs are + found. A correctly running program does not depend on the user + setting an environment variable. + + The `bindtextdomain' function can be used several times and if the + DOMAINNAME argument is different the previously bound domains will + not be overwritten. + + If the program which wish to use `bindtextdomain' at some point of + time use the `chdir' function to change the current working + directory it is important that the DIRNAME strings ought to be an + absolute pathname. Otherwise the addressed directory might vary + with the time. + + If the DIRNAME parameter is the null pointer `bindtextdomain' + returns the currently selected directory for the domain with the + name DOMAINNAME. + + The `bindtextdomain' function returns a pointer to a string + containing the name of the selected directory name. The string is + allocated internally in the function and must not be changed by the + user. If the system went out of core during the execution of + `bindtextdomain' the return value is `NULL' and the global + variable ERRNO is set accordingly. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Advanced gettext functions, Next: Charset conversion in gettext, Prev: Locating gettext catalog, Up: Message catalogs with gettext + +8.2.1.3 Additional functions for more complicated situations +............................................................ + +The functions of the `gettext' family described so far (and all the +`catgets' functions as well) have one problem in the real world which +have been neglected completely in all existing approaches. What is +meant here is the handling of plural forms. + + Looking through Unix source code before the time anybody thought +about internationalization (and, sadly, even afterwards) one can often +find code similar to the following: + + printf ("%d file%s deleted", n, n == 1 ? "" : "s"); + +After the first complaints from people internationalizing the code +people either completely avoided formulations like this or used strings +like `"file(s)"'. Both look unnatural and should be avoided. First +tries to solve the problem correctly looked like this: + + if (n == 1) + printf ("%d file deleted", n); + else + printf ("%d files deleted", n); + + But this does not solve the problem. It helps languages where the +plural form of a noun is not simply constructed by adding an `s' but +that is all. Once again people fell into the trap of believing the +rules their language is using are universal. But the handling of plural +forms differs widely between the language families. There are two +things we can differ between (and even inside language families); + + * The form how plural forms are build differs. This is a problem + with language which have many irregularities. German, for + instance, is a drastic case. Though English and German are part + of the same language family (Germanic), the almost regular forming + of plural noun forms (appending an `s') is hardly found in German. + + * The number of plural forms differ. This is somewhat surprising for + those who only have experiences with Romanic and Germanic languages + since here the number is the same (there are two). + + But other language families have only one form or many forms. More + information on this in an extra section. + + The consequence of this is that application writers should not try to +solve the problem in their code. This would be localization since it is +only usable for certain, hardcoded language environments. Instead the +extended `gettext' interface should be used. + + These extra functions are taking instead of the one key string two +strings and an numerical argument. The idea behind this is that using +the numerical argument and the first string as a key, the implementation +can select using rules specified by the translator the right plural +form. The two string arguments then will be used to provide a return +value in case no message catalog is found (similar to the normal +`gettext' behavior). In this case the rules for Germanic language is +used and it is assumed that the first string argument is the singular +form, the second the plural form. + + This has the consequence that programs without language catalogs can +display the correct strings only if the program itself is written using +a Germanic language. This is a limitation but since the GNU C library +(as well as the GNU `gettext' package) are written as part of the GNU +package and the coding standards for the GNU project require program +being written in English, this solution nevertheless fulfills its +purpose. + + -- Function: char * ngettext (const char *MSGID1, const char *MSGID2, + unsigned long int N) + The `ngettext' function is similar to the `gettext' function as it + finds the message catalogs in the same way. But it takes two + extra arguments. The MSGID1 parameter must contain the singular + form of the string to be converted. It is also used as the key + for the search in the catalog. The MSGID2 parameter is the plural + form. The parameter N is used to determine the plural form. If no + message catalog is found MSGID1 is returned if `n == 1', otherwise + `msgid2'. + + An example for the us of this function is: + + printf (ngettext ("%d file removed", "%d files removed", n), n); + + Please note that the numeric value N has to be passed to the + `printf' function as well. It is not sufficient to pass it only to + `ngettext'. + + -- Function: char * dngettext (const char *DOMAIN, const char *MSGID1, + const char *MSGID2, unsigned long int N) + The `dngettext' is similar to the `dgettext' function in the way + the message catalog is selected. The difference is that it takes + two extra parameter to provide the correct plural form. These two + parameters are handled in the same way `ngettext' handles them. + + -- Function: char * dcngettext (const char *DOMAIN, const char + *MSGID1, const char *MSGID2, unsigned long int N, int + CATEGORY) + The `dcngettext' is similar to the `dcgettext' function in the way + the message catalog is selected. The difference is that it takes + two extra parameter to provide the correct plural form. These two + parameters are handled in the same way `ngettext' handles them. + +The problem of plural forms +........................... + +A description of the problem can be found at the beginning of the last +section. Now there is the question how to solve it. Without the input +of linguists (which was not available) it was not possible to determine +whether there are only a few different forms in which plural forms are +formed or whether the number can increase with every new supported +language. + + Therefore the solution implemented is to allow the translator to +specify the rules of how to select the plural form. Since the formula +varies with every language this is the only viable solution except for +hardcoding the information in the code (which still would require the +possibility of extensions to not prevent the use of new languages). The +details are explained in the GNU `gettext' manual. Here only a bit of +information is provided. + + The information about the plural form selection has to be stored in +the header entry (the one with the empty (`msgid' string). It looks +like this: + + Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n == 1 ? 0 : 1; + + The `nplurals' value must be a decimal number which specifies how +many different plural forms exist for this language. The string +following `plural' is an expression which is using the C language +syntax. Exceptions are that no negative number are allowed, numbers +must be decimal, and the only variable allowed is `n'. This expression +will be evaluated whenever one of the functions `ngettext', +`dngettext', or `dcngettext' is called. The numeric value passed to +these functions is then substituted for all uses of the variable `n' in +the expression. The resulting value then must be greater or equal to +zero and smaller than the value given as the value of `nplurals'. + +The following rules are known at this point. The language with families +are listed. But this does not necessarily mean the information can be +generalized for the whole family (as can be easily seen in the table +below).(1) + +Only one form: + Some languages only require one single form. There is no + distinction between the singular and plural form. An appropriate + header entry would look like this: + + Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0; + + Languages with this property include: + + Finno-Ugric family + Hungarian + + Asian family + Japanese, Korean + + Turkic/Altaic family + Turkish + +Two forms, singular used for one only + This is the form used in most existing programs since it is what + English is using. A header entry would look like this: + + Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n != 1; + + (Note: this uses the feature of C expressions that boolean + expressions have to value zero or one.) + + Languages with this property include: + + Germanic family + Danish, Dutch, English, German, Norwegian, Swedish + + Finno-Ugric family + Estonian, Finnish + + Latin/Greek family + Greek + + Semitic family + Hebrew + + Romance family + Italian, Portuguese, Spanish + + Artificial + Esperanto + +Two forms, singular used for zero and one + Exceptional case in the language family. The header entry would + be: + + Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n>1; + + Languages with this property include: + + Romanic family + French, Brazilian Portuguese + +Three forms, special case for zero + The header entry would be: + + Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n != 0 ? 1 : 2; + + Languages with this property include: + + Baltic family + Latvian + +Three forms, special cases for one and two + The header entry would be: + + Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=n==1 ? 0 : n==2 ? 1 : 2; + + Languages with this property include: + + Celtic + Gaeilge (Irish) + +Three forms, special case for numbers ending in 1[2-9] + The header entry would look like this: + + Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; \ + plural=n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : \ + n%10>=2 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2; + + Languages with this property include: + + Baltic family + Lithuanian + +Three forms, special cases for numbers ending in 1 and 2, 3, 4, except those ending in 1[1-4] + The header entry would look like this: + + Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; \ + plural=n%100/10==1 ? 2 : n%10==1 ? 0 : (n+9)%10>3 ? 2 : 1; + + Languages with this property include: + + Slavic family + Croatian, Czech, Russian, Ukrainian + +Three forms, special cases for 1 and 2, 3, 4 + The header entry would look like this: + + Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; \ + plural=(n==1) ? 1 : (n>=2 && n<=4) ? 2 : 0; + + Languages with this property include: + + Slavic family + Slovak + +Three forms, special case for one and some numbers ending in 2, 3, or 4 + The header entry would look like this: + + Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; \ + plural=n==1 ? 0 : \ + n%10>=2 && n%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2; + + Languages with this property include: + + Slavic family + Polish + +Four forms, special case for one and all numbers ending in 02, 03, or 04 + The header entry would look like this: + + Plural-Forms: nplurals=4; \ + plural=n%100==1 ? 0 : n%100==2 ? 1 : n%100==3 || n%100==4 ? 2 : 3; + + Languages with this property include: + + Slavic family + Slovenian + + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) Additions are welcome. Send appropriate information to +. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Charset conversion in gettext, Next: GUI program problems, Prev: Advanced gettext functions, Up: Message catalogs with gettext + +8.2.1.4 How to specify the output character set `gettext' uses +.............................................................. + +`gettext' not only looks up a translation in a message catalog. It +also converts the translation on the fly to the desired output character +set. This is useful if the user is working in a different character set +than the translator who created the message catalog, because it avoids +distributing variants of message catalogs which differ only in the +character set. + + The output character set is, by default, the value of `nl_langinfo +(CODESET)', which depends on the `LC_CTYPE' part of the current locale. +But programs which store strings in a locale independent way (e.g. +UTF-8) can request that `gettext' and related functions return the +translations in that encoding, by use of the `bind_textdomain_codeset' +function. + + Note that the MSGID argument to `gettext' is not subject to +character set conversion. Also, when `gettext' does not find a +translation for MSGID, it returns MSGID unchanged - independently of +the current output character set. It is therefore recommended that all +MSGIDs be US-ASCII strings. + + -- Function: char * bind_textdomain_codeset (const char *DOMAINNAME, + const char *CODESET) + The `bind_textdomain_codeset' function can be used to specify the + output character set for message catalogs for domain DOMAINNAME. + The CODESET argument must be a valid codeset name which can be used + for the `iconv_open' function, or a null pointer. + + If the CODESET parameter is the null pointer, + `bind_textdomain_codeset' returns the currently selected codeset + for the domain with the name DOMAINNAME. It returns `NULL' if no + codeset has yet been selected. + + The `bind_textdomain_codeset' function can be used several times. + If used multiple times with the same DOMAINNAME argument, the + later call overrides the settings made by the earlier one. + + The `bind_textdomain_codeset' function returns a pointer to a + string containing the name of the selected codeset. The string is + allocated internally in the function and must not be changed by the + user. If the system went out of core during the execution of + `bind_textdomain_codeset', the return value is `NULL' and the + global variable ERRNO is set accordingly. + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/longopt.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/longopt.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +#include +#include +#include + +/* @r{Flag set by @samp{--verbose}.} */ +static int verbose_flag; + +int +main (argc, argv) + int argc; + char **argv; +@{ + int c; + + while (1) + @{ + static struct option long_options[] = + @{ + /* @r{These options set a flag.} */ + @{"verbose", no_argument, &verbose_flag, 1@}, + @{"brief", no_argument, &verbose_flag, 0@}, + /* @r{These options don't set a flag. + We distinguish them by their indices.} */ + @{"add", no_argument, 0, 'a'@}, + @{"append", no_argument, 0, 'b'@}, + @{"delete", required_argument, 0, 'd'@}, + @{"create", required_argument, 0, 'c'@}, + @{"file", required_argument, 0, 'f'@}, + @{0, 0, 0, 0@} + @}; + /* @r{@code{getopt_long} stores the option index here.} */ + int option_index = 0; + + c = getopt_long (argc, argv, "abc:d:f:", + long_options, &option_index); + + /* @r{Detect the end of the options.} */ + if (c == -1) + break; + + switch (c) + @{ + case 0: + /* @r{If this option set a flag, do nothing else now.} */ + if (long_options[option_index].flag != 0) + break; + printf ("option %s", long_options[option_index].name); + if (optarg) + printf (" with arg %s", optarg); + printf ("\n"); + break; + + case 'a': + puts ("option -a\n"); + break; + + case 'b': + puts ("option -b\n"); + break; + + case 'c': + printf ("option -c with value `%s'\n", optarg); + break; + + case 'd': + printf ("option -d with value `%s'\n", optarg); + break; + + case 'f': + printf ("option -f with value `%s'\n", optarg); + break; + + case '?': + /* @r{@code{getopt_long} already printed an error message.} */ + break; + + default: + abort (); + @} + @} + + /* @r{Instead of reporting @samp{--verbose} + and @samp{--brief} as they are encountered, + we report the final status resulting from them.} */ + if (verbose_flag) + puts ("verbose flag is set"); + + /* @r{Print any remaining command line arguments (not options).} */ + if (optind < argc) + @{ + printf ("non-option ARGV-elements: "); + while (optind < argc) + printf ("%s ", argv[optind++]); + putchar ('\n'); + @} + + exit (0); +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/strftim.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/strftim.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +#include +#include + +#define SIZE 256 + +int +main (void) +@{ + char buffer[SIZE]; + time_t curtime; + struct tm *loctime; + + /* @r{Get the current time.} */ + curtime = time (NULL); + + /* @r{Convert it to local time representation.} */ + loctime = localtime (&curtime); + + /* @r{Print out the date and time in the standard format.} */ + fputs (asctime (loctime), stdout); + +@group + /* @r{Print it out in a nice format.} */ + strftime (buffer, SIZE, "Today is %A, %B %d.\n", loctime); + fputs (buffer, stdout); + strftime (buffer, SIZE, "The time is %I:%M %p.\n", loctime); + fputs (buffer, stdout); + + return 0; +@} +@end group --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/mkisock.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/mkisock.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +#include +#include +#include +#include + +int +make_socket (uint16_t port) +@{ + int sock; + struct sockaddr_in name; + + /* @r{Create the socket.} */ + sock = socket (PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); + if (sock < 0) + @{ + perror ("socket"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + @} + + /* @r{Give the socket a name.} */ + name.sin_family = AF_INET; + name.sin_port = htons (port); + name.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl (INADDR_ANY); + if (bind (sock, (struct sockaddr *) &name, sizeof (name)) < 0) + @{ + perror ("bind"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + @} + + return sock; +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/select.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/select.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +@group +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +@end group + +@group +int +input_timeout (int filedes, unsigned int seconds) +@{ + fd_set set; + struct timeval timeout; +@end group + + /* @r{Initialize the file descriptor set.} */ + FD_ZERO (&set); + FD_SET (filedes, &set); + + /* @r{Initialize the timeout data structure.} */ + timeout.tv_sec = seconds; + timeout.tv_usec = 0; + +@group + /* @r{@code{select} returns 0 if timeout, 1 if input available, -1 if error.} */ + return TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (select (FD_SETSIZE, + &set, NULL, NULL, + &timeout)); +@} +@end group + +@group +int +main (void) +@{ + fprintf (stderr, "select returned %d.\n", + input_timeout (STDIN_FILENO, 5)); + return 0; +@} +@end group --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/dir.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/dir.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +@group +#include +#include +#include +@end group + +int +main (void) +@{ + DIR *dp; + struct dirent *ep; + + dp = opendir ("./"); + if (dp != NULL) + @{ + while (ep = readdir (dp)) + puts (ep->d_name); + (void) closedir (dp); + @} + else + perror ("Couldn't open the directory"); + + return 0; +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/setjmp.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/setjmp.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +#include +#include +#include + +jmp_buf main_loop; + +void +abort_to_main_loop (int status) +@{ + longjmp (main_loop, status); +@} + +int +main (void) +@{ + while (1) + if (setjmp (main_loop)) + puts ("Back at main loop...."); + else + do_command (); +@} + + +void +do_command (void) +@{ + char buffer[128]; + if (fgets (buffer, 128, stdin) == NULL) + abort_to_main_loop (-1); + else + exit (EXIT_SUCCESS); +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/argp-ex3.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/argp-ex3.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,152 @@ +/* @r{Argp example #3 -- a program with options and arguments using argp} */ + +/* @r{This program uses the same features as example 2, and uses options and + arguments. + + We now use the first four fields in ARGP, so here's a description of them: + OPTIONS -- A pointer to a vector of struct argp_option (see below) + PARSER -- A function to parse a single option, called by argp + ARGS_DOC -- A string describing how the non-option arguments should look + DOC -- A descriptive string about this program; if it contains a + vertical tab character (\v), the part after it will be + printed *following* the options + + The function PARSER takes the following arguments: + KEY -- An integer specifying which option this is (taken + from the KEY field in each struct argp_option), or + a special key specifying something else; the only + special keys we use here are ARGP_KEY_ARG, meaning + a non-option argument, and ARGP_KEY_END, meaning + that all arguments have been parsed + ARG -- For an option KEY, the string value of its + argument, or NULL if it has none + STATE-- A pointer to a struct argp_state, containing + various useful information about the parsing state; used here + are the INPUT field, which reflects the INPUT argument to + argp_parse, and the ARG_NUM field, which is the number of the + current non-option argument being parsed + It should return either 0, meaning success, ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN, meaning the + given KEY wasn't recognized, or an errno value indicating some other + error. + + Note that in this example, main uses a structure to communicate with the + parse_opt function, a pointer to which it passes in the INPUT argument to + argp_parse. Of course, it's also possible to use global variables + instead, but this is somewhat more flexible. + + The OPTIONS field contains a pointer to a vector of struct argp_option's; + that structure has the following fields (if you assign your option + structures using array initialization like this example, unspecified + fields will be defaulted to 0, and need not be specified): + NAME -- The name of this option's long option (may be zero) + KEY -- The KEY to pass to the PARSER function when parsing this option, + *and* the name of this option's short option, if it is a + printable ascii character + ARG -- The name of this option's argument, if any + FLAGS -- Flags describing this option; some of them are: + OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL -- The argument to this option is optional + OPTION_ALIAS -- This option is an alias for the + previous option + OPTION_HIDDEN -- Don't show this option in --help output + DOC -- A documentation string for this option, shown in --help output + + An options vector should be terminated by an option with all fields zero.} */ + +#include + +const char *argp_program_version = + "argp-ex3 1.0"; +const char *argp_program_bug_address = + ""; + +/* @r{Program documentation.} */ +static char doc[] = + "Argp example #3 -- a program with options and arguments using argp"; + +/* @r{A description of the arguments we accept.} */ +static char args_doc[] = "ARG1 ARG2"; + +/* @r{The options we understand.} */ +static struct argp_option options[] = @{ + @{"verbose", 'v', 0, 0, "Produce verbose output" @}, + @{"quiet", 'q', 0, 0, "Don't produce any output" @}, + @{"silent", 's', 0, OPTION_ALIAS @}, + @{"output", 'o', "FILE", 0, + "Output to FILE instead of standard output" @}, + @{ 0 @} +@}; + +/* @r{Used by @code{main} to communicate with @code{parse_opt}.} */ +struct arguments +@{ + char *args[2]; /* @r{@var{arg1} & @var{arg2}} */ + int silent, verbose; + char *output_file; +@}; + +/* @r{Parse a single option.} */ +static error_t +parse_opt (int key, char *arg, struct argp_state *state) +@{ + /* @r{Get the @var{input} argument from @code{argp_parse}, which we + know is a pointer to our arguments structure.} */ + struct arguments *arguments = state->input; + + switch (key) + @{ + case 'q': case 's': + arguments->silent = 1; + break; + case 'v': + arguments->verbose = 1; + break; + case 'o': + arguments->output_file = arg; + break; + + case ARGP_KEY_ARG: + if (state->arg_num >= 2) + /* @r{Too many arguments.} */ + argp_usage (state); + + arguments->args[state->arg_num] = arg; + + break; + + case ARGP_KEY_END: + if (state->arg_num < 2) + /* @r{Not enough arguments.} */ + argp_usage (state); + break; + + default: + return ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN; + @} + return 0; +@} + +/* @r{Our argp parser.} */ +static struct argp argp = @{ options, parse_opt, args_doc, doc @}; + +int main (int argc, char **argv) +@{ + struct arguments arguments; + + /* @r{Default values.} */ + arguments.silent = 0; + arguments.verbose = 0; + arguments.output_file = "-"; + + /* @r{Parse our arguments; every option seen by @code{parse_opt} will + be reflected in @code{arguments}.} */ + argp_parse (&argp, argc, argv, 0, 0, &arguments); + + printf ("ARG1 = %s\nARG2 = %s\nOUTPUT_FILE = %s\n" + "VERBOSE = %s\nSILENT = %s\n", + arguments.args[0], arguments.args[1], + arguments.output_file, + arguments.verbose ? "yes" : "no", + arguments.silent ? "yes" : "no"); + + exit (0); +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/sigh1.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/sigh1.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +#include +#include +#include + +/* @r{This flag controls termination of the main loop.} */ +volatile sig_atomic_t keep_going = 1; + +/* @r{The signal handler just clears the flag and re-enables itself.} */ +void +catch_alarm (int sig) +@{ + keep_going = 0; + signal (sig, catch_alarm); +@} + +void +do_stuff (void) +@{ + puts ("Doing stuff while waiting for alarm...."); +@} + +int +main (void) +@{ + /* @r{Establish a handler for SIGALRM signals.} */ + signal (SIGALRM, catch_alarm); + + /* @r{Set an alarm to go off in a little while.} */ + alarm (2); + + /* @r{Check the flag once in a while to see when to quit.} */ + while (keep_going) + do_stuff (); + + return EXIT_SUCCESS; +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/mygetpass.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/mygetpass.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +#include +#include + +ssize_t +my_getpass (char **lineptr, size_t *n, FILE *stream) +@{ + struct termios old, new; + int nread; + + /* @r{Turn echoing off and fail if we can't.} */ + if (tcgetattr (fileno (stream), &old) != 0) + return -1; + new = old; + new.c_lflag &= ~ECHO; + if (tcsetattr (fileno (stream), TCSAFLUSH, &new) != 0) + return -1; + + /* @r{Read the password.} */ + nread = getline (lineptr, n, stream); + + /* @r{Restore terminal.} */ + (void) tcsetattr (fileno (stream), TCSAFLUSH, &old); + + return nread; +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/isockad.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/isockad.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +void +init_sockaddr (struct sockaddr_in *name, + const char *hostname, + uint16_t port) +@{ + struct hostent *hostinfo; + + name->sin_family = AF_INET; + name->sin_port = htons (port); + hostinfo = gethostbyname (hostname); + if (hostinfo == NULL) + @{ + fprintf (stderr, "Unknown host %s.\n", hostname); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + @} + name->sin_addr = *(struct in_addr *) hostinfo->h_addr; +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/top-menu.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/top-menu.texi @@ -0,0 +1,1281 @@ +@menu +* Introduction:: Purpose of the GNU C Library. +* Error Reporting:: How library functions report errors. +* Memory:: Allocating virtual memory and controlling + paging. +* Character Handling:: Character testing and conversion functions. +* String and Array Utilities:: Utilities for copying and comparing strings + and arrays. +* Character Set Handling:: Support for extended character sets. +* Locales:: The country and language can affect the + behavior of library functions. +* Message Translation:: How to make the program speak the user's + language. +* Searching and Sorting:: General searching and sorting functions. +* Pattern Matching:: Matching shell ``globs'' and regular + expressions. +* I/O Overview:: Introduction to the I/O facilities. +* I/O on Streams:: High-level, portable I/O facilities. +* Low-Level I/O:: Low-level, less portable I/O. +* File System Interface:: Functions for manipulating files. +* Pipes and FIFOs:: A simple interprocess communication + mechanism. +* Sockets:: A more complicated IPC mechanism, with + networking support. +* Low-Level Terminal Interface:: How to change the characteristics of a + terminal device. +* Syslog:: System logging and messaging. +* Mathematics:: Math functions, useful constants, random + numbers. +* Arithmetic:: Low level arithmetic functions. +* Date and Time:: Functions for getting the date and time and + formatting them nicely. +* Resource Usage And Limitation:: Functions for examining resource usage and + getting and setting limits. +* Non-Local Exits:: Jumping out of nested function calls. +* Signal Handling:: How to send, block, and handle signals. +* Program Basics:: Writing the beginning and end of your + program. +* Processes:: How to create processes and run other + programs. +* Job Control:: All about process groups and sessions. +* Name Service Switch:: Accessing system databases. +* Users and Groups:: How users are identified and classified. +* System Management:: Controlling the system and getting + information about it. +* System Configuration:: Parameters describing operating system + limits. +* Cryptographic Functions:: DES encryption and password handling. +* Debugging Support:: Functions to help debugging applications. + +Appendices + +* Language Features:: C language features provided by the library. +* Library Summary:: A summary showing the syntax, header file, + and derivation of each library feature. +* Installation:: How to install the GNU C library. +* Maintenance:: How to enhance and port the GNU C Library. +* Contributors:: Who wrote what parts of the GNU C library. +* Free Manuals:: Free Software Needs Free Documentation. +* Copying:: The GNU Lesser General Public License says + how you can copy and share the GNU C Library. +* Documentation License:: This manual is under the GNU Free + Documentation License. + +Indices + +* Concept Index:: Index of concepts and names. +* Type Index:: Index of types and type qualifiers. +* Function Index:: Index of functions and function-like macros. +* Variable Index:: Index of variables and variable-like macros. +* File Index:: Index of programs and files. + + --- The Detailed Node Listing --- + +Introduction + +* Getting Started:: What this manual is for and how to use it. +* Standards and Portability:: Standards and sources upon which the GNU + C library is based. +* Using the Library:: Some practical uses for the library. +* Roadmap to the Manual:: Overview of the remaining chapters in + this manual. + +Standards and Portability + +* ISO C:: The international standard for the C + programming language. +* POSIX:: The ISO/IEC 9945 (aka IEEE 1003) standards + for operating systems. +* Berkeley Unix:: BSD and SunOS. +* SVID:: The System V Interface Description. +* XPG:: The X/Open Portability Guide. + +Using the Library + +* Header Files:: How to include the header files in your + programs. +* Macro Definitions:: Some functions in the library may really + be implemented as macros. +* Reserved Names:: The C standard reserves some names for + the library, and some for users. +* Feature Test Macros:: How to control what names are defined. + +Error Reporting + +* Checking for Errors:: How errors are reported by library functions. +* Error Codes:: Error code macros; all of these expand + into integer constant values. +* Error Messages:: Mapping error codes onto error messages. + +Memory + +* Memory Concepts:: An introduction to concepts and terminology. +* Memory Allocation:: Allocating storage for your program data +* Locking Pages:: Preventing page faults +* Resizing the Data Segment:: @code{brk}, @code{sbrk} + +Memory Allocation + +* Memory Allocation and C:: How to get different kinds of allocation in C. +* Unconstrained Allocation:: The @code{malloc} facility allows fully general + dynamic allocation. +* Allocation Debugging:: Finding memory leaks and not freed memory. +* Obstacks:: Obstacks are less general than malloc + but more efficient and convenient. +* Variable Size Automatic:: Allocation of variable-sized blocks + of automatic storage that are freed when the + calling function returns. + +Unconstrained Allocation + +* Basic Allocation:: Simple use of @code{malloc}. +* Malloc Examples:: Examples of @code{malloc}. @code{xmalloc}. +* Freeing after Malloc:: Use @code{free} to free a block you + got with @code{malloc}. +* Changing Block Size:: Use @code{realloc} to make a block + bigger or smaller. +* Allocating Cleared Space:: Use @code{calloc} to allocate a + block and clear it. +* Efficiency and Malloc:: Efficiency considerations in use of + these functions. +* Aligned Memory Blocks:: Allocating specially aligned memory. +* Malloc Tunable Parameters:: Use @code{mallopt} to adjust allocation + parameters. +* Heap Consistency Checking:: Automatic checking for errors. +* Hooks for Malloc:: You can use these hooks for debugging + programs that use @code{malloc}. +* Statistics of Malloc:: Getting information about how much + memory your program is using. +* Summary of Malloc:: Summary of @code{malloc} and related functions. + +Allocation Debugging + +* Tracing malloc:: How to install the tracing functionality. +* Using the Memory Debugger:: Example programs excerpts. +* Tips for the Memory Debugger:: Some more or less clever ideas. +* Interpreting the traces:: What do all these lines mean? + +Obstacks + +* Creating Obstacks:: How to declare an obstack in your program. +* Preparing for Obstacks:: Preparations needed before you can + use obstacks. +* Allocation in an Obstack:: Allocating objects in an obstack. +* Freeing Obstack Objects:: Freeing objects in an obstack. +* Obstack Functions:: The obstack functions are both + functions and macros. +* Growing Objects:: Making an object bigger by stages. +* Extra Fast Growing:: Extra-high-efficiency (though more + complicated) growing objects. +* Status of an Obstack:: Inquiries about the status of an obstack. +* Obstacks Data Alignment:: Controlling alignment of objects in obstacks. +* Obstack Chunks:: How obstacks obtain and release chunks; + efficiency considerations. +* Summary of Obstacks:: + +Variable Size Automatic + +* Alloca Example:: Example of using @code{alloca}. +* Advantages of Alloca:: Reasons to use @code{alloca}. +* Disadvantages of Alloca:: Reasons to avoid @code{alloca}. +* GNU C Variable-Size Arrays:: Only in GNU C, here is an alternative + method of allocating dynamically and + freeing automatically. + +Locking Pages + +* Why Lock Pages:: Reasons to read this section. +* Locked Memory Details:: Everything you need to know locked + memory +* Page Lock Functions:: Here's how to do it. + +Character Handling + +* Classification of Characters:: Testing whether characters are + letters, digits, punctuation, etc. + +* Case Conversion:: Case mapping, and the like. +* Classification of Wide Characters:: Character class determination for + wide characters. +* Using Wide Char Classes:: Notes on using the wide character + classes. +* Wide Character Case Conversion:: Mapping of wide characters. + +String and Array Utilities + +* Representation of Strings:: Introduction to basic concepts. +* String/Array Conventions:: Whether to use a string function or an + arbitrary array function. +* String Length:: Determining the length of a string. +* Copying and Concatenation:: Functions to copy the contents of strings + and arrays. +* String/Array Comparison:: Functions for byte-wise and character-wise + comparison. +* Collation Functions:: Functions for collating strings. +* Search Functions:: Searching for a specific element or substring. +* Finding Tokens in a String:: Splitting a string into tokens by looking + for delimiters. +* strfry:: Function for flash-cooking a string. +* Trivial Encryption:: Obscuring data. +* Encode Binary Data:: Encoding and Decoding of Binary Data. +* Argz and Envz Vectors:: Null-separated string vectors. + +Argz and Envz Vectors + +* Argz Functions:: Operations on argz vectors. +* Envz Functions:: Additional operations on environment vectors. + +Character Set Handling + +* Extended Char Intro:: Introduction to Extended Characters. +* Charset Function Overview:: Overview about Character Handling + Functions. +* Restartable multibyte conversion:: Restartable multibyte conversion + Functions. +* Non-reentrant Conversion:: Non-reentrant Conversion Function. +* Generic Charset Conversion:: Generic Charset Conversion. + +Restartable multibyte conversion + +* Selecting the Conversion:: Selecting the conversion and its properties. +* Keeping the state:: Representing the state of the conversion. +* Converting a Character:: Converting Single Characters. +* Converting Strings:: Converting Multibyte and Wide Character + Strings. +* Multibyte Conversion Example:: A Complete Multibyte Conversion Example. + +Non-reentrant Conversion + +* Non-reentrant Character Conversion:: Non-reentrant Conversion of Single + Characters. +* Non-reentrant String Conversion:: Non-reentrant Conversion of Strings. +* Shift State:: States in Non-reentrant Functions. + +Generic Charset Conversion + +* Generic Conversion Interface:: Generic Character Set Conversion Interface. +* iconv Examples:: A complete @code{iconv} example. +* Other iconv Implementations:: Some Details about other @code{iconv} + Implementations. +* glibc iconv Implementation:: The @code{iconv} Implementation in the GNU C + library. + +Locales + +* Effects of Locale:: Actions affected by the choice of + locale. +* Choosing Locale:: How the user specifies a locale. +* Locale Categories:: Different purposes for which you can + select a locale. +* Setting the Locale:: How a program specifies the locale + with library functions. +* Standard Locales:: Locale names available on all systems. +* Locale Information:: How to access the information for the locale. +* Formatting Numbers:: A dedicated function to format numbers. +* Yes-or-No Questions:: Check a Response against the locale. + +Locale Information + +* The Lame Way to Locale Data:: ISO C's @code{localeconv}. +* The Elegant and Fast Way:: X/Open's @code{nl_langinfo}. + +The Lame Way to Locale Data + +* General Numeric:: Parameters for formatting numbers and + currency amounts. +* Currency Symbol:: How to print the symbol that identifies an + amount of money (e.g. @samp{$}). +* Sign of Money Amount:: How to print the (positive or negative) sign + for a monetary amount, if one exists. + +Message Translation + +* Message catalogs a la X/Open:: The @code{catgets} family of functions. +* The Uniforum approach:: The @code{gettext} family of functions. + +Message catalogs a la X/Open + +* The catgets Functions:: The @code{catgets} function family. +* The message catalog files:: Format of the message catalog files. +* The gencat program:: How to generate message catalogs files which + can be used by the functions. +* Common Usage:: How to use the @code{catgets} interface. + +The Uniforum approach + +* Message catalogs with gettext:: The @code{gettext} family of functions. +* Helper programs for gettext:: Programs to handle message catalogs + for @code{gettext}. + +Message catalogs with gettext + +* Translation with gettext:: What has to be done to translate a message. +* Locating gettext catalog:: How to determine which catalog to be used. +* Advanced gettext functions:: Additional functions for more complicated + situations. +* Charset conversion in gettext:: How to specify the output character set + @code{gettext} uses. +* GUI program problems:: How to use @code{gettext} in GUI programs. +* Using gettextized software:: The possibilities of the user to influence + the way @code{gettext} works. + +Searching and Sorting + +* Comparison Functions:: Defining how to compare two objects. + Since the sort and search facilities + are general, you have to specify the + ordering. +* Array Search Function:: The @code{bsearch} function. +* Array Sort Function:: The @code{qsort} function. +* Search/Sort Example:: An example program. +* Hash Search Function:: The @code{hsearch} function. +* Tree Search Function:: The @code{tsearch} function. + +Pattern Matching + +* Wildcard Matching:: Matching a wildcard pattern against a single string. +* Globbing:: Finding the files that match a wildcard pattern. +* Regular Expressions:: Matching regular expressions against strings. +* Word Expansion:: Expanding shell variables, nested commands, + arithmetic, and wildcards. + This is what the shell does with shell commands. + +Globbing + +* Calling Glob:: Basic use of @code{glob}. +* Flags for Globbing:: Flags that enable various options in @code{glob}. +* More Flags for Globbing:: GNU specific extensions to @code{glob}. + +Regular Expressions + +* POSIX Regexp Compilation:: Using @code{regcomp} to prepare to match. +* Flags for POSIX Regexps:: Syntax variations for @code{regcomp}. +* Matching POSIX Regexps:: Using @code{regexec} to match the compiled + pattern that you get from @code{regcomp}. +* Regexp Subexpressions:: Finding which parts of the string were matched. +* Subexpression Complications:: Find points of which parts were matched. +* Regexp Cleanup:: Freeing storage; reporting errors. + +Word Expansion + +* Expansion Stages:: What word expansion does to a string. +* Calling Wordexp:: How to call @code{wordexp}. +* Flags for Wordexp:: Options you can enable in @code{wordexp}. +* Wordexp Example:: A sample program that does word expansion. +* Tilde Expansion:: Details of how tilde expansion works. +* Variable Substitution:: Different types of variable substitution. + +I/O Overview + +* I/O Concepts:: Some basic information and terminology. +* File Names:: How to refer to a file. + +I/O Concepts + +* Streams and File Descriptors:: The GNU Library provides two ways + to access the contents of files. +* File Position:: The number of bytes from the + beginning of the file. + +File Names + +* Directories:: Directories contain entries for files. +* File Name Resolution:: A file name specifies how to look up a file. +* File Name Errors:: Error conditions relating to file names. +* File Name Portability:: File name portability and syntax issues. + +I/O on Streams + +* Streams:: About the data type representing a stream. +* Standard Streams:: Streams to the standard input and output + devices are created for you. +* Opening Streams:: How to create a stream to talk to a file. +* Closing Streams:: Close a stream when you are finished with it. +* Streams and Threads:: Issues with streams in threaded programs. +* Streams and I18N:: Streams in internationalized applications. +* Simple Output:: Unformatted output by characters and lines. +* Character Input:: Unformatted input by characters and words. +* Line Input:: Reading a line or a record from a stream. +* Unreading:: Peeking ahead/pushing back input just read. +* Block Input/Output:: Input and output operations on blocks of data. +* Formatted Output:: @code{printf} and related functions. +* Customizing Printf:: You can define new conversion specifiers for + @code{printf} and friends. +* Formatted Input:: @code{scanf} and related functions. +* EOF and Errors:: How you can tell if an I/O error happens. +* Error Recovery:: What you can do about errors. +* Binary Streams:: Some systems distinguish between text files + and binary files. +* File Positioning:: About random-access streams. +* Portable Positioning:: Random access on peculiar ISO C systems. +* Stream Buffering:: How to control buffering of streams. +* Other Kinds of Streams:: Streams that do not necessarily correspond + to an open file. +* Formatted Messages:: Print strictly formatted messages. + +Unreading + +* Unreading Idea:: An explanation of unreading with pictures. +* How Unread:: How to call @code{ungetc} to do unreading. + +Formatted Output + +* Formatted Output Basics:: Some examples to get you started. +* Output Conversion Syntax:: General syntax of conversion + specifications. +* Table of Output Conversions:: Summary of output conversions and + what they do. +* Integer Conversions:: Details about formatting of integers. +* Floating-Point Conversions:: Details about formatting of + floating-point numbers. +* Other Output Conversions:: Details about formatting of strings, + characters, pointers, and the like. +* Formatted Output Functions:: Descriptions of the actual functions. +* Dynamic Output:: Functions that allocate memory for the output. +* Variable Arguments Output:: @code{vprintf} and friends. +* Parsing a Template String:: What kinds of args does a given template + call for? +* Example of Parsing:: Sample program using @code{parse_printf_format}. + +Customizing Printf + +* Registering New Conversions:: Using @code{register_printf_function} + to register a new output conversion. +* Conversion Specifier Options:: The handler must be able to get + the options specified in the + template when it is called. +* Defining the Output Handler:: Defining the handler and arginfo + functions that are passed as arguments + to @code{register_printf_function}. +* Printf Extension Example:: How to define a @code{printf} + handler function. +* Predefined Printf Handlers:: Predefined @code{printf} handlers. + +Formatted Input + +* Formatted Input Basics:: Some basics to get you started. +* Input Conversion Syntax:: Syntax of conversion specifications. +* Table of Input Conversions:: Summary of input conversions and what they do. +* Numeric Input Conversions:: Details of conversions for reading numbers. +* String Input Conversions:: Details of conversions for reading strings. +* Dynamic String Input:: String conversions that @code{malloc} the buffer. +* Other Input Conversions:: Details of miscellaneous other conversions. +* Formatted Input Functions:: Descriptions of the actual functions. +* Variable Arguments Input:: @code{vscanf} and friends. + +Stream Buffering + +* Buffering Concepts:: Terminology is defined here. +* Flushing Buffers:: How to ensure that output buffers are flushed. +* Controlling Buffering:: How to specify what kind of buffering to use. + +Other Kinds of Streams + +* String Streams:: Streams that get data from or put data in + a string or memory buffer. +* Obstack Streams:: Streams that store data in an obstack. +* Custom Streams:: Defining your own streams with an arbitrary + input data source and/or output data sink. + +Custom Streams + +* Streams and Cookies:: The @dfn{cookie} records where to fetch or + store data that is read or written. +* Hook Functions:: How you should define the four @dfn{hook + functions} that a custom stream needs. + +Formatted Messages + +* Printing Formatted Messages:: The @code{fmtmsg} function. +* Adding Severity Classes:: Add more severity classes. +* Example:: How to use @code{fmtmsg} and @code{addseverity}. + +Low-Level I/O + +* Opening and Closing Files:: How to open and close file + descriptors. +* I/O Primitives:: Reading and writing data. +* File Position Primitive:: Setting a descriptor's file + position. +* Descriptors and Streams:: Converting descriptor to stream + or vice-versa. +* Stream/Descriptor Precautions:: Precautions needed if you use both + descriptors and streams. +* Scatter-Gather:: Fast I/O to discontinuous buffers. +* Memory-mapped I/O:: Using files like memory. +* Waiting for I/O:: How to check for input or output + on multiple file descriptors. +* Synchronizing I/O:: Making sure all I/O actions completed. +* Asynchronous I/O:: Perform I/O in parallel. +* Control Operations:: Various other operations on file + descriptors. +* Duplicating Descriptors:: Fcntl commands for duplicating + file descriptors. +* Descriptor Flags:: Fcntl commands for manipulating + flags associated with file + descriptors. +* File Status Flags:: Fcntl commands for manipulating + flags associated with open files. +* File Locks:: Fcntl commands for implementing + file locking. +* Interrupt Input:: Getting an asynchronous signal when + input arrives. +* IOCTLs:: Generic I/O Control operations. + +Stream/Descriptor Precautions + +* Linked Channels:: Dealing with channels sharing a file position. +* Independent Channels:: Dealing with separately opened, unlinked channels. +* Cleaning Streams:: Cleaning a stream makes it safe to use + another channel. + +Asynchronous I/O + +* Asynchronous Reads/Writes:: Asynchronous Read and Write Operations. +* Status of AIO Operations:: Getting the Status of AIO Operations. +* Synchronizing AIO Operations:: Getting into a consistent state. +* Cancel AIO Operations:: Cancellation of AIO Operations. +* Configuration of AIO:: How to optimize the AIO implementation. + +File Status Flags + +* Access Modes:: Whether the descriptor can read or write. +* Open-time Flags:: Details of @code{open}. +* Operating Modes:: Special modes to control I/O operations. +* Getting File Status Flags:: Fetching and changing these flags. + +File System Interface + +* Working Directory:: This is used to resolve relative + file names. +* Accessing Directories:: Finding out what files a directory + contains. +* Working with Directory Trees:: Apply actions to all files or a selectable + subset of a directory hierarchy. +* Hard Links:: Adding alternate names to a file. +* Symbolic Links:: A file that ``points to'' a file name. +* Deleting Files:: How to delete a file, and what that means. +* Renaming Files:: Changing a file's name. +* Creating Directories:: A system call just for creating a directory. +* File Attributes:: Attributes of individual files. +* Making Special Files:: How to create special files. +* Temporary Files:: Naming and creating temporary files. + +Accessing Directories + +* Directory Entries:: Format of one directory entry. +* Opening a Directory:: How to open a directory stream. +* Reading/Closing Directory:: How to read directory entries from the stream. +* Simple Directory Lister:: A very simple directory listing program. +* Random Access Directory:: Rereading part of the directory + already read with the same stream. +* Scanning Directory Content:: Get entries for user selected subset of + contents in given directory. +* Simple Directory Lister Mark II:: Revised version of the program. + +File Attributes + +* Attribute Meanings:: The names of the file attributes, + and what their values mean. +* Reading Attributes:: How to read the attributes of a file. +* Testing File Type:: Distinguishing ordinary files, + directories, links@dots{} +* File Owner:: How ownership for new files is determined, + and how to change it. +* Permission Bits:: How information about a file's access + mode is stored. +* Access Permission:: How the system decides who can access a file. +* Setting Permissions:: How permissions for new files are assigned, + and how to change them. +* Testing File Access:: How to find out if your process can + access a file. +* File Times:: About the time attributes of a file. +* File Size:: Manually changing the size of a file. + +Pipes and FIFOs + +* Creating a Pipe:: Making a pipe with the @code{pipe} function. +* Pipe to a Subprocess:: Using a pipe to communicate with a + child process. +* FIFO Special Files:: Making a FIFO special file. +* Pipe Atomicity:: When pipe (or FIFO) I/O is atomic. + +Sockets + +* Socket Concepts:: Basic concepts you need to know about. +* Communication Styles::Stream communication, datagrams and other styles. +* Socket Addresses:: How socket names (``addresses'') work. +* Interface Naming:: Identifying specific network interfaces. +* Local Namespace:: Details about the local namespace. +* Internet Namespace:: Details about the Internet namespace. +* Misc Namespaces:: Other namespaces not documented fully here. +* Open/Close Sockets:: Creating sockets and destroying them. +* Connections:: Operations on sockets with connection state. +* Datagrams:: Operations on datagram sockets. +* Inetd:: Inetd is a daemon that starts servers on request. + The most convenient way to write a server + is to make it work with Inetd. +* Socket Options:: Miscellaneous low-level socket options. +* Networks Database:: Accessing the database of network names. + +Socket Addresses + +* Address Formats:: About @code{struct sockaddr}. +* Setting Address:: Binding an address to a socket. +* Reading Address:: Reading the address of a socket. + +Local Namespace + +* Concepts: Local Namespace Concepts. What you need to understand. +* Details: Local Namespace Details. Address format, symbolic names, etc. +* Example: Local Socket Example. Example of creating a socket. + +Internet Namespace + +* Internet Address Formats:: How socket addresses are specified in the + Internet namespace. +* Host Addresses:: All about host addresses of Internet host. +* Protocols Database:: Referring to protocols by name. +* Ports:: Internet port numbers. +* Services Database:: Ports may have symbolic names. +* Byte Order:: Different hosts may use different byte + ordering conventions; you need to + canonicalize host address and port number. +* Inet Example:: Putting it all together. + +Host Addresses + +* Abstract Host Addresses:: What a host number consists of. +* Data type: Host Address Data Type. Data type for a host number. +* Functions: Host Address Functions. Functions to operate on them. +* Names: Host Names. Translating host names to host numbers. + +Open/Close Sockets + +* Creating a Socket:: How to open a socket. +* Closing a Socket:: How to close a socket. +* Socket Pairs:: These are created like pipes. + +Connections + +* Connecting:: What the client program must do. +* Listening:: How a server program waits for requests. +* Accepting Connections:: What the server does when it gets a request. +* Who is Connected:: Getting the address of the + other side of a connection. +* Transferring Data:: How to send and receive data. +* Byte Stream Example:: An example program: a client for communicating + over a byte stream socket in the Internet namespace. +* Server Example:: A corresponding server program. +* Out-of-Band Data:: This is an advanced feature. + +Transferring Data + +* Sending Data:: Sending data with @code{send}. +* Receiving Data:: Reading data with @code{recv}. +* Socket Data Options:: Using @code{send} and @code{recv}. + +Datagrams + +* Sending Datagrams:: Sending packets on a datagram socket. +* Receiving Datagrams:: Receiving packets on a datagram socket. +* Datagram Example:: An example program: packets sent over a + datagram socket in the local namespace. +* Example Receiver:: Another program, that receives those packets. + +Inetd + +* Inetd Servers:: +* Configuring Inetd:: + +Socket Options + +* Socket Option Functions:: The basic functions for setting and getting + socket options. +* Socket-Level Options:: Details of the options at the socket level. + +Low-Level Terminal Interface + +* Is It a Terminal:: How to determine if a file is a terminal + device, and what its name is. +* I/O Queues:: About flow control and typeahead. +* Canonical or Not:: Two basic styles of input processing. +* Terminal Modes:: How to examine and modify flags controlling + details of terminal I/O: echoing, + signals, editing. Posix. +* BSD Terminal Modes:: BSD compatible terminal mode setting +* Line Control:: Sending break sequences, clearing + terminal buffers @dots{} +* Noncanon Example:: How to read single characters without echo. +* Pseudo-Terminals:: How to open a pseudo-terminal. + +Terminal Modes + +* Mode Data Types:: The data type @code{struct termios} and + related types. +* Mode Functions:: Functions to read and set the terminal + attributes. +* Setting Modes:: The right way to set terminal attributes + reliably. +* Input Modes:: Flags controlling low-level input handling. +* Output Modes:: Flags controlling low-level output handling. +* Control Modes:: Flags controlling serial port behavior. +* Local Modes:: Flags controlling high-level input handling. +* Line Speed:: How to read and set the terminal line speed. +* Special Characters:: Characters that have special effects, + and how to change them. +* Noncanonical Input:: Controlling how long to wait for input. + +Special Characters + +* Editing Characters:: Special characters that terminate lines and + delete text, and other editing functions. +* Signal Characters:: Special characters that send or raise signals + to or for certain classes of processes. +* Start/Stop Characters:: Special characters that suspend or resume + suspended output. +* Other Special:: Other special characters for BSD systems: + they can discard output, and print status. + +Pseudo-Terminals + +* Allocation:: Allocating a pseudo terminal. +* Pseudo-Terminal Pairs:: How to open both sides of a + pseudo-terminal in a single operation. + +Syslog + +* Overview of Syslog:: Overview of a system's Syslog facility +* Submitting Syslog Messages:: Functions to submit messages to Syslog + +Submitting Syslog Messages + +* openlog:: Open connection to Syslog +* syslog; vsyslog:: Submit message to Syslog +* closelog:: Close connection to Syslog +* setlogmask:: Cause certain messages to be ignored +* Syslog Example:: Example of all of the above + +Mathematics + +* Mathematical Constants:: Precise numeric values for often-used + constants. +* Trig Functions:: Sine, cosine, tangent, and friends. +* Inverse Trig Functions:: Arcsine, arccosine, etc. +* Exponents and Logarithms:: Also pow and sqrt. +* Hyperbolic Functions:: sinh, cosh, tanh, etc. +* Special Functions:: Bessel, gamma, erf. +* Errors in Math Functions:: Known Maximum Errors in Math Functions. +* Pseudo-Random Numbers:: Functions for generating pseudo-random + numbers. +* FP Function Optimizations:: Fast code or small code. + +Pseudo-Random Numbers + +* ISO Random:: @code{rand} and friends. +* BSD Random:: @code{random} and friends. +* SVID Random:: @code{drand48} and friends. + +Arithmetic + +* Integers:: Basic integer types and concepts +* Integer Division:: Integer division with guaranteed rounding. +* Floating Point Numbers:: Basic concepts. IEEE 754. +* Floating Point Classes:: The five kinds of floating-point number. +* Floating Point Errors:: When something goes wrong in a calculation. +* Rounding:: Controlling how results are rounded. +* Control Functions:: Saving and restoring the FPU's state. +* Arithmetic Functions:: Fundamental operations provided by the library. +* Complex Numbers:: The types. Writing complex constants. +* Operations on Complex:: Projection, conjugation, decomposition. +* Parsing of Numbers:: Converting strings to numbers. +* System V Number Conversion:: An archaic way to convert numbers to strings. + +Floating Point Errors + +* FP Exceptions:: IEEE 754 math exceptions and how to detect them. +* Infinity and NaN:: Special values returned by calculations. +* Status bit operations:: Checking for exceptions after the fact. +* Math Error Reporting:: How the math functions report errors. + +Arithmetic Functions + +* Absolute Value:: Absolute values of integers and floats. +* Normalization Functions:: Extracting exponents and putting them back. +* Rounding Functions:: Rounding floats to integers. +* Remainder Functions:: Remainders on division, precisely defined. +* FP Bit Twiddling:: Sign bit adjustment. Adding epsilon. +* FP Comparison Functions:: Comparisons without risk of exceptions. +* Misc FP Arithmetic:: Max, min, positive difference, multiply-add. + +Parsing of Numbers + +* Parsing of Integers:: Functions for conversion of integer values. +* Parsing of Floats:: Functions for conversion of floating-point + values. + +Date and Time + +* Time Basics:: Concepts and definitions. +* Elapsed Time:: Data types to represent elapsed times +* Processor And CPU Time:: Time a program has spent executing. +* Calendar Time:: Manipulation of ``real'' dates and times. +* Setting an Alarm:: Sending a signal after a specified time. +* Sleeping:: Waiting for a period of time. + +Processor And CPU Time + +* CPU Time:: The @code{clock} function. +* Processor Time:: The @code{times} function. + +Calendar Time + +* Simple Calendar Time:: Facilities for manipulating calendar time. +* High-Resolution Calendar:: A time representation with greater precision. +* Broken-down Time:: Facilities for manipulating local time. +* High Accuracy Clock:: Maintaining a high accuracy system clock. +* Formatting Calendar Time:: Converting times to strings. +* Parsing Date and Time:: Convert textual time and date information back + into broken-down time values. +* TZ Variable:: How users specify the time zone. +* Time Zone Functions:: Functions to examine or specify the time zone. +* Time Functions Example:: An example program showing use of some of + the time functions. + +Parsing Date and Time + +* Low-Level Time String Parsing:: Interpret string according to given format. +* General Time String Parsing:: User-friendly function to parse data and + time strings. + +Resource Usage And Limitation + +* Resource Usage:: Measuring various resources used. +* Limits on Resources:: Specifying limits on resource usage. +* Priority:: Reading or setting process run priority. +* Memory Resources:: Querying memory available resources. +* Processor Resources:: Learn about the processors available. + +Priority + +* Absolute Priority:: The first tier of priority. Posix +* Realtime Scheduling:: Scheduling among the process nobility +* Basic Scheduling Functions:: Get/set scheduling policy, priority +* Traditional Scheduling:: Scheduling among the vulgar masses +* CPU Affinity:: Limiting execution to certain CPUs + +Traditional Scheduling + +* Traditional Scheduling Intro:: +* Traditional Scheduling Functions:: + +Memory Resources + +* Memory Subsystem:: Overview about traditional Unix memory handling. +* Query Memory Parameters:: How to get information about the memory + subsystem? + +Non-Local Exits + +* Intro: Non-Local Intro. When and how to use these facilities. +* Details: Non-Local Details. Functions for non-local exits. +* Non-Local Exits and Signals:: Portability issues. +* System V contexts:: Complete context control a la System V. + +Signal Handling + +* Concepts of Signals:: Introduction to the signal facilities. +* Standard Signals:: Particular kinds of signals with + standard names and meanings. +* Signal Actions:: Specifying what happens when a + particular signal is delivered. +* Defining Handlers:: How to write a signal handler function. +* Interrupted Primitives:: Signal handlers affect use of @code{open}, + @code{read}, @code{write} and other functions. +* Generating Signals:: How to send a signal to a process. +* Blocking Signals:: Making the system hold signals temporarily. +* Waiting for a Signal:: Suspending your program until a signal + arrives. +* Signal Stack:: Using a Separate Signal Stack. +* BSD Signal Handling:: Additional functions for backward + compatibility with BSD. + +Concepts of Signals + +* Kinds of Signals:: Some examples of what can cause a signal. +* Signal Generation:: Concepts of why and how signals occur. +* Delivery of Signal:: Concepts of what a signal does to the + process. + +Standard Signals + +* Program Error Signals:: Used to report serious program errors. +* Termination Signals:: Used to interrupt and/or terminate the + program. +* Alarm Signals:: Used to indicate expiration of timers. +* Asynchronous I/O Signals:: Used to indicate input is available. +* Job Control Signals:: Signals used to support job control. +* Operation Error Signals:: Used to report operational system errors. +* Miscellaneous Signals:: Miscellaneous Signals. +* Signal Messages:: Printing a message describing a signal. + +Signal Actions + +* Basic Signal Handling:: The simple @code{signal} function. +* Advanced Signal Handling:: The more powerful @code{sigaction} function. +* Signal and Sigaction:: How those two functions interact. +* Sigaction Function Example:: An example of using the sigaction function. +* Flags for Sigaction:: Specifying options for signal handling. +* Initial Signal Actions:: How programs inherit signal actions. + +Defining Handlers + +* Handler Returns:: Handlers that return normally, and what + this means. +* Termination in Handler:: How handler functions terminate a program. +* Longjmp in Handler:: Nonlocal transfer of control out of a + signal handler. +* Signals in Handler:: What happens when signals arrive while + the handler is already occupied. +* Merged Signals:: When a second signal arrives before the + first is handled. +* Nonreentrancy:: Do not call any functions unless you know they + are reentrant with respect to signals. +* Atomic Data Access:: A single handler can run in the middle of + reading or writing a single object. + +Atomic Data Access + +* Non-atomic Example:: A program illustrating interrupted access. +* Types: Atomic Types. Data types that guarantee no interruption. +* Usage: Atomic Usage. Proving that interruption is harmless. + +Generating Signals + +* Signaling Yourself:: A process can send a signal to itself. +* Signaling Another Process:: Send a signal to another process. +* Permission for kill:: Permission for using @code{kill}. +* Kill Example:: Using @code{kill} for Communication. + +Blocking Signals + +* Why Block:: The purpose of blocking signals. +* Signal Sets:: How to specify which signals to + block. +* Process Signal Mask:: Blocking delivery of signals to your + process during normal execution. +* Testing for Delivery:: Blocking to Test for Delivery of + a Signal. +* Blocking for Handler:: Blocking additional signals while a + handler is being run. +* Checking for Pending Signals:: Checking for Pending Signals +* Remembering a Signal:: How you can get almost the same + effect as blocking a signal, by + handling it and setting a flag + to be tested later. + +Waiting for a Signal + +* Using Pause:: The simple way, using @code{pause}. +* Pause Problems:: Why the simple way is often not very good. +* Sigsuspend:: Reliably waiting for a specific signal. + +BSD Signal Handling + +* BSD Handler:: BSD Function to Establish a Handler. +* Blocking in BSD:: BSD Functions for Blocking Signals. + +Program Basics + +* Program Arguments:: Parsing your program's command-line arguments. +* Environment Variables:: Less direct parameters affecting your program +* System Calls:: Requesting service from the system +* Program Termination:: Telling the system you're done; return status + +Program Arguments + +* Argument Syntax:: By convention, options start with a hyphen. +* Parsing Program Arguments:: Ways to parse program options and arguments. + +Parsing Program Arguments + +* Getopt:: Parsing program options using @code{getopt}. +* Argp:: Parsing program options using @code{argp_parse}. +* Suboptions:: Some programs need more detailed options. +* Suboptions Example:: This shows how it could be done for @code{mount}. + +Environment Variables + +* Environment Access:: How to get and set the values of + environment variables. +* Standard Environment:: These environment variables have + standard interpretations. + +Program Termination + +* Normal Termination:: If a program calls @code{exit}, a + process terminates normally. +* Exit Status:: The @code{exit status} provides information + about why the process terminated. +* Cleanups on Exit:: A process can run its own cleanup + functions upon normal termination. +* Aborting a Program:: The @code{abort} function causes + abnormal program termination. +* Termination Internals:: What happens when a process terminates. + +Processes + +* Running a Command:: The easy way to run another program. +* Process Creation Concepts:: An overview of the hard way to do it. +* Process Identification:: How to get the process ID of a process. +* Creating a Process:: How to fork a child process. +* Executing a File:: How to make a process execute another program. +* Process Completion:: How to tell when a child process has completed. +* Process Completion Status:: How to interpret the status value + returned from a child process. +* BSD Wait Functions:: More functions, for backward compatibility. +* Process Creation Example:: A complete example program. + +Job Control + +* Concepts of Job Control:: Jobs can be controlled by a shell. +* Job Control is Optional:: Not all POSIX systems support job control. +* Controlling Terminal:: How a process gets its controlling terminal. +* Access to the Terminal:: How processes share the controlling terminal. +* Orphaned Process Groups:: Jobs left after the user logs out. +* Implementing a Shell:: What a shell must do to implement job control. +* Functions for Job Control:: Functions to control process groups. + +Implementing a Shell + +* Data Structures:: Introduction to the sample shell. +* Initializing the Shell:: What the shell must do to take + responsibility for job control. +* Launching Jobs:: Creating jobs to execute commands. +* Foreground and Background:: Putting a job in foreground of background. +* Stopped and Terminated Jobs:: Reporting job status. +* Continuing Stopped Jobs:: How to continue a stopped job in + the foreground or background. +* Missing Pieces:: Other parts of the shell. + +Functions for Job Control + +* Identifying the Terminal:: Determining the controlling terminal's name. +* Process Group Functions:: Functions for manipulating process groups. +* Terminal Access Functions:: Functions for controlling terminal access. + +Name Service Switch + +* NSS Basics:: What is this NSS good for. +* NSS Configuration File:: Configuring NSS. +* NSS Module Internals:: How does it work internally. +* Extending NSS:: What to do to add services or databases. + +NSS Configuration File + +* Services in the NSS configuration:: Service names in the NSS configuration. +* Actions in the NSS configuration:: React appropriately to the lookup result. +* Notes on NSS Configuration File:: Things to take care about while + configuring NSS. + +NSS Module Internals + +* NSS Module Names:: Construction of the interface function of + the NSS modules. +* NSS Modules Interface:: Programming interface in the NSS module + functions. + +Extending NSS + +* Adding another Service to NSS:: What is to do to add a new service. +* NSS Module Function Internals:: Guidelines for writing new NSS + service functions. + +Users and Groups + +* User and Group IDs:: Each user has a unique numeric ID; + likewise for groups. +* Process Persona:: The user IDs and group IDs of a process. +* Why Change Persona:: Why a program might need to change + its user and/or group IDs. +* How Change Persona:: Changing the user and group IDs. +* Reading Persona:: How to examine the user and group IDs. + +* Setting User ID:: Functions for setting the user ID. +* Setting Groups:: Functions for setting the group IDs. + +* Enable/Disable Setuid:: Turning setuid access on and off. +* Setuid Program Example:: The pertinent parts of one sample program. +* Tips for Setuid:: How to avoid granting unlimited access. + +* Who Logged In:: Getting the name of the user who logged in, + or of the real user ID of the current process. + +* User Accounting Database:: Keeping information about users and various + actions in databases. + +* User Database:: Functions and data structures for + accessing the user database. +* Group Database:: Functions and data structures for + accessing the group database. +* Database Example:: Example program showing the use of database + inquiry functions. +* Netgroup Database:: Functions for accessing the netgroup database. + +User Accounting Database + +* Manipulating the Database:: Scanning and modifying the user + accounting database. +* XPG Functions:: A standardized way for doing the same thing. +* Logging In and Out:: Functions from BSD that modify the user + accounting database. + +User Database + +* User Data Structure:: What each user record contains. +* Lookup User:: How to look for a particular user. +* Scanning All Users:: Scanning the list of all users, one by one. +* Writing a User Entry:: How a program can rewrite a user's record. + +Group Database + +* Group Data Structure:: What each group record contains. +* Lookup Group:: How to look for a particular group. +* Scanning All Groups:: Scanning the list of all groups. + +Netgroup Database + +* Netgroup Data:: Data in the Netgroup database and where + it comes from. +* Lookup Netgroup:: How to look for a particular netgroup. +* Netgroup Membership:: How to test for netgroup membership. + +System Management + +* Host Identification:: Determining the name of the machine. +* Platform Type:: Determining operating system and basic + machine type +* Filesystem Handling:: Controlling/querying mounts +* System Parameters:: Getting and setting various system parameters + +Filesystem Handling + +* Mount Information:: What is or could be mounted? +* Mount-Unmount-Remount:: Controlling what is mounted and how + +Mount Information + +* fstab:: The @file{fstab} file +* mtab:: The @file{mtab} file +* Other Mount Information:: Other (non-libc) sources of mount information + +System Configuration + +* General Limits:: Constants and functions that describe + various process-related limits that have + one uniform value for any given machine. +* System Options:: Optional POSIX features. +* Version Supported:: Version numbers of POSIX.1 and POSIX.2. +* Sysconf:: Getting specific configuration values + of general limits and system options. +* Minimums:: Minimum values for general limits. + +* Limits for Files:: Size limitations that pertain to individual files. + These can vary between file systems + or even from file to file. +* Options for Files:: Optional features that some files may support. +* File Minimums:: Minimum values for file limits. +* Pathconf:: Getting the limit values for a particular file. + +* Utility Limits:: Capacity limits of some POSIX.2 utility programs. +* Utility Minimums:: Minimum allowable values of those limits. + +* String Parameters:: Getting the default search path. + +Sysconf + +* Sysconf Definition:: Detailed specifications of @code{sysconf}. +* Constants for Sysconf:: The list of parameters @code{sysconf} can read. +* Examples of Sysconf:: How to use @code{sysconf} and the parameter + macros properly together. + +Cryptographic Functions + +* Legal Problems:: This software can get you locked up, or worse. +* getpass:: Prompting the user for a password. +* crypt:: A one-way function for passwords. +* DES Encryption:: Routines for DES encryption. + +Debugging Support + +* Backtraces:: Obtaining and printing a back trace of the + current stack. + +Language Features + +* Consistency Checking:: Using @code{assert} to abort if + something ``impossible'' happens. +* Variadic Functions:: Defining functions with varying numbers + of args. +* Null Pointer Constant:: The macro @code{NULL}. +* Important Data Types:: Data types for object sizes. +* Data Type Measurements:: Parameters of data type representations. + +Variadic Functions + +* Why Variadic:: Reasons for making functions take + variable arguments. +* How Variadic:: How to define and call variadic functions. +* Variadic Example:: A complete example. + +How Variadic + +* Variadic Prototypes:: How to make a prototype for a function + with variable arguments. +* Receiving Arguments:: Steps you must follow to access the + optional argument values. +* How Many Arguments:: How to decide whether there are more arguments. +* Calling Variadics:: Things you need to know about calling + variable arguments functions. +* Argument Macros:: Detailed specification of the macros + for accessing variable arguments. +* Old Varargs:: The pre-ISO way of defining variadic functions. + +Data Type Measurements + +* Width of Type:: How many bits does an integer type hold? +* Range of Type:: What are the largest and smallest values + that an integer type can hold? +* Floating Type Macros:: Parameters that measure the floating point types. +* Structure Measurement:: Getting measurements on structure types. + +Floating Type Macros + +* Floating Point Concepts:: Definitions of terminology. +* Floating Point Parameters:: Details of specific macros. +* IEEE Floating Point:: The measurements for one common + representation. + +Installation + +* Configuring and compiling:: How to compile and test GNU libc. +* Running make install:: How to install it once you've got it + compiled. +* Tools for Compilation:: You'll need these first. +* Linux:: Specific advice for GNU/Linux systems. +* Reporting Bugs:: So they'll get fixed. + +Maintenance + +* Source Layout:: How to add new functions or header files + to the GNU C library. +* Porting:: How to port the GNU C library to + a new machine or operating system. + +Porting + +* Hierarchy Conventions:: The layout of the @file{sysdeps} hierarchy. +* Porting to Unix:: Porting the library to an average + Unix-like system. +@end menu --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc.info-11 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc.info-11 @@ -0,0 +1,3547 @@ +This is libc.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from libc.texinfo. + +INFO-DIR-SECTION Software libraries +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* Libc: (libc). C library. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + +INFO-DIR-SECTION GNU C library functions and macros +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* ALTWERASE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN: (libc)Argp Parser Functions. +* ARG_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* BC_BASE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_DIM_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_SCALE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_STRING_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BRKINT: (libc)Input Modes. +* BUFSIZ: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* CCTS_OFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CHILD_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* CIGNORE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLK_TCK: (libc)CPU Time. +* CLOCAL: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLOCKS_PER_SEC: (libc)CPU Time. +* COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* CPU_CLR: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ISSET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SETSIZE: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ZERO: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CREAD: (libc)Control Modes. +* CRTS_IFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS5: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS6: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS7: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS8: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSIZE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSTOPB: (libc)Control Modes. +* DES_FAILED: (libc)DES Encryption. +* DTTOIF: (libc)Directory Entries. +* E2BIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EACCES: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRINUSE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRNOTAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAGAIN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EALREADY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBACKGROUND: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADF: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADFD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRQC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADSLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBFONT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBUSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECANCELED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHILD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOCTL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOK: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOKE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHONL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOPRT: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECOMM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNABORTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNREFUSED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDESTADDRREQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDIED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOTDOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDQUOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EEXIST: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFAULT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFBIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGRATUITOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGREGIOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIDRM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EILSEQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINPROGRESS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINVAL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYEXPIRED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREJECTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREVOKED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2NSYNC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3RST: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBACC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBBAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBMAX: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBSCN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELNRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELOOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMEDIUMTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMSGSIZE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMULTIHOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAMETOOLONG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENEEDAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOANO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOBUFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOCSI: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODATA: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOENT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOKEY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEDIUM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENONET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPKG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPROTOOPT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSYS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTBLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTEMPTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTRECOVERABLE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSUP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTUNIQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENXIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* EOPNOTSUPP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOVERFLOW: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOWNERDEAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPERM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCLIM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTONOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTOTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EQUIV_CLASS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* ERANGE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMCHG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERESTART: (libc)Error Codes. +* EROFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERPCMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESHUTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESOCKTNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRMNT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTALE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTRPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIME: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIMEDOUT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETOOMANYREFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETXTBSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUCLEAN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUNATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUSERS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EWOULDBLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXDEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXFULL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXIT_FAILURE: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXIT_SUCCESS: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXPR_NEST_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* FD_CLOEXEC: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* FD_CLR: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ISSET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SETSIZE: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ZERO: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FILENAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* FLUSHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* FOPEN_MAX: (libc)Opening Streams. +* FP_ILOGB0: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* FP_ILOGBNAN: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* F_DUPFD: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* F_GETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_GETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_GETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_GETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* F_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* F_SETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_SETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_SETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETLKW: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* HUGE_VAL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALF: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUPCL: (libc)Control Modes. +* I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* ICANON: (libc)Local Modes. +* ICRNL: (libc)Input Modes. +* IEXTEN: (libc)Local Modes. +* IFNAMSIZ: (libc)Interface Naming. +* IFTODT: (libc)Directory Entries. +* IGNBRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNPAR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IMAXBEL: (libc)Input Modes. +* INADDR_ANY: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_BROADCAST: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_LOOPBACK: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_NONE: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INFINITY: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* INLCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* INPCK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IPPORT_RESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* IPPORT_USERRESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* ISIG: (libc)Local Modes. +* ISTRIP: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXANY: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXOFF: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXON: (libc)Input Modes. +* LINE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* LINK_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* L_ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* L_cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* L_tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* MAXNAMLEN: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAXSYMLINKS: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* MAX_CANON: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAX_INPUT: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MB_CUR_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MB_LEN_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MDMBUF: (libc)Control Modes. +* MSG_DONTROUTE: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_OOB: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_PEEK: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* NAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* NAN: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* NCCS: (libc)Mode Data Types. +* NGROUPS_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* NOFLSH: (libc)Local Modes. +* NOKERNINFO: (libc)Local Modes. +* NSIG: (libc)Standard Signals. +* NULL: (libc)Null Pointer Constant. +* ONLCR: (libc)Output Modes. +* ONOEOT: (libc)Output Modes. +* OPEN_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* OPOST: (libc)Output Modes. +* OXTABS: (libc)Output Modes. +* O_ACCMODE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_APPEND: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_ASYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_CREAT: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXCL: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXEC: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_EXLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_FSYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_IGNORE_CTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NDELAY: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOATIME: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOCTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NOLINK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOTRANS: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_RDONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_RDWR: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_READ: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_SHLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_SYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_TRUNC: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_WRITE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_WRONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* PARENB: (libc)Control Modes. +* PARMRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* PARODD: (libc)Control Modes. +* PATH_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* PA_FLAG_MASK: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* PENDIN: (libc)Local Modes. +* PF_FILE: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_INET6: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_INET: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_LOCAL: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_UNIX: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PIPE_BUF: (libc)Limits for Files. +* P_tmpdir: (libc)Temporary Files. +* RAND_MAX: (libc)ISO Random. +* RE_DUP_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* RLIM_INFINITY: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* R_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* SA_NOCLDSTOP: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_ONSTACK: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_RESTART: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SEEK_CUR: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_END: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_SET: (libc)File Positioning. +* SIGABRT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGBUS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGCHLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCONT: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGEMT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGFPE: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGHUP: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGILL: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGINFO: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGINT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGIO: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGIOT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGKILL: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGLOST: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPIPE: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPOLL: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGPROF: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGQUIT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGSEGV: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGSTOP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGSYS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTERM: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGTRAP: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTSTP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTIN: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTOU: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGURG: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGUSR1: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGUSR2: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGVTALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGWINCH: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGXCPU: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGXFSZ: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIG_ERR: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* SOCK_DGRAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RAW: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RDM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_SEQPACKET: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_STREAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOL_SOCKET: (libc)Socket-Level Options. +* SSIZE_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* STREAM_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* SUN_LEN: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* SV_INTERRUPT: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_ONSTACK: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_RESETHAND: (libc)BSD Handler. +* S_IFMT: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISBLK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISCHR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISDIR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISFIFO: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISLNK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISREG: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISSOCK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISMQ: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSEM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSHM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* TMP_MAX: (libc)Temporary Files. +* TOSTOP: (libc)Local Modes. +* TZNAME_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* VDISCARD: (libc)Other Special. +* VDSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VEOF: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL2: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VINTR: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VKILL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VLNEXT: (libc)Other Special. +* VMIN: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VQUIT: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VREPRINT: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VSTART: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSTATUS: (libc)Other Special. +* VSTOP: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VTIME: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VWERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* WCHAR_MAX: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCHAR_MIN: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCOREDUMP: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WEOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* WEOF: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WEXITSTATUS: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFEXITED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSIGNALED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSTOPPED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WSTOPSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WTERMSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* W_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* X_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* _Complex_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _Exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _IOFBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IOLBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IONBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _Imaginary_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _PATH_UTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _PATH_WTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _POSIX2_C_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_C_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* _POSIX2_FORT_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_FORT_RUN: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_LOCALEDEF: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_SW_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_NO_TRUNC: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_SAVED_IDS: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_VDISABLE: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* __fbufsize: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __flbf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpending: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpurge: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* __freadable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __freading: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fsetlocking: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* __fwritable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fwriting: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __gconv_end_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_init_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __va_copy: (libc)Argument Macros. +* _exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _flushlbf: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* _tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* _toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* a64l: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* abort: (libc)Aborting a Program. +* abs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* accept: (libc)Accepting Connections. +* access: (libc)Testing File Access. +* acos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* addmntent: (libc)mtab. +* addseverity: (libc)Adding Severity Classes. +* adjtime: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* adjtimex: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* aio_cancel64: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_cancel: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_error64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_error: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_init: (libc)Configuration of AIO. +* aio_read64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_read: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_return64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_return: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_write64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_write: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* alarm: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* alloca: (libc)Variable Size Automatic. +* alphasort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* alphasort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* argp_error: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_failure: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_help: (libc)Argp Help. +* argp_parse: (libc)Argp. +* argp_state_help: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_usage: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argz_add: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_add_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_append: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_count: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_delete: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_extract: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_insert: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_next: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_replace: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_stringify: (libc)Argz Functions. +* asctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asprintf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* assert: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* assert_perror: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* atan2: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2f: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2l: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atexit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* atof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* atoi: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* backtrace: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols_fd: (libc)Backtraces. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* bcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* bcopy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* bind: (libc)Setting Address. +* bind_textdomain_codeset: (libc)Charset conversion in gettext. +* bindtextdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* brk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* bsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* btowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* bzero: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* cabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cacos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* calloc: (libc)Allocating Cleared Space. +* canonicalize_file_name: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* carg: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* casin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catclose: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catgets: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catopen: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* cbc_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* cbrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ccos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ceil: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceilf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceill: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* cexp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cfgetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfgetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfmakeraw: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* cfree: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* cfsetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetspeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* chdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* chmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* chown: (libc)File Owner. +* cimag: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* clearenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* clearerr: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clearerr_unlocked: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clock: (libc)CPU Time. +* clog10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* close: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* closedir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* closelog: (libc)closelog. +* confstr: (libc)String Parameters. +* conj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* connect: (libc)Connecting. +* copysign: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* cos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cpow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cproj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creal: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* crealf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creall: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creat64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* creat: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* crypt: (libc)crypt. +* crypt_r: (libc)crypt. +* csin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ctan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* ctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* ctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* dcgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* dcngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* des_setparity: (libc)DES Encryption. +* dgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* difftime: (libc)Elapsed Time. +* dirfd: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* dirname: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* div: (libc)Integer Division. +* dngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* drand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* drand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* drem: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dremf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dreml: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dup2: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* dup: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* ecb_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* ecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* ecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* encrypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* encrypt_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* endfsent: (libc)fstab. +* endgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* endhostent: (libc)Host Names. +* endmntent: (libc)mtab. +* endnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* endnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* endprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* endpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* endservent: (libc)Services Database. +* endutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* endutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* envz_add: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_entry: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_get: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_merge: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_strip: (libc)Envz Functions. +* erand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* erand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* erf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfc: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcl: (libc)Special Functions. +* erff: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfl: (libc)Special Functions. +* err: (libc)Error Messages. +* errno: (libc)Checking for Errors. +* error: (libc)Error Messages. +* error_at_line: (libc)Error Messages. +* errx: (libc)Error Messages. +* execl: (libc)Executing a File. +* execle: (libc)Executing a File. +* execlp: (libc)Executing a File. +* execv: (libc)Executing a File. +* execve: (libc)Executing a File. +* execvp: (libc)Executing a File. +* exit: (libc)Normal Termination. +* exp10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* fabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fchdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* fchmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* fchown: (libc)File Owner. +* fclean: (libc)Cleaning Streams. +* fclose: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcloseall: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcntl: (libc)Control Operations. +* fcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fdatasync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* fdim: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdimf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdiml: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdopen: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fdopendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* feclearexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fedisableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feenableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fegetround: (libc)Rounding. +* feholdexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feof: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feof_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feraiseexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* ferror: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* ferror_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* fesetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fesetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fesetround: (libc)Rounding. +* fetestexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* feupdateenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fflush: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fflush_unlocked: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fgetc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgetpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgets: (libc)Line Input. +* fgets_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetwc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetws: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetws_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fileno: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fileno_unlocked: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* finite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitef: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitel: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* flockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* floor: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* fma: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmal: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmax: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmemopen: (libc)String Streams. +* fmin: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmod: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmtmsg: (libc)Printing Formatted Messages. +* fnmatch: (libc)Wildcard Matching. +* fopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopencookie: (libc)Streams and Cookies. +* fork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* forkpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* fpathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* fpclassify: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* fprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fputc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fread: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fread_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* free: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* freopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* freopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* frexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* fscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* fseek: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko64: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko: (libc)File Positioning. +* fsetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fsetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fsync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* ftell: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello64: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftruncate64: (libc)File Size. +* ftruncate: (libc)File Size. +* ftrylockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* ftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* funlockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* futimes: (libc)File Times. +* fwide: (libc)Streams and I18N. +* fwprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fwrite: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwrite_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* gamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* gcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* get_avphys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* get_current_dir_name: (libc)Working Directory. +* get_nprocs: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_nprocs_conf: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_phys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getc: (libc)Character Input. +* getc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* getcwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* getdate: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdate_r: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdelim: (libc)Line Input. +* getdomainnname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getegid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* geteuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getfsent: (libc)fstab. +* getfsfile: (libc)fstab. +* getfsspec: (libc)fstab. +* getgid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrgid: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrgid_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrouplist: (libc)Setting Groups. +* getgroups: (libc)Reading Persona. +* gethostbyaddr: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyaddr_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* gethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* getline: (libc)Line Input. +* getloadavg: (libc)Processor Resources. +* getlogin: (libc)Who Logged In. +* getmntent: (libc)mtab. +* getmntent_r: (libc)mtab. +* getnetbyaddr: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetbyname: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getnetgrent_r: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getopt: (libc)Using Getopt. +* getopt_long: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getopt_long_only: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getpagesize: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getpass: (libc)getpass. +* getpeername: (libc)Who is Connected. +* getpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getppid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* getprotobyname: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotobynumber: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getpt: (libc)Allocation. +* getpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwnam: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwnam_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrusage: (libc)Resource Usage. +* gets: (libc)Line Input. +* getservbyname: (libc)Services Database. +* getservbyport: (libc)Services Database. +* getservent: (libc)Services Database. +* getsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getsockname: (libc)Reading Address. +* getsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* getsubopt: (libc)Suboptions. +* gettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* gettimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* getuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getumask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* getutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutent_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutmp: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutmpx: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxid: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getw: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* glob64: (libc)Calling Glob. +* glob: (libc)Calling Glob. +* globfree64: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* globfree: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* gmtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* gmtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* grantpt: (libc)Allocation. +* gsignal: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* gtty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* hasmntopt: (libc)mtab. +* hcreate: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hcreate_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* htonl: (libc)Byte Order. +* htons: (libc)Byte Order. +* hypot: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* iconv: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_close: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_open: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* if_freenameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_indextoname: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nametoindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* ilogb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* imaxabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* imaxdiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* in6addr_any: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* in6addr_loopback: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* index: (libc)Search Functions. +* inet_addr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_aton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_lnaof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_makeaddr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_netof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_network: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntoa: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntop: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_pton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* initgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* initstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* initstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* innetgr: (libc)Netgroup Membership. +* int: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* ioctl: (libc)IOCTLs. +* isalnum: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isalpha: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isascii: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isatty: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* isblank: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iscntrl: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isfinite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isgraph: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isgreaterequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isinf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinff: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinfl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isless: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islower: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnormal: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isprint: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* ispunct: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isspace: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isunordered: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isupper: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iswalnum: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswalpha: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswblank: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswcntrl: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswgraph: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswlower: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswprint: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswpunct: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswspace: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswupper: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswxdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* isxdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* j0: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* jn: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnf: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnl: (libc)Special Functions. +* jrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* jrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* kill: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* killpg: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* l64a: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* labs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lcong48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lcong48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ldexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* lfind: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgamma_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* link: (libc)Hard Links. +* lio_listio64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* lio_listio: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* listen: (libc)Listening. +* llabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* llrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* localeconv: (libc)The Lame Way to Locale Data. +* localtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* localtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* log10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1p: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* login: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* login_tty: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logout: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logwtmp: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* longjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* lrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lseek64: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lseek: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lutimes: (libc)File Times. +* madvise: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* makecontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* mallinfo: (libc)Statistics of Malloc. +* malloc: (libc)Basic Allocation. +* mallopt: (libc)Malloc Tunable Parameters. +* mblen: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mbrlen: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbrtowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbsinit: (libc)Keeping the state. +* mbsnrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbsrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbstowcs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* mbtowc: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mcheck: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* memccpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* memcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memfrob: (libc)Trivial Encryption. +* memmem: (libc)Search Functions. +* memmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mkdir: (libc)Creating Directories. +* mkdtemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mkfifo: (libc)FIFO Special Files. +* mknod: (libc)Making Special Files. +* mkstemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* mlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mmap64: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* modf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modff: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modfl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* mount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* mprobe: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* mrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* mrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* mremap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* msync: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mtrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* munlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* muntrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* nan: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanosleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* nearbyint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nextafter: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttoward: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* nftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* nice: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* nl_langinfo: (libc)The Elegant and Fast Way. +* nrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* nrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ntohl: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntohs: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntp_adjtime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* ntp_gettime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* obstack_1grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_1grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_alignment_mask: (libc)Obstacks Data Alignment. +* obstack_alloc: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_base: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_blank: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_blank_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_chunk_size: (libc)Obstack Chunks. +* obstack_copy0: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_copy: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_finish: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_free: (libc)Freeing Obstack Objects. +* obstack_grow0: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_init: (libc)Preparing for Obstacks. +* obstack_int_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_int_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_next_free: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_printf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* obstack_ptr_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_ptr_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_room: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* offsetof: (libc)Structure Measurement. +* on_exit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* open64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open_memstream: (libc)String Streams. +* open_obstack_stream: (libc)Obstack Streams. +* opendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* openlog: (libc)openlog. +* openpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* parse_printf_format: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* pathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* pause: (libc)Using Pause. +* pclose: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* perror: (libc)Error Messages. +* pipe: (libc)Creating a Pipe. +* popen: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* posix_memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* pow10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pread64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pread: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* printf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* printf_size: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* printf_size_info: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* psignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* ptsname: (libc)Allocation. +* ptsname_r: (libc)Allocation. +* putc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* putpwent: (libc)Writing a User Entry. +* puts: (libc)Simple Output. +* pututline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* pututxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* putw: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* pwrite64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pwrite: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* qecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qgcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qsort: (libc)Array Sort Function. +* raise: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* rand: (libc)ISO Random. +* rand_r: (libc)ISO Random. +* random: (libc)BSD Random. +* random_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* rawmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* read: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* readdir64: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir64_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* readv: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* realloc: (libc)Changing Block Size. +* realpath: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* recv: (libc)Receiving Data. +* recvfrom: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* recvmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* regcomp: (libc)POSIX Regexp Compilation. +* regerror: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* regexec: (libc)Matching POSIX Regexps. +* regfree: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* register_printf_function: (libc)Registering New Conversions. +* remainder: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remove: (libc)Deleting Files. +* rename: (libc)Renaming Files. +* rewind: (libc)File Positioning. +* rewinddir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* rindex: (libc)Search Functions. +* rint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rmdir: (libc)Deleting Files. +* round: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rpmatch: (libc)Yes-or-No Questions. +* sbrk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* scalb: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbln: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbn: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scandir64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scandir: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* sched_get_priority_max: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_get_priority_min: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_getparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_rr_get_interval: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_setparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_yield: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* seed48: (libc)SVID Random. +* seed48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* seekdir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* select: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* send: (libc)Sending Data. +* sendmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* sendto: (libc)Sending Datagrams. +* setbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setbuffer: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* setdomainname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setegid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* seteuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setfsent: (libc)fstab. +* setgid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* setgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* sethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* sethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* sethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* setjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* setkey: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setkey_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setlinebuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setlocale: (libc)Setting the Locale. +* setlogmask: (libc)setlogmask. +* setmntent: (libc)mtab. +* setnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* setnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* setpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* setprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* setpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* setregid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setreuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setservent: (libc)Services Database. +* setsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* setstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* setstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* settimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* setuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* setutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* setvbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* shutdown: (libc)Closing a Socket. +* sigaction: (libc)Advanced Signal Handling. +* sigaddset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigaltstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigblock: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigdelset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigemptyset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigfillset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siginterrupt: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sigismember: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siglongjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* signbit: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* significand: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* sigpause: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigpending: (libc)Checking for Pending Signals. +* sigprocmask: (libc)Process Signal Mask. +* sigsetjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigsetmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigsuspend: (libc)Sigsuspend. +* sigvec: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* snprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* socket: (libc)Creating a Socket. +* socketpair: (libc)Socket Pairs. +* sprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* sqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* srand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand: (libc)ISO Random. +* srandom: (libc)BSD Random. +* srandom_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* sscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* ssignal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* stat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stime: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* stpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* stpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcasestr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strchrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* strcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strdupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strerror: (libc)Error Messages. +* strerror_r: (libc)Error Messages. +* strfmon: (libc)Formatting Numbers. +* strfry: (libc)strfry. +* strftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* strlen: (libc)String Length. +* strncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strnlen: (libc)String Length. +* strpbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* strptime: (libc)Low-Level Time String Parsing. +* strrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strsep: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strsignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* strspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strtod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtok_r: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strverscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* stty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* swapcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* swprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* swscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* symlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* sync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* syscall: (libc)System Calls. +* sysconf: (libc)Sysconf Definition. +* sysctl: (libc)System Parameters. +* syslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* system: (libc)Running a Command. +* sysv_signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* tan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tcdrain: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflow: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflush: (libc)Line Control. +* tcgetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcgetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcgetsid: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcsendbreak: (libc)Line Control. +* tcsetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcsetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tdelete: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tdestroy: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tempnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* textdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* tfind: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* time: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* timegm: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* timelocal: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* times: (libc)Processor Time. +* tmpfile64: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpfile: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam_r: (libc)Temporary Files. +* toascii: (libc)Case Conversion. +* tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* towctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towlower: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towupper: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* trunc: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncate64: (libc)File Size. +* truncate: (libc)File Size. +* truncf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* tsearch: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* ttyname: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* ttyname_r: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* twalk: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tzset: (libc)Time Zone Functions. +* ulimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* umask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* umount2: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* umount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* uname: (libc)Platform Type. +* ungetc: (libc)How Unread. +* ungetwc: (libc)How Unread. +* unlink: (libc)Deleting Files. +* unlockpt: (libc)Allocation. +* unsetenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* updwtmp: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utime: (libc)File Times. +* utimes: (libc)File Times. +* utmpname: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utmpxname: (libc)XPG Functions. +* va_arg: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_end: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Old Varargs. +* valloc: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* vasprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* verr: (libc)Error Messages. +* verrx: (libc)Error Messages. +* versionsort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* versionsort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* vfork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* vfprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vfwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsnprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vswprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vswscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsyslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* vtimes: (libc)Resource Usage. +* vwarn: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwarnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* wait3: (libc)BSD Wait Functions. +* wait4: (libc)Process Completion. +* wait: (libc)Process Completion. +* waitpid: (libc)Process Completion. +* warn: (libc)Error Messages. +* warnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* wcpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcrtomb: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wcscasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcschr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcschrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wcscpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcscspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* wcslen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsnlen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsnrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcspbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcsspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcstod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* wcstol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstombs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* wcstoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcswcs: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wctob: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wctomb: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* wctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* wctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* wmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wmemcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wmemcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wordexp: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wordfree: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* write: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* writev: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* wscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* y0: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* yn: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynf: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynl: (libc)Special Functions. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + This file documents the GNU C library. + + This is Edition 0.12, last updated 2007-10-27, of `The GNU C Library +Reference Manual', for version 2.8 (EGLIBC). + + Copyright (C) 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, +2003, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document +under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or +any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the +Invariant Sections being "Free Software Needs Free Documentation" and +"GNU Lesser General Public License", the Front-Cover texts being "A GNU +Manual", and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the +license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation +License". + + (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have the freedom to copy and +modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in +developing GNU and promoting software freedom." + + +File: libc.info, Node: Variable Index, Next: File Index, Prev: Function Index, Up: Top + +Variable and Constant Macro Index +********************************* + +[index] +* Menu: + +* (: Error Messages. (line 207) +* (*__gconv_end_fct): glibc iconv Implementation. + (line 560) +* (*__gconv_fct): glibc iconv Implementation. + (line 580) +* (*__gconv_init_fct): glibc iconv Implementation. + (line 404) +* __free_hook: Hooks for Malloc. (line 36) +* __malloc_hook: Hooks for Malloc. (line 14) +* __malloc_initialize_hook: Hooks for Malloc. (line 66) +* __memalign_hook: Hooks for Malloc. (line 47) +* __realloc_hook: Hooks for Malloc. (line 25) +* _BSD_SOURCE: Feature Test Macros. (line 71) +* _Complex_I: Complex Numbers. (line 18) +* _FILE_OFFSET_BITS: Feature Test Macros. (line 142) +* _GNU_SOURCE: Feature Test Macros. (line 174) +* _IOFBF: Controlling Buffering. + (line 42) +* _IOLBF: Controlling Buffering. + (line 47) +* _IONBF: Controlling Buffering. + (line 52) +* _ISOC99_SOURCE: Feature Test Macros. (line 168) +* _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE: Feature Test Macros. (line 125) +* _LARGEFILE_SOURCE: Feature Test Macros. (line 114) +* _PATH_FSTAB: Mount Information. (line 29) +* _PATH_MNTTAB: Mount Information. (line 29) +* _PATH_MOUNTED: Mount Information. (line 29) +* _PATH_UTMP: Manipulating the Database. + (line 260) +* _PATH_WTMP: Manipulating the Database. + (line 263) +* _POSIX2_C_DEV: System Options. (line 42) +* _POSIX2_C_VERSION: Version Supported. (line 28) +* _POSIX2_FORT_DEV: System Options. (line 48) +* _POSIX2_FORT_RUN: System Options. (line 53) +* _POSIX2_LOCALEDEF: System Options. (line 59) +* _POSIX2_SW_DEV: System Options. (line 64) +* _POSIX_C_SOURCE: Feature Test Macros. (line 46) +* _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED: Options for Files. (line 27) +* _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL: System Options. (line 20) +* _POSIX_NO_TRUNC: Options for Files. (line 34) +* _POSIX_SAVED_IDS: System Options. (line 26) +* _POSIX_SOURCE: Feature Test Macros. (line 38) +* _POSIX_VDISABLE <1>: Options for Files. (line 39) +* _POSIX_VDISABLE: Special Characters. (line 22) +* _POSIX_VERSION: Version Supported. (line 7) +* _REENTRANT: Feature Test Macros. (line 193) +* _SC_2_C_DEV: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 241) +* _SC_2_FORT_DEV: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 245) +* _SC_2_FORT_RUN: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 249) +* _SC_2_LOCALEDEF: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 253) +* _SC_2_SW_DEV: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 257) +* _SC_2_VERSION: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 296) +* _SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 98) +* _SC_AIO_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 102) +* _SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 105) +* _SC_ARG_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 10) +* _SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 58) +* _SC_ATEXIT_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 317) +* _SC_AVPHYS_PAGES <1>: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 314) +* _SC_AVPHYS_PAGES: Query Memory Parameters. + (line 49) +* _SC_BC_BASE_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 261) +* _SC_BC_DIM_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 264) +* _SC_BC_SCALE_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 267) +* _SC_BC_STRING_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 270) +* _SC_CHAR_BIT: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 358) +* _SC_CHAR_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 361) +* _SC_CHAR_MIN: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 365) +* _SC_CHARCLASS_NAME_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 41) +* _SC_CHILD_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 13) +* _SC_CLK_TCK: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 37) +* _SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 274) +* _SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 110) +* _SC_EQUIV_CLASS_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 286) +* _SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 278) +* _SC_FSYNC: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 70) +* _SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 186) +* _SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 190) +* _SC_INT_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 369) +* _SC_INT_MIN: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 373) +* _SC_JOB_CONTROL: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 28) +* _SC_LINE_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 282) +* _SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 194) +* _SC_LONG_BIT: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 377) +* _SC_MAPPED_FILES: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 73) +* _SC_MB_LEN_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 383) +* _SC_MEMLOCK: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 76) +* _SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 79) +* _SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 83) +* _SC_MESSAGE_PASSING: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 87) +* _SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 114) +* _SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 117) +* _SC_NGROUPS_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 25) +* _SC_NL_ARGMAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 427) +* _SC_NL_LANGMAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 430) +* _SC_NL_MSGMAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 433) +* _SC_NL_NMAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 436) +* _SC_NL_SETMAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 439) +* _SC_NL_TEXTMAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 442) +* _SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF <1>: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 305) +* _SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF: Processor Resources. (line 13) +* _SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN <1>: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 308) +* _SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN: Processor Resources. (line 19) +* _SC_NZERO: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 387) +* _SC_OPEN_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 16) +* _SC_PAGESIZE <1>: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 300) +* _SC_PAGESIZE <2>: Query Memory Parameters. + (line 29) +* _SC_PAGESIZE: Memory-mapped I/O. (line 29) +* _SC_PHYS_PAGES <1>: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 311) +* _SC_PHYS_PAGES: Query Memory Parameters. + (line 43) +* _SC_PII: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 137) +* _SC_PII_INTERNET: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 146) +* _SC_PII_INTERNET_DGRAM: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 162) +* _SC_PII_INTERNET_STREAM: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 158) +* _SC_PII_OSI: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 149) +* _SC_PII_OSI_CLTS: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 169) +* _SC_PII_OSI_COTS: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 166) +* _SC_PII_OSI_M: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 172) +* _SC_PII_SOCKET: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 143) +* _SC_PII_XTI: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 140) +* _SC_PRIORITIZED_IO: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 62) +* _SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 51) +* _SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 47) +* _SC_RTSIG_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 120) +* _SC_SAVED_IDS: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 31) +* _SC_SCHAR_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 395) +* _SC_SCHAR_MIN: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 399) +* _SC_SELECT: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 152) +* _SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 123) +* _SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 127) +* _SC_SEMAPHORES: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 91) +* _SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 94) +* _SC_SHRT_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 403) +* _SC_SHRT_MIN: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 407) +* _SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 131) +* _SC_STREAM_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 19) +* _SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 66) +* _SC_T_IOV_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 175) +* _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 217) +* _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 221) +* _SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 201) +* _SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 205) +* _SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 229) +* _SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 233) +* _SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 225) +* _SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 237) +* _SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 182) +* _SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 209) +* _SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 213) +* _SC_THREADS: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 179) +* _SC_TIMER_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 134) +* _SC_TIMERS: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 55) +* _SC_TTY_NAME_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 198) +* _SC_TZNAME_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 22) +* _SC_UCHAR_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 411) +* _SC_UINT_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 415) +* _SC_UIO_MAXIOV: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 155) +* _SC_ULONG_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 419) +* _SC_USHRT_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 423) +* _SC_VERSION: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 34) +* _SC_WORD_BIT: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 380) +* _SC_XOPEN_CRYPT: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 340) +* _SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 343) +* _SC_XOPEN_LEGACY: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 337) +* _SC_XOPEN_REALTIME: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 330) +* _SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 333) +* _SC_XOPEN_SHM: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 346) +* _SC_XOPEN_UNIX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 327) +* _SC_XOPEN_VERSION: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 321) +* _SC_XOPEN_XCU_VERSION: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 324) +* _SC_XOPEN_XPG2: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 349) +* _SC_XOPEN_XPG3: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 352) +* _SC_XOPEN_XPG4: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 355) +* _SVID_SOURCE: Feature Test Macros. (line 91) +* _THREAD_SAFE: Feature Test Macros. (line 194) +* _XOPEN_SOURCE: Feature Test Macros. (line 96) +* _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED: Feature Test Macros. (line 97) +* ABDAY_1: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 31) +* ABDAY_2: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 32) +* ABDAY_3: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 33) +* ABDAY_4: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 34) +* ABDAY_5: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 35) +* ABDAY_6: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 36) +* ABDAY_7: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 37) +* ABMON_1: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 51) +* ABMON_10: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 60) +* ABMON_11: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 61) +* ABMON_12: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 62) +* ABMON_2: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 52) +* ABMON_3: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 53) +* ABMON_4: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 54) +* ABMON_5: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 55) +* ABMON_6: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 56) +* ABMON_7: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 57) +* ABMON_8: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 58) +* ABMON_9: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 59) +* ACCOUNTING: Manipulating the Database. + (line 102) +* AF_FILE: Address Formats. (line 54) +* AF_INET: Address Formats. (line 58) +* AF_LOCAL: Address Formats. (line 41) +* AF_UNIX: Address Formats. (line 47) +* AF_UNSPEC: Address Formats. (line 67) +* aliases: NSS Basics. (line 26) +* ALT_DIGITS: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 149) +* ALTWERASE: Local Modes. (line 119) +* AM_STR: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 82) +* ARG_MAX: General Limits. (line 25) +* argp_err_exit_status: Argp Global Variables. + (line 42) +* ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN: Argp Parser Functions. + (line 46) +* ARGP_HELP_BUG_ADDR: Argp Help Flags. (line 38) +* ARGP_HELP_DOC: Argp Help Flags. (line 35) +* ARGP_HELP_EXIT_ERR: Argp Help Flags. (line 49) +* ARGP_HELP_EXIT_OK: Argp Help Flags. (line 52) +* ARGP_HELP_LONG: Argp Help Flags. (line 23) +* ARGP_HELP_LONG_ONLY: Argp Help Flags. (line 42) +* ARGP_HELP_POST_DOC: Argp Help Flags. (line 31) +* ARGP_HELP_PRE_DOC: Argp Help Flags. (line 27) +* ARGP_HELP_SEE: Argp Help Flags. (line 19) +* ARGP_HELP_SHORT_USAGE: Argp Help Flags. (line 14) +* ARGP_HELP_STD_ERR: Argp Help Flags. (line 58) +* ARGP_HELP_STD_HELP: Argp Help Flags. (line 68) +* ARGP_HELP_STD_USAGE: Argp Help Flags. (line 63) +* ARGP_HELP_USAGE: Argp Help Flags. (line 11) +* ARGP_IN_ORDER: Argp Flags. (line 31) +* ARGP_KEY_ARG: Argp Special Keys. (line 11) +* ARGP_KEY_ARGS: Argp Special Keys. (line 30) +* ARGP_KEY_END: Argp Special Keys. (line 56) +* ARGP_KEY_ERROR: Argp Special Keys. (line 78) +* ARGP_KEY_FINI: Argp Special Keys. (line 82) +* ARGP_KEY_HELP_ARGS_DOC: Argp Help Filter Keys. + (line 27) +* ARGP_KEY_HELP_DUP_ARGS_NOTE: Argp Help Filter Keys. + (line 23) +* ARGP_KEY_HELP_EXTRA: Argp Help Filter Keys. + (line 19) +* ARGP_KEY_HELP_HEADER: Argp Help Filter Keys. + (line 16) +* ARGP_KEY_HELP_POST_DOC: Argp Help Filter Keys. + (line 13) +* ARGP_KEY_HELP_PRE_DOC: Argp Help Filter Keys. + (line 10) +* ARGP_KEY_INIT: Argp Special Keys. (line 68) +* ARGP_KEY_NO_ARGS: Argp Special Keys. (line 61) +* ARGP_KEY_SUCCESS: Argp Special Keys. (line 74) +* ARGP_LONG_ONLY: Argp Flags. (line 45) +* ARGP_NO_ARGS: Argp Flags. (line 24) +* ARGP_NO_ERRS: Argp Flags. (line 17) +* ARGP_NO_EXIT: Argp Flags. (line 41) +* ARGP_NO_HELP: Argp Flags. (line 36) +* ARGP_PARSE_ARGV0: Argp Flags. (line 11) +* argp_program_bug_address: Argp Global Variables. + (line 17) +* argp_program_version: Argp Global Variables. + (line 11) +* argp_program_version_hook: Argp Global Variables. + (line 23) +* ARGP_SILENT: Argp Flags. (line 52) +* B0: Line Speed. (line 79) +* B110: Line Speed. (line 79) +* B115200: Line Speed. (line 79) +* B1200: Line Speed. (line 79) +* B134: Line Speed. (line 79) +* B150: Line Speed. (line 79) +* B1800: Line Speed. (line 79) +* B19200: Line Speed. (line 79) +* B200: Line Speed. (line 79) +* B230400: Line Speed. (line 79) +* B2400: Line Speed. (line 79) +* B300: Line Speed. (line 79) +* B38400: Line Speed. (line 79) +* B460800: Line Speed. (line 79) +* B4800: Line Speed. (line 79) +* B50: Line Speed. (line 79) +* B57600: Line Speed. (line 79) +* B600: Line Speed. (line 79) +* B75: Line Speed. (line 79) +* B9600: Line Speed. (line 79) +* BC_BASE_MAX: Utility Limits. (line 16) +* BC_DIM_MAX: Utility Limits. (line 20) +* BC_SCALE_MAX: Utility Limits. (line 24) +* BC_STRING_MAX: Utility Limits. (line 28) +* BOOT_TIME <1>: XPG Functions. (line 48) +* BOOT_TIME: Manipulating the Database. + (line 78) +* BRKINT: Input Modes. (line 63) +* BUFSIZ: Controlling Buffering. + (line 57) +* CCTS_OFLOW: Control Modes. (line 84) +* CHAR_MAX: Range of Type. (line 36) +* CHAR_MIN: Range of Type. (line 32) +* CHILD_MAX: General Limits. (line 29) +* CIGNORE: Control Modes. (line 95) +* CLK_TCK: CPU Time. (line 39) +* CLOCAL: Control Modes. (line 19) +* CLOCKS_PER_SEC: CPU Time. (line 34) +* CODESET: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 27) +* COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX: Utility Limits. (line 32) +* COREFILE: Program Error Signals. + (line 32) +* CPU_SETSIZE: CPU Affinity. (line 58) +* CREAD: Control Modes. (line 41) +* CRNCYSTR: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 163) +* CRTS_IFLOW: Control Modes. (line 88) +* CS5: Control Modes. (line 69) +* CS6: Control Modes. (line 72) +* CS7: Control Modes. (line 75) +* CS8: Control Modes. (line 78) +* CSIZE: Control Modes. (line 66) +* CSTOPB: Control Modes. (line 45) +* CURRENCY_SYMBOL: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 162) +* D_FMT: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 97) +* D_T_FMT: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 92) +* DAY_1: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 41) +* DAY_2: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 42) +* DAY_3: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 43) +* DAY_4: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 44) +* DAY_5: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 45) +* DAY_6: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 46) +* DAY_7: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 47) +* daylight: Time Zone Functions. (line 53) +* DBL_DIG: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 99) +* DBL_EPSILON: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 176) +* DBL_MANT_DIG: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 81) +* DBL_MAX: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 154) +* DBL_MAX_10_EXP: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 142) +* DBL_MAX_EXP: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 132) +* DBL_MIN: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 165) +* DBL_MIN_10_EXP: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 121) +* DBL_MIN_EXP: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 111) +* DEAD_PROCESS <1>: XPG Functions. (line 69) +* DEAD_PROCESS: Manipulating the Database. + (line 99) +* DECIMAL_POINT: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 245) +* DES_DECRYPT: DES Encryption. (line 81) +* DES_ENCRYPT: DES Encryption. (line 77) +* DES_HW: DES Encryption. (line 85) +* DES_SW: DES Encryption. (line 90) +* DESERR_BADPARAM: DES Encryption. (line 106) +* DESERR_HWERROR: DES Encryption. (line 103) +* DESERR_NOHWDEVICE: DES Encryption. (line 99) +* DESERR_NONE: DES Encryption. (line 96) +* DT_BLK: Directory Entries. (line 53) +* DT_CHR: Directory Entries. (line 50) +* DT_DIR: Directory Entries. (line 41) +* DT_FIFO: Directory Entries. (line 44) +* DT_REG: Directory Entries. (line 38) +* DT_SOCK: Directory Entries. (line 47) +* DT_UNKNOWN: Directory Entries. (line 34) +* E2BIG: Error Codes. (line 44) +* EACCES: Error Codes. (line 75) +* EADDRINUSE: Error Codes. (line 272) +* EADDRNOTAVAIL: Error Codes. (line 276) +* EADV: Error Codes. (line 532) +* EAFNOSUPPORT: Error Codes. (line 267) +* EAGAIN: Error Codes. (line 181) +* EALREADY: Error Codes. (line 227) +* EAUTH: Error Codes. (line 406) +* EBACKGROUND: Error Codes. (line 438) +* EBADE: Error Codes. (line 512) +* EBADF <1>: Line Control. (line 119) +* EBADF: Error Codes. (line 54) +* EBADFD: Error Codes. (line 542) +* EBADMSG: Error Codes. (line 463) +* EBADR: Error Codes. (line 514) +* EBADRPC: Error Codes. (line 378) +* EBADRQC: Error Codes. (line 520) +* EBADSLT: Error Codes. (line 522) +* EBFONT: Error Codes. (line 526) +* EBUSY: Error Codes. (line 88) +* ECANCELED: Error Codes. (line 485) +* ECHILD: Error Codes. (line 59) +* ECHO: Local Modes. (line 23) +* ECHOCTL: Local Modes. (line 73) +* ECHOE: Local Modes. (line 27) +* ECHOK: Local Modes. (line 48) +* ECHOKE: Local Modes. (line 62) +* ECHONL: Local Modes. (line 68) +* ECHOPRT: Local Modes. (line 37) +* ECHRNG: Error Codes. (line 496) +* ECOMM: Error Codes. (line 536) +* ECONNABORTED: Error Codes. (line 291) +* ECONNREFUSED: Error Codes. (line 330) +* ECONNRESET: Error Codes. (line 294) +* ED: Error Codes. (line 451) +* EDEADLK: Error Codes. (line 64) +* EDEADLOCK: Error Codes. (line 524) +* EDESTADDRREQ: Error Codes. (line 314) +* EDIED: Error Codes. (line 446) +* EDOM: Error Codes. (line 172) +* EDOTDOT: Error Codes. (line 538) +* EDQUOT: Error Codes. (line 363) +* EEXIST: Error Codes. (line 93) +* EFAULT: Error Codes. (line 79) +* EFBIG: Error Codes. (line 146) +* EFTYPE: Error Codes. (line 399) +* EGRATUITOUS: Error Codes. (line 460) +* EGREGIOUS: Error Codes. (line 454) +* EHOSTDOWN: Error Codes. (line 343) +* EHOSTUNREACH: Error Codes. (line 346) +* EIDRM: Error Codes. (line 465) +* EIEIO: Error Codes. (line 457) +* EILSEQ: Error Codes. (line 433) +* EINPROGRESS: Error Codes. (line 217) +* EINTR: Error Codes. (line 25) +* EINVAL <1>: Line Control. (line 125) +* EINVAL: Error Codes. (line 115) +* EIO: Error Codes. (line 34) +* EISCONN: Error Codes. (line 304) +* EISDIR: Error Codes. (line 111) +* EISNAM: Error Codes. (line 564) +* EKEYEXPIRED: Error Codes. (line 574) +* EKEYREJECTED: Error Codes. (line 578) +* EKEYREVOKED: Error Codes. (line 576) +* EL2HLT: Error Codes. (line 510) +* EL2NSYNC: Error Codes. (line 498) +* EL3HLT: Error Codes. (line 500) +* EL3RST: Error Codes. (line 502) +* ELIBACC: Error Codes. (line 546) +* ELIBBAD: Error Codes. (line 548) +* ELIBEXEC: Error Codes. (line 554) +* ELIBMAX: Error Codes. (line 552) +* ELIBSCN: Error Codes. (line 550) +* ELNRNG: Error Codes. (line 504) +* ELOOP: Error Codes. (line 334) +* EMEDIUMTYPE: Error Codes. (line 570) +* EMFILE: Error Codes. (line 119) +* EMLINK: Error Codes. (line 160) +* EMPTY <1>: XPG Functions. (line 41) +* EMPTY: Manipulating the Database. + (line 71) +* EMSGSIZE: Error Codes. (line 234) +* EMULTIHOP: Error Codes. (line 467) +* ENAMETOOLONG: Error Codes. (line 338) +* ENAVAIL: Error Codes. (line 562) +* ENEEDAUTH: Error Codes. (line 409) +* ENETDOWN: Error Codes. (line 281) +* ENETRESET: Error Codes. (line 288) +* ENETUNREACH: Error Codes. (line 284) +* ENFILE: Error Codes. (line 128) +* ENOANO: Error Codes. (line 518) +* ENOBUFS: Error Codes. (line 299) +* ENOCSI: Error Codes. (line 508) +* ENODATA: Error Codes. (line 469) +* ENODEV: Error Codes. (line 103) +* ENOENT: Error Codes. (line 17) +* ENOEXEC: Error Codes. (line 50) +* ENOKEY: Error Codes. (line 572) +* ENOLCK: Error Codes. (line 393) +* ENOLINK: Error Codes. (line 471) +* ENOMEDIUM: Error Codes. (line 568) +* ENOMEM: Error Codes. (line 71) +* ENOMSG: Error Codes. (line 473) +* ENONET: Error Codes. (line 528) +* ENOPKG: Error Codes. (line 530) +* ENOPROTOOPT: Error Codes. (line 242) +* ENOSPC: Error Codes. (line 150) +* ENOSR: Error Codes. (line 475) +* ENOSTR: Error Codes. (line 477) +* ENOSYS: Error Codes. (line 412) +* ENOTBLK: Error Codes. (line 83) +* ENOTCONN: Error Codes. (line 308) +* ENOTDIR: Error Codes. (line 107) +* ENOTEMPTY: Error Codes. (line 350) +* ENOTNAM: Error Codes. (line 560) +* ENOTRECOVERABLE: Error Codes. (line 582) +* ENOTSOCK: Error Codes. (line 231) +* ENOTSUP: Error Codes. (line 419) +* ENOTTY <1>: Line Control. (line 122) +* ENOTTY: Error Codes. (line 134) +* ENOTUNIQ: Error Codes. (line 540) +* environ: Environment Access. (line 91) +* ENXIO: Error Codes. (line 37) +* EOF: EOF and Errors. (line 16) +* EOPNOTSUPP: Error Codes. (line 255) +* EOVERFLOW: Error Codes. (line 479) +* EOWNERDEAD: Error Codes. (line 580) +* EPERM: Error Codes. (line 12) +* EPFNOSUPPORT: Error Codes. (line 263) +* EPIPE: Error Codes. (line 165) +* EPROCLIM: Error Codes. (line 355) +* EPROCUNAVAIL: Error Codes. (line 390) +* EPROGMISMATCH: Error Codes. (line 387) +* EPROGUNAVAIL: Error Codes. (line 384) +* EPROTO: Error Codes. (line 481) +* EPROTONOSUPPORT: Error Codes. (line 247) +* EPROTOTYPE: Error Codes. (line 238) +* EQUIV_CLASS_MAX: Utility Limits. (line 47) +* ERA: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 113) +* ERA_D_FMT: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 139) +* ERA_D_T_FMT: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 134) +* ERA_T_FMT: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 144) +* ERA_YEAR: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 129) +* ERANGE: Error Codes. (line 177) +* EREMCHG: Error Codes. (line 544) +* EREMOTE: Error Codes. (line 372) +* EREMOTEIO: Error Codes. (line 566) +* ERESTART: Error Codes. (line 494) +* EROFS: Error Codes. (line 157) +* ERPCMISMATCH: Error Codes. (line 381) +* errno: Checking for Errors. (line 15) +* error_message_count: Error Messages. (line 218) +* error_one_per_line: Error Messages. (line 223) +* ESHUTDOWN: Error Codes. (line 320) +* ESOCKTNOSUPPORT: Error Codes. (line 252) +* ESPIPE: Error Codes. (line 154) +* ESRCH: Error Codes. (line 22) +* ESRMNT: Error Codes. (line 534) +* ESTALE: Error Codes. (line 366) +* ESTRPIPE: Error Codes. (line 556) +* ethers: NSS Basics. (line 29) +* ETIME: Error Codes. (line 483) +* ETIMEDOUT: Error Codes. (line 326) +* ETOOMANYREFS: Error Codes. (line 323) +* ETXTBSY: Error Codes. (line 138) +* EUCLEAN: Error Codes. (line 558) +* EUNATCH: Error Codes. (line 506) +* EUSERS: Error Codes. (line 360) +* EWOULDBLOCK: Error Codes. (line 210) +* EXDEV: Error Codes. (line 97) +* EXFULL: Error Codes. (line 516) +* EXIT_FAILURE: Exit Status. (line 54) +* EXIT_SUCCESS: Exit Status. (line 46) +* EXPR_NEST_MAX: Utility Limits. (line 36) +* EXTA: Line Speed. (line 84) +* EXTB: Line Speed. (line 84) +* F_DUPFD: Duplicating Descriptors. + (line 46) +* F_GETFD: Descriptor Flags. (line 19) +* F_GETFL: Getting File Status Flags. + (line 9) +* F_GETLK: File Locks. (line 66) +* F_GETOWN: Interrupt Input. (line 23) +* F_OK: Testing File Access. (line 85) +* F_RDLCK: File Locks. (line 179) +* F_SETFD: Descriptor Flags. (line 35) +* F_SETFL: Getting File Status Flags. + (line 25) +* F_SETLK: File Locks. (line 104) +* F_SETLKW: File Locks. (line 153) +* F_SETOWN: Interrupt Input. (line 38) +* F_UNLCK: File Locks. (line 185) +* F_WRLCK: File Locks. (line 182) +* FD_CLOEXEC: Descriptor Flags. (line 52) +* FD_SETSIZE: Waiting for I/O. (line 39) +* FE_DFL_ENV: Control Functions. (line 49) +* FE_DIVBYZERO: Status bit operations. + (line 20) +* FE_DOWNWARD: Rounding. (line 45) +* FE_INEXACT: Status bit operations. + (line 17) +* FE_INVALID: Status bit operations. + (line 29) +* FE_NOMASK_ENV: Control Functions. (line 55) +* FE_OVERFLOW: Status bit operations. + (line 26) +* FE_TONEAREST: Rounding. (line 39) +* FE_TOWARDZERO: Rounding. (line 48) +* FE_UNDERFLOW: Status bit operations. + (line 23) +* FE_UPWARD: Rounding. (line 42) +* FILENAME_MAX: Limits for Files. (line 57) +* FLT_DIG: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 87) +* FLT_EPSILON: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 171) +* FLT_MANT_DIG: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 69) +* FLT_MAX: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 147) +* FLT_MAX_10_EXP: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 137) +* FLT_MAX_EXP: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 126) +* FLT_MIN: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 160) +* FLT_MIN_10_EXP: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 116) +* FLT_MIN_EXP: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 105) +* FLT_RADIX: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 63) +* FLT_ROUNDS: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 28) +* FLUSHO: Local Modes. (line 133) +* FOPEN_MAX: Opening Streams. (line 122) +* FP_FAST_FMA: Misc FP Arithmetic. (line 54) +* FP_ILOGB0: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 79) +* FP_ILOGBNAN: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 85) +* FP_INFINITE: Floating Point Classes. + (line 17) +* FP_NAN: Floating Point Classes. + (line 13) +* FP_NORMAL: Floating Point Classes. + (line 34) +* FP_SUBNORMAL: Floating Point Classes. + (line 26) +* FP_ZERO: Floating Point Classes. + (line 21) +* FPE_DECOVF_TRAP: Program Error Signals. + (line 89) +* FPE_FLTDIV_TRAP: Program Error Signals. + (line 82) +* FPE_FLTOVF_TRAP: Program Error Signals. + (line 79) +* FPE_FLTUND_TRAP: Program Error Signals. + (line 85) +* FPE_INTDIV_TRAP: Program Error Signals. + (line 73) +* FPE_INTOVF_TRAP: Program Error Signals. + (line 69) +* FPE_SUBRNG_TRAP: Program Error Signals. + (line 76) +* FRAC_DIGITS: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 193) +* FSETLOCKING_BYCALLER: Streams and Threads. (line 172) +* FSETLOCKING_INTERNAL: Streams and Threads. (line 167) +* FSETLOCKING_QUERY: Streams and Threads. (line 178) +* FSTAB: Mount Information. (line 29) +* FSTAB_RO: fstab. (line 58) +* FSTAB_RQ: fstab. (line 54) +* FSTAB_RW: fstab. (line 51) +* FSTAB_SW: fstab. (line 61) +* FSTAB_XX: fstab. (line 64) +* FTW_ACTIONRETVAL: Working with Directory Trees. + (line 224) +* FTW_CHDIR: Working with Directory Trees. + (line 211) +* FTW_D: Working with Directory Trees. + (line 36) +* FTW_DEPTH: Working with Directory Trees. + (line 217) +* FTW_DNR: Working with Directory Trees. + (line 43) +* FTW_DP: Working with Directory Trees. + (line 75) +* FTW_F: Working with Directory Trees. + (line 31) +* FTW_MOUNT: Working with Directory Trees. + (line 206) +* FTW_NS: Working with Directory Trees. + (line 39) +* FTW_PHYS: Working with Directory Trees. + (line 199) +* FTW_SL: Working with Directory Trees. + (line 46) +* FTW_SLN: Working with Directory Trees. + (line 75) +* getdate_err: General Time String Parsing. + (line 14) +* GLOB_ABORTED: Calling Glob. (line 188) +* GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC: More Flags for Globbing. + (line 21) +* GLOB_APPEND: Flags for Globbing. (line 10) +* GLOB_BRACE: More Flags for Globbing. + (line 29) +* GLOB_DOOFFS: Flags for Globbing. (line 27) +* GLOB_ERR: Flags for Globbing. (line 32) +* GLOB_MAGCHAR: More Flags for Globbing. + (line 15) +* GLOB_MARK: Flags for Globbing. (line 55) +* GLOB_NOCHECK: Flags for Globbing. (line 59) +* GLOB_NOESCAPE: Flags for Globbing. (line 70) +* GLOB_NOMAGIC: More Flags for Globbing. + (line 58) +* GLOB_NOMATCH: Calling Glob. (line 194) +* GLOB_NOSORT: Flags for Globbing. (line 65) +* GLOB_NOSPACE: Calling Glob. (line 200) +* GLOB_ONLYDIR: More Flags for Globbing. + (line 104) +* GLOB_PERIOD: More Flags for Globbing. + (line 11) +* GLOB_TILDE: More Flags for Globbing. + (line 63) +* GLOB_TILDE_CHECK: More Flags for Globbing. + (line 94) +* group: NSS Basics. (line 32) +* GROUPING: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 260) +* h_errno: Host Names. (line 87) +* HOST_NOT_FOUND: Host Names. (line 95) +* hosts: NSS Basics. (line 35) +* HUGE_VAL: Math Error Reporting. + (line 36) +* HUGE_VALF: Math Error Reporting. + (line 37) +* HUGE_VALL: Math Error Reporting. + (line 38) +* HUPCL: Control Modes. (line 36) +* I: Complex Numbers. (line 32) +* ICANON: Local Modes. (line 18) +* ICRNL: Input Modes. (line 80) +* IEXTEN: Local Modes. (line 99) +* IFNAMSIZ: Interface Naming. (line 21) +* IGNBRK: Input Modes. (line 56) +* IGNCR: Input Modes. (line 74) +* IGNPAR: Input Modes. (line 34) +* IMAXBEL: Input Modes. (line 115) +* in6addr_any: Host Address Data Type. + (line 63) +* in6addr_loopback: Host Address Data Type. + (line 57) +* INADDR_ANY: Host Address Data Type. + (line 40) +* INADDR_BROADCAST: Host Address Data Type. + (line 46) +* INADDR_LOOPBACK: Host Address Data Type. + (line 31) +* INADDR_NONE: Host Address Data Type. + (line 49) +* INFINITY: Infinity and NaN. (line 40) +* INIT_PROCESS <1>: XPG Functions. (line 58) +* INIT_PROCESS: Manipulating the Database. + (line 88) +* INLCR: Input Modes. (line 85) +* INPCK: Input Modes. (line 17) +* INT_CURR_SYMBOL: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 158) +* INT_FRAC_DIGITS: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 189) +* INT_MAX: Range of Type. (line 56) +* INT_MIN: Range of Type. (line 51) +* INT_N_CS_PRECEDES: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 229) +* INT_N_SEP_BY_SPACE: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 233) +* INT_N_SIGN_POSN: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 241) +* INT_P_CS_PRECEDES: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 221) +* INT_P_SEP_BY_SPACE: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 225) +* INT_P_SIGN_POSN: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 237) +* IPPORT_RESERVED: Ports. (line 38) +* IPPORT_USERRESERVED: Ports. (line 42) +* ISIG: Local Modes. (line 83) +* ISTRIP: Input Modes. (line 52) +* ITIMER_PROF: Setting an Alarm. (line 98) +* ITIMER_REAL: Setting an Alarm. (line 90) +* ITIMER_VIRTUAL: Setting an Alarm. (line 94) +* IXANY: Input Modes. (line 107) +* IXOFF: Input Modes. (line 90) +* IXON: Input Modes. (line 99) +* L_ctermid: Identifying the Terminal. + (line 28) +* L_cuserid: Who Logged In. (line 37) +* L_INCR: File Positioning. (line 148) +* L_SET: File Positioning. (line 145) +* L_tmpnam: Temporary Files. (line 77) +* L_XTND: File Positioning. (line 151) +* LANG: Locale Categories. (line 45) +* LANGUAGE: Locale Categories. (line 50) +* LC_ALL: Locale Categories. (line 39) +* LC_COLLATE: Locale Categories. (line 12) +* LC_CTYPE: Locale Categories. (line 16) +* LC_MESSAGES: Locale Categories. (line 33) +* LC_MONETARY: Locale Categories. (line 21) +* LC_NUMERIC: Locale Categories. (line 25) +* LC_TIME: Locale Categories. (line 29) +* LDBL_DIG: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 100) +* LDBL_EPSILON: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 177) +* LDBL_MANT_DIG: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 82) +* LDBL_MAX: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 155) +* LDBL_MAX_10_EXP: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 143) +* LDBL_MAX_EXP: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 133) +* LDBL_MIN: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 166) +* LDBL_MIN_10_EXP: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 122) +* LDBL_MIN_EXP: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 112) +* LINE_MAX: Utility Limits. (line 40) +* LINK_MAX: Limits for Files. (line 25) +* LIO_NOP: Asynchronous I/O. (line 94) +* LIO_READ: Asynchronous I/O. (line 84) +* LIO_WRITE: Asynchronous I/O. (line 89) +* LOG_ALERT: syslog; vsyslog. (line 96) +* LOG_AUTH: syslog; vsyslog. (line 31) +* LOG_AUTHPRIV: syslog; vsyslog. (line 49) +* LOG_CRIT: syslog; vsyslog. (line 99) +* LOG_CRON: syslog; vsyslog. (line 46) +* LOG_DAEMON: syslog; vsyslog. (line 28) +* LOG_DEBUG: syslog; vsyslog. (line 114) +* LOG_EMERG: syslog; vsyslog. (line 93) +* LOG_ERR: syslog; vsyslog. (line 102) +* LOG_FTP: syslog; vsyslog. (line 52) +* LOG_INFO: syslog; vsyslog. (line 111) +* LOG_LOCAL0: syslog; vsyslog. (line 55) +* LOG_LOCAL1: syslog; vsyslog. (line 58) +* LOG_LOCAL2: syslog; vsyslog. (line 61) +* LOG_LOCAL3: syslog; vsyslog. (line 64) +* LOG_LOCAL4: syslog; vsyslog. (line 67) +* LOG_LOCAL5: syslog; vsyslog. (line 70) +* LOG_LOCAL6: syslog; vsyslog. (line 73) +* LOG_LOCAL7: syslog; vsyslog. (line 76) +* LOG_LPR: syslog; vsyslog. (line 37) +* LOG_MAIL: syslog; vsyslog. (line 25) +* LOG_NEWS: syslog; vsyslog. (line 40) +* LOG_NOTICE: syslog; vsyslog. (line 108) +* LOG_SYSLOG: syslog; vsyslog. (line 34) +* LOG_USER: syslog; vsyslog. (line 22) +* LOG_UUCP: syslog; vsyslog. (line 43) +* LOG_WARNING: syslog; vsyslog. (line 105) +* LOGIN_PROCESS <1>: XPG Functions. (line 62) +* LOGIN_PROCESS: Manipulating the Database. + (line 92) +* LONG_LONG_MAX: Range of Type. (line 76) +* LONG_LONG_MIN: Range of Type. (line 71) +* LONG_MAX: Range of Type. (line 66) +* LONG_MIN: Range of Type. (line 61) +* M_1_PI: Mathematical Constants. + (line 34) +* M_2_PI: Mathematical Constants. + (line 37) +* M_2_SQRTPI: Mathematical Constants. + (line 40) +* M_E: Mathematical Constants. + (line 10) +* M_LN10: Mathematical Constants. + (line 22) +* M_LN2: Mathematical Constants. + (line 19) +* M_LOG10E: Mathematical Constants. + (line 16) +* M_LOG2E: Mathematical Constants. + (line 13) +* M_PI: Mathematical Constants. + (line 25) +* M_PI_2: Mathematical Constants. + (line 28) +* M_PI_4: Mathematical Constants. + (line 31) +* M_SQRT1_2: Mathematical Constants. + (line 46) +* M_SQRT2: Mathematical Constants. + (line 43) +* MAP_ANON: Memory-mapped I/O. (line 88) +* MAP_ANONYMOUS: Memory-mapped I/O. (line 87) +* MAP_FIXED: Memory-mapped I/O. (line 83) +* MAP_PRIVATE: Memory-mapped I/O. (line 62) +* MAP_SHARED: Memory-mapped I/O. (line 73) +* MAX_CANON: Limits for Files. (line 29) +* MAX_INPUT: Limits for Files. (line 33) +* MAXNAMLEN: Limits for Files. (line 54) +* MAXSYMLINKS: Symbolic Links. (line 35) +* MB_CUR_MAX: Selecting the Conversion. + (line 25) +* MB_LEN_MAX: Selecting the Conversion. + (line 20) +* MDMBUF: Control Modes. (line 92) +* MINSIGSTKSZ: Signal Stack. (line 45) +* MM_APPL: Printing Formatted Messages. + (line 34) +* MM_CONSOLE: Printing Formatted Messages. + (line 14) +* MM_ERROR: Printing Formatted Messages. + (line 101) +* MM_FIRM: Printing Formatted Messages. + (line 27) +* MM_HALT: Printing Formatted Messages. + (line 98) +* MM_HARD: Printing Formatted Messages. + (line 21) +* MM_INFO: Printing Formatted Messages. + (line 107) +* MM_NOSEV: Printing Formatted Messages. + (line 95) +* MM_NRECOV: Printing Formatted Messages. + (line 49) +* MM_NULLACT: Printing Formatted Messages. + (line 82) +* MM_NULLLBL: Printing Formatted Messages. + (line 69) +* MM_NULLMC: Printing Formatted Messages. + (line 75) +* MM_NULLSEV: Printing Formatted Messages. + (line 72) +* MM_NULLTAG: Printing Formatted Messages. + (line 85) +* MM_NULLTXT: Printing Formatted Messages. + (line 79) +* MM_OPSYS: Printing Formatted Messages. + (line 40) +* MM_PRINT: Printing Formatted Messages. + (line 11) +* MM_RECOVER: Printing Formatted Messages. + (line 46) +* MM_SOFT: Printing Formatted Messages. + (line 24) +* MM_UTIL: Printing Formatted Messages. + (line 37) +* MM_WARNING: Printing Formatted Messages. + (line 104) +* MNTOPT_DEFAULTS: mtab. (line 62) +* MNTOPT_NOAUTO: mtab. (line 85) +* MNTOPT_NOSUID: mtab. (line 80) +* MNTOPT_RO: mtab. (line 67) +* MNTOPT_RW: mtab. (line 71) +* MNTOPT_SUID: mtab. (line 75) +* MNTTAB: Mount Information. (line 29) +* MNTTYPE_IGNORE: mtab. (line 33) +* MNTTYPE_NFS: mtab. (line 38) +* MNTTYPE_SWAP: mtab. (line 44) +* MON_1: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 66) +* MON_10: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 75) +* MON_11: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 76) +* MON_12: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 77) +* MON_2: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 67) +* MON_3: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 68) +* MON_4: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 69) +* MON_5: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 70) +* MON_6: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 71) +* MON_7: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 72) +* MON_8: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 73) +* MON_9: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 74) +* MON_DECIMAL_POINT: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 169) +* MON_GROUPING: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 177) +* MON_THOUSANDS_SEP: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 173) +* MOUNTED: Mount Information. (line 29) +* MS_ASYNC: Memory-mapped I/O. (line 177) +* MS_SYNC: Memory-mapped I/O. (line 172) +* MSG_DONTROUTE: Socket Data Options. (line 20) +* MSG_OOB: Socket Data Options. (line 12) +* MSG_PEEK: Socket Data Options. (line 15) +* N_CS_PRECEDES: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 205) +* N_SEP_BY_SPACE: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 209) +* N_SIGN_POSN: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 217) +* NAME_MAX: Limits for Files. (line 37) +* NAN: Infinity and NaN. (line 52) +* NCCS: Mode Data Types. (line 51) +* NDEBUG: Consistency Checking. + (line 15) +* NEGATIVE_SIGN: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 185) +* netgroup: NSS Basics. (line 38) +* networks: NSS Basics. (line 41) +* NEW_TIME <1>: XPG Functions. (line 55) +* NEW_TIME: Manipulating the Database. + (line 85) +* NGROUPS_MAX: General Limits. (line 51) +* NL_ARGMAX: Output Conversion Syntax. + (line 46) +* NO_ADDRESS: Host Names. (line 105) +* NO_RECOVERY: Host Names. (line 102) +* NOEXPR: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 270) +* NOFLSH: Local Modes. (line 106) +* NOKERNINFO: Local Modes. (line 138) +* NOSTR: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 286) +* NSIG: Standard Signals. (line 18) +* NSS_STATUS_NOTFOUND: NSS Modules Interface. + (line 36) +* NSS_STATUS_SUCCESS: NSS Modules Interface. + (line 39) +* NSS_STATUS_TRYAGAIN: NSS Modules Interface. + (line 30) +* NSS_STATUS_UNAVAIL: NSS Modules Interface. + (line 33) +* NULL: Null Pointer Constant. + (line 11) +* O_ACCMODE: Access Modes. (line 51) +* O_APPEND: Operating Modes. (line 11) +* O_ASYNC: Operating Modes. (line 43) +* O_CREAT: Open-time Flags. (line 22) +* O_EXCL: Open-time Flags. (line 25) +* O_EXEC: Access Modes. (line 41) +* O_EXLOCK: Open-time Flags. (line 104) +* O_FSYNC: Operating Modes. (line 50) +* O_IGNORE_CTTY: Open-time Flags. (line 60) +* O_NDELAY: Operating Modes. (line 35) +* O_NOATIME: Operating Modes. (line 58) +* O_NOCTTY: Open-time Flags. (line 45) +* O_NOLINK: Open-time Flags. (line 66) +* O_NONBLOCK <1>: Operating Modes. (line 23) +* O_NONBLOCK: Open-time Flags. (line 30) +* O_NOTRANS: Open-time Flags. (line 71) +* O_RDONLY: Access Modes. (line 12) +* O_RDWR: Access Modes. (line 18) +* O_READ: Access Modes. (line 33) +* O_SHLOCK: Open-time Flags. (line 96) +* O_SYNC: Operating Modes. (line 55) +* O_TRUNC: Open-time Flags. (line 80) +* O_WRITE: Access Modes. (line 37) +* O_WRONLY: Access Modes. (line 15) +* obstack_alloc_failed_handler: Preparing for Obstacks. + (line 56) +* OLD_TIME <1>: XPG Functions. (line 51) +* OLD_TIME: Manipulating the Database. + (line 81) +* ONLCR: Output Modes. (line 27) +* ONOEOT: Output Modes. (line 36) +* OPEN_MAX: General Limits. (line 35) +* OPOST: Output Modes. (line 16) +* optarg: Using Getopt. (line 31) +* opterr: Using Getopt. (line 10) +* optind: Using Getopt. (line 24) +* OPTION_ALIAS: Argp Option Flags. (line 16) +* OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL: Argp Option Flags. (line 10) +* OPTION_DOC: Argp Option Flags. (line 22) +* OPTION_HIDDEN: Argp Option Flags. (line 13) +* OPTION_NO_USAGE: Argp Option Flags. (line 37) +* optopt: Using Getopt. (line 18) +* OXTABS: Output Modes. (line 31) +* P_CS_PRECEDES: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 197) +* P_SEP_BY_SPACE: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 201) +* P_SIGN_POSN: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 213) +* P_tmpdir: Temporary Files. (line 127) +* PA_CHAR: Parsing a Template String. + (line 48) +* PA_DOUBLE: Parsing a Template String. + (line 62) +* PA_FLAG_LONG: Parsing a Template String. + (line 86) +* PA_FLAG_LONG_DOUBLE: Parsing a Template String. + (line 94) +* PA_FLAG_LONG_LONG: Parsing a Template String. + (line 90) +* PA_FLAG_MASK: Parsing a Template String. + (line 37) +* PA_FLAG_PTR: Parsing a Template String. + (line 77) +* PA_FLAG_SHORT: Parsing a Template String. + (line 82) +* PA_FLOAT: Parsing a Template String. + (line 59) +* PA_INT: Parsing a Template String. + (line 45) +* PA_LAST: Parsing a Template String. + (line 65) +* PA_POINTER: Parsing a Template String. + (line 55) +* PA_STRING: Parsing a Template String. + (line 51) +* PARENB: Control Modes. (line 49) +* PARMRK: Input Modes. (line 38) +* PARODD: Control Modes. (line 58) +* passwd: NSS Basics. (line 47) +* PATH_MAX: Limits for Files. (line 41) +* PENDIN: Local Modes. (line 142) +* PF_CCITT: Misc Namespaces. (line 6) +* PF_FILE: Local Namespace Details. + (line 19) +* PF_IMPLINK: Misc Namespaces. (line 6) +* PF_INET: Internet Namespace. (line 21) +* PF_INET6: Internet Namespace. (line 25) +* PF_ISO: Misc Namespaces. (line 6) +* PF_LOCAL: Local Namespace Details. + (line 11) +* PF_NS: Misc Namespaces. (line 6) +* PF_ROUTE: Misc Namespaces. (line 6) +* PF_UNIX: Local Namespace Details. + (line 16) +* PI: Mathematical Constants. + (line 62) +* PIPE_BUF: Limits for Files. (line 45) +* PM_STR: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 83) +* POSITIVE_SIGN: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 181) +* PRIO_MAX: Traditional Scheduling Functions. + (line 21) +* PRIO_MIN: Traditional Scheduling Functions. + (line 18) +* PRIO_PGRP: Traditional Scheduling Functions. + (line 78) +* PRIO_PROCESS: Traditional Scheduling Functions. + (line 75) +* PRIO_USER: Traditional Scheduling Functions. + (line 82) +* program_invocation_name: Error Messages. (line 77) +* program_invocation_short_name: Error Messages. (line 83) +* PROT_EXEC: Memory-mapped I/O. (line 45) +* PROT_READ: Memory-mapped I/O. (line 45) +* PROT_WRITE: Memory-mapped I/O. (line 45) +* protocols: NSS Basics. (line 44) +* PWD: Working Directory. (line 87) +* R_OK: Testing File Access. (line 76) +* RADIXCHAR: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 246) +* RAND_MAX: ISO Random. (line 13) +* RE_DUP_MAX: General Limits. (line 69) +* RLIM_INFINITY: Limits on Resources. (line 169) +* RLIM_NLIMITS: Limits on Resources. (line 165) +* RLIMIT_AS: Limits on Resources. (line 159) +* RLIMIT_CORE: Limits on Resources. (line 131) +* RLIMIT_CPU: Limits on Resources. (line 111) +* RLIMIT_DATA: Limits on Resources. (line 121) +* RLIMIT_FSIZE: Limits on Resources. (line 116) +* RLIMIT_NOFILE: Limits on Resources. (line 152) +* RLIMIT_OFILE: Limits on Resources. (line 153) +* RLIMIT_RSS: Limits on Resources. (line 137) +* RLIMIT_STACK: Limits on Resources. (line 126) +* rpc: NSS Basics. (line 50) +* RUN_LVL <1>: XPG Functions. (line 45) +* RUN_LVL: Manipulating the Database. + (line 75) +* S_IEXEC: Permission Bits. (line 31) +* S_IFBLK: Testing File Type. (line 76) +* S_IFCHR: Testing File Type. (line 73) +* S_IFDIR: Testing File Type. (line 70) +* S_IFIFO: Testing File Type. (line 88) +* S_IFLNK: Testing File Type. (line 82) +* S_IFMT: Testing File Type. (line 64) +* S_IFREG: Testing File Type. (line 79) +* S_IFSOCK: Testing File Type. (line 85) +* S_IREAD: Permission Bits. (line 20) +* S_IRGRP: Permission Bits. (line 39) +* S_IROTH: Permission Bits. (line 52) +* S_IRUSR: Permission Bits. (line 19) +* S_IRWXG: Permission Bits. (line 49) +* S_IRWXO: Permission Bits. (line 61) +* S_IRWXU: Permission Bits. (line 36) +* S_ISGID: Permission Bits. (line 68) +* S_ISUID: Permission Bits. (line 64) +* S_ISVTX: Permission Bits. (line 72) +* S_IWGRP: Permission Bits. (line 42) +* S_IWOTH: Permission Bits. (line 55) +* S_IWRITE: Permission Bits. (line 26) +* S_IWUSR: Permission Bits. (line 25) +* S_IXGRP: Permission Bits. (line 45) +* S_IXOTH: Permission Bits. (line 58) +* S_IXUSR: Permission Bits. (line 30) +* SA_NOCLDSTOP: Flags for Sigaction. (line 26) +* SA_ONSTACK: Flags for Sigaction. (line 34) +* SA_RESTART: Flags for Sigaction. (line 41) +* SC_SSIZE_MAX: Constants for Sysconf. + (line 391) +* SCHAR_MAX: Range of Type. (line 27) +* SCHAR_MIN: Range of Type. (line 23) +* SEEK_CUR: File Positioning. (line 124) +* SEEK_END: File Positioning. (line 129) +* SEEK_SET: File Positioning. (line 119) +* services: NSS Basics. (line 53) +* shadow: NSS Basics. (line 56) +* SHRT_MAX: Range of Type. (line 46) +* SHRT_MIN: Range of Type. (line 41) +* SIG_BLOCK: Process Signal Mask. (line 26) +* SIG_DFL: Basic Signal Handling. + (line 35) +* SIG_ERR: Basic Signal Handling. + (line 142) +* SIG_IGN: Basic Signal Handling. + (line 40) +* SIG_SETMASK: Process Signal Mask. (line 35) +* SIG_UNBLOCK: Process Signal Mask. (line 31) +* SIGABRT: Program Error Signals. + (line 135) +* SIGALRM: Alarm Signals. (line 16) +* SIGBUS: Program Error Signals. + (line 122) +* SIGCHLD: Job Control Signals. (line 14) +* SIGCLD: Job Control Signals. (line 25) +* SIGCONT: Job Control Signals. (line 28) +* SIGEMT: Program Error Signals. + (line 149) +* SIGFPE: Program Error Signals. + (line 42) +* SIGHUP: Termination Signals. (line 72) +* SIGILL: Program Error Signals. + (line 93) +* SIGINFO: Miscellaneous Signals. + (line 33) +* SIGINT: Termination Signals. (line 30) +* SIGIO: Asynchronous I/O Signals. + (line 13) +* SIGIOT: Program Error Signals. + (line 139) +* SIGKILL: Termination Signals. (line 53) +* SIGLOST: Operation Error Signals. + (line 27) +* signgam: Special Functions. (line 29) +* SIGPIPE: Operation Error Signals. + (line 13) +* SIGPOLL: Asynchronous I/O Signals. + (line 28) +* SIGPROF: Alarm Signals. (line 26) +* SIGQUIT: Termination Signals. (line 36) +* SIGSEGV: Program Error Signals. + (line 108) +* SIGSTKSZ: Signal Stack. (line 41) +* SIGSTOP: Job Control Signals. (line 42) +* SIGSYS: Program Error Signals. + (line 154) +* SIGTERM: Termination Signals. (line 22) +* SIGTRAP: Program Error Signals. + (line 143) +* SIGTSTP: Job Control Signals. (line 46) +* SIGTTIN: Job Control Signals. (line 59) +* SIGTTOU: Job Control Signals. (line 67) +* SIGURG: Asynchronous I/O Signals. + (line 24) +* SIGUSR1: Miscellaneous Signals. + (line 11) +* SIGUSR2: Miscellaneous Signals. + (line 12) +* SIGVTALRM: Alarm Signals. (line 21) +* SIGWINCH: Miscellaneous Signals. + (line 23) +* SIGXCPU: Operation Error Signals. + (line 37) +* SIGXFSZ: Operation Error Signals. + (line 42) +* SOCK_DGRAM: Communication Styles. + (line 19) +* SOCK_RAW: Communication Styles. + (line 42) +* SOCK_STREAM: Communication Styles. + (line 12) +* SOL_SOCKET: Socket-Level Options. + (line 7) +* SS_DISABLE: Signal Stack. (line 60) +* SS_ONSTACK: Signal Stack. (line 64) +* SSIZE_MAX: General Limits. (line 61) +* stderr: Standard Streams. (line 22) +* STDERR_FILENO: Descriptors and Streams. + (line 62) +* stdin: Standard Streams. (line 14) +* STDIN_FILENO: Descriptors and Streams. + (line 54) +* stdout: Standard Streams. (line 18) +* STDOUT_FILENO: Descriptors and Streams. + (line 58) +* STREAM_MAX: General Limits. (line 41) +* SV_INTERRUPT: BSD Handler. (line 33) +* SV_ONSTACK: BSD Handler. (line 28) +* SV_RESETHAND: BSD Handler. (line 40) +* sys_siglist: Signal Messages. (line 41) +* T_FMT: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 101) +* T_FMT_AMPM: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 105) +* TCIFLUSH: Line Control. (line 65) +* TCIOFF: Line Control. (line 106) +* TCIOFLUSH: Line Control. (line 71) +* TCION: Line Control. (line 109) +* TCOFLUSH: Line Control. (line 68) +* TCOOFF: Line Control. (line 100) +* TCOON: Line Control. (line 103) +* TCSADRAIN: Mode Functions. (line 34) +* TCSAFLUSH: Mode Functions. (line 39) +* TCSANOW: Mode Functions. (line 31) +* TCSASOFT: Mode Functions. (line 42) +* THOUSANDS_SEP: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 253) +* THOUSEP: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 254) +* timezone: Time Zone Functions. (line 44) +* TMP_MAX: Temporary Files. (line 82) +* TOSTOP: Local Modes. (line 111) +* TRY_AGAIN: Host Names. (line 98) +* tzname: Time Zone Functions. (line 7) +* TZNAME_MAX: General Limits. (line 45) +* UCHAR_MAX: Range of Type. (line 28) +* UINT_MAX: Range of Type. (line 57) +* ULONG_LONG_MAX: Range of Type. (line 77) +* ULONG_MAX: Range of Type. (line 67) +* USER_PROCESS <1>: XPG Functions. (line 66) +* USER_PROCESS: Manipulating the Database. + (line 96) +* USHRT_MAX: Range of Type. (line 47) +* VDISCARD: Other Special. (line 23) +* VDSUSP: Signal Characters. (line 53) +* VEOF: Editing Characters. (line 10) +* VEOL: Editing Characters. (line 22) +* VEOL2: Editing Characters. (line 35) +* VERASE: Editing Characters. (line 47) +* VINTR: Signal Characters. (line 11) +* VKILL: Editing Characters. (line 85) +* VLNEXT: Other Special. (line 9) +* VMIN: Noncanonical Input. (line 26) +* VQUIT: Signal Characters. (line 22) +* VREPRINT: Editing Characters. (line 96) +* VSTART: Start/Stop Characters. + (line 11) +* VSTATUS: Other Special. (line 35) +* VSTOP: Start/Stop Characters. + (line 28) +* VSUSP: Signal Characters. (line 33) +* VTIME: Noncanonical Input. (line 34) +* VWERASE: Editing Characters. (line 61) +* W_OK: Testing File Access. (line 79) +* WCHAR_MAX <1>: Range of Type. (line 81) +* WCHAR_MAX: Extended Char Intro. (line 110) +* WCHAR_MIN: Extended Char Intro. (line 104) +* WEOF <1>: EOF and Errors. (line 24) +* WEOF: Extended Char Intro. (line 118) +* X_OK: Testing File Access. (line 82) +* YESEXPR: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 264) +* YESSTR: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 275) + + +File: libc.info, Node: File Index, Prev: Variable Index, Up: Top + +Program and File Index +********************** + +[index] +* Menu: + +* -lbsd-compat <1>: Process Group Functions. + (line 55) +* -lbsd-compat: Feature Test Macros. (line 88) +* /etc/group: Group Database. (line 6) +* /etc/hosts: Host Names. (line 13) +* /etc/localtime: TZ Variable. (line 110) +* /etc/networks: Networks Database. (line 6) +* /etc/passwd: User Database. (line 6) +* /etc/protocols: Protocols Database. (line 19) +* /etc/services: Services Database. (line 6) +* /share/lib/zoneinfo: TZ Variable. (line 118) +* argp.h: Argp. (line 25) +* argz.h: Argz Functions. (line 24) +* arpa/inet.h: Host Address Functions. + (line 6) +* assert.h: Consistency Checking. + (line 11) +* bsd-compat <1>: Process Group Functions. + (line 55) +* bsd-compat: Feature Test Macros. (line 88) +* cd: Working Directory. (line 18) +* chgrp: File Owner. (line 27) +* chown: File Owner. (line 27) +* complex.h <1>: Operations on Complex. + (line 6) +* complex.h <2>: Complex Numbers. (line 6) +* complex.h: Mathematics. (line 9) +* ctype.h <1>: Case Conversion. (line 21) +* ctype.h <2>: Classification of Characters. + (line 25) +* ctype.h: Character Handling. (line 9) +* dirent.h <1>: Random Access Directory. + (line 6) +* dirent.h <2>: Reading/Closing Directory. + (line 6) +* dirent.h <3>: Opening a Directory. (line 6) +* dirent.h <4>: Directory Entries. (line 6) +* dirent.h: Reserved Names. (line 80) +* envz.h: Envz Functions. (line 26) +* errno.h <1>: Error Codes. (line 6) +* errno.h <2>: Checking for Errors. (line 12) +* errno.h: Error Reporting. (line 13) +* execinfo.h: Backtraces. (line 13) +* fcntl.h <1>: Interrupt Input. (line 20) +* fcntl.h <2>: File Locks. (line 34) +* fcntl.h <3>: File Status Flags. (line 27) +* fcntl.h <4>: Descriptor Flags. (line 16) +* fcntl.h <5>: Duplicating Descriptors. + (line 20) +* fcntl.h <6>: Control Operations. (line 15) +* fcntl.h <7>: Opening and Closing Files. + (line 8) +* fcntl.h: Reserved Names. (line 83) +* float.h: Floating Point Parameters. + (line 6) +* fnmatch.h: Wildcard Matching. (line 6) +* gcc: ISO C. (line 15) +* gconv.h: glibc iconv Implementation. + (line 203) +* grp.h <1>: Group Data Structure. + (line 7) +* grp.h <2>: Setting Groups. (line 67) +* grp.h: Reserved Names. (line 85) +* hostid: Host Identification. (line 49) +* hostname: Host Identification. (line 49) +* iconv.h: Generic Conversion Interface. + (line 77) +* kill: Termination Signals. (line 27) +* ksh: Wildcard Matching. (line 71) +* langinfo.h: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 23) +* limits.h <1>: Width of Type. (line 14) +* limits.h <2>: Limits for Files. (line 14) +* limits.h <3>: General Limits. (line 13) +* limits.h <4>: Selecting the Conversion. + (line 22) +* limits.h: Reserved Names. (line 87) +* locale: Setting the Locale. (line 29) +* locale.h <1>: The Lame Way to Locale Data. + (line 13) +* locale.h: Setting the Locale. (line 21) +* localtime: TZ Variable. (line 110) +* ls: File Attributes. (line 6) +* malloc.h <1>: Statistics of Malloc. + (line 9) +* malloc.h <2>: Hooks for Malloc. (line 11) +* malloc.h: Malloc Tunable Parameters. + (line 8) +* math.h <1>: Rounding Functions. (line 6) +* math.h <2>: Normalization Functions. + (line 14) +* math.h <3>: Absolute Value. (line 12) +* math.h <4>: Floating Point Classes. + (line 6) +* math.h: Mathematics. (line 9) +* mcheck.h: Heap Consistency Checking. + (line 8) +* mkdir: Creating Directories. + (line 6) +* netdb.h <1>: Networks Database. (line 6) +* netdb.h <2>: Protocols Database. (line 27) +* netdb.h <3>: Services Database. (line 9) +* netdb.h: Host Names. (line 13) +* netinet/in.h <1>: Byte Order. (line 33) +* netinet/in.h <2>: Ports. (line 35) +* netinet/in.h <3>: Host Address Data Type. + (line 23) +* netinet/in.h: Internet Address Formats. + (line 13) +* obstack.h: Creating Obstacks. (line 7) +* printf.h <1>: Conversion Specifier Options. + (line 13) +* printf.h: Registering New Conversions. + (line 7) +* pwd.h <1>: User Data Structure. (line 7) +* pwd.h: Reserved Names. (line 89) +* setjmp.h <1>: Non-Local Exits and Signals. + (line 18) +* setjmp.h: Non-Local Details. (line 8) +* sh: Running a Command. (line 12) +* signal.h <1>: BSD Signal Handling. (line 25) +* signal.h <2>: Checking for Pending Signals. + (line 7) +* signal.h <3>: Process Signal Mask. (line 12) +* signal.h <4>: Signal Sets. (line 11) +* signal.h <5>: Signaling Another Process. + (line 24) +* signal.h <6>: Signaling Yourself. (line 7) +* signal.h <7>: Flags for Sigaction. (line 23) +* signal.h <8>: Advanced Signal Handling. + (line 12) +* signal.h <9>: Basic Signal Handling. + (line 8) +* signal.h <10>: Standard Signals. (line 6) +* signal.h: Reserved Names. (line 92) +* stdarg.h <1>: Argument Macros. (line 7) +* stdarg.h: Receiving Arguments. (line 10) +* stddef.h: Important Data Types. + (line 11) +* stdint.h: Integers. (line 23) +* stdio.h <1>: Who Logged In. (line 14) +* stdio.h <2>: Identifying the Terminal. + (line 13) +* stdio.h <3>: Signal Messages. (line 38) +* stdio.h <4>: Temporary Files. (line 17) +* stdio.h <5>: Deleting Files. (line 72) +* stdio.h <6>: Descriptors and Streams. + (line 9) +* stdio.h <7>: Streams and Cookies. (line 25) +* stdio.h <8>: String Streams. (line 7) +* stdio.h <9>: Controlling Buffering. + (line 11) +* stdio.h <10>: Flushing Buffers. (line 23) +* stdio.h <11>: Portable Positioning. + (line 50) +* stdio.h <12>: File Positioning. (line 19) +* stdio.h <13>: Formatted Input Functions. + (line 7) +* stdio.h <14>: Variable Arguments Output. + (line 55) +* stdio.h <15>: Formatted Output Functions. + (line 11) +* stdio.h <16>: Block Input/Output. (line 25) +* stdio.h <17>: Character Input. (line 8) +* stdio.h <18>: Simple Output. (line 10) +* stdio.h <19>: Opening Streams. (line 10) +* stdio.h <20>: Standard Streams. (line 11) +* stdio.h: Streams. (line 14) +* stdlib.h <1>: Running a Command. (line 30) +* stdlib.h <2>: Aborting a Program. (line 7) +* stdlib.h <3>: Exit Status. (line 43) +* stdlib.h <4>: Environment Access. (line 10) +* stdlib.h <5>: Parsing of Floats. (line 6) +* stdlib.h <6>: Parsing of Integers. (line 6) +* stdlib.h <7>: Absolute Value. (line 12) +* stdlib.h <8>: Integer Division. (line 16) +* stdlib.h <9>: SVID Random. (line 31) +* stdlib.h <10>: BSD Random. (line 10) +* stdlib.h <11>: ISO Random. (line 10) +* stdlib.h <12>: Allocation. (line 6) +* stdlib.h <13>: Temporary Files. (line 142) +* stdlib.h <14>: Array Sort Function. (line 7) +* stdlib.h <15>: Array Search Function. + (line 45) +* stdlib.h <16>: Non-reentrant Character Conversion. + (line 95) +* stdlib.h <17>: Selecting the Conversion. + (line 31) +* stdlib.h <18>: Variable Size Automatic. + (line 16) +* stdlib.h <19>: Aligned Memory Blocks. + (line 6) +* stdlib.h <20>: Allocating Cleared Space. + (line 7) +* stdlib.h <21>: Changing Block Size. (line 13) +* stdlib.h <22>: Freeing after Malloc. + (line 8) +* stdlib.h: Basic Allocation. (line 7) +* string.h <1>: Signal Messages. (line 21) +* string.h <2>: Trivial Encryption. (line 15) +* string.h <3>: Finding Tokens in a String. + (line 9) +* string.h <4>: Search Functions. (line 8) +* string.h <5>: Collation Functions. (line 18) +* string.h <6>: String/Array Comparison. + (line 22) +* string.h <7>: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 10) +* string.h: String Length. (line 7) +* sys/param.h: Host Identification. (line 69) +* sys/resource.h <1>: Traditional Scheduling Functions. + (line 6) +* sys/resource.h <2>: Limits on Resources. (line 26) +* sys/resource.h: Resource Usage. (line 6) +* sys/socket.h <1>: Socket-Level Options. + (line 11) +* sys/socket.h <2>: Socket Option Functions. + (line 6) +* sys/socket.h <3>: Sending Datagrams. (line 6) +* sys/socket.h <4>: Socket Data Options. (line 6) +* sys/socket.h <5>: Receiving Data. (line 6) +* sys/socket.h <6>: Sending Data. (line 6) +* sys/socket.h <7>: Socket Pairs. (line 6) +* sys/socket.h <8>: Closing a Socket. (line 13) +* sys/socket.h <9>: Creating a Socket. (line 7) +* sys/socket.h <10>: Internet Namespace. (line 18) +* sys/socket.h <11>: Local Namespace Details. + (line 6) +* sys/socket.h <12>: Reading Address. (line 6) +* sys/socket.h <13>: Setting Address. (line 6) +* sys/socket.h <14>: Address Formats. (line 20) +* sys/socket.h: Communication Styles. + (line 9) +* sys/stat.h <1>: FIFO Special Files. (line 17) +* sys/stat.h <2>: Making Special Files. + (line 10) +* sys/stat.h <3>: Setting Permissions. (line 41) +* sys/stat.h <4>: Permission Bits. (line 13) +* sys/stat.h <5>: Testing File Type. (line 21) +* sys/stat.h <6>: Attribute Meanings. (line 12) +* sys/stat.h <7>: Creating Directories. + (line 47) +* sys/stat.h: Reserved Names. (line 95) +* sys/time.h <1>: Setting an Alarm. (line 51) +* sys/time.h <2>: High-Resolution Calendar. + (line 12) +* sys/time.h: File Times. (line 94) +* sys/times.h <1>: Processor Time. (line 9) +* sys/times.h: Reserved Names. (line 97) +* sys/timex.h: High Accuracy Clock. (line 6) +* sys/types.h <1>: Setting Groups. (line 8) +* sys/types.h <2>: Setting User ID. (line 8) +* sys/types.h <3>: Reading Persona. (line 9) +* sys/types.h <4>: Terminal Access Functions. + (line 8) +* sys/types.h <5>: Process Group Functions. + (line 8) +* sys/types.h <6>: Process Identification. + (line 10) +* sys/types.h: Waiting for I/O. (line 23) +* sys/un.h: Local Namespace Details. + (line 22) +* sys/utsname.h: Platform Type. (line 8) +* sys/vlimit.h: Limits on Resources. (line 212) +* sys/vtimes.h: Resource Usage. (line 105) +* sys/wait.h <1>: BSD Wait Functions. (line 14) +* sys/wait.h <2>: Process Completion Status. + (line 10) +* sys/wait.h: Process Completion. (line 8) +* termios.h <1>: Terminal Modes. (line 6) +* termios.h: Reserved Names. (line 101) +* time.h <1>: TZ Variable. (line 9) +* time.h <2>: Formatting Calendar Time. + (line 7) +* time.h <3>: Simple Calendar Time. + (line 8) +* time.h <4>: CPU Time. (line 7) +* time.h: File Times. (line 14) +* ulimit.h: Limits on Resources. (line 175) +* umask: Setting Permissions. (line 29) +* unistd.h <1>: Options for Files. (line 13) +* unistd.h <2>: System Options. (line 11) +* unistd.h <3>: Host Identification. (line 49) +* unistd.h <4>: Who Logged In. (line 14) +* unistd.h <5>: Setting Groups. (line 8) +* unistd.h <6>: Setting User ID. (line 8) +* unistd.h <7>: Reading Persona. (line 9) +* unistd.h <8>: Terminal Access Functions. + (line 8) +* unistd.h <9>: Process Group Functions. + (line 8) +* unistd.h <10>: Executing a File. (line 13) +* unistd.h <11>: Creating a Process. (line 7) +* unistd.h <12>: Process Identification. + (line 10) +* unistd.h <13>: Termination Internals. + (line 7) +* unistd.h <14>: Using Getopt. (line 7) +* unistd.h <15>: Setting an Alarm. (line 51) +* unistd.h <16>: Is It a Terminal. (line 10) +* unistd.h <17>: Creating a Pipe. (line 14) +* unistd.h <18>: Testing File Access. (line 39) +* unistd.h <19>: File Owner. (line 31) +* unistd.h <20>: Deleting Files. (line 19) +* unistd.h <21>: Symbolic Links. (line 43) +* unistd.h <22>: Hard Links. (line 25) +* unistd.h <23>: Working Directory. (line 21) +* unistd.h <24>: Duplicating Descriptors. + (line 20) +* unistd.h <25>: Descriptors and Streams. + (line 51) +* unistd.h <26>: I/O Primitives. (line 8) +* unistd.h: Opening and Closing Files. + (line 8) +* utime.h: File Times. (line 36) +* utmp.h <1>: Logging In and Out. (line 7) +* utmp.h: Manipulating the Database. + (line 7) +* utmpx.h: XPG Functions. (line 7) +* varargs.h: Old Varargs. (line 6) +* wchar.h <1>: Parsing of Integers. (line 6) +* wchar.h <2>: Character Input. (line 8) +* wchar.h <3>: Simple Output. (line 10) +* wchar.h <4>: Converting Strings. (line 45) +* wchar.h <5>: Converting a Character. + (line 29) +* wchar.h <6>: Keeping the state. (line 19) +* wchar.h <7>: Extended Char Intro. (line 96) +* wchar.h <8>: Collation Functions. (line 18) +* wchar.h: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 10) +* wctype.h <1>: Wide Character Case Conversion. + (line 17) +* wctype.h: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 34) +* zoneinfo: TZ Variable. (line 118) + + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libm-err.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libm-err.texi @@ -0,0 +1,1068 @@ +@multitable {nexttowardf} {1000 + i 1000} {1000 + i 1000} {1000 + i 1000} {1000 + i 1000} {1000 + i 1000} +@item Function @tab Alpha @tab ARM @tab hppa/fpu @tab m68k/coldfire/fpu @tab m68k/m680x0/fpu +@item acosf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item acos @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item acosl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item acoshf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item acosh @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item acoshl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 +@item asinf @tab - @tab 2 @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item asin @tab - @tab 1 @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item asinl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item asinhf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item asinh @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item asinhl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 +@item atanf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item atan @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item atanl @tab - 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@tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item powl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 +@item remainderf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item remainder @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item remainderl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item remquof @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item remquo @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item remquol @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item rintf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item rint @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item rintl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item roundf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item round @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item roundl @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab - @tab - +@item scalbf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item scalb @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item scalbl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item scalbnf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item scalbn @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item scalbnl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item scalblnf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item scalbln @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item scalblnl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item sinf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item sin @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item sinl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item sincosf @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 +@item sincos @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 +@item sincosl @tab 1 @tab - @tab 1 @tab - @tab 1 +@item sinhf @tab - @tab 1 @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item sinh @tab - @tab 1 @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item sinhl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 +@item sqrtf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item sqrt @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item sqrtl @tab 1 @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item tanf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item tan @tab 1 @tab 0.5 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 +@item tanl @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab - @tab 1 +@item tanhf @tab - @tab 1 @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item tanh @tab - @tab 1 @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item tanhl @tab 1 @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item tgammaf @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 +@item tgamma @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 +@item tgammal @tab 1 @tab - @tab 1 @tab - @tab 1 +@item truncf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item trunc @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item truncl @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab - @tab - +@item y0f @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 +@item y0 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 1 +@item y0l @tab 3 @tab - @tab 2 @tab - @tab 2 +@item y1f @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 +@item y1 @tab 3 @tab 3 @tab 3 @tab 3 @tab 1 +@item y1l @tab 1 @tab - @tab 3 @tab - @tab 1 +@item ynf @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 +@item yn @tab 3 @tab 3 @tab 3 @tab 3 @tab 1 +@item ynl @tab 5 @tab - @tab 3 @tab - @tab 4 +@end multitable +@multitable {nexttowardf} {1000 + i 1000} {1000 + i 1000} {1000 + i 1000} {1000 + i 1000} {1000 + i 1000} +@item Function @tab MIPS @tab mips/mips64/n32 @tab mips/mips64/n64 @tab powerpc/nofpu @tab Generic +@item acosf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item acos @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item acosl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab - +@item acoshf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item acosh @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item acoshl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab - +@item asinf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item asin @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item asinl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 2 @tab - +@item asinhf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item asinh @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item asinhl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab - +@item atanf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item atan @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item atanl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item atanhf @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item atanh @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item atanhl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item atan2f @tab 3 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 3 @tab - +@item atan2 @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item atan2l @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item cabsf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item cabs @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item cabsl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab - +@item cacosf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item cacos @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item cacosl @tab - @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab - +@item cacoshf @tab 7 + i 3 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 7 + i 3 @tab - +@item cacosh @tab 1 + i 1 @tab - @tab - @tab 1 + i 1 @tab - +@item cacoshl @tab - @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab - +@item cargf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item carg @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item cargl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item casinf @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab - +@item casin @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab - +@item casinl @tab - @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab - +@item casinhf @tab 1 + i 6 @tab 1 + i 6 @tab 1 + i 6 @tab 1 + i 6 @tab - +@item casinh @tab 5 + i 3 @tab 5 + i 3 @tab 5 + i 3 @tab 5 + i 3 @tab - +@item casinhl @tab - @tab 4 + i 2 @tab 4 + i 2 @tab 4 + i 1 @tab - +@item catanf @tab 4 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 4 + i 1 @tab - +@item catan @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab - +@item catanl @tab - @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab - +@item catanhf @tab 0 + i 6 @tab - @tab - @tab 0 + i 6 @tab - +@item catanh @tab 4 + i 0 @tab 4 + i 0 @tab 4 + i 0 @tab 4 + i 0 @tab - +@item catanhl @tab - @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab - @tab - +@item cbrtf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item cbrt @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item cbrtl @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item ccosf @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab - +@item ccos @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab - +@item ccosl @tab - @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab - +@item ccoshf @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab - +@item ccosh @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab - +@item ccoshl @tab - @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 2 @tab - +@item ceilf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item ceil @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item ceill @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item cexpf @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab - +@item cexp @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item cexpl @tab - @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 2 + i 1 @tab - +@item cimagf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item cimag @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item cimagl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item clogf @tab 1 + i 3 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 3 @tab - +@item clog @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item clogl @tab - @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 2 + i 1 @tab - +@item clog10f @tab 1 + i 5 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 5 @tab - +@item clog10 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab - +@item clog10l @tab - @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 3 + i 1 @tab - +@item conjf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item conj @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item conjl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item copysignf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item copysign @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item copysignl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item cosf @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item cos @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab - +@item cosl @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item coshf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item cosh @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item coshl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab - +@item cpowf @tab 4 + i 2 @tab 4 + i 2 @tab 4 + i 2 @tab 4 + i 2 @tab - +@item cpow @tab 2 + i 2 @tab 2 + i 2 @tab 2 + i 2 @tab 2 + i 2 @tab - +@item cpowl @tab - @tab 10 + i 1 @tab 10 + i 1 @tab 2 + i 2 @tab - +@item cprojf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item cproj @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item cprojl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 0 + i 1 @tab - +@item crealf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item creal @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item creall @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item csinf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item csin @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item csinl @tab - @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab - +@item csinhf @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab - +@item csinh @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab - +@item csinhl @tab - @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab - +@item csqrtf @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab - +@item csqrt @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item csqrtl @tab - @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab - +@item ctanf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item ctan @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab - +@item ctanl @tab - @tab 1 + i 2 @tab 1 + i 2 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab - +@item ctanhf @tab 2 + i 1 @tab 2 + i 1 @tab 2 + i 1 @tab 2 + i 1 @tab - +@item ctanh @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab - +@item ctanhl @tab - @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab - +@item erff @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item erf @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item erfl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab - +@item erfcf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item erfc @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item erfcl @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item expf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item exp @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item expl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab - +@item exp10f @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab - +@item exp10 @tab 6 @tab 6 @tab 6 @tab 6 @tab - +@item exp10l @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 8 @tab - +@item exp2f @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item exp2 @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item exp2l @tab - @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab - +@item expm1f @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item expm1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item expm1l @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - @tab - +@item fabsf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item fabs @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item fabsl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item fdimf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item fdim @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item fdiml @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item floorf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item floor @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item floorl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item fmaf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item fma @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item fmal @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item fmaxf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item fmax @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item fmaxl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item fminf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item fmin @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item fminl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item fmodf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item fmod @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item fmodl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item frexpf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item frexp @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item frexpl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item gammaf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item gamma @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item gammal @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item hypotf @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item hypot @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item hypotl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab - +@item ilogbf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item ilogb @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item ilogbl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item j0f @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab - +@item j0 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab - +@item j0l @tab - @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 1 @tab - +@item j1f @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab - +@item j1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item j1l @tab - @tab 4 @tab 4 @tab 1 @tab - +@item jnf @tab 4 @tab 4 @tab 4 @tab 4 @tab - +@item jn @tab 4 @tab 4 @tab 4 @tab 4 @tab - +@item jnl @tab - @tab 4 @tab 4 @tab 4 @tab - +@item lgammaf @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab - +@item lgamma @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item lgammal @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 3 @tab - +@item lrintf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item lrint @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item lrintl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item llrintf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item llrint @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item llrintl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item logf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item log @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item logl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab - +@item log10f @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab - +@item log10 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item log10l @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item log1pf @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item log1p @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item log1pl @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item log2f @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item log2 @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item log2l @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item logbf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item logb @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item logbl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item lroundf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item lround @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item lroundl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item llroundf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item llround @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item llroundl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item modff @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item modf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item modfl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item nearbyintf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item nearbyint @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item nearbyintl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item nextafterf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item nextafter @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item nextafterl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item nexttowardf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item nexttoward @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item nexttowardl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item powf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item pow @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item powl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab - +@item remainderf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item remainder @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item remainderl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item remquof @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item remquo @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item remquol @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - 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+@item sinhf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item sinh @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item sinhl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab - +@item sqrtf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item sqrt @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item sqrtl @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - @tab - +@item tanf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item tan @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item tanl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab - +@item tanhf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item tanh @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item tanhl @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item tgammaf @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item tgamma @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item tgammal @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item truncf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item trunc @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item truncl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item y0f @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item y0 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab - +@item y0l @tab - @tab 3 @tab 3 @tab 2 @tab - +@item y1f @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab - +@item y1 @tab 3 @tab 3 @tab 3 @tab 3 @tab - +@item y1l @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 2 @tab - +@item ynf @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab - +@item yn @tab 3 @tab 3 @tab 3 @tab 3 @tab - +@item ynl @tab - @tab 5 @tab 5 @tab 2 @tab - +@end multitable +@multitable {nexttowardf} {1000 + i 1000} {1000 + i 1000} {1000 + i 1000} {1000 + i 1000} {1000 + i 1000} +@item Function @tab ix86 @tab IA64 @tab PowerPC @tab S/390 @tab SH4 +@item acosf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item acos @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item acosl @tab 622 @tab - @tab 1 @tab - @tab - +@item acoshf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item acosh @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item acoshl @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab - @tab - +@item asinf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 2 +@item asin @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 +@item asinl @tab 1 @tab - @tab 2 @tab - @tab - +@item asinhf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item asinh @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item asinhl @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab - @tab - +@item atanf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item atan @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item atanl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item atanhf @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item atanh @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 +@item atanhl @tab 1 @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item atan2f @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 4 +@item atan2 @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item atan2l @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item cabsf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 +@item cabs @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 +@item cabsl @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab - @tab - +@item cacosf @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab - @tab - @tab 1 + i 1 +@item cacos @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 + i 0 +@item cacosl @tab 0 + i 2 @tab 0 + i 2 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab - +@item cacoshf @tab 9 + i 4 @tab 7 + i 0 @tab 7 + i 3 @tab 7 + i 3 @tab 7 + i 3 +@item cacosh @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 +@item cacoshl @tab 6 + i 1 @tab 7 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab - 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@tab 1 + i 1 @tab - +@item cbrtf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item cbrt @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 +@item cbrtl @tab 1 @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item ccosf @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 +@item ccos @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 1 +@item ccosl @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab - +@item ccoshf @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 +@item ccosh @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 1 +@item ccoshl @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 2 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab - +@item ceilf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item ceil @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item ceill @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item cexpf @tab - @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 +@item cexp @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 + i 0 +@item cexpl @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 2 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab - +@item cimagf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item cimag @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item cimagl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item clogf @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 3 @tab 1 + i 3 @tab 0 + i 3 +@item clog @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 0 + i 1 +@item clogl @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab 2 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 0 @tab - +@item clog10f @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 5 @tab 1 + i 5 @tab 1 + i 5 +@item clog10 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 0 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 +@item clog10l @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab 3 + i 1 @tab 1 + i 1 @tab - +@item conjf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item conj @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item conjl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item copysignf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item copysign @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item copysignl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item cosf @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 +@item cos @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 +@item cosl @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item coshf @tab - @tab - 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@tab - @tab - +@item expl @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab - @tab - +@item exp10f @tab - @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 +@item exp10 @tab - @tab 6 @tab 6 @tab 6 @tab 6 +@item exp10l @tab 8 @tab 3 @tab 8 @tab 1 @tab - +@item exp2f @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item exp2 @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item exp2l @tab - @tab - @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab - +@item expm1f @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 +@item expm1 @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item expm1l @tab - @tab 1 @tab - @tab 1 @tab - +@item fabsf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item fabs @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item fabsl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item fdimf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item fdim @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item fdiml @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item floorf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item floor @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item floorl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item fmaf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item fma @tab - @tab - 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@tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item ilogbl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item j0f @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 +@item j0 @tab 3 @tab 3 @tab 3 @tab 3 @tab 2 +@item j0l @tab 1 @tab 2 @tab 1 @tab 2 @tab - +@item j1f @tab 1 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 +@item j1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 +@item j1l @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 4 @tab - +@item jnf @tab 2 @tab 4 @tab 4 @tab 4 @tab 4 +@item jn @tab 5 @tab 3 @tab 3 @tab 4 @tab 6 +@item jnl @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 4 @tab 4 @tab - +@item lgammaf @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 +@item lgamma @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 +@item lgammal @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 3 @tab 1 @tab - +@item lrintf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item lrint @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item lrintl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item llrintf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item llrint @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item llrintl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item logf @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - @tab - @tab 1 +@item log @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 +@item logl @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab - @tab - +@item log10f @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 1 +@item log10 @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 +@item log10l @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item log1pf @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 +@item log1p @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 +@item log1pl @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item log2f @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 +@item log2 @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 +@item log2l @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item logbf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item logb @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item logbl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item lroundf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item lround @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item lroundl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item llroundf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item llround @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item llroundl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item modff @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item modf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item modfl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item nearbyintf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item nearbyint @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item nearbyintl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item nextafterf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item nextafter @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item nextafterl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item nexttowardf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item nexttoward @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item nexttowardl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item powf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item pow @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item powl @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab - @tab - +@item remainderf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item remainder @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item remainderl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item remquof @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item remquo @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item remquol @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item rintf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item rint @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item rintl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item roundf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item round @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item roundl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item scalbf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item scalb @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item scalbl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item scalbnf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item scalbn @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item scalbnl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item scalblnf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item scalbln @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item scalblnl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item sinf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item sin @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item sinl @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab - @tab - +@item sincosf @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 +@item sincos @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 +@item sincosl @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item sinhf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 +@item sinh @tab 1 @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 +@item sinhl @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab - @tab - +@item sqrtf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item sqrt @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item sqrtl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab - +@item tanf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item tan @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 0.5 +@item tanl @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab - @tab - +@item tanhf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 +@item tanh @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab 1 +@item tanhl @tab - @tab - @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item tgammaf @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 +@item tgamma @tab 2 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 +@item tgammal @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab - +@item truncf @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item trunc @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item truncl @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - @tab - +@item y0f @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 +@item y0 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 @tab 2 +@item y0l @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 1 @tab 3 @tab - 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C library. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + +INFO-DIR-SECTION GNU C library functions and macros +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* ALTWERASE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN: (libc)Argp Parser Functions. +* ARG_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* BC_BASE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_DIM_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_SCALE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_STRING_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BRKINT: (libc)Input Modes. +* BUFSIZ: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* CCTS_OFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CHILD_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* CIGNORE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLK_TCK: (libc)CPU Time. +* CLOCAL: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLOCKS_PER_SEC: (libc)CPU Time. +* COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* CPU_CLR: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ISSET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SETSIZE: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ZERO: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CREAD: (libc)Control Modes. +* CRTS_IFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS5: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS6: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS7: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS8: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSIZE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSTOPB: (libc)Control Modes. +* DES_FAILED: (libc)DES Encryption. +* DTTOIF: (libc)Directory Entries. +* E2BIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EACCES: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRINUSE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRNOTAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAGAIN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EALREADY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBACKGROUND: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADF: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADFD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRQC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADSLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBFONT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBUSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECANCELED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHILD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOCTL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOK: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOKE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHONL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOPRT: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECOMM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNABORTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNREFUSED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDESTADDRREQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDIED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOTDOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDQUOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EEXIST: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFAULT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFBIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGRATUITOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGREGIOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIDRM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EILSEQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINPROGRESS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINVAL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYEXPIRED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREJECTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREVOKED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2NSYNC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3RST: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBACC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBBAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBMAX: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBSCN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELNRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELOOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMEDIUMTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMSGSIZE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMULTIHOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAMETOOLONG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENEEDAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOANO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOBUFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOCSI: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODATA: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOENT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOKEY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEDIUM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENONET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPKG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPROTOOPT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSYS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTBLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTEMPTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTRECOVERABLE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSUP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTUNIQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENXIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* EOPNOTSUPP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOVERFLOW: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOWNERDEAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPERM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCLIM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTONOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTOTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EQUIV_CLASS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* ERANGE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMCHG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERESTART: (libc)Error Codes. +* EROFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERPCMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESHUTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESOCKTNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRMNT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTALE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTRPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIME: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIMEDOUT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETOOMANYREFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETXTBSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUCLEAN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUNATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUSERS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EWOULDBLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXDEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXFULL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXIT_FAILURE: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXIT_SUCCESS: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXPR_NEST_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* FD_CLOEXEC: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* FD_CLR: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ISSET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SETSIZE: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ZERO: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FILENAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* FLUSHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* FOPEN_MAX: (libc)Opening Streams. +* FP_ILOGB0: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* FP_ILOGBNAN: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* F_DUPFD: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* F_GETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_GETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_GETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_GETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* F_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* F_SETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_SETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_SETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETLKW: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* HUGE_VAL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALF: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUPCL: (libc)Control Modes. +* I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* ICANON: (libc)Local Modes. +* ICRNL: (libc)Input Modes. +* IEXTEN: (libc)Local Modes. +* IFNAMSIZ: (libc)Interface Naming. +* IFTODT: (libc)Directory Entries. +* IGNBRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNPAR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IMAXBEL: (libc)Input Modes. +* INADDR_ANY: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_BROADCAST: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_LOOPBACK: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_NONE: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INFINITY: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* INLCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* INPCK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IPPORT_RESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* IPPORT_USERRESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* ISIG: (libc)Local Modes. +* ISTRIP: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXANY: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXOFF: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXON: (libc)Input Modes. +* LINE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* LINK_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* L_ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* L_cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* L_tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* MAXNAMLEN: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAXSYMLINKS: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* MAX_CANON: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAX_INPUT: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MB_CUR_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MB_LEN_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MDMBUF: (libc)Control Modes. +* MSG_DONTROUTE: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_OOB: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_PEEK: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* NAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* NAN: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* NCCS: (libc)Mode Data Types. +* NGROUPS_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* NOFLSH: (libc)Local Modes. +* NOKERNINFO: (libc)Local Modes. +* NSIG: (libc)Standard Signals. +* NULL: (libc)Null Pointer Constant. +* ONLCR: (libc)Output Modes. +* ONOEOT: (libc)Output Modes. +* OPEN_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* OPOST: (libc)Output Modes. +* OXTABS: (libc)Output Modes. +* O_ACCMODE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_APPEND: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_ASYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_CREAT: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXCL: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXEC: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_EXLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_FSYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_IGNORE_CTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NDELAY: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOATIME: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOCTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NOLINK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOTRANS: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_RDONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_RDWR: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_READ: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_SHLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_SYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_TRUNC: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_WRITE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_WRONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* PARENB: (libc)Control Modes. +* PARMRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* PARODD: (libc)Control Modes. +* PATH_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* PA_FLAG_MASK: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* PENDIN: (libc)Local Modes. +* PF_FILE: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_INET6: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_INET: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_LOCAL: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_UNIX: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PIPE_BUF: (libc)Limits for Files. +* P_tmpdir: (libc)Temporary Files. +* RAND_MAX: (libc)ISO Random. +* RE_DUP_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* RLIM_INFINITY: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* R_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* SA_NOCLDSTOP: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_ONSTACK: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_RESTART: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SEEK_CUR: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_END: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_SET: (libc)File Positioning. +* SIGABRT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGBUS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGCHLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCONT: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGEMT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGFPE: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGHUP: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGILL: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGINFO: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGINT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGIO: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGIOT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGKILL: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGLOST: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPIPE: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPOLL: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGPROF: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGQUIT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGSEGV: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGSTOP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGSYS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTERM: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGTRAP: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTSTP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTIN: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTOU: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGURG: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGUSR1: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGUSR2: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGVTALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGWINCH: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGXCPU: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGXFSZ: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIG_ERR: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* SOCK_DGRAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RAW: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RDM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_SEQPACKET: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_STREAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOL_SOCKET: (libc)Socket-Level Options. +* SSIZE_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* STREAM_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* SUN_LEN: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* SV_INTERRUPT: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_ONSTACK: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_RESETHAND: (libc)BSD Handler. +* S_IFMT: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISBLK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISCHR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISDIR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISFIFO: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISLNK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISREG: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISSOCK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISMQ: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSEM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSHM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* TMP_MAX: (libc)Temporary Files. +* TOSTOP: (libc)Local Modes. +* TZNAME_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* VDISCARD: (libc)Other Special. +* VDSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VEOF: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL2: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VINTR: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VKILL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VLNEXT: (libc)Other Special. +* VMIN: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VQUIT: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VREPRINT: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VSTART: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSTATUS: (libc)Other Special. +* VSTOP: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VTIME: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VWERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* WCHAR_MAX: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCHAR_MIN: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCOREDUMP: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WEOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* WEOF: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WEXITSTATUS: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFEXITED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSIGNALED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSTOPPED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WSTOPSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WTERMSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* W_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* X_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* _Complex_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _Exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _IOFBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IOLBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IONBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _Imaginary_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _PATH_UTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _PATH_WTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _POSIX2_C_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_C_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* _POSIX2_FORT_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_FORT_RUN: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_LOCALEDEF: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_SW_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_NO_TRUNC: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_SAVED_IDS: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_VDISABLE: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* __fbufsize: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __flbf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpending: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpurge: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* __freadable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __freading: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fsetlocking: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* __fwritable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fwriting: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __gconv_end_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_init_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __va_copy: (libc)Argument Macros. +* _exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _flushlbf: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* _tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* _toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* a64l: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* abort: (libc)Aborting a Program. +* abs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* accept: (libc)Accepting Connections. +* access: (libc)Testing File Access. +* acos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* addmntent: (libc)mtab. +* addseverity: (libc)Adding Severity Classes. +* adjtime: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* adjtimex: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* aio_cancel64: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_cancel: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_error64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_error: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_init: (libc)Configuration of AIO. +* aio_read64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_read: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_return64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_return: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_write64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_write: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* alarm: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* alloca: (libc)Variable Size Automatic. +* alphasort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* alphasort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* argp_error: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_failure: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_help: (libc)Argp Help. +* argp_parse: (libc)Argp. +* argp_state_help: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_usage: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argz_add: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_add_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_append: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_count: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_delete: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_extract: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_insert: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_next: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_replace: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_stringify: (libc)Argz Functions. +* asctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asprintf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* assert: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* assert_perror: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* atan2: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2f: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2l: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atexit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* atof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* atoi: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* backtrace: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols_fd: (libc)Backtraces. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* bcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* bcopy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* bind: (libc)Setting Address. +* bind_textdomain_codeset: (libc)Charset conversion in gettext. +* bindtextdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* brk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* bsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* btowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* bzero: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* cabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cacos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* calloc: (libc)Allocating Cleared Space. +* canonicalize_file_name: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* carg: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* casin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catclose: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catgets: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catopen: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* cbc_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* cbrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ccos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ceil: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceilf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceill: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* cexp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cfgetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfgetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfmakeraw: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* cfree: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* cfsetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetspeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* chdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* chmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* chown: (libc)File Owner. +* cimag: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* clearenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* clearerr: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clearerr_unlocked: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clock: (libc)CPU Time. +* clog10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* close: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* closedir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* closelog: (libc)closelog. +* confstr: (libc)String Parameters. +* conj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* connect: (libc)Connecting. +* copysign: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* cos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cpow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cproj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creal: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* crealf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creall: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creat64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* creat: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* crypt: (libc)crypt. +* crypt_r: (libc)crypt. +* csin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ctan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* ctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* ctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* dcgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* dcngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* des_setparity: (libc)DES Encryption. +* dgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* difftime: (libc)Elapsed Time. +* dirfd: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* dirname: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* div: (libc)Integer Division. +* dngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* drand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* drand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* drem: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dremf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dreml: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dup2: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* dup: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* ecb_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* ecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* ecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* encrypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* encrypt_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* endfsent: (libc)fstab. +* endgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* endhostent: (libc)Host Names. +* endmntent: (libc)mtab. +* endnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* endnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* endprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* endpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* endservent: (libc)Services Database. +* endutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* endutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* envz_add: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_entry: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_get: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_merge: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_strip: (libc)Envz Functions. +* erand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* erand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* erf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfc: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcl: (libc)Special Functions. +* erff: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfl: (libc)Special Functions. +* err: (libc)Error Messages. +* errno: (libc)Checking for Errors. +* error: (libc)Error Messages. +* error_at_line: (libc)Error Messages. +* errx: (libc)Error Messages. +* execl: (libc)Executing a File. +* execle: (libc)Executing a File. +* execlp: (libc)Executing a File. +* execv: (libc)Executing a File. +* execve: (libc)Executing a File. +* execvp: (libc)Executing a File. +* exit: (libc)Normal Termination. +* exp10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* fabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fchdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* fchmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* fchown: (libc)File Owner. +* fclean: (libc)Cleaning Streams. +* fclose: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcloseall: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcntl: (libc)Control Operations. +* fcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fdatasync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* fdim: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdimf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdiml: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdopen: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fdopendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* feclearexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fedisableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feenableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fegetround: (libc)Rounding. +* feholdexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feof: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feof_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feraiseexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* ferror: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* ferror_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* fesetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fesetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fesetround: (libc)Rounding. +* fetestexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* feupdateenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fflush: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fflush_unlocked: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fgetc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgetpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgets: (libc)Line Input. +* fgets_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetwc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetws: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetws_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fileno: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fileno_unlocked: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* finite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitef: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitel: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* flockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* floor: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* fma: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmal: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmax: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmemopen: (libc)String Streams. +* fmin: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmod: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmtmsg: (libc)Printing Formatted Messages. +* fnmatch: (libc)Wildcard Matching. +* fopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopencookie: (libc)Streams and Cookies. +* fork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* forkpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* fpathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* fpclassify: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* fprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fputc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fread: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fread_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* free: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* freopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* freopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* frexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* fscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* fseek: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko64: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko: (libc)File Positioning. +* fsetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fsetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fsync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* ftell: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello64: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftruncate64: (libc)File Size. +* ftruncate: (libc)File Size. +* ftrylockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* ftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* funlockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* futimes: (libc)File Times. +* fwide: (libc)Streams and I18N. +* fwprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fwrite: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwrite_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* gamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* gcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* get_avphys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* get_current_dir_name: (libc)Working Directory. +* get_nprocs: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_nprocs_conf: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_phys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getc: (libc)Character Input. +* getc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* getcwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* getdate: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdate_r: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdelim: (libc)Line Input. +* getdomainnname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getegid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* geteuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getfsent: (libc)fstab. +* getfsfile: (libc)fstab. +* getfsspec: (libc)fstab. +* getgid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrgid: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrgid_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrouplist: (libc)Setting Groups. +* getgroups: (libc)Reading Persona. +* gethostbyaddr: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyaddr_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* gethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* getline: (libc)Line Input. +* getloadavg: (libc)Processor Resources. +* getlogin: (libc)Who Logged In. +* getmntent: (libc)mtab. +* getmntent_r: (libc)mtab. +* getnetbyaddr: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetbyname: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getnetgrent_r: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getopt: (libc)Using Getopt. +* getopt_long: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getopt_long_only: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getpagesize: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getpass: (libc)getpass. +* getpeername: (libc)Who is Connected. +* getpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getppid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* getprotobyname: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotobynumber: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getpt: (libc)Allocation. +* getpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwnam: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwnam_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrusage: (libc)Resource Usage. +* gets: (libc)Line Input. +* getservbyname: (libc)Services Database. +* getservbyport: (libc)Services Database. +* getservent: (libc)Services Database. +* getsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getsockname: (libc)Reading Address. +* getsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* getsubopt: (libc)Suboptions. +* gettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* gettimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* getuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getumask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* getutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutent_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutmp: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutmpx: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxid: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getw: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* glob64: (libc)Calling Glob. +* glob: (libc)Calling Glob. +* globfree64: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* globfree: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* gmtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* gmtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* grantpt: (libc)Allocation. +* gsignal: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* gtty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* hasmntopt: (libc)mtab. +* hcreate: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hcreate_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* htonl: (libc)Byte Order. +* htons: (libc)Byte Order. +* hypot: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* iconv: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_close: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_open: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* if_freenameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_indextoname: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nametoindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* ilogb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* imaxabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* imaxdiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* in6addr_any: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* in6addr_loopback: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* index: (libc)Search Functions. +* inet_addr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_aton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_lnaof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_makeaddr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_netof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_network: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntoa: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntop: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_pton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* initgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* initstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* initstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* innetgr: (libc)Netgroup Membership. +* int: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* ioctl: (libc)IOCTLs. +* isalnum: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isalpha: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isascii: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isatty: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* isblank: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iscntrl: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isfinite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isgraph: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isgreaterequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isinf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinff: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinfl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isless: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islower: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnormal: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isprint: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* ispunct: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isspace: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isunordered: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isupper: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iswalnum: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswalpha: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswblank: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswcntrl: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswgraph: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswlower: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswprint: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswpunct: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswspace: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswupper: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswxdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* isxdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* j0: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* jn: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnf: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnl: (libc)Special Functions. +* jrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* jrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* kill: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* killpg: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* l64a: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* labs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lcong48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lcong48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ldexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* lfind: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgamma_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* link: (libc)Hard Links. +* lio_listio64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* lio_listio: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* listen: (libc)Listening. +* llabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* llrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* localeconv: (libc)The Lame Way to Locale Data. +* localtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* localtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* log10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1p: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* login: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* login_tty: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logout: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logwtmp: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* longjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* lrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lseek64: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lseek: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lutimes: (libc)File Times. +* madvise: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* makecontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* mallinfo: (libc)Statistics of Malloc. +* malloc: (libc)Basic Allocation. +* mallopt: (libc)Malloc Tunable Parameters. +* mblen: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mbrlen: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbrtowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbsinit: (libc)Keeping the state. +* mbsnrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbsrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbstowcs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* mbtowc: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mcheck: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* memccpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* memcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memfrob: (libc)Trivial Encryption. +* memmem: (libc)Search Functions. +* memmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mkdir: (libc)Creating Directories. +* mkdtemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mkfifo: (libc)FIFO Special Files. +* mknod: (libc)Making Special Files. +* mkstemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* mlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mmap64: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* modf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modff: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modfl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* mount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* mprobe: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* mrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* mrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* mremap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* msync: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mtrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* munlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* muntrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* nan: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanosleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* nearbyint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nextafter: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttoward: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* nftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* nice: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* nl_langinfo: (libc)The Elegant and Fast Way. +* nrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* nrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ntohl: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntohs: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntp_adjtime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* ntp_gettime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* obstack_1grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_1grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_alignment_mask: (libc)Obstacks Data Alignment. +* obstack_alloc: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_base: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_blank: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_blank_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_chunk_size: (libc)Obstack Chunks. +* obstack_copy0: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_copy: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_finish: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_free: (libc)Freeing Obstack Objects. +* obstack_grow0: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_init: (libc)Preparing for Obstacks. +* obstack_int_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_int_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_next_free: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_printf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* obstack_ptr_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_ptr_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_room: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* offsetof: (libc)Structure Measurement. +* on_exit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* open64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open_memstream: (libc)String Streams. +* open_obstack_stream: (libc)Obstack Streams. +* opendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* openlog: (libc)openlog. +* openpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* parse_printf_format: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* pathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* pause: (libc)Using Pause. +* pclose: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* perror: (libc)Error Messages. +* pipe: (libc)Creating a Pipe. +* popen: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* posix_memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* pow10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pread64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pread: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* printf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* printf_size: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* printf_size_info: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* psignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* ptsname: (libc)Allocation. +* ptsname_r: (libc)Allocation. +* putc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* putpwent: (libc)Writing a User Entry. +* puts: (libc)Simple Output. +* pututline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* pututxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* putw: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* pwrite64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pwrite: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* qecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qgcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qsort: (libc)Array Sort Function. +* raise: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* rand: (libc)ISO Random. +* rand_r: (libc)ISO Random. +* random: (libc)BSD Random. +* random_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* rawmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* read: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* readdir64: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir64_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* readv: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* realloc: (libc)Changing Block Size. +* realpath: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* recv: (libc)Receiving Data. +* recvfrom: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* recvmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* regcomp: (libc)POSIX Regexp Compilation. +* regerror: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* regexec: (libc)Matching POSIX Regexps. +* regfree: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* register_printf_function: (libc)Registering New Conversions. +* remainder: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remove: (libc)Deleting Files. +* rename: (libc)Renaming Files. +* rewind: (libc)File Positioning. +* rewinddir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* rindex: (libc)Search Functions. +* rint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rmdir: (libc)Deleting Files. +* round: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rpmatch: (libc)Yes-or-No Questions. +* sbrk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* scalb: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbln: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbn: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scandir64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scandir: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* sched_get_priority_max: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_get_priority_min: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_getparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_rr_get_interval: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_setparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_yield: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* seed48: (libc)SVID Random. +* seed48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* seekdir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* select: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* send: (libc)Sending Data. +* sendmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* sendto: (libc)Sending Datagrams. +* setbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setbuffer: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* setdomainname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setegid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* seteuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setfsent: (libc)fstab. +* setgid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* setgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* sethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* sethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* sethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* setjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* setkey: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setkey_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setlinebuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setlocale: (libc)Setting the Locale. +* setlogmask: (libc)setlogmask. +* setmntent: (libc)mtab. +* setnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* setnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* setpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* setprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* setpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* setregid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setreuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setservent: (libc)Services Database. +* setsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* setstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* setstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* settimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* setuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* setutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* setvbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* shutdown: (libc)Closing a Socket. +* sigaction: (libc)Advanced Signal Handling. +* sigaddset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigaltstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigblock: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigdelset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigemptyset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigfillset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siginterrupt: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sigismember: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siglongjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* signbit: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* significand: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* sigpause: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigpending: (libc)Checking for Pending Signals. +* sigprocmask: (libc)Process Signal Mask. +* sigsetjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigsetmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigsuspend: (libc)Sigsuspend. +* sigvec: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* snprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* socket: (libc)Creating a Socket. +* socketpair: (libc)Socket Pairs. +* sprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* sqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* srand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand: (libc)ISO Random. +* srandom: (libc)BSD Random. +* srandom_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* sscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* ssignal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* stat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stime: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* stpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* stpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcasestr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strchrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* strcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strdupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strerror: (libc)Error Messages. +* strerror_r: (libc)Error Messages. +* strfmon: (libc)Formatting Numbers. +* strfry: (libc)strfry. +* strftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* strlen: (libc)String Length. +* strncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strnlen: (libc)String Length. +* strpbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* strptime: (libc)Low-Level Time String Parsing. +* strrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strsep: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strsignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* strspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strtod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtok_r: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strverscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* stty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* swapcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* swprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* swscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* symlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* sync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* syscall: (libc)System Calls. +* sysconf: (libc)Sysconf Definition. +* sysctl: (libc)System Parameters. +* syslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* system: (libc)Running a Command. +* sysv_signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* tan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tcdrain: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflow: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflush: (libc)Line Control. +* tcgetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcgetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcgetsid: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcsendbreak: (libc)Line Control. +* tcsetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcsetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tdelete: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tdestroy: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tempnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* textdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* tfind: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* time: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* timegm: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* timelocal: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* times: (libc)Processor Time. +* tmpfile64: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpfile: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam_r: (libc)Temporary Files. +* toascii: (libc)Case Conversion. +* tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* towctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towlower: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towupper: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* trunc: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncate64: (libc)File Size. +* truncate: (libc)File Size. +* truncf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* tsearch: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* ttyname: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* ttyname_r: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* twalk: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tzset: (libc)Time Zone Functions. +* ulimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* umask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* umount2: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* umount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* uname: (libc)Platform Type. +* ungetc: (libc)How Unread. +* ungetwc: (libc)How Unread. +* unlink: (libc)Deleting Files. +* unlockpt: (libc)Allocation. +* unsetenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* updwtmp: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utime: (libc)File Times. +* utimes: (libc)File Times. +* utmpname: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utmpxname: (libc)XPG Functions. +* va_arg: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_end: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Old Varargs. +* valloc: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* vasprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* verr: (libc)Error Messages. +* verrx: (libc)Error Messages. +* versionsort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* versionsort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* vfork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* vfprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vfwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsnprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vswprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vswscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsyslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* vtimes: (libc)Resource Usage. +* vwarn: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwarnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* wait3: (libc)BSD Wait Functions. +* wait4: (libc)Process Completion. +* wait: (libc)Process Completion. +* waitpid: (libc)Process Completion. +* warn: (libc)Error Messages. +* warnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* wcpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcrtomb: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wcscasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcschr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcschrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wcscpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcscspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* wcslen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsnlen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsnrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcspbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcsspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcstod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* wcstol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstombs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* wcstoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcswcs: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wctob: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wctomb: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* wctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* wctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* wmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wmemcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wmemcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wordexp: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wordfree: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* write: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* writev: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* wscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* y0: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* yn: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynf: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynl: (libc)Special Functions. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + This file documents the GNU C library. + + This is Edition 0.12, last updated 2007-10-27, of `The GNU C Library +Reference Manual', for version 2.8 (EGLIBC). + + Copyright (C) 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, +2003, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document +under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or +any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the +Invariant Sections being "Free Software Needs Free Documentation" and +"GNU Lesser General Public License", the Front-Cover texts being "A GNU +Manual", and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the +license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation +License". + + (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have the freedom to copy and +modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in +developing GNU and promoting software freedom." + + +File: libc.info, Node: Errors in Math Functions, Next: Pseudo-Random Numbers, Prev: Special Functions, Up: Mathematics + +19.7 Known Maximum Errors in Math Functions +=========================================== + +This section lists the known errors of the functions in the math +library. Errors are measured in "units of the last place". This is a +measure for the relative error. For a number z with the representation +d.d...d*2^e (we assume IEEE floating-point numbers with base 2) the ULP +is represented by + + |d.d...d - (z / 2^e)| / 2^(p - 1) + +where p is the number of bits in the mantissa of the floating-point +number representation. Ideally the error for all functions is always +less than 0.5ulps. Using rounding bits this is also possible and +normally implemented for the basic operations. To achieve the same for +the complex math functions requires a lot more work and this has not +yet been done. + + Therefore many of the functions in the math library have errors. The +table lists the maximum error for each function which is exposed by one +of the existing tests in the test suite. The table tries to cover as +much as possible and list the actual maximum error (or at least a +ballpark figure) but this is often not achieved due to the large search +space. + + The table lists the ULP values for different architectures. +Different architectures have different results since their hardware +support for floating-point operations varies and also the existing +hardware support is different. + +Function Alpha ARM hppa/fpu m68k/coldfire/fpum68k/m680x0/fpu +acosf - - - - - +acos - - - - - +acosl - - - - - +acoshf - - - - - +acosh - - - - - +acoshl - - - - 1 +asinf - 2 - - - +asin - 1 - - - +asinl - - - - - +asinhf - - - - - +asinh - - - - - +asinhl - - - - 1 +atanf - - - - - +atan - - - - - +atanl - - - - - +atanhf 1 1 1 1 - +atanh - 1 - - - +atanhl - - - - 1 +atan2f 1 1 1 1 - +atan2 - - - - - +atan2l 1 - - - 1 +cabsf - 1 - - - +cabs - 1 - - - +cabsl - - - - - +cacosf - 1 + i 1 - - 2 + i 1 +cacos - 1 + i 0 - - - +cacosl 0 + i 1 - - - 1 + i 2 +cacoshf 0 + i 1 7 + i 3 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 7 + i 1 +cacosh - 1 + i 1 - - 1 + i 1 +cacoshl 0 + i 1 - - - 6 + i 2 +cargf - - - - - +carg - - - - - +cargl - - - - - +casinf 1 + i 0 2 + i 1 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 5 + i 1 +casin 1 + i 0 3 + i 0 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 +casinl 0 + i 1 - 1 + i 0 - 3 + i 2 +casinhf 1 + i 6 1 + i 6 1 + i 6 1 + i 6 19 + i 1 +casinh 5 + i 3 5 + i 3 5 + i 3 5 + i 3 6 + i 13 +casinhl 4 + i 2 - 5 + i 3 - 5 + i 6 +catanf 0 + i 1 4 + i 1 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 +catan 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 +catanl 0 + i 1 - 0 + i 1 - 1 + i 0 +catanhf - 1 + i 6 - - - +catanh 4 + i 0 4 + i 1 4 + i 0 4 + i 0 - +catanhl 1 + i 1 - 4 + i 0 - 1 + i 0 +cbrtf - - - - - +cbrt 1 1 1 1 - +cbrtl 1 - 1 - 1 +ccosf 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 +ccos 1 + i 0 1 + i 1 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 - +ccosl 1 + i 1 - 1 + i 0 - 1 + i 1 +ccoshf 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 +ccosh 1 + i 0 1 + i 1 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 - +ccoshl 1 + i 1 - 1 + i 0 - 0 + i 1 +ceilf - - - - - +ceil - - - - - +ceill - - 1 - - +cexpf 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 2 + i 1 +cexp - 1 + i 0 - - - +cexpl 1 + i 1 - - - 0 + i 1 +cimagf - - - - - +cimag - - - - - +cimagl - - - - - +clogf 1 + i 0 1 + i 3 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 +clog - 0 + i 1 - - - +clogl 1 + i 0 - - - 1 + i 1 +clog10f 1 + i 1 1 + i 5 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 +clog10 0 + i 1 1 + i 1 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 1 + i 1 +clog10l 1 + i 1 - 0 + i 1 - 1 + i 2 +conjf - - - - - +conj - - - - - +conjl - - - - - +copysignf - - - - - +copysign - - - - - +copysignl - - - - - +cosf 1 1 1 1 1 +cos 2 2 2 2 2 +cosl 1 - 2 - 1 +coshf - - - - - +cosh - - - - - +coshl - - - - - +cpowf 4 + i 2 4 + i 2 4 + i 2 4 + i 2 2 + i 6 +cpow 2 + i 2 2 + i 2 2 + i 2 2 + i 2 1 + i 2 +cpowl 10 + i 1 - 2 + i 2 - 15 + i 2 +cprojf - - - - - +cproj - - - - - +cprojl - - - - - +crealf - - - - - +creal - - - - - +creall - - - - - +csinf - 0 + i 1 - - 1 + i 1 +csin - - - - - +csinl 1 + i 1 - - - 1 + i 0 +csinhf 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 +csinh 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 - +csinhl 1 + i 0 - 0 + i 1 - 1 + i 0 +csqrtf 1 + i 0 1 + i 1 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 - 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- - +gamma - - - - - +gammal 1 - - - 1 +hypotf 1 1 1 1 1 +hypot - 1 - - - +hypotl - - - - - +ilogbf - - - - - +ilogb - - - - - +ilogbl - - - - - +j0f 2 2 2 2 1 +j0 2 2 2 2 1 +j0l 2 - 2 - 1 +j1f 2 2 2 2 2 +j1 1 1 1 1 - +j1l 4 - 1 - 1 +jnf 4 4 4 4 5 +jn 4 6 4 4 1 +jnl 4 - 4 - 2 +lgammaf 2 2 2 2 2 +lgamma 1 1 1 1 1 +lgammal 1 - 1 - 1 +lrintf - - - - - +lrint - - - - - +lrintl - - - - - +llrintf - - - - - +llrint - - - - - +llrintl - - - - - +logf - 1 - - 1 +log - 1 - - - +logl - - - - 1 +log10f 2 2 2 2 1 +log10 1 1 1 1 - +log10l 1 - 1 - 2 +log1pf 1 1 1 1 - +log1p - 1 - - - +log1pl 1 - - - 1 +log2f - 1 - - - +log2 - 1 - - - +log2l 1 - - - 1 +logbf - - - - - +logb - - - - - +logbl - - - - - +lroundf - - - - - +lround - - - - - +lroundl - - - - - +llroundf - - - - - +llround - - - - - +llroundl - - - - - +modff - - - - - +modf - - - - - +modfl - - - - - +nearbyintf - - - - - +nearbyint - - - - - +nearbyintl - - - - - +nextafterf - - - - - +nextafter - - - - - +nextafterl - - - - - +nexttowardf - - - - - +nexttoward - - - - - +nexttowardl - - - - - +powf - - - - - +pow - - - - - +powl - - - - 1 +remainderf - - - - - +remainder - - - - - +remainderl - - - - - +remquof - - - - - +remquo - - - - - +remquol - - - - - +rintf - - - - - +rint - - - - - +rintl - - - - - +roundf - - - - - +round - - - - - +roundl - - 1 - - +scalbf - - - - - +scalb - - - - - +scalbl - - - - - +scalbnf - - - - - +scalbn - - - - - +scalbnl - - - - - +scalblnf - - - - - +scalbln - - - - - +scalblnl - - - - - +sinf - - - - - +sin - - - - - +sinl - - - - - +sincosf 1 1 1 1 1 +sincos 1 1 1 1 1 +sincosl 1 - 1 - 1 +sinhf - 1 - - - +sinh - 1 - - - +sinhl - - - - 1 +sqrtf - - - - - +sqrt - - - - - +sqrtl 1 - - - - +tanf - - - - - +tan 1 0.5 1 1 1 +tanl - - 1 - 1 +tanhf - 1 - - - +tanh - 1 - - - +tanhl 1 - - - - +tgammaf 1 1 1 1 1 +tgamma 1 1 1 1 1 +tgammal 1 - 1 - 1 +truncf - - - - - +trunc - - - - - +truncl - - 1 - - +y0f 1 1 1 1 1 +y0 2 2 2 2 1 +y0l 3 - 2 - 2 +y1f 2 2 2 2 2 +y1 3 3 3 3 1 +y1l 1 - 3 - 1 +ynf 2 2 2 2 2 +yn 3 3 3 3 1 +ynl 5 - 3 - 4 + +Function MIPS mips/mips64/n32 mips/mips64/n64 powerpc/nofpu Generic +acosf - - - - - +acos - - - - - +acosl - - - 1 - +acoshf - - - - - +acosh - - - - - +acoshl - - - 1 - +asinf - - - - - +asin - - - - - +asinl - - - 2 - +asinhf - - - - - +asinh - - - - - +asinhl - - - 1 - +atanf - - - - - +atan - - - - - +atanl - - - - - +atanhf 1 1 1 1 - +atanh - - - - - +atanhl - - - - - +atan2f 3 1 1 3 - +atan2 - - - - - +atan2l - 1 1 1 - +cabsf - - - - - +cabs - - - - - +cabsl - - - 1 - +cacosf - - - - - +cacos - - - - - +cacosl - 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 1 + i 1 - +cacoshf 7 + i 3 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 7 + i 3 - +cacosh 1 + i 1 - - 1 + i 1 - +cacoshl - 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 1 + i 1 - +cargf - - - - - +carg - - - - - +cargl - - - - - +casinf 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 - +casin 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 - +casinl - 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 1 + i 1 - +casinhf 1 + i 6 1 + i 6 1 + i 6 1 + i 6 - +casinh 5 + i 3 5 + i 3 5 + i 3 5 + i 3 - +casinhl - 4 + i 2 4 + i 2 4 + i 1 - +catanf 4 + i 1 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 4 + i 1 - +catan 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 - +catanl - 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 1 + i 1 - +catanhf 0 + i 6 - - 0 + i 6 - +catanh 4 + i 0 4 + i 0 4 + i 0 4 + i 0 - +catanhl - 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 - - +cbrtf - - - - - +cbrt 1 1 1 1 - +cbrtl - 1 1 1 - +ccosf 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 - +ccos 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 - +ccosl - 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 - +ccoshf 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 - +ccosh 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 - +ccoshl - 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 2 - +ceilf - - - - - +ceil - - - - - +ceill - - - - - +cexpf 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 - +cexp - - - - - +cexpl - 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 2 + i 1 - +cimagf - - - - - +cimag - - - - - +cimagl - - - - - +clogf 1 + i 3 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 1 + i 3 - +clog - - - - - +clogl - 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 2 + i 1 - +clog10f 1 + i 5 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 5 - +clog10 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 - +clog10l - 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 3 + i 1 - +conjf - - - - - +conj - - - - - +conjl - - - - - +copysignf - - - - - +copysign - - - - - +copysignl - - - - - +cosf 1 1 1 1 - +cos 2 2 2 2 - +cosl - 1 1 1 - +coshf - - - - - +cosh - - - - - +coshl - - - 1 - +cpowf 4 + i 2 4 + i 2 4 + i 2 4 + i 2 - +cpow 2 + i 2 2 + i 2 2 + i 2 2 + i 2 - +cpowl - 10 + i 1 10 + i 1 2 + i 2 - +cprojf - - - - - +cproj - - - - - +cprojl - - - 0 + i 1 - +crealf - - - - - +creal - - - - - +creall - - - - - +csinf - - - - - +csin - - - - - +csinl - 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 0 - +csinhf 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 - +csinh 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 - +csinhl - 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 1 + i 1 - +csqrtf 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 - +csqrt - - - - - +csqrtl - 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 - +ctanf - - - - - +ctan 1 + i 1 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 1 + i 1 - +ctanl - 1 + i 2 1 + i 2 1 + i 1 - +ctanhf 2 + i 1 2 + i 1 2 + i 1 2 + i 1 - +ctanh 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 - +ctanhl - 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 - +erff - - - - - +erf 1 1 1 1 - +erfl - - - 1 - +erfcf - - - - - +erfc 1 1 1 1 - +erfcl - 1 1 1 - +expf - - - - - +exp - - - - - +expl - - - 1 - +exp10f 2 2 2 2 - +exp10 6 6 6 6 - +exp10l - 1 1 8 - +exp2f - - - - - +exp2 - - - - - +exp2l - 2 2 2 - +expm1f 1 1 1 1 - +expm1 1 1 1 1 - +expm1l - 1 1 - - +fabsf - - - - - +fabs - - - - - +fabsl - - - - - +fdimf - - - - - +fdim - - - - - +fdiml - - - - - +floorf - - - - - +floor - - - - - +floorl - - - - - +fmaf - - - - - +fma - - - - - +fmal - - - - - +fmaxf - - - - - +fmax - - - - - +fmaxl - - - - - +fminf - - - - - +fmin - - - - - +fminl - - - - - +fmodf - - - - - +fmod - - - - - +fmodl - - - - - +frexpf - - - - - +frexp - - - - - +frexpl - - - - - +gammaf - - - - - +gamma - - - - - +gammal - 1 1 1 - +hypotf 1 1 1 1 - +hypot - - - - - +hypotl - - - 1 - +ilogbf - - - - - +ilogb - - - - - +ilogbl - - - - - +j0f 2 2 2 2 - +j0 2 2 2 2 - +j0l - 2 2 1 - +j1f 2 2 2 2 - +j1 1 1 1 1 - +j1l - 4 4 1 - +jnf 4 4 4 4 - +jn 4 4 4 4 - +jnl - 4 4 4 - +lgammaf 2 2 2 2 - +lgamma 1 1 1 1 - +lgammal - 1 1 3 - +lrintf - - - - - +lrint - - - - - +lrintl - - - - - +llrintf - - - - - +llrint - - - - - +llrintl - - - - - +logf - - - - - +log - - - - - +logl - - - 1 - +log10f 2 2 2 2 - +log10 1 1 1 1 - +log10l - 1 1 1 - +log1pf 1 1 1 1 - +log1p - - - - - +log1pl - 1 1 1 - +log2f - - - - - +log2 - - - - - +log2l - 1 1 1 - +logbf - - - - - +logb - - - - - +logbl - - - - - +lroundf - - - - - +lround - - - - - +lroundl - - - - - +llroundf - - - - - +llround - - - - - +llroundl - - - - - +modff - - - - - +modf - - - - - +modfl - - - - - +nearbyintf - - - - - +nearbyint - - - - - +nearbyintl - - - - - +nextafterf - - - - - +nextafter - - - - - +nextafterl - - - - - +nexttowardf - - - - - +nexttoward - - - - - +nexttowardl - - - - - +powf - - - - - +pow - - - - - +powl - - - 1 - +remainderf - - - - - +remainder - - - - - +remainderl - - - - - +remquof - - - - - +remquo - - - - - +remquol - - - - - +rintf - - - - - +rint - - - - - +rintl - - - - - +roundf - - - - - +round - - - - - +roundl - - - - - +scalbf - - - - - +scalb - - - - - +scalbl - - - - - +scalbnf - - - - - +scalbn - - - - - +scalbnl - - - - - +scalblnf - - - - - +scalbln - - - - - +scalblnl - - - - - +sinf - - - - - +sin - - - - - +sinl - - - 1 - +sincosf 1 1 1 1 - +sincos 1 1 1 1 - +sincosl - 1 1 1 - +sinhf - - - - - +sinh - - - - - +sinhl - - - 1 - +sqrtf - - - - - +sqrt - - - - - +sqrtl - 1 1 - - +tanf - - - - - +tan 1 1 1 1 - +tanl - - - 1 - +tanhf - - - - - +tanh - - - - - +tanhl - 1 1 1 - +tgammaf 1 1 1 1 - +tgamma 1 1 1 1 - +tgammal - 1 1 1 - +truncf - - - - - +trunc - - - - - +truncl - - - - - +y0f 1 1 1 1 - +y0 2 2 2 2 - +y0l - 3 3 2 - +y1f 2 2 2 2 - +y1 3 3 3 3 - +y1l - 1 1 2 - +ynf 2 2 2 2 - +yn 3 3 3 3 - +ynl - 5 5 2 - + +Function ix86 IA64 PowerPC S/390 SH4 +acosf - - - - - +acos - - - - - +acosl 622 - 1 - - +acoshf - - - - - +acosh - - - - - +acoshl - - 1 - - +asinf - - - - 2 +asin - - - - 1 +asinl 1 - 2 - - +asinhf - - - - - +asinh - - - - - +asinhl - - 1 - - +atanf - - - - - +atan - - - - - +atanl - - - - - +atanhf - - 1 1 - +atanh - - - - 1 +atanhl 1 - - - - +atan2f - - 1 1 4 +atan2 - - - - - +atan2l - - 1 1 - +cabsf - - - - 1 +cabs - - - - 1 +cabsl - - 1 - - +cacosf 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 - - 1 + i 1 +cacos - - - - 1 + i 0 +cacosl 0 + i 2 0 + i 2 1 + i 1 0 + i 1 - +cacoshf 9 + i 4 7 + i 0 7 + i 3 7 + i 3 7 + i 3 +cacosh 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 +cacoshl 6 + i 1 7 + i 1 1 + i 0 0 + i 1 - +cargf - - - - - +carg - - - - - +cargl - - - - - +casinf 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 2 + i 1 +casin 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 3 + i 0 +casinl 2 + i 2 2 + i 2 1 + i 1 0 + i 1 - +casinhf 1 + i 6 1 + i 6 1 + i 6 1 + i 6 1 + i 6 +casinh 5 + i 3 5 + i 3 5 + i 3 5 + i 3 5 + i 3 +casinhl 5 + i 5 5 + i 5 4 + i 1 4 + i 2 - +catanf 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 4 + i 1 4 + i 1 4 + i 1 +catan 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 +catanl - - 1 + i 1 0 + i 1 - +catanhf 1 + i 0 - 0 + i 6 0 + i 6 1 + i 6 +catanh 2 + i 0 4 + i 0 4 + i 0 4 + i 0 4 + i 1 +catanhl 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 - 1 + i 1 - +cbrtf - - - - - +cbrt - - 1 1 1 +cbrtl 1 - 1 1 - +ccosf 0 + i 1 0 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 0 + i 1 +ccos 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 1 + i 0 1 + i 1 +ccosl 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 1 + i 1 - 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The numbers generated are not truly random; +typically, they form a sequence that repeats periodically, with a period +so large that you can ignore it for ordinary purposes. The random +number generator works by remembering a "seed" value which it uses to +compute the next random number and also to compute a new seed. + + Although the generated numbers look unpredictable within one run of a +program, the sequence of numbers is _exactly the same_ from one run to +the next. This is because the initial seed is always the same. This +is convenient when you are debugging a program, but it is unhelpful if +you want the program to behave unpredictably. If you want a different +pseudo-random series each time your program runs, you must specify a +different seed each time. For ordinary purposes, basing the seed on the +current time works well. + + You can obtain repeatable sequences of numbers on a particular +machine type by specifying the same initial seed value for the random +number generator. There is no standard meaning for a particular seed +value; the same seed, used in different C libraries or on different CPU +types, will give you different random numbers. + + The GNU library supports the standard ISO C random number functions +plus two other sets derived from BSD and SVID. The BSD and ISO C +functions provide identical, somewhat limited functionality. If only a +small number of random bits are required, we recommend you use the +ISO C interface, `rand' and `srand'. The SVID functions provide a more +flexible interface, which allows better random number generator +algorithms, provides more random bits (up to 48) per call, and can +provide random floating-point numbers. These functions are required by +the XPG standard and therefore will be present in all modern Unix +systems. + +* Menu: + +* ISO Random:: `rand' and friends. +* BSD Random:: `random' and friends. +* SVID Random:: `drand48' and friends. + + +File: libc.info, Node: ISO Random, Next: BSD Random, Up: Pseudo-Random Numbers + +19.8.1 ISO C Random Number Functions +------------------------------------ + +This section describes the random number functions that are part of the +ISO C standard. + + To use these facilities, you should include the header file +`stdlib.h' in your program. + + -- Macro: int RAND_MAX + The value of this macro is an integer constant representing the + largest value the `rand' function can return. In the GNU library, + it is `2147483647', which is the largest signed integer + representable in 32 bits. In other libraries, it may be as low as + `32767'. + + -- Function: int rand (void) + The `rand' function returns the next pseudo-random number in the + series. The value ranges from `0' to `RAND_MAX'. + + -- Function: void srand (unsigned int SEED) + This function establishes SEED as the seed for a new series of + pseudo-random numbers. If you call `rand' before a seed has been + established with `srand', it uses the value `1' as a default seed. + + To produce a different pseudo-random series each time your program + is run, do `srand (time (0))'. + + POSIX.1 extended the C standard functions to support reproducible +random numbers in multi-threaded programs. However, the extension is +badly designed and unsuitable for serious work. + + -- Function: int rand_r (unsigned int *SEED) + This function returns a random number in the range 0 to `RAND_MAX' + just as `rand' does. However, all its state is stored in the SEED + argument. This means the RNG's state can only have as many bits + as the type `unsigned int' has. This is far too few to provide a + good RNG. + + If your program requires a reentrant RNG, we recommend you use the + reentrant GNU extensions to the SVID random number generator. The + POSIX.1 interface should only be used when the GNU extensions are + not available. + + +File: libc.info, Node: BSD Random, Next: SVID Random, Prev: ISO Random, Up: Pseudo-Random Numbers + +19.8.2 BSD Random Number Functions +---------------------------------- + +This section describes a set of random number generation functions that +are derived from BSD. There is no advantage to using these functions +with the GNU C library; we support them for BSD compatibility only. + + The prototypes for these functions are in `stdlib.h'. + + -- Function: long int random (void) + This function returns the next pseudo-random number in the + sequence. The value returned ranges from `0' to `RAND_MAX'. + + *NB:* Temporarily this function was defined to return a `int32_t' + value to indicate that the return value always contains 32 bits + even if `long int' is wider. The standard demands it differently. + Users must always be aware of the 32-bit limitation, though. + + -- Function: void srandom (unsigned int SEED) + The `srandom' function sets the state of the random number + generator based on the integer SEED. If you supply a SEED value + of `1', this will cause `random' to reproduce the default set of + random numbers. + + To produce a different set of pseudo-random numbers each time your + program runs, do `srandom (time (0))'. + + -- Function: void * initstate (unsigned int SEED, void *STATE, size_t + SIZE) + The `initstate' function is used to initialize the random number + generator state. The argument STATE is an array of SIZE bytes, + used to hold the state information. It is initialized based on + SEED. The size must be between 8 and 256 bytes, and should be a + power of two. The bigger the STATE array, the better. + + The return value is the previous value of the state information + array. You can use this value later as an argument to `setstate' + to restore that state. + + -- Function: void * setstate (void *STATE) + The `setstate' function restores the random number state + information STATE. The argument must have been the result of a + previous call to INITSTATE or SETSTATE. + + The return value is the previous value of the state information + array. You can use this value later as an argument to `setstate' + to restore that state. + + If the function fails the return value is `NULL'. + + The four functions described so far in this section all work on a +state which is shared by all threads. The state is not directly +accessible to the user and can only be modified by these functions. +This makes it hard to deal with situations where each thread should +have its own pseudo-random number generator. + + The GNU C library contains four additional functions which contain +the state as an explicit parameter and therefore make it possible to +handle thread-local PRNGs. Beside this there are no difference. In +fact, the four functions already discussed are implemented internally +using the following interfaces. + + The `stdlib.h' header contains a definition of the following type: + + -- Data Type: struct random_data + Objects of type `struct random_data' contain the information + necessary to represent the state of the PRNG. Although a complete + definition of the type is present the type should be treated as + opaque. + + The functions modifying the state follow exactly the already +described functions. + + -- Function: int random_r (struct random_data *restrict BUF, int32_t + *restrict RESULT) + The `random_r' function behaves exactly like the `random' function + except that it uses and modifies the state in the object pointed + to by the first parameter instead of the global state. + + -- Function: int srandom_r (unsigned int SEED, struct random_data *BUF) + The `srandom_r' function behaves exactly like the `srandom' + function except that it uses and modifies the state in the object + pointed to by the second parameter instead of the global state. + + -- Function: int initstate_r (unsigned int SEED, char *restrict + STATEBUF, size_t STATELEN, struct random_data *restrict BUF) + The `initstate_r' function behaves exactly like the `initstate' + function except that it uses and modifies the state in the object + pointed to by the fourth parameter instead of the global state. + + -- Function: int setstate_r (char *restrict STATEBUF, struct + random_data *restrict BUF) + The `setstate_r' function behaves exactly like the `setstate' + function except that it uses and modifies the state in the object + pointed to by the first parameter instead of the global state. + + +File: libc.info, Node: SVID Random, Prev: BSD Random, Up: Pseudo-Random Numbers + +19.8.3 SVID Random Number Function +---------------------------------- + +The C library on SVID systems contains yet another kind of random number +generator functions. They use a state of 48 bits of data. The user can +choose among a collection of functions which return the random bits in +different forms. + + Generally there are two kinds of function. The first uses a state of +the random number generator which is shared among several functions and +by all threads of the process. The second requires the user to handle +the state. + + All functions have in common that they use the same congruential +formula with the same constants. The formula is + + Y = (a * X + c) mod m + +where X is the state of the generator at the beginning and Y the state +at the end. `a' and `c' are constants determining the way the +generator works. By default they are + + a = 0x5DEECE66D = 25214903917 + c = 0xb = 11 + +but they can also be changed by the user. `m' is of course 2^48 since +the state consists of a 48-bit array. + + The prototypes for these functions are in `stdlib.h'. + + -- Function: double drand48 (void) + This function returns a `double' value in the range of `0.0' to + `1.0' (exclusive). The random bits are determined by the global + state of the random number generator in the C library. + + Since the `double' type according to IEEE 754 has a 52-bit + mantissa this means 4 bits are not initialized by the random number + generator. These are (of course) chosen to be the least + significant bits and they are initialized to `0'. + + -- Function: double erand48 (unsigned short int XSUBI[3]) + This function returns a `double' value in the range of `0.0' to + `1.0' (exclusive), similarly to `drand48'. The argument is an + array describing the state of the random number generator. + + This function can be called subsequently since it updates the + array to guarantee random numbers. The array should have been + initialized before initial use to obtain reproducible results. + + -- Function: long int lrand48 (void) + The `lrand48' function returns an integer value in the range of + `0' to `2^31' (exclusive). Even if the size of the `long int' + type can take more than 32 bits, no higher numbers are returned. + The random bits are determined by the global state of the random + number generator in the C library. + + -- Function: long int nrand48 (unsigned short int XSUBI[3]) + This function is similar to the `lrand48' function in that it + returns a number in the range of `0' to `2^31' (exclusive) but the + state of the random number generator used to produce the random + bits is determined by the array provided as the parameter to the + function. + + The numbers in the array are updated afterwards so that subsequent + calls to this function yield different results (as is expected of + a random number generator). The array should have been + initialized before the first call to obtain reproducible results. + + -- Function: long int mrand48 (void) + The `mrand48' function is similar to `lrand48'. The only + difference is that the numbers returned are in the range `-2^31' to + `2^31' (exclusive). + + -- Function: long int jrand48 (unsigned short int XSUBI[3]) + The `jrand48' function is similar to `nrand48'. The only + difference is that the numbers returned are in the range `-2^31' to + `2^31' (exclusive). For the `xsubi' parameter the same + requirements are necessary. + + The internal state of the random number generator can be initialized +in several ways. The methods differ in the completeness of the +information provided. + + -- Function: void srand48 (long int SEEDVAL) + The `srand48' function sets the most significant 32 bits of the + internal state of the random number generator to the least + significant 32 bits of the SEEDVAL parameter. The lower 16 bits + are initialized to the value `0x330E'. Even if the `long int' + type contains more than 32 bits only the lower 32 bits are used. + + Owing to this limitation, initialization of the state of this + function is not very useful. But it makes it easy to use a + construct like `srand48 (time (0))'. + + A side-effect of this function is that the values `a' and `c' from + the internal state, which are used in the congruential formula, + are reset to the default values given above. This is of + importance once the user has called the `lcong48' function (see + below). + + -- Function: unsigned short int * seed48 (unsigned short int + SEED16V[3]) + The `seed48' function initializes all 48 bits of the state of the + internal random number generator from the contents of the parameter + SEED16V. Here the lower 16 bits of the first element of SEE16V + initialize the least significant 16 bits of the internal state, + the lower 16 bits of `SEED16V[1]' initialize the mid-order 16 bits + of the state and the 16 lower bits of `SEED16V[2]' initialize the + most significant 16 bits of the state. + + Unlike `srand48' this function lets the user initialize all 48 bits + of the state. + + The value returned by `seed48' is a pointer to an array containing + the values of the internal state before the change. This might be + useful to restart the random number generator at a certain state. + Otherwise the value can simply be ignored. + + As for `srand48', the values `a' and `c' from the congruential + formula are reset to the default values. + + There is one more function to initialize the random number generator +which enables you to specify even more information by allowing you to +change the parameters in the congruential formula. + + -- Function: void lcong48 (unsigned short int PARAM[7]) + The `lcong48' function allows the user to change the complete state + of the random number generator. Unlike `srand48' and `seed48', + this function also changes the constants in the congruential + formula. + + From the seven elements in the array PARAM the least significant + 16 bits of the entries `PARAM[0]' to `PARAM[2]' determine the + initial state, the least significant 16 bits of `PARAM[3]' to + `PARAM[5]' determine the 48 bit constant `a' and `PARAM[6]' + determines the 16-bit value `c'. + + All the above functions have in common that they use the global +parameters for the congruential formula. In multi-threaded programs it +might sometimes be useful to have different parameters in different +threads. For this reason all the above functions have a counterpart +which works on a description of the random number generator in the +user-supplied buffer instead of the global state. + + Please note that it is no problem if several threads use the global +state if all threads use the functions which take a pointer to an array +containing the state. The random numbers are computed following the +same loop but if the state in the array is different all threads will +obtain an individual random number generator. + + The user-supplied buffer must be of type `struct drand48_data'. +This type should be regarded as opaque and not manipulated directly. + + -- Function: int drand48_r (struct drand48_data *BUFFER, double + *RESULT) + This function is equivalent to the `drand48' function with the + difference that it does not modify the global random number + generator parameters but instead the parameters in the buffer + supplied through the pointer BUFFER. The random number is + returned in the variable pointed to by RESULT. + + The return value of the function indicates whether the call + succeeded. If the value is less than `0' an error occurred and + ERRNO is set to indicate the problem. + + This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable + programs. + + -- Function: int erand48_r (unsigned short int XSUBI[3], struct + drand48_data *BUFFER, double *RESULT) + The `erand48_r' function works like `erand48', but in addition it + takes an argument BUFFER which describes the random number + generator. The state of the random number generator is taken from + the `xsubi' array, the parameters for the congruential formula + from the global random number generator data. The random number + is returned in the variable pointed to by RESULT. + + The return value is non-negative if the call succeeded. + + This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable + programs. + + -- Function: int lrand48_r (struct drand48_data *BUFFER, double + *RESULT) + This function is similar to `lrand48', but in addition it takes a + pointer to a buffer describing the state of the random number + generator just like `drand48'. + + If the return value of the function is non-negative the variable + pointed to by RESULT contains the result. Otherwise an error + occurred. + + This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable + programs. + + -- Function: int nrand48_r (unsigned short int XSUBI[3], struct + drand48_data *BUFFER, long int *RESULT) + The `nrand48_r' function works like `nrand48' in that it produces + a random number in the range `0' to `2^31'. But instead of using + the global parameters for the congruential formula it uses the + information from the buffer pointed to by BUFFER. The state is + described by the values in XSUBI. + + If the return value is non-negative the variable pointed to by + RESULT contains the result. + + This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable + programs. + + -- Function: int mrand48_r (struct drand48_data *BUFFER, double + *RESULT) + This function is similar to `mrand48' but like the other reentrant + functions it uses the random number generator described by the + value in the buffer pointed to by BUFFER. + + If the return value is non-negative the variable pointed to by + RESULT contains the result. + + This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable + programs. + + -- Function: int jrand48_r (unsigned short int XSUBI[3], struct + drand48_data *BUFFER, long int *RESULT) + The `jrand48_r' function is similar to `jrand48'. Like the other + reentrant functions of this function family it uses the + congruential formula parameters from the buffer pointed to by + BUFFER. + + If the return value is non-negative the variable pointed to by + RESULT contains the result. + + This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable + programs. + + Before any of the above functions are used the buffer of type +`struct drand48_data' should be initialized. The easiest way to do +this is to fill the whole buffer with null bytes, e.g. by + + memset (buffer, '\0', sizeof (struct drand48_data)); + +Using any of the reentrant functions of this family now will +automatically initialize the random number generator to the default +values for the state and the parameters of the congruential formula. + + The other possibility is to use any of the functions which explicitly +initialize the buffer. Though it might be obvious how to initialize the +buffer from looking at the parameter to the function, it is highly +recommended to use these functions since the result might not always be +what you expect. + + -- Function: int srand48_r (long int SEEDVAL, struct drand48_data + *BUFFER) + The description of the random number generator represented by the + information in BUFFER is initialized similarly to what the function + `srand48' does. The state is initialized from the parameter + SEEDVAL and the parameters for the congruential formula are + initialized to their default values. + + If the return value is non-negative the function call succeeded. + + This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable + programs. + + -- Function: int seed48_r (unsigned short int SEED16V[3], struct + drand48_data *BUFFER) + This function is similar to `srand48_r' but like `seed48' it + initializes all 48 bits of the state from the parameter SEED16V. + + If the return value is non-negative the function call succeeded. + It does not return a pointer to the previous state of the random + number generator like the `seed48' function does. If the user + wants to preserve the state for a later re-run s/he can copy the + whole buffer pointed to by BUFFER. + + This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable + programs. + + -- Function: int lcong48_r (unsigned short int PARAM[7], struct + drand48_data *BUFFER) + This function initializes all aspects of the random number + generator described in BUFFER with the data in PARAM. Here it is + especially true that the function does more than just copying the + contents of PARAM and BUFFER. More work is required and therefore + it is important to use this function rather than initializing the + random number generator directly. + + If the return value is non-negative the function call succeeded. + + This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable + programs. + + +File: libc.info, Node: FP Function Optimizations, Prev: Pseudo-Random Numbers, Up: Mathematics + +19.9 Is Fast Code or Small Code preferred? +========================================== + +If an application uses many floating point functions it is often the +case that the cost of the function calls themselves is not negligible. +Modern processors can often execute the operations themselves very +fast, but the function call disrupts the instruction pipeline. + + For this reason the GNU C Library provides optimizations for many of +the frequently-used math functions. When GNU CC is used and the user +activates the optimizer, several new inline functions and macros are +defined. These new functions and macros have the same names as the +library functions and so are used instead of the latter. In the case of +inline functions the compiler will decide whether it is reasonable to +use them, and this decision is usually correct. + + This means that no calls to the library functions may be necessary, +and can increase the speed of generated code significantly. The +drawback is that code size will increase, and the increase is not +always negligible. + + There are two kind of inline functions: Those that give the same +result as the library functions and others that might not set `errno' +and might have a reduced precision and/or argument range in comparison +with the library functions. The latter inline functions are only +available if the flag `-ffast-math' is given to GNU CC. + + In cases where the inline functions and macros are not wanted the +symbol `__NO_MATH_INLINES' should be defined before any system header is +included. This will ensure that only library functions are used. Of +course, it can be determined for each file in the project whether +giving this option is preferable or not. + + Not all hardware implements the entire IEEE 754 standard, and even +if it does there may be a substantial performance penalty for using some +of its features. For example, enabling traps on some processors forces +the FPU to run un-pipelined, which can more than double calculation +time. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Arithmetic, Next: Date and Time, Prev: Mathematics, Up: Top + +20 Arithmetic Functions +*********************** + +This chapter contains information about functions for doing basic +arithmetic operations, such as splitting a float into its integer and +fractional parts or retrieving the imaginary part of a complex value. +These functions are declared in the header files `math.h' and +`complex.h'. + +* Menu: + +* Integers:: Basic integer types and concepts +* Integer Division:: Integer division with guaranteed rounding. +* Floating Point Numbers:: Basic concepts. IEEE 754. +* Floating Point Classes:: The five kinds of floating-point number. +* Floating Point Errors:: When something goes wrong in a calculation. +* Rounding:: Controlling how results are rounded. +* Control Functions:: Saving and restoring the FPU's state. +* Arithmetic Functions:: Fundamental operations provided by the library. +* Complex Numbers:: The types. Writing complex constants. +* Operations on Complex:: Projection, conjugation, decomposition. +* Parsing of Numbers:: Converting strings to numbers. +* System V Number Conversion:: An archaic way to convert numbers to strings. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Integers, Next: Integer Division, Up: Arithmetic + +20.1 Integers +============= + +The C language defines several integer data types: integer, short +integer, long integer, and character, all in both signed and unsigned +varieties. The GNU C compiler extends the language to contain long +long integers as well. + + The C integer types were intended to allow code to be portable among +machines with different inherent data sizes (word sizes), so each type +may have different ranges on different machines. The problem with this +is that a program often needs to be written for a particular range of +integers, and sometimes must be written for a particular size of +storage, regardless of what machine the program runs on. + + To address this problem, the GNU C library contains C type +definitions you can use to declare integers that meet your exact needs. +Because the GNU C library header files are customized to a specific +machine, your program source code doesn't have to be. + + These `typedef's are in `stdint.h'. + + If you require that an integer be represented in exactly N bits, use +one of the following types, with the obvious mapping to bit size and +signedness: + + * int8_t + + * int16_t + + * int32_t + + * int64_t + + * uint8_t + + * uint16_t + + * uint32_t + + * uint64_t + + If your C compiler and target machine do not allow integers of a +certain size, the corresponding above type does not exist. + + If you don't need a specific storage size, but want the smallest data +structure with _at least_ N bits, use one of these: + + * int_least8_t + + * int_least16_t + + * int_least32_t + + * int_least64_t + + * uint_least8_t + + * uint_least16_t + + * uint_least32_t + + * uint_least64_t + + If you don't need a specific storage size, but want the data +structure that allows the fastest access while having at least N bits +(and among data structures with the same access speed, the smallest +one), use one of these: + + * int_fast8_t + + * int_fast16_t + + * int_fast32_t + + * int_fast64_t + + * uint_fast8_t + + * uint_fast16_t + + * uint_fast32_t + + * uint_fast64_t + + If you want an integer with the widest range possible on the +platform on which it is being used, use one of the following. If you +use these, you should write code that takes into account the variable +size and range of the integer. + + * intmax_t + + * uintmax_t + + The GNU C library also provides macros that tell you the maximum and +minimum possible values for each integer data type. The macro names +follow these examples: `INT32_MAX', `UINT8_MAX', `INT_FAST32_MIN', +`INT_LEAST64_MIN', `UINTMAX_MAX', `INTMAX_MAX', `INTMAX_MIN'. Note +that there are no macros for unsigned integer minima. These are always +zero. + + There are similar macros for use with C's built in integer types +which should come with your C compiler. These are described in *note +Data Type Measurements::. + + Don't forget you can use the C `sizeof' function with any of these +data types to get the number of bytes of storage each uses. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Integer Division, Next: Floating Point Numbers, Prev: Integers, Up: Arithmetic + +20.2 Integer Division +===================== + +This section describes functions for performing integer division. These +functions are redundant when GNU CC is used, because in GNU C the `/' +operator always rounds towards zero. But in other C implementations, +`/' may round differently with negative arguments. `div' and `ldiv' +are useful because they specify how to round the quotient: towards +zero. The remainder has the same sign as the numerator. + + These functions are specified to return a result R such that the +value `R.quot*DENOMINATOR + R.rem' equals NUMERATOR. + + To use these facilities, you should include the header file +`stdlib.h' in your program. + + -- Data Type: div_t + This is a structure type used to hold the result returned by the + `div' function. It has the following members: + + `int quot' + The quotient from the division. + + `int rem' + The remainder from the division. + + -- Function: div_t div (int NUMERATOR, int DENOMINATOR) + This function `div' computes the quotient and remainder from the + division of NUMERATOR by DENOMINATOR, returning the result in a + structure of type `div_t'. + + If the result cannot be represented (as in a division by zero), the + behavior is undefined. + + Here is an example, albeit not a very useful one. + + div_t result; + result = div (20, -6); + + Now `result.quot' is `-3' and `result.rem' is `2'. + + -- Data Type: ldiv_t + This is a structure type used to hold the result returned by the + `ldiv' function. It has the following members: + + `long int quot' + The quotient from the division. + + `long int rem' + The remainder from the division. + + (This is identical to `div_t' except that the components are of + type `long int' rather than `int'.) + + -- Function: ldiv_t ldiv (long int NUMERATOR, long int DENOMINATOR) + The `ldiv' function is similar to `div', except that the arguments + are of type `long int' and the result is returned as a structure + of type `ldiv_t'. + + -- Data Type: lldiv_t + This is a structure type used to hold the result returned by the + `lldiv' function. It has the following members: + + `long long int quot' + The quotient from the division. + + `long long int rem' + The remainder from the division. + + (This is identical to `div_t' except that the components are of + type `long long int' rather than `int'.) + + -- Function: lldiv_t lldiv (long long int NUMERATOR, long long int + DENOMINATOR) + The `lldiv' function is like the `div' function, but the arguments + are of type `long long int' and the result is returned as a + structure of type `lldiv_t'. + + The `lldiv' function was added in ISO C99. + + -- Data Type: imaxdiv_t + This is a structure type used to hold the result returned by the + `imaxdiv' function. It has the following members: + + `intmax_t quot' + The quotient from the division. + + `intmax_t rem' + The remainder from the division. + + (This is identical to `div_t' except that the components are of + type `intmax_t' rather than `int'.) + + See *note Integers:: for a description of the `intmax_t' type. + + + -- Function: imaxdiv_t imaxdiv (intmax_t NUMERATOR, intmax_t + DENOMINATOR) + The `imaxdiv' function is like the `div' function, but the + arguments are of type `intmax_t' and the result is returned as a + structure of type `imaxdiv_t'. + + See *note Integers:: for a description of the `intmax_t' type. + + The `imaxdiv' function was added in ISO C99. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Floating Point Numbers, Next: Floating Point Classes, Prev: Integer Division, Up: Arithmetic + +20.3 Floating Point Numbers +=========================== + +Most computer hardware has support for two different kinds of numbers: +integers (...-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3...) and floating-point numbers. +Floating-point numbers have three parts: the "mantissa", the +"exponent", and the "sign bit". The real number represented by a +floating-point value is given by (s ? -1 : 1) * 2^e * M where s is the +sign bit, e the exponent, and M the mantissa. *Note Floating Point +Concepts::, for details. (It is possible to have a different "base" +for the exponent, but all modern hardware uses 2.) + + Floating-point numbers can represent a finite subset of the real +numbers. While this subset is large enough for most purposes, it is +important to remember that the only reals that can be represented +exactly are rational numbers that have a terminating binary expansion +shorter than the width of the mantissa. Even simple fractions such as +1/5 can only be approximated by floating point. + + Mathematical operations and functions frequently need to produce +values that are not representable. Often these values can be +approximated closely enough for practical purposes, but sometimes they +can't. Historically there was no way to tell when the results of a +calculation were inaccurate. Modern computers implement the IEEE 754 +standard for numerical computations, which defines a framework for +indicating to the program when the results of calculation are not +trustworthy. This framework consists of a set of "exceptions" that +indicate why a result could not be represented, and the special values +"infinity" and "not a number" (NaN). + + +File: libc.info, Node: Floating Point Classes, Next: Floating Point Errors, Prev: Floating Point Numbers, Up: Arithmetic + +20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions +=================================================== + +ISO C99 defines macros that let you determine what sort of +floating-point number a variable holds. + + -- Macro: int fpclassify (_float-type_ X) + This is a generic macro which works on all floating-point types and + which returns a value of type `int'. The possible values are: + + `FP_NAN' + The floating-point number X is "Not a Number" (*note Infinity + and NaN::) + + `FP_INFINITE' + The value of X is either plus or minus infinity (*note + Infinity and NaN::) + + `FP_ZERO' + The value of X is zero. In floating-point formats like + IEEE 754, where zero can be signed, this value is also + returned if X is negative zero. + + `FP_SUBNORMAL' + Numbers whose absolute value is too small to be represented + in the normal format are represented in an alternate, + "denormalized" format (*note Floating Point Concepts::). + This format is less precise but can represent values closer + to zero. `fpclassify' returns this value for values of X in + this alternate format. + + `FP_NORMAL' + This value is returned for all other values of X. It + indicates that there is nothing special about the number. + + + `fpclassify' is most useful if more than one property of a number +must be tested. There are more specific macros which only test one +property at a time. Generally these macros execute faster than +`fpclassify', since there is special hardware support for them. You +should therefore use the specific macros whenever possible. + + -- Macro: int isfinite (_float-type_ X) + This macro returns a nonzero value if X is finite: not plus or + minus infinity, and not NaN. It is equivalent to + + (fpclassify (x) != FP_NAN && fpclassify (x) != FP_INFINITE) + + `isfinite' is implemented as a macro which accepts any + floating-point type. + + -- Macro: int isnormal (_float-type_ X) + This macro returns a nonzero value if X is finite and normalized. + It is equivalent to + + (fpclassify (x) == FP_NORMAL) + + -- Macro: int isnan (_float-type_ X) + This macro returns a nonzero value if X is NaN. It is equivalent + to + + (fpclassify (x) == FP_NAN) + + Another set of floating-point classification functions was provided +by BSD. The GNU C library also supports these functions; however, we +recommend that you use the ISO C99 macros in new code. Those are +standard and will be available more widely. Also, since they are +macros, you do not have to worry about the type of their argument. + + -- Function: int isinf (double X) + -- Function: int isinff (float X) + -- Function: int isinfl (long double X) + This function returns `-1' if X represents negative infinity, `1' + if X represents positive infinity, and `0' otherwise. + + -- Function: int isnan (double X) + -- Function: int isnanf (float X) + -- Function: int isnanl (long double X) + This function returns a nonzero value if X is a "not a number" + value, and zero otherwise. + + *NB:* The `isnan' macro defined by ISO C99 overrides the BSD + function. This is normally not a problem, because the two + routines behave identically. However, if you really need to get + the BSD function for some reason, you can write + + (isnan) (x) + + -- Function: int finite (double X) + -- Function: int finitef (float X) + -- Function: int finitel (long double X) + This function returns a nonzero value if X is finite or a "not a + number" value, and zero otherwise. + + *Portability Note:* The functions listed in this section are BSD +extensions. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Floating Point Errors, Next: Rounding, Prev: Floating Point Classes, Up: Arithmetic + +20.5 Errors in Floating-Point Calculations +========================================== + +* Menu: + +* FP Exceptions:: IEEE 754 math exceptions and how to detect them. +* Infinity and NaN:: Special values returned by calculations. +* Status bit operations:: Checking for exceptions after the fact. +* Math Error Reporting:: How the math functions report errors. + + +File: libc.info, Node: FP Exceptions, Next: Infinity and NaN, Up: Floating Point Errors + +20.5.1 FP Exceptions +-------------------- + +The IEEE 754 standard defines five "exceptions" that can occur during a +calculation. Each corresponds to a particular sort of error, such as +overflow. + + When exceptions occur (when exceptions are "raised", in the language +of the standard), one of two things can happen. By default the +exception is simply noted in the floating-point "status word", and the +program continues as if nothing had happened. The operation produces a +default value, which depends on the exception (see the table below). +Your program can check the status word to find out which exceptions +happened. + + Alternatively, you can enable "traps" for exceptions. In that case, +when an exception is raised, your program will receive the `SIGFPE' +signal. The default action for this signal is to terminate the +program. *Note Signal Handling::, for how you can change the effect of +the signal. + + In the System V math library, the user-defined function `matherr' is +called when certain exceptions occur inside math library functions. +However, the Unix98 standard deprecates this interface. We support it +for historical compatibility, but recommend that you do not use it in +new programs. + +The exceptions defined in IEEE 754 are: + +`Invalid Operation' + This exception is raised if the given operands are invalid for the + operation to be performed. Examples are (see IEEE 754, section 7): + 1. Addition or subtraction: oo - oo. (But oo + oo = oo). + + 2. Multiplication: 0 * oo. + + 3. Division: 0/0 or oo/oo. + + 4. Remainder: x REM y, where y is zero or x is infinite. + + 5. Square root if the operand is less then zero. More + generally, any mathematical function evaluated outside its + domain produces this exception. + + 6. Conversion of a floating-point number to an integer or decimal + string, when the number cannot be represented in the target + format (due to overflow, infinity, or NaN). + + 7. Conversion of an unrecognizable input string. + + 8. Comparison via predicates involving < or >, when one or other + of the operands is NaN. You can prevent this exception by + using the unordered comparison functions instead; see *note + FP Comparison Functions::. + + If the exception does not trap, the result of the operation is NaN. + +`Division by Zero' + This exception is raised when a finite nonzero number is divided + by zero. If no trap occurs the result is either +oo or -oo, + depending on the signs of the operands. + +`Overflow' + This exception is raised whenever the result cannot be represented + as a finite value in the precision format of the destination. If + no trap occurs the result depends on the sign of the intermediate + result and the current rounding mode (IEEE 754, section 7.3): + 1. Round to nearest carries all overflows to oo with the sign of + the intermediate result. + + 2. Round toward 0 carries all overflows to the largest + representable finite number with the sign of the intermediate + result. + + 3. Round toward -oo carries positive overflows to the largest + representable finite number and negative overflows to -oo. + + 4. Round toward oo carries negative overflows to the most + negative representable finite number and positive overflows + to oo. + + Whenever the overflow exception is raised, the inexact exception + is also raised. + +`Underflow' + The underflow exception is raised when an intermediate result is + too small to be calculated accurately, or if the operation's + result rounded to the destination precision is too small to be + normalized. + + When no trap is installed for the underflow exception, underflow is + signaled (via the underflow flag) only when both tininess and loss + of accuracy have been detected. If no trap handler is installed + the operation continues with an imprecise small value, or zero if + the destination precision cannot hold the small exact result. + +`Inexact' + This exception is signalled if a rounded result is not exact (such + as when calculating the square root of two) or a result overflows + without an overflow trap. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Infinity and NaN, Next: Status bit operations, Prev: FP Exceptions, Up: Floating Point Errors + +20.5.2 Infinity and NaN +----------------------- + +IEEE 754 floating point numbers can represent positive or negative +infinity, and "NaN" (not a number). These three values arise from +calculations whose result is undefined or cannot be represented +accurately. You can also deliberately set a floating-point variable to +any of them, which is sometimes useful. Some examples of calculations +that produce infinity or NaN: + + 1/0 = oo + log (0) = -oo + sqrt (-1) = NaN + + When a calculation produces any of these values, an exception also +occurs; see *note FP Exceptions::. + + The basic operations and math functions all accept infinity and NaN +and produce sensible output. Infinities propagate through calculations +as one would expect: for example, 2 + oo = oo, 4/oo = 0, atan (oo) = +pi/2. NaN, on the other hand, infects any calculation that involves +it. Unless the calculation would produce the same result no matter +what real value replaced NaN, the result is NaN. + + In comparison operations, positive infinity is larger than all values +except itself and NaN, and negative infinity is smaller than all values +except itself and NaN. NaN is "unordered": it is not equal to, greater +than, or less than anything, _including itself_. `x == x' is false if +the value of `x' is NaN. You can use this to test whether a value is +NaN or not, but the recommended way to test for NaN is with the `isnan' +function (*note Floating Point Classes::). In addition, `<', `>', +`<=', and `>=' will raise an exception when applied to NaNs. + + `math.h' defines macros that allow you to explicitly set a variable +to infinity or NaN. + + -- Macro: float INFINITY + An expression representing positive infinity. It is equal to the + value produced by mathematical operations like `1.0 / 0.0'. + `-INFINITY' represents negative infinity. + + You can test whether a floating-point value is infinite by + comparing it to this macro. However, this is not recommended; you + should use the `isfinite' macro instead. *Note Floating Point + Classes::. + + This macro was introduced in the ISO C99 standard. + + -- Macro: float NAN + An expression representing a value which is "not a number". This + macro is a GNU extension, available only on machines that support + the "not a number" value--that is to say, on all machines that + support IEEE floating point. + + You can use `#ifdef NAN' to test whether the machine supports NaN. + (Of course, you must arrange for GNU extensions to be visible, + such as by defining `_GNU_SOURCE', and then you must include + `math.h'.) + + IEEE 754 also allows for another unusual value: negative zero. This +value is produced when you divide a positive number by negative +infinity, or when a negative result is smaller than the limits of +representation. Negative zero behaves identically to zero in all +calculations, unless you explicitly test the sign bit with `signbit' or +`copysign'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Status bit operations, Next: Math Error Reporting, Prev: Infinity and NaN, Up: Floating Point Errors + +20.5.3 Examining the FPU status word +------------------------------------ + +ISO C99 defines functions to query and manipulate the floating-point +status word. You can use these functions to check for untrapped +exceptions when it's convenient, rather than worrying about them in the +middle of a calculation. + + These constants represent the various IEEE 754 exceptions. Not all +FPUs report all the different exceptions. Each constant is defined if +and only if the FPU you are compiling for supports that exception, so +you can test for FPU support with `#ifdef'. They are defined in +`fenv.h'. + +`FE_INEXACT' + The inexact exception. + +`FE_DIVBYZERO' + The divide by zero exception. + +`FE_UNDERFLOW' + The underflow exception. + +`FE_OVERFLOW' + The overflow exception. + +`FE_INVALID' + The invalid exception. + + The macro `FE_ALL_EXCEPT' is the bitwise OR of all exception macros +which are supported by the FP implementation. + + These functions allow you to clear exception flags, test for +exceptions, and save and restore the set of exceptions flagged. + + -- Function: int feclearexcept (int EXCEPTS) + This function clears all of the supported exception flags + indicated by EXCEPTS. + + The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a + non-zero value otherwise. + + -- Function: int feraiseexcept (int EXCEPTS) + This function raises the supported exceptions indicated by + EXCEPTS. If more than one exception bit in EXCEPTS is set the + order in which the exceptions are raised is undefined except that + overflow (`FE_OVERFLOW') or underflow (`FE_UNDERFLOW') are raised + before inexact (`FE_INEXACT'). Whether for overflow or underflow + the inexact exception is also raised is also implementation + dependent. + + The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a + non-zero value otherwise. + + -- Function: int fetestexcept (int EXCEPTS) + Test whether the exception flags indicated by the parameter EXCEPT + are currently set. If any of them are, a nonzero value is returned + which specifies which exceptions are set. Otherwise the result is + zero. + + To understand these functions, imagine that the status word is an +integer variable named STATUS. `feclearexcept' is then equivalent to +`status &= ~excepts' and `fetestexcept' is equivalent to `(status & +excepts)'. The actual implementation may be very different, of course. + + Exception flags are only cleared when the program explicitly +requests it, by calling `feclearexcept'. If you want to check for +exceptions from a set of calculations, you should clear all the flags +first. Here is a simple example of the way to use `fetestexcept': + + { + double f; + int raised; + feclearexcept (FE_ALL_EXCEPT); + f = compute (); + raised = fetestexcept (FE_OVERFLOW | FE_INVALID); + if (raised & FE_OVERFLOW) { /* ... */ } + if (raised & FE_INVALID) { /* ... */ } + /* ... */ + } + + You cannot explicitly set bits in the status word. You can, however, +save the entire status word and restore it later. This is done with the +following functions: + + -- Function: int fegetexceptflag (fexcept_t *FLAGP, int EXCEPTS) + This function stores in the variable pointed to by FLAGP an + implementation-defined value representing the current setting of + the exception flags indicated by EXCEPTS. + + The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a + non-zero value otherwise. + + -- Function: int fesetexceptflag (const fexcept_t *FLAGP, int EXCEPTS) + This function restores the flags for the exceptions indicated by + EXCEPTS to the values stored in the variable pointed to by FLAGP. + + The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a + non-zero value otherwise. + + Note that the value stored in `fexcept_t' bears no resemblance to +the bit mask returned by `fetestexcept'. The type may not even be an +integer. Do not attempt to modify an `fexcept_t' variable. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Math Error Reporting, Prev: Status bit operations, Up: Floating Point Errors + +20.5.4 Error Reporting by Mathematical Functions +------------------------------------------------ + +Many of the math functions are defined only over a subset of the real or +complex numbers. Even if they are mathematically defined, their result +may be larger or smaller than the range representable by their return +type. These are known as "domain errors", "overflows", and +"underflows", respectively. Math functions do several things when one +of these errors occurs. In this manual we will refer to the complete +response as "signalling" a domain error, overflow, or underflow. + + When a math function suffers a domain error, it raises the invalid +exception and returns NaN. It also sets ERRNO to `EDOM'; this is for +compatibility with old systems that do not support IEEE 754 exception +handling. Likewise, when overflow occurs, math functions raise the +overflow exception and return oo or -oo as appropriate. They also set +ERRNO to `ERANGE'. When underflow occurs, the underflow exception is +raised, and zero (appropriately signed) is returned. ERRNO may be set +to `ERANGE', but this is not guaranteed. + + Some of the math functions are defined mathematically to result in a +complex value over parts of their domains. The most familiar example of +this is taking the square root of a negative number. The complex math +functions, such as `csqrt', will return the appropriate complex value +in this case. The real-valued functions, such as `sqrt', will signal a +domain error. + + Some older hardware does not support infinities. On that hardware, +overflows instead return a particular very large number (usually the +largest representable number). `math.h' defines macros you can use to +test for overflow on both old and new hardware. + + -- Macro: double HUGE_VAL + -- Macro: float HUGE_VALF + -- Macro: long double HUGE_VALL + An expression representing a particular very large number. On + machines that use IEEE 754 floating point format, `HUGE_VAL' is + infinity. On other machines, it's typically the largest positive + number that can be represented. + + Mathematical functions return the appropriately typed version of + `HUGE_VAL' or `-HUGE_VAL' when the result is too large to be + represented. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Rounding, Next: Control Functions, Prev: Floating Point Errors, Up: Arithmetic + +20.6 Rounding Modes +=================== + +Floating-point calculations are carried out internally with extra +precision, and then rounded to fit into the destination type. This +ensures that results are as precise as the input data. IEEE 754 +defines four possible rounding modes: + +Round to nearest. + This is the default mode. It should be used unless there is a + specific need for one of the others. In this mode results are + rounded to the nearest representable value. If the result is + midway between two representable values, the even representable is + chosen. "Even" here means the lowest-order bit is zero. This + rounding mode prevents statistical bias and guarantees numeric + stability: round-off errors in a lengthy calculation will remain + smaller than half of `FLT_EPSILON'. + +Round toward plus Infinity. + All results are rounded to the smallest representable value which + is greater than the result. + +Round toward minus Infinity. + All results are rounded to the largest representable value which + is less than the result. + +Round toward zero. + All results are rounded to the largest representable value whose + magnitude is less than that of the result. In other words, if the + result is negative it is rounded up; if it is positive, it is + rounded down. + +`fenv.h' defines constants which you can use to refer to the various +rounding modes. Each one will be defined if and only if the FPU +supports the corresponding rounding mode. + +`FE_TONEAREST' + Round to nearest. + +`FE_UPWARD' + Round toward +oo. + +`FE_DOWNWARD' + Round toward -oo. + +`FE_TOWARDZERO' + Round toward zero. + + Underflow is an unusual case. Normally, IEEE 754 floating point +numbers are always normalized (*note Floating Point Concepts::). +Numbers smaller than 2^r (where r is the minimum exponent, +`FLT_MIN_RADIX-1' for FLOAT) cannot be represented as normalized +numbers. Rounding all such numbers to zero or 2^r would cause some +algorithms to fail at 0. Therefore, they are left in denormalized +form. That produces loss of precision, since some bits of the mantissa +are stolen to indicate the decimal point. + + If a result is too small to be represented as a denormalized number, +it is rounded to zero. However, the sign of the result is preserved; if +the calculation was negative, the result is "negative zero". Negative +zero can also result from some operations on infinity, such as 4/-oo. +Negative zero behaves identically to zero except when the `copysign' or +`signbit' functions are used to check the sign bit directly. + + At any time one of the above four rounding modes is selected. You +can find out which one with this function: + + -- Function: int fegetround (void) + Returns the currently selected rounding mode, represented by one + of the values of the defined rounding mode macros. + +To change the rounding mode, use this function: + + -- Function: int fesetround (int ROUND) + Changes the currently selected rounding mode to ROUND. If ROUND + does not correspond to one of the supported rounding modes nothing + is changed. `fesetround' returns zero if it changed the rounding + mode, a nonzero value if the mode is not supported. + + You should avoid changing the rounding mode if possible. It can be +an expensive operation; also, some hardware requires you to compile your +program differently for it to work. The resulting code may run slower. +See your compiler documentation for details. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Control Functions, Next: Arithmetic Functions, Prev: Rounding, Up: Arithmetic + +20.7 Floating-Point Control Functions +===================================== + +IEEE 754 floating-point implementations allow the programmer to decide +whether traps will occur for each of the exceptions, by setting bits in +the "control word". In C, traps result in the program receiving the +`SIGFPE' signal; see *note Signal Handling::. + + *NB:* IEEE 754 says that trap handlers are given details of the +exceptional situation, and can set the result value. C signals do not +provide any mechanism to pass this information back and forth. +Trapping exceptions in C is therefore not very useful. + + It is sometimes necessary to save the state of the floating-point +unit while you perform some calculation. The library provides functions +which save and restore the exception flags, the set of exceptions that +generate traps, and the rounding mode. This information is known as the +"floating-point environment". + + The functions to save and restore the floating-point environment all +use a variable of type `fenv_t' to store information. This type is +defined in `fenv.h'. Its size and contents are implementation-defined. +You should not attempt to manipulate a variable of this type directly. + + To save the state of the FPU, use one of these functions: + + -- Function: int fegetenv (fenv_t *ENVP) + Store the floating-point environment in the variable pointed to by + ENVP. + + The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a + non-zero value otherwise. + + -- Function: int feholdexcept (fenv_t *ENVP) + Store the current floating-point environment in the object pointed + to by ENVP. Then clear all exception flags, and set the FPU to + trap no exceptions. Not all FPUs support trapping no exceptions; + if `feholdexcept' cannot set this mode, it returns nonzero value. + If it succeeds, it returns zero. + + The functions which restore the floating-point environment can take +these kinds of arguments: + + * Pointers to `fenv_t' objects, which were initialized previously by + a call to `fegetenv' or `feholdexcept'. + + * The special macro `FE_DFL_ENV' which represents the floating-point + environment as it was available at program start. + + * Implementation defined macros with names starting with `FE_' and + having type `fenv_t *'. + + If possible, the GNU C Library defines a macro `FE_NOMASK_ENV' + which represents an environment where every exception raised + causes a trap to occur. You can test for this macro using + `#ifdef'. It is only defined if `_GNU_SOURCE' is defined. + + Some platforms might define other predefined environments. + +To set the floating-point environment, you can use either of these +functions: + + -- Function: int fesetenv (const fenv_t *ENVP) + Set the floating-point environment to that described by ENVP. + + The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a + non-zero value otherwise. + + -- Function: int feupdateenv (const fenv_t *ENVP) + Like `fesetenv', this function sets the floating-point environment + to that described by ENVP. However, if any exceptions were + flagged in the status word before `feupdateenv' was called, they + remain flagged after the call. In other words, after `feupdateenv' + is called, the status word is the bitwise OR of the previous + status word and the one saved in ENVP. + + The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a + non-zero value otherwise. + +To control for individual exceptions if raising them causes a trap to +occur, you can use the following two functions. + + *Portability Note:* These functions are all GNU extensions. + + -- Function: int feenableexcept (int EXCEPTS) + This functions enables traps for each of the exceptions as + indicated by the parameter EXCEPT. The individual excepetions are + described in *note Status bit operations::. Only the specified + exceptions are enabled, the status of the other exceptions is not + changed. + + The function returns the previous enabled exceptions in case the + operation was successful, `-1' otherwise. + + -- Function: int fedisableexcept (int EXCEPTS) + This functions disables traps for each of the exceptions as + indicated by the parameter EXCEPT. The individual excepetions are + described in *note Status bit operations::. Only the specified + exceptions are disabled, the status of the other exceptions is not + changed. + + The function returns the previous enabled exceptions in case the + operation was successful, `-1' otherwise. + + -- Function: int fegetexcept (int EXCEPTS) + The function returns a bitmask of all currently enabled + exceptions. It returns `-1' in case of failure. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Arithmetic Functions, Next: Complex Numbers, Prev: Control Functions, Up: Arithmetic + +20.8 Arithmetic Functions +========================= + +The C library provides functions to do basic operations on +floating-point numbers. These include absolute value, maximum and +minimum, normalization, bit twiddling, rounding, and a few others. + +* Menu: + +* Absolute Value:: Absolute values of integers and floats. +* Normalization Functions:: Extracting exponents and putting them back. +* Rounding Functions:: Rounding floats to integers. +* Remainder Functions:: Remainders on division, precisely defined. +* FP Bit Twiddling:: Sign bit adjustment. Adding epsilon. +* FP Comparison Functions:: Comparisons without risk of exceptions. +* Misc FP Arithmetic:: Max, min, positive difference, multiply-add. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Absolute Value, Next: Normalization Functions, Up: Arithmetic Functions + +20.8.1 Absolute Value +--------------------- + +These functions are provided for obtaining the "absolute value" (or +"magnitude") of a number. The absolute value of a real number X is X +if X is positive, -X if X is negative. For a complex number Z, whose +real part is X and whose imaginary part is Y, the absolute value is +`sqrt (X*X + Y*Y)'. + + Prototypes for `abs', `labs' and `llabs' are in `stdlib.h'; +`imaxabs' is declared in `inttypes.h'; `fabs', `fabsf' and `fabsl' are +declared in `math.h'. `cabs', `cabsf' and `cabsl' are declared in +`complex.h'. + + -- Function: int abs (int NUMBER) + -- Function: long int labs (long int NUMBER) + -- Function: long long int llabs (long long int NUMBER) + -- Function: intmax_t imaxabs (intmax_t NUMBER) + These functions return the absolute value of NUMBER. + + Most computers use a two's complement integer representation, in + which the absolute value of `INT_MIN' (the smallest possible `int') + cannot be represented; thus, `abs (INT_MIN)' is not defined. + + `llabs' and `imaxdiv' are new to ISO C99. + + See *note Integers:: for a description of the `intmax_t' type. + + + -- Function: double fabs (double NUMBER) + -- Function: float fabsf (float NUMBER) + -- Function: long double fabsl (long double NUMBER) + This function returns the absolute value of the floating-point + number NUMBER. + + -- Function: double cabs (complex double Z) + -- Function: float cabsf (complex float Z) + -- Function: long double cabsl (complex long double Z) + These functions return the absolute value of the complex number Z + (*note Complex Numbers::). The absolute value of a complex number + is: + + sqrt (creal (Z) * creal (Z) + cimag (Z) * cimag (Z)) + + This function should always be used instead of the direct formula + because it takes special care to avoid losing precision. It may + also take advantage of hardware support for this operation. See + `hypot' in *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Normalization Functions, Next: Rounding Functions, Prev: Absolute Value, Up: Arithmetic Functions + +20.8.2 Normalization Functions +------------------------------ + +The functions described in this section are primarily provided as a way +to efficiently perform certain low-level manipulations on floating point +numbers that are represented internally using a binary radix; see *note +Floating Point Concepts::. These functions are required to have +equivalent behavior even if the representation does not use a radix of +2, but of course they are unlikely to be particularly efficient in +those cases. + + All these functions are declared in `math.h'. + + -- Function: double frexp (double VALUE, int *EXPONENT) + -- Function: float frexpf (float VALUE, int *EXPONENT) + -- Function: long double frexpl (long double VALUE, int *EXPONENT) + These functions are used to split the number VALUE into a + normalized fraction and an exponent. + + If the argument VALUE is not zero, the return value is VALUE times + a power of two, and is always in the range 1/2 (inclusive) to 1 + (exclusive). The corresponding exponent is stored in `*EXPONENT'; + the return value multiplied by 2 raised to this exponent equals + the original number VALUE. + + For example, `frexp (12.8, &exponent)' returns `0.8' and stores + `4' in `exponent'. + + If VALUE is zero, then the return value is zero and zero is stored + in `*EXPONENT'. + + -- Function: double ldexp (double VALUE, int EXPONENT) + -- Function: float ldexpf (float VALUE, int EXPONENT) + -- Function: long double ldexpl (long double VALUE, int EXPONENT) + These functions return the result of multiplying the floating-point + number VALUE by 2 raised to the power EXPONENT. (It can be used + to reassemble floating-point numbers that were taken apart by + `frexp'.) + + For example, `ldexp (0.8, 4)' returns `12.8'. + + The following functions, which come from BSD, provide facilities +equivalent to those of `ldexp' and `frexp'. See also the ISO C +function `logb' which originally also appeared in BSD. + + -- Function: double scalb (double VALUE, int EXPONENT) + -- Function: float scalbf (float VALUE, int EXPONENT) + -- Function: long double scalbl (long double VALUE, int EXPONENT) + The `scalb' function is the BSD name for `ldexp'. + + -- Function: long long int scalbn (double X, int n) + -- Function: long long int scalbnf (float X, int n) + -- Function: long long int scalbnl (long double X, int n) + `scalbn' is identical to `scalb', except that the exponent N is an + `int' instead of a floating-point number. + + -- Function: long long int scalbln (double X, long int n) + -- Function: long long int scalblnf (float X, long int n) + -- Function: long long int scalblnl (long double X, long int n) + `scalbln' is identical to `scalb', except that the exponent N is a + `long int' instead of a floating-point number. + + -- Function: long long int significand (double X) + -- Function: long long int significandf (float X) + -- Function: long long int significandl (long double X) + `significand' returns the mantissa of X scaled to the range [1, 2). + It is equivalent to `scalb (X, (double) -ilogb (X))'. + + This function exists mainly for use in certain standardized tests + of IEEE 754 conformance. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Rounding Functions, Next: Remainder Functions, Prev: Normalization Functions, Up: Arithmetic Functions + +20.8.3 Rounding Functions +------------------------- + +The functions listed here perform operations such as rounding and +truncation of floating-point values. Some of these functions convert +floating point numbers to integer values. They are all declared in +`math.h'. + + You can also convert floating-point numbers to integers simply by +casting them to `int'. This discards the fractional part, effectively +rounding towards zero. However, this only works if the result can +actually be represented as an `int'--for very large numbers, this is +impossible. The functions listed here return the result as a `double' +instead to get around this problem. + + -- Function: double ceil (double X) + -- Function: float ceilf (float X) + -- Function: long double ceill (long double X) + These functions round X upwards to the nearest integer, returning + that value as a `double'. Thus, `ceil (1.5)' is `2.0'. + + -- Function: double floor (double X) + -- Function: float floorf (float X) + -- Function: long double floorl (long double X) + These functions round X downwards to the nearest integer, + returning that value as a `double'. Thus, `floor (1.5)' is `1.0' + and `floor (-1.5)' is `-2.0'. + + -- Function: double trunc (double X) + -- Function: float truncf (float X) + -- Function: long double truncl (long double X) + The `trunc' functions round X towards zero to the nearest integer + (returned in floating-point format). Thus, `trunc (1.5)' is `1.0' + and `trunc (-1.5)' is `-1.0'. + + -- Function: double rint (double X) + -- Function: float rintf (float X) + -- Function: long double rintl (long double X) + These functions round X to an integer value according to the + current rounding mode. *Note Floating Point Parameters::, for + information about the various rounding modes. The default + rounding mode is to round to the nearest integer; some machines + support other modes, but round-to-nearest is always used unless + you explicitly select another. + + If X was not initially an integer, these functions raise the + inexact exception. + + -- Function: double nearbyint (double X) + -- Function: float nearbyintf (float X) + -- Function: long double nearbyintl (long double X) + These functions return the same value as the `rint' functions, but + do not raise the inexact exception if X is not an integer. + + -- Function: double round (double X) + -- Function: float roundf (float X) + -- Function: long double roundl (long double X) + These functions are similar to `rint', but they round halfway + cases away from zero instead of to the nearest even integer. + + -- Function: long int lrint (double X) + -- Function: long int lrintf (float X) + -- Function: long int lrintl (long double X) + These functions are just like `rint', but they return a `long int' + instead of a floating-point number. + + -- Function: long long int llrint (double X) + -- Function: long long int llrintf (float X) + -- Function: long long int llrintl (long double X) + These functions are just like `rint', but they return a `long long + int' instead of a floating-point number. + + -- Function: long int lround (double X) + -- Function: long int lroundf (float X) + -- Function: long int lroundl (long double X) + These functions are just like `round', but they return a `long + int' instead of a floating-point number. + + -- Function: long long int llround (double X) + -- Function: long long int llroundf (float X) + -- Function: long long int llroundl (long double X) + These functions are just like `round', but they return a `long + long int' instead of a floating-point number. + + -- Function: double modf (double VALUE, double *INTEGER-PART) + -- Function: float modff (float VALUE, float *INTEGER-PART) + -- Function: long double modfl (long double VALUE, long double + *INTEGER-PART) + These functions break the argument VALUE into an integer part and a + fractional part (between `-1' and `1', exclusive). Their sum + equals VALUE. Each of the parts has the same sign as VALUE, and + the integer part is always rounded toward zero. + + `modf' stores the integer part in `*INTEGER-PART', and returns the + fractional part. For example, `modf (2.5, &intpart)' returns + `0.5' and stores `2.0' into `intpart'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Remainder Functions, Next: FP Bit Twiddling, Prev: Rounding Functions, Up: Arithmetic Functions + +20.8.4 Remainder Functions +-------------------------- + +The functions in this section compute the remainder on division of two +floating-point numbers. Each is a little different; pick the one that +suits your problem. + + -- Function: double fmod (double NUMERATOR, double DENOMINATOR) + -- Function: float fmodf (float NUMERATOR, float DENOMINATOR) + -- Function: long double fmodl (long double NUMERATOR, long double + DENOMINATOR) + These functions compute the remainder from the division of + NUMERATOR by DENOMINATOR. Specifically, the return value is + `NUMERATOR - N * DENOMINATOR', where N is the quotient of + NUMERATOR divided by DENOMINATOR, rounded towards zero to an + integer. Thus, `fmod (6.5, 2.3)' returns `1.9', which is `6.5' + minus `4.6'. + + The result has the same sign as the NUMERATOR and has magnitude + less than the magnitude of the DENOMINATOR. + + If DENOMINATOR is zero, `fmod' signals a domain error. + + -- Function: double drem (double NUMERATOR, double DENOMINATOR) + -- Function: float dremf (float NUMERATOR, float DENOMINATOR) + -- Function: long double dreml (long double NUMERATOR, long double + DENOMINATOR) + These functions are like `fmod' except that they round the + internal quotient N to the nearest integer instead of towards zero + to an integer. For example, `drem (6.5, 2.3)' returns `-0.4', + which is `6.5' minus `6.9'. + + The absolute value of the result is less than or equal to half the + absolute value of the DENOMINATOR. The difference between `fmod + (NUMERATOR, DENOMINATOR)' and `drem (NUMERATOR, DENOMINATOR)' is + always either DENOMINATOR, minus DENOMINATOR, or zero. + + If DENOMINATOR is zero, `drem' signals a domain error. + + -- Function: double remainder (double NUMERATOR, double DENOMINATOR) + -- Function: float remainderf (float NUMERATOR, float DENOMINATOR) + -- Function: long double remainderl (long double NUMERATOR, long + double DENOMINATOR) + This function is another name for `drem'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: FP Bit Twiddling, Next: FP Comparison Functions, Prev: Remainder Functions, Up: Arithmetic Functions + +20.8.5 Setting and modifying single bits of FP values +----------------------------------------------------- + +There are some operations that are too complicated or expensive to +perform by hand on floating-point numbers. ISO C99 defines functions +to do these operations, which mostly involve changing single bits. + + -- Function: double copysign (double X, double Y) + -- Function: float copysignf (float X, float Y) + -- Function: long double copysignl (long double X, long double Y) + These functions return X but with the sign of Y. They work even + if X or Y are NaN or zero. Both of these can carry a sign + (although not all implementations support it) and this is one of + the few operations that can tell the difference. + + `copysign' never raises an exception. + + This function is defined in IEC 559 (and the appendix with + recommended functions in IEEE 754/IEEE 854). + + -- Function: int signbit (_float-type_ X) + `signbit' is a generic macro which can work on all floating-point + types. It returns a nonzero value if the value of X has its sign + bit set. + + This is not the same as `x < 0.0', because IEEE 754 floating point + allows zero to be signed. The comparison `-0.0 < 0.0' is false, + but `signbit (-0.0)' will return a nonzero value. + + -- Function: double nextafter (double X, double Y) + -- Function: float nextafterf (float X, float Y) + -- Function: long double nextafterl (long double X, long double Y) + The `nextafter' function returns the next representable neighbor of + X in the direction towards Y. The size of the step between X and + the result depends on the type of the result. If X = Y the + function simply returns Y. If either value is `NaN', `NaN' is + returned. Otherwise a value corresponding to the value of the + least significant bit in the mantissa is added or subtracted, + depending on the direction. `nextafter' will signal overflow or + underflow if the result goes outside of the range of normalized + numbers. + + This function is defined in IEC 559 (and the appendix with + recommended functions in IEEE 754/IEEE 854). + + -- Function: double nexttoward (double X, long double Y) + -- Function: float nexttowardf (float X, long double Y) + -- Function: long double nexttowardl (long double X, long double Y) + These functions are identical to the corresponding versions of + `nextafter' except that their second argument is a `long double'. + + -- Function: double nan (const char *TAGP) + -- Function: float nanf (const char *TAGP) + -- Function: long double nanl (const char *TAGP) + The `nan' function returns a representation of NaN, provided that + NaN is supported by the target platform. `nan + ("N-CHAR-SEQUENCE")' is equivalent to `strtod + ("NAN(N-CHAR-SEQUENCE)")'. + + The argument TAGP is used in an unspecified manner. On IEEE 754 + systems, there are many representations of NaN, and TAGP selects + one. On other systems it may do nothing. + + +File: libc.info, Node: FP Comparison Functions, Next: Misc FP Arithmetic, Prev: FP Bit Twiddling, Up: Arithmetic Functions + +20.8.6 Floating-Point Comparison Functions +------------------------------------------ + +The standard C comparison operators provoke exceptions when one or other +of the operands is NaN. For example, + + int v = a < 1.0; + +will raise an exception if A is NaN. (This does _not_ happen with `==' +and `!='; those merely return false and true, respectively, when NaN is +examined.) Frequently this exception is undesirable. ISO C99 +therefore defines comparison functions that do not raise exceptions +when NaN is examined. All of the functions are implemented as macros +which allow their arguments to be of any floating-point type. The +macros are guaranteed to evaluate their arguments only once. + + -- Macro: int isgreater (_real-floating_ X, _real-floating_ Y) + This macro determines whether the argument X is greater than Y. + It is equivalent to `(X) > (Y)', but no exception is raised if X + or Y are NaN. + + -- Macro: int isgreaterequal (_real-floating_ X, _real-floating_ Y) + This macro determines whether the argument X is greater than or + equal to Y. It is equivalent to `(X) >= (Y)', but no exception is + raised if X or Y are NaN. + + -- Macro: int isless (_real-floating_ X, _real-floating_ Y) + This macro determines whether the argument X is less than Y. It + is equivalent to `(X) < (Y)', but no exception is raised if X or Y + are NaN. + + -- Macro: int islessequal (_real-floating_ X, _real-floating_ Y) + This macro determines whether the argument X is less than or equal + to Y. It is equivalent to `(X) <= (Y)', but no exception is + raised if X or Y are NaN. + + -- Macro: int islessgreater (_real-floating_ X, _real-floating_ Y) + This macro determines whether the argument X is less or greater + than Y. It is equivalent to `(X) < (Y) || (X) > (Y)' (although it + only evaluates X and Y once), but no exception is raised if X or Y + are NaN. + + This macro is not equivalent to `X != Y', because that expression + is true if X or Y are NaN. + + -- Macro: int isunordered (_real-floating_ X, _real-floating_ Y) + This macro determines whether its arguments are unordered. In + other words, it is true if X or Y are NaN, and false otherwise. + + Not all machines provide hardware support for these operations. On +machines that don't, the macros can be very slow. Therefore, you should +not use these functions when NaN is not a concern. + + *NB:* There are no macros `isequal' or `isunequal'. They are +unnecessary, because the `==' and `!=' operators do _not_ throw an +exception if one or both of the operands are NaN. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Misc FP Arithmetic, Prev: FP Comparison Functions, Up: Arithmetic Functions + +20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions +-------------------------------------------- + +The functions in this section perform miscellaneous but common +operations that are awkward to express with C operators. On some +processors these functions can use special machine instructions to +perform these operations faster than the equivalent C code. + + -- Function: double fmin (double X, double Y) + -- Function: float fminf (float X, float Y) + -- Function: long double fminl (long double X, long double Y) + The `fmin' function returns the lesser of the two values X and Y. + It is similar to the expression + ((x) < (y) ? (x) : (y)) + except that X and Y are only evaluated once. + + If an argument is NaN, the other argument is returned. If both + arguments are NaN, NaN is returned. + + -- Function: double fmax (double X, double Y) + -- Function: float fmaxf (float X, float Y) + -- Function: long double fmaxl (long double X, long double Y) + The `fmax' function returns the greater of the two values X and Y. + + If an argument is NaN, the other argument is returned. If both + arguments are NaN, NaN is returned. + + -- Function: double fdim (double X, double Y) + -- Function: float fdimf (float X, float Y) + -- Function: long double fdiml (long double X, long double Y) + The `fdim' function returns the positive difference between X and + Y. The positive difference is X - Y if X is greater than Y, and 0 + otherwise. + + If X, Y, or both are NaN, NaN is returned. + + -- Function: double fma (double X, double Y, double Z) + -- Function: float fmaf (float X, float Y, float Z) + -- Function: long double fmal (long double X, long double Y, long + double Z) + The `fma' function performs floating-point multiply-add. This is + the operation (X * Y) + Z, but the intermediate result is not + rounded to the destination type. This can sometimes improve the + precision of a calculation. + + This function was introduced because some processors have a special + instruction to perform multiply-add. The C compiler cannot use it + directly, because the expression `x*y + z' is defined to round the + intermediate result. `fma' lets you choose when you want to round + only once. + + On processors which do not implement multiply-add in hardware, + `fma' can be very slow since it must avoid intermediate rounding. + `math.h' defines the symbols `FP_FAST_FMA', `FP_FAST_FMAF', and + `FP_FAST_FMAL' when the corresponding version of `fma' is no + slower than the expression `x*y + z'. In the GNU C library, this + always means the operation is implemented in hardware. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Complex Numbers, Next: Operations on Complex, Prev: Arithmetic Functions, Up: Arithmetic + +20.9 Complex Numbers +==================== + +ISO C99 introduces support for complex numbers in C. This is done with +a new type qualifier, `complex'. It is a keyword if and only if +`complex.h' has been included. There are three complex types, +corresponding to the three real types: `float complex', `double +complex', and `long double complex'. + + To construct complex numbers you need a way to indicate the imaginary +part of a number. There is no standard notation for an imaginary +floating point constant. Instead, `complex.h' defines two macros that +can be used to create complex numbers. + + -- Macro: const float complex _Complex_I + This macro is a representation of the complex number "0+1i". + Multiplying a real floating-point value by `_Complex_I' gives a + complex number whose value is purely imaginary. You can use this + to construct complex constants: + + 3.0 + 4.0i = `3.0 + 4.0 * _Complex_I' + + Note that `_Complex_I * _Complex_I' has the value `-1', but the + type of that value is `complex'. + +`_Complex_I' is a bit of a mouthful. `complex.h' also defines a +shorter name for the same constant. + + -- Macro: const float complex I + This macro has exactly the same value as `_Complex_I'. Most of the + time it is preferable. However, it causes problems if you want to + use the identifier `I' for something else. You can safely write + + #include + #undef I + + if you need `I' for your own purposes. (In that case we recommend + you also define some other short name for `_Complex_I', such as + `J'.) + + + +File: libc.info, Node: Operations on Complex, Next: Parsing of Numbers, Prev: Complex Numbers, Up: Arithmetic + +20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers +================================================================= + +ISO C99 also defines functions that perform basic operations on complex +numbers, such as decomposition and conjugation. The prototypes for all +these functions are in `complex.h'. All functions are available in +three variants, one for each of the three complex types. + + -- Function: double creal (complex double Z) + -- Function: float crealf (complex float Z) + -- Function: long double creall (complex long double Z) + These functions return the real part of the complex number Z. + + -- Function: double cimag (complex double Z) + -- Function: float cimagf (complex float Z) + -- Function: long double cimagl (complex long double Z) + These functions return the imaginary part of the complex number Z. + + -- Function: complex double conj (complex double Z) + -- Function: complex float conjf (complex float Z) + -- Function: complex long double conjl (complex long double Z) + These functions return the conjugate value of the complex number + Z. The conjugate of a complex number has the same real part and a + negated imaginary part. In other words, `conj(a + bi) = a + -bi'. + + -- Function: double carg (complex double Z) + -- Function: float cargf (complex float Z) + -- Function: long double cargl (complex long double Z) + These functions return the argument of the complex number Z. The + argument of a complex number is the angle in the complex plane + between the positive real axis and a line passing through zero and + the number. This angle is measured in the usual fashion and + ranges from 0 to 2pi. + + `carg' has a branch cut along the positive real axis. + + -- Function: complex double cproj (complex double Z) + -- Function: complex float cprojf (complex float Z) + -- Function: complex long double cprojl (complex long double Z) + These functions return the projection of the complex value Z onto + the Riemann sphere. Values with a infinite imaginary part are + projected to positive infinity on the real axis, even if the real + part is NaN. If the real part is infinite, the result is + equivalent to + + INFINITY + I * copysign (0.0, cimag (z)) + + +File: libc.info, Node: Parsing of Numbers, Next: System V Number Conversion, Prev: Operations on Complex, Up: Arithmetic + +20.11 Parsing of Numbers +======================== + +This section describes functions for "reading" integer and +floating-point numbers from a string. It may be more convenient in some +cases to use `sscanf' or one of the related functions; see *note +Formatted Input::. But often you can make a program more robust by +finding the tokens in the string by hand, then converting the numbers +one by one. + +* Menu: + +* Parsing of Integers:: Functions for conversion of integer values. +* Parsing of Floats:: Functions for conversion of floating-point + values. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Parsing of Integers, Next: Parsing of Floats, Up: Parsing of Numbers + +20.11.1 Parsing of Integers +--------------------------- + +The `str' functions are declared in `stdlib.h' and those beginning with +`wcs' are declared in `wchar.h'. One might wonder about the use of +`restrict' in the prototypes of the functions in this section. It is +seemingly useless but the ISO C standard uses it (for the functions +defined there) so we have to do it as well. + + -- Function: long int strtol (const char *restrict STRING, char + **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE) + The `strtol' ("string-to-long") function converts the initial part + of STRING to a signed integer, which is returned as a value of + type `long int'. + + This function attempts to decompose STRING as follows: + + * A (possibly empty) sequence of whitespace characters. Which + characters are whitespace is determined by the `isspace' + function (*note Classification of Characters::). These are + discarded. + + * An optional plus or minus sign (`+' or `-'). + + * A nonempty sequence of digits in the radix specified by BASE. + + If BASE is zero, decimal radix is assumed unless the series of + digits begins with `0' (specifying octal radix), or `0x' or + `0X' (specifying hexadecimal radix); in other words, the same + syntax used for integer constants in C. + + Otherwise BASE must have a value between `2' and `36'. If + BASE is `16', the digits may optionally be preceded by `0x' + or `0X'. If base has no legal value the value returned is + `0l' and the global variable `errno' is set to `EINVAL'. + + * Any remaining characters in the string. If TAILPTR is not a + null pointer, `strtol' stores a pointer to this tail in + `*TAILPTR'. + + If the string is empty, contains only whitespace, or does not + contain an initial substring that has the expected syntax for an + integer in the specified BASE, no conversion is performed. In + this case, `strtol' returns a value of zero and the value stored in + `*TAILPTR' is the value of STRING. + + In a locale other than the standard `"C"' locale, this function + may recognize additional implementation-dependent syntax. + + If the string has valid syntax for an integer but the value is not + representable because of overflow, `strtol' returns either + `LONG_MAX' or `LONG_MIN' (*note Range of Type::), as appropriate + for the sign of the value. It also sets `errno' to `ERANGE' to + indicate there was overflow. + + You should not check for errors by examining the return value of + `strtol', because the string might be a valid representation of + `0l', `LONG_MAX', or `LONG_MIN'. Instead, check whether TAILPTR + points to what you expect after the number (e.g. `'\0'' if the + string should end after the number). You also need to clear ERRNO + before the call and check it afterward, in case there was overflow. + + There is an example at the end of this section. + + -- Function: long int wcstol (const wchar_t *restrict STRING, wchar_t + **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE) + The `wcstol' function is equivalent to the `strtol' function in + nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings. + + The `wcstol' function was introduced in Amendment 1 of ISO C90. + + -- Function: unsigned long int strtoul (const char *retrict STRING, + char **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE) + The `strtoul' ("string-to-unsigned-long") function is like + `strtol' except it converts to an `unsigned long int' value. The + syntax is the same as described above for `strtol'. The value + returned on overflow is `ULONG_MAX' (*note Range of Type::). + + If STRING depicts a negative number, `strtoul' acts the same as + STRTOL but casts the result to an unsigned integer. That means + for example that `strtoul' on `"-1"' returns `ULONG_MAX' and an + input more negative than `LONG_MIN' returns (`ULONG_MAX' + 1) / 2. + + `strtoul' sets ERRNO to `EINVAL' if BASE is out of range, or + `ERANGE' on overflow. + + -- Function: unsigned long int wcstoul (const wchar_t *restrict + STRING, wchar_t **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE) + The `wcstoul' function is equivalent to the `strtoul' function in + nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings. + + The `wcstoul' function was introduced in Amendment 1 of ISO C90. + + -- Function: long long int strtoll (const char *restrict STRING, char + **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE) + The `strtoll' function is like `strtol' except that it returns a + `long long int' value, and accepts numbers with a correspondingly + larger range. + + If the string has valid syntax for an integer but the value is not + representable because of overflow, `strtoll' returns either + `LONG_LONG_MAX' or `LONG_LONG_MIN' (*note Range of Type::), as + appropriate for the sign of the value. It also sets `errno' to + `ERANGE' to indicate there was overflow. + + The `strtoll' function was introduced in ISO C99. + + -- Function: long long int wcstoll (const wchar_t *restrict STRING, + wchar_t **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE) + The `wcstoll' function is equivalent to the `strtoll' function in + nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings. + + The `wcstoll' function was introduced in Amendment 1 of ISO C90. + + -- Function: long long int strtoq (const char *restrict STRING, char + **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE) + `strtoq' ("string-to-quad-word") is the BSD name for `strtoll'. + + -- Function: long long int wcstoq (const wchar_t *restrict STRING, + wchar_t **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE) + The `wcstoq' function is equivalent to the `strtoq' function in + nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings. + + The `wcstoq' function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: unsigned long long int strtoull (const char *restrict + STRING, char **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE) + The `strtoull' function is related to `strtoll' the same way + `strtoul' is related to `strtol'. + + The `strtoull' function was introduced in ISO C99. + + -- Function: unsigned long long int wcstoull (const wchar_t *restrict + STRING, wchar_t **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE) + The `wcstoull' function is equivalent to the `strtoull' function + in nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings. + + The `wcstoull' function was introduced in Amendment 1 of ISO C90. + + -- Function: unsigned long long int strtouq (const char *restrict + STRING, char **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE) + `strtouq' is the BSD name for `strtoull'. + + -- Function: unsigned long long int wcstouq (const wchar_t *restrict + STRING, wchar_t **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE) + The `wcstouq' function is equivalent to the `strtouq' function in + nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings. + + The `wcstouq' function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: intmax_t strtoimax (const char *restrict STRING, char + **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE) + The `strtoimax' function is like `strtol' except that it returns a + `intmax_t' value, and accepts numbers of a corresponding range. + + If the string has valid syntax for an integer but the value is not + representable because of overflow, `strtoimax' returns either + `INTMAX_MAX' or `INTMAX_MIN' (*note Integers::), as appropriate + for the sign of the value. It also sets `errno' to `ERANGE' to + indicate there was overflow. + + See *note Integers:: for a description of the `intmax_t' type. The + `strtoimax' function was introduced in ISO C99. + + -- Function: intmax_t wcstoimax (const wchar_t *restrict STRING, + wchar_t **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE) + The `wcstoimax' function is equivalent to the `strtoimax' function + in nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings. + + The `wcstoimax' function was introduced in ISO C99. + + -- Function: uintmax_t strtoumax (const char *restrict STRING, char + **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE) + The `strtoumax' function is related to `strtoimax' the same way + that `strtoul' is related to `strtol'. + + See *note Integers:: for a description of the `intmax_t' type. The + `strtoumax' function was introduced in ISO C99. + + -- Function: uintmax_t wcstoumax (const wchar_t *restrict STRING, + wchar_t **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE) + The `wcstoumax' function is equivalent to the `strtoumax' function + in nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings. + + The `wcstoumax' function was introduced in ISO C99. + + -- Function: long int atol (const char *STRING) + This function is similar to the `strtol' function with a BASE + argument of `10', except that it need not detect overflow errors. + The `atol' function is provided mostly for compatibility with + existing code; using `strtol' is more robust. + + -- Function: int atoi (const char *STRING) + This function is like `atol', except that it returns an `int'. + The `atoi' function is also considered obsolete; use `strtol' + instead. + + -- Function: long long int atoll (const char *STRING) + This function is similar to `atol', except it returns a `long long + int'. + + The `atoll' function was introduced in ISO C99. It too is + obsolete (despite having just been added); use `strtoll' instead. + + All the functions mentioned in this section so far do not handle +alternative representations of characters as described in the locale +data. Some locales specify thousands separator and the way they have to +be used which can help to make large numbers more readable. To read +such numbers one has to use the `scanf' functions with the `'' flag. + + Here is a function which parses a string as a sequence of integers +and returns the sum of them: + + int + sum_ints_from_string (char *string) + { + int sum = 0; + + while (1) { + char *tail; + int next; + + /* Skip whitespace by hand, to detect the end. */ + while (isspace (*string)) string++; + if (*string == 0) + break; + + /* There is more nonwhitespace, */ + /* so it ought to be another number. */ + errno = 0; + /* Parse it. */ + next = strtol (string, &tail, 0); + /* Add it in, if not overflow. */ + if (errno) + printf ("Overflow\n"); + else + sum += next; + /* Advance past it. */ + string = tail; + } + + return sum; + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Parsing of Floats, Prev: Parsing of Integers, Up: Parsing of Numbers + +20.11.2 Parsing of Floats +------------------------- + +The `str' functions are declared in `stdlib.h' and those beginning with +`wcs' are declared in `wchar.h'. One might wonder about the use of +`restrict' in the prototypes of the functions in this section. It is +seemingly useless but the ISO C standard uses it (for the functions +defined there) so we have to do it as well. + + -- Function: double strtod (const char *restrict STRING, char + **restrict TAILPTR) + The `strtod' ("string-to-double") function converts the initial + part of STRING to a floating-point number, which is returned as a + value of type `double'. + + This function attempts to decompose STRING as follows: + + * A (possibly empty) sequence of whitespace characters. Which + characters are whitespace is determined by the `isspace' + function (*note Classification of Characters::). These are + discarded. + + * An optional plus or minus sign (`+' or `-'). + + * A floating point number in decimal or hexadecimal format. The + decimal format is: + - A nonempty sequence of digits optionally containing a + decimal-point character--normally `.', but it depends on + the locale (*note General Numeric::). + + - An optional exponent part, consisting of a character `e' + or `E', an optional sign, and a sequence of digits. + + + The hexadecimal format is as follows: + - A 0x or 0X followed by a nonempty sequence of + hexadecimal digits optionally containing a decimal-point + character--normally `.', but it depends on the locale + (*note General Numeric::). + + - An optional binary-exponent part, consisting of a + character `p' or `P', an optional sign, and a sequence + of digits. + + + * Any remaining characters in the string. If TAILPTR is not a + null pointer, a pointer to this tail of the string is stored + in `*TAILPTR'. + + If the string is empty, contains only whitespace, or does not + contain an initial substring that has the expected syntax for a + floating-point number, no conversion is performed. In this case, + `strtod' returns a value of zero and the value returned in + `*TAILPTR' is the value of STRING. + + In a locale other than the standard `"C"' or `"POSIX"' locales, + this function may recognize additional locale-dependent syntax. + + If the string has valid syntax for a floating-point number but the + value is outside the range of a `double', `strtod' will signal + overflow or underflow as described in *note Math Error Reporting::. + + `strtod' recognizes four special input strings. The strings + `"inf"' and `"infinity"' are converted to oo, or to the largest + representable value if the floating-point format doesn't support + infinities. You can prepend a `"+"' or `"-"' to specify the sign. + Case is ignored when scanning these strings. + + The strings `"nan"' and `"nan(CHARS...)"' are converted to NaN. + Again, case is ignored. If CHARS... are provided, they are used + in some unspecified fashion to select a particular representation + of NaN (there can be several). + + Since zero is a valid result as well as the value returned on + error, you should check for errors in the same way as for + `strtol', by examining ERRNO and TAILPTR. + + -- Function: float strtof (const char *STRING, char **TAILPTR) + -- Function: long double strtold (const char *STRING, char **TAILPTR) + These functions are analogous to `strtod', but return `float' and + `long double' values respectively. They report errors in the same + way as `strtod'. `strtof' can be substantially faster than + `strtod', but has less precision; conversely, `strtold' can be + much slower but has more precision (on systems where `long double' + is a separate type). + + These functions have been GNU extensions and are new to ISO C99. + + -- Function: double wcstod (const wchar_t *restrict STRING, wchar_t + **restrict TAILPTR) + -- Function: float wcstof (const wchar_t *STRING, wchar_t **TAILPTR) + -- Function: long double wcstold (const wchar_t *STRING, wchar_t + **TAILPTR) + The `wcstod', `wcstof', and `wcstol' functions are equivalent in + nearly all aspect to the `strtod', `strtof', and `strtold' + functions but it handles wide character string. + + The `wcstod' function was introduced in Amendment 1 of ISO C90. + The `wcstof' and `wcstold' functions were introduced in ISO C99. + + -- Function: double atof (const char *STRING) + This function is similar to the `strtod' function, except that it + need not detect overflow and underflow errors. The `atof' function + is provided mostly for compatibility with existing code; using + `strtod' is more robust. + + The GNU C library also provides `_l' versions of these functions, +which take an additional argument, the locale to use in conversion. +*Note Parsing of Integers::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: System V Number Conversion, Prev: Parsing of Numbers, Up: Arithmetic + +20.12 Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions +======================================================= + +The old System V C library provided three functions to convert numbers +to strings, with unusual and hard-to-use semantics. The GNU C library +also provides these functions and some natural extensions. + + These functions are only available in glibc and on systems descended +from AT&T Unix. Therefore, unless these functions do precisely what you +need, it is better to use `sprintf', which is standard. + + All these functions are defined in `stdlib.h'. + + -- Function: char * ecvt (double VALUE, int NDIGIT, int *DECPT, int + *NEG) + The function `ecvt' converts the floating-point number VALUE to a + string with at most NDIGIT decimal digits. The returned string + contains no decimal point or sign. The first digit of the string + is non-zero (unless VALUE is actually zero) and the last digit is + rounded to nearest. `*DECPT' is set to the index in the string of + the first digit after the decimal point. `*NEG' is set to a + nonzero value if VALUE is negative, zero otherwise. + + If NDIGIT decimal digits would exceed the precision of a `double' + it is reduced to a system-specific value. + + The returned string is statically allocated and overwritten by + each call to `ecvt'. + + If VALUE is zero, it is implementation defined whether `*DECPT' is + `0' or `1'. + + For example: `ecvt (12.3, 5, &d, &n)' returns `"12300"' and sets D + to `2' and N to `0'. + + -- Function: char * fcvt (double VALUE, int NDIGIT, int *DECPT, int + *NEG) + The function `fcvt' is like `ecvt', but NDIGIT specifies the + number of digits after the decimal point. If NDIGIT is less than + zero, VALUE is rounded to the NDIGIT+1'th place to the left of the + decimal point. For example, if NDIGIT is `-1', VALUE will be + rounded to the nearest 10. If NDIGIT is negative and larger than + the number of digits to the left of the decimal point in VALUE, + VALUE will be rounded to one significant digit. + + If NDIGIT decimal digits would exceed the precision of a `double' + it is reduced to a system-specific value. + + The returned string is statically allocated and overwritten by + each call to `fcvt'. + + -- Function: char * gcvt (double VALUE, int NDIGIT, char *BUF) + `gcvt' is functionally equivalent to `sprintf(buf, "%*g", ndigit, + value'. It is provided only for compatibility's sake. It returns + BUF. + + If NDIGIT decimal digits would exceed the precision of a `double' + it is reduced to a system-specific value. + + As extensions, the GNU C library provides versions of these three +functions that take `long double' arguments. + + -- Function: char * qecvt (long double VALUE, int NDIGIT, int *DECPT, + int *NEG) + This function is equivalent to `ecvt' except that it takes a `long + double' for the first parameter and that NDIGIT is restricted by + the precision of a `long double'. + + -- Function: char * qfcvt (long double VALUE, int NDIGIT, int *DECPT, + int *NEG) + This function is equivalent to `fcvt' except that it takes a `long + double' for the first parameter and that NDIGIT is restricted by + the precision of a `long double'. + + -- Function: char * qgcvt (long double VALUE, int NDIGIT, char *BUF) + This function is equivalent to `gcvt' except that it takes a `long + double' for the first parameter and that NDIGIT is restricted by + the precision of a `long double'. + + The `ecvt' and `fcvt' functions, and their `long double' +equivalents, all return a string located in a static buffer which is +overwritten by the next call to the function. The GNU C library +provides another set of extended functions which write the converted +string into a user-supplied buffer. These have the conventional `_r' +suffix. + + `gcvt_r' is not necessary, because `gcvt' already uses a +user-supplied buffer. + + -- Function: int ecvt_r (double VALUE, int NDIGIT, int *DECPT, int + *NEG, char *BUF, size_t LEN) + The `ecvt_r' function is the same as `ecvt', except that it places + its result into the user-specified buffer pointed to by BUF, with + length LEN. The return value is `-1' in case of an error and zero + otherwise. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: int fcvt_r (double VALUE, int NDIGIT, int *DECPT, int + *NEG, char *BUF, size_t LEN) + The `fcvt_r' function is the same as `fcvt', except that it places + its result into the user-specified buffer pointed to by BUF, with + length LEN. The return value is `-1' in case of an error and zero + otherwise. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: int qecvt_r (long double VALUE, int NDIGIT, int *DECPT, + int *NEG, char *BUF, size_t LEN) + The `qecvt_r' function is the same as `qecvt', except that it + places its result into the user-specified buffer pointed to by + BUF, with length LEN. The return value is `-1' in case of an + error and zero otherwise. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: int qfcvt_r (long double VALUE, int NDIGIT, int *DECPT, + int *NEG, char *BUF, size_t LEN) + The `qfcvt_r' function is the same as `qfcvt', except that it + places its result into the user-specified buffer pointed to by + BUF, with length LEN. The return value is `-1' in case of an + error and zero otherwise. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Date and Time, Next: Resource Usage And Limitation, Prev: Arithmetic, Up: Top + +21 Date and Time +**************** + +This chapter describes functions for manipulating dates and times, +including functions for determining what time it is and conversion +between different time representations. + +* Menu: + +* Time Basics:: Concepts and definitions. +* Elapsed Time:: Data types to represent elapsed times +* Processor And CPU Time:: Time a program has spent executing. +* Calendar Time:: Manipulation of ``real'' dates and times. +* Setting an Alarm:: Sending a signal after a specified time. +* Sleeping:: Waiting for a period of time. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Time Basics, Next: Elapsed Time, Up: Date and Time + +21.1 Time Basics +================ + +Discussing time in a technical manual can be difficult because the word +"time" in English refers to lots of different things. In this manual, +we use a rigorous terminology to avoid confusion, and the only thing we +use the simple word "time" for is to talk about the abstract concept. + + A "calendar time" is a point in the time continuum, for example +November 4, 1990 at 18:02.5 UTC. Sometimes this is called "absolute +time". + + We don't speak of a "date", because that is inherent in a calendar +time. + + An "interval" is a contiguous part of the time continuum between two +calendar times, for example the hour between 9:00 and 10:00 on July 4, +1980. + + An "elapsed time" is the length of an interval, for example, 35 +minutes. People sometimes sloppily use the word "interval" to refer to +the elapsed time of some interval. + + An "amount of time" is a sum of elapsed times, which need not be of +any specific intervals. For example, the amount of time it takes to +read a book might be 9 hours, independently of when and in how many +sittings it is read. + + A "period" is the elapsed time of an interval between two events, +especially when they are part of a sequence of regularly repeating +events. + + "CPU time" is like calendar time, except that it is based on the +subset of the time continuum when a particular process is actively +using a CPU. CPU time is, therefore, relative to a process. + + "Processor time" is an amount of time that a CPU is in use. In +fact, it's a basic system resource, since there's a limit to how much +can exist in any given interval (that limit is the elapsed time of the +interval times the number of CPUs in the processor). People often call +this CPU time, but we reserve the latter term in this manual for the +definition above. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Elapsed Time, Next: Processor And CPU Time, Prev: Time Basics, Up: Date and Time + +21.2 Elapsed Time +================= + +One way to represent an elapsed time is with a simple arithmetic data +type, as with the following function to compute the elapsed time between +two calendar times. This function is declared in `time.h'. + + -- Function: double difftime (time_t TIME1, time_t TIME0) + The `difftime' function returns the number of seconds of elapsed + time between calendar time TIME1 and calendar time TIME0, as a + value of type `double'. The difference ignores leap seconds + unless leap second support is enabled. + + In the GNU system, you can simply subtract `time_t' values. But on + other systems, the `time_t' data type might use some other encoding + where subtraction doesn't work directly. + + The GNU C library provides two data types specifically for +representing an elapsed time. They are used by various GNU C library +functions, and you can use them for your own purposes too. They're +exactly the same except that one has a resolution in microseconds, and +the other, newer one, is in nanoseconds. + + -- Data Type: struct timeval + The `struct timeval' structure represents an elapsed time. It is + declared in `sys/time.h' and has the following members: + + `long int tv_sec' + This represents the number of whole seconds of elapsed time. + + `long int tv_usec' + This is the rest of the elapsed time (a fraction of a second), + represented as the number of microseconds. It is always less + than one million. + + + -- Data Type: struct timespec + The `struct timespec' structure represents an elapsed time. It is + declared in `time.h' and has the following members: + + `long int tv_sec' + This represents the number of whole seconds of elapsed time. + + `long int tv_nsec' + This is the rest of the elapsed time (a fraction of a second), + represented as the number of nanoseconds. It is always less + than one billion. + + + It is often necessary to subtract two values of type +`struct timeval' or `struct timespec'. Here is the best way to do +this. It works even on some peculiar operating systems where the +`tv_sec' member has an unsigned type. + + /* Subtract the `struct timeval' values X and Y, + storing the result in RESULT. + Return 1 if the difference is negative, otherwise 0. */ + + int + timeval_subtract (result, x, y) + struct timeval *result, *x, *y; + { + /* Perform the carry for the later subtraction by updating Y. */ + if (x->tv_usec < y->tv_usec) { + int nsec = (y->tv_usec - x->tv_usec) / 1000000 + 1; + y->tv_usec -= 1000000 * nsec; + y->tv_sec += nsec; + } + if (x->tv_usec - y->tv_usec > 1000000) { + int nsec = (x->tv_usec - y->tv_usec) / 1000000; + y->tv_usec += 1000000 * nsec; + y->tv_sec -= nsec; + } + + /* Compute the time remaining to wait. + `tv_usec' is certainly positive. */ + result->tv_sec = x->tv_sec - y->tv_sec; + result->tv_usec = x->tv_usec - y->tv_usec; + + /* Return 1 if result is negative. */ + return x->tv_sec < y->tv_sec; + } + + Common functions that use `struct timeval' are `gettimeofday' and +`settimeofday'. + + There are no GNU C library functions specifically oriented toward +dealing with elapsed times, but the calendar time, processor time, and +alarm and sleeping functions have a lot to do with them. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Processor And CPU Time, Next: Calendar Time, Prev: Elapsed Time, Up: Date and Time + +21.3 Processor And CPU Time +=========================== + +If you're trying to optimize your program or measure its efficiency, +it's very useful to know how much processor time it uses. For that, +calendar time and elapsed times are useless because a process may spend +time waiting for I/O or for other processes to use the CPU. However, +you can get the information with the functions in this section. + + CPU time (*note Time Basics::) is represented by the data type +`clock_t', which is a number of "clock ticks". It gives the total +amount of time a process has actively used a CPU since some arbitrary +event. On the GNU system, that event is the creation of the process. +While arbitrary in general, the event is always the same event for any +particular process, so you can always measure how much time on the CPU +a particular computation takes by examining the process' CPU time +before and after the computation. + + In the GNU system, `clock_t' is equivalent to `long int' and +`CLOCKS_PER_SEC' is an integer value. But in other systems, both +`clock_t' and the macro `CLOCKS_PER_SEC' can be either integer or +floating-point types. Casting CPU time values to `double', as in the +example above, makes sure that operations such as arithmetic and +printing work properly and consistently no matter what the underlying +representation is. + + Note that the clock can wrap around. On a 32bit system with +`CLOCKS_PER_SEC' set to one million this function will return the same +value approximately every 72 minutes. + + For additional functions to examine a process' use of processor time, +and to control it, see *note Resource Usage And Limitation::. + +* Menu: + +* CPU Time:: The `clock' function. +* Processor Time:: The `times' function. + + +File: libc.info, Node: CPU Time, Next: Processor Time, Up: Processor And CPU Time + +21.3.1 CPU Time Inquiry +----------------------- + +To get a process' CPU time, you can use the `clock' function. This +facility is declared in the header file `time.h'. + + In typical usage, you call the `clock' function at the beginning and +end of the interval you want to time, subtract the values, and then +divide by `CLOCKS_PER_SEC' (the number of clock ticks per second) to +get processor time, like this: + + #include + + clock_t start, end; + double cpu_time_used; + + start = clock(); + ... /* Do the work. */ + end = clock(); + cpu_time_used = ((double) (end - start)) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC; + + Do not use a single CPU time as an amount of time; it doesn't work +that way. Either do a subtraction as shown above or query processor +time directly. *Note Processor Time::. + + Different computers and operating systems vary wildly in how they +keep track of CPU time. It's common for the internal processor clock +to have a resolution somewhere between a hundredth and millionth of a +second. + + -- Macro: int CLOCKS_PER_SEC + The value of this macro is the number of clock ticks per second + measured by the `clock' function. POSIX requires that this value + be one million independent of the actual resolution. + + -- Macro: int CLK_TCK + This is an obsolete name for `CLOCKS_PER_SEC'. + + -- Data Type: clock_t + This is the type of the value returned by the `clock' function. + Values of type `clock_t' are numbers of clock ticks. + + -- Function: clock_t clock (void) + This function returns the calling process' current CPU time. If + the CPU time is not available or cannot be represented, `clock' + returns the value `(clock_t)(-1)'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Processor Time, Prev: CPU Time, Up: Processor And CPU Time + +21.3.2 Processor Time Inquiry +----------------------------- + +The `times' function returns information about a process' consumption +of processor time in a `struct tms' object, in addition to the process' +CPU time. *Note Time Basics::. You should include the header file +`sys/times.h' to use this facility. + + -- Data Type: struct tms + The `tms' structure is used to return information about process + times. It contains at least the following members: + + `clock_t tms_utime' + This is the total processor time the calling process has used + in executing the instructions of its program. + + `clock_t tms_stime' + This is the processor time the system has used on behalf of + the calling process. + + `clock_t tms_cutime' + This is the sum of the `tms_utime' values and the `tms_cutime' + values of all terminated child processes of the calling + process, whose status has been reported to the parent process + by `wait' or `waitpid'; see *note Process Completion::. In + other words, it represents the total processor time used in + executing the instructions of all the terminated child + processes of the calling process, excluding child processes + which have not yet been reported by `wait' or `waitpid'. + + `clock_t tms_cstime' + This is similar to `tms_cutime', but represents the total + processor time system has used on behalf of all the + terminated child processes of the calling process. + + All of the times are given in numbers of clock ticks. Unlike CPU + time, these are the actual amounts of time; not relative to any + event. *Note Creating a Process::. + + -- Function: clock_t times (struct tms *BUFFER) + The `times' function stores the processor time information for the + calling process in BUFFER. + + The return value is the calling process' CPU time (the same value + you get from `clock()'. `times' returns `(clock_t)(-1)' to + indicate failure. + + *Portability Note:* The `clock' function described in *note CPU +Time:: is specified by the ISO C standard. The `times' function is a +feature of POSIX.1. In the GNU system, the CPU time is defined to be +equivalent to the sum of the `tms_utime' and `tms_stime' fields +returned by `times'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Calendar Time, Next: Setting an Alarm, Prev: Processor And CPU Time, Up: Date and Time + +21.4 Calendar Time +================== + +This section describes facilities for keeping track of calendar time. +*Note Time Basics::. + + The GNU C library represents calendar time three ways: + + * "Simple time" (the `time_t' data type) is a compact + representation, typically giving the number of seconds of elapsed + time since some implementation-specific base time. + + * There is also a "high-resolution time" representation. Like simple + time, this represents a calendar time as an elapsed time since a + base time, but instead of measuring in whole seconds, it uses a + `struct timeval' data type, which includes fractions of a second. + Use this time representation instead of simple time when you need + greater precision. + + * "Local time" or "broken-down time" (the `struct tm' data type) + represents a calendar time as a set of components specifying the + year, month, and so on in the Gregorian calendar, for a specific + time zone. This calendar time representation is usually used only + to communicate with people. + +* Menu: + +* Simple Calendar Time:: Facilities for manipulating calendar time. +* High-Resolution Calendar:: A time representation with greater precision. +* Broken-down Time:: Facilities for manipulating local time. +* High Accuracy Clock:: Maintaining a high accuracy system clock. +* Formatting Calendar Time:: Converting times to strings. +* Parsing Date and Time:: Convert textual time and date information back + into broken-down time values. +* TZ Variable:: How users specify the time zone. +* Time Zone Functions:: Functions to examine or specify the time zone. +* Time Functions Example:: An example program showing use of some of + the time functions. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Simple Calendar Time, Next: High-Resolution Calendar, Up: Calendar Time + +21.4.1 Simple Calendar Time +--------------------------- + +This section describes the `time_t' data type for representing calendar +time as simple time, and the functions which operate on simple time +objects. These facilities are declared in the header file `time.h'. + + -- Data Type: time_t + This is the data type used to represent simple time. Sometimes, + it also represents an elapsed time. When interpreted as a + calendar time value, it represents the number of seconds elapsed + since 00:00:00 on January 1, 1970, Coordinated Universal Time. + (This calendar time is sometimes referred to as the "epoch".) + POSIX requires that this count not include leap seconds, but on + some systems this count includes leap seconds if you set `TZ' to + certain values (*note TZ Variable::). + + Note that a simple time has no concept of local time zone. + Calendar Time T is the same instant in time regardless of where on + the globe the computer is. + + In the GNU C library, `time_t' is equivalent to `long int'. In + other systems, `time_t' might be either an integer or + floating-point type. + + The function `difftime' tells you the elapsed time between two +simple calendar times, which is not always as easy to compute as just +subtracting. *Note Elapsed Time::. + + -- Function: time_t time (time_t *RESULT) + The `time' function returns the current calendar time as a value of + type `time_t'. If the argument RESULT is not a null pointer, the + calendar time value is also stored in `*RESULT'. If the current + calendar time is not available, the value `(time_t)(-1)' is + returned. + + -- Function: int stime (time_t *NEWTIME) + `stime' sets the system clock, i.e., it tells the system that the + current calendar time is NEWTIME, where `newtime' is interpreted + as described in the above definition of `time_t'. + + `settimeofday' is a newer function which sets the system clock to + better than one second precision. `settimeofday' is generally a + better choice than `stime'. *Note High-Resolution Calendar::. + + Only the superuser can set the system clock. + + If the function succeeds, the return value is zero. Otherwise, it + is `-1' and `errno' is set accordingly: + + `EPERM' + The process is not superuser. + + +File: libc.info, Node: High-Resolution Calendar, Next: Broken-down Time, Prev: Simple Calendar Time, Up: Calendar Time + +21.4.2 High-Resolution Calendar +------------------------------- + +The `time_t' data type used to represent simple times has a resolution +of only one second. Some applications need more precision. + + So, the GNU C library also contains functions which are capable of +representing calendar times to a higher resolution than one second. The +functions and the associated data types described in this section are +declared in `sys/time.h'. + + -- Data Type: struct timezone + The `struct timezone' structure is used to hold minimal information + about the local time zone. It has the following members: + + `int tz_minuteswest' + This is the number of minutes west of UTC. + + `int tz_dsttime' + If nonzero, Daylight Saving Time applies during some part of + the year. + + The `struct timezone' type is obsolete and should never be used. + Instead, use the facilities described in *note Time Zone + Functions::. + + -- Function: int gettimeofday (struct timeval *TP, struct timezone + *TZP) + The `gettimeofday' function returns the current calendar time as + the elapsed time since the epoch in the `struct timeval' structure + indicated by TP. (*note Elapsed Time:: for a description of + `struct timeval'). Information about the time zone is returned in + the structure pointed at TZP. If the TZP argument is a null + pointer, time zone information is ignored. + + The return value is `0' on success and `-1' on failure. The + following `errno' error condition is defined for this function: + + `ENOSYS' + The operating system does not support getting time zone + information, and TZP is not a null pointer. The GNU + operating system does not support using `struct timezone' to + represent time zone information; that is an obsolete feature + of 4.3 BSD. Instead, use the facilities described in *note + Time Zone Functions::. + + -- Function: int settimeofday (const struct timeval *TP, const struct + timezone *TZP) + The `settimeofday' function sets the current calendar time in the + system clock according to the arguments. As for `gettimeofday', + the calendar time is represented as the elapsed time since the + epoch. As for `gettimeofday', time zone information is ignored if + TZP is a null pointer. + + You must be a privileged user in order to use `settimeofday'. + + Some kernels automatically set the system clock from some source + such as a hardware clock when they start up. Others, including + Linux, place the system clock in an "invalid" state (in which + attempts to read the clock fail). A call of `stime' removes the + system clock from an invalid state, and system startup scripts + typically run a program that calls `stime'. + + `settimeofday' causes a sudden jump forwards or backwards, which + can cause a variety of problems in a system. Use `adjtime' (below) + to make a smooth transition from one time to another by temporarily + speeding up or slowing down the clock. + + With a Linux kernel, `adjtimex' does the same thing and can also + make permanent changes to the speed of the system clock so it + doesn't need to be corrected as often. + + The return value is `0' on success and `-1' on failure. The + following `errno' error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EPERM' + This process cannot set the clock because it is not + privileged. + + `ENOSYS' + The operating system does not support setting time zone + information, and TZP is not a null pointer. + + -- Function: int adjtime (const struct timeval *DELTA, struct timeval + *OLDDELTA) + This function speeds up or slows down the system clock in order to + make a gradual adjustment. This ensures that the calendar time + reported by the system clock is always monotonically increasing, + which might not happen if you simply set the clock. + + The DELTA argument specifies a relative adjustment to be made to + the clock time. If negative, the system clock is slowed down for a + while until it has lost this much elapsed time. If positive, the + system clock is speeded up for a while. + + If the OLDDELTA argument is not a null pointer, the `adjtime' + function returns information about any previous time adjustment + that has not yet completed. + + This function is typically used to synchronize the clocks of + computers in a local network. You must be a privileged user to + use it. + + With a Linux kernel, you can use the `adjtimex' function to + permanently change the clock speed. + + The return value is `0' on success and `-1' on failure. The + following `errno' error condition is defined for this function: + + `EPERM' + You do not have privilege to set the time. + + *Portability Note:* The `gettimeofday', `settimeofday', and +`adjtime' functions are derived from BSD. + + Symbols for the following function are declared in `sys/timex.h'. + + -- Function: int adjtimex (struct timex *TIMEX) + `adjtimex' is functionally identical to `ntp_adjtime'. *Note High + Accuracy Clock::. + + This function is present only with a Linux kernel. + + + +File: libc.info, Node: Broken-down Time, Next: High Accuracy Clock, Prev: High-Resolution Calendar, Up: Calendar Time + +21.4.3 Broken-down Time +----------------------- + +Calendar time is represented by the usual GNU C library functions as an +elapsed time since a fixed base calendar time. This is convenient for +computation, but has no relation to the way people normally think of +calendar time. By contrast, "broken-down time" is a binary +representation of calendar time separated into year, month, day, and so +on. Broken-down time values are not useful for calculations, but they +are useful for printing human readable time information. + + A broken-down time value is always relative to a choice of time +zone, and it also indicates which time zone that is. + + The symbols in this section are declared in the header file `time.h'. + + -- Data Type: struct tm + This is the data type used to represent a broken-down time. The + structure contains at least the following members, which can + appear in any order. + + `int tm_sec' + This is the number of full seconds since the top of the + minute (normally in the range `0' through `59', but the + actual upper limit is `60', to allow for leap seconds if leap + second support is available). + + `int tm_min' + This is the number of full minutes since the top of the hour + (in the range `0' through `59'). + + `int tm_hour' + This is the number of full hours past midnight (in the range + `0' through `23'). + + `int tm_mday' + This is the ordinal day of the month (in the range `1' + through `31'). Watch out for this one! As the only ordinal + number in the structure, it is inconsistent with the rest of + the structure. + + `int tm_mon' + This is the number of full calendar months since the + beginning of the year (in the range `0' through `11'). Watch + out for this one! People usually use ordinal numbers for + month-of-year (where January = 1). + + `int tm_year' + This is the number of full calendar years since 1900. + + `int tm_wday' + This is the number of full days since Sunday (in the range + `0' through `6'). + + `int tm_yday' + This is the number of full days since the beginning of the + year (in the range `0' through `365'). + + `int tm_isdst' + This is a flag that indicates whether Daylight Saving Time is + (or was, or will be) in effect at the time described. The + value is positive if Daylight Saving Time is in effect, zero + if it is not, and negative if the information is not + available. + + `long int tm_gmtoff' + This field describes the time zone that was used to compute + this broken-down time value, including any adjustment for + daylight saving; it is the number of seconds that you must + add to UTC to get local time. You can also think of this as + the number of seconds east of UTC. For example, for U.S. + Eastern Standard Time, the value is `-5*60*60'. The + `tm_gmtoff' field is derived from BSD and is a GNU library + extension; it is not visible in a strict ISO C environment. + + `const char *tm_zone' + This field is the name for the time zone that was used to + compute this broken-down time value. Like `tm_gmtoff', this + field is a BSD and GNU extension, and is not visible in a + strict ISO C environment. + + -- Function: struct tm * localtime (const time_t *TIME) + The `localtime' function converts the simple time pointed to by + TIME to broken-down time representation, expressed relative to the + user's specified time zone. + + The return value is a pointer to a static broken-down time + structure, which might be overwritten by subsequent calls to + `ctime', `gmtime', or `localtime'. (But no other library function + overwrites the contents of this object.) + + The return value is the null pointer if TIME cannot be represented + as a broken-down time; typically this is because the year cannot + fit into an `int'. + + Calling `localtime' has one other effect: it sets the variable + `tzname' with information about the current time zone. *Note Time + Zone Functions::. + + Using the `localtime' function is a big problem in multi-threaded +programs. The result is returned in a static buffer and this is used in +all threads. POSIX.1c introduced a variant of this function. + + -- Function: struct tm * localtime_r (const time_t *TIME, struct tm + *RESULTP) + The `localtime_r' function works just like the `localtime' + function. It takes a pointer to a variable containing a simple + time and converts it to the broken-down time format. + + But the result is not placed in a static buffer. Instead it is + placed in the object of type `struct tm' to which the parameter + RESULTP points. + + If the conversion is successful the function returns a pointer to + the object the result was written into, i.e., it returns RESULTP. + + -- Function: struct tm * gmtime (const time_t *TIME) + This function is similar to `localtime', except that the + broken-down time is expressed as Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) + (formerly called Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)) rather than relative + to a local time zone. + + + As for the `localtime' function we have the problem that the result +is placed in a static variable. POSIX.1c also provides a replacement +for `gmtime'. + + -- Function: struct tm * gmtime_r (const time_t *TIME, struct tm + *RESULTP) + This function is similar to `localtime_r', except that it converts + just like `gmtime' the given time as Coordinated Universal Time. + + If the conversion is successful the function returns a pointer to + the object the result was written into, i.e., it returns RESULTP. + + -- Function: time_t mktime (struct tm *BROKENTIME) + The `mktime' function is used to convert a broken-down time + structure to a simple time representation. It also "normalizes" + the contents of the broken-down time structure, by filling in the + day of week and day of year based on the other date and time + components. + + The `mktime' function ignores the specified contents of the + `tm_wday' and `tm_yday' members of the broken-down time structure. + It uses the values of the other components to determine the + calendar time; it's permissible for these components to have + unnormalized values outside their normal ranges. The last thing + that `mktime' does is adjust the components of the BROKENTIME + structure (including the `tm_wday' and `tm_yday'). + + If the specified broken-down time cannot be represented as a + simple time, `mktime' returns a value of `(time_t)(-1)' and does + not modify the contents of BROKENTIME. + + Calling `mktime' also sets the variable `tzname' with information + about the current time zone. *Note Time Zone Functions::. + + -- Function: time_t timelocal (struct tm *BROKENTIME) + `timelocal' is functionally identical to `mktime', but more + mnemonically named. Note that it is the inverse of the `localtime' + function. + + *Portability note:* `mktime' is essentially universally + available. `timelocal' is rather rare. + + + -- Function: time_t timegm (struct tm *BROKENTIME) + `timegm' is functionally identical to `mktime' except it always + takes the input values to be Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) + regardless of any local time zone setting. + + Note that `timegm' is the inverse of `gmtime'. + + *Portability note:* `mktime' is essentially universally + available. `timegm' is rather rare. For the most portable + conversion from a UTC broken-down time to a simple time, set the + `TZ' environment variable to UTC, call `mktime', then set `TZ' + back. + + + +File: libc.info, Node: High Accuracy Clock, Next: Formatting Calendar Time, Prev: Broken-down Time, Up: Calendar Time + +21.4.4 High Accuracy Clock +-------------------------- + +The `ntp_gettime' and `ntp_adjtime' functions provide an interface to +monitor and manipulate the system clock to maintain high accuracy time. +For example, you can fine tune the speed of the clock or synchronize it +with another time source. + + A typical use of these functions is by a server implementing the +Network Time Protocol to synchronize the clocks of multiple systems and +high precision clocks. + + These functions are declared in `sys/timex.h'. + + -- Data Type: struct ntptimeval + This structure is used for information about the system clock. It + contains the following members: + `struct timeval time' + This is the current calendar time, expressed as the elapsed + time since the epoch. The `struct timeval' data type is + described in *note Elapsed Time::. + + `long int maxerror' + This is the maximum error, measured in microseconds. Unless + updated via `ntp_adjtime' periodically, this value will reach + some platform-specific maximum value. + + `long int esterror' + This is the estimated error, measured in microseconds. This + value can be set by `ntp_adjtime' to indicate the estimated + offset of the system clock from the true calendar time. + + -- Function: int ntp_gettime (struct ntptimeval *TPTR) + The `ntp_gettime' function sets the structure pointed to by TPTR + to current values. The elements of the structure afterwards + contain the values the timer implementation in the kernel assumes. + They might or might not be correct. If they are not a + `ntp_adjtime' call is necessary. + + The return value is `0' on success and other values on failure. + The following `errno' error conditions are defined for this + function: + + `TIME_ERROR' + The precision clock model is not properly set up at the + moment, thus the clock must be considered unsynchronized, and + the values should be treated with care. + + -- Data Type: struct timex + This structure is used to control and monitor the system clock. It + contains the following members: + `unsigned int modes' + This variable controls whether and which values are set. + Several symbolic constants have to be combined with _binary + or_ to specify the effective mode. These constants start + with `MOD_'. + + `long int offset' + This value indicates the current offset of the system clock + from the true calendar time. The value is given in + microseconds. If bit `MOD_OFFSET' is set in `modes', the + offset (and possibly other dependent values) can be set. The + offset's absolute value must not exceed `MAXPHASE'. + + `long int frequency' + This value indicates the difference in frequency between the + true calendar time and the system clock. The value is + expressed as scaled PPM (parts per million, 0.0001%). The + scaling is `1 << SHIFT_USEC'. The value can be set with bit + `MOD_FREQUENCY', but the absolute value must not exceed + `MAXFREQ'. + + `long int maxerror' + This is the maximum error, measured in microseconds. A new + value can be set using bit `MOD_MAXERROR'. Unless updated via + `ntp_adjtime' periodically, this value will increase steadily + and reach some platform-specific maximum value. + + `long int esterror' + This is the estimated error, measured in microseconds. This + value can be set using bit `MOD_ESTERROR'. + + `int status' + This variable reflects the various states of the clock + machinery. There are symbolic constants for the significant + bits, starting with `STA_'. Some of these flags can be + updated using the `MOD_STATUS' bit. + + `long int constant' + This value represents the bandwidth or stiffness of the PLL + (phase locked loop) implemented in the kernel. The value can + be changed using bit `MOD_TIMECONST'. + + `long int precision' + This value represents the accuracy or the maximum error when + reading the system clock. The value is expressed in + microseconds. + + `long int tolerance' + This value represents the maximum frequency error of the + system clock in scaled PPM. This value is used to increase + the `maxerror' every second. + + `struct timeval time' + The current calendar time. + + `long int tick' + The elapsed time between clock ticks in microseconds. A + clock tick is a periodic timer interrupt on which the system + clock is based. + + `long int ppsfreq' + This is the first of a few optional variables that are + present only if the system clock can use a PPS (pulse per + second) signal to discipline the system clock. The value is + expressed in scaled PPM and it denotes the difference in + frequency between the system clock and the PPS signal. + + `long int jitter' + This value expresses a median filtered average of the PPS + signal's dispersion in microseconds. + + `int shift' + This value is a binary exponent for the duration of the PPS + calibration interval, ranging from `PPS_SHIFT' to + `PPS_SHIFTMAX'. + + `long int stabil' + This value represents the median filtered dispersion of the + PPS frequency in scaled PPM. + + `long int jitcnt' + This counter represents the number of pulses where the jitter + exceeded the allowed maximum `MAXTIME'. + + `long int calcnt' + This counter reflects the number of successful calibration + intervals. + + `long int errcnt' + This counter represents the number of calibration errors + (caused by large offsets or jitter). + + `long int stbcnt' + This counter denotes the number of of calibrations where the + stability exceeded the threshold. + + -- Function: int ntp_adjtime (struct timex *TPTR) + The `ntp_adjtime' function sets the structure specified by TPTR to + current values. + + In addition, `ntp_adjtime' updates some settings to match what you + pass to it in *TPTR. Use the `modes' element of *TPTR to select + what settings to update. You can set `offset', `freq', + `maxerror', `esterror', `status', `constant', and `tick'. + + `modes' = zero means set nothing. + + Only the superuser can update settings. + + The return value is `0' on success and other values on failure. + The following `errno' error conditions are defined for this + function: + + `TIME_ERROR' + The high accuracy clock model is not properly set up at the + moment, thus the clock must be considered unsynchronized, and + the values should be treated with care. Another reason could + be that the specified new values are not allowed. + + `EPERM' + The process specified a settings update, but is not superuser. + + + For more details see RFC1305 (Network Time Protocol, Version 3) and + related documents. + + *Portability note:* Early versions of the GNU C library did not + have this function but did have the synonymous `adjtimex'. + + + +File: libc.info, Node: Formatting Calendar Time, Next: Parsing Date and Time, Prev: High Accuracy Clock, Up: Calendar Time + +21.4.5 Formatting Calendar Time +------------------------------- + +The functions described in this section format calendar time values as +strings. These functions are declared in the header file `time.h'. + + -- Function: char * asctime (const struct tm *BROKENTIME) + The `asctime' function converts the broken-down time value that + BROKENTIME points to into a string in a standard format: + + "Tue May 21 13:46:22 1991\n" + + The abbreviations for the days of week are: `Sun', `Mon', `Tue', + `Wed', `Thu', `Fri', and `Sat'. + + The abbreviations for the months are: `Jan', `Feb', `Mar', `Apr', + `May', `Jun', `Jul', `Aug', `Sep', `Oct', `Nov', and `Dec'. + + The return value points to a statically allocated string, which + might be overwritten by subsequent calls to `asctime' or `ctime'. + (But no other library function overwrites the contents of this + string.) + + -- Function: char * asctime_r (const struct tm *BROKENTIME, char + *BUFFER) + This function is similar to `asctime' but instead of placing the + result in a static buffer it writes the string in the buffer + pointed to by the parameter BUFFER. This buffer should have room + for at least 26 bytes, including the terminating null. + + If no error occurred the function returns a pointer to the string + the result was written into, i.e., it returns BUFFER. Otherwise + return `NULL'. + + -- Function: char * ctime (const time_t *TIME) + The `ctime' function is similar to `asctime', except that you + specify the calendar time argument as a `time_t' simple time value + rather than in broken-down local time format. It is equivalent to + + asctime (localtime (TIME)) + + `ctime' sets the variable `tzname', because `localtime' does so. + *Note Time Zone Functions::. + + -- Function: char * ctime_r (const time_t *TIME, char *BUFFER) + This function is similar to `ctime', but places the result in the + string pointed to by BUFFER. It is equivalent to (written using + gcc extensions, *note Statement Exprs: (gcc)Statement Exprs.): + + ({ struct tm tm; asctime_r (localtime_r (time, &tm), buf); }) + + If no error occurred the function returns a pointer to the string + the result was written into, i.e., it returns BUFFER. Otherwise + return `NULL'. + + -- Function: size_t strftime (char *S, size_t SIZE, const char + *TEMPLATE, const struct tm *BROKENTIME) + This function is similar to the `sprintf' function (*note + Formatted Input::), but the conversion specifications that can + appear in the format template TEMPLATE are specialized for + printing components of the date and time BROKENTIME according to + the locale currently specified for time conversion (*note + Locales::). + + Ordinary characters appearing in the TEMPLATE are copied to the + output string S; this can include multibyte character sequences. + Conversion specifiers are introduced by a `%' character, followed + by an optional flag which can be one of the following. These flags + are all GNU extensions. The first three affect only the output of + numbers: + + `_' + The number is padded with spaces. + + `-' + The number is not padded at all. + + `0' + The number is padded with zeros even if the format specifies + padding with spaces. + + `^' + The output uses uppercase characters, but only if this is + possible (*note Case Conversion::). + + The default action is to pad the number with zeros to keep it a + constant width. Numbers that do not have a range indicated below + are never padded, since there is no natural width for them. + + Following the flag an optional specification of the width is + possible. This is specified in decimal notation. If the natural + size of the output is of the field has less than the specified + number of characters, the result is written right adjusted and + space padded to the given size. + + An optional modifier can follow the optional flag and width + specification. The modifiers, which were first standardized by + POSIX.2-1992 and by ISO C99, are: + + `E' + Use the locale's alternate representation for date and time. + This modifier applies to the `%c', `%C', `%x', `%X', `%y' and + `%Y' format specifiers. In a Japanese locale, for example, + `%Ex' might yield a date format based on the Japanese + Emperors' reigns. + + `O' + Use the locale's alternate numeric symbols for numbers. This + modifier applies only to numeric format specifiers. + + If the format supports the modifier but no alternate representation + is available, it is ignored. + + The conversion specifier ends with a format specifier taken from + the following list. The whole `%' sequence is replaced in the + output string as follows: + + `%a' + The abbreviated weekday name according to the current locale. + + `%A' + The full weekday name according to the current locale. + + `%b' + The abbreviated month name according to the current locale. + + `%B' + The full month name according to the current locale. + + Using `%B' together with `%d' produces grammatically + incorrect results for some locales. + + `%c' + The preferred calendar time representation for the current + locale. + + `%C' + The century of the year. This is equivalent to the greatest + integer not greater than the year divided by 100. + + This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by + ISO C99. + + `%d' + The day of the month as a decimal number (range `01' through + `31'). + + `%D' + The date using the format `%m/%d/%y'. + + This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by + ISO C99. + + `%e' + The day of the month like with `%d', but padded with blank + (range ` 1' through `31'). + + This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by + ISO C99. + + `%F' + The date using the format `%Y-%m-%d'. This is the form + specified in the ISO 8601 standard and is the preferred form + for all uses. + + This format was first standardized by ISO C99 and by + POSIX.1-2001. + + `%g' + The year corresponding to the ISO week number, but without + the century (range `00' through `99'). This has the same + format and value as `%y', except that if the ISO week number + (see `%V') belongs to the previous or next year, that year is + used instead. + + This format was first standardized by ISO C99 and by + POSIX.1-2001. + + `%G' + The year corresponding to the ISO week number. This has the + same format and value as `%Y', except that if the ISO week + number (see `%V') belongs to the previous or next year, that + year is used instead. + + This format was first standardized by ISO C99 and by + POSIX.1-2001 but was previously available as a GNU extension. + + `%h' + The abbreviated month name according to the current locale. + The action is the same as for `%b'. + + This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by + ISO C99. + + `%H' + The hour as a decimal number, using a 24-hour clock (range + `00' through `23'). + + `%I' + The hour as a decimal number, using a 12-hour clock (range + `01' through `12'). + + `%j' + The day of the year as a decimal number (range `001' through + `366'). + + `%k' + The hour as a decimal number, using a 24-hour clock like + `%H', but padded with blank (range ` 0' through `23'). + + This format is a GNU extension. + + `%l' + The hour as a decimal number, using a 12-hour clock like + `%I', but padded with blank (range ` 1' through `12'). + + This format is a GNU extension. + + `%m' + The month as a decimal number (range `01' through `12'). + + `%M' + The minute as a decimal number (range `00' through `59'). + + `%n' + A single `\n' (newline) character. + + This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by + ISO C99. + + `%p' + Either `AM' or `PM', according to the given time value; or the + corresponding strings for the current locale. Noon is + treated as `PM' and midnight as `AM'. In most locales + `AM'/`PM' format is not supported, in such cases `"%p"' + yields an empty string. + + `%P' + Either `am' or `pm', according to the given time value; or the + corresponding strings for the current locale, printed in + lowercase characters. Noon is treated as `pm' and midnight + as `am'. In most locales `AM'/`PM' format is not supported, + in such cases `"%P"' yields an empty string. + + This format is a GNU extension. + + `%r' + The complete calendar time using the AM/PM format of the + current locale. + + This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by + ISO C99. In the POSIX locale, this format is equivalent to + `%I:%M:%S %p'. + + `%R' + The hour and minute in decimal numbers using the format + `%H:%M'. + + This format was first standardized by ISO C99 and by + POSIX.1-2001 but was previously available as a GNU extension. + + `%s' + The number of seconds since the epoch, i.e., since 1970-01-01 + 00:00:00 UTC. Leap seconds are not counted unless leap + second support is available. + + This format is a GNU extension. + + `%S' + The seconds as a decimal number (range `00' through `60'). + + `%t' + A single `\t' (tabulator) character. + + This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by + ISO C99. + + `%T' + The time of day using decimal numbers using the format + `%H:%M:%S'. + + This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by + ISO C99. + + `%u' + The day of the week as a decimal number (range `1' through + `7'), Monday being `1'. + + This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by + ISO C99. + + `%U' + The week number of the current year as a decimal number + (range `00' through `53'), starting with the first Sunday as + the first day of the first week. Days preceding the first + Sunday in the year are considered to be in week `00'. + + `%V' + The ISO 8601:1988 week number as a decimal number (range `01' + through `53'). ISO weeks start with Monday and end with + Sunday. Week `01' of a year is the first week which has the + majority of its days in that year; this is equivalent to the + week containing the year's first Thursday, and it is also + equivalent to the week containing January 4. Week `01' of a + year can contain days from the previous year. The week + before week `01' of a year is the last week (`52' or `53') of + the previous year even if it contains days from the new year. + + This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by + ISO C99. + + `%w' + The day of the week as a decimal number (range `0' through + `6'), Sunday being `0'. + + `%W' + The week number of the current year as a decimal number + (range `00' through `53'), starting with the first Monday as + the first day of the first week. All days preceding the + first Monday in the year are considered to be in week `00'. + + `%x' + The preferred date representation for the current locale. + + `%X' + The preferred time of day representation for the current + locale. + + `%y' + The year without a century as a decimal number (range `00' + through `99'). This is equivalent to the year modulo 100. + + `%Y' + The year as a decimal number, using the Gregorian calendar. + Years before the year `1' are numbered `0', `-1', and so on. + + `%z' + RFC 822/ISO 8601:1988 style numeric time zone (e.g., `-0600' + or `+0100'), or nothing if no time zone is determinable. + + This format was first standardized by ISO C99 and by + POSIX.1-2001 but was previously available as a GNU extension. + + In the POSIX locale, a full RFC 822 timestamp is generated by + the format `"%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z"' (or the equivalent + `"%a, %d %b %Y %T %z"'). + + `%Z' + The time zone abbreviation (empty if the time zone can't be + determined). + + `%%' + A literal `%' character. + + The SIZE parameter can be used to specify the maximum number of + characters to be stored in the array S, including the terminating + null character. If the formatted time requires more than SIZE + characters, `strftime' returns zero and the contents of the array + S are undefined. Otherwise the return value indicates the number + of characters placed in the array S, not including the terminating + null character. + + _Warning:_ This convention for the return value which is prescribed + in ISO C can lead to problems in some situations. For certain + format strings and certain locales the output really can be the + empty string and this cannot be discovered by testing the return + value only. E.g., in most locales the AM/PM time format is not + supported (most of the world uses the 24 hour time + representation). In such locales `"%p"' will return the empty + string, i.e., the return value is zero. To detect situations like + this something similar to the following code should be used: + + buf[0] = '\1'; + len = strftime (buf, bufsize, format, tp); + if (len == 0 && buf[0] != '\0') + { + /* Something went wrong in the strftime call. */ + ... + } + + If S is a null pointer, `strftime' does not actually write + anything, but instead returns the number of characters it would + have written. + + According to POSIX.1 every call to `strftime' implies a call to + `tzset'. So the contents of the environment variable `TZ' is + examined before any output is produced. + + For an example of `strftime', see *note Time Functions Example::. + + -- Function: size_t wcsftime (wchar_t *S, size_t SIZE, const wchar_t + *TEMPLATE, const struct tm *BROKENTIME) + The `wcsftime' function is equivalent to the `strftime' function + with the difference that it operates on wide character strings. + The buffer where the result is stored, pointed to by S, must be an + array of wide characters. The parameter SIZE which specifies the + size of the output buffer gives the number of wide character, not + the number of bytes. + + Also the format string TEMPLATE is a wide character string. Since + all characters needed to specify the format string are in the basic + character set it is portably possible to write format strings in + the C source code using the `L"..."' notation. The parameter + BROKENTIME has the same meaning as in the `strftime' call. + + The `wcsftime' function supports the same flags, modifiers, and + format specifiers as the `strftime' function. + + The return value of `wcsftime' is the number of wide characters + stored in `s'. When more characters would have to be written than + can be placed in the buffer S the return value is zero, with the + same problems indicated in the `strftime' documentation. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Parsing Date and Time, Next: TZ Variable, Prev: Formatting Calendar Time, Up: Calendar Time + +21.4.6 Convert textual time and date information back +----------------------------------------------------- + +The ISO C standard does not specify any functions which can convert the +output of the `strftime' function back into a binary format. This led +to a variety of more-or-less successful implementations with different +interfaces over the years. Then the Unix standard was extended by the +addition of two functions: `strptime' and `getdate'. Both have strange +interfaces but at least they are widely available. + +* Menu: + +* Low-Level Time String Parsing:: Interpret string according to given format. +* General Time String Parsing:: User-friendly function to parse data and + time strings. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Low-Level Time String Parsing, Next: General Time String Parsing, Up: Parsing Date and Time + +21.4.6.1 Interpret string according to given format +................................................... + +The first function is rather low-level. It is nevertheless frequently +used in software since it is better known. Its interface and +implementation are heavily influenced by the `getdate' function, which +is defined and implemented in terms of calls to `strptime'. + + -- Function: char * strptime (const char *S, const char *FMT, struct + tm *TP) + The `strptime' function parses the input string S according to the + format string FMT and stores its results in the structure TP. + + The input string could be generated by a `strftime' call or + obtained any other way. It does not need to be in a + human-recognizable format; e.g. a date passed as `"02:1999:9"' is + acceptable, even though it is ambiguous without context. As long + as the format string FMT matches the input string the function + will succeed. + + The user has to make sure, though, that the input can be parsed in + a unambiguous way. The string `"1999112"' can be parsed using the + format `"%Y%m%d"' as 1999-1-12, 1999-11-2, or even 19991-1-2. It + is necessary to add appropriate separators to reliably get results. + + The format string consists of the same components as the format + string of the `strftime' function. The only difference is that + the flags `_', `-', `0', and `^' are not allowed. Several of the + distinct formats of `strftime' do the same work in `strptime' + since differences like case of the input do not matter. For + reasons of symmetry all formats are supported, though. + + The modifiers `E' and `O' are also allowed everywhere the + `strftime' function allows them. + + The formats are: + + `%a' + `%A' + The weekday name according to the current locale, in + abbreviated form or the full name. + + `%b' + `%B' + `%h' + The month name according to the current locale, in + abbreviated form or the full name. + + `%c' + The date and time representation for the current locale. + + `%Ec' + Like `%c' but the locale's alternative date and time format + is used. + + `%C' + The century of the year. + + It makes sense to use this format only if the format string + also contains the `%y' format. + + `%EC' + The locale's representation of the period. + + Unlike `%C' it sometimes makes sense to use this format since + some cultures represent years relative to the beginning of + eras instead of using the Gregorian years. + + `%d' + + `%e' + The day of the month as a decimal number (range `1' through + `31'). Leading zeroes are permitted but not required. + + `%Od' + `%Oe' + Same as `%d' but using the locale's alternative numeric + symbols. + + Leading zeroes are permitted but not required. + + `%D' + Equivalent to `%m/%d/%y'. + + `%F' + Equivalent to `%Y-%m-%d', which is the ISO 8601 date format. + + This is a GNU extension following an ISO C99 extension to + `strftime'. + + `%g' + The year corresponding to the ISO week number, but without + the century (range `00' through `99'). + + _Note:_ Currently, this is not fully implemented. The format + is recognized, input is consumed but no field in TM is set. + + This format is a GNU extension following a GNU extension of + `strftime'. + + `%G' + The year corresponding to the ISO week number. + + _Note:_ Currently, this is not fully implemented. The format + is recognized, input is consumed but no field in TM is set. + + This format is a GNU extension following a GNU extension of + `strftime'. + + `%H' + `%k' + The hour as a decimal number, using a 24-hour clock (range + `00' through `23'). + + `%k' is a GNU extension following a GNU extension of + `strftime'. + + `%OH' + Same as `%H' but using the locale's alternative numeric + symbols. + + `%I' + `%l' + The hour as a decimal number, using a 12-hour clock (range + `01' through `12'). + + `%l' is a GNU extension following a GNU extension of + `strftime'. + + `%OI' + Same as `%I' but using the locale's alternative numeric + symbols. + + `%j' + The day of the year as a decimal number (range `1' through + `366'). + + Leading zeroes are permitted but not required. + + `%m' + The month as a decimal number (range `1' through `12'). + + Leading zeroes are permitted but not required. + + `%Om' + Same as `%m' but using the locale's alternative numeric + symbols. + + `%M' + The minute as a decimal number (range `0' through `59'). + + Leading zeroes are permitted but not required. + + `%OM' + Same as `%M' but using the locale's alternative numeric + symbols. + + `%n' + `%t' + Matches any white space. + + `%p' + + `%P' + The locale-dependent equivalent to `AM' or `PM'. + + This format is not useful unless `%I' or `%l' is also used. + Another complication is that the locale might not define + these values at all and therefore the conversion fails. + + `%P' is a GNU extension following a GNU extension to + `strftime'. + + `%r' + The complete time using the AM/PM format of the current + locale. + + A complication is that the locale might not define this + format at all and therefore the conversion fails. + + `%R' + The hour and minute in decimal numbers using the format + `%H:%M'. + + `%R' is a GNU extension following a GNU extension to + `strftime'. + + `%s' + The number of seconds since the epoch, i.e., since 1970-01-01 + 00:00:00 UTC. Leap seconds are not counted unless leap + second support is available. + + `%s' is a GNU extension following a GNU extension to + `strftime'. + + `%S' + The seconds as a decimal number (range `0' through `60'). + + Leading zeroes are permitted but not required. + + *NB:* The Unix specification says the upper bound on this + value is `61', a result of a decision to allow double leap + seconds. You will not see the value `61' because no minute + has more than one leap second, but the myth persists. + + `%OS' + Same as `%S' but using the locale's alternative numeric + symbols. + + `%T' + Equivalent to the use of `%H:%M:%S' in this place. + + `%u' + The day of the week as a decimal number (range `1' through + `7'), Monday being `1'. + + Leading zeroes are permitted but not required. + + _Note:_ Currently, this is not fully implemented. The format + is recognized, input is consumed but no field in TM is set. + + `%U' + The week number of the current year as a decimal number + (range `0' through `53'). + + Leading zeroes are permitted but not required. + + `%OU' + Same as `%U' but using the locale's alternative numeric + symbols. + + `%V' + The ISO 8601:1988 week number as a decimal number (range `1' + through `53'). + + Leading zeroes are permitted but not required. + + _Note:_ Currently, this is not fully implemented. The format + is recognized, input is consumed but no field in TM is set. + + `%w' + The day of the week as a decimal number (range `0' through + `6'), Sunday being `0'. + + Leading zeroes are permitted but not required. + + _Note:_ Currently, this is not fully implemented. The format + is recognized, input is consumed but no field in TM is set. + + `%Ow' + Same as `%w' but using the locale's alternative numeric + symbols. + + `%W' + The week number of the current year as a decimal number + (range `0' through `53'). + + Leading zeroes are permitted but not required. + + _Note:_ Currently, this is not fully implemented. The format + is recognized, input is consumed but no field in TM is set. + + `%OW' + Same as `%W' but using the locale's alternative numeric + symbols. + + `%x' + The date using the locale's date format. + + `%Ex' + Like `%x' but the locale's alternative data representation is + used. + + `%X' + The time using the locale's time format. + + `%EX' + Like `%X' but the locale's alternative time representation is + used. + + `%y' + The year without a century as a decimal number (range `0' + through `99'). + + Leading zeroes are permitted but not required. + + Note that it is questionable to use this format without the + `%C' format. The `strptime' function does regard input + values in the range 68 to 99 as the years 1969 to 1999 and + the values 0 to 68 as the years 2000 to 2068. But maybe this + heuristic fails for some input data. + + Therefore it is best to avoid `%y' completely and use `%Y' + instead. + + `%Ey' + The offset from `%EC' in the locale's alternative + representation. + + `%Oy' + The offset of the year (from `%C') using the locale's + alternative numeric symbols. + + `%Y' + The year as a decimal number, using the Gregorian calendar. + + `%EY' + The full alternative year representation. + + `%z' + The offset from GMT in ISO 8601/RFC822 format. + + `%Z' + The timezone name. + + _Note:_ Currently, this is not fully implemented. The format + is recognized, input is consumed but no field in TM is set. + + `%%' + A literal `%' character. + + All other characters in the format string must have a matching + character in the input string. Exceptions are white spaces in the + input string which can match zero or more whitespace characters in + the format string. + + *Portability Note:* The XPG standard advises applications to use + at least one whitespace character (as specified by `isspace') or + other non-alphanumeric characters between any two conversion + specifications. The GNU C Library does not have this limitation + but other libraries might have trouble parsing formats like + `"%d%m%Y%H%M%S"'. + + The `strptime' function processes the input string from right to + left. Each of the three possible input elements (white space, + literal, or format) are handled one after the other. If the input + cannot be matched to the format string the function stops. The + remainder of the format and input strings are not processed. + + The function returns a pointer to the first character it was + unable to process. If the input string contains more characters + than required by the format string the return value points right + after the last consumed input character. If the whole input + string is consumed the return value points to the `NULL' byte at + the end of the string. If an error occurs, i.e., `strptime' fails + to match all of the format string, the function returns `NULL'. + + The specification of the function in the XPG standard is rather +vague, leaving out a few important pieces of information. Most +importantly, it does not specify what happens to those elements of TM +which are not directly initialized by the different formats. The +implementations on different Unix systems vary here. + + The GNU libc implementation does not touch those fields which are not +directly initialized. Exceptions are the `tm_wday' and `tm_yday' +elements, which are recomputed if any of the year, month, or date +elements changed. This has two implications: + + * Before calling the `strptime' function for a new input string, you + should prepare the TM structure you pass. Normally this will mean + initializing all values are to zero. Alternatively, you can set + all fields to values like `INT_MAX', allowing you to determine + which elements were set by the function call. Zero does not work + here since it is a valid value for many of the fields. + + Careful initialization is necessary if you want to find out + whether a certain field in TM was initialized by the function call. + + * You can construct a `struct tm' value with several consecutive + `strptime' calls. A useful application of this is e.g. the parsing + of two separate strings, one containing date information and the + other time information. By parsing one after the other without + clearing the structure in-between, you can construct a complete + broken-down time. + + The following example shows a function which parses a string which is +contains the date information in either US style or ISO 8601 form: + + const char * + parse_date (const char *input, struct tm *tm) + { + const char *cp; + + /* First clear the result structure. */ + memset (tm, '\0', sizeof (*tm)); + + /* Try the ISO format first. */ + cp = strptime (input, "%F", tm); + if (cp == NULL) + { + /* Does not match. Try the US form. */ + cp = strptime (input, "%D", tm); + } + + return cp; + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: General Time String Parsing, Prev: Low-Level Time String Parsing, Up: Parsing Date and Time + +21.4.6.2 A More User-friendly Way to Parse Times and Dates +.......................................................... + +The Unix standard defines another function for parsing date strings. +The interface is weird, but if the function happens to suit your +application it is just fine. It is problematic to use this function in +multi-threaded programs or libraries, since it returns a pointer to a +static variable, and uses a global variable and global state (an +environment variable). + + -- Variable: getdate_err + This variable of type `int' contains the error code of the last + unsuccessful call to `getdate'. Defined values are: + + 1 + The environment variable `DATEMSK' is not defined or null. + + 2 + The template file denoted by the `DATEMSK' environment + variable cannot be opened. + + 3 + Information about the template file cannot retrieved. + + 4 + The template file is not a regular file. + + 5 + An I/O error occurred while reading the template file. + + 6 + Not enough memory available to execute the function. + + 7 + The template file contains no matching template. + + 8 + The input date is invalid, but would match a template + otherwise. This includes dates like February 31st, and dates + which cannot be represented in a `time_t' variable. + + -- Function: struct tm * getdate (const char *STRING) + The interface to `getdate' is the simplest possible for a function + to parse a string and return the value. STRING is the input + string and the result is returned in a statically-allocated + variable. + + The details about how the string is processed are hidden from the + user. In fact, they can be outside the control of the program. + Which formats are recognized is controlled by the file named by + the environment variable `DATEMSK'. This file should contain + lines of valid format strings which could be passed to `strptime'. + + The `getdate' function reads these format strings one after the + other and tries to match the input string. The first line which + completely matches the input string is used. + + Elements not initialized through the format string retain the + values present at the time of the `getdate' function call. + + The formats recognized by `getdate' are the same as for + `strptime'. See above for an explanation. There are only a few + extensions to the `strptime' behavior: + + * If the `%Z' format is given the broken-down time is based on + the current time of the timezone matched, not of the current + timezone of the runtime environment. + + _Note_: This is not implemented (currently). The problem is + that timezone names are not unique. If a fixed timezone is + assumed for a given string (say `EST' meaning US East Coast + time), then uses for countries other than the USA will fail. + So far we have found no good solution to this. + + * If only the weekday is specified the selected day depends on + the current date. If the current weekday is greater or equal + to the `tm_wday' value the current week's day is chosen, + otherwise the day next week is chosen. + + * A similar heuristic is used when only the month is given and + not the year. If the month is greater than or equal to the + current month, then the current year is used. Otherwise it + wraps to next year. The first day of the month is assumed if + one is not explicitly specified. + + * The current hour, minute, and second are used if the + appropriate value is not set through the format. + + * If no date is given tomorrow's date is used if the time is + smaller than the current time. Otherwise today's date is + taken. + + It should be noted that the format in the template file need not + only contain format elements. The following is a list of possible + format strings (taken from the Unix standard): + + %m + %A %B %d, %Y %H:%M:%S + %A + %B + %m/%d/%y %I %p + %d,%m,%Y %H:%M + at %A the %dst of %B in %Y + run job at %I %p,%B %dnd + %A den %d. %B %Y %H.%M Uhr + + As you can see, the template list can contain very specific + strings like `run job at %I %p,%B %dnd'. Using the above list of + templates and assuming the current time is Mon Sep 22 12:19:47 EDT + 1986 we can obtain the following results for the given input. + + Input Match Result + Mon %a Mon Sep 22 12:19:47 EDT 1986 + Sun %a Sun Sep 28 12:19:47 EDT 1986 + Fri %a Fri Sep 26 12:19:47 EDT 1986 + September %B Mon Sep 1 12:19:47 EDT 1986 + January %B Thu Jan 1 12:19:47 EST 1987 + December %B Mon Dec 1 12:19:47 EST 1986 + Sep Mon %b %a Mon Sep 1 12:19:47 EDT 1986 + Jan Fri %b %a Fri Jan 2 12:19:47 EST 1987 + Dec Mon %b %a Mon Dec 1 12:19:47 EST 1986 + Jan Wed 1989 %b %a %Y Wed Jan 4 12:19:47 EST 1989 + Fri 9 %a %H Fri Sep 26 09:00:00 EDT 1986 + Feb 10:30 %b %H:%S Sun Feb 1 10:00:30 EST 1987 + 10:30 %H:%M Tue Sep 23 10:30:00 EDT 1986 + 13:30 %H:%M Mon Sep 22 13:30:00 EDT 1986 + + The return value of the function is a pointer to a static variable + of type `struct tm', or a null pointer if an error occurred. The + result is only valid until the next `getdate' call, making this + function unusable in multi-threaded applications. + + The `errno' variable is _not_ changed. Error conditions are + stored in the global variable `getdate_err'. See the description + above for a list of the possible error values. + + _Warning:_ The `getdate' function should _never_ be used in + SUID-programs. The reason is obvious: using the `DATEMSK' + environment variable you can get the function to open any + arbitrary file and chances are high that with some bogus input + (such as a binary file) the program will crash. + + -- Function: int getdate_r (const char *STRING, struct tm *TP) + The `getdate_r' function is the reentrant counterpart of + `getdate'. It does not use the global variable `getdate_err' to + signal an error, but instead returns an error code. The same error + codes as described in the `getdate_err' documentation above are + used, with 0 meaning success. + + Moreover, `getdate_r' stores the broken-down time in the variable + of type `struct tm' pointed to by the second argument, rather than + in a static variable. + + This function is not defined in the Unix standard. Nevertheless + it is available on some other Unix systems as well. + + The warning against using `getdate' in SUID-programs applies to + `getdate_r' as well. + + +File: libc.info, Node: TZ Variable, Next: Time Zone Functions, Prev: Parsing Date and Time, Up: Calendar Time + +21.4.7 Specifying the Time Zone with `TZ' +----------------------------------------- + +In POSIX systems, a user can specify the time zone by means of the `TZ' +environment variable. For information about how to set environment +variables, see *note Environment Variables::. The functions for +accessing the time zone are declared in `time.h'. + + You should not normally need to set `TZ'. If the system is +configured properly, the default time zone will be correct. You might +set `TZ' if you are using a computer over a network from a different +time zone, and would like times reported to you in the time zone local +to you, rather than what is local to the computer. + + In POSIX.1 systems the value of the `TZ' variable can be in one of +three formats. With the GNU C library, the most common format is the +last one, which can specify a selection from a large database of time +zone information for many regions of the world. The first two formats +are used to describe the time zone information directly, which is both +more cumbersome and less precise. But the POSIX.1 standard only +specifies the details of the first two formats, so it is good to be +familiar with them in case you come across a POSIX.1 system that doesn't +support a time zone information database. + + The first format is used when there is no Daylight Saving Time (or +summer time) in the local time zone: + + STD OFFSET + + The STD string specifies the name of the time zone. It must be +three or more characters long and must not contain a leading colon, +embedded digits, commas, nor plus and minus signs. There is no space +character separating the time zone name from the OFFSET, so these +restrictions are necessary to parse the specification correctly. + + The OFFSET specifies the time value you must add to the local time +to get a Coordinated Universal Time value. It has syntax like +[`+'|`-']HH[`:'MM[`:'SS]]. This is positive if the local time zone is +west of the Prime Meridian and negative if it is east. The hour must +be between `0' and `23', and the minute and seconds between `0' and +`59'. + + For example, here is how we would specify Eastern Standard Time, but +without any Daylight Saving Time alternative: + + EST+5 + + The second format is used when there is Daylight Saving Time: + + STD OFFSET DST [OFFSET]`,'START[`/'TIME]`,'END[`/'TIME] + + The initial STD and OFFSET specify the standard time zone, as +described above. The DST string and OFFSET specify the name and offset +for the corresponding Daylight Saving Time zone; if the OFFSET is +omitted, it defaults to one hour ahead of standard time. + + The remainder of the specification describes when Daylight Saving +Time is in effect. The START field is when Daylight Saving Time goes +into effect and the END field is when the change is made back to +standard time. The following formats are recognized for these fields: + +`JN' + This specifies the Julian day, with N between `1' and `365'. + February 29 is never counted, even in leap years. + +`N' + This specifies the Julian day, with N between `0' and `365'. + February 29 is counted in leap years. + +`MM.W.D' + This specifies day D of week W of month M. The day D must be + between `0' (Sunday) and `6'. The week W must be between `1' and + `5'; week `1' is the first week in which day D occurs, and week + `5' specifies the _last_ D day in the month. The month M should be + between `1' and `12'. + + The TIME fields specify when, in the local time currently in effect, +the change to the other time occurs. If omitted, the default is +`02:00:00'. + + For example, here is how you would specify the Eastern time zone in +the United States, including the appropriate Daylight Saving Time and +its dates of applicability. The normal offset from UTC is 5 hours; +since this is west of the prime meridian, the sign is positive. Summer +time begins on the first Sunday in April at 2:00am, and ends on the +last Sunday in October at 2:00am. + + EST+5EDT,M4.1.0/2,M10.5.0/2 + + The schedule of Daylight Saving Time in any particular jurisdiction +has changed over the years. To be strictly correct, the conversion of +dates and times in the past should be based on the schedule that was in +effect then. However, this format has no facilities to let you specify +how the schedule has changed from year to year. The most you can do is +specify one particular schedule--usually the present day schedule--and +this is used to convert any date, no matter when. For precise time zone +specifications, it is best to use the time zone information database +(see below). + + The third format looks like this: + + :CHARACTERS + + Each operating system interprets this format differently; in the GNU +C library, CHARACTERS is the name of a file which describes the time +zone. + + If the `TZ' environment variable does not have a value, the +operation chooses a time zone by default. In the GNU C library, the +default time zone is like the specification `TZ=:/etc/localtime' (or +`TZ=:/usr/local/etc/localtime', depending on how GNU C library was +configured; *note Installation::). Other C libraries use their own +rule for choosing the default time zone, so there is little we can say +about them. + + If CHARACTERS begins with a slash, it is an absolute file name; +otherwise the library looks for the file +`/share/lib/zoneinfo/CHARACTERS'. The `zoneinfo' directory contains +data files describing local time zones in many different parts of the +world. The names represent major cities, with subdirectories for +geographical areas; for example, `America/New_York', `Europe/London', +`Asia/Hong_Kong'. These data files are installed by the system +administrator, who also sets `/etc/localtime' to point to the data file +for the local time zone. The GNU C library comes with a large database +of time zone information for most regions of the world, which is +maintained by a community of volunteers and put in the public domain. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Time Zone Functions, Next: Time Functions Example, Prev: TZ Variable, Up: Calendar Time + +21.4.8 Functions and Variables for Time Zones +--------------------------------------------- + + -- Variable: char * tzname [2] + The array `tzname' contains two strings, which are the standard + names of the pair of time zones (standard and Daylight Saving) + that the user has selected. `tzname[0]' is the name of the + standard time zone (for example, `"EST"'), and `tzname[1]' is the + name for the time zone when Daylight Saving Time is in use (for + example, `"EDT"'). These correspond to the STD and DST strings + (respectively) from the `TZ' environment variable. If Daylight + Saving Time is never used, `tzname[1]' is the empty string. + + The `tzname' array is initialized from the `TZ' environment + variable whenever `tzset', `ctime', `strftime', `mktime', or + `localtime' is called. If multiple abbreviations have been used + (e.g. `"EWT"' and `"EDT"' for U.S. Eastern War Time and Eastern + Daylight Time), the array contains the most recent abbreviation. + + The `tzname' array is required for POSIX.1 compatibility, but in + GNU programs it is better to use the `tm_zone' member of the + broken-down time structure, since `tm_zone' reports the correct + abbreviation even when it is not the latest one. + + Though the strings are declared as `char *' the user must refrain + from modifying these strings. Modifying the strings will almost + certainly lead to trouble. + + + -- Function: void tzset (void) + The `tzset' function initializes the `tzname' variable from the + value of the `TZ' environment variable. It is not usually + necessary for your program to call this function, because it is + called automatically when you use the other time conversion + functions that depend on the time zone. + + The following variables are defined for compatibility with System V +Unix. Like `tzname', these variables are set by calling `tzset' or the +other time conversion functions. + + -- Variable: long int timezone + This contains the difference between UTC and the latest local + standard time, in seconds west of UTC. For example, in the U.S. + Eastern time zone, the value is `5*60*60'. Unlike the `tm_gmtoff' + member of the broken-down time structure, this value is not + adjusted for daylight saving, and its sign is reversed. In GNU + programs it is better to use `tm_gmtoff', since it contains the + correct offset even when it is not the latest one. + + -- Variable: int daylight + This variable has a nonzero value if Daylight Saving Time rules + apply. A nonzero value does not necessarily mean that Daylight + Saving Time is now in effect; it means only that Daylight Saving + Time is sometimes in effect. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Time Functions Example, Prev: Time Zone Functions, Up: Calendar Time + +21.4.9 Time Functions Example +----------------------------- + +Here is an example program showing the use of some of the calendar time +functions. + + #include + #include + + #define SIZE 256 + + int + main (void) + { + char buffer[SIZE]; + time_t curtime; + struct tm *loctime; + + /* Get the current time. */ + curtime = time (NULL); + + /* Convert it to local time representation. */ + loctime = localtime (&curtime); + + /* Print out the date and time in the standard format. */ + fputs (asctime (loctime), stdout); + + /* Print it out in a nice format. */ + strftime (buffer, SIZE, "Today is %A, %B %d.\n", loctime); + fputs (buffer, stdout); + strftime (buffer, SIZE, "The time is %I:%M %p.\n", loctime); + fputs (buffer, stdout); + + return 0; + } + + It produces output like this: + + Wed Jul 31 13:02:36 1991 + Today is Wednesday, July 31. + The time is 01:02 PM. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Setting an Alarm, Next: Sleeping, Prev: Calendar Time, Up: Date and Time + +21.5 Setting an Alarm +===================== + +The `alarm' and `setitimer' functions provide a mechanism for a process +to interrupt itself in the future. They do this by setting a timer; +when the timer expires, the process receives a signal. + + Each process has three independent interval timers available: + + * A real-time timer that counts elapsed time. This timer sends a + `SIGALRM' signal to the process when it expires. + + * A virtual timer that counts processor time used by the process. + This timer sends a `SIGVTALRM' signal to the process when it + expires. + + * A profiling timer that counts both processor time used by the + process, and processor time spent in system calls on behalf of the + process. This timer sends a `SIGPROF' signal to the process when + it expires. + + This timer is useful for profiling in interpreters. The interval + timer mechanism does not have the fine granularity necessary for + profiling native code. + + You can only have one timer of each kind set at any given time. If +you set a timer that has not yet expired, that timer is simply reset to +the new value. + + You should establish a handler for the appropriate alarm signal using +`signal' or `sigaction' before issuing a call to `setitimer' or +`alarm'. Otherwise, an unusual chain of events could cause the timer +to expire before your program establishes the handler. In this case it +would be terminated, since termination is the default action for the +alarm signals. *Note Signal Handling::. + + To be able to use the alarm function to interrupt a system call which +might block otherwise indefinitely it is important to _not_ set the +`SA_RESTART' flag when registering the signal handler using +`sigaction'. When not using `sigaction' things get even uglier: the +`signal' function has to fixed semantics with respect to restarts. The +BSD semantics for this function is to set the flag. Therefore, if +`sigaction' for whatever reason cannot be used, it is necessary to use +`sysv_signal' and not `signal'. + + The `setitimer' function is the primary means for setting an alarm. +This facility is declared in the header file `sys/time.h'. The `alarm' +function, declared in `unistd.h', provides a somewhat simpler interface +for setting the real-time timer. + + -- Data Type: struct itimerval + This structure is used to specify when a timer should expire. It + contains the following members: + `struct timeval it_interval' + This is the period between successive timer interrupts. If + zero, the alarm will only be sent once. + + `struct timeval it_value' + This is the period between now and the first timer interrupt. + If zero, the alarm is disabled. + + The `struct timeval' data type is described in *note Elapsed + Time::. + + -- Function: int setitimer (int WHICH, struct itimerval *NEW, struct + itimerval *OLD) + The `setitimer' function sets the timer specified by WHICH + according to NEW. The WHICH argument can have a value of + `ITIMER_REAL', `ITIMER_VIRTUAL', or `ITIMER_PROF'. + + If OLD is not a null pointer, `setitimer' returns information + about any previous unexpired timer of the same kind in the + structure it points to. + + The return value is `0' on success and `-1' on failure. The + following `errno' error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EINVAL' + The timer period is too large. + + -- Function: int getitimer (int WHICH, struct itimerval *OLD) + The `getitimer' function stores information about the timer + specified by WHICH in the structure pointed at by OLD. + + The return value and error conditions are the same as for + `setitimer'. + +`ITIMER_REAL' + This constant can be used as the WHICH argument to the `setitimer' + and `getitimer' functions to specify the real-time timer. + +`ITIMER_VIRTUAL' + This constant can be used as the WHICH argument to the `setitimer' + and `getitimer' functions to specify the virtual timer. + +`ITIMER_PROF' + This constant can be used as the WHICH argument to the `setitimer' + and `getitimer' functions to specify the profiling timer. + + -- Function: unsigned int alarm (unsigned int SECONDS) + The `alarm' function sets the real-time timer to expire in SECONDS + seconds. If you want to cancel any existing alarm, you can do + this by calling `alarm' with a SECONDS argument of zero. + + The return value indicates how many seconds remain before the + previous alarm would have been sent. If there is no previous + alarm, `alarm' returns zero. + + The `alarm' function could be defined in terms of `setitimer' like +this: + + unsigned int + alarm (unsigned int seconds) + { + struct itimerval old, new; + new.it_interval.tv_usec = 0; + new.it_interval.tv_sec = 0; + new.it_value.tv_usec = 0; + new.it_value.tv_sec = (long int) seconds; + if (setitimer (ITIMER_REAL, &new, &old) < 0) + return 0; + else + return old.it_value.tv_sec; + } + + There is an example showing the use of the `alarm' function in *note +Handler Returns::. + + If you simply want your process to wait for a given number of +seconds, you should use the `sleep' function. *Note Sleeping::. + + You shouldn't count on the signal arriving precisely when the timer +expires. In a multiprocessing environment there is typically some +amount of delay involved. + + *Portability Note:* The `setitimer' and `getitimer' functions are +derived from BSD Unix, while the `alarm' function is specified by the +POSIX.1 standard. `setitimer' is more powerful than `alarm', but +`alarm' is more widely used. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Sleeping, Prev: Setting an Alarm, Up: Date and Time + +21.6 Sleeping +============= + +The function `sleep' gives a simple way to make the program wait for a +short interval. If your program doesn't use signals (except to +terminate), then you can expect `sleep' to wait reliably throughout the +specified interval. Otherwise, `sleep' can return sooner if a signal +arrives; if you want to wait for a given interval regardless of +signals, use `select' (*note Waiting for I/O::) and don't specify any +descriptors to wait for. + + -- Function: unsigned int sleep (unsigned int SECONDS) + The `sleep' function waits for SECONDS or until a signal is + delivered, whichever happens first. + + If `sleep' function returns because the requested interval is over, + it returns a value of zero. If it returns because of delivery of a + signal, its return value is the remaining time in the sleep + interval. + + The `sleep' function is declared in `unistd.h'. + + Resist the temptation to implement a sleep for a fixed amount of +time by using the return value of `sleep', when nonzero, to call +`sleep' again. This will work with a certain amount of accuracy as +long as signals arrive infrequently. But each signal can cause the +eventual wakeup time to be off by an additional second or so. Suppose a +few signals happen to arrive in rapid succession by bad luck--there is +no limit on how much this could shorten or lengthen the wait. + + Instead, compute the calendar time at which the program should stop +waiting, and keep trying to wait until that calendar time. This won't +be off by more than a second. With just a little more work, you can use +`select' and make the waiting period quite accurate. (Of course, heavy +system load can cause additional unavoidable delays--unless the machine +is dedicated to one application, there is no way you can avoid this.) + + On some systems, `sleep' can do strange things if your program uses +`SIGALRM' explicitly. Even if `SIGALRM' signals are being ignored or +blocked when `sleep' is called, `sleep' might return prematurely on +delivery of a `SIGALRM' signal. If you have established a handler for +`SIGALRM' signals and a `SIGALRM' signal is delivered while the process +is sleeping, the action taken might be just to cause `sleep' to return +instead of invoking your handler. And, if `sleep' is interrupted by +delivery of a signal whose handler requests an alarm or alters the +handling of `SIGALRM', this handler and `sleep' will interfere. + + On the GNU system, it is safe to use `sleep' and `SIGALRM' in the +same program, because `sleep' does not work by means of `SIGALRM'. + + -- Function: int nanosleep (const struct timespec *REQUESTED_TIME, + struct timespec *REMAINING) + If resolution to seconds is not enough the `nanosleep' function can + be used. As the name suggests the sleep interval can be specified + in nanoseconds. The actual elapsed time of the sleep interval + might be longer since the system rounds the elapsed time you + request up to the next integer multiple of the actual resolution + the system can deliver. + + *`requested_time' is the elapsed time of the interval you want to + sleep. + + The function returns as *`remaining' the elapsed time left in the + interval for which you requested to sleep. If the interval + completed without getting interrupted by a signal, this is zero. + + `struct timespec' is described in *Note Elapsed Time::. + + If the function returns because the interval is over the return + value is zero. If the function returns -1 the global variable + ERRNO is set to the following values: + + `EINTR' + The call was interrupted because a signal was delivered to + the thread. If the REMAINING parameter is not the null + pointer the structure pointed to by REMAINING is updated to + contain the remaining elapsed time. + + `EINVAL' + The nanosecond value in the REQUESTED_TIME parameter contains + an illegal value. Either the value is negative or greater + than or equal to 1000 million. + + This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs. + This is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like + memory, file descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time + `nanosleep' is called. If the thread gets canceled these + resources stay allocated until the program ends. To avoid this + calls to `nanosleep' should be protected using cancellation + handlers. + + The `nanosleep' function is declared in `time.h'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Resource Usage And Limitation, Next: Non-Local Exits, Prev: Date and Time, Up: Top + +22 Resource Usage And Limitation +******************************** + +This chapter describes functions for examining how much of various +kinds of resources (CPU time, memory, etc.) a process has used and +getting and setting limits on future usage. + +* Menu: + +* Resource Usage:: Measuring various resources used. +* Limits on Resources:: Specifying limits on resource usage. +* Priority:: Reading or setting process run priority. +* Memory Resources:: Querying memory available resources. +* Processor Resources:: Learn about the processors available. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Resource Usage, Next: Limits on Resources, Up: Resource Usage And Limitation + +22.1 Resource Usage +=================== + +The function `getrusage' and the data type `struct rusage' are used to +examine the resource usage of a process. They are declared in +`sys/resource.h'. + + -- Function: int getrusage (int PROCESSES, struct rusage *RUSAGE) + This function reports resource usage totals for processes + specified by PROCESSES, storing the information in `*RUSAGE'. + + In most systems, PROCESSES has only two valid values: + + `RUSAGE_SELF' + Just the current process. + + `RUSAGE_CHILDREN' + All child processes (direct and indirect) that have already + terminated. + + In the GNU system, you can also inquire about a particular child + process by specifying its process ID. + + The return value of `getrusage' is zero for success, and `-1' for + failure. + + `EINVAL' + The argument PROCESSES is not valid. + + One way of getting resource usage for a particular child process is +with the function `wait4', which returns totals for a child when it +terminates. *Note BSD Wait Functions::. + + -- Data Type: struct rusage + This data type stores various resource usage statistics. It has + the following members, and possibly others: + + `struct timeval ru_utime' + Time spent executing user instructions. + + `struct timeval ru_stime' + Time spent in operating system code on behalf of PROCESSES. + + `long int ru_maxrss' + The maximum resident set size used, in kilobytes. That is, + the maximum number of kilobytes of physical memory that + PROCESSES used simultaneously. + + `long int ru_ixrss' + An integral value expressed in kilobytes times ticks of + execution, which indicates the amount of memory used by text + that was shared with other processes. + + `long int ru_idrss' + An integral value expressed the same way, which is the amount + of unshared memory used for data. + + `long int ru_isrss' + An integral value expressed the same way, which is the amount + of unshared memory used for stack space. + + `long int ru_minflt' + The number of page faults which were serviced without + requiring any I/O. + + `long int ru_majflt' + The number of page faults which were serviced by doing I/O. + + `long int ru_nswap' + The number of times PROCESSES was swapped entirely out of + main memory. + + `long int ru_inblock' + The number of times the file system had to read from the disk + on behalf of PROCESSES. + + `long int ru_oublock' + The number of times the file system had to write to the disk + on behalf of PROCESSES. + + `long int ru_msgsnd' + Number of IPC messages sent. + + `long int ru_msgrcv' + Number of IPC messages received. + + `long int ru_nsignals' + Number of signals received. + + `long int ru_nvcsw' + The number of times PROCESSES voluntarily invoked a context + switch (usually to wait for some service). + + `long int ru_nivcsw' + The number of times an involuntary context switch took place + (because a time slice expired, or another process of higher + priority was scheduled). + + `vtimes' is a historical function that does some of what `getrusage' +does. `getrusage' is a better choice. + + `vtimes' and its `vtimes' data structure are declared in +`sys/vtimes.h'. + + -- Function: int vtimes (struct vtimes CURRENT, struct vtimes CHILD) + `vtimes' reports resource usage totals for a process. + + If CURRENT is non-null, `vtimes' stores resource usage totals for + the invoking process alone in the structure to which it points. If + CHILD is non-null, `vtimes' stores resource usage totals for all + past children (which have terminated) of the invoking process in + the structure to which it points. + + -- Data Type: struct vtimes + This data type contains information about the resource usage + of a process. Each member corresponds to a member of the + `struct rusage' data type described above. + + `vm_utime' + User CPU time. Analogous to `ru_utime' in `struct + rusage' + + `vm_stime' + System CPU time. Analogous to `ru_stime' in `struct + rusage' + + `vm_idsrss' + Data and stack memory. The sum of the values that would + be reported as `ru_idrss' and `ru_isrss' in `struct + rusage' + + `vm_ixrss' + Shared memory. Analogous to `ru_ixrss' in `struct + rusage' + + `vm_maxrss' + Maximent resident set size. Analogous to `ru_maxrss' in + `struct rusage' + + `vm_majflt' + Major page faults. Analogous to `ru_majflt' in `struct + rusage' + + `vm_minflt' + Minor page faults. Analogous to `ru_minflt' in `struct + rusage' + + `vm_nswap' + Swap count. Analogous to `ru_nswap' in `struct rusage' + + `vm_inblk' + Disk reads. Analogous to `ru_inblk' in `struct rusage' + + `vm_oublk' + Disk writes. Analogous to `ru_oublk' in `struct rusage' + + The return value is zero if the function succeeds; `-1' otherwise. + + An additional historical function for examining resource usage, +`vtimes', is supported but not documented here. It is declared in +`sys/vtimes.h'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Limits on Resources, Next: Priority, Prev: Resource Usage, Up: Resource Usage And Limitation + +22.2 Limiting Resource Usage +============================ + +You can specify limits for the resource usage of a process. When the +process tries to exceed a limit, it may get a signal, or the system call +by which it tried to do so may fail, depending on the resource. Each +process initially inherits its limit values from its parent, but it can +subsequently change them. + + There are two per-process limits associated with a resource: + +"current limit" + The current limit is the value the system will not allow usage to + exceed. It is also called the "soft limit" because the process + being limited can generally raise the current limit at will. + +"maximum limit" + The maximum limit is the maximum value to which a process is + allowed to set its current limit. It is also called the "hard + limit" because there is no way for a process to get around it. A + process may lower its own maximum limit, but only the superuser + may increase a maximum limit. + + The symbols for use with `getrlimit', `setrlimit', `getrlimit64', +and `setrlimit64' are defined in `sys/resource.h'. + + -- Function: int getrlimit (int RESOURCE, struct rlimit *RLP) + Read the current and maximum limits for the resource RESOURCE and + store them in `*RLP'. + + The return value is `0' on success and `-1' on failure. The only + possible `errno' error condition is `EFAULT'. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on a + 32-bit system this function is in fact `getrlimit64'. Thus, the + LFS interface transparently replaces the old interface. + + -- Function: int getrlimit64 (int RESOURCE, struct rlimit64 *RLP) + This function is similar to `getrlimit' but its second parameter is + a pointer to a variable of type `struct rlimit64', which allows it + to read values which wouldn't fit in the member of a `struct + rlimit'. + + If the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on a + 32-bit machine, this function is available under the name + `getrlimit' and so transparently replaces the old interface. + + -- Function: int setrlimit (int RESOURCE, const struct rlimit *RLP) + Store the current and maximum limits for the resource RESOURCE in + `*RLP'. + + The return value is `0' on success and `-1' on failure. The + following `errno' error condition is possible: + + `EPERM' + * The process tried to raise a current limit beyond the + maximum limit. + + * The process tried to raise a maximum limit, but is not + superuser. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on a + 32-bit system this function is in fact `setrlimit64'. Thus, the + LFS interface transparently replaces the old interface. + + -- Function: int setrlimit64 (int RESOURCE, const struct rlimit64 *RLP) + This function is similar to `setrlimit' but its second parameter is + a pointer to a variable of type `struct rlimit64' which allows it + to set values which wouldn't fit in the member of a `struct + rlimit'. + + If the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on a + 32-bit machine this function is available under the name + `setrlimit' and so transparently replaces the old interface. + + -- Data Type: struct rlimit + This structure is used with `getrlimit' to receive limit values, + and with `setrlimit' to specify limit values for a particular + process and resource. It has two fields: + + `rlim_t rlim_cur' + The current limit + + `rlim_t rlim_max' + The maximum limit. + + For `getrlimit', the structure is an output; it receives the + current values. For `setrlimit', it specifies the new values. + + For the LFS functions a similar type is defined in `sys/resource.h'. + + -- Data Type: struct rlimit64 + This structure is analogous to the `rlimit' structure above, but + its components have wider ranges. It has two fields: + + `rlim64_t rlim_cur' + This is analogous to `rlimit.rlim_cur', but with a different + type. + + `rlim64_t rlim_max' + This is analogous to `rlimit.rlim_max', but with a different + type. + + + Here is a list of resources for which you can specify a limit. +Memory and file sizes are measured in bytes. + +`RLIMIT_CPU' + The maximum amount of CPU time the process can use. If it runs for + longer than this, it gets a signal: `SIGXCPU'. The value is + measured in seconds. *Note Operation Error Signals::. + +`RLIMIT_FSIZE' + The maximum size of file the process can create. Trying to write a + larger file causes a signal: `SIGXFSZ'. *Note Operation Error + Signals::. + +`RLIMIT_DATA' + The maximum size of data memory for the process. If the process + tries to allocate data memory beyond this amount, the allocation + function fails. + +`RLIMIT_STACK' + The maximum stack size for the process. If the process tries to + extend its stack past this size, it gets a `SIGSEGV' signal. + *Note Program Error Signals::. + +`RLIMIT_CORE' + The maximum size core file that this process can create. If the + process terminates and would dump a core file larger than this, + then no core file is created. So setting this limit to zero + prevents core files from ever being created. + +`RLIMIT_RSS' + The maximum amount of physical memory that this process should get. + This parameter is a guide for the system's scheduler and memory + allocator; the system may give the process more memory when there + is a surplus. + +`RLIMIT_MEMLOCK' + The maximum amount of memory that can be locked into physical + memory (so it will never be paged out). + +`RLIMIT_NPROC' + The maximum number of processes that can be created with the same + user ID. If you have reached the limit for your user ID, `fork' + will fail with `EAGAIN'. *Note Creating a Process::. + +`RLIMIT_NOFILE' +`RLIMIT_OFILE' + The maximum number of files that the process can open. If it + tries to open more files than this, its open attempt fails with + `errno' `EMFILE'. *Note Error Codes::. Not all systems support + this limit; GNU does, and 4.4 BSD does. + +`RLIMIT_AS' + The maximum size of total memory that this process should get. If + the process tries to allocate more memory beyond this amount with, + for example, `brk', `malloc', `mmap' or `sbrk', the allocation + function fails. + +`RLIM_NLIMITS' + The number of different resource limits. Any valid RESOURCE + operand must be less than `RLIM_NLIMITS'. + + -- Constant: int RLIM_INFINITY + This constant stands for a value of "infinity" when supplied as + the limit value in `setrlimit'. + + The following are historical functions to do some of what the +functions above do. The functions above are better choices. + + `ulimit' and the command symbols are declared in `ulimit.h'. + + -- Function: int ulimit (int CMD, ...) + `ulimit' gets the current limit or sets the current and maximum + limit for a particular resource for the calling process according + to the command CMD.a + + If you are getting a limit, the command argument is the only + argument. If you are setting a limit, there is a second argument: + `long int' LIMIT which is the value to which you are setting the + limit. + + The CMD values and the operations they specify are: + `GETFSIZE' + Get the current limit on the size of a file, in units of 512 + bytes. + + `SETFSIZE' + Set the current and maximum limit on the size of a file to + LIMIT * 512 bytes. + + + There are also some other CMD values that may do things on some + systems, but they are not supported. + + Only the superuser may increase a maximum limit. + + When you successfully get a limit, the return value of `ulimit' is + that limit, which is never negative. When you successfully set a + limit, the return value is zero. When the function fails, the + return value is `-1' and `errno' is set according to the reason: + + `EPERM' + A process tried to increase a maximum limit, but is not + superuser. + + + `vlimit' and its resource symbols are declared in `sys/vlimit.h'. + + -- Function: int vlimit (int RESOURCE, int LIMIT) + `vlimit' sets the current limit for a resource for a process. + + RESOURCE identifies the resource: + + `LIM_CPU' + Maximum CPU time. Same as `RLIMIT_CPU' for `setrlimit'. + + `LIM_FSIZE' + Maximum file size. Same as `RLIMIT_FSIZE' for `setrlimit'. + + `LIM_DATA' + Maximum data memory. Same as `RLIMIT_DATA' for `setrlimit'. + + `LIM_STACK' + Maximum stack size. Same as `RLIMIT_STACK' for `setrlimit'. + + `LIM_CORE' + Maximum core file size. Same as `RLIMIT_COR' for `setrlimit'. + + `LIM_MAXRSS' + Maximum physical memory. Same as `RLIMIT_RSS' for + `setrlimit'. + + The return value is zero for success, and `-1' with `errno' set + accordingly for failure: + + `EPERM' + The process tried to set its current limit beyond its maximum + limit. + + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/dir2.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/dir2.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +@group +#include +#include +@end group + +static int +one (const struct dirent *unused) +@{ + return 1; +@} + +int +main (void) +@{ + struct dirent **eps; + int n; + + n = scandir ("./", &eps, one, alphasort); + if (n >= 0) + @{ + int cnt; + for (cnt = 0; cnt < n; ++cnt) + puts (eps[cnt]->d_name); + @} + else + perror ("Couldn't open the directory"); + + return 0; +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc.info-10 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc.info-10 @@ -0,0 +1,6257 @@ +This is libc.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from libc.texinfo. + +INFO-DIR-SECTION Software libraries +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* Libc: (libc). C library. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + +INFO-DIR-SECTION GNU C library functions and macros +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* ALTWERASE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN: (libc)Argp Parser Functions. +* ARG_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* BC_BASE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_DIM_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_SCALE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_STRING_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BRKINT: (libc)Input Modes. +* BUFSIZ: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* CCTS_OFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CHILD_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* CIGNORE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLK_TCK: (libc)CPU Time. +* CLOCAL: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLOCKS_PER_SEC: (libc)CPU Time. +* COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* CPU_CLR: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ISSET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SETSIZE: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ZERO: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CREAD: (libc)Control Modes. +* CRTS_IFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS5: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS6: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS7: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS8: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSIZE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSTOPB: (libc)Control Modes. +* DES_FAILED: (libc)DES Encryption. +* DTTOIF: (libc)Directory Entries. +* E2BIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EACCES: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRINUSE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRNOTAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAGAIN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EALREADY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBACKGROUND: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADF: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADFD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRQC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADSLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBFONT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBUSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECANCELED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHILD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOCTL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOK: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOKE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHONL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOPRT: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECOMM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNABORTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNREFUSED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDESTADDRREQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDIED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOTDOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDQUOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EEXIST: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFAULT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFBIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGRATUITOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGREGIOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIDRM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EILSEQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINPROGRESS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINVAL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYEXPIRED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREJECTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREVOKED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2NSYNC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3RST: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBACC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBBAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBMAX: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBSCN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELNRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELOOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMEDIUMTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMSGSIZE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMULTIHOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAMETOOLONG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENEEDAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOANO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOBUFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOCSI: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODATA: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOENT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOKEY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEDIUM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENONET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPKG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPROTOOPT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSYS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTBLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTEMPTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTRECOVERABLE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSUP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTUNIQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENXIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* EOPNOTSUPP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOVERFLOW: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOWNERDEAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPERM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCLIM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTONOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTOTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EQUIV_CLASS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* ERANGE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMCHG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERESTART: (libc)Error Codes. +* EROFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERPCMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESHUTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESOCKTNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRMNT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTALE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTRPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIME: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIMEDOUT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETOOMANYREFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETXTBSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUCLEAN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUNATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUSERS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EWOULDBLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXDEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXFULL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXIT_FAILURE: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXIT_SUCCESS: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXPR_NEST_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* FD_CLOEXEC: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* FD_CLR: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ISSET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SETSIZE: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ZERO: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FILENAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* FLUSHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* FOPEN_MAX: (libc)Opening Streams. +* FP_ILOGB0: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* FP_ILOGBNAN: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* F_DUPFD: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* F_GETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_GETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_GETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_GETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* F_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* F_SETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_SETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_SETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETLKW: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* HUGE_VAL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALF: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUPCL: (libc)Control Modes. +* I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* ICANON: (libc)Local Modes. +* ICRNL: (libc)Input Modes. +* IEXTEN: (libc)Local Modes. +* IFNAMSIZ: (libc)Interface Naming. +* IFTODT: (libc)Directory Entries. +* IGNBRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNPAR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IMAXBEL: (libc)Input Modes. +* INADDR_ANY: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_BROADCAST: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_LOOPBACK: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_NONE: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INFINITY: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* INLCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* INPCK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IPPORT_RESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* IPPORT_USERRESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* ISIG: (libc)Local Modes. +* ISTRIP: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXANY: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXOFF: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXON: (libc)Input Modes. +* LINE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* LINK_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* L_ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* L_cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* L_tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* MAXNAMLEN: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAXSYMLINKS: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* MAX_CANON: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAX_INPUT: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MB_CUR_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MB_LEN_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MDMBUF: (libc)Control Modes. +* MSG_DONTROUTE: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_OOB: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_PEEK: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* NAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* NAN: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* NCCS: (libc)Mode Data Types. +* NGROUPS_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* NOFLSH: (libc)Local Modes. +* NOKERNINFO: (libc)Local Modes. +* NSIG: (libc)Standard Signals. +* NULL: (libc)Null Pointer Constant. +* ONLCR: (libc)Output Modes. +* ONOEOT: (libc)Output Modes. +* OPEN_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* OPOST: (libc)Output Modes. +* OXTABS: (libc)Output Modes. +* O_ACCMODE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_APPEND: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_ASYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_CREAT: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXCL: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXEC: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_EXLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_FSYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_IGNORE_CTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NDELAY: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOATIME: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOCTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NOLINK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOTRANS: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_RDONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_RDWR: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_READ: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_SHLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_SYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_TRUNC: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_WRITE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_WRONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* PARENB: (libc)Control Modes. +* PARMRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* PARODD: (libc)Control Modes. +* PATH_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* PA_FLAG_MASK: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* PENDIN: (libc)Local Modes. +* PF_FILE: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_INET6: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_INET: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_LOCAL: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_UNIX: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PIPE_BUF: (libc)Limits for Files. +* P_tmpdir: (libc)Temporary Files. +* RAND_MAX: (libc)ISO Random. +* RE_DUP_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* RLIM_INFINITY: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* R_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* SA_NOCLDSTOP: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_ONSTACK: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_RESTART: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SEEK_CUR: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_END: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_SET: (libc)File Positioning. +* SIGABRT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGBUS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGCHLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCONT: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGEMT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGFPE: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGHUP: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGILL: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGINFO: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGINT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGIO: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGIOT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGKILL: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGLOST: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPIPE: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPOLL: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGPROF: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGQUIT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGSEGV: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGSTOP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGSYS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTERM: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGTRAP: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTSTP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTIN: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTOU: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGURG: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGUSR1: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGUSR2: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGVTALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGWINCH: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGXCPU: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGXFSZ: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIG_ERR: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* SOCK_DGRAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RAW: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RDM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_SEQPACKET: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_STREAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOL_SOCKET: (libc)Socket-Level Options. +* SSIZE_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* STREAM_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* SUN_LEN: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* SV_INTERRUPT: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_ONSTACK: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_RESETHAND: (libc)BSD Handler. +* S_IFMT: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISBLK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISCHR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISDIR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISFIFO: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISLNK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISREG: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISSOCK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISMQ: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSEM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSHM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* TMP_MAX: (libc)Temporary Files. +* TOSTOP: (libc)Local Modes. +* TZNAME_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* VDISCARD: (libc)Other Special. +* VDSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VEOF: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL2: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VINTR: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VKILL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VLNEXT: (libc)Other Special. +* VMIN: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VQUIT: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VREPRINT: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VSTART: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSTATUS: (libc)Other Special. +* VSTOP: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VTIME: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VWERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* WCHAR_MAX: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCHAR_MIN: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCOREDUMP: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WEOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* WEOF: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WEXITSTATUS: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFEXITED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSIGNALED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSTOPPED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WSTOPSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WTERMSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* W_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* X_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* _Complex_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _Exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _IOFBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IOLBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IONBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _Imaginary_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _PATH_UTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _PATH_WTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _POSIX2_C_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_C_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* _POSIX2_FORT_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_FORT_RUN: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_LOCALEDEF: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_SW_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_NO_TRUNC: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_SAVED_IDS: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_VDISABLE: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* __fbufsize: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __flbf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpending: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpurge: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* __freadable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __freading: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fsetlocking: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* __fwritable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fwriting: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __gconv_end_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_init_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __va_copy: (libc)Argument Macros. +* _exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _flushlbf: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* _tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* _toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* a64l: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* abort: (libc)Aborting a Program. +* abs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* accept: (libc)Accepting Connections. +* access: (libc)Testing File Access. +* acos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* addmntent: (libc)mtab. +* addseverity: (libc)Adding Severity Classes. +* adjtime: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* adjtimex: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* aio_cancel64: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_cancel: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_error64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_error: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_init: (libc)Configuration of AIO. +* aio_read64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_read: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_return64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_return: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_write64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_write: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* alarm: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* alloca: (libc)Variable Size Automatic. +* alphasort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* alphasort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* argp_error: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_failure: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_help: (libc)Argp Help. +* argp_parse: (libc)Argp. +* argp_state_help: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_usage: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argz_add: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_add_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_append: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_count: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_delete: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_extract: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_insert: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_next: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_replace: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_stringify: (libc)Argz Functions. +* asctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asprintf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* assert: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* assert_perror: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* atan2: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2f: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2l: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atexit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* atof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* atoi: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* backtrace: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols_fd: (libc)Backtraces. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* bcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* bcopy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* bind: (libc)Setting Address. +* bind_textdomain_codeset: (libc)Charset conversion in gettext. +* bindtextdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* brk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* bsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* btowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* bzero: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* cabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cacos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* calloc: (libc)Allocating Cleared Space. +* canonicalize_file_name: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* carg: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* casin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catclose: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catgets: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catopen: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* cbc_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* cbrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ccos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ceil: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceilf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceill: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* cexp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cfgetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfgetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfmakeraw: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* cfree: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* cfsetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetspeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* chdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* chmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* chown: (libc)File Owner. +* cimag: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* clearenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* clearerr: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clearerr_unlocked: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clock: (libc)CPU Time. +* clog10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* close: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* closedir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* closelog: (libc)closelog. +* confstr: (libc)String Parameters. +* conj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* connect: (libc)Connecting. +* copysign: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* cos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cpow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cproj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creal: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* crealf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creall: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creat64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* creat: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* crypt: (libc)crypt. +* crypt_r: (libc)crypt. +* csin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ctan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* ctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* ctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* dcgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* dcngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* des_setparity: (libc)DES Encryption. +* dgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* difftime: (libc)Elapsed Time. +* dirfd: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* dirname: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* div: (libc)Integer Division. +* dngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* drand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* drand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* drem: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dremf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dreml: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dup2: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* dup: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* ecb_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* ecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* ecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* encrypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* encrypt_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* endfsent: (libc)fstab. +* endgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* endhostent: (libc)Host Names. +* endmntent: (libc)mtab. +* endnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* endnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* endprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* endpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* endservent: (libc)Services Database. +* endutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* endutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* envz_add: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_entry: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_get: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_merge: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_strip: (libc)Envz Functions. +* erand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* erand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* erf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfc: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcl: (libc)Special Functions. +* erff: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfl: (libc)Special Functions. +* err: (libc)Error Messages. +* errno: (libc)Checking for Errors. +* error: (libc)Error Messages. +* error_at_line: (libc)Error Messages. +* errx: (libc)Error Messages. +* execl: (libc)Executing a File. +* execle: (libc)Executing a File. +* execlp: (libc)Executing a File. +* execv: (libc)Executing a File. +* execve: (libc)Executing a File. +* execvp: (libc)Executing a File. +* exit: (libc)Normal Termination. +* exp10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* fabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fchdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* fchmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* fchown: (libc)File Owner. +* fclean: (libc)Cleaning Streams. +* fclose: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcloseall: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcntl: (libc)Control Operations. +* fcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fdatasync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* fdim: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdimf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdiml: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdopen: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fdopendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* feclearexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fedisableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feenableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fegetround: (libc)Rounding. +* feholdexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feof: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feof_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feraiseexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* ferror: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* ferror_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* fesetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fesetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fesetround: (libc)Rounding. +* fetestexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* feupdateenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fflush: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fflush_unlocked: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fgetc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgetpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgets: (libc)Line Input. +* fgets_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetwc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetws: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetws_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fileno: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fileno_unlocked: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* finite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitef: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitel: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* flockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* floor: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* fma: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmal: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmax: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmemopen: (libc)String Streams. +* fmin: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmod: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmtmsg: (libc)Printing Formatted Messages. +* fnmatch: (libc)Wildcard Matching. +* fopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopencookie: (libc)Streams and Cookies. +* fork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* forkpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* fpathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* fpclassify: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* fprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fputc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fread: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fread_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* free: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* freopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* freopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* frexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* fscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* fseek: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko64: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko: (libc)File Positioning. +* fsetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fsetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fsync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* ftell: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello64: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftruncate64: (libc)File Size. +* ftruncate: (libc)File Size. +* ftrylockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* ftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* funlockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* futimes: (libc)File Times. +* fwide: (libc)Streams and I18N. +* fwprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fwrite: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwrite_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* gamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* gcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* get_avphys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* get_current_dir_name: (libc)Working Directory. +* get_nprocs: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_nprocs_conf: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_phys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getc: (libc)Character Input. +* getc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* getcwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* getdate: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdate_r: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdelim: (libc)Line Input. +* getdomainnname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getegid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* geteuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getfsent: (libc)fstab. +* getfsfile: (libc)fstab. +* getfsspec: (libc)fstab. +* getgid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrgid: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrgid_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrouplist: (libc)Setting Groups. +* getgroups: (libc)Reading Persona. +* gethostbyaddr: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyaddr_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* gethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* getline: (libc)Line Input. +* getloadavg: (libc)Processor Resources. +* getlogin: (libc)Who Logged In. +* getmntent: (libc)mtab. +* getmntent_r: (libc)mtab. +* getnetbyaddr: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetbyname: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getnetgrent_r: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getopt: (libc)Using Getopt. +* getopt_long: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getopt_long_only: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getpagesize: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getpass: (libc)getpass. +* getpeername: (libc)Who is Connected. +* getpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getppid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* getprotobyname: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotobynumber: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getpt: (libc)Allocation. +* getpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwnam: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwnam_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrusage: (libc)Resource Usage. +* gets: (libc)Line Input. +* getservbyname: (libc)Services Database. +* getservbyport: (libc)Services Database. +* getservent: (libc)Services Database. +* getsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getsockname: (libc)Reading Address. +* getsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* getsubopt: (libc)Suboptions. +* gettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* gettimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* getuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getumask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* getutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutent_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutmp: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutmpx: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxid: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getw: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* glob64: (libc)Calling Glob. +* glob: (libc)Calling Glob. +* globfree64: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* globfree: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* gmtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* gmtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* grantpt: (libc)Allocation. +* gsignal: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* gtty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* hasmntopt: (libc)mtab. +* hcreate: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hcreate_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* htonl: (libc)Byte Order. +* htons: (libc)Byte Order. +* hypot: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* iconv: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_close: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_open: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* if_freenameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_indextoname: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nametoindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* ilogb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* imaxabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* imaxdiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* in6addr_any: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* in6addr_loopback: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* index: (libc)Search Functions. +* inet_addr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_aton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_lnaof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_makeaddr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_netof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_network: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntoa: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntop: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_pton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* initgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* initstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* initstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* innetgr: (libc)Netgroup Membership. +* int: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* ioctl: (libc)IOCTLs. +* isalnum: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isalpha: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isascii: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isatty: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* isblank: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iscntrl: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isfinite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isgraph: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isgreaterequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isinf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinff: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinfl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isless: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islower: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnormal: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isprint: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* ispunct: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isspace: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isunordered: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isupper: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iswalnum: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswalpha: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswblank: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswcntrl: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswgraph: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswlower: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswprint: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswpunct: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswspace: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswupper: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswxdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* isxdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* j0: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* jn: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnf: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnl: (libc)Special Functions. +* jrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* jrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* kill: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* killpg: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* l64a: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* labs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lcong48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lcong48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ldexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* lfind: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgamma_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* link: (libc)Hard Links. +* lio_listio64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* lio_listio: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* listen: (libc)Listening. +* llabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* llrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* localeconv: (libc)The Lame Way to Locale Data. +* localtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* localtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* log10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1p: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* login: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* login_tty: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logout: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logwtmp: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* longjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* lrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lseek64: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lseek: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lutimes: (libc)File Times. +* madvise: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* makecontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* mallinfo: (libc)Statistics of Malloc. +* malloc: (libc)Basic Allocation. +* mallopt: (libc)Malloc Tunable Parameters. +* mblen: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mbrlen: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbrtowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbsinit: (libc)Keeping the state. +* mbsnrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbsrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbstowcs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* mbtowc: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mcheck: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* memccpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* memcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memfrob: (libc)Trivial Encryption. +* memmem: (libc)Search Functions. +* memmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mkdir: (libc)Creating Directories. +* mkdtemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mkfifo: (libc)FIFO Special Files. +* mknod: (libc)Making Special Files. +* mkstemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* mlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mmap64: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* modf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modff: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modfl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* mount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* mprobe: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* mrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* mrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* mremap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* msync: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mtrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* munlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* muntrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* nan: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanosleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* nearbyint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nextafter: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttoward: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* nftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* nice: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* nl_langinfo: (libc)The Elegant and Fast Way. +* nrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* nrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ntohl: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntohs: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntp_adjtime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* ntp_gettime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* obstack_1grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_1grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_alignment_mask: (libc)Obstacks Data Alignment. +* obstack_alloc: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_base: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_blank: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_blank_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_chunk_size: (libc)Obstack Chunks. +* obstack_copy0: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_copy: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_finish: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_free: (libc)Freeing Obstack Objects. +* obstack_grow0: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_init: (libc)Preparing for Obstacks. +* obstack_int_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_int_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_next_free: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_printf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* obstack_ptr_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_ptr_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_room: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* offsetof: (libc)Structure Measurement. +* on_exit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* open64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open_memstream: (libc)String Streams. +* open_obstack_stream: (libc)Obstack Streams. +* opendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* openlog: (libc)openlog. +* openpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* parse_printf_format: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* pathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* pause: (libc)Using Pause. +* pclose: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* perror: (libc)Error Messages. +* pipe: (libc)Creating a Pipe. +* popen: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* posix_memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* pow10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pread64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pread: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* printf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* printf_size: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* printf_size_info: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* psignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* ptsname: (libc)Allocation. +* ptsname_r: (libc)Allocation. +* putc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* putpwent: (libc)Writing a User Entry. +* puts: (libc)Simple Output. +* pututline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* pututxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* putw: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* pwrite64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pwrite: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* qecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qgcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qsort: (libc)Array Sort Function. +* raise: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* rand: (libc)ISO Random. +* rand_r: (libc)ISO Random. +* random: (libc)BSD Random. +* random_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* rawmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* read: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* readdir64: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir64_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* readv: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* realloc: (libc)Changing Block Size. +* realpath: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* recv: (libc)Receiving Data. +* recvfrom: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* recvmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* regcomp: (libc)POSIX Regexp Compilation. +* regerror: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* regexec: (libc)Matching POSIX Regexps. +* regfree: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* register_printf_function: (libc)Registering New Conversions. +* remainder: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remove: (libc)Deleting Files. +* rename: (libc)Renaming Files. +* rewind: (libc)File Positioning. +* rewinddir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* rindex: (libc)Search Functions. +* rint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rmdir: (libc)Deleting Files. +* round: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rpmatch: (libc)Yes-or-No Questions. +* sbrk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* scalb: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbln: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbn: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scandir64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scandir: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* sched_get_priority_max: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_get_priority_min: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_getparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_rr_get_interval: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_setparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_yield: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* seed48: (libc)SVID Random. +* seed48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* seekdir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* select: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* send: (libc)Sending Data. +* sendmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* sendto: (libc)Sending Datagrams. +* setbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setbuffer: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* setdomainname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setegid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* seteuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setfsent: (libc)fstab. +* setgid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* setgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* sethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* sethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* sethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* setjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* setkey: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setkey_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setlinebuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setlocale: (libc)Setting the Locale. +* setlogmask: (libc)setlogmask. +* setmntent: (libc)mtab. +* setnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* setnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* setpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* setprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* setpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* setregid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setreuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setservent: (libc)Services Database. +* setsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* setstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* setstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* settimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* setuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* setutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* setvbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* shutdown: (libc)Closing a Socket. +* sigaction: (libc)Advanced Signal Handling. +* sigaddset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigaltstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigblock: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigdelset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigemptyset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigfillset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siginterrupt: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sigismember: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siglongjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* signbit: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* significand: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* sigpause: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigpending: (libc)Checking for Pending Signals. +* sigprocmask: (libc)Process Signal Mask. +* sigsetjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigsetmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigsuspend: (libc)Sigsuspend. +* sigvec: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* snprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* socket: (libc)Creating a Socket. +* socketpair: (libc)Socket Pairs. +* sprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* sqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* srand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand: (libc)ISO Random. +* srandom: (libc)BSD Random. +* srandom_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* sscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* ssignal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* stat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stime: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* stpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* stpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcasestr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strchrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* strcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strdupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strerror: (libc)Error Messages. +* strerror_r: (libc)Error Messages. +* strfmon: (libc)Formatting Numbers. +* strfry: (libc)strfry. +* strftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* strlen: (libc)String Length. +* strncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strnlen: (libc)String Length. +* strpbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* strptime: (libc)Low-Level Time String Parsing. +* strrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strsep: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strsignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* strspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strtod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtok_r: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strverscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* stty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* swapcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* swprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* swscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* symlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* sync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* syscall: (libc)System Calls. +* sysconf: (libc)Sysconf Definition. +* sysctl: (libc)System Parameters. +* syslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* system: (libc)Running a Command. +* sysv_signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* tan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tcdrain: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflow: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflush: (libc)Line Control. +* tcgetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcgetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcgetsid: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcsendbreak: (libc)Line Control. +* tcsetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcsetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tdelete: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tdestroy: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tempnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* textdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* tfind: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* time: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* timegm: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* timelocal: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* times: (libc)Processor Time. +* tmpfile64: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpfile: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam_r: (libc)Temporary Files. +* toascii: (libc)Case Conversion. +* tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* towctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towlower: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towupper: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* trunc: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncate64: (libc)File Size. +* truncate: (libc)File Size. +* truncf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* tsearch: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* ttyname: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* ttyname_r: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* twalk: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tzset: (libc)Time Zone Functions. +* ulimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* umask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* umount2: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* umount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* uname: (libc)Platform Type. +* ungetc: (libc)How Unread. +* ungetwc: (libc)How Unread. +* unlink: (libc)Deleting Files. +* unlockpt: (libc)Allocation. +* unsetenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* updwtmp: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utime: (libc)File Times. +* utimes: (libc)File Times. +* utmpname: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utmpxname: (libc)XPG Functions. +* va_arg: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_end: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Old Varargs. +* valloc: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* vasprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* verr: (libc)Error Messages. +* verrx: (libc)Error Messages. +* versionsort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* versionsort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* vfork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* vfprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vfwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsnprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vswprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vswscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsyslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* vtimes: (libc)Resource Usage. +* vwarn: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwarnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* wait3: (libc)BSD Wait Functions. +* wait4: (libc)Process Completion. +* wait: (libc)Process Completion. +* waitpid: (libc)Process Completion. +* warn: (libc)Error Messages. +* warnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* wcpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcrtomb: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wcscasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcschr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcschrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wcscpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcscspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* wcslen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsnlen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsnrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcspbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcsspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcstod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* wcstol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstombs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* wcstoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcswcs: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wctob: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wctomb: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* wctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* wctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* wmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wmemcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wmemcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wordexp: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wordfree: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* write: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* writev: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* wscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* y0: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* yn: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynf: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynl: (libc)Special Functions. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + This file documents the GNU C library. + + This is Edition 0.12, last updated 2007-10-27, of `The GNU C Library +Reference Manual', for version 2.8 (EGLIBC). + + Copyright (C) 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, +2003, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document +under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or +any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the +Invariant Sections being "Free Software Needs Free Documentation" and +"GNU Lesser General Public License", the Front-Cover texts being "A GNU +Manual", and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the +license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation +License". + + (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have the freedom to copy and +modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in +developing GNU and promoting software freedom." + + +File: libc.info, Node: Contributors, Next: Free Manuals, Prev: Maintenance, Up: Top + +Appendix E Contributors to the GNU C Library +******************************************** + +The GNU C library was written originally by Roland McGrath, and is +currently maintained by Ulrich Drepper. Some parts of the library were +contributed or worked on by other people. + + * The `getopt' function and related code was written by Richard + Stallman, David J. MacKenzie, and Roland McGrath. + + * The merge sort function `qsort' was written by Michael J. Haertel. + + * The quick sort function used as a fallback by `qsort' was written + by Douglas C. Schmidt. + + * The memory allocation functions `malloc', `realloc' and `free' and + related code were written by Michael J. Haertel, Wolfram Gloger, + and Doug Lea. + + * Fast implementations of many of the string functions (`memcpy', + `strlen', etc.) were written by Torbjo"rn Granlund. + + * The `tar.h' header file was written by David J. MacKenzie. + + * The port to the MIPS DECStation running Ultrix 4 + (`mips-dec-ultrix4') was contributed by Brendan Kehoe and Ian + Lance Taylor. + + * The DES encryption function `crypt' and related functions were + contributed by Michael Glad. + + * The `ftw' and `nftw' functions were contributed by Ulrich Drepper. + + * The startup code to support SunOS shared libraries was contributed + by Tom Quinn. + + * The `mktime' function was contributed by Paul Eggert. + + * The port to the Sequent Symmetry running Dynix version 3 + (`i386-sequent-bsd') was contributed by Jason Merrill. + + * The timezone support code is derived from the public-domain + timezone package by Arthur David Olson and his many contributors. + + * The port to the DEC Alpha running OSF/1 (`alpha-dec-osf1') was + contributed by Brendan Kehoe, using some code written by Roland + McGrath. + + * The port to SGI machines running Irix 4 (`mips-sgi-irix4') was + contributed by Tom Quinn. + + * The port of the Mach and Hurd code to the MIPS architecture + (`mips-ANYTHING-gnu') was contributed by Kazumoto Kojima. + + * The floating-point printing function used by `printf' and friends + and the floating-point reading function used by `scanf', `strtod' + and friends were written by Ulrich Drepper. The multi-precision + integer functions used in those functions are taken from GNU MP, + which was contributed by Torbjo"rn Granlund. + + * The internationalization support in the library, and the support + programs `locale' and `localedef', were written by Ulrich Drepper. + Ulrich Drepper adapted the support code for message catalogs + (`libintl.h', etc.) from the GNU `gettext' package, which he also + wrote. He also contributed the `catgets' support and the entire + suite of multi-byte and wide-character support functions + (`wctype.h', `wchar.h', etc.). + + * The implementations of the `nsswitch.conf' mechanism and the files + and DNS backends for it were designed and written by Ulrich + Drepper and Roland McGrath, based on a backend interface defined + by Peter Eriksson. + + * The port to Linux i386/ELF (`i386-ANYTHING-linux') was contributed + by Ulrich Drepper, based in large part on work done in Hongjiu + Lu's Linux version of the GNU C Library. + + * The port to Linux/m68k (`m68k-ANYTHING-linux') was contributed by + Andreas Schwab. + + * The ports to Linux/ARM (`arm-ANYTHING-linuxaout') and ARM + standalone (`arm-ANYTHING-none'), as well as parts of the IPv6 + support code, were contributed by Philip Blundell. + + * Richard Henderson contributed the ELF dynamic linking code and + other support for the Alpha processor. + + * David Mosberger-Tang contributed the port to Linux/Alpha + (`alpha-ANYTHING-linux'). + + * The port to Linux on PowerPC (`powerpc-ANYTHING-linux') was + contributed by Geoffrey Keating. + + * Miles Bader wrote the argp argument-parsing package, and the + argz/envz interfaces. + + * Stephen R. van den Berg contributed a highly-optimized `strstr' + function. + + * Ulrich Drepper contributed the `hsearch' and `drand48' families of + functions; reentrant `...`_r'' versions of the `random' family; + System V shared memory and IPC support code; and several + highly-optimized string functions for iX86 processors. + + * The math functions are taken from `fdlibm-5.1' by Sun + Microsystems, as modified by J.T. Conklin, Ian Lance Taylor, + Ulrich Drepper, Andreas Schwab, and Roland McGrath. + + * The `libio' library used to implement `stdio' functions on some + platforms was written by Per Bothner and modified by Ulrich + Drepper. + + * Eric Youngdale and Ulrich Drepper implemented versioning of + objects on the symbol level. + + * Thorsten Kukuk provided an implementation for NIS (YP) and NIS+, + securelevel 0, 1 and 2. + + * Andreas Jaeger provided a test suite for the math library. + + * Mark Kettenis implemented the utmpx interface and an utmp daemon. + + * Ulrich Drepper added character conversion functions (`iconv'). + + * Thorsten Kukuk provided an implementation for a caching daemon for + NSS (nscd). + + * Tim Waugh provided an implementation of the POSIX.2 wordexp + function family. + + * Mark Kettenis provided a Hesiod NSS module. + + * The Internet-related code (most of the `inet' subdirectory) and + several other miscellaneous functions and header files have been + included from 4.4 BSD with little or no modification. The copying + permission notice for this code can be found in the file `LICENSES' + in the source distribution. + + * The random number generation functions `random', `srandom', + `setstate' and `initstate', which are also the basis for the + `rand' and `srand' functions, were written by Earl T. Cohen for + the University of California at Berkeley and are copyrighted by the + Regents of the University of California. They have undergone minor + changes to fit into the GNU C library and to fit the ISO C + standard, but the functional code is Berkeley's. + + * The DNS resolver code is taken directly from BIND 4.9.5, which + includes copyrighted code from UC Berkeley and from Digital + Equipment Corporation. See the file `LICENSES' for the text of + the DEC license. + + * The code to support Sun RPC is taken verbatim from Sun's + RPCSRC-4.0 distribution; see the file `LICENSES' for the text of + the license. + + * Some of the support code for Mach is taken from Mach 3.0 by CMU; + the file if_ppp.h is also copyright by CMU, but under a different + license; see the file `LICENSES' for the text of the licenses. + + * Many of the IA64 math functions are taken from a collection of + "Highly Optimized Mathematical Functions for Itanium" that Intel + makes available under a free license; see the file `LICENSES' for + details. + + * The `getaddrinfo' and `getnameinfo' functions and supporting code + were written by Craig Metz; see the file `LICENSES' for details on + their licensing. + + * Many of the IEEE 64-bit double precision math functions (in the + `sysdeps/ieee754/dbl-64' subdirectory) come from the IBM Accurate + Mathematical Library, contributed by IBM. + + + +File: libc.info, Node: Free Manuals, Next: Copying, Prev: Contributors, Up: Top + +Appendix F Free Software Needs Free Documentation +************************************************* + +The biggest deficiency in the free software community today is not in +the software--it is the lack of good free documentation that we can +include with the free software. Many of our most important programs do +not come with free reference manuals and free introductory texts. +Documentation is an essential part of any software package; when an +important free software package does not come with a free manual and a +free tutorial, that is a major gap. We have many such gaps today. + + Consider Perl, for instance. The tutorial manuals that people +normally use are non-free. How did this come about? Because the +authors of those manuals published them with restrictive terms--no +copying, no modification, source files not available--which exclude +them from the free software world. + + That wasn't the first time this sort of thing happened, and it was +far from the last. Many times we have heard a GNU user eagerly +describe a manual that he is writing, his intended contribution to the +community, only to learn that he had ruined everything by signing a +publication contract to make it non-free. + + Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not +price. The problem with the non-free manual is not that publishers +charge a price for printed copies--that in itself is fine. (The Free +Software Foundation sells printed copies of manuals, too.) The problem +is the restrictions on the use of the manual. Free manuals are +available in source code form, and give you permission to copy and +modify. Non-free manuals do not allow this. + + The criteria of freedom for a free manual are roughly the same as for +free software. 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In addition, you must do these + things in the Modified Version: + + A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title + distinct from that of the Document, and from those of + previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed + in the History section of the Document). You may use the + same title as a previous version if the original publisher of + that version gives permission. + + B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or + entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in + the Modified Version, together with at least five of the + principal authors of the Document (all of its principal + authors, if it has less than five). + + C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the + Modified Version, as the publisher. + + D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. + + E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications + adjacent to the other copyright notices. + + F. 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Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document + for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and + likewise the network locations given in the Document for + previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in + the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a + work that was published at least four years before the + Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version + it refers to gives permission. + + K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgments" or "Dedications", + preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all + the substance and tone of each of the contributor + acknowledgments and/or dedications given therein. + + L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, + unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers + or the equivalent are not considered part of the section + titles. + + M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". 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If the + Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, + previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity + you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may + replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous + publisher that added the old one. + + The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this + License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to + assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version. + + 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS + + You may combine the Document with other documents released under + this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for + modified versions, provided that you include in the combination + all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, + unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your + combined work in its license notice. + + The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and + multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single + copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name + but different contents, make the title of each such section unique + by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the + original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a + unique number. 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COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS + + You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other + documents released under this License, and replace the individual + copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy + that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the + rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the + documents in all other respects. + + You may extract a single document from such a collection, and + distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert + a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow + this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of + that document. + + 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS + + A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other + separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of + a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a + Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation + copyright is claimed for the compilation. Such a compilation is + called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply to the + other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document, on + account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves + derivative works of the Document. + + If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these + copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one + quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be + placed on covers that surround only the Document within the + aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole + aggregate. + + 8. TRANSLATION + + Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may + distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section + 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special + permission from their copyright holders, but you may include + translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the + original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a + translation of this License provided that you also include the + original English version of this License. In case of a + disagreement between the translation and the original English + version of this License, the original English version will prevail. + + 9. TERMINATION + + You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document + except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other + attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is + void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this + License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, + from you under this License will not have their licenses + terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. + + 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE + + The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of + the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new + versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may + differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See + `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'. + + Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version + number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered + version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you + have the option of following the terms and conditions either of + that specified version or of any later version that has been + published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If + the Document does not specify a version number of this License, + you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the + Free Software Foundation. + +H.0.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents +---------------------------------------------------------- + +To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of +the License in the document and put the following copyright and license +notices just after the title page: + + Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME. + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document + under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 + or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; + with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the + Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. + A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU + Free Documentation License''. + + If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections" +instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no Front-Cover +Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being +LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts. + + If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we +recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of +free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to +permit their use in free software. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Concept Index, Next: Type Index, Prev: Documentation License, Up: Top + +Concept Index +************* + +[index] +* Menu: + +* /etc/hostname: Host Identification. (line 86) +* /etc/nsswitch.conf: NSS Configuration File. + (line 6) +* 4.N BSD Unix: Berkeley Unix. (line 6) +* __va_copy: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 447) +* _POSIX_OPTION_ORDER environment variable.: Standard Environment. + (line 104) +* _POSIX_SAVED_IDS: How Change Persona. (line 6) +* abort signal: Program Error Signals. + (line 135) +* aborting a program: Aborting a Program. (line 6) +* absolute file name: File Name Resolution. + (line 19) +* absolute priority: Absolute Priority. (line 6) +* absolute value functions: Absolute Value. (line 6) +* accepting connections: Accepting Connections. + (line 6) +* access permission for a file: Access Permission. (line 6) +* access, testing for: Testing File Access. (line 6) +* accessing directories: Accessing Directories. + (line 6) +* address of socket: Socket Addresses. (line 6) +* address space <1>: Program Basics. (line 6) +* address space: Memory Subsystem. (line 6) +* alarm signal: Alarm Signals. (line 19) +* alarms, setting: Setting an Alarm. (line 10) +* alignment (in obstacks): Obstacks Data Alignment. + (line 6) +* alignment (with malloc): Aligned Memory Blocks. + (line 6) +* alloca disadvantages: Disadvantages of Alloca. + (line 6) +* alloca function: Variable Size Automatic. + (line 6) +* allocating pseudo-terminals: Allocation. (line 6) +* allocation (obstacks): Allocation in an Obstack. + (line 6) +* allocation debugging: Allocation Debugging. + (line 6) +* allocation hooks, for malloc: Hooks for Malloc. (line 6) +* allocation of memory with malloc: Basic Allocation. (line 6) +* allocation size of string: Representation of Strings. + (line 56) +* allocation statistics: Statistics of Malloc. + (line 6) +* alphabetic character <1>: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 80) +* alphabetic character: Classification of Characters. + (line 35) +* alphanumeric character <1>: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 68) +* alphanumeric character: Classification of Characters. + (line 48) +* append-access files: File Position. (line 29) +* argc (program argument count): Program Arguments. (line 16) +* argp (program argument parser): Argp. (line 6) +* argp parser functions: Argp Parser Functions. + (line 13) +* ARGP_HELP_FMT environment variable: Argp User Customization. + (line 6) +* argument parsing with argp: Argp. (line 6) +* argument promotion: Calling Variadics. (line 27) +* argument vectors, null-character separated: Argz and Envz Vectors. + (line 6) +* arguments (variadic functions): Receiving Arguments. (line 6) +* arguments, how many: How Many Arguments. (line 6) +* arguments, to program: Program Arguments. (line 6) +* argv (program argument vector): Program Arguments. (line 16) +* argz vectors (string vectors): Argz and Envz Vectors. + (line 6) +* arithmetic expansion: Expansion Stages. (line 22) +* array comparison functions: String/Array Comparison. + (line 6) +* array copy functions: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 10) +* array search function: Array Search Function. + (line 6) +* array sort function: Array Sort Function. (line 6) +* ASCII character: Classification of Characters. + (line 103) +* assertions: Consistency Checking. + (line 6) +* attributes of a file: Attribute Meanings. (line 6) +* automatic freeing: Variable Size Automatic. + (line 6) +* automatic memory allocation: Memory Allocation and C. + (line 19) +* automatic storage class: Memory Allocation and C. + (line 19) +* automatic storage with variable size: Variable Size Automatic. + (line 6) +* background job: Concepts of Job Control. + (line 49) +* background job, launching: Foreground and Background. + (line 62) +* backtrace: Backtraces. (line 6) +* backtrace_fd: Backtraces. (line 6) +* backtrace_symbols: Backtraces. (line 6) +* base (of floating point number): Floating Point Concepts. + (line 20) +* baud rate: Line Speed. (line 6) +* Berkeley Unix: Berkeley Unix. (line 6) +* Bessel functions: Special Functions. (line 6) +* bias (of floating point number exponent): Floating Point Concepts. + (line 27) +* big-endian: Byte Order. (line 6) +* binary I/O to a stream: Block Input/Output. (line 9) +* binary search function (for arrays): Array Search Function. + (line 6) +* binary stream: Binary Streams. (line 13) +* binding a socket address: Socket Addresses. (line 6) +* blank character <1>: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 221) +* blank character: Classification of Characters. + (line 85) +* block I/O to a stream: Block Input/Output. (line 9) +* blocked signals: Delivery of Signal. (line 6) +* blocked signals, checking for: Checking for Pending Signals. + (line 6) +* blocking signals: Blocking Signals. (line 6) +* blocking signals, in a handler: Blocking for Handler. + (line 6) +* bootstrapping, and services: Actions in the NSS configuration. + (line 72) +* break condition, detecting: Input Modes. (line 58) +* break condition, generating: Line Control. (line 14) +* breaking a string into tokens: Finding Tokens in a String. + (line 6) +* broken pipe signal: Operation Error Signals. + (line 13) +* broken-down time <1>: Broken-down Time. (line 6) +* broken-down time: Calendar Time. (line 26) +* BSD compatibility library: Process Group Functions. + (line 55) +* BSD compatibility library.: Feature Test Macros. (line 88) +* BSD Unix: Berkeley Unix. (line 6) +* buffering of streams: Stream Buffering. (line 6) +* buffering, controlling: Controlling Buffering. + (line 8) +* bugs, reporting: Reporting Bugs. (line 6) +* bus error: Program Error Signals. + (line 133) +* butterfly: Misc FP Arithmetic. (line 43) +* byte order conversion, for socket: Byte Order. (line 6) +* byte stream: Socket Concepts. (line 12) +* C++ streams: Streams and I18N. (line 30) +* calendar time: Time Basics. (line 13) +* calendar time and broken-down time: Broken-down Time. (line 6) +* calendar, Gregorian: Calendar Time. (line 26) +* calling variadic functions: Calling Variadics. (line 6) +* canonical input processing: Canonical or Not. (line 9) +* capacity limits, POSIX: General Limits. (line 6) +* carrier detect: Control Modes. (line 21) +* case conversion of characters: Case Conversion. (line 6) +* catching signals: Delivery of Signal. (line 13) +* categories for locales: Locale Categories. (line 6) +* change working directory: Working Directory. (line 6) +* changing the locale: Setting the Locale. (line 18) +* changing the size of a block (malloc): Changing Block Size. (line 6) +* changing the size of a block (obstacks): Growing Objects. (line 6) +* channels: Stream/Descriptor Precautions. + (line 6) +* character case conversion: Case Conversion. (line 6) +* character predicates: Classification of Characters. + (line 6) +* character testing: Classification of Characters. + (line 6) +* checking for pending signals: Checking for Pending Signals. + (line 6) +* child process <1>: Process Creation Concepts. + (line 15) +* child process <2>: Processes. (line 13) +* child process: Processor Time. (line 31) +* child process signal: Job Control Signals. (line 14) +* chunks: Obstack Chunks. (line 6) +* classes, floating-point: Floating Point Classes. + (line 6) +* classification of characters: Classification of Characters. + (line 6) +* cleaning up a stream: Linked Channels. (line 15) +* clearing terminal input queue: Line Control. (line 59) +* client: Connections. (line 6) +* clock ticks: Processor And CPU Time. + (line 19) +* clock, high accuracy: High Accuracy Clock. (line 6) +* close-on-exec (file descriptor flag): Descriptor Flags. (line 52) +* closing a file descriptor: Opening and Closing Files. + (line 6) +* closing a socket: Closing a Socket. (line 6) +* closing a stream: Closing Streams. (line 6) +* collating strings: Collation Functions. (line 6) +* combining locales: Choosing Locale. (line 17) +* command argument syntax: Argument Syntax. (line 6) +* command arguments, parsing: Parsing Program Arguments. + (line 6) +* command line arguments: Program Arguments. (line 6) +* command substitution: Expansion Stages. (line 18) +* communication style (of a socket): Socket Concepts. (line 6) +* comparing strings and arrays: String/Array Comparison. + (line 6) +* Comparison Function: Comparison Functions. + (line 6) +* compiling: Configuring and compiling. + (line 6) +* complex exponentiation functions: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 160) +* complex logarithm functions: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 160) +* complex numbers: Complex Numbers. (line 6) +* complex trigonometric functions: Trig Functions. (line 56) +* concatenating strings: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 10) +* configuring: Configuring and compiling. + (line 6) +* conjugate complex numbers: Operations on Complex. + (line 6) +* connecting a socket: Connecting. (line 6) +* connection: Connections. (line 6) +* consistency checking: Consistency Checking. + (line 6) +* consistency checking, of heap: Heap Consistency Checking. + (line 6) +* constants <1>: Mathematical Constants. + (line 6) +* constants: Memory Concepts. (line 67) +* continue signal: Job Control Signals. (line 28) +* control character <1>: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 96) +* control character: Classification of Characters. + (line 99) +* control operations on files: Control Operations. (line 6) +* controlling process: Controlling Terminal. + (line 13) +* controlling terminal: Concepts of Job Control. + (line 42) +* controlling terminal, access to: Access to the Terminal. + (line 6) +* controlling terminal, determining: Identifying the Terminal. + (line 6) +* controlling terminal, setting: Open-time Flags. (line 54) +* conversion specifications (printf): Formatted Output Basics. + (line 14) +* conversion specifications (scanf): Formatted Input Basics. + (line 18) +* converting byte order: Byte Order. (line 6) +* converting case of characters: Case Conversion. (line 6) +* converting file descriptor to stream: Descriptors and Streams. + (line 6) +* converting floats to integers: Rounding Functions. (line 6) +* converting group ID to group name: Lookup Group. (line 6) +* converting group name to group ID: Lookup Group. (line 6) +* converting host address to name: Host Names. (line 6) +* converting host name to address: Host Names. (line 6) +* converting network name to network number: Networks Database. + (line 6) +* converting network number to network name: Networks Database. + (line 6) +* converting port number to service name: Services Database. (line 6) +* converting service name to port number: Services Database. (line 6) +* converting string to collation order: Collation Functions. (line 74) +* converting strings to numbers: Parsing of Numbers. (line 6) +* converting user ID to user name: Lookup User. (line 6) +* converting user name to user ID: Lookup User. (line 6) +* cookie, for custom stream: Streams and Cookies. (line 6) +* copy-on-write page fault: Locked Memory Details. + (line 40) +* copying strings and arrays: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 10) +* cpu priority: Priority. (line 6) +* CPU time <1>: Processor Time. (line 9) +* CPU time <2>: Processor And CPU Time. + (line 19) +* CPU time: Time Basics. (line 37) +* create on open (file status flag): Open-time Flags. (line 22) +* creating a directory: Creating Directories. + (line 6) +* creating a FIFO special file: FIFO Special Files. (line 6) +* creating a pipe: Creating a Pipe. (line 6) +* creating a pipe to a subprocess: Pipe to a Subprocess. + (line 6) +* creating a process: Process Creation Concepts. + (line 15) +* creating a socket: Creating a Socket. (line 6) +* creating a socket pair: Socket Pairs. (line 6) +* creating special files: Making Special Files. + (line 6) +* cube root function: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 130) +* currency symbols: Currency Symbol. (line 6) +* current limit: Limits on Resources. (line 17) +* current working directory: Working Directory. (line 6) +* custom streams: Custom Streams. (line 6) +* customizing printf: Customizing Printf. (line 6) +* data loss on sockets: Socket Concepts. (line 17) +* databases: Name Service Switch. (line 6) +* datagram socket: Datagrams. (line 6) +* datagrams, transmitting: Sending Datagrams. (line 6) +* date: Time Basics. (line 16) +* Daylight Saving Time: Broken-down Time. (line 62) +* decimal digit character: Classification of Characters. + (line 45) +* decimal-point separator: General Numeric. (line 13) +* declaration (compared to definition): Header Files. (line 17) +* declaring variadic functions: Calling Variadics. (line 6) +* decompose complex numbers: Operations on Complex. + (line 6) +* default action (for a signal): Delivery of Signal. (line 13) +* default action for a signal: Basic Signal Handling. + (line 35) +* default argument promotions: Calling Variadics. (line 27) +* default value, and NSS: Notes on NSS Configuration File. + (line 11) +* defining new printf conversions: Customizing Printf. (line 6) +* definition (compared to declaration): Header Files. (line 17) +* delayed suspend character: Signal Characters. (line 53) +* deleting a directory: Deleting Files. (line 52) +* deleting a file: Deleting Files. (line 6) +* delivery of signals: Delivery of Signal. (line 6) +* descriptors and streams: Stream/Descriptor Precautions. + (line 6) +* digit character <1>: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 106) +* digit character: Classification of Characters. + (line 45) +* directories, accessing: Accessing Directories. + (line 6) +* directories, creating: Creating Directories. + (line 6) +* directories, deleting: Deleting Files. (line 52) +* directory: Directories. (line 9) +* directory entry: Directories. (line 9) +* directory hierarchy: Working with Directory Trees. + (line 6) +* directory stream: Accessing Directories. + (line 10) +* disadvantages of alloca: Disadvantages of Alloca. + (line 6) +* DISCARD character: Other Special. (line 23) +* division by zero: FP Exceptions. (line 6) +* DNS: Host Identification. (line 17) +* DNS server unavailable: Actions in the NSS configuration. + (line 30) +* domain (of socket): Socket Concepts. (line 33) +* domain error: Math Error Reporting. + (line 6) +* domain name: Host Identification. (line 21) +* Domain Name System: Host Identification. (line 17) +* dot notation, for Internet addresses: Abstract Host Addresses. + (line 48) +* DSUSP character: Signal Characters. (line 53) +* duplicating file descriptors: Duplicating Descriptors. + (line 6) +* dynamic memory allocation: Memory Allocation and C. + (line 26) +* EBCDIC: Extended Char Intro. (line 156) +* echo of terminal input: Local Modes. (line 24) +* effective group ID: Process Persona. (line 6) +* effective user ID: Process Persona. (line 6) +* efficiency and malloc: Efficiency and Malloc. + (line 6) +* efficiency and obstacks: Extra Fast Growing. (line 6) +* efficiency of chunks: Obstack Chunks. (line 6) +* EINTR, and restarting interrupted primitives: Interrupted Primitives. + (line 51) +* elapsed time <1>: Elapsed Time. (line 6) +* elapsed time: Time Basics. (line 24) +* encryption: Trivial Encryption. (line 6) +* end of file, on a stream: EOF and Errors. (line 6) +* end-of-file, on a file descriptor: I/O Primitives. (line 21) +* environment: Environment Variables. + (line 22) +* environment access: Environment Access. (line 6) +* environment representation: Environment Access. (line 6) +* environment variable: Environment Variables. + (line 6) +* environment vectors, null-character separated: Argz and Envz Vectors. + (line 9) +* envz vectors (environment vectors): Argz and Envz Vectors. + (line 9) +* EOF character: Editing Characters. (line 10) +* EOL character: Editing Characters. (line 22) +* EOL2 character: Editing Characters. (line 35) +* epoch: Simple Calendar Time. + (line 10) +* ERASE character: Editing Characters. (line 47) +* errno: System Calls. (line 55) +* error codes: Error Reporting. (line 6) +* error messages, in argp: Argp Helper Functions. + (line 23) +* error reporting: Error Reporting. (line 6) +* errors, mathematical: Math Error Reporting. + (line 6) +* establishing a handler: Signal Actions. (line 6) +* ethers: NSS Basics. (line 26) +* EUC: Extended Char Intro. (line 188) +* EUC-JP: glibc iconv Implementation. + (line 53) +* exception <1>: Program Error Signals. + (line 48) +* exception: FP Exceptions. (line 6) +* exclusive lock: File Locks. (line 10) +* exec functions: Executing a File. (line 6) +* execing a program: Memory Concepts. (line 90) +* executable: Memory Concepts. (line 67) +* executing a file: Executing a File. (line 6) +* exit status: Exit Status. (line 6) +* exit status value: Program Termination. (line 6) +* exiting a program: Memory Concepts. (line 90) +* expansion of shell words: Word Expansion. (line 6) +* exponent (of floating point number): Floating Point Concepts. + (line 23) +* exponentiation functions: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 6) +* extending printf: Customizing Printf. (line 6) +* extracting file descriptor from stream: Descriptors and Streams. + (line 6) +* fcntl function: Control Operations. (line 6) +* FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: Documentation License. + (line 6) +* feature test macros: Feature Test Macros. (line 6) +* field splitting: Expansion Stages. (line 25) +* FIFO special file: Pipes and FIFOs. (line 12) +* file access permission: Access Permission. (line 6) +* file access time: File Times. (line 6) +* file attribute modification time: File Times. (line 6) +* file attributes: Attribute Meanings. (line 6) +* file creation mask: Setting Permissions. (line 6) +* file descriptor flags: Descriptor Flags. (line 6) +* file descriptor sets, for select: Waiting for I/O. (line 30) +* file descriptors, standard: Descriptors and Streams. + (line 49) +* file locks: File Locks. (line 6) +* file modification time: File Times. (line 6) +* file name: File Names. (line 14) +* file name component: Directories. (line 15) +* file name errors: File Name Errors. (line 6) +* file name resolution: File Name Resolution. + (line 10) +* file name translation flags: Open-time Flags. (line 14) +* file names, multiple: Hard Links. (line 6) +* file owner: File Owner. (line 6) +* file permission bits: Permission Bits. (line 15) +* file pointer: Streams. (line 12) +* file position: File Position. (line 15) +* file positioning on a file descriptor: File Position Primitive. + (line 15) +* file positioning on a stream: File Positioning. (line 6) +* file status flags: File Status Flags. (line 6) +* files, accessing: Memory Concepts. (line 83) +* filtering i/o through subprocess: Pipe to a Subprocess. + (line 6) +* flag character (printf): Output Conversion Syntax. + (line 60) +* flag character (scanf): Input Conversion Syntax. + (line 35) +* flags for sigaction: Flags for Sigaction. (line 6) +* flags, file name translation: Open-time Flags. (line 14) +* flags, open-time action: Open-time Flags. (line 17) +* floating point: Floating Point Numbers. + (line 6) +* floating point, IEEE: IEEE Floating Point. (line 6) +* floating type measurements: Floating Type Macros. + (line 6) +* floating-point classes: Floating Point Classes. + (line 6) +* floating-point exception: Program Error Signals. + (line 48) +* flow control, terminal: Line Control. (line 93) +* flushing a stream: Flushing Buffers. (line 6) +* flushing terminal output queue: Line Control. (line 34) +* foreground job: Concepts of Job Control. + (line 49) +* foreground job, launching: Foreground and Background. + (line 10) +* forking a process: Process Creation Concepts. + (line 15) +* format string, for printf: Formatted Output. (line 6) +* format string, for scanf: Formatted Input. (line 6) +* formatted input from a stream: Formatted Input. (line 6) +* formatted messages: Formatted Messages. (line 6) +* formatted output to a stream: Formatted Output. (line 6) +* FP arithmetic: FP Bit Twiddling. (line 6) +* FQDN: Host Identification. (line 32) +* frame, real memory: Memory Concepts. (line 18) +* free documentation: Free Manuals. (line 6) +* freeing (obstacks): Freeing Obstack Objects. + (line 6) +* freeing memory: Memory Concepts. (line 90) +* freeing memory allocated with malloc: Freeing after Malloc. + (line 6) +* fully buffered stream: Buffering Concepts. (line 15) +* function prototypes (variadic): Variadic Prototypes. (line 6) +* gamma function: Special Functions. (line 6) +* gcvt_r: System V Number Conversion. + (line 82) +* gencat: The gencat program. (line 6) +* generation of signals: Signal Generation. (line 6) +* generic i/o control operations: IOCTLs. (line 6) +* globbing: Globbing. (line 6) +* graphic character <1>: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 126) +* graphic character: Classification of Characters. + (line 90) +* Gregorian calendar: Calendar Time. (line 26) +* group: NSS Basics. (line 26) +* group database: Group Database. (line 6) +* group ID: User and Group IDs. (line 12) +* group name: User and Group IDs. (line 12) +* group owner of a file: File Owner. (line 6) +* grouping of digits: General Numeric. (line 28) +* growing objects (in obstacks): Growing Objects. (line 6) +* handling multiple signals: Merged Signals. (line 6) +* hangup signal: Termination Signals. (line 72) +* hard limit: Limits on Resources. (line 24) +* hard link: Hard Links. (line 6) +* header files: Header Files. (line 6) +* heap consistency checking: Heap Consistency Checking. + (line 6) +* heap, dynamic allocation from: Unconstrained Allocation. + (line 6) +* heap, freeing memory from: Freeing after Malloc. + (line 6) +* hexadecimal digit character <1>: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 206) +* hexadecimal digit character: Classification of Characters. + (line 53) +* hidden bit (of floating point number mantissa): Floating Point Concepts. + (line 42) +* hierarchy, directory: Working with Directory Trees. + (line 6) +* high-priority data: Out-of-Band Data. (line 6) +* high-resolution time: Calendar Time. (line 20) +* holes in files: File Position Primitive. + (line 60) +* home directory: Standard Environment. + (line 12) +* HOME environment variable: Standard Environment. + (line 12) +* hook functions (of custom streams): Hook Functions. (line 6) +* host address, Internet: Abstract Host Addresses. + (line 6) +* host name: Host Identification. (line 13) +* hostname: Host Identification. (line 19) +* hosts: NSS Basics. (line 26) +* hosts database: Host Names. (line 6) +* how many arguments: How Many Arguments. (line 6) +* hyperbolic functions: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 6) +* identifying terminals: Is It a Terminal. (line 6) +* IEEE 754: Floating Point Numbers. + (line 6) +* IEEE floating point: Floating Point Numbers. + (line 6) +* IEEE floating point representation: IEEE Floating Point. (line 6) +* IEEE Std 1003.1: POSIX. (line 6) +* IEEE Std 1003.2: POSIX. (line 6) +* ignore action for a signal: Basic Signal Handling. + (line 40) +* illegal instruction: Program Error Signals. + (line 106) +* impossible events: Consistency Checking. + (line 6) +* independent channels: Independent Channels. + (line 6) +* inexact exception: FP Exceptions. (line 6) +* infinity: Infinity and NaN. (line 6) +* initial signal actions: Initial Signal Actions. + (line 6) +* inode number: Attribute Meanings. (line 191) +* input available signal: Asynchronous I/O Signals. + (line 13) +* input conversions, for scanf: Table of Input Conversions. + (line 6) +* input from multiple files: Waiting for I/O. (line 6) +* installation tools: Tools for Compilation. + (line 6) +* installing: Running make install. + (line 6) +* integer: Integers. (line 6) +* integer division functions: Integer Division. (line 6) +* integer type range: Range of Type. (line 6) +* integer type width: Width of Type. (line 6) +* interactive signals, from terminal: Local Modes. (line 94) +* interactive stop signal: Job Control Signals. (line 57) +* internal representation: Extended Char Intro. (line 12) +* internationalization: Locales. (line 11) +* Internet host address: Abstract Host Addresses. + (line 6) +* Internet namespace, for sockets: Internet Namespace. (line 6) +* interprocess communication, with FIFO: FIFO Special Files. (line 6) +* interprocess communication, with pipes: Creating a Pipe. (line 6) +* interprocess communication, with signals: Kill Example. (line 6) +* interprocess communication, with sockets: Sockets. (line 9) +* interrupt character: Signal Characters. (line 11) +* interrupt signal: Termination Signals. (line 30) +* interrupt-driven input: Interrupt Input. (line 6) +* interrupting primitives: Interrupted Primitives. + (line 51) +* interval: Time Basics. (line 20) +* interval timer, setting: Setting an Alarm. (line 10) +* INTR character: Signal Characters. (line 11) +* invalid exception: FP Exceptions. (line 6) +* inverse complex hyperbolic functions: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 72) +* inverse complex trigonometric functions: Inverse Trig Functions. + (line 60) +* inverse hyperbolic functions: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 51) +* inverse trigonometric functions: Inverse Trig Functions. + (line 6) +* invocation of program: Program Arguments. (line 6) +* IOCTLs: IOCTLs. (line 6) +* ISO 10646: Extended Char Intro. (line 37) +* ISO 2022: Extended Char Intro. (line 179) +* ISO 6937: Extended Char Intro. (line 202) +* ISO C: ISO C. (line 6) +* ISO-2022-JP: glibc iconv Implementation. + (line 53) +* ISO/IEC 9945-1: POSIX. (line 6) +* ISO/IEC 9945-2: POSIX. (line 6) +* job: Job Control. (line 6) +* job control: Job Control. (line 6) +* job control functions: Functions for Job Control. + (line 6) +* job control is optional: Job Control is Optional. + (line 6) +* job control signals: Job Control Signals. (line 6) +* job control, enabling: Initializing the Shell. + (line 6) +* Kermit the frog: Search/Sort Example. (line 103) +* kernel call: System Calls. (line 16) +* kernel header files: Linux. (line 6) +* KILL character: Editing Characters. (line 85) +* kill signal: Termination Signals. (line 70) +* killing a process: Signaling Another Process. + (line 6) +* Korn Shell: Wildcard Matching. (line 71) +* LANG environment variable <1>: Standard Environment. + (line 68) +* LANG environment variable: The catgets Functions. + (line 97) +* launching jobs: Launching Jobs. (line 6) +* LC_ALL environment variable <1>: Standard Environment. + (line 74) +* LC_ALL environment variable: The catgets Functions. + (line 97) +* LC_COLLATE environment variable: Standard Environment. + (line 80) +* LC_CTYPE environment variable: Standard Environment. + (line 83) +* LC_MESSAGES environment variable <1>: Standard Environment. + (line 87) +* LC_MESSAGES environment variable: The catgets Functions. + (line 97) +* LC_MONETARY environment variable: Standard Environment. + (line 91) +* LC_NUMERIC environment variable: Standard Environment. + (line 94) +* LC_TIME environment variable: Standard Environment. + (line 97) +* leap second: Broken-down Time. (line 28) +* length of string: Representation of Strings. + (line 56) +* level, for socket options: Socket Options. (line 9) +* LGPL, Lesser General Public License: Copying. (line 6) +* library: Introduction. (line 9) +* limit: Limits on Resources. (line 12) +* limits on resource usage: Limits on Resources. (line 6) +* limits, file name length: Limits for Files. (line 36) +* limits, floating types: Floating Type Macros. + (line 6) +* limits, integer types: Range of Type. (line 6) +* limits, link count of files: Limits for Files. (line 24) +* limits, number of open files: General Limits. (line 34) +* limits, number of processes: General Limits. (line 28) +* limits, number of supplementary group IDs: General Limits. (line 50) +* limits, pipe buffer size: Limits for Files. (line 44) +* limits, POSIX: General Limits. (line 6) +* limits, program argument size: General Limits. (line 24) +* limits, terminal input queue: Limits for Files. (line 28) +* limits, time zone name length: General Limits. (line 44) +* line buffered stream: Buffering Concepts. (line 12) +* line speed: Line Speed. (line 6) +* lines (in a text file): Binary Streams. (line 25) +* link: Directories. (line 9) +* link, hard: Hard Links. (line 6) +* link, soft: Symbolic Links. (line 6) +* link, symbolic: Symbolic Links. (line 6) +* linked channels: Linked Channels. (line 6) +* listening (sockets): Listening. (line 6) +* literals: Memory Concepts. (line 67) +* little-endian: Byte Order. (line 6) +* LNEXT character: Other Special. (line 9) +* load average: Processor Resources. (line 40) +* local namespace, for sockets: Local Namespace. (line 6) +* local network address number: Abstract Host Addresses. + (line 9) +* local time: Calendar Time. (line 26) +* locale categories: Locale Categories. (line 6) +* locale, changing: Setting the Locale. (line 18) +* locales: Locales. (line 11) +* locking pages: Locking Pages. (line 6) +* logarithm functions: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 6) +* login name: User and Group IDs. (line 6) +* login name, determining: Who Logged In. (line 6) +* LOGNAME environment variable: Standard Environment. + (line 24) +* long jumps: Non-Local Exits. (line 6) +* long-named options: Argument Syntax. (line 50) +* longjmp: Advantages of Alloca. + (line 15) +* loss of data on sockets: Socket Concepts. (line 17) +* lost resource signal: Operation Error Signals. + (line 27) +* lower-case character <1>: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 137) +* lower-case character: Classification of Characters. + (line 27) +* macros: Obstack Functions. (line 6) +* main function: Program Arguments. (line 6) +* malloc debugger: Allocation Debugging. + (line 6) +* malloc function: Unconstrained Allocation. + (line 6) +* mantissa (of floating point number): Floating Point Concepts. + (line 35) +* matching failure, in scanf: Formatted Input Basics. + (line 32) +* math errors: Errors in Math Functions. + (line 6) +* mathematical constants: Mathematical Constants. + (line 6) +* maximum: Misc FP Arithmetic. (line 6) +* maximum field width (scanf): Input Conversion Syntax. + (line 50) +* maximum limit: Limits on Resources. (line 24) +* maximum possible integer: Integers. (line 102) +* measurements of floating types: Floating Type Macros. + (line 6) +* memory allocation: Memory. (line 6) +* memory lock: Locking Pages. (line 6) +* memory mapped file: Memory Concepts. (line 83) +* memory mapped I/O: Memory Concepts. (line 83) +* memory page: Memory Subsystem. (line 33) +* merging of signals: Merged Signals. (line 6) +* MIN termios slot: Noncanonical Input. (line 26) +* minimum: Misc FP Arithmetic. (line 6) +* minimum field width (printf): Output Conversion Syntax. + (line 67) +* minimum possible integer: Integers. (line 102) +* mixing descriptors and streams: Stream/Descriptor Precautions. + (line 6) +* modem disconnect: Control Modes. (line 33) +* modem status lines: Control Modes. (line 21) +* monetary value formatting: The Lame Way to Locale Data. + (line 13) +* multi-threaded application: Streams and Threads. (line 6) +* multibyte character: Extended Char Intro. (line 156) +* multibyte character string: Representation of Strings. + (line 11) +* multibyte string: Representation of Strings. + (line 67) +* multiple names for one file: Hard Links. (line 6) +* multiplexing input: Waiting for I/O. (line 6) +* multiply-add: Misc FP Arithmetic. (line 6) +* name of running program: Error Messages. (line 70) +* name of socket: Socket Addresses. (line 6) +* Name Service Switch: Name Service Switch. (line 6) +* name space: Reserved Names. (line 6) +* names of signals: Standard Signals. (line 6) +* namespace (of socket): Socket Concepts. (line 33) +* NaN <1>: FP Bit Twiddling. (line 54) +* NaN: Infinity and NaN. (line 6) +* Netgroup: Netgroup Data. (line 6) +* netgroup: NSS Basics. (line 26) +* network byte order: Byte Order. (line 11) +* network number: Abstract Host Addresses. + (line 9) +* network protocol: Socket Concepts. (line 42) +* networks: NSS Basics. (line 26) +* networks database: Networks Database. (line 6) +* NIS: Host Identification. (line 38) +* NIS domain name: Host Identification. (line 38) +* nisplus, and booting: Actions in the NSS configuration. + (line 72) +* nisplus, and completeness: Actions in the NSS configuration. + (line 65) +* NLSPATH environment variable <1>: Standard Environment. + (line 100) +* NLSPATH environment variable: The catgets Functions. + (line 29) +* non-blocking open: Open-time Flags. (line 30) +* non-local exit, from signal handler: Longjmp in Handler. (line 6) +* non-local exits: Non-Local Exits. (line 6) +* noncanonical input processing: Canonical or Not. (line 26) +* normalization functions (floating-point): Normalization Functions. + (line 6) +* normalized floating point number: Floating Point Concepts. + (line 59) +* not a number: Infinity and NaN. (line 6) +* NSS: Name Service Switch. (line 6) +* nsswitch.conf: NSS Configuration File. + (line 6) +* null character: Representation of Strings. + (line 26) +* null pointer constant: Null Pointer Constant. + (line 6) +* null wide character: Representation of Strings. + (line 26) +* number of arguments passed: How Many Arguments. (line 6) +* number syntax, parsing: Parsing of Numbers. (line 6) +* numeric value formatting: The Lame Way to Locale Data. + (line 13) +* obstack status: Status of an Obstack. + (line 6) +* obstacks: Obstacks. (line 6) +* open-time action flags: Open-time Flags. (line 17) +* opening a file: I/O Concepts. (line 9) +* opening a file descriptor: Opening and Closing Files. + (line 6) +* opening a pipe: Creating a Pipe. (line 6) +* opening a pseudo-terminal pair: Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. + (line 6) +* opening a socket: Creating a Socket. (line 6) +* opening a socket pair: Socket Pairs. (line 6) +* opening a stream: Opening Streams. (line 6) +* Optimization: FP Function Optimizations. + (line 6) +* optimizing NSS: Notes on NSS Configuration File. + (line 27) +* option parsing with argp: Argp. (line 6) +* optional arguments: Variadic Functions. (line 6) +* optional POSIX features: System Options. (line 6) +* orientation, stream <1>: Streams and I18N. (line 38) +* orientation, stream: Opening Streams. (line 78) +* orphaned process group: Orphaned Process Groups. + (line 6) +* out-of-band data: Out-of-Band Data. (line 6) +* output conversions, for printf: Table of Output Conversions. + (line 6) +* output possible signal: Asynchronous I/O Signals. + (line 13) +* overflow exception: FP Exceptions. (line 6) +* owner of a file: File Owner. (line 6) +* packet: Socket Concepts. (line 12) +* page boundary: Aligned Memory Blocks. + (line 6) +* page fault: Memory Concepts. (line 45) +* page fault, copy-on-write: Locked Memory Details. + (line 40) +* page frame: Memory Concepts. (line 18) +* page, memory: Memory Subsystem. (line 33) +* page, virtual memory: Memory Concepts. (line 18) +* paging <1>: Locking Pages. (line 6) +* paging: Memory Concepts. (line 45) +* parameter promotion: String/Array Conventions. + (line 41) +* parent directory: File Name Resolution. + (line 28) +* parent process <1>: Process Creation Concepts. + (line 15) +* parent process: Processes. (line 13) +* parity checking: Input Modes. (line 17) +* parsing a template string: Parsing a Template String. + (line 6) +* parsing numbers (in formatted input): Parsing of Numbers. (line 6) +* parsing program arguments: Parsing Program Arguments. + (line 6) +* parsing tokens from a string: Finding Tokens in a String. + (line 6) +* passwd: NSS Basics. (line 26) +* password database: User Database. (line 6) +* PATH environment variable: Standard Environment. + (line 33) +* pause function: Waiting for a Signal. + (line 6) +* peeking at input: Unreading. (line 6) +* pending signals: Delivery of Signal. (line 6) +* pending signals, checking for: Checking for Pending Signals. + (line 6) +* period of time: Time Basics. (line 33) +* permission to access a file: Access Permission. (line 6) +* persona: Process Persona. (line 6) +* physical address: Memory Subsystem. (line 6) +* physical memory: Memory Subsystem. (line 6) +* pi (trigonometric constant): Trig Functions. (line 10) +* pipe: Pipes and FIFOs. (line 6) +* pipe signal: Operation Error Signals. + (line 13) +* pipe to a subprocess: Pipe to a Subprocess. + (line 6) +* port number: Ports. (line 6) +* positioning a file descriptor: File Position Primitive. + (line 15) +* positioning a stream: File Positioning. (line 6) +* positive difference: Misc FP Arithmetic. (line 6) +* POSIX: POSIX. (line 6) +* POSIX capacity limits: General Limits. (line 6) +* POSIX optional features: System Options. (line 6) +* POSIX.1: POSIX. (line 6) +* POSIX.2: POSIX. (line 6) +* power functions: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 6) +* precision (of floating point number): Floating Point Concepts. + (line 38) +* precision (printf): Output Conversion Syntax. + (line 78) +* predicates on arrays: String/Array Comparison. + (line 6) +* predicates on characters: Classification of Characters. + (line 6) +* predicates on strings: String/Array Comparison. + (line 6) +* preemptive scheduling: Absolute Priority. (line 17) +* primitives, interrupting: Interrupted Primitives. + (line 51) +* printing character <1>: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 147) +* printing character: Classification of Characters. + (line 95) +* priority of a process: Priority. (line 6) +* priority, absolute: Absolute Priority. (line 6) +* process <1>: Processes. (line 6) +* process: Program Basics. (line 6) +* process completion: Process Completion. (line 6) +* process group functions: Functions for Job Control. + (line 6) +* process group ID: Launching Jobs. (line 23) +* process group leader: Launching Jobs. (line 23) +* process groups: Job Control. (line 6) +* process ID: Process Creation Concepts. + (line 9) +* process image: Process Creation Concepts. + (line 33) +* process lifetime: Process Creation Concepts. + (line 9) +* process priority: Priority. (line 6) +* process signal mask: Process Signal Mask. (line 6) +* process termination: Program Termination. (line 6) +* processor time <1>: Processor Time. (line 9) +* processor time: Time Basics. (line 44) +* profiling alarm signal: Alarm Signals. (line 30) +* profiling timer: Setting an Alarm. (line 22) +* program: Program Basics. (line 6) +* program argument syntax: Argument Syntax. (line 6) +* program arguments: Program Arguments. (line 6) +* program arguments, parsing: Parsing Program Arguments. + (line 6) +* program error signals: Program Error Signals. + (line 6) +* program name: Error Messages. (line 70) +* program startup: Program Arguments. (line 6) +* program termination: Program Termination. (line 6) +* program termination signals: Termination Signals. (line 6) +* programming your own streams: Custom Streams. (line 6) +* project complex numbers: Operations on Complex. + (line 6) +* protocol (of socket): Socket Concepts. (line 42) +* protocol family: Socket Concepts. (line 42) +* protocols: NSS Basics. (line 26) +* protocols database: Protocols Database. (line 6) +* prototypes for variadic functions: Variadic Prototypes. (line 6) +* pseudo-random numbers: Pseudo-Random Numbers. + (line 6) +* pseudo-terminals: Pseudo-Terminals. (line 6) +* punctuation character <1>: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 157) +* punctuation character: Classification of Characters. + (line 58) +* pushing input back: Unreading. (line 6) +* quick sort function (for arrays): Array Sort Function. (line 6) +* QUIT character: Signal Characters. (line 22) +* quit signal: Termination Signals. (line 36) +* quote removal: Expansion Stages. (line 32) +* race conditions, relating to job control: Launching Jobs. (line 28) +* race conditions, relating to signals: Signals in Handler. (line 6) +* radix (of floating point number): Floating Point Concepts. + (line 20) +* raising signals: Generating Signals. (line 6) +* random numbers: Pseudo-Random Numbers. + (line 6) +* random-access files: File Position. (line 23) +* range error: Math Error Reporting. + (line 6) +* range of integer type: Range of Type. (line 6) +* read lock: File Locks. (line 14) +* reading from a directory: Accessing Directories. + (line 6) +* reading from a file descriptor: I/O Primitives. (line 15) +* reading from a socket: Transferring Data. (line 6) +* reading from a stream, by blocks: Block Input/Output. (line 9) +* reading from a stream, by characters: Character Input. (line 6) +* reading from a stream, formatted: Formatted Input. (line 6) +* ready to run: Absolute Priority. (line 17) +* real group ID: Process Persona. (line 17) +* real user ID: Process Persona. (line 17) +* real-time timer: Setting an Alarm. (line 13) +* realtime CPU scheduling: Absolute Priority. (line 9) +* realtime processing: Why Lock Pages. (line 14) +* realtime scheduling: Realtime Scheduling. (line 6) +* receiving datagrams: Receiving Datagrams. (line 6) +* record locking: File Locks. (line 6) +* redirecting input and output: Duplicating Descriptors. + (line 6) +* reentrant functions: Nonreentrancy. (line 26) +* reentrant NSS functions: NSS Module Names. (line 21) +* relative file name: File Name Resolution. + (line 24) +* removal of quotes: Expansion Stages. (line 32) +* removing a file: Deleting Files. (line 6) +* removing macros that shadow functions: Macro Definitions. (line 6) +* renaming a file: Renaming Files. (line 8) +* reporting bugs: Reporting Bugs. (line 6) +* reporting errors: Error Reporting. (line 6) +* REPRINT character: Editing Characters. (line 96) +* reserved names: Reserved Names. (line 6) +* resource limits: Limits on Resources. (line 6) +* restarting interrupted primitives: Interrupted Primitives. + (line 51) +* restrictions on signal handler functions: Nonreentrancy. (line 6) +* root directory: File Name Resolution. + (line 19) +* Rot13: Trivial Encryption. (line 11) +* rpc: NSS Basics. (line 26) +* runnable process: Absolute Priority. (line 25) +* running a command: Running a Command. (line 6) +* saved set-group-ID: How Change Persona. (line 6) +* saved set-user-ID: How Change Persona. (line 6) +* scanning the group list: Scanning All Groups. (line 6) +* scanning the user list: Scanning All Users. (line 6) +* scatter-gather: Scatter-Gather. (line 6) +* scheduling, traditional: Traditional Scheduling. + (line 6) +* search function (for arrays): Array Search Function. + (line 6) +* search functions (for strings): Search Functions. (line 8) +* seed (for random numbers): Pseudo-Random Numbers. + (line 6) +* seeking on a file descriptor: File Position Primitive. + (line 15) +* seeking on a stream: File Positioning. (line 6) +* segmentation violation: Program Error Signals. + (line 108) +* sending a datagram: Sending Datagrams. (line 6) +* sending signals: Generating Signals. (line 6) +* sequential-access files: File Position. (line 15) +* server: Connections. (line 6) +* services: NSS Basics. (line 26) +* services database: Services Database. (line 6) +* session <1>: Concepts of Job Control. + (line 25) +* session: Job Control. (line 6) +* session leader: Concepts of Job Control. + (line 34) +* setting an alarm: Setting an Alarm. (line 10) +* setuid programs: How Change Persona. (line 6) +* setuid programs and file access: Testing File Access. (line 6) +* severity class <1>: Adding Severity Classes. + (line 6) +* severity class: Printing Formatted Messages. + (line 93) +* sgettext: GUI program problems. + (line 59) +* shadow: NSS Basics. (line 26) +* shadowing functions with macros: Macro Definitions. (line 6) +* shared lock: File Locks. (line 14) +* shared memory: Memory Subsystem. (line 13) +* shell: Concepts of Job Control. + (line 6) +* shift state: Keeping the state. (line 15) +* Shift_JIS: Extended Char Intro. (line 188) +* shrinking objects: Growing Objects. (line 90) +* shutting down a socket: Closing a Socket. (line 6) +* sigaction flags: Flags for Sigaction. (line 6) +* sigaction function: Advanced Signal Handling. + (line 6) +* SIGCHLD, handling of: Stopped and Terminated Jobs. + (line 18) +* sign (of floating point number): Floating Point Concepts. + (line 18) +* signal <1>: Signal Handling. (line 6) +* signal: FP Exceptions. (line 6) +* signal action: Delivery of Signal. (line 13) +* signal actions: Signal Actions. (line 6) +* signal flags: Flags for Sigaction. (line 6) +* signal function: Basic Signal Handling. + (line 6) +* signal handler function: Defining Handlers. (line 6) +* signal mask: Process Signal Mask. (line 6) +* signal messages: Signal Messages. (line 6) +* signal names: Standard Signals. (line 6) +* signal number: Standard Signals. (line 6) +* signal set: Signal Sets. (line 9) +* signals, generating: Generating Signals. (line 6) +* signedness: Integers. (line 9) +* significand (of floating point number): Floating Point Concepts. + (line 35) +* SIGTTIN, from background job: Access to the Terminal. + (line 11) +* SIGTTOU, from background job: Access to the Terminal. + (line 18) +* simple time: Calendar Time. (line 13) +* single-byte string: Representation of Strings. + (line 67) +* size of string: Representation of Strings. + (line 56) +* SJIS: Extended Char Intro. (line 188) +* socket: Sockets. (line 9) +* socket address (name) binding: Socket Addresses. (line 6) +* socket domain: Socket Concepts. (line 33) +* socket namespace: Socket Concepts. (line 33) +* socket option level: Socket Options. (line 9) +* socket options: Socket Options. (line 6) +* socket pair: Socket Pairs. (line 6) +* socket protocol: Socket Concepts. (line 42) +* socket shutdown: Closing a Socket. (line 6) +* socket, client actions: Connecting. (line 6) +* socket, closing: Closing a Socket. (line 6) +* socket, connecting: Connecting. (line 6) +* socket, creating: Creating a Socket. (line 6) +* socket, initiating a connection: Connecting. (line 6) +* sockets, accepting connections: Accepting Connections. + (line 6) +* sockets, listening: Listening. (line 6) +* sockets, server actions: Listening. (line 6) +* soft limit: Limits on Resources. (line 17) +* soft link: Symbolic Links. (line 6) +* sort function (for arrays): Array Sort Function. (line 6) +* sparse files: File Position Primitive. + (line 60) +* special files: Making Special Files. + (line 6) +* special functions: Special Functions. (line 6) +* specified action (for a signal): Delivery of Signal. (line 13) +* speed of execution: Why Lock Pages. (line 14) +* square root function: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 122) +* stable sorting: Array Sort Function. (line 21) +* standard dot notation, for Internet addresses: Abstract Host Addresses. + (line 48) +* standard environment variables: Standard Environment. + (line 6) +* standard error file descriptor: Descriptors and Streams. + (line 64) +* standard error stream: Standard Streams. (line 24) +* standard file descriptors: Descriptors and Streams. + (line 49) +* standard input file descriptor: Descriptors and Streams. + (line 55) +* standard input stream: Standard Streams. (line 16) +* standard output file descriptor: Descriptors and Streams. + (line 59) +* standard output stream: Standard Streams. (line 20) +* standard streams: Standard Streams. (line 6) +* standards: Standards and Portability. + (line 6) +* START character: Start/Stop Characters. + (line 11) +* startup of program: Program Arguments. (line 6) +* stateful <1>: glibc iconv Implementation. + (line 594) +* stateful <2>: iconv Examples. (line 96) +* stateful <3>: Generic Conversion Interface. + (line 110) +* stateful <4>: Converting Strings. (line 65) +* stateful <5>: Converting a Character. + (line 81) +* stateful: Keeping the state. (line 6) +* static memory allocation: Memory Allocation and C. + (line 13) +* static storage class: Memory Allocation and C. + (line 13) +* STATUS character: Other Special. (line 35) +* status codes: Error Reporting. (line 6) +* status of a file: Attribute Meanings. (line 6) +* status of obstack: Status of an Obstack. + (line 6) +* sticky bit: Permission Bits. (line 71) +* STOP character: Start/Stop Characters. + (line 28) +* stop signal: Job Control Signals. (line 44) +* stopped job: Concepts of Job Control. + (line 55) +* stopped jobs, continuing: Continuing Stopped Jobs. + (line 6) +* stopped jobs, detecting: Stopped and Terminated Jobs. + (line 6) +* storage allocation: Memory. (line 6) +* stream (sockets): Socket Concepts. (line 12) +* stream orientation <1>: Streams and I18N. (line 38) +* stream orientation: Opening Streams. (line 78) +* stream, for I/O to a string: String Streams. (line 6) +* streams and descriptors: Stream/Descriptor Precautions. + (line 6) +* streams, and file descriptors: Descriptors and Streams. + (line 6) +* streams, C++: Streams and I18N. (line 30) +* streams, standard: Standard Streams. (line 6) +* string: Representation of Strings. + (line 11) +* string allocation: Representation of Strings. + (line 56) +* string collation functions: Collation Functions. (line 6) +* string comparison functions: String/Array Comparison. + (line 6) +* string concatenation functions: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 10) +* string copy functions: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 10) +* string length: Representation of Strings. + (line 56) +* string literal: Representation of Strings. + (line 35) +* string search functions: Search Functions. (line 8) +* string stream: String Streams. (line 6) +* string vectors, null-character separated: Argz and Envz Vectors. + (line 6) +* string, representation of: Representation of Strings. + (line 6) +* style of communication (of a socket): Socket Concepts. (line 6) +* subshell: Initializing the Shell. + (line 6) +* substitution of variables and commands: Expansion Stages. (line 15) +* successive signals: Merged Signals. (line 6) +* summer time: Broken-down Time. (line 62) +* SunOS: Berkeley Unix. (line 6) +* supplementary group IDs: Process Persona. (line 6) +* SUSP character: Signal Characters. (line 33) +* suspend character: Signal Characters. (line 33) +* SVID: SVID. (line 6) +* swap space: Memory Concepts. (line 18) +* symbolic link: Symbolic Links. (line 6) +* symbolic link, opening: Open-time Flags. (line 68) +* synchronizing <1>: Synchronizing AIO Operations. + (line 17) +* synchronizing: Synchronizing I/O. (line 6) +* syntax error messages, in argp: Argp Helper Functions. + (line 16) +* syntax, for program arguments: Argument Syntax. (line 6) +* syntax, for reading numbers: Parsing of Numbers. (line 6) +* sysconf <1>: Processor Resources. (line 13) +* sysconf: Query Memory Parameters. + (line 43) +* system call: System Calls. (line 6) +* system call number: System Calls. (line 42) +* System V Unix: SVID. (line 6) +* TCP (Internet protocol): Protocols Database. (line 12) +* template, for printf: Formatted Output. (line 6) +* template, for scanf: Formatted Input. (line 6) +* TERM environment variable: Standard Environment. + (line 56) +* terminal flow control: Line Control. (line 93) +* terminal identification: Is It a Terminal. (line 6) +* terminal input queue: I/O Queues. (line 11) +* terminal input queue, clearing: Line Control. (line 59) +* terminal input signal: Job Control Signals. (line 65) +* terminal line control functions: Line Control. (line 6) +* terminal line speed: Line Speed. (line 6) +* terminal mode data types: Mode Data Types. (line 6) +* terminal mode functions: Mode Functions. (line 6) +* terminal modes, BSD: BSD Terminal Modes. (line 6) +* terminal output queue: I/O Queues. (line 27) +* terminal output queue, flushing: Line Control. (line 34) +* terminal output signal: Job Control Signals. (line 72) +* terminated jobs, detecting: Stopped and Terminated Jobs. + (line 6) +* termination signal: Termination Signals. (line 22) +* testing access permission: Testing File Access. (line 6) +* testing exit status of child process: Process Completion. (line 6) +* text stream: Binary Streams. (line 13) +* thrashing: Memory Subsystem. (line 31) +* thread of control: Program Basics. (line 6) +* threads: Streams and Threads. (line 6) +* ticks, clock: Processor And CPU Time. + (line 19) +* tilde expansion: Expansion Stages. (line 9) +* time: Time Basics. (line 6) +* TIME termios slot: Noncanonical Input. (line 34) +* time zone: TZ Variable. (line 9) +* time zone database: TZ Variable. (line 118) +* time, elapsed: Time Basics. (line 24) +* time, high precision: High Accuracy Clock. (line 6) +* timer, profiling: Setting an Alarm. (line 22) +* timer, real-time: Setting an Alarm. (line 13) +* timer, virtual: Setting an Alarm. (line 17) +* timers, setting: Setting an Alarm. (line 10) +* timespec: Elapsed Time. (line 40) +* timeval: Elapsed Time. (line 27) +* timing error in signal handling: Remembering a Signal. + (line 72) +* TMPDIR environment variable: Temporary Files. (line 125) +* tokenizing strings: Finding Tokens in a String. + (line 6) +* tools, for installing library: Tools for Compilation. + (line 6) +* transmitting datagrams: Sending Datagrams. (line 6) +* tree, directory: Working with Directory Trees. + (line 6) +* triangulation: glibc iconv Implementation. + (line 42) +* trigonometric functions: Trig Functions. (line 6) +* type measurements, floating: Floating Type Macros. + (line 6) +* type measurements, integer: Width of Type. (line 6) +* type modifier character (printf): Output Conversion Syntax. + (line 92) +* type modifier character (scanf): Input Conversion Syntax. + (line 55) +* typeahead buffer: I/O Queues. (line 11) +* TZ environment variable: Standard Environment. + (line 64) +* UCS-2: Extended Char Intro. (line 49) +* UCS-4: Extended Char Intro. (line 49) +* ulps: Errors in Math Functions. + (line 6) +* umask: Setting Permissions. (line 6) +* unbuffered stream: Buffering Concepts. (line 9) +* unconstrained memory allocation: Unconstrained Allocation. + (line 6) +* undefining macros that shadow functions: Macro Definitions. (line 6) +* underflow exception: FP Exceptions. (line 6) +* Unicode: Extended Char Intro. (line 37) +* Unix, Berkeley: Berkeley Unix. (line 6) +* Unix, System V: SVID. (line 6) +* unlinking a file: Deleting Files. (line 6) +* unordered comparison: FP Comparison Functions. + (line 6) +* unreading characters: Unreading. (line 6) +* upgrading from libc5: Linux. (line 6) +* upper-case character <1>: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 196) +* upper-case character: Classification of Characters. + (line 31) +* urgent data signal: Asynchronous I/O Signals. + (line 24) +* urgent socket condition: Out-of-Band Data. (line 18) +* usage limits: Limits on Resources. (line 6) +* usage messages, in argp: Argp Helper Functions. + (line 11) +* user accounting database: User Accounting Database. + (line 6) +* user database: User Database. (line 6) +* user ID: User and Group IDs. (line 6) +* user ID, determining: Who Logged In. (line 6) +* user name: User and Group IDs. (line 6) +* user signals: Miscellaneous Signals. + (line 12) +* usual file name errors: File Name Errors. (line 6) +* UTF-16: Extended Char Intro. (line 49) +* UTF-7: Extended Char Intro. (line 222) +* UTF-8: Extended Char Intro. (line 49) +* va_copy: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 447) +* variable number of arguments: Variadic Functions. (line 6) +* variable substitution: Expansion Stages. (line 15) +* variable-sized arrays: GNU C Variable-Size Arrays. + (line 6) +* variadic function argument access: Receiving Arguments. (line 6) +* variadic function prototypes: Variadic Prototypes. (line 6) +* variadic functions: Variadic Functions. (line 6) +* variadic functions, calling: Calling Variadics. (line 6) +* virtual time alarm signal: Alarm Signals. (line 24) +* virtual timer: Setting an Alarm. (line 17) +* volatile declarations: Nonreentrancy. (line 20) +* waiting for a signal: Waiting for a Signal. + (line 6) +* waiting for completion of child process: Process Completion. + (line 6) +* waiting for input or output: Waiting for I/O. (line 6) +* WERASE character: Editing Characters. (line 61) +* whitespace character <1>: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 167) +* whitespace character: Classification of Characters. + (line 62) +* wide character: Extended Char Intro. (line 31) +* wide character string: Representation of Strings. + (line 21) +* width of integer type: Width of Type. (line 6) +* wildcard expansion: Expansion Stages. (line 27) +* wint_t: String/Array Conventions. + (line 41) +* word expansion: Word Expansion. (line 6) +* working directory: Working Directory. (line 6) +* write lock: File Locks. (line 10) +* writing to a file descriptor: I/O Primitives. (line 155) +* writing to a socket: Transferring Data. (line 6) +* writing to a stream, by blocks: Block Input/Output. (line 9) +* writing to a stream, by characters: Simple Output. (line 6) +* writing to a stream, formatted: Formatted Output. (line 6) +* YP: Host Identification. (line 38) +* YP domain name: Host Identification. (line 38) +* zero divide: FP Exceptions. (line 6) + + +File: libc.info, Node: Type Index, Next: Function Index, Prev: Concept Index, Up: Top + +Type Index +********** + +[index] +* Menu: + +* __ftw64_func_t: Working with Directory Trees. + (line 65) +* __ftw_func_t: Working with Directory Trees. + (line 21) +* __nftw64_func_t: Working with Directory Trees. + (line 99) +* __nftw_func_t: Working with Directory Trees. + (line 73) +* blkcnt64_t: Attribute Meanings. (line 224) +* blkcnt_t: Attribute Meanings. (line 217) +* cc_t: Mode Data Types. (line 47) +* clock_t: CPU Time. (line 42) +* comparison_fn_t: Comparison Functions. + (line 32) +* cookie_close_function: Hook Functions. (line 60) +* cookie_io_functions_t: Streams and Cookies. (line 28) +* cookie_read_function: Hook Functions. (line 49) +* cookie_seek_function: Hook Functions. (line 57) +* cookie_write_function: Hook Functions. (line 54) +* cpu_set_t: CPU Affinity. (line 44) +* dev_t: Attribute Meanings. (line 209) +* DIR: Opening a Directory. (line 10) +* div_t: Integer Division. (line 20) +* enum mcheck_status: Heap Consistency Checking. + (line 61) +* fd_set: Waiting for I/O. (line 35) +* FILE: Streams. (line 17) +* fpos64_t: Portable Positioning. + (line 67) +* fpos_t: Portable Positioning. + (line 53) +* gid_t: Reading Persona. (line 16) +* glob64_t: Calling Glob. (line 89) +* glob_t: Calling Glob. (line 12) +* iconv_t: Generic Conversion Interface. + (line 16) +* imaxdiv_t: Integer Division. (line 84) +* ino64_t: Attribute Meanings. (line 201) +* ino_t: Attribute Meanings. (line 192) +* jmp_buf: Non-Local Details. (line 11) +* ldiv_t: Integer Division. (line 45) +* lldiv_t: Integer Division. (line 63) +* mbstate_t: Keeping the state. (line 15) +* mode_t: Attribute Meanings. (line 188) +* nlink_t: Attribute Meanings. (line 213) +* off64_t: File Position Primitive. + (line 155) +* off_t: File Position Primitive. + (line 148) +* pid_t: Process Identification. + (line 13) +* printf_arginfo_function: Defining the Output Handler. + (line 55) +* printf_function: Defining the Output Handler. + (line 35) +* ptrdiff_t: Important Data Types. + (line 14) +* regex_t: POSIX Regexp Compilation. + (line 16) +* regmatch_t: Regexp Subexpressions. + (line 15) +* regoff_t: Regexp Subexpressions. + (line 26) +* sig_atomic_t: Atomic Types. (line 17) +* sighandler_t: Basic Signal Handling. + (line 11) +* sigjmp_buf: Non-Local Exits and Signals. + (line 21) +* sigset_t: Signal Sets. (line 14) +* size_t: Important Data Types. + (line 22) +* speed_t: Line Speed. (line 57) +* ssize_t: I/O Primitives. (line 11) +* stack_t: Signal Stack. (line 27) +* struct __gconv_step: glibc iconv Implementation. + (line 206) +* struct __gconv_step_data: glibc iconv Implementation. + (line 274) +* struct aiocb: Asynchronous I/O. (line 28) +* struct aiocb64: Asynchronous I/O. (line 111) +* struct aioinit: Configuration of AIO. + (line 18) +* struct argp: Argp Parsers. (line 10) +* struct argp_child: Argp Children. (line 18) +* struct argp_option: Argp Option Vectors. (line 14) +* struct argp_state: Argp Parsing State. (line 11) +* struct dirent: Directory Entries. (line 11) +* struct ENTRY: Hash Search Function. + (line 63) +* struct exit_status: Manipulating the Database. + (line 10) +* struct flock: File Locks. (line 37) +* struct fstab: fstab. (line 10) +* struct FTW: Working with Directory Trees. + (line 107) +* struct group: Group Data Structure. + (line 10) +* struct hostent: Host Names. (line 21) +* struct if_nameindex: Interface Naming. (line 37) +* struct in6_addr: Host Address Data Type. + (line 52) +* struct in_addr: Host Address Data Type. + (line 26) +* struct iovec: Scatter-Gather. (line 21) +* struct itimerval: Setting an Alarm. (line 54) +* struct lconv: The Lame Way to Locale Data. + (line 26) +* struct linger: Socket-Level Options. + (line 50) +* struct mallinfo: Statistics of Malloc. + (line 12) +* struct mntent: mtab. (line 9) +* struct netent: Networks Database. (line 14) +* struct ntptimeval: High Accuracy Clock. (line 17) +* struct obstack: Creating Obstacks. (line 10) +* struct option: Getopt Long Options. (line 13) +* struct passwd: User Data Structure. (line 10) +* struct printf_info: Conversion Specifier Options. + (line 16) +* struct protoent: Protocols Database. (line 30) +* struct random_data: BSD Random. (line 68) +* struct rlimit: Limits on Resources. (line 79) +* struct rlimit64: Limits on Resources. (line 95) +* struct rusage: Resource Usage. (line 37) +* struct sched_param: Basic Scheduling Functions. + (line 30) +* struct servent: Services Database. (line 12) +* struct sgttyb: BSD Terminal Modes. (line 16) +* struct sigaction: Advanced Signal Handling. + (line 15) +* struct sigstack: Signal Stack. (line 97) +* struct sigvec: BSD Handler. (line 7) +* struct sockaddr: Address Formats. (line 24) +* struct sockaddr_in: Internet Address Formats. + (line 16) +* struct sockaddr_in6: Internet Address Formats. + (line 37) +* struct sockaddr_un: Local Namespace Details. + (line 25) +* struct stat: Attribute Meanings. (line 15) +* struct stat64: Attribute Meanings. (line 107) +* struct termios: Mode Data Types. (line 11) +* struct timespec: Elapsed Time. (line 40) +* struct timeval: Elapsed Time. (line 27) +* struct timex: High Accuracy Clock. (line 51) +* struct timezone: High-Resolution Calendar. + (line 15) +* struct tm: Broken-down Time. (line 20) +* struct tms: Processor Time. (line 12) +* struct utimbuf: File Times. (line 39) +* struct utmp: Manipulating the Database. + (line 21) +* struct utmpx: XPG Functions. (line 10) +* struct utsname: Platform Type. (line 16) +* struct vtimes: Resource Usage. (line 117) +* tcflag_t: Mode Data Types. (line 43) +* time_t: Simple Calendar Time. + (line 11) +* ucontext_t: System V contexts. (line 23) +* uid_t: Reading Persona. (line 12) +* union wait: BSD Wait Functions. (line 17) +* va_list: Argument Macros. (line 10) +* VISIT: Tree Search Function. + (line 102) +* wchar_t: Extended Char Intro. (line 65) +* wctrans_t: Wide Character Case Conversion. + (line 12) +* wctype_t: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 30) +* wint_t: Extended Char Intro. (line 88) +* wordexp_t: Calling Wordexp. (line 15) + + +File: libc.info, Node: Function Index, Next: Variable Index, Prev: Type Index, Up: Top + +Function and Macro Index +************************ + +[index] +* Menu: + +* *sbrk: Resizing the Data Segment. + (line 44) +* __fbufsize: Controlling Buffering. + (line 116) +* __flbf: Controlling Buffering. + (line 106) +* __fpending: Controlling Buffering. + (line 123) +* __fpurge: Flushing Buffers. (line 65) +* __freadable: Opening Streams. (line 176) +* __freading: Opening Streams. (line 193) +* __fsetlocking: Streams and Threads. (line 161) +* __fwritable: Opening Streams. (line 183) +* __fwriting: Opening Streams. (line 203) +* __va_copy: Argument Macros. (line 49) +* _Exit: Termination Internals. + (line 15) +* _exit: Termination Internals. + (line 10) +* _flushlbf: Flushing Buffers. (line 47) +* _tolower: Case Conversion. (line 39) +* _toupper: Case Conversion. (line 43) +* a64l: Encode Binary Data. (line 83) +* abort: Aborting a Program. (line 10) +* abs: Absolute Value. (line 18) +* accept: Accepting Connections. + (line 27) +* access: Testing File Access. (line 42) +* acos: Inverse Trig Functions. + (line 23) +* acosf: Inverse Trig Functions. + (line 24) +* acosh: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 58) +* acoshf: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 59) +* acoshl: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 60) +* acosl: Inverse Trig Functions. + (line 25) +* addmntent: mtab. (line 175) +* addseverity: Adding Severity Classes. + (line 13) +* adjtime: High-Resolution Calendar. + (line 88) +* adjtimex: High-Resolution Calendar. + (line 121) +* aio_cancel: Cancel AIO Operations. + (line 19) +* aio_cancel64: Cancel AIO Operations. + (line 63) +* aio_error: Status of AIO Operations. + (line 15) +* aio_error64: Status of AIO Operations. + (line 33) +* aio_fsync: Synchronizing AIO Operations. + (line 18) +* aio_fsync64: Synchronizing AIO Operations. + (line 66) +* aio_init: Configuration of AIO. + (line 47) +* aio_read: Asynchronous Reads/Writes. + (line 7) +* aio_read64: Asynchronous Reads/Writes. + (line 73) +* aio_return: Status of AIO Operations. + (line 43) +* aio_return64: Status of AIO Operations. + (line 63) +* aio_suspend: Synchronizing AIO Operations. + (line 90) +* aio_suspend64: Synchronizing AIO Operations. + (line 127) +* aio_write: Asynchronous Reads/Writes. + (line 89) +* aio_write64: Asynchronous Reads/Writes. + (line 155) +* alarm: Setting an Alarm. (line 103) +* alloca: Variable Size Automatic. + (line 19) +* alphasort: Scanning Directory Content. + (line 40) +* alphasort64: Scanning Directory Content. + (line 75) +* argp_error: Argp Helper Functions. + (line 18) +* argp_failure: Argp Helper Functions. + (line 25) +* argp_help: Argp Help. (line 16) +* argp_parse: Argp. (line 36) +* argp_state_help: Argp Helper Functions. + (line 39) +* argp_usage: Argp Helper Functions. + (line 12) +* argz_add: Argz Functions. (line 66) +* argz_add_sep: Argz Functions. (line 71) +* argz_append: Argz Functions. (line 79) +* argz_count: Argz Functions. (line 41) +* argz_create: Argz Functions. (line 28) +* argz_create_sep: Argz Functions. (line 35) +* argz_delete: Argz Functions. (line 85) +* argz_extract: Argz Functions. (line 46) +* argz_insert: Argz Functions. (line 94) +* argz_next: Argz Functions. (line 104) +* argz_replace: Argz Functions. (line 132) +* argz_stringify: Argz Functions. (line 59) +* asctime: Formatting Calendar Time. + (line 10) +* asctime_r: Formatting Calendar Time. + (line 28) +* asin: Inverse Trig Functions. + (line 11) +* asinf: Inverse Trig Functions. + (line 12) +* asinh: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 52) +* asinhf: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 53) +* asinhl: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 54) +* asinl: Inverse Trig Functions. + (line 13) +* asprintf: Dynamic Output. (line 10) +* assert: Consistency Checking. + (line 27) +* assert_perror: Consistency Checking. + (line 59) +* atan: Inverse Trig Functions. + (line 35) +* atan2: Inverse Trig Functions. + (line 44) +* atan2f: Inverse Trig Functions. + (line 45) +* atan2l: Inverse Trig Functions. + (line 46) +* atanf: Inverse Trig Functions. + (line 36) +* atanh: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 65) +* atanhf: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 66) +* atanhl: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 67) +* atanl: Inverse Trig Functions. + (line 37) +* atexit: Cleanups on Exit. (line 15) +* atof: Parsing of Floats. (line 104) +* atoi: Parsing of Integers. (line 196) +* atol: Parsing of Integers. (line 190) +* atoll: Parsing of Integers. (line 201) +* backtrace: Backtraces. (line 16) +* backtrace_symbols: Backtraces. (line 35) +* backtrace_symbols_fd: Backtraces. (line 65) +* basename: Finding Tokens in a String. + (line 202) +* bcmp: String/Array Comparison. + (line 220) +* bcopy: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 625) +* bind: Setting Address. (line 13) +* bind_textdomain_codeset: Charset conversion in gettext. + (line 28) +* bindtextdomain: Locating gettext catalog. + (line 100) +* brk: Resizing the Data Segment. + (line 15) +* bsearch: Array Search Function. + (line 49) +* btowc: Converting a Character. + (line 16) +* bzero: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 631) +* cabs: Absolute Value. (line 39) +* cabsf: Absolute Value. (line 40) +* cabsl: Absolute Value. (line 41) +* cacos: Inverse Trig Functions. + (line 72) +* cacosf: Inverse Trig Functions. + (line 73) +* cacosh: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 79) +* cacoshf: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 80) +* cacoshl: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 81) +* cacosl: Inverse Trig Functions. + (line 74) +* calloc: Allocating Cleared Space. + (line 10) +* canonicalize_file_name: Symbolic Links. (line 121) +* carg: Operations on Complex. + (line 29) +* cargf: Operations on Complex. + (line 30) +* cargl: Operations on Complex. + (line 31) +* casin: Inverse Trig Functions. + (line 63) +* casinf: Inverse Trig Functions. + (line 64) +* casinh: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 73) +* casinhf: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 74) +* casinhl: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 75) +* casinl: Inverse Trig Functions. + (line 65) +* catan: Inverse Trig Functions. + (line 81) +* catanf: Inverse Trig Functions. + (line 82) +* catanh: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 86) +* catanhf: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 87) +* catanhl: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 88) +* catanl: Inverse Trig Functions. + (line 83) +* catclose: The catgets Functions. + (line 183) +* catgets: The catgets Functions. + (line 149) +* catopen: The catgets Functions. + (line 7) +* cbc_crypt: DES Encryption. (line 117) +* cbrt: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 131) +* cbrtf: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 132) +* cbrtl: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 133) +* ccos: Trig Functions. (line 71) +* ccosf: Trig Functions. (line 72) +* ccosh: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 40) +* ccoshf: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 41) +* ccoshl: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 42) +* ccosl: Trig Functions. (line 73) +* ceil: Rounding Functions. (line 19) +* ceilf: Rounding Functions. (line 20) +* ceill: Rounding Functions. (line 21) +* cexp: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 164) +* cexpf: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 165) +* cexpl: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 166) +* cfgetispeed: Line Speed. (line 37) +* cfgetospeed: Line Speed. (line 33) +* cfmakeraw: Noncanonical Input. (line 93) +* cfree: Freeing after Malloc. + (line 15) +* cfsetispeed: Line Speed. (line 46) +* cfsetospeed: Line Speed. (line 41) +* cfsetspeed: Line Speed. (line 51) +* chdir: Working Directory. (line 98) +* chmod: Setting Permissions. (line 25) +* chown: File Owner. (line 34) +* cimag: Operations on Complex. + (line 17) +* cimagf: Operations on Complex. + (line 18) +* cimagl: Operations on Complex. + (line 19) +* clearenv: Environment Access. (line 79) +* clearerr: Error Recovery. (line 10) +* clearerr_unlocked: Error Recovery. (line 17) +* clock: CPU Time. (line 46) +* clog: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 172) +* clog10: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 183) +* clog10f: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 184) +* clog10l: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 185) +* clogf: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 173) +* clogl: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 174) +* close: Opening and Closing Files. + (line 136) +* closedir: Reading/Closing Directory. + (line 91) +* closelog: closelog. (line 10) +* confstr: String Parameters. (line 10) +* conj: Operations on Complex. + (line 22) +* conjf: Operations on Complex. + (line 23) +* conjl: Operations on Complex. + (line 24) +* connect: Connecting. (line 13) +* copysign: FP Bit Twiddling. (line 11) +* copysignf: FP Bit Twiddling. (line 12) +* copysignl: FP Bit Twiddling. (line 13) +* cos: Trig Functions. (line 25) +* cosf: Trig Functions. (line 26) +* cosh: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 17) +* coshf: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 18) +* coshl: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 19) +* cosl: Trig Functions. (line 27) +* cpow: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 201) +* cpowf: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 203) +* cpowl: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 205) +* cproj: Operations on Complex. + (line 40) +* cprojf: Operations on Complex. + (line 41) +* cprojl: Operations on Complex. + (line 42) +* CPU_CLR: CPU Affinity. (line 78) +* CPU_ISSET: CPU Affinity. (line 86) +* CPU_SET: CPU Affinity. (line 70) +* CPU_ZERO: CPU Affinity. (line 65) +* creal: Operations on Complex. + (line 12) +* crealf: Operations on Complex. + (line 13) +* creall: Operations on Complex. + (line 14) +* creat: Opening and Closing Files. + (line 105) +* creat64: Opening and Closing Files. + (line 121) +* crypt: crypt. (line 7) +* crypt_r: crypt. (line 114) +* csin: Trig Functions. (line 63) +* csinf: Trig Functions. (line 64) +* csinh: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 34) +* csinhf: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 35) +* csinhl: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 36) +* csinl: Trig Functions. (line 65) +* csqrt: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 193) +* csqrtf: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 194) +* csqrtl: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 195) +* ctan: Trig Functions. (line 79) +* ctanf: Trig Functions. (line 80) +* ctanh: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 46) +* ctanhf: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 47) +* ctanhl: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 48) +* ctanl: Trig Functions. (line 81) +* ctermid: Identifying the Terminal. + (line 16) +* ctime: Formatting Calendar Time. + (line 38) +* ctime_r: Formatting Calendar Time. + (line 48) +* cuserid: Who Logged In. (line 24) +* dcgettext: Translation with gettext. + (line 88) +* dcngettext: Advanced gettext functions. + (line 99) +* DES_FAILED: DES Encryption. (line 112) +* des_setparity: DES Encryption. (line 139) +* dgettext: Translation with gettext. + (line 76) +* difftime: Elapsed Time. (line 11) +* dirfd: Opening a Directory. (line 92) +* dirname: Finding Tokens in a String. + (line 262) +* div: Integer Division. (line 30) +* dngettext: Advanced gettext functions. + (line 91) +* drand48: SVID Random. (line 34) +* drand48_r: SVID Random. (line 158) +* drem: Remainder Functions. (line 27) +* dremf: Remainder Functions. (line 28) +* dreml: Remainder Functions. (line 30) +* DTTOIF: Directory Entries. (line 68) +* dup: Duplicating Descriptors. + (line 24) +* dup2: Duplicating Descriptors. + (line 29) +* ecb_crypt: DES Encryption. (line 61) +* ecvt: System V Number Conversion. + (line 18) +* ecvt_r: System V Number Conversion. + (line 94) +* encrypt: DES Encryption. (line 40) +* encrypt_r: DES Encryption. (line 50) +* endfsent: fstab. (line 94) +* endgrent: Scanning All Groups. (line 66) +* endhostent: Host Names. (line 207) +* endmntent: mtab. (line 121) +* endnetent: Networks Database. (line 67) +* endnetgrent: Lookup Netgroup. (line 65) +* endprotoent: Protocols Database. (line 78) +* endpwent: Scanning All Users. (line 66) +* endservent: Services Database. (line 69) +* endutent: Manipulating the Database. + (line 132) +* endutxent: XPG Functions. (line 85) +* envz_add: Envz Functions. (line 44) +* envz_entry: Envz Functions. (line 30) +* envz_get: Envz Functions. (line 37) +* envz_merge: Envz Functions. (line 52) +* envz_strip: Envz Functions. (line 62) +* erand48: SVID Random. (line 44) +* erand48_r: SVID Random. (line 173) +* erf: Special Functions. (line 10) +* erfc: Special Functions. (line 17) +* erfcf: Special Functions. (line 18) +* erfcl: Special Functions. (line 19) +* erff: Special Functions. (line 11) +* erfl: Special Functions. (line 12) +* err: Error Messages. (line 291) +* error: Error Messages. (line 145) +* error_at_line: Error Messages. (line 179) +* errx: Error Messages. (line 302) +* execl: Executing a File. (line 34) +* execle: Executing a File. (line 47) +* execlp: Executing a File. (line 64) +* execv: Executing a File. (line 18) +* execve: Executing a File. (line 40) +* execvp: Executing a File. (line 54) +* exit: Normal Termination. (line 11) +* exp: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 7) +* exp10: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 22) +* exp10f: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 23) +* exp10l: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 24) +* exp2: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 16) +* exp2f: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 17) +* exp2l: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 18) +* expf: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 8) +* expl: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 9) +* expm1: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 147) +* expm1f: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 148) +* expm1l: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 149) +* fabs: Absolute Value. (line 33) +* fabsf: Absolute Value. (line 34) +* fabsl: Absolute Value. (line 35) +* fchdir: Working Directory. (line 108) +* fchmod: Setting Permissions. (line 104) +* fchown: File Owner. (line 65) +* fclean: Cleaning Streams. (line 9) +* fclose: Closing Streams. (line 11) +* fcloseall: Closing Streams. (line 30) +* fcntl: Control Operations. (line 18) +* fcvt: System V Number Conversion. + (line 40) +* fcvt_r: System V Number Conversion. + (line 103) +* FD_CLR: Waiting for I/O. (line 59) +* FD_ISSET: Waiting for I/O. (line 65) +* FD_SET: Waiting for I/O. (line 53) +* FD_ZERO: Waiting for I/O. (line 49) +* fdatasync: Synchronizing I/O. (line 62) +* fdim: Misc FP Arithmetic. (line 31) +* fdimf: Misc FP Arithmetic. (line 32) +* fdiml: Misc FP Arithmetic. (line 33) +* fdopen: Descriptors and Streams. + (line 12) +* fdopendir: Opening a Directory. (line 53) +* feclearexcept: Status bit operations. + (line 39) +* fedisableexcept: Control Functions. (line 98) +* feenableexcept: Control Functions. (line 88) +* fegetenv: Control Functions. (line 30) +* fegetexcept: Control Functions. (line 108) +* fegetexceptflag: Status bit operations. + (line 89) +* fegetround: Rounding. (line 71) +* feholdexcept: Control Functions. (line 37) +* feof: EOF and Errors. (line 32) +* feof_unlocked: EOF and Errors. (line 38) +* feraiseexcept: Status bit operations. + (line 46) +* ferror: EOF and Errors. (line 46) +* ferror_unlocked: EOF and Errors. (line 53) +* fesetenv: Control Functions. (line 66) +* fesetexceptflag: Status bit operations. + (line 97) +* fesetround: Rounding. (line 77) +* fetestexcept: Status bit operations. + (line 58) +* feupdateenv: Control Functions. (line 72) +* fflush: Flushing Buffers. (line 26) +* fflush_unlocked: Flushing Buffers. (line 34) +* fgetc: Character Input. (line 23) +* fgetc_unlocked: Character Input. (line 34) +* fgetgrent: Scanning All Groups. (line 14) +* fgetgrent_r: Scanning All Groups. (line 25) +* fgetpos: Portable Positioning. + (line 77) +* fgetpos64: Portable Positioning. + (line 88) +* fgetpwent: Scanning All Users. (line 14) +* fgetpwent_r: Scanning All Users. (line 24) +* fgets: Line Input. (line 74) +* fgets_unlocked: Line Input. (line 115) +* fgetwc: Character Input. (line 29) +* fgetwc_unlocked: Character Input. (line 38) +* fgetws: Line Input. (line 94) +* fgetws_unlocked: Line Input. (line 122) +* fileno: Descriptors and Streams. + (line 37) +* fileno_unlocked: Descriptors and Streams. + (line 43) +* finite: Floating Point Classes. + (line 92) +* finitef: Floating Point Classes. + (line 93) +* finitel: Floating Point Classes. + (line 94) +* flockfile: Streams and Threads. (line 31) +* floor: Rounding Functions. (line 25) +* floorf: Rounding Functions. (line 26) +* floorl: Rounding Functions. (line 27) +* fma: Misc FP Arithmetic. (line 40) +* fmaf: Misc FP Arithmetic. (line 41) +* fmal: Misc FP Arithmetic. (line 43) +* fmax: Misc FP Arithmetic. (line 23) +* fmaxf: Misc FP Arithmetic. (line 24) +* fmaxl: Misc FP Arithmetic. (line 25) +* fmemopen: String Streams. (line 11) +* fmin: Misc FP Arithmetic. (line 12) +* fminf: Misc FP Arithmetic. (line 13) +* fminl: Misc FP Arithmetic. (line 14) +* fmod: Remainder Functions. (line 11) +* fmodf: Remainder Functions. (line 12) +* fmodl: Remainder Functions. (line 14) +* fmtmsg: Printing Formatted Messages. + (line 55) +* fnmatch: Wildcard Matching. (line 13) +* fopen: Opening Streams. (line 14) +* fopen64: Opening Streams. (line 110) +* fopencookie: Streams and Cookies. (line 58) +* fork: Creating a Process. (line 10) +* forkpty: Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. + (line 37) +* fpathconf: Pathconf. (line 36) +* fpclassify: Floating Point Classes. + (line 10) +* fprintf: Formatted Output Functions. + (line 26) +* fputc: Simple Output. (line 13) +* fputc_unlocked: Simple Output. (line 23) +* fputs: Simple Output. (line 75) +* fputs_unlocked: Simple Output. (line 101) +* fputwc: Simple Output. (line 18) +* fputwc_unlocked: Simple Output. (line 27) +* fputws: Simple Output. (line 92) +* fputws_unlocked: Simple Output. (line 107) +* fread: Block Input/Output. (line 29) +* fread_unlocked: Block Input/Output. (line 43) +* free: Freeing after Malloc. + (line 11) +* freopen: Opening Streams. (line 134) +* freopen64: Opening Streams. (line 158) +* frexp: Normalization Functions. + (line 17) +* frexpf: Normalization Functions. + (line 18) +* frexpl: Normalization Functions. + (line 19) +* fscanf: Formatted Input Functions. + (line 32) +* fseek: File Positioning. (line 63) +* fseeko: File Positioning. (line 79) +* fseeko64: File Positioning. (line 98) +* fsetpos: Portable Positioning. + (line 96) +* fsetpos64: Portable Positioning. + (line 110) +* fstat: Reading Attributes. (line 43) +* fstat64: Reading Attributes. (line 58) +* fsync: Synchronizing I/O. (line 30) +* ftell: File Positioning. (line 22) +* ftello: File Positioning. (line 31) +* ftello64: File Positioning. (line 52) +* ftruncate: File Size. (line 77) +* ftruncate64: File Size. (line 131) +* ftrylockfile: Streams and Threads. (line 39) +* ftw: Working with Directory Trees. + (line 127) +* ftw64: Working with Directory Trees. + (line 176) +* funlockfile: Streams and Threads. (line 47) +* futimes: File Times. (line 121) +* fwide: Streams and I18N. (line 59) +* fwprintf: Formatted Output Functions. + (line 30) +* fwrite: Block Input/Output. (line 50) +* fwrite_unlocked: Block Input/Output. (line 57) +* fwscanf: Formatted Input Functions. + (line 36) +* gamma: Special Functions. (line 51) +* gammaf: Special Functions. (line 52) +* gammal: Special Functions. (line 53) +* gcvt: System V Number Conversion. + (line 55) +* get_avphys_pages: Query Memory Parameters. + (line 72) +* get_current_dir_name: Working Directory. (line 87) +* get_nprocs: Processor Resources. (line 35) +* get_nprocs_conf: Processor Resources. (line 29) +* get_phys_pages: Query Memory Parameters. + (line 65) +* getc: Character Input. (line 44) +* getc_unlocked: Character Input. (line 57) +* getchar: Character Input. (line 67) +* getchar_unlocked: Character Input. (line 75) +* getcontext: System V contexts. (line 49) +* getcwd: Working Directory. (line 24) +* getdate: General Time String Parsing. + (line 45) +* getdate_r: General Time String Parsing. + (line 146) +* getdelim: Line Input. (line 55) +* getdomainnname: Host Identification. (line 99) +* getegid: Reading Persona. (line 30) +* getenv: Environment Access. (line 13) +* geteuid: Reading Persona. (line 26) +* getfsent: fstab. (line 99) +* getfsfile: fstab. (line 124) +* getfsspec: fstab. (line 110) +* getgid: Reading Persona. (line 23) +* getgrent: Scanning All Groups. (line 48) +* getgrent_r: Scanning All Groups. (line 56) +* getgrgid: Lookup Group. (line 11) +* getgrgid_r: Lookup Group. (line 20) +* getgrnam: Lookup Group. (line 37) +* getgrnam_r: Lookup Group. (line 47) +* getgrouplist: Setting Groups. (line 99) +* getgroups: Reading Persona. (line 34) +* gethostbyaddr: Host Names. (line 77) +* gethostbyaddr_r: Host Names. (line 174) +* gethostbyname: Host Names. (line 67) +* gethostbyname2: Host Names. (line 71) +* gethostbyname2_r: Host Names. (line 166) +* gethostbyname_r: Host Names. (line 117) +* gethostent: Host Names. (line 203) +* gethostid: Host Identification. (line 117) +* gethostname: Host Identification. (line 55) +* getitimer: Setting an Alarm. (line 84) +* getline: Line Input. (line 21) +* getloadavg: Processor Resources. (line 47) +* getlogin: Who Logged In. (line 17) +* getmntent: mtab. (line 129) +* getmntent_r: mtab. (line 154) +* getnetbyaddr: Networks Database. (line 43) +* getnetbyname: Networks Database. (line 38) +* getnetent: Networks Database. (line 63) +* getnetgrent: Lookup Netgroup. (line 36) +* getnetgrent_r: Lookup Netgroup. (line 50) +* getopt: Using Getopt. (line 35) +* getopt_long: Getopt Long Options. (line 44) +* getopt_long_only: Getopt Long Options. (line 95) +* getpagesize: Query Memory Parameters. + (line 34) +* getpass: getpass. (line 11) +* getpeername: Who is Connected. (line 8) +* getpgid: Process Group Functions. + (line 67) +* getpgrp: Process Group Functions. + (line 58) +* getpid: Process Identification. + (line 17) +* getppid: Process Identification. + (line 21) +* getpriority: Traditional Scheduling Functions. + (line 25) +* getprotobyname: Protocols Database. (line 51) +* getprotobynumber: Protocols Database. (line 56) +* getprotoent: Protocols Database. (line 74) +* getpt: Allocation. (line 11) +* getpwent: Scanning All Users. (line 47) +* getpwent_r: Scanning All Users. (line 57) +* getpwnam: Lookup User. (line 37) +* getpwnam_r: Lookup User. (line 47) +* getpwuid: Lookup User. (line 11) +* getpwuid_r: Lookup User. (line 20) +* getrlimit: Limits on Resources. (line 30) +* getrlimit64: Limits on Resources. (line 41) +* getrusage: Resource Usage. (line 11) +* gets: Line Input. (line 128) +* getservbyname: Services Database. (line 37) +* getservbyport: Services Database. (line 47) +* getservent: Services Database. (line 65) +* getsid: Process Group Functions. + (line 31) +* getsockname: Reading Address. (line 12) +* getsockopt: Socket Option Functions. + (line 11) +* getsubopt: Suboptions. (line 17) +* gettext: Translation with gettext. + (line 32) +* gettimeofday: High-Resolution Calendar. + (line 31) +* getuid: Reading Persona. (line 20) +* getumask: Setting Permissions. (line 64) +* getutent: Manipulating the Database. + (line 122) +* getutent_r: Manipulating the Database. + (line 205) +* getutid: Manipulating the Database. + (line 135) +* getutid_r: Manipulating the Database. + (line 220) +* getutline: Manipulating the Database. + (line 161) +* getutline_r: Manipulating the Database. + (line 233) +* getutmp: XPG Functions. (line 112) +* getutmpx: XPG Functions. (line 117) +* getutxent: XPG Functions. (line 80) +* getutxid: XPG Functions. (line 89) +* getutxline: XPG Functions. (line 94) +* getw: Character Input. (line 116) +* getwc: Character Input. (line 51) +* getwc_unlocked: Character Input. (line 61) +* getwchar: Character Input. (line 71) +* getwchar_unlocked: Character Input. (line 79) +* getwd: Working Directory. (line 76) +* glob: Calling Glob. (line 162) +* glob64: Calling Glob. (line 218) +* globfree: More Flags for Globbing. + (line 124) +* globfree64: More Flags for Globbing. + (line 130) +* gmtime: Broken-down Time. (line 120) +* gmtime_r: Broken-down Time. (line 132) +* grantpt: Allocation. (line 23) +* gsignal: Signaling Yourself. (line 16) +* gtty: BSD Terminal Modes. (line 35) +* hasmntopt: mtab. (line 196) +* hcreate: Hash Search Function. + (line 14) +* hcreate_r: Hash Search Function. + (line 107) +* hdestroy: Hash Search Function. + (line 40) +* hdestroy_r: Hash Search Function. + (line 122) +* hsearch: Hash Search Function. + (line 80) +* hsearch_r: Hash Search Function. + (line 129) +* htonl: Byte Order. (line 44) +* htons: Byte Order. (line 36) +* hypot: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 137) +* hypotf: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 138) +* hypotl: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 139) +* iconv: Generic Conversion Interface. + (line 110) +* iconv_close: Generic Conversion Interface. + (line 89) +* iconv_open: Generic Conversion Interface. + (line 28) +* if_freenameindex: Interface Naming. (line 57) +* if_indextoname: Interface Naming. (line 30) +* if_nameindex: Interface Naming. (line 48) +* if_nametoindex: Interface Naming. (line 25) +* IFTODT: Directory Entries. (line 65) +* ilogb: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 69) +* ilogbf: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 70) +* ilogbl: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 71) +* imaxabs: Absolute Value. (line 21) +* imaxdiv: Integer Division. (line 101) +* index: Search Functions. (line 261) +* inet_addr: Host Address Functions. + (line 19) +* inet_aton: Host Address Functions. + (line 13) +* inet_lnaof: Host Address Functions. + (line 60) +* inet_makeaddr: Host Address Functions. + (line 55) +* inet_netof: Host Address Functions. + (line 68) +* inet_network: Host Address Functions. + (line 28) +* inet_ntoa: Host Address Functions. + (line 38) +* inet_ntop: Host Address Functions. + (line 85) +* inet_pton: Host Address Functions. + (line 76) +* initgroups: Setting Groups. (line 81) +* initstate: BSD Random. (line 32) +* initstate_r: BSD Random. (line 89) +* innetgr: Netgroup Membership. (line 12) +* int: Random Access Directory. + (line 20) +* ioctl: IOCTLs. (line 33) +* isalnum: Classification of Characters. + (line 49) +* isalpha: Classification of Characters. + (line 36) +* isascii: Classification of Characters. + (line 104) +* isatty: Is It a Terminal. (line 14) +* isblank: Classification of Characters. + (line 86) +* iscntrl: Classification of Characters. + (line 100) +* isdigit: Classification of Characters. + (line 46) +* isfinite: Floating Point Classes. + (line 46) +* isgraph: Classification of Characters. + (line 91) +* isgreater: FP Comparison Functions. + (line 20) +* isgreaterequal: FP Comparison Functions. + (line 25) +* isinf: Floating Point Classes. + (line 73) +* isinff: Floating Point Classes. + (line 74) +* isinfl: Floating Point Classes. + (line 75) +* isless: FP Comparison Functions. + (line 30) +* islessequal: FP Comparison Functions. + (line 35) +* islessgreater: FP Comparison Functions. + (line 40) +* islower: Classification of Characters. + (line 28) +* isnan: Floating Point Classes. + (line 61) +* isnanf: Floating Point Classes. + (line 80) +* isnanl: Floating Point Classes. + (line 81) +* isnormal: Floating Point Classes. + (line 55) +* isprint: Classification of Characters. + (line 96) +* ispunct: Classification of Characters. + (line 59) +* isspace: Classification of Characters. + (line 63) +* isunordered: FP Comparison Functions. + (line 49) +* isupper: Classification of Characters. + (line 32) +* iswalnum: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 69) +* iswalpha: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 81) +* iswblank: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 222) +* iswcntrl: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 97) +* iswctype: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 56) +* iswdigit: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 107) +* iswgraph: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 127) +* iswlower: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 138) +* iswprint: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 148) +* iswpunct: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 158) +* iswspace: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 168) +* iswupper: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 197) +* iswxdigit: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 207) +* isxdigit: Classification of Characters. + (line 54) +* j0: Special Functions. (line 68) +* j0f: Special Functions. (line 69) +* j0l: Special Functions. (line 70) +* j1: Special Functions. (line 74) +* j1f: Special Functions. (line 75) +* j1l: Special Functions. (line 76) +* jn: Special Functions. (line 80) +* jnf: Special Functions. (line 81) +* jnl: Special Functions. (line 82) +* jrand48: SVID Random. (line 77) +* jrand48_r: SVID Random. (line 226) +* kill: Signaling Another Process. + (line 27) +* killpg: Signaling Another Process. + (line 79) +* l64a: Encode Binary Data. (line 13) +* labs: Absolute Value. (line 19) +* lcong48: SVID Random. (line 129) +* lcong48_r: SVID Random. (line 282) +* ldexp: Normalization Functions. + (line 35) +* ldexpf: Normalization Functions. + (line 36) +* ldexpl: Normalization Functions. + (line 37) +* ldiv: Integer Division. (line 58) +* lfind: Array Search Function. + (line 13) +* lgamma: Special Functions. (line 23) +* lgamma_r: Special Functions. (line 44) +* lgammaf: Special Functions. (line 24) +* lgammaf_r: Special Functions. (line 45) +* lgammal: Special Functions. (line 25) +* lgammal_r: Special Functions. (line 46) +* link: Hard Links. (line 28) +* lio_listio: Asynchronous Reads/Writes. + (line 175) +* lio_listio64: Asynchronous Reads/Writes. + (line 258) +* listen: Listening. (line 30) +* llabs: Absolute Value. (line 20) +* lldiv: Integer Division. (line 77) +* llrint: Rounding Functions. (line 70) +* llrintf: Rounding Functions. (line 71) +* llrintl: Rounding Functions. (line 72) +* llround: Rounding Functions. (line 82) +* llroundf: Rounding Functions. (line 83) +* llroundl: Rounding Functions. (line 84) +* localeconv: The Lame Way to Locale Data. + (line 16) +* localtime: Broken-down Time. (line 85) +* localtime_r: Broken-down Time. (line 108) +* log: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 34) +* log10: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 44) +* log10f: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 45) +* log10l: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 46) +* log1p: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 155) +* log1pf: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 156) +* log1pl: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 157) +* log2: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 51) +* log2f: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 52) +* log2l: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 53) +* logb: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 57) +* logbf: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 58) +* logbl: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 59) +* logf: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 35) +* login: Logging In and Out. (line 22) +* login_tty: Logging In and Out. (line 14) +* logl: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 36) +* logout: Logging In and Out. (line 34) +* logwtmp: Logging In and Out. (line 42) +* longjmp: Non-Local Details. (line 22) +* lrand48: SVID Random. (line 53) +* lrand48_r: SVID Random. (line 187) +* lrint: Rounding Functions. (line 64) +* lrintf: Rounding Functions. (line 65) +* lrintl: Rounding Functions. (line 66) +* lround: Rounding Functions. (line 76) +* lroundf: Rounding Functions. (line 77) +* lroundl: Rounding Functions. (line 78) +* lsearch: Array Search Function. + (line 29) +* lseek: File Position Primitive. + (line 16) +* lseek64: File Position Primitive. + (line 97) +* lstat: Reading Attributes. (line 69) +* lstat64: Reading Attributes. (line 79) +* lutimes: File Times. (line 108) +* madvise: Memory-mapped I/O. (line 237) +* main: Program Arguments. (line 6) +* makecontext: System V contexts. (line 73) +* mallinfo: Statistics of Malloc. + (line 56) +* malloc: Basic Allocation. (line 10) +* mallopt: Malloc Tunable Parameters. + (line 11) +* matherr: FP Exceptions. (line 24) +* mblen: Non-reentrant Character Conversion. + (line 73) +* mbrlen: Converting a Character. + (line 171) +* mbrtowc: Converting a Character. + (line 81) +* mbsinit: Keeping the state. (line 47) +* mbsnrtowcs: Converting Strings. (line 134) +* mbsrtowcs: Converting Strings. (line 15) +* mbstowcs: Non-reentrant String Conversion. + (line 13) +* mbtowc: Non-reentrant Character Conversion. + (line 8) +* mcheck: Heap Consistency Checking. + (line 11) +* memalign: Aligned Memory Blocks. + (line 18) +* memccpy: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 150) +* memchr: Search Functions. (line 11) +* memcmp: String/Array Comparison. + (line 25) +* memcpy: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 34) +* memfrob: Trivial Encryption. (line 18) +* memmem: Search Functions. (line 175) +* memmove: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 118) +* mempcpy: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 72) +* memrchr: Search Functions. (line 49) +* memset: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 157) +* mkdir: Creating Directories. + (line 10) +* mkdtemp: Temporary Files. (line 177) +* mkfifo: FIFO Special Files. (line 20) +* mknod: Making Special Files. + (line 13) +* mkstemp: Temporary Files. (line 159) +* mktemp: Temporary Files. (line 145) +* mktime: Broken-down Time. (line 139) +* mlock: Page Lock Functions. (line 20) +* mlockall: Page Lock Functions. (line 72) +* mmap: Memory-mapped I/O. (line 35) +* mmap64: Memory-mapped I/O. (line 128) +* modf: Rounding Functions. (line 88) +* modff: Rounding Functions. (line 89) +* modfl: Rounding Functions. (line 91) +* mount: Mount-Unmount-Remount. + (line 19) +* mprobe: Heap Consistency Checking. + (line 50) +* mrand48: SVID Random. (line 72) +* mrand48_r: SVID Random. (line 214) +* mremap: Memory-mapped I/O. (line 195) +* msync: Memory-mapped I/O. (line 161) +* mtrace: Tracing malloc. (line 7) +* munlock: Page Lock Functions. (line 65) +* munlockall: Page Lock Functions. (line 138) +* munmap: Memory-mapped I/O. (line 141) +* muntrace: Tracing malloc. (line 27) +* nan: FP Bit Twiddling. (line 55) +* nanf: FP Bit Twiddling. (line 56) +* nanl: FP Bit Twiddling. (line 57) +* nanosleep: Sleeping. (line 55) +* nearbyint: Rounding Functions. (line 52) +* nearbyintf: Rounding Functions. (line 53) +* nearbyintl: Rounding Functions. (line 54) +* nextafter: FP Bit Twiddling. (line 33) +* nextafterf: FP Bit Twiddling. (line 34) +* nextafterl: FP Bit Twiddling. (line 35) +* nexttoward: FP Bit Twiddling. (line 49) +* nexttowardf: FP Bit Twiddling. (line 50) +* nexttowardl: FP Bit Twiddling. (line 51) +* nftw: Working with Directory Trees. + (line 187) +* nftw64: Working with Directory Trees. + (line 250) +* ngettext: Advanced gettext functions. + (line 72) +* nice: Traditional Scheduling Functions. + (line 90) +* nl_langinfo: The Elegant and Fast Way. + (line 13) +* notfound: Actions in the NSS configuration. + (line 25) +* nrand48: SVID Random. (line 60) +* nrand48_r: SVID Random. (line 200) +* ntohl: Byte Order. (line 50) +* ntohs: Byte Order. (line 40) +* ntp_adjtime: High Accuracy Clock. (line 151) +* ntp_gettime: High Accuracy Clock. (line 36) +* obstack_1grow: Growing Objects. (line 46) +* obstack_1grow_fast: Extra Fast Growing. (line 32) +* obstack_alignment_mask: Obstacks Data Alignment. + (line 15) +* obstack_alloc: Allocation in an Obstack. + (line 11) +* obstack_base: Status of an Obstack. + (line 11) +* obstack_blank: Growing Objects. (line 30) +* obstack_blank_fast: Extra Fast Growing. (line 49) +* obstack_chunk_alloc: Preparing for Obstacks. + (line 11) +* obstack_chunk_free: Preparing for Obstacks. + (line 11) +* obstack_chunk_size: Obstack Chunks. (line 38) +* obstack_copy: Allocation in an Obstack. + (line 41) +* obstack_copy0: Allocation in an Obstack. + (line 47) +* obstack_finish: Growing Objects. (line 62) +* obstack_free: Freeing Obstack Objects. + (line 13) +* obstack_grow: Growing Objects. (line 35) +* obstack_grow0: Growing Objects. (line 41) +* obstack_init: Preparing for Obstacks. + (line 34) +* obstack_int_grow: Growing Objects. (line 57) +* obstack_int_grow_fast: Extra Fast Growing. (line 43) +* obstack_next_free: Status of an Obstack. + (line 22) +* obstack_object_size <1>: Status of an Obstack. + (line 28) +* obstack_object_size: Growing Objects. (line 78) +* obstack_printf: Dynamic Output. (line 37) +* obstack_ptr_grow: Growing Objects. (line 51) +* obstack_ptr_grow_fast: Extra Fast Growing. (line 37) +* obstack_room: Extra Fast Growing. (line 23) +* obstack_vprintf: Variable Arguments Output. + (line 98) +* offsetof: Structure Measurement. + (line 10) +* on_exit: Cleanups on Exit. (line 24) +* open: Opening and Closing Files. + (line 11) +* open64: Opening and Closing Files. + (line 93) +* open_memstream: String Streams. (line 73) +* open_obstack_stream: Obstack Streams. (line 10) +* opendir: Opening a Directory. (line 18) +* openlog: openlog. (line 10) +* openpty: Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. + (line 11) +* parse_printf_format: Parsing a Template String. + (line 17) +* pathconf: Pathconf. (line 14) +* pause: Using Pause. (line 11) +* pclose: Pipe to a Subprocess. + (line 39) +* perror: Error Messages. (line 46) +* pipe: Creating a Pipe. (line 17) +* popen: Pipe to a Subprocess. + (line 18) +* posix_memalign: Aligned Memory Blocks. + (line 26) +* pow: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 112) +* pow10: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 25) +* pow10f: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 26) +* pow10l: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 27) +* powf: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 113) +* powl: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 114) +* pread: I/O Primitives. (line 110) +* pread64: I/O Primitives. (line 143) +* printf: Formatted Output Functions. + (line 14) +* printf_size: Predefined Printf Handlers. + (line 12) +* printf_size_info: Predefined Printf Handlers. + (line 43) +* psignal: Signal Messages. (line 25) +* ptsname: Allocation. (line 74) +* ptsname_r: Allocation. (line 81) +* putc: Simple Output. (line 33) +* putc_unlocked: Simple Output. (line 47) +* putchar: Simple Output. (line 57) +* putchar_unlocked: Simple Output. (line 65) +* putenv: Environment Access. (line 21) +* putpwent: Writing a User Entry. + (line 7) +* puts: Simple Output. (line 113) +* pututline: Manipulating the Database. + (line 180) +* pututxline: XPG Functions. (line 99) +* putw: Simple Output. (line 126) +* putwc: Simple Output. (line 40) +* putwc_unlocked: Simple Output. (line 51) +* putwchar: Simple Output. (line 61) +* putwchar_unlocked: Simple Output. (line 69) +* pwrite: I/O Primitives. (line 265) +* pwrite64: I/O Primitives. (line 298) +* qecvt: System V Number Conversion. + (line 67) +* qecvt_r: System V Number Conversion. + (line 112) +* qfcvt: System V Number Conversion. + (line 73) +* qfcvt_r: System V Number Conversion. + (line 121) +* qgcvt: System V Number Conversion. + (line 78) +* qsort: Array Sort Function. (line 11) +* raise: Signaling Yourself. (line 10) +* rand: ISO Random. (line 20) +* rand_r: ISO Random. (line 36) +* random: BSD Random. (line 13) +* random_r: BSD Random. (line 78) +* rawmemchr: Search Functions. (line 24) +* read: I/O Primitives. (line 16) +* readdir: Reading/Closing Directory. + (line 11) +* readdir64: Reading/Closing Directory. + (line 75) +* readdir64_r: Reading/Closing Directory. + (line 84) +* readdir_r: Reading/Closing Directory. + (line 33) +* readlink: Symbolic Links. (line 71) +* readv: Scatter-Gather. (line 32) +* realloc: Changing Block Size. (line 16) +* realpath: Symbolic Links. (line 157) +* recv: Receiving Data. (line 12) +* recvfrom: Receiving Datagrams. (line 12) +* regcomp: POSIX Regexp Compilation. + (line 32) +* regerror: Regexp Cleanup. (line 25) +* regexec: Matching POSIX Regexps. + (line 14) +* regfree: Regexp Cleanup. (line 10) +* register_printf_function: Registering New Conversions. + (line 11) +* remainder: Remainder Functions. (line 43) +* remainderf: Remainder Functions. (line 44) +* remainderl: Remainder Functions. (line 46) +* remove: Deleting Files. (line 70) +* rename: Renaming Files. (line 9) +* rewind: File Positioning. (line 134) +* rewinddir: Random Access Directory. + (line 11) +* rindex: Search Functions. (line 267) +* rint: Rounding Functions. (line 39) +* rintf: Rounding Functions. (line 40) +* rintl: Rounding Functions. (line 41) +* rmdir: Deleting Files. (line 52) +* round: Rounding Functions. (line 58) +* roundf: Rounding Functions. (line 59) +* roundl: Rounding Functions. (line 60) +* rpmatch: Yes-or-No Questions. (line 16) +* S_ISBLK: Testing File Type. (line 34) +* S_ISCHR: Testing File Type. (line 30) +* S_ISDIR: Testing File Type. (line 27) +* S_ISFIFO: Testing File Type. (line 41) +* S_ISLNK: Testing File Type. (line 45) +* S_ISREG: Testing File Type. (line 38) +* S_ISSOCK: Testing File Type. (line 49) +* S_TYPEISMQ: Testing File Type. (line 99) +* S_TYPEISSEM: Testing File Type. (line 104) +* S_TYPEISSHM: Testing File Type. (line 109) +* scalb: Normalization Functions. + (line 49) +* scalbf: Normalization Functions. + (line 50) +* scalbl: Normalization Functions. + (line 51) +* scalbln: Normalization Functions. + (line 60) +* scalblnf: Normalization Functions. + (line 61) +* scalblnl: Normalization Functions. + (line 62) +* scalbn: Normalization Functions. + (line 54) +* scalbnf: Normalization Functions. + (line 55) +* scalbnl: Normalization Functions. + (line 56) +* scandir: Scanning Directory Content. + (line 14) +* scandir64: Scanning Directory Content. + (line 60) +* scanf: Formatted Input Functions. + (line 10) +* sched_get_priority_max: Basic Scheduling Functions. + (line 157) +* sched_get_priority_min: Basic Scheduling Functions. + (line 143) +* sched_getaffinity: CPU Affinity. (line 99) +* sched_getparam: Basic Scheduling Functions. + (line 122) +* sched_getscheduler: Basic Scheduling Functions. + (line 86) +* sched_rr_get_interval: Basic Scheduling Functions. + (line 172) +* sched_setaffinity: CPU Affinity. (line 122) +* sched_setparam: Basic Scheduling Functions. + (line 114) +* sched_setscheduler: Basic Scheduling Functions. + (line 36) +* sched_yield: Basic Scheduling Functions. + (line 188) +* seed48: SVID Random. (line 105) +* seed48_r: SVID Random. (line 268) +* seekdir: Random Access Directory. + (line 25) +* select: Waiting for I/O. (line 75) +* send: Sending Data. (line 14) +* sendto: Sending Datagrams. (line 19) +* setbuf: Controlling Buffering. + (line 78) +* setbuffer: Controlling Buffering. + (line 87) +* setcontext: System V contexts. (line 115) +* setdomainname: Host Identification. (line 108) +* setegid: Setting Groups. (line 11) +* setenv: Environment Access. (line 41) +* seteuid: Setting User ID. (line 11) +* setfsent: fstab. (line 82) +* setgid: Setting Groups. (line 27) +* setgrent: Scanning All Groups. (line 44) +* setgroups: Setting Groups. (line 70) +* sethostent: Host Names. (line 193) +* sethostid: Host Identification. (line 131) +* sethostname: Host Identification. (line 80) +* setitimer: Setting an Alarm. (line 69) +* setjmp: Non-Local Details. (line 16) +* setkey: DES Encryption. (line 34) +* setkey_r: DES Encryption. (line 48) +* setlinebuf: Controlling Buffering. + (line 95) +* setlocale: Setting the Locale. (line 25) +* setlogmask: setlogmask. (line 10) +* setmntent: mtab. (line 109) +* setnetent: Networks Database. (line 54) +* setnetgrent: Lookup Netgroup. (line 13) +* setpgid: Process Group Functions. + (line 83) +* setpgrp: Process Group Functions. + (line 115) +* setpriority: Traditional Scheduling Functions. + (line 47) +* setprotoent: Protocols Database. (line 65) +* setpwent: Scanning All Users. (line 43) +* setregid: Setting Groups. (line 38) +* setreuid: Setting User ID. (line 48) +* setrlimit: Limits on Resources. (line 51) +* setrlimit64: Limits on Resources. (line 69) +* setservent: Services Database. (line 56) +* setsid: Process Group Functions. + (line 11) +* setsockopt: Socket Option Functions. + (line 35) +* setstate: BSD Random. (line 43) +* setstate_r: BSD Random. (line 95) +* settimeofday: High-Resolution Calendar. + (line 51) +* setuid: Setting User ID. (line 34) +* setutent: Manipulating the Database. + (line 114) +* setutxent: XPG Functions. (line 76) +* setvbuf: Controlling Buffering. + (line 15) +* shutdown: Closing a Socket. (line 17) +* sigaction: Advanced Signal Handling. + (line 41) +* sigaddset: Signal Sets. (line 44) +* sigaltstack: Signal Stack. (line 71) +* sigblock: Blocking in BSD. (line 17) +* sigdelset: Signal Sets. (line 55) +* sigemptyset: Signal Sets. (line 36) +* sigfillset: Signal Sets. (line 40) +* siginterrupt: BSD Handler. (line 52) +* sigismember: Signal Sets. (line 64) +* siglongjmp: Non-Local Exits and Signals. + (line 30) +* sigmask: Blocking in BSD. (line 7) +* signal: Basic Signal Handling. + (line 21) +* signbit: FP Bit Twiddling. (line 24) +* significand: Normalization Functions. + (line 66) +* significandf: Normalization Functions. + (line 67) +* significandl: Normalization Functions. + (line 68) +* sigpause: Blocking in BSD. (line 29) +* sigpending: Checking for Pending Signals. + (line 10) +* sigprocmask: Process Signal Mask. (line 22) +* sigsetjmp: Non-Local Exits and Signals. + (line 25) +* sigsetmask: Blocking in BSD. (line 23) +* sigstack: Signal Stack. (line 112) +* sigsuspend: Sigsuspend. (line 12) +* sigvec: BSD Handler. (line 46) +* sin: Trig Functions. (line 19) +* sincos: Trig Functions. (line 46) +* sincosf: Trig Functions. (line 47) +* sincosl: Trig Functions. (line 49) +* sinf: Trig Functions. (line 20) +* sinh: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 10) +* sinhf: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 11) +* sinhl: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 12) +* sinl: Trig Functions. (line 21) +* sleep: Sleeping. (line 15) +* snprintf: Formatted Output Functions. + (line 78) +* socket: Creating a Socket. (line 10) +* socketpair: Socket Pairs. (line 15) +* sprintf: Formatted Output Functions. + (line 34) +* sqrt: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 123) +* sqrtf: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 124) +* sqrtl: Exponents and Logarithms. + (line 125) +* srand: ISO Random. (line 24) +* srand48: SVID Random. (line 87) +* srand48_r: SVID Random. (line 255) +* srandom: BSD Random. (line 22) +* srandom_r: BSD Random. (line 83) +* sscanf: Formatted Input Functions. + (line 40) +* ssignal: Basic Signal Handling. + (line 138) +* stat: Reading Attributes. (line 12) +* stat64: Reading Attributes. (line 33) +* stime: Simple Calendar Time. + (line 40) +* stpcpy: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 261) +* stpncpy: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 304) +* strcasecmp: String/Array Comparison. + (line 112) +* strcasestr: Search Functions. (line 163) +* strcat: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 402) +* strchr: Search Functions. (line 56) +* strchrnul: Search Functions. (line 86) +* strcmp: String/Array Comparison. + (line 80) +* strcoll: Collation Functions. (line 39) +* strcpy: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 169) +* strcspn: Search Functions. (line 206) +* strdup: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 230) +* strdupa: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 351) +* strerror: Error Messages. (line 14) +* strerror_r: Error Messages. (line 28) +* strfmon: Formatting Numbers. (line 17) +* strfry: strfry. (line 16) +* strftime: Formatting Calendar Time. + (line 60) +* strlen: String Length. (line 10) +* strncasecmp: String/Array Comparison. + (line 143) +* strncat: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 560) +* strncmp: String/Array Comparison. + (line 130) +* strncpy: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 183) +* strndup: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 247) +* strndupa: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 389) +* strnlen: String Length. (line 79) +* strpbrk: Search Functions. (line 232) +* strptime: Low-Level Time String Parsing. + (line 13) +* strrchr: Search Functions. (line 120) +* strsep: Finding Tokens in a String. + (line 156) +* strsignal: Signal Messages. (line 15) +* strspn: Search Functions. (line 182) +* strstr: Search Functions. (line 134) +* strtod: Parsing of Floats. (line 14) +* strtof: Parsing of Floats. (line 81) +* strtoimax: Parsing of Integers. (line 155) +* strtok: Finding Tokens in a String. + (line 13) +* strtok_r: Finding Tokens in a String. + (line 144) +* strtol: Parsing of Integers. (line 14) +* strtold: Parsing of Floats. (line 82) +* strtoll: Parsing of Integers. (line 98) +* strtoq: Parsing of Integers. (line 119) +* strtoul: Parsing of Integers. (line 76) +* strtoull: Parsing of Integers. (line 130) +* strtoumax: Parsing of Integers. (line 176) +* strtouq: Parsing of Integers. (line 144) +* strverscmp: String/Array Comparison. + (line 178) +* strxfrm: Collation Functions. (line 76) +* stty: BSD Terminal Modes. (line 41) +* success: Actions in the NSS configuration. + (line 21) +* SUN_LEN: Local Namespace Details. + (line 47) +* swapcontext: System V contexts. (line 143) +* swprintf: Formatted Output Functions. + (line 56) +* swscanf: Formatted Input Functions. + (line 50) +* symlink: Symbolic Links. (line 46) +* sync: Synchronizing I/O. (line 16) +* syscall: System Calls. (line 40) +* sysconf: Sysconf Definition. (line 7) +* sysctl: System Parameters. (line 13) +* syslog: syslog; vsyslog. (line 10) +* system: Running a Command. (line 12) +* sysv_signal: Basic Signal Handling. + (line 129) +* tan: Trig Functions. (line 31) +* tanf: Trig Functions. (line 32) +* tanh: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 24) +* tanhf: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 25) +* tanhl: Hyperbolic Functions. + (line 26) +* tanl: Trig Functions. (line 33) +* tcdrain: Line Control. (line 35) +* tcflow: Line Control. (line 94) +* tcflush: Line Control. (line 60) +* tcgetattr: Mode Functions. (line 7) +* tcgetpgrp: Terminal Access Functions. + (line 15) +* tcgetsid: Terminal Access Functions. + (line 75) +* tcsendbreak: Line Control. (line 15) +* tcsetattr: Mode Functions. (line 23) +* tcsetpgrp: Terminal Access Functions. + (line 40) +* tdelete: Tree Search Function. + (line 67) +* tdestroy: Tree Search Function. + (line 77) +* TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY: Interrupted Primitives. + (line 21) +* tempnam: Temporary Files. (line 94) +* textdomain: Locating gettext catalog. + (line 71) +* tfind: Tree Search Function. + (line 55) +* tgamma: Special Functions. (line 59) +* tgammaf: Special Functions. (line 60) +* tgammal: Special Functions. (line 61) +* time: Simple Calendar Time. + (line 33) +* timegm: Broken-down Time. (line 170) +* timelocal: Broken-down Time. (line 161) +* times: Processor Time. (line 43) +* tmpfile: Temporary Files. (line 20) +* tmpfile64: Temporary Files. (line 33) +* tmpnam: Temporary Files. (line 45) +* tmpnam_r: Temporary Files. (line 67) +* toascii: Case Conversion. (line 33) +* tolower: Case Conversion. (line 24) +* toupper: Case Conversion. (line 29) +* towctrans: Wide Character Case Conversion. + (line 34) +* towlower: Wide Character Case Conversion. + (line 45) +* towupper: Wide Character Case Conversion. + (line 56) +* trunc: Rounding Functions. (line 32) +* truncate: File Size. (line 26) +* truncate64: File Size. (line 66) +* truncf: Rounding Functions. (line 33) +* truncl: Rounding Functions. (line 34) +* tryagain: Actions in the NSS configuration. + (line 35) +* tsearch: Tree Search Function. + (line 28) +* ttyname: Is It a Terminal. (line 22) +* ttyname_r: Is It a Terminal. (line 30) +* twalk: Tree Search Function. + (line 127) +* tzset: Time Zone Functions. (line 33) +* ulimit: Limits on Resources. (line 178) +* umask: Setting Permissions. (line 44) +* umount: Mount-Unmount-Remount. + (line 252) +* umount2: Mount-Unmount-Remount. + (line 197) +* uname: Platform Type. (line 70) +* unavail: Actions in the NSS configuration. + (line 29) +* ungetc: How Unread. (line 10) +* ungetwc: How Unread. (line 45) +* unlink: Deleting Files. (line 14) +* unlockpt: Allocation. (line 56) +* unsetenv: Environment Access. (line 58) +* updwtmp: Manipulating the Database. + (line 276) +* utime: File Times. (line 51) +* utimes: File Times. (line 97) +* utmpname: Manipulating the Database. + (line 252) +* utmpxname: XPG Functions. (line 104) +* va_alist: Old Varargs. (line 31) +* va_arg: Argument Macros. (line 21) +* va_dcl: Old Varargs. (line 35) +* va_end: Argument Macros. (line 32) +* va_start <1>: Old Varargs. (line 39) +* va_start: Argument Macros. (line 13) +* valloc: Aligned Memory Blocks. + (line 40) +* vasprintf: Variable Arguments Output. + (line 93) +* verr: Error Messages. (line 297) +* verrx: Error Messages. (line 309) +* versionsort: Scanning Directory Content. + (line 49) +* versionsort64: Scanning Directory Content. + (line 84) +* vfork: Creating a Process. (line 59) +* vfprintf: Variable Arguments Output. + (line 69) +* vfscanf: Variable Arguments Input. + (line 28) +* vfwprintf: Variable Arguments Output. + (line 74) +* vfwscanf: Variable Arguments Input. + (line 33) +* vlimit: Limits on Resources. (line 215) +* vprintf: Variable Arguments Output. + (line 58) +* vscanf: Variable Arguments Input. + (line 17) +* vsnprintf: Variable Arguments Output. + (line 88) +* vsprintf: Variable Arguments Output. + (line 78) +* vsscanf: Variable Arguments Input. + (line 38) +* vswprintf: Variable Arguments Output. + (line 83) +* vswscanf: Variable Arguments Input. + (line 43) +* vsyslog: syslog; vsyslog. (line 147) +* vtimes: Resource Usage. (line 108) +* vwarn: Error Messages. (line 274) +* vwarnx: Error Messages. (line 286) +* vwprintf: Variable Arguments Output. + (line 63) +* vwscanf: Variable Arguments Input. + (line 22) +* wait: Process Completion. (line 101) +* wait3: BSD Wait Functions. (line 44) +* wait4: Process Completion. (line 119) +* waitpid: Process Completion. (line 11) +* warn: Error Messages. (line 268) +* warnx: Error Messages. (line 279) +* WCOREDUMP: Process Completion Status. + (line 31) +* wcpcpy: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 291) +* wcpncpy: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 327) +* wcrtomb: Converting a Character. + (line 245) +* wcscasecmp: String/Array Comparison. + (line 121) +* wcscat: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 420) +* wcschr: Search Functions. (line 74) +* wcschrnul: Search Functions. (line 93) +* wcscmp: String/Array Comparison. + (line 96) +* wcscoll: Collation Functions. (line 44) +* wcscpy: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 176) +* wcscspn: Search Functions. (line 224) +* wcsdup: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 237) +* wcsftime: Formatting Calendar Time. + (line 395) +* wcslen: String Length. (line 67) +* wcsncasecmp: String/Array Comparison. + (line 151) +* wcsncat: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 580) +* wcsncmp: String/Array Comparison. + (line 137) +* wcsncpy: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 207) +* wcsnlen: String Length. (line 94) +* wcsnrtombs: Converting Strings. (line 184) +* wcspbrk: Search Functions. (line 251) +* wcsrchr: Search Functions. (line 129) +* wcsrtombs: Converting Strings. (line 91) +* wcsspn: Search Functions. (line 199) +* wcsstr: Search Functions. (line 148) +* wcstod: Parsing of Floats. (line 93) +* wcstof: Parsing of Floats. (line 94) +* wcstoimax: Parsing of Integers. (line 169) +* wcstok: Finding Tokens in a String. + (line 53) +* wcstol: Parsing of Integers. (line 69) +* wcstold: Parsing of Floats. (line 96) +* wcstoll: Parsing of Integers. (line 112) +* wcstombs: Non-reentrant String Conversion. + (line 49) +* wcstoq: Parsing of Integers. (line 123) +* wcstoul: Parsing of Integers. (line 91) +* wcstoull: Parsing of Integers. (line 137) +* wcstoumax: Parsing of Integers. (line 184) +* wcstouq: Parsing of Integers. (line 148) +* wcswcs: Search Functions. (line 157) +* wcsxfrm: Collation Functions. (line 104) +* wctob: Converting a Character. + (line 65) +* wctomb: Non-reentrant Character Conversion. + (line 38) +* wctrans: Wide Character Case Conversion. + (line 20) +* wctype: Classification of Wide Characters. + (line 37) +* WEXITSTATUS: Process Completion Status. + (line 17) +* WIFEXITED: Process Completion Status. + (line 13) +* WIFSIGNALED: Process Completion Status. + (line 22) +* WIFSTOPPED: Process Completion Status. + (line 35) +* wmemchr: Search Functions. (line 18) +* wmemcmp: String/Array Comparison. + (line 35) +* wmemcpy: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 51) +* wmemmove: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 128) +* wmempcpy: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 95) +* wmemset: Copying and Concatenation. + (line 163) +* wordexp: Calling Wordexp. (line 41) +* wordfree: Calling Wordexp. (line 89) +* wprintf: Formatted Output Functions. + (line 20) +* write: I/O Primitives. (line 157) +* writev: Scatter-Gather. (line 47) +* wscanf: Formatted Input Functions. + (line 21) +* WSTOPSIG: Process Completion Status. + (line 38) +* WTERMSIG: Process Completion Status. + (line 27) +* y0: Special Functions. (line 86) +* y0f: Special Functions. (line 87) +* y0l: Special Functions. (line 88) +* y1: Special Functions. (line 94) +* y1f: Special Functions. (line 95) +* y1l: Special Functions. (line 96) +* yn: Special Functions. (line 102) +* ynf: Special Functions. (line 103) +* ynl: Special Functions. (line 104) + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/pkgvers.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/pkgvers.texi @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +@set PKGVERSION (EGLIBC) +@set REPORT_BUGS_TO --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc.info-5 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc.info-5 @@ -0,0 +1,7702 @@ +This is libc.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from libc.texinfo. + +INFO-DIR-SECTION Software libraries +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* Libc: (libc). C library. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + +INFO-DIR-SECTION GNU C library functions and macros +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* ALTWERASE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN: (libc)Argp Parser Functions. +* ARG_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* BC_BASE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_DIM_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_SCALE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_STRING_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BRKINT: (libc)Input Modes. +* BUFSIZ: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* CCTS_OFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CHILD_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* CIGNORE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLK_TCK: (libc)CPU Time. +* CLOCAL: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLOCKS_PER_SEC: (libc)CPU Time. +* COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* CPU_CLR: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ISSET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SETSIZE: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ZERO: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CREAD: (libc)Control Modes. +* CRTS_IFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS5: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS6: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS7: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS8: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSIZE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSTOPB: (libc)Control Modes. +* DES_FAILED: (libc)DES Encryption. +* DTTOIF: (libc)Directory Entries. +* E2BIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EACCES: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRINUSE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRNOTAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAGAIN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EALREADY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBACKGROUND: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADF: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADFD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRQC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADSLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBFONT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBUSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECANCELED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHILD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOCTL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOK: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOKE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHONL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOPRT: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECOMM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNABORTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNREFUSED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDESTADDRREQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDIED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOTDOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDQUOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EEXIST: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFAULT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFBIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGRATUITOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGREGIOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIDRM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EILSEQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINPROGRESS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINVAL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYEXPIRED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREJECTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREVOKED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2NSYNC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3RST: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBACC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBBAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBMAX: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBSCN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELNRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELOOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMEDIUMTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMSGSIZE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMULTIHOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAMETOOLONG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENEEDAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOANO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOBUFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOCSI: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODATA: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOENT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOKEY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEDIUM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENONET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPKG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPROTOOPT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSYS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTBLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTEMPTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTRECOVERABLE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSUP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTUNIQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENXIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* EOPNOTSUPP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOVERFLOW: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOWNERDEAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPERM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCLIM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTONOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTOTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EQUIV_CLASS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* ERANGE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMCHG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERESTART: (libc)Error Codes. +* EROFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERPCMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESHUTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESOCKTNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRMNT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTALE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTRPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIME: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIMEDOUT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETOOMANYREFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETXTBSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUCLEAN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUNATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUSERS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EWOULDBLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXDEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXFULL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXIT_FAILURE: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXIT_SUCCESS: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXPR_NEST_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* FD_CLOEXEC: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* FD_CLR: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ISSET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SETSIZE: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ZERO: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FILENAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* FLUSHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* FOPEN_MAX: (libc)Opening Streams. +* FP_ILOGB0: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* FP_ILOGBNAN: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* F_DUPFD: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* F_GETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_GETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_GETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_GETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* F_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* F_SETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_SETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_SETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETLKW: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* HUGE_VAL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALF: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUPCL: (libc)Control Modes. +* I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* ICANON: (libc)Local Modes. +* ICRNL: (libc)Input Modes. +* IEXTEN: (libc)Local Modes. +* IFNAMSIZ: (libc)Interface Naming. +* IFTODT: (libc)Directory Entries. +* IGNBRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNPAR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IMAXBEL: (libc)Input Modes. +* INADDR_ANY: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_BROADCAST: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_LOOPBACK: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_NONE: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INFINITY: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* INLCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* INPCK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IPPORT_RESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* IPPORT_USERRESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* ISIG: (libc)Local Modes. +* ISTRIP: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXANY: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXOFF: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXON: (libc)Input Modes. +* LINE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* LINK_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* L_ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* L_cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* L_tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* MAXNAMLEN: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAXSYMLINKS: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* MAX_CANON: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAX_INPUT: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MB_CUR_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MB_LEN_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MDMBUF: (libc)Control Modes. +* MSG_DONTROUTE: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_OOB: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_PEEK: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* NAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* NAN: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* NCCS: (libc)Mode Data Types. +* NGROUPS_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* NOFLSH: (libc)Local Modes. +* NOKERNINFO: (libc)Local Modes. +* NSIG: (libc)Standard Signals. +* NULL: (libc)Null Pointer Constant. +* ONLCR: (libc)Output Modes. +* ONOEOT: (libc)Output Modes. +* OPEN_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* OPOST: (libc)Output Modes. +* OXTABS: (libc)Output Modes. +* O_ACCMODE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_APPEND: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_ASYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_CREAT: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXCL: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXEC: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_EXLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_FSYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_IGNORE_CTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NDELAY: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOATIME: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOCTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NOLINK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOTRANS: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_RDONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_RDWR: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_READ: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_SHLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_SYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_TRUNC: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_WRITE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_WRONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* PARENB: (libc)Control Modes. +* PARMRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* PARODD: (libc)Control Modes. +* PATH_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* PA_FLAG_MASK: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* PENDIN: (libc)Local Modes. +* PF_FILE: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_INET6: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_INET: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_LOCAL: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_UNIX: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PIPE_BUF: (libc)Limits for Files. +* P_tmpdir: (libc)Temporary Files. +* RAND_MAX: (libc)ISO Random. +* RE_DUP_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* RLIM_INFINITY: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* R_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* SA_NOCLDSTOP: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_ONSTACK: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_RESTART: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SEEK_CUR: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_END: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_SET: (libc)File Positioning. +* SIGABRT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGBUS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGCHLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCONT: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGEMT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGFPE: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGHUP: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGILL: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGINFO: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGINT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGIO: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGIOT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGKILL: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGLOST: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPIPE: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPOLL: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGPROF: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGQUIT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGSEGV: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGSTOP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGSYS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTERM: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGTRAP: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTSTP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTIN: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTOU: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGURG: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGUSR1: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGUSR2: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGVTALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGWINCH: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGXCPU: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGXFSZ: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIG_ERR: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* SOCK_DGRAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RAW: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RDM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_SEQPACKET: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_STREAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOL_SOCKET: (libc)Socket-Level Options. +* SSIZE_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* STREAM_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* SUN_LEN: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* SV_INTERRUPT: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_ONSTACK: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_RESETHAND: (libc)BSD Handler. +* S_IFMT: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISBLK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISCHR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISDIR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISFIFO: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISLNK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISREG: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISSOCK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISMQ: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSEM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSHM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* TMP_MAX: (libc)Temporary Files. +* TOSTOP: (libc)Local Modes. +* TZNAME_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* VDISCARD: (libc)Other Special. +* VDSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VEOF: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL2: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VINTR: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VKILL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VLNEXT: (libc)Other Special. +* VMIN: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VQUIT: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VREPRINT: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VSTART: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSTATUS: (libc)Other Special. +* VSTOP: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VTIME: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VWERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* WCHAR_MAX: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCHAR_MIN: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCOREDUMP: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WEOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* WEOF: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WEXITSTATUS: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFEXITED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSIGNALED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSTOPPED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WSTOPSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WTERMSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* W_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* X_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* _Complex_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _Exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _IOFBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IOLBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IONBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _Imaginary_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _PATH_UTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _PATH_WTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _POSIX2_C_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_C_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* _POSIX2_FORT_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_FORT_RUN: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_LOCALEDEF: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_SW_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_NO_TRUNC: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_SAVED_IDS: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_VDISABLE: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* __fbufsize: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __flbf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpending: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpurge: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* __freadable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __freading: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fsetlocking: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* __fwritable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fwriting: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __gconv_end_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_init_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __va_copy: (libc)Argument Macros. +* _exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _flushlbf: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* _tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* _toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* a64l: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* abort: (libc)Aborting a Program. +* abs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* accept: (libc)Accepting Connections. +* access: (libc)Testing File Access. +* acos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* addmntent: (libc)mtab. +* addseverity: (libc)Adding Severity Classes. +* adjtime: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* adjtimex: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* aio_cancel64: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_cancel: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_error64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_error: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_init: (libc)Configuration of AIO. +* aio_read64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_read: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_return64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_return: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_write64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_write: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* alarm: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* alloca: (libc)Variable Size Automatic. +* alphasort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* alphasort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* argp_error: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_failure: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_help: (libc)Argp Help. +* argp_parse: (libc)Argp. +* argp_state_help: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_usage: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argz_add: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_add_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_append: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_count: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_delete: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_extract: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_insert: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_next: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_replace: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_stringify: (libc)Argz Functions. +* asctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asprintf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* assert: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* assert_perror: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* atan2: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2f: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2l: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atexit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* atof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* atoi: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* backtrace: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols_fd: (libc)Backtraces. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* bcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* bcopy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* bind: (libc)Setting Address. +* bind_textdomain_codeset: (libc)Charset conversion in gettext. +* bindtextdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* brk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* bsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* btowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* bzero: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* cabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cacos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* calloc: (libc)Allocating Cleared Space. +* canonicalize_file_name: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* carg: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* casin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catclose: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catgets: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catopen: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* cbc_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* cbrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ccos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ceil: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceilf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceill: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* cexp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cfgetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfgetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfmakeraw: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* cfree: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* cfsetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetspeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* chdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* chmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* chown: (libc)File Owner. +* cimag: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* clearenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* clearerr: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clearerr_unlocked: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clock: (libc)CPU Time. +* clog10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* close: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* closedir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* closelog: (libc)closelog. +* confstr: (libc)String Parameters. +* conj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* connect: (libc)Connecting. +* copysign: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* cos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cpow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cproj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creal: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* crealf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creall: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creat64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* creat: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* crypt: (libc)crypt. +* crypt_r: (libc)crypt. +* csin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ctan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* ctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* ctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* dcgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* dcngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* des_setparity: (libc)DES Encryption. +* dgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* difftime: (libc)Elapsed Time. +* dirfd: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* dirname: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* div: (libc)Integer Division. +* dngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* drand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* drand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* drem: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dremf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dreml: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dup2: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* dup: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* ecb_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* ecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* ecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* encrypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* encrypt_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* endfsent: (libc)fstab. +* endgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* endhostent: (libc)Host Names. +* endmntent: (libc)mtab. +* endnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* endnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* endprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* endpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* endservent: (libc)Services Database. +* endutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* endutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* envz_add: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_entry: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_get: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_merge: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_strip: (libc)Envz Functions. +* erand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* erand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* erf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfc: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcl: (libc)Special Functions. +* erff: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfl: (libc)Special Functions. +* err: (libc)Error Messages. +* errno: (libc)Checking for Errors. +* error: (libc)Error Messages. +* error_at_line: (libc)Error Messages. +* errx: (libc)Error Messages. +* execl: (libc)Executing a File. +* execle: (libc)Executing a File. +* execlp: (libc)Executing a File. +* execv: (libc)Executing a File. +* execve: (libc)Executing a File. +* execvp: (libc)Executing a File. +* exit: (libc)Normal Termination. +* exp10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* fabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fchdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* fchmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* fchown: (libc)File Owner. +* fclean: (libc)Cleaning Streams. +* fclose: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcloseall: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcntl: (libc)Control Operations. +* fcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fdatasync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* fdim: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdimf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdiml: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdopen: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fdopendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* feclearexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fedisableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feenableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fegetround: (libc)Rounding. +* feholdexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feof: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feof_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feraiseexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* ferror: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* ferror_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* fesetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fesetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fesetround: (libc)Rounding. +* fetestexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* feupdateenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fflush: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fflush_unlocked: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fgetc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgetpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgets: (libc)Line Input. +* fgets_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetwc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetws: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetws_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fileno: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fileno_unlocked: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* finite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitef: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitel: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* flockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* floor: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* fma: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmal: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmax: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmemopen: (libc)String Streams. +* fmin: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmod: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmtmsg: (libc)Printing Formatted Messages. +* fnmatch: (libc)Wildcard Matching. +* fopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopencookie: (libc)Streams and Cookies. +* fork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* forkpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* fpathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* fpclassify: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* fprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fputc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fread: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fread_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* free: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* freopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* freopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* frexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* fscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* fseek: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko64: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko: (libc)File Positioning. +* fsetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fsetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fsync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* ftell: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello64: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftruncate64: (libc)File Size. +* ftruncate: (libc)File Size. +* ftrylockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* ftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* funlockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* futimes: (libc)File Times. +* fwide: (libc)Streams and I18N. +* fwprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fwrite: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwrite_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* gamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* gcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* get_avphys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* get_current_dir_name: (libc)Working Directory. +* get_nprocs: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_nprocs_conf: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_phys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getc: (libc)Character Input. +* getc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* getcwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* getdate: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdate_r: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdelim: (libc)Line Input. +* getdomainnname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getegid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* geteuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getfsent: (libc)fstab. +* getfsfile: (libc)fstab. +* getfsspec: (libc)fstab. +* getgid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrgid: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrgid_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrouplist: (libc)Setting Groups. +* getgroups: (libc)Reading Persona. +* gethostbyaddr: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyaddr_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* gethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* getline: (libc)Line Input. +* getloadavg: (libc)Processor Resources. +* getlogin: (libc)Who Logged In. +* getmntent: (libc)mtab. +* getmntent_r: (libc)mtab. +* getnetbyaddr: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetbyname: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getnetgrent_r: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getopt: (libc)Using Getopt. +* getopt_long: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getopt_long_only: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getpagesize: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getpass: (libc)getpass. +* getpeername: (libc)Who is Connected. +* getpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getppid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* getprotobyname: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotobynumber: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getpt: (libc)Allocation. +* getpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwnam: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwnam_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrusage: (libc)Resource Usage. +* gets: (libc)Line Input. +* getservbyname: (libc)Services Database. +* getservbyport: (libc)Services Database. +* getservent: (libc)Services Database. +* getsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getsockname: (libc)Reading Address. +* getsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* getsubopt: (libc)Suboptions. +* gettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* gettimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* getuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getumask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* getutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutent_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutmp: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutmpx: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxid: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getw: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* glob64: (libc)Calling Glob. +* glob: (libc)Calling Glob. +* globfree64: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* globfree: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* gmtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* gmtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* grantpt: (libc)Allocation. +* gsignal: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* gtty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* hasmntopt: (libc)mtab. +* hcreate: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hcreate_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* htonl: (libc)Byte Order. +* htons: (libc)Byte Order. +* hypot: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* iconv: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_close: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_open: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* if_freenameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_indextoname: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nametoindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* ilogb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* imaxabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* imaxdiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* in6addr_any: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* in6addr_loopback: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* index: (libc)Search Functions. +* inet_addr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_aton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_lnaof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_makeaddr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_netof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_network: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntoa: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntop: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_pton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* initgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* initstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* initstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* innetgr: (libc)Netgroup Membership. +* int: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* ioctl: (libc)IOCTLs. +* isalnum: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isalpha: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isascii: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isatty: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* isblank: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iscntrl: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isfinite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isgraph: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isgreaterequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isinf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinff: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinfl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isless: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islower: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnormal: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isprint: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* ispunct: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isspace: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isunordered: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isupper: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iswalnum: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswalpha: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswblank: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswcntrl: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswgraph: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswlower: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswprint: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswpunct: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswspace: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswupper: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswxdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* isxdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* j0: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* jn: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnf: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnl: (libc)Special Functions. +* jrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* jrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* kill: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* killpg: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* l64a: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* labs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lcong48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lcong48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ldexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* lfind: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgamma_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* link: (libc)Hard Links. +* lio_listio64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* lio_listio: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* listen: (libc)Listening. +* llabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* llrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* localeconv: (libc)The Lame Way to Locale Data. +* localtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* localtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* log10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1p: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* login: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* login_tty: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logout: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logwtmp: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* longjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* lrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lseek64: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lseek: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lutimes: (libc)File Times. +* madvise: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* makecontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* mallinfo: (libc)Statistics of Malloc. +* malloc: (libc)Basic Allocation. +* mallopt: (libc)Malloc Tunable Parameters. +* mblen: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mbrlen: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbrtowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbsinit: (libc)Keeping the state. +* mbsnrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbsrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbstowcs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* mbtowc: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mcheck: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* memccpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* memcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memfrob: (libc)Trivial Encryption. +* memmem: (libc)Search Functions. +* memmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mkdir: (libc)Creating Directories. +* mkdtemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mkfifo: (libc)FIFO Special Files. +* mknod: (libc)Making Special Files. +* mkstemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* mlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mmap64: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* modf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modff: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modfl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* mount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* mprobe: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* mrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* mrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* mremap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* msync: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mtrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* munlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* muntrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* nan: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanosleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* nearbyint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nextafter: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttoward: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* nftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* nice: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* nl_langinfo: (libc)The Elegant and Fast Way. +* nrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* nrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ntohl: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntohs: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntp_adjtime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* ntp_gettime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* obstack_1grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_1grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_alignment_mask: (libc)Obstacks Data Alignment. +* obstack_alloc: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_base: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_blank: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_blank_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_chunk_size: (libc)Obstack Chunks. +* obstack_copy0: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_copy: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_finish: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_free: (libc)Freeing Obstack Objects. +* obstack_grow0: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_init: (libc)Preparing for Obstacks. +* obstack_int_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_int_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_next_free: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_printf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* obstack_ptr_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_ptr_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_room: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* offsetof: (libc)Structure Measurement. +* on_exit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* open64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open_memstream: (libc)String Streams. +* open_obstack_stream: (libc)Obstack Streams. +* opendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* openlog: (libc)openlog. +* openpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* parse_printf_format: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* pathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* pause: (libc)Using Pause. +* pclose: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* perror: (libc)Error Messages. +* pipe: (libc)Creating a Pipe. +* popen: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* posix_memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* pow10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pread64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pread: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* printf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* printf_size: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* printf_size_info: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* psignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* ptsname: (libc)Allocation. +* ptsname_r: (libc)Allocation. +* putc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* putpwent: (libc)Writing a User Entry. +* puts: (libc)Simple Output. +* pututline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* pututxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* putw: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* pwrite64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pwrite: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* qecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qgcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qsort: (libc)Array Sort Function. +* raise: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* rand: (libc)ISO Random. +* rand_r: (libc)ISO Random. +* random: (libc)BSD Random. +* random_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* rawmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* read: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* readdir64: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir64_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* readv: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* realloc: (libc)Changing Block Size. +* realpath: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* recv: (libc)Receiving Data. +* recvfrom: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* recvmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* regcomp: (libc)POSIX Regexp Compilation. +* regerror: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* regexec: (libc)Matching POSIX Regexps. +* regfree: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* register_printf_function: (libc)Registering New Conversions. +* remainder: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remove: (libc)Deleting Files. +* rename: (libc)Renaming Files. +* rewind: (libc)File Positioning. +* rewinddir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* rindex: (libc)Search Functions. +* rint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rmdir: (libc)Deleting Files. +* round: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rpmatch: (libc)Yes-or-No Questions. +* sbrk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* scalb: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbln: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbn: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scandir64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scandir: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* sched_get_priority_max: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_get_priority_min: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_getparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_rr_get_interval: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_setparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_yield: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* seed48: (libc)SVID Random. +* seed48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* seekdir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* select: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* send: (libc)Sending Data. +* sendmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* sendto: (libc)Sending Datagrams. +* setbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setbuffer: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* setdomainname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setegid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* seteuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setfsent: (libc)fstab. +* setgid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* setgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* sethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* sethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* sethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* setjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* setkey: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setkey_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setlinebuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setlocale: (libc)Setting the Locale. +* setlogmask: (libc)setlogmask. +* setmntent: (libc)mtab. +* setnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* setnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* setpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* setprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* setpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* setregid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setreuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setservent: (libc)Services Database. +* setsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* setstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* setstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* settimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* setuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* setutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* setvbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* shutdown: (libc)Closing a Socket. +* sigaction: (libc)Advanced Signal Handling. +* sigaddset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigaltstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigblock: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigdelset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigemptyset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigfillset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siginterrupt: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sigismember: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siglongjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* signbit: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* significand: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* sigpause: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigpending: (libc)Checking for Pending Signals. +* sigprocmask: (libc)Process Signal Mask. +* sigsetjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigsetmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigsuspend: (libc)Sigsuspend. +* sigvec: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* snprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* socket: (libc)Creating a Socket. +* socketpair: (libc)Socket Pairs. +* sprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* sqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* srand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand: (libc)ISO Random. +* srandom: (libc)BSD Random. +* srandom_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* sscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* ssignal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* stat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stime: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* stpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* stpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcasestr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strchrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* strcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strdupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strerror: (libc)Error Messages. +* strerror_r: (libc)Error Messages. +* strfmon: (libc)Formatting Numbers. +* strfry: (libc)strfry. +* strftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* strlen: (libc)String Length. +* strncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strnlen: (libc)String Length. +* strpbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* strptime: (libc)Low-Level Time String Parsing. +* strrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strsep: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strsignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* strspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strtod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtok_r: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strverscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* stty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* swapcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* swprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* swscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* symlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* sync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* syscall: (libc)System Calls. +* sysconf: (libc)Sysconf Definition. +* sysctl: (libc)System Parameters. +* syslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* system: (libc)Running a Command. +* sysv_signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* tan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tcdrain: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflow: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflush: (libc)Line Control. +* tcgetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcgetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcgetsid: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcsendbreak: (libc)Line Control. +* tcsetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcsetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tdelete: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tdestroy: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tempnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* textdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* tfind: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* time: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* timegm: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* timelocal: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* times: (libc)Processor Time. +* tmpfile64: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpfile: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam_r: (libc)Temporary Files. +* toascii: (libc)Case Conversion. +* tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* towctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towlower: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towupper: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* trunc: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncate64: (libc)File Size. +* truncate: (libc)File Size. +* truncf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* tsearch: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* ttyname: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* ttyname_r: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* twalk: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tzset: (libc)Time Zone Functions. +* ulimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* umask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* umount2: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* umount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* uname: (libc)Platform Type. +* ungetc: (libc)How Unread. +* ungetwc: (libc)How Unread. +* unlink: (libc)Deleting Files. +* unlockpt: (libc)Allocation. +* unsetenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* updwtmp: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utime: (libc)File Times. +* utimes: (libc)File Times. +* utmpname: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utmpxname: (libc)XPG Functions. +* va_arg: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_end: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Old Varargs. +* valloc: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* vasprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* verr: (libc)Error Messages. +* verrx: (libc)Error Messages. +* versionsort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* versionsort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* vfork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* vfprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vfwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsnprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vswprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vswscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsyslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* vtimes: (libc)Resource Usage. +* vwarn: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwarnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* wait3: (libc)BSD Wait Functions. +* wait4: (libc)Process Completion. +* wait: (libc)Process Completion. +* waitpid: (libc)Process Completion. +* warn: (libc)Error Messages. +* warnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* wcpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcrtomb: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wcscasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcschr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcschrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wcscpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcscspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* wcslen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsnlen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsnrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcspbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcsspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcstod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* wcstol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstombs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* wcstoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcswcs: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wctob: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wctomb: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* wctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* wctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* wmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wmemcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wmemcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wordexp: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wordfree: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* write: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* writev: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* wscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* y0: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* yn: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynf: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynl: (libc)Special Functions. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + This file documents the GNU C library. + + This is Edition 0.12, last updated 2007-10-27, of `The GNU C Library +Reference Manual', for version 2.8 (EGLIBC). + + Copyright (C) 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, +2003, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document +under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or +any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the +Invariant Sections being "Free Software Needs Free Documentation" and +"GNU Lesser General Public License", the Front-Cover texts being "A GNU +Manual", and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the +license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation +License". + + (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have the freedom to copy and +modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in +developing GNU and promoting software freedom." + + +File: libc.info, Node: Socket Concepts, Next: Communication Styles, Up: Sockets + +16.1 Socket Concepts +==================== + +When you create a socket, you must specify the style of communication +you want to use and the type of protocol that should implement it. The +"communication style" of a socket defines the user-level semantics of +sending and receiving data on the socket. Choosing a communication +style specifies the answers to questions such as these: + + * *What are the units of data transmission?* Some communication + styles regard the data as a sequence of bytes with no larger + structure; others group the bytes into records (which are known in + this context as "packets"). + + * *Can data be lost during normal operation?* Some communication + styles guarantee that all the data sent arrives in the order it was + sent (barring system or network crashes); other styles occasionally + lose data as a normal part of operation, and may sometimes deliver + packets more than once or in the wrong order. + + Designing a program to use unreliable communication styles usually + involves taking precautions to detect lost or misordered packets + and to retransmit data as needed. + + * *Is communication entirely with one partner?* Some communication + styles are like a telephone call--you make a "connection" with one + remote socket and then exchange data freely. Other styles are + like mailing letters--you specify a destination address for each + message you send. + + You must also choose a "namespace" for naming the socket. A socket +name ("address") is meaningful only in the context of a particular +namespace. In fact, even the data type to use for a socket name may +depend on the namespace. Namespaces are also called "domains", but we +avoid that word as it can be confused with other usage of the same +term. Each namespace has a symbolic name that starts with `PF_'. A +corresponding symbolic name starting with `AF_' designates the address +format for that namespace. + + Finally you must choose the "protocol" to carry out the +communication. The protocol determines what low-level mechanism is used +to transmit and receive data. Each protocol is valid for a particular +namespace and communication style; a namespace is sometimes called a +"protocol family" because of this, which is why the namespace names +start with `PF_'. + + The rules of a protocol apply to the data passing between two +programs, perhaps on different computers; most of these rules are +handled by the operating system and you need not know about them. What +you do need to know about protocols is this: + + * In order to have communication between two sockets, they must + specify the _same_ protocol. + + * Each protocol is meaningful with particular style/namespace + combinations and cannot be used with inappropriate combinations. + For example, the TCP protocol fits only the byte stream style of + communication and the Internet namespace. + + * For each combination of style and namespace there is a "default + protocol", which you can request by specifying 0 as the protocol + number. And that's what you should normally do--use the default. + + Throughout the following description at various places +variables/parameters to denote sizes are required. And here the trouble +starts. In the first implementations the type of these variables was +simply `int'. On most machines at that time an `int' was 32 bits wide, +which created a _de facto_ standard requiring 32-bit variables. This +is important since references to variables of this type are passed to +the kernel. + + Then the POSIX people came and unified the interface with the words +"all size values are of type `size_t'". On 64-bit machines `size_t' is +64 bits wide, so pointers to variables were no longer possible. + + The Unix98 specification provides a solution by introducing a type +`socklen_t'. This type is used in all of the cases that POSIX changed +to use `size_t'. The only requirement of this type is that it be an +unsigned type of at least 32 bits. Therefore, implementations which +require that references to 32-bit variables be passed can be as happy +as implementations which use 64-bit values. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Communication Styles, Next: Socket Addresses, Prev: Socket Concepts, Up: Sockets + +16.2 Communication Styles +========================= + +The GNU library includes support for several different kinds of sockets, +each with different characteristics. This section describes the +supported socket types. The symbolic constants listed here are defined +in `sys/socket.h'. + + -- Macro: int SOCK_STREAM + The `SOCK_STREAM' style is like a pipe (*note Pipes and FIFOs::). + It operates over a connection with a particular remote socket and + transmits data reliably as a stream of bytes. + + Use of this style is covered in detail in *note Connections::. + + -- Macro: int SOCK_DGRAM + The `SOCK_DGRAM' style is used for sending individually-addressed + packets unreliably. It is the diametrical opposite of + `SOCK_STREAM'. + + Each time you write data to a socket of this kind, that data + becomes one packet. Since `SOCK_DGRAM' sockets do not have + connections, you must specify the recipient address with each + packet. + + The only guarantee that the system makes about your requests to + transmit data is that it will try its best to deliver each packet + you send. It may succeed with the sixth packet after failing with + the fourth and fifth packets; the seventh packet may arrive before + the sixth, and may arrive a second time after the sixth. + + The typical use for `SOCK_DGRAM' is in situations where it is + acceptable to simply re-send a packet if no response is seen in a + reasonable amount of time. + + *Note Datagrams::, for detailed information about how to use + datagram sockets. + + -- Macro: int SOCK_RAW + This style provides access to low-level network protocols and + interfaces. Ordinary user programs usually have no need to use + this style. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Socket Addresses, Next: Interface Naming, Prev: Communication Styles, Up: Sockets + +16.3 Socket Addresses +===================== + +The name of a socket is normally called an "address". The functions +and symbols for dealing with socket addresses were named +inconsistently, sometimes using the term "name" and sometimes using +"address". You can regard these terms as synonymous where sockets are +concerned. + + A socket newly created with the `socket' function has no address. +Other processes can find it for communication only if you give it an +address. We call this "binding" the address to the socket, and the way +to do it is with the `bind' function. + + You need be concerned with the address of a socket if other processes +are to find it and start communicating with it. You can specify an +address for other sockets, but this is usually pointless; the first time +you send data from a socket, or use it to initiate a connection, the +system assigns an address automatically if you have not specified one. + + Occasionally a client needs to specify an address because the server +discriminates based on address; for example, the rsh and rlogin +protocols look at the client's socket address and only bypass password +checking if it is less than `IPPORT_RESERVED' (*note Ports::). + + The details of socket addresses vary depending on what namespace you +are using. *Note Local Namespace::, or *note Internet Namespace::, for +specific information. + + Regardless of the namespace, you use the same functions `bind' and +`getsockname' to set and examine a socket's address. These functions +use a phony data type, `struct sockaddr *', to accept the address. In +practice, the address lives in a structure of some other data type +appropriate to the address format you are using, but you cast its +address to `struct sockaddr *' when you pass it to `bind'. + +* Menu: + +* Address Formats:: About `struct sockaddr'. +* Setting Address:: Binding an address to a socket. +* Reading Address:: Reading the address of a socket. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Address Formats, Next: Setting Address, Up: Socket Addresses + +16.3.1 Address Formats +---------------------- + +The functions `bind' and `getsockname' use the generic data type +`struct sockaddr *' to represent a pointer to a socket address. You +can't use this data type effectively to interpret an address or +construct one; for that, you must use the proper data type for the +socket's namespace. + + Thus, the usual practice is to construct an address of the proper +namespace-specific type, then cast a pointer to `struct sockaddr *' +when you call `bind' or `getsockname'. + + The one piece of information that you can get from the `struct +sockaddr' data type is the "address format designator". This tells you +which data type to use to understand the address fully. + + The symbols in this section are defined in the header file +`sys/socket.h'. + + -- Data Type: struct sockaddr + The `struct sockaddr' type itself has the following members: + + `short int sa_family' + This is the code for the address format of this address. It + identifies the format of the data which follows. + + `char sa_data[14]' + This is the actual socket address data, which is + format-dependent. Its length also depends on the format, and + may well be more than 14. The length 14 of `sa_data' is + essentially arbitrary. + + Each address format has a symbolic name which starts with `AF_'. +Each of them corresponds to a `PF_' symbol which designates the +corresponding namespace. Here is a list of address format names: + +`AF_LOCAL' + This designates the address format that goes with the local + namespace. (`PF_LOCAL' is the name of that namespace.) *Note + Local Namespace Details::, for information about this address + format. + +`AF_UNIX' + This is a synonym for `AF_LOCAL'. Although `AF_LOCAL' is mandated + by POSIX.1g, `AF_UNIX' is portable to more systems. `AF_UNIX' was + the traditional name stemming from BSD, so even most POSIX systems + support it. It is also the name of choice in the Unix98 + specification. (The same is true for `PF_UNIX' vs. `PF_LOCAL'). + +`AF_FILE' + This is another synonym for `AF_LOCAL', for compatibility. + (`PF_FILE' is likewise a synonym for `PF_LOCAL'.) + +`AF_INET' + This designates the address format that goes with the Internet + namespace. (`PF_INET' is the name of that namespace.) *Note + Internet Address Formats::. + +`AF_INET6' + This is similar to `AF_INET', but refers to the IPv6 protocol. + (`PF_INET6' is the name of the corresponding namespace.) + +`AF_UNSPEC' + This designates no particular address format. It is used only in + rare cases, such as to clear out the default destination address + of a "connected" datagram socket. *Note Sending Datagrams::. + + The corresponding namespace designator symbol `PF_UNSPEC' exists + for completeness, but there is no reason to use it in a program. + + `sys/socket.h' defines symbols starting with `AF_' for many +different kinds of networks, most or all of which are not actually +implemented. We will document those that really work as we receive +information about how to use them. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Setting Address, Next: Reading Address, Prev: Address Formats, Up: Socket Addresses + +16.3.2 Setting the Address of a Socket +-------------------------------------- + +Use the `bind' function to assign an address to a socket. The +prototype for `bind' is in the header file `sys/socket.h'. For +examples of use, see *note Local Socket Example::, or see *note Inet +Example::. + + -- Function: int bind (int SOCKET, struct sockaddr *ADDR, socklen_t + LENGTH) + The `bind' function assigns an address to the socket SOCKET. The + ADDR and LENGTH arguments specify the address; the detailed format + of the address depends on the namespace. The first part of the + address is always the format designator, which specifies a + namespace, and says that the address is in the format of that + namespace. + + The return value is `0' on success and `-1' on failure. The + following `errno' error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EBADF' + The SOCKET argument is not a valid file descriptor. + + `ENOTSOCK' + The descriptor SOCKET is not a socket. + + `EADDRNOTAVAIL' + The specified address is not available on this machine. + + `EADDRINUSE' + Some other socket is already using the specified address. + + `EINVAL' + The socket SOCKET already has an address. + + `EACCES' + You do not have permission to access the requested address. + (In the Internet domain, only the super-user is allowed to + specify a port number in the range 0 through + `IPPORT_RESERVED' minus one; see *note Ports::.) + + Additional conditions may be possible depending on the particular + namespace of the socket. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Reading Address, Prev: Setting Address, Up: Socket Addresses + +16.3.3 Reading the Address of a Socket +-------------------------------------- + +Use the function `getsockname' to examine the address of an Internet +socket. The prototype for this function is in the header file +`sys/socket.h'. + + -- Function: int getsockname (int SOCKET, struct sockaddr *ADDR, + socklen_t *LENGTH-PTR) + The `getsockname' function returns information about the address + of the socket SOCKET in the locations specified by the ADDR and + LENGTH-PTR arguments. Note that the LENGTH-PTR is a pointer; you + should initialize it to be the allocation size of ADDR, and on + return it contains the actual size of the address data. + + The format of the address data depends on the socket namespace. + The length of the information is usually fixed for a given + namespace, so normally you can know exactly how much space is + needed and can provide that much. The usual practice is to + allocate a place for the value using the proper data type for the + socket's namespace, then cast its address to `struct sockaddr *' + to pass it to `getsockname'. + + The return value is `0' on success and `-1' on error. The + following `errno' error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EBADF' + The SOCKET argument is not a valid file descriptor. + + `ENOTSOCK' + The descriptor SOCKET is not a socket. + + `ENOBUFS' + There are not enough internal buffers available for the + operation. + + You can't read the address of a socket in the file namespace. This +is consistent with the rest of the system; in general, there's no way to +find a file's name from a descriptor for that file. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Interface Naming, Next: Local Namespace, Prev: Socket Addresses, Up: Sockets + +16.4 Interface Naming +===================== + +Each network interface has a name. This usually consists of a few +letters that relate to the type of interface, which may be followed by a +number if there is more than one interface of that type. Examples +might be `lo' (the loopback interface) and `eth0' (the first Ethernet +interface). + + Although such names are convenient for humans, it would be clumsy to +have to use them whenever a program needs to refer to an interface. In +such situations an interface is referred to by its "index", which is an +arbitrarily-assigned small positive integer. + + The following functions, constants and data types are declared in the +header file `net/if.h'. + + -- Constant: size_t IFNAMSIZ + This constant defines the maximum buffer size needed to hold an + interface name, including its terminating zero byte. + + -- Function: unsigned int if_nametoindex (const char *ifname) + This function yields the interface index corresponding to a + particular name. If no interface exists with the name given, it + returns 0. + + -- Function: char * if_indextoname (unsigned int ifindex, char *ifname) + This function maps an interface index to its corresponding name. + The returned name is placed in the buffer pointed to by `ifname', + which must be at least `IFNAMSIZ' bytes in length. If the index + was invalid, the function's return value is a null pointer, + otherwise it is `ifname'. + + -- Data Type: struct if_nameindex + This data type is used to hold the information about a single + interface. It has the following members: + + `unsigned int if_index;' + This is the interface index. + + `char *if_name' + This is the null-terminated index name. + + + -- Function: struct if_nameindex * if_nameindex (void) + This function returns an array of `if_nameindex' structures, one + for every interface that is present. The end of the list is + indicated by a structure with an interface of 0 and a null name + pointer. If an error occurs, this function returns a null pointer. + + The returned structure must be freed with `if_freenameindex' after + use. + + -- Function: void if_freenameindex (struct if_nameindex *ptr) + This function frees the structure returned by an earlier call to + `if_nameindex'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Local Namespace, Next: Internet Namespace, Prev: Interface Naming, Up: Sockets + +16.5 The Local Namespace +======================== + +This section describes the details of the local namespace, whose +symbolic name (required when you create a socket) is `PF_LOCAL'. The +local namespace is also known as "Unix domain sockets". Another name +is file namespace since socket addresses are normally implemented as +file names. + +* Menu: + +* Concepts: Local Namespace Concepts. What you need to understand. +* Details: Local Namespace Details. Address format, symbolic names, etc. +* Example: Local Socket Example. Example of creating a socket. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Local Namespace Concepts, Next: Local Namespace Details, Up: Local Namespace + +16.5.1 Local Namespace Concepts +------------------------------- + +In the local namespace socket addresses are file names. You can specify +any file name you want as the address of the socket, but you must have +write permission on the directory containing it. It's common to put +these files in the `/tmp' directory. + + One peculiarity of the local namespace is that the name is only used +when opening the connection; once open the address is not meaningful and +may not exist. + + Another peculiarity is that you cannot connect to such a socket from +another machine-not even if the other machine shares the file system +which contains the name of the socket. You can see the socket in a +directory listing, but connecting to it never succeeds. Some programs +take advantage of this, such as by asking the client to send its own +process ID, and using the process IDs to distinguish between clients. +However, we recommend you not use this method in protocols you design, +as we might someday permit connections from other machines that mount +the same file systems. Instead, send each new client an identifying +number if you want it to have one. + + After you close a socket in the local namespace, you should delete +the file name from the file system. Use `unlink' or `remove' to do +this; see *note Deleting Files::. + + The local namespace supports just one protocol for any communication +style; it is protocol number `0'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Local Namespace Details, Next: Local Socket Example, Prev: Local Namespace Concepts, Up: Local Namespace + +16.5.2 Details of Local Namespace +--------------------------------- + +To create a socket in the local namespace, use the constant `PF_LOCAL' +as the NAMESPACE argument to `socket' or `socketpair'. This constant +is defined in `sys/socket.h'. + + -- Macro: int PF_LOCAL + This designates the local namespace, in which socket addresses are + local names, and its associated family of protocols. `PF_Local' + is the macro used by Posix.1g. + + -- Macro: int PF_UNIX + This is a synonym for `PF_LOCAL', for compatibility's sake. + + -- Macro: int PF_FILE + This is a synonym for `PF_LOCAL', for compatibility's sake. + + The structure for specifying socket names in the local namespace is +defined in the header file `sys/un.h': + + -- Data Type: struct sockaddr_un + This structure is used to specify local namespace socket + addresses. It has the following members: + + `short int sun_family' + This identifies the address family or format of the socket + address. You should store the value `AF_LOCAL' to designate + the local namespace. *Note Socket Addresses::. + + `char sun_path[108]' + This is the file name to use. + + *Incomplete:* Why is 108 a magic number? RMS suggests making + this a zero-length array and tweaking the following example + to use `alloca' to allocate an appropriate amount of storage + based on the length of the filename. + + You should compute the LENGTH parameter for a socket address in the +local namespace as the sum of the size of the `sun_family' component +and the string length (_not_ the allocation size!) of the file name +string. This can be done using the macro `SUN_LEN': + + -- Macro: int SUN_LEN (_struct sockaddr_un *_ PTR) + The macro computes the length of socket address in the local + namespace. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Local Socket Example, Prev: Local Namespace Details, Up: Local Namespace + +16.5.3 Example of Local-Namespace Sockets +----------------------------------------- + +Here is an example showing how to create and name a socket in the local +namespace. + + #include + #include + #include + #include + #include + #include + #include + + int + make_named_socket (const char *filename) + { + struct sockaddr_un name; + int sock; + size_t size; + + /* Create the socket. */ + sock = socket (PF_LOCAL, SOCK_DGRAM, 0); + if (sock < 0) + { + perror ("socket"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + /* Bind a name to the socket. */ + name.sun_family = AF_LOCAL; + strncpy (name.sun_path, filename, sizeof (name.sun_path)); + name.sun_path[sizeof (name.sun_path) - 1] = '\0'; + + /* The size of the address is + the offset of the start of the filename, + plus its length, + plus one for the terminating null byte. + Alternatively you can just do: + size = SUN_LEN (&name); + */ + size = (offsetof (struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + + strlen (name.sun_path) + 1); + + if (bind (sock, (struct sockaddr *) &name, size) < 0) + { + perror ("bind"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + return sock; + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Internet Namespace, Next: Misc Namespaces, Prev: Local Namespace, Up: Sockets + +16.6 The Internet Namespace +=========================== + +This section describes the details of the protocols and socket naming +conventions used in the Internet namespace. + + Originally the Internet namespace used only IP version 4 (IPv4). +With the growing number of hosts on the Internet, a new protocol with a +larger address space was necessary: IP version 6 (IPv6). IPv6 +introduces 128-bit addresses (IPv4 has 32-bit addresses) and other +features, and will eventually replace IPv4. + + To create a socket in the IPv4 Internet namespace, use the symbolic +name `PF_INET' of this namespace as the NAMESPACE argument to `socket' +or `socketpair'. For IPv6 addresses you need the macro `PF_INET6'. +These macros are defined in `sys/socket.h'. + + -- Macro: int PF_INET + This designates the IPv4 Internet namespace and associated family + of protocols. + + -- Macro: int PF_INET6 + This designates the IPv6 Internet namespace and associated family + of protocols. + + A socket address for the Internet namespace includes the following +components: + + * The address of the machine you want to connect to. Internet + addresses can be specified in several ways; these are discussed in + *note Internet Address Formats::, *note Host Addresses:: and *note + Host Names::. + + * A port number for that machine. *Note Ports::. + + You must ensure that the address and port number are represented in a +canonical format called "network byte order". *Note Byte Order::, for +information about this. + +* Menu: + +* Internet Address Formats:: How socket addresses are specified in the + Internet namespace. +* Host Addresses:: All about host addresses of Internet host. +* Protocols Database:: Referring to protocols by name. +* Ports:: Internet port numbers. +* Services Database:: Ports may have symbolic names. +* Byte Order:: Different hosts may use different byte + ordering conventions; you need to + canonicalize host address and port number. +* Inet Example:: Putting it all together. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Internet Address Formats, Next: Host Addresses, Up: Internet Namespace + +16.6.1 Internet Socket Address Formats +-------------------------------------- + +In the Internet namespace, for both IPv4 (`AF_INET') and IPv6 +(`AF_INET6'), a socket address consists of a host address and a port on +that host. In addition, the protocol you choose serves effectively as +a part of the address because local port numbers are meaningful only +within a particular protocol. + + The data types for representing socket addresses in the Internet +namespace are defined in the header file `netinet/in.h'. + + -- Data Type: struct sockaddr_in + This is the data type used to represent socket addresses in the + Internet namespace. It has the following members: + + `sa_family_t sin_family' + This identifies the address family or format of the socket + address. You should store the value `AF_INET' in this member. + *Note Socket Addresses::. + + `struct in_addr sin_addr' + This is the Internet address of the host machine. *Note Host + Addresses::, and *note Host Names::, for how to get a value + to store here. + + `unsigned short int sin_port' + This is the port number. *Note Ports::. + + When you call `bind' or `getsockname', you should specify `sizeof +(struct sockaddr_in)' as the LENGTH parameter if you are using an IPv4 +Internet namespace socket address. + + -- Data Type: struct sockaddr_in6 + This is the data type used to represent socket addresses in the + IPv6 namespace. It has the following members: + + `sa_family_t sin6_family' + This identifies the address family or format of the socket + address. You should store the value of `AF_INET6' in this + member. *Note Socket Addresses::. + + `struct in6_addr sin6_addr' + This is the IPv6 address of the host machine. *Note Host + Addresses::, and *note Host Names::, for how to get a value + to store here. + + `uint32_t sin6_flowinfo' + This is a currently unimplemented field. + + `uint16_t sin6_port' + This is the port number. *Note Ports::. + + + +File: libc.info, Node: Host Addresses, Next: Protocols Database, Prev: Internet Address Formats, Up: Internet Namespace + +16.6.2 Host Addresses +--------------------- + +Each computer on the Internet has one or more "Internet addresses", +numbers which identify that computer among all those on the Internet. +Users typically write IPv4 numeric host addresses as sequences of four +numbers, separated by periods, as in `128.52.46.32', and IPv6 numeric +host addresses as sequences of up to eight numbers separated by colons, +as in `5f03:1200:836f:c100::1'. + + Each computer also has one or more "host names", which are strings +of words separated by periods, as in `mescaline.gnu.org'. + + Programs that let the user specify a host typically accept both +numeric addresses and host names. To open a connection a program needs +a numeric address, and so must convert a host name to the numeric +address it stands for. + +* Menu: + +* Abstract Host Addresses:: What a host number consists of. +* Data type: Host Address Data Type. Data type for a host number. +* Functions: Host Address Functions. Functions to operate on them. +* Names: Host Names. Translating host names to host numbers. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Abstract Host Addresses, Next: Host Address Data Type, Up: Host Addresses + +16.6.2.1 Internet Host Addresses +................................ + +Each computer on the Internet has one or more Internet addresses, +numbers which identify that computer among all those on the Internet. + +An IPv4 Internet host address is a number containing four bytes of data. +Historically these are divided into two parts, a "network number" and a +"local network address number" within that network. In the mid-1990s +classless addresses were introduced which changed this behavior. Since +some functions implicitly expect the old definitions, we first describe +the class-based network and will then describe classless addresses. +IPv6 uses only classless addresses and therefore the following +paragraphs don't apply. + + The class-based IPv4 network number consists of the first one, two or +three bytes; the rest of the bytes are the local address. + + IPv4 network numbers are registered with the Network Information +Center (NIC), and are divided into three classes--A, B and C. The local +network address numbers of individual machines are registered with the +administrator of the particular network. + + Class A networks have single-byte numbers in the range 0 to 127. +There are only a small number of Class A networks, but they can each +support a very large number of hosts. Medium-sized Class B networks +have two-byte network numbers, with the first byte in the range 128 to +191. Class C networks are the smallest; they have three-byte network +numbers, with the first byte in the range 192-255. Thus, the first 1, +2, or 3 bytes of an Internet address specify a network. The remaining +bytes of the Internet address specify the address within that network. + + The Class A network 0 is reserved for broadcast to all networks. In +addition, the host number 0 within each network is reserved for +broadcast to all hosts in that network. These uses are obsolete now +but for compatibility reasons you shouldn't use network 0 and host +number 0. + + The Class A network 127 is reserved for loopback; you can always use +the Internet address `127.0.0.1' to refer to the host machine. + + Since a single machine can be a member of multiple networks, it can +have multiple Internet host addresses. However, there is never +supposed to be more than one machine with the same host address. + + There are four forms of the "standard numbers-and-dots notation" for +Internet addresses: + +`A.B.C.D' + This specifies all four bytes of the address individually and is + the commonly used representation. + +`A.B.C' + The last part of the address, C, is interpreted as a 2-byte + quantity. This is useful for specifying host addresses in a Class + B network with network address number `A.B'. + +`A.B' + The last part of the address, B, is interpreted as a 3-byte + quantity. This is useful for specifying host addresses in a Class + A network with network address number A. + +`A' + If only one part is given, this corresponds directly to the host + address number. + + Within each part of the address, the usual C conventions for +specifying the radix apply. In other words, a leading `0x' or `0X' +implies hexadecimal radix; a leading `0' implies octal; and otherwise +decimal radix is assumed. + +Classless Addresses +................... + +IPv4 addresses (and IPv6 addresses also) are now considered classless; +the distinction between classes A, B and C can be ignored. Instead an +IPv4 host address consists of a 32-bit address and a 32-bit mask. The +mask contains set bits for the network part and cleared bits for the +host part. The network part is contiguous from the left, with the +remaining bits representing the host. As a consequence, the netmask can +simply be specified as the number of set bits. Classes A, B and C are +just special cases of this general rule. For example, class A addresses +have a netmask of `255.0.0.0' or a prefix length of 8. + + Classless IPv4 network addresses are written in numbers-and-dots +notation with the prefix length appended and a slash as separator. For +example the class A network 10 is written as `10.0.0.0/8'. + +IPv6 Addresses +.............. + +IPv6 addresses contain 128 bits (IPv4 has 32 bits) of data. A host +address is usually written as eight 16-bit hexadecimal numbers that are +separated by colons. Two colons are used to abbreviate strings of +consecutive zeros. For example, the IPv6 loopback address +`0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1' can just be written as `::1'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Host Address Data Type, Next: Host Address Functions, Prev: Abstract Host Addresses, Up: Host Addresses + +16.6.2.2 Host Address Data Type +............................... + +IPv4 Internet host addresses are represented in some contexts as +integers (type `uint32_t'). In other contexts, the integer is packaged +inside a structure of type `struct in_addr'. It would be better if the +usage were made consistent, but it is not hard to extract the integer +from the structure or put the integer into a structure. + + You will find older code that uses `unsigned long int' for IPv4 +Internet host addresses instead of `uint32_t' or `struct in_addr'. +Historically `unsigned long int' was a 32-bit number but with 64-bit +machines this has changed. Using `unsigned long int' might break the +code if it is used on machines where this type doesn't have 32 bits. +`uint32_t' is specified by Unix98 and guaranteed to have 32 bits. + + IPv6 Internet host addresses have 128 bits and are packaged inside a +structure of type `struct in6_addr'. + + The following basic definitions for Internet addresses are declared +in the header file `netinet/in.h': + + -- Data Type: struct in_addr + This data type is used in certain contexts to contain an IPv4 + Internet host address. It has just one field, named `s_addr', + which records the host address number as an `uint32_t'. + + -- Macro: uint32_t INADDR_LOOPBACK + You can use this constant to stand for "the address of this + machine," instead of finding its actual address. It is the IPv4 + Internet address `127.0.0.1', which is usually called `localhost'. + This special constant saves you the trouble of looking up the + address of your own machine. Also, the system usually implements + `INADDR_LOOPBACK' specially, avoiding any network traffic for the + case of one machine talking to itself. + + -- Macro: uint32_t INADDR_ANY + You can use this constant to stand for "any incoming address" when + binding to an address. *Note Setting Address::. This is the usual + address to give in the `sin_addr' member of `struct sockaddr_in' + when you want to accept Internet connections. + + -- Macro: uint32_t INADDR_BROADCAST + This constant is the address you use to send a broadcast message. + + -- Macro: uint32_t INADDR_NONE + This constant is returned by some functions to indicate an error. + + -- Data Type: struct in6_addr + This data type is used to store an IPv6 address. It stores 128 + bits of data, which can be accessed (via a union) in a variety of + ways. + + -- Constant: struct in6_addr in6addr_loopback + This constant is the IPv6 address `::1', the loopback address. See + above for a description of what this means. The macro + `IN6ADDR_LOOPBACK_INIT' is provided to allow you to initialize your + own variables to this value. + + -- Constant: struct in6_addr in6addr_any + This constant is the IPv6 address `::', the unspecified address. + See above for a description of what this means. The macro + `IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT' is provided to allow you to initialize your own + variables to this value. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Host Address Functions, Next: Host Names, Prev: Host Address Data Type, Up: Host Addresses + +16.6.2.3 Host Address Functions +............................... + +These additional functions for manipulating Internet addresses are +declared in the header file `arpa/inet.h'. They represent Internet +addresses in network byte order, and network numbers and +local-address-within-network numbers in host byte order. *Note Byte +Order::, for an explanation of network and host byte order. + + -- Function: int inet_aton (const char *NAME, struct in_addr *ADDR) + This function converts the IPv4 Internet host address NAME from + the standard numbers-and-dots notation into binary data and stores + it in the `struct in_addr' that ADDR points to. `inet_aton' + returns nonzero if the address is valid, zero if not. + + -- Function: uint32_t inet_addr (const char *NAME) + This function converts the IPv4 Internet host address NAME from the + standard numbers-and-dots notation into binary data. If the input + is not valid, `inet_addr' returns `INADDR_NONE'. This is an + obsolete interface to `inet_aton', described immediately above. It + is obsolete because `INADDR_NONE' is a valid address + (255.255.255.255), and `inet_aton' provides a cleaner way to + indicate error return. + + -- Function: uint32_t inet_network (const char *NAME) + This function extracts the network number from the address NAME, + given in the standard numbers-and-dots notation. The returned + address is in host order. If the input is not valid, + `inet_network' returns `-1'. + + The function works only with traditional IPv4 class A, B and C + network types. It doesn't work with classless addresses and + shouldn't be used anymore. + + -- Function: char * inet_ntoa (struct in_addr ADDR) + This function converts the IPv4 Internet host address ADDR to a + string in the standard numbers-and-dots notation. The return + value is a pointer into a statically-allocated buffer. Subsequent + calls will overwrite the same buffer, so you should copy the + string if you need to save it. + + In multi-threaded programs each thread has an own + statically-allocated buffer. But still subsequent calls of + `inet_ntoa' in the same thread will overwrite the result of the + last call. + + Instead of `inet_ntoa' the newer function `inet_ntop' which is + described below should be used since it handles both IPv4 and IPv6 + addresses. + + -- Function: struct in_addr inet_makeaddr (uint32_t NET, uint32_t + LOCAL) + This function makes an IPv4 Internet host address by combining the + network number NET with the local-address-within-network number + LOCAL. + + -- Function: uint32_t inet_lnaof (struct in_addr ADDR) + This function returns the local-address-within-network part of the + Internet host address ADDR. + + The function works only with traditional IPv4 class A, B and C + network types. It doesn't work with classless addresses and + shouldn't be used anymore. + + -- Function: uint32_t inet_netof (struct in_addr ADDR) + This function returns the network number part of the Internet host + address ADDR. + + The function works only with traditional IPv4 class A, B and C + network types. It doesn't work with classless addresses and + shouldn't be used anymore. + + -- Function: int inet_pton (int AF, const char *CP, void *BUF) + This function converts an Internet address (either IPv4 or IPv6) + from presentation (textual) to network (binary) format. AF should + be either `AF_INET' or `AF_INET6', as appropriate for the type of + address being converted. CP is a pointer to the input string, and + BUF is a pointer to a buffer for the result. It is the caller's + responsibility to make sure the buffer is large enough. + + -- Function: const char * inet_ntop (int AF, const void *CP, char + *BUF, size_t LEN) + This function converts an Internet address (either IPv4 or IPv6) + from network (binary) to presentation (textual) form. AF should be + either `AF_INET' or `AF_INET6', as appropriate. CP is a pointer + to the address to be converted. BUF should be a pointer to a + buffer to hold the result, and LEN is the length of this buffer. + The return value from the function will be this buffer address. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Host Names, Prev: Host Address Functions, Up: Host Addresses + +16.6.2.4 Host Names +................... + +Besides the standard numbers-and-dots notation for Internet addresses, +you can also refer to a host by a symbolic name. The advantage of a +symbolic name is that it is usually easier to remember. For example, +the machine with Internet address `158.121.106.19' is also known as +`alpha.gnu.org'; and other machines in the `gnu.org' domain can refer +to it simply as `alpha'. + + Internally, the system uses a database to keep track of the mapping +between host names and host numbers. This database is usually either +the file `/etc/hosts' or an equivalent provided by a name server. The +functions and other symbols for accessing this database are declared in +`netdb.h'. They are BSD features, defined unconditionally if you +include `netdb.h'. + + -- Data Type: struct hostent + This data type is used to represent an entry in the hosts + database. It has the following members: + + `char *h_name' + This is the "official" name of the host. + + `char **h_aliases' + These are alternative names for the host, represented as a + null-terminated vector of strings. + + `int h_addrtype' + This is the host address type; in practice, its value is + always either `AF_INET' or `AF_INET6', with the latter being + used for IPv6 hosts. In principle other kinds of addresses + could be represented in the database as well as Internet + addresses; if this were done, you might find a value in this + field other than `AF_INET' or `AF_INET6'. *Note Socket + Addresses::. + + `int h_length' + This is the length, in bytes, of each address. + + `char **h_addr_list' + This is the vector of addresses for the host. (Recall that + the host might be connected to multiple networks and have + different addresses on each one.) The vector is terminated + by a null pointer. + + `char *h_addr' + This is a synonym for `h_addr_list[0]'; in other words, it is + the first host address. + + As far as the host database is concerned, each address is just a +block of memory `h_length' bytes long. But in other contexts there is +an implicit assumption that you can convert IPv4 addresses to a `struct +in_addr' or an `uint32_t'. Host addresses in a `struct hostent' +structure are always given in network byte order; see *note Byte +Order::. + + You can use `gethostbyname', `gethostbyname2' or `gethostbyaddr' to +search the hosts database for information about a particular host. The +information is returned in a statically-allocated structure; you must +copy the information if you need to save it across calls. You can also +use `getaddrinfo' and `getnameinfo' to obtain this information. + + -- Function: struct hostent * gethostbyname (const char *NAME) + The `gethostbyname' function returns information about the host + named NAME. If the lookup fails, it returns a null pointer. + + -- Function: struct hostent * gethostbyname2 (const char *NAME, int AF) + The `gethostbyname2' function is like `gethostbyname', but allows + the caller to specify the desired address family (e.g. `AF_INET' + or `AF_INET6') of the result. + + -- Function: struct hostent * gethostbyaddr (const char *ADDR, size_t + LENGTH, int FORMAT) + The `gethostbyaddr' function returns information about the host + with Internet address ADDR. The parameter ADDR is not really a + pointer to char - it can be a pointer to an IPv4 or an IPv6 + address. The LENGTH argument is the size (in bytes) of the address + at ADDR. FORMAT specifies the address format; for an IPv4 + Internet address, specify a value of `AF_INET'; for an IPv6 + Internet address, use `AF_INET6'. + + If the lookup fails, `gethostbyaddr' returns a null pointer. + + If the name lookup by `gethostbyname' or `gethostbyaddr' fails, you +can find out the reason by looking at the value of the variable +`h_errno'. (It would be cleaner design for these functions to set +`errno', but use of `h_errno' is compatible with other systems.) + + Here are the error codes that you may find in `h_errno': + +`HOST_NOT_FOUND' + No such host is known in the database. + +`TRY_AGAIN' + This condition happens when the name server could not be + contacted. If you try again later, you may succeed then. + +`NO_RECOVERY' + A non-recoverable error occurred. + +`NO_ADDRESS' + The host database contains an entry for the name, but it doesn't + have an associated Internet address. + + The lookup functions above all have one in common: they are not +reentrant and therefore unusable in multi-threaded applications. +Therefore provides the GNU C library a new set of functions which can be +used in this context. + + -- Function: int gethostbyname_r (const char *restrict NAME, struct + hostent *restrict RESULT_BUF, char *restrict BUF, size_t + BUFLEN, struct hostent **restrict RESULT, int *restrict + H_ERRNOP) + The `gethostbyname_r' function returns information about the host + named NAME. The caller must pass a pointer to an object of type + `struct hostent' in the RESULT_BUF parameter. In addition the + function may need extra buffer space and the caller must pass an + pointer and the size of the buffer in the BUF and BUFLEN + parameters. + + A pointer to the buffer, in which the result is stored, is + available in `*RESULT' after the function call successfully + returned. If an error occurs or if no entry is found, the pointer + `*RESULT' is a null pointer. Success is signalled by a zero + return value. If the function failed the return value is an error + number. In addition to the errors defined for `gethostbyname' it + can also be `ERANGE'. In this case the call should be repeated + with a larger buffer. Additional error information is not stored + in the global variable `h_errno' but instead in the object pointed + to by H_ERRNOP. + + Here's a small example: + struct hostent * + gethostname (char *host) + { + struct hostent hostbuf, *hp; + size_t hstbuflen; + char *tmphstbuf; + int res; + int herr; + + hstbuflen = 1024; + /* Allocate buffer, remember to free it to avoid memory leakage. */ + tmphstbuf = malloc (hstbuflen); + + while ((res = gethostbyname_r (host, &hostbuf, tmphstbuf, hstbuflen, + &hp, &herr)) == ERANGE) + { + /* Enlarge the buffer. */ + hstbuflen *= 2; + tmphstbuf = realloc (tmphstbuf, hstbuflen); + } + /* Check for errors. */ + if (res || hp == NULL) + return NULL; + return hp; + } + + -- Function: int gethostbyname2_r (const char *NAME, int AF, struct + hostent *restrict RESULT_BUF, char *restrict BUF, size_t + BUFLEN, struct hostent **restrict RESULT, int *restrict + H_ERRNOP) + The `gethostbyname2_r' function is like `gethostbyname_r', but + allows the caller to specify the desired address family (e.g. + `AF_INET' or `AF_INET6') for the result. + + -- Function: int gethostbyaddr_r (const char *ADDR, size_t LENGTH, int + FORMAT, struct hostent *restrict RESULT_BUF, char *restrict + BUF, size_t BUFLEN, struct hostent **restrict RESULT, int + *restrict H_ERRNOP) + The `gethostbyaddr_r' function returns information about the host + with Internet address ADDR. The parameter ADDR is not really a + pointer to char - it can be a pointer to an IPv4 or an IPv6 + address. The LENGTH argument is the size (in bytes) of the address + at ADDR. FORMAT specifies the address format; for an IPv4 + Internet address, specify a value of `AF_INET'; for an IPv6 + Internet address, use `AF_INET6'. + + Similar to the `gethostbyname_r' function, the caller must provide + buffers for the result and memory used internally. In case of + success the function returns zero. Otherwise the value is an + error number where `ERANGE' has the special meaning that the + caller-provided buffer is too small. + + You can also scan the entire hosts database one entry at a time using +`sethostent', `gethostent' and `endhostent'. Be careful when using +these functions because they are not reentrant. + + -- Function: void sethostent (int STAYOPEN) + This function opens the hosts database to begin scanning it. You + can then call `gethostent' to read the entries. + + If the STAYOPEN argument is nonzero, this sets a flag so that + subsequent calls to `gethostbyname' or `gethostbyaddr' will not + close the database (as they usually would). This makes for more + efficiency if you call those functions several times, by avoiding + reopening the database for each call. + + -- Function: struct hostent * gethostent (void) + This function returns the next entry in the hosts database. It + returns a null pointer if there are no more entries. + + -- Function: void endhostent (void) + This function closes the hosts database. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Ports, Next: Services Database, Prev: Protocols Database, Up: Internet Namespace + +16.6.3 Internet Ports +--------------------- + +A socket address in the Internet namespace consists of a machine's +Internet address plus a "port number" which distinguishes the sockets +on a given machine (for a given protocol). Port numbers range from 0 +to 65,535. + + Port numbers less than `IPPORT_RESERVED' are reserved for standard +servers, such as `finger' and `telnet'. There is a database that keeps +track of these, and you can use the `getservbyname' function to map a +service name onto a port number; see *note Services Database::. + + If you write a server that is not one of the standard ones defined in +the database, you must choose a port number for it. Use a number +greater than `IPPORT_USERRESERVED'; such numbers are reserved for +servers and won't ever be generated automatically by the system. +Avoiding conflicts with servers being run by other users is up to you. + + When you use a socket without specifying its address, the system +generates a port number for it. This number is between +`IPPORT_RESERVED' and `IPPORT_USERRESERVED'. + + On the Internet, it is actually legitimate to have two different +sockets with the same port number, as long as they never both try to +communicate with the same socket address (host address plus port +number). You shouldn't duplicate a port number except in special +circumstances where a higher-level protocol requires it. Normally, the +system won't let you do it; `bind' normally insists on distinct port +numbers. To reuse a port number, you must set the socket option +`SO_REUSEADDR'. *Note Socket-Level Options::. + + These macros are defined in the header file `netinet/in.h'. + + -- Macro: int IPPORT_RESERVED + Port numbers less than `IPPORT_RESERVED' are reserved for + superuser use. + + -- Macro: int IPPORT_USERRESERVED + Port numbers greater than or equal to `IPPORT_USERRESERVED' are + reserved for explicit use; they will never be allocated + automatically. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Services Database, Next: Byte Order, Prev: Ports, Up: Internet Namespace + +16.6.4 The Services Database +---------------------------- + +The database that keeps track of "well-known" services is usually +either the file `/etc/services' or an equivalent from a name server. +You can use these utilities, declared in `netdb.h', to access the +services database. + + -- Data Type: struct servent + This data type holds information about entries from the services + database. It has the following members: + + `char *s_name' + This is the "official" name of the service. + + `char **s_aliases' + These are alternate names for the service, represented as an + array of strings. A null pointer terminates the array. + + `int s_port' + This is the port number for the service. Port numbers are + given in network byte order; see *note Byte Order::. + + `char *s_proto' + This is the name of the protocol to use with this service. + *Note Protocols Database::. + + To get information about a particular service, use the +`getservbyname' or `getservbyport' functions. The information is +returned in a statically-allocated structure; you must copy the +information if you need to save it across calls. + + -- Function: struct servent * getservbyname (const char *NAME, const + char *PROTO) + The `getservbyname' function returns information about the service + named NAME using protocol PROTO. If it can't find such a service, + it returns a null pointer. + + This function is useful for servers as well as for clients; servers + use it to determine which port they should listen on (*note + Listening::). + + -- Function: struct servent * getservbyport (int PORT, const char + *PROTO) + The `getservbyport' function returns information about the service + at port PORT using protocol PROTO. If it can't find such a + service, it returns a null pointer. + +You can also scan the services database using `setservent', +`getservent' and `endservent'. Be careful when using these functions +because they are not reentrant. + + -- Function: void setservent (int STAYOPEN) + This function opens the services database to begin scanning it. + + If the STAYOPEN argument is nonzero, this sets a flag so that + subsequent calls to `getservbyname' or `getservbyport' will not + close the database (as they usually would). This makes for more + efficiency if you call those functions several times, by avoiding + reopening the database for each call. + + -- Function: struct servent * getservent (void) + This function returns the next entry in the services database. If + there are no more entries, it returns a null pointer. + + -- Function: void endservent (void) + This function closes the services database. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Byte Order, Next: Inet Example, Prev: Services Database, Up: Internet Namespace + +16.6.5 Byte Order Conversion +---------------------------- + +Different kinds of computers use different conventions for the ordering +of bytes within a word. Some computers put the most significant byte +within a word first (this is called "big-endian" order), and others put +it last ("little-endian" order). + + So that machines with different byte order conventions can +communicate, the Internet protocols specify a canonical byte order +convention for data transmitted over the network. This is known as +"network byte order". + + When establishing an Internet socket connection, you must make sure +that the data in the `sin_port' and `sin_addr' members of the +`sockaddr_in' structure are represented in network byte order. If you +are encoding integer data in the messages sent through the socket, you +should convert this to network byte order too. If you don't do this, +your program may fail when running on or talking to other kinds of +machines. + + If you use `getservbyname' and `gethostbyname' or `inet_addr' to get +the port number and host address, the values are already in network +byte order, and you can copy them directly into the `sockaddr_in' +structure. + + Otherwise, you have to convert the values explicitly. Use `htons' +and `ntohs' to convert values for the `sin_port' member. Use `htonl' +and `ntohl' to convert IPv4 addresses for the `sin_addr' member. +(Remember, `struct in_addr' is equivalent to `uint32_t'.) These +functions are declared in `netinet/in.h'. + + -- Function: uint16_t htons (uint16_t HOSTSHORT) + This function converts the `uint16_t' integer HOSTSHORT from host + byte order to network byte order. + + -- Function: uint16_t ntohs (uint16_t NETSHORT) + This function converts the `uint16_t' integer NETSHORT from + network byte order to host byte order. + + -- Function: uint32_t htonl (uint32_t HOSTLONG) + This function converts the `uint32_t' integer HOSTLONG from host + byte order to network byte order. + + This is used for IPv4 Internet addresses. + + -- Function: uint32_t ntohl (uint32_t NETLONG) + This function converts the `uint32_t' integer NETLONG from network + byte order to host byte order. + + This is used for IPv4 Internet addresses. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Protocols Database, Next: Ports, Prev: Host Addresses, Up: Internet Namespace + +16.6.6 Protocols Database +------------------------- + +The communications protocol used with a socket controls low-level +details of how data are exchanged. For example, the protocol implements +things like checksums to detect errors in transmissions, and routing +instructions for messages. Normal user programs have little reason to +mess with these details directly. + + The default communications protocol for the Internet namespace +depends on the communication style. For stream communication, the +default is TCP ("transmission control protocol"). For datagram +communication, the default is UDP ("user datagram protocol"). For +reliable datagram communication, the default is RDP ("reliable datagram +protocol"). You should nearly always use the default. + + Internet protocols are generally specified by a name instead of a +number. The network protocols that a host knows about are stored in a +database. This is usually either derived from the file +`/etc/protocols', or it may be an equivalent provided by a name server. +You look up the protocol number associated with a named protocol in the +database using the `getprotobyname' function. + + Here are detailed descriptions of the utilities for accessing the +protocols database. These are declared in `netdb.h'. + + -- Data Type: struct protoent + This data type is used to represent entries in the network + protocols database. It has the following members: + + `char *p_name' + This is the official name of the protocol. + + `char **p_aliases' + These are alternate names for the protocol, specified as an + array of strings. The last element of the array is a null + pointer. + + `int p_proto' + This is the protocol number (in host byte order); use this + member as the PROTOCOL argument to `socket'. + + You can use `getprotobyname' and `getprotobynumber' to search the +protocols database for a specific protocol. The information is +returned in a statically-allocated structure; you must copy the +information if you need to save it across calls. + + -- Function: struct protoent * getprotobyname (const char *NAME) + The `getprotobyname' function returns information about the + network protocol named NAME. If there is no such protocol, it + returns a null pointer. + + -- Function: struct protoent * getprotobynumber (int PROTOCOL) + The `getprotobynumber' function returns information about the + network protocol with number PROTOCOL. If there is no such + protocol, it returns a null pointer. + + You can also scan the whole protocols database one protocol at a +time by using `setprotoent', `getprotoent' and `endprotoent'. Be +careful when using these functions because they are not reentrant. + + -- Function: void setprotoent (int STAYOPEN) + This function opens the protocols database to begin scanning it. + + If the STAYOPEN argument is nonzero, this sets a flag so that + subsequent calls to `getprotobyname' or `getprotobynumber' will + not close the database (as they usually would). This makes for + more efficiency if you call those functions several times, by + avoiding reopening the database for each call. + + -- Function: struct protoent * getprotoent (void) + This function returns the next entry in the protocols database. It + returns a null pointer if there are no more entries. + + -- Function: void endprotoent (void) + This function closes the protocols database. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Inet Example, Prev: Byte Order, Up: Internet Namespace + +16.6.7 Internet Socket Example +------------------------------ + +Here is an example showing how to create and name a socket in the +Internet namespace. The newly created socket exists on the machine that +the program is running on. Rather than finding and using the machine's +Internet address, this example specifies `INADDR_ANY' as the host +address; the system replaces that with the machine's actual address. + + #include + #include + #include + #include + + int + make_socket (uint16_t port) + { + int sock; + struct sockaddr_in name; + + /* Create the socket. */ + sock = socket (PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); + if (sock < 0) + { + perror ("socket"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + /* Give the socket a name. */ + name.sin_family = AF_INET; + name.sin_port = htons (port); + name.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl (INADDR_ANY); + if (bind (sock, (struct sockaddr *) &name, sizeof (name)) < 0) + { + perror ("bind"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + return sock; + } + + Here is another example, showing how you can fill in a `sockaddr_in' +structure, given a host name string and a port number: + + #include + #include + #include + #include + #include + + void + init_sockaddr (struct sockaddr_in *name, + const char *hostname, + uint16_t port) + { + struct hostent *hostinfo; + + name->sin_family = AF_INET; + name->sin_port = htons (port); + hostinfo = gethostbyname (hostname); + if (hostinfo == NULL) + { + fprintf (stderr, "Unknown host %s.\n", hostname); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + } + name->sin_addr = *(struct in_addr *) hostinfo->h_addr; + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Misc Namespaces, Next: Open/Close Sockets, Prev: Internet Namespace, Up: Sockets + +16.7 Other Namespaces +===================== + +Certain other namespaces and associated protocol families are supported +but not documented yet because they are not often used. `PF_NS' refers +to the Xerox Network Software protocols. `PF_ISO' stands for Open +Systems Interconnect. `PF_CCITT' refers to protocols from CCITT. +`socket.h' defines these symbols and others naming protocols not +actually implemented. + + `PF_IMPLINK' is used for communicating between hosts and Internet +Message Processors. For information on this and `PF_ROUTE', an +occasionally-used local area routing protocol, see the GNU Hurd Manual +(to appear in the future). + + +File: libc.info, Node: Open/Close Sockets, Next: Connections, Prev: Misc Namespaces, Up: Sockets + +16.8 Opening and Closing Sockets +================================ + +This section describes the actual library functions for opening and +closing sockets. The same functions work for all namespaces and +connection styles. + +* Menu: + +* Creating a Socket:: How to open a socket. +* Closing a Socket:: How to close a socket. +* Socket Pairs:: These are created like pipes. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Creating a Socket, Next: Closing a Socket, Up: Open/Close Sockets + +16.8.1 Creating a Socket +------------------------ + +The primitive for creating a socket is the `socket' function, declared +in `sys/socket.h'. + + -- Function: int socket (int NAMESPACE, int STYLE, int PROTOCOL) + This function creates a socket and specifies communication style + STYLE, which should be one of the socket styles listed in *note + Communication Styles::. The NAMESPACE argument specifies the + namespace; it must be `PF_LOCAL' (*note Local Namespace::) or + `PF_INET' (*note Internet Namespace::). PROTOCOL designates the + specific protocol (*note Socket Concepts::); zero is usually right + for PROTOCOL. + + The return value from `socket' is the file descriptor for the new + socket, or `-1' in case of error. The following `errno' error + conditions are defined for this function: + + `EPROTONOSUPPORT' + The PROTOCOL or STYLE is not supported by the NAMESPACE + specified. + + `EMFILE' + The process already has too many file descriptors open. + + `ENFILE' + The system already has too many file descriptors open. + + `EACCES' + The process does not have the privilege to create a socket of + the specified STYLE or PROTOCOL. + + `ENOBUFS' + The system ran out of internal buffer space. + + The file descriptor returned by the `socket' function supports both + read and write operations. However, like pipes, sockets do not + support file positioning operations. + + For examples of how to call the `socket' function, see *note Local +Socket Example::, or *note Inet Example::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Closing a Socket, Next: Socket Pairs, Prev: Creating a Socket, Up: Open/Close Sockets + +16.8.2 Closing a Socket +----------------------- + +When you have finished using a socket, you can simply close its file +descriptor with `close'; see *note Opening and Closing Files::. If +there is still data waiting to be transmitted over the connection, +normally `close' tries to complete this transmission. You can control +this behavior using the `SO_LINGER' socket option to specify a timeout +period; see *note Socket Options::. + + You can also shut down only reception or transmission on a +connection by calling `shutdown', which is declared in `sys/socket.h'. + + -- Function: int shutdown (int SOCKET, int HOW) + The `shutdown' function shuts down the connection of socket + SOCKET. The argument HOW specifies what action to perform: + + `0' + Stop receiving data for this socket. If further data arrives, + reject it. + + `1' + Stop trying to transmit data from this socket. Discard any + data waiting to be sent. Stop looking for acknowledgement of + data already sent; don't retransmit it if it is lost. + + `2' + Stop both reception and transmission. + + The return value is `0' on success and `-1' on failure. The + following `errno' error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EBADF' + SOCKET is not a valid file descriptor. + + `ENOTSOCK' + SOCKET is not a socket. + + `ENOTCONN' + SOCKET is not connected. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Socket Pairs, Prev: Closing a Socket, Up: Open/Close Sockets + +16.8.3 Socket Pairs +------------------- + +A "socket pair" consists of a pair of connected (but unnamed) sockets. +It is very similar to a pipe and is used in much the same way. Socket +pairs are created with the `socketpair' function, declared in +`sys/socket.h'. A socket pair is much like a pipe; the main difference +is that the socket pair is bidirectional, whereas the pipe has one +input-only end and one output-only end (*note Pipes and FIFOs::). + + -- Function: int socketpair (int NAMESPACE, int STYLE, int PROTOCOL, + int FILEDES[2]) + This function creates a socket pair, returning the file + descriptors in `FILEDES[0]' and `FILEDES[1]'. The socket pair is + a full-duplex communications channel, so that both reading and + writing may be performed at either end. + + The NAMESPACE, STYLE and PROTOCOL arguments are interpreted as for + the `socket' function. STYLE should be one of the communication + styles listed in *note Communication Styles::. The NAMESPACE + argument specifies the namespace, which must be `AF_LOCAL' (*note + Local Namespace::); PROTOCOL specifies the communications + protocol, but zero is the only meaningful value. + + If STYLE specifies a connectionless communication style, then the + two sockets you get are not _connected_, strictly speaking, but + each of them knows the other as the default destination address, + so they can send packets to each other. + + The `socketpair' function returns `0' on success and `-1' on + failure. The following `errno' error conditions are defined for + this function: + + `EMFILE' + The process has too many file descriptors open. + + `EAFNOSUPPORT' + The specified namespace is not supported. + + `EPROTONOSUPPORT' + The specified protocol is not supported. + + `EOPNOTSUPP' + The specified protocol does not support the creation of + socket pairs. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Connections, Next: Datagrams, Prev: Open/Close Sockets, Up: Sockets + +16.9 Using Sockets with Connections +=================================== + +The most common communication styles involve making a connection to a +particular other socket, and then exchanging data with that socket over +and over. Making a connection is asymmetric; one side (the "client") +acts to request a connection, while the other side (the "server") makes +a socket and waits for the connection request. + +* Menu: + +* Connecting:: What the client program must do. +* Listening:: How a server program waits for requests. +* Accepting Connections:: What the server does when it gets a request. +* Who is Connected:: Getting the address of the + other side of a connection. +* Transferring Data:: How to send and receive data. +* Byte Stream Example:: An example program: a client for communicating + over a byte stream socket in the Internet namespace. +* Server Example:: A corresponding server program. +* Out-of-Band Data:: This is an advanced feature. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Connecting, Next: Listening, Up: Connections + +16.9.1 Making a Connection +-------------------------- + +In making a connection, the client makes a connection while the server +waits for and accepts the connection. Here we discuss what the client +program must do with the `connect' function, which is declared in +`sys/socket.h'. + + -- Function: int connect (int SOCKET, struct sockaddr *ADDR, socklen_t + LENGTH) + The `connect' function initiates a connection from the socket with + file descriptor SOCKET to the socket whose address is specified by + the ADDR and LENGTH arguments. (This socket is typically on + another machine, and it must be already set up as a server.) + *Note Socket Addresses::, for information about how these + arguments are interpreted. + + Normally, `connect' waits until the server responds to the request + before it returns. You can set nonblocking mode on the socket + SOCKET to make `connect' return immediately without waiting for + the response. *Note File Status Flags::, for information about + nonblocking mode. + + The normal return value from `connect' is `0'. If an error + occurs, `connect' returns `-1'. The following `errno' error + conditions are defined for this function: + + `EBADF' + The socket SOCKET is not a valid file descriptor. + + `ENOTSOCK' + File descriptor SOCKET is not a socket. + + `EADDRNOTAVAIL' + The specified address is not available on the remote machine. + + `EAFNOSUPPORT' + The namespace of the ADDR is not supported by this socket. + + `EISCONN' + The socket SOCKET is already connected. + + `ETIMEDOUT' + The attempt to establish the connection timed out. + + `ECONNREFUSED' + The server has actively refused to establish the connection. + + `ENETUNREACH' + The network of the given ADDR isn't reachable from this host. + + `EADDRINUSE' + The socket address of the given ADDR is already in use. + + `EINPROGRESS' + The socket SOCKET is non-blocking and the connection could + not be established immediately. You can determine when the + connection is completely established with `select'; *note + Waiting for I/O::. Another `connect' call on the same + socket, before the connection is completely established, will + fail with `EALREADY'. + + `EALREADY' + The socket SOCKET is non-blocking and already has a pending + connection in progress (see `EINPROGRESS' above). + + This function is defined as a cancellation point in multi-threaded + programs, so one has to be prepared for this and make sure that + allocated resources (like memory, files descriptors, semaphores or + whatever) are freed even if the thread is canceled. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Listening, Next: Accepting Connections, Prev: Connecting, Up: Connections + +16.9.2 Listening for Connections +-------------------------------- + +Now let us consider what the server process must do to accept +connections on a socket. First it must use the `listen' function to +enable connection requests on the socket, and then accept each incoming +connection with a call to `accept' (*note Accepting Connections::). +Once connection requests are enabled on a server socket, the `select' +function reports when the socket has a connection ready to be accepted +(*note Waiting for I/O::). + + The `listen' function is not allowed for sockets using +connectionless communication styles. + + You can write a network server that does not even start running +until a connection to it is requested. *Note Inetd Servers::. + + In the Internet namespace, there are no special protection mechanisms +for controlling access to a port; any process on any machine can make a +connection to your server. If you want to restrict access to your +server, make it examine the addresses associated with connection +requests or implement some other handshaking or identification protocol. + + In the local namespace, the ordinary file protection bits control +who has access to connect to the socket. + + -- Function: int listen (int SOCKET, int N) + The `listen' function enables the socket SOCKET to accept + connections, thus making it a server socket. + + The argument N specifies the length of the queue for pending + connections. When the queue fills, new clients attempting to + connect fail with `ECONNREFUSED' until the server calls `accept' to + accept a connection from the queue. + + The `listen' function returns `0' on success and `-1' on failure. + The following `errno' error conditions are defined for this + function: + + `EBADF' + The argument SOCKET is not a valid file descriptor. + + `ENOTSOCK' + The argument SOCKET is not a socket. + + `EOPNOTSUPP' + The socket SOCKET does not support this operation. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Accepting Connections, Next: Who is Connected, Prev: Listening, Up: Connections + +16.9.3 Accepting Connections +---------------------------- + +When a server receives a connection request, it can complete the +connection by accepting the request. Use the function `accept' to do +this. + + A socket that has been established as a server can accept connection +requests from multiple clients. The server's original socket _does not +become part of the connection_; instead, `accept' makes a new socket +which participates in the connection. `accept' returns the descriptor +for this socket. The server's original socket remains available for +listening for further connection requests. + + The number of pending connection requests on a server socket is +finite. If connection requests arrive from clients faster than the +server can act upon them, the queue can fill up and additional requests +are refused with an `ECONNREFUSED' error. You can specify the maximum +length of this queue as an argument to the `listen' function, although +the system may also impose its own internal limit on the length of this +queue. + + -- Function: int accept (int SOCKET, struct sockaddr *ADDR, socklen_t + *LENGTH_PTR) + This function is used to accept a connection request on the server + socket SOCKET. + + The `accept' function waits if there are no connections pending, + unless the socket SOCKET has nonblocking mode set. (You can use + `select' to wait for a pending connection, with a nonblocking + socket.) *Note File Status Flags::, for information about + nonblocking mode. + + The ADDR and LENGTH-PTR arguments are used to return information + about the name of the client socket that initiated the connection. + *Note Socket Addresses::, for information about the format of the + information. + + Accepting a connection does not make SOCKET part of the + connection. Instead, it creates a new socket which becomes + connected. The normal return value of `accept' is the file + descriptor for the new socket. + + After `accept', the original socket SOCKET remains open and + unconnected, and continues listening until you close it. You can + accept further connections with SOCKET by calling `accept' again. + + If an error occurs, `accept' returns `-1'. The following `errno' + error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EBADF' + The SOCKET argument is not a valid file descriptor. + + `ENOTSOCK' + The descriptor SOCKET argument is not a socket. + + `EOPNOTSUPP' + The descriptor SOCKET does not support this operation. + + `EWOULDBLOCK' + SOCKET has nonblocking mode set, and there are no pending + connections immediately available. + + This function is defined as a cancellation point in multi-threaded + programs, so one has to be prepared for this and make sure that + allocated resources (like memory, files descriptors, semaphores or + whatever) are freed even if the thread is canceled. + + The `accept' function is not allowed for sockets using +connectionless communication styles. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Who is Connected, Next: Transferring Data, Prev: Accepting Connections, Up: Connections + +16.9.4 Who is Connected to Me? +------------------------------ + + -- Function: int getpeername (int SOCKET, struct sockaddr *ADDR, + socklen_t *LENGTH-PTR) + The `getpeername' function returns the address of the socket that + SOCKET is connected to; it stores the address in the memory space + specified by ADDR and LENGTH-PTR. It stores the length of the + address in `*LENGTH-PTR'. + + *Note Socket Addresses::, for information about the format of the + address. In some operating systems, `getpeername' works only for + sockets in the Internet domain. + + The return value is `0' on success and `-1' on error. The + following `errno' error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EBADF' + The argument SOCKET is not a valid file descriptor. + + `ENOTSOCK' + The descriptor SOCKET is not a socket. + + `ENOTCONN' + The socket SOCKET is not connected. + + `ENOBUFS' + There are not enough internal buffers available. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Transferring Data, Next: Byte Stream Example, Prev: Who is Connected, Up: Connections + +16.9.5 Transferring Data +------------------------ + +Once a socket has been connected to a peer, you can use the ordinary +`read' and `write' operations (*note I/O Primitives::) to transfer +data. A socket is a two-way communications channel, so read and write +operations can be performed at either end. + + There are also some I/O modes that are specific to socket operations. +In order to specify these modes, you must use the `recv' and `send' +functions instead of the more generic `read' and `write' functions. +The `recv' and `send' functions take an additional argument which you +can use to specify various flags to control special I/O modes. For +example, you can specify the `MSG_OOB' flag to read or write +out-of-band data, the `MSG_PEEK' flag to peek at input, or the +`MSG_DONTROUTE' flag to control inclusion of routing information on +output. + +* Menu: + +* Sending Data:: Sending data with `send'. +* Receiving Data:: Reading data with `recv'. +* Socket Data Options:: Using `send' and `recv'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Sending Data, Next: Receiving Data, Up: Transferring Data + +16.9.5.1 Sending Data +..................... + +The `send' function is declared in the header file `sys/socket.h'. If +your FLAGS argument is zero, you can just as well use `write' instead +of `send'; see *note I/O Primitives::. If the socket was connected but +the connection has broken, you get a `SIGPIPE' signal for any use of +`send' or `write' (*note Miscellaneous Signals::). + + -- Function: int send (int SOCKET, void *BUFFER, size_t SIZE, int + FLAGS) + The `send' function is like `write', but with the additional flags + FLAGS. The possible values of FLAGS are described in *note Socket + Data Options::. + + This function returns the number of bytes transmitted, or `-1' on + failure. If the socket is nonblocking, then `send' (like `write') + can return after sending just part of the data. *Note File Status + Flags::, for information about nonblocking mode. + + Note, however, that a successful return value merely indicates that + the message has been sent without error, not necessarily that it + has been received without error. + + The following `errno' error conditions are defined for this + function: + + `EBADF' + The SOCKET argument is not a valid file descriptor. + + `EINTR' + The operation was interrupted by a signal before any data was + sent. *Note Interrupted Primitives::. + + `ENOTSOCK' + The descriptor SOCKET is not a socket. + + `EMSGSIZE' + The socket type requires that the message be sent atomically, + but the message is too large for this to be possible. + + `EWOULDBLOCK' + Nonblocking mode has been set on the socket, and the write + operation would block. (Normally `send' blocks until the + operation can be completed.) + + `ENOBUFS' + There is not enough internal buffer space available. + + `ENOTCONN' + You never connected this socket. + + `EPIPE' + This socket was connected but the connection is now broken. + In this case, `send' generates a `SIGPIPE' signal first; if + that signal is ignored or blocked, or if its handler returns, + then `send' fails with `EPIPE'. + + This function is defined as a cancellation point in multi-threaded + programs, so one has to be prepared for this and make sure that + allocated resources (like memory, files descriptors, semaphores or + whatever) are freed even if the thread is canceled. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Receiving Data, Next: Socket Data Options, Prev: Sending Data, Up: Transferring Data + +16.9.5.2 Receiving Data +....................... + +The `recv' function is declared in the header file `sys/socket.h'. If +your FLAGS argument is zero, you can just as well use `read' instead of +`recv'; see *note I/O Primitives::. + + -- Function: int recv (int SOCKET, void *BUFFER, size_t SIZE, int + FLAGS) + The `recv' function is like `read', but with the additional flags + FLAGS. The possible values of FLAGS are described in *note Socket + Data Options::. + + If nonblocking mode is set for SOCKET, and no data are available to + be read, `recv' fails immediately rather than waiting. *Note File + Status Flags::, for information about nonblocking mode. + + This function returns the number of bytes received, or `-1' on + failure. The following `errno' error conditions are defined for + this function: + + `EBADF' + The SOCKET argument is not a valid file descriptor. + + `ENOTSOCK' + The descriptor SOCKET is not a socket. + + `EWOULDBLOCK' + Nonblocking mode has been set on the socket, and the read + operation would block. (Normally, `recv' blocks until there + is input available to be read.) + + `EINTR' + The operation was interrupted by a signal before any data was + read. *Note Interrupted Primitives::. + + `ENOTCONN' + You never connected this socket. + + This function is defined as a cancellation point in multi-threaded + programs, so one has to be prepared for this and make sure that + allocated resources (like memory, files descriptors, semaphores or + whatever) are freed even if the thread is canceled. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Socket Data Options, Prev: Receiving Data, Up: Transferring Data + +16.9.5.3 Socket Data Options +............................ + +The FLAGS argument to `send' and `recv' is a bit mask. You can +bitwise-OR the values of the following macros together to obtain a +value for this argument. All are defined in the header file +`sys/socket.h'. + + -- Macro: int MSG_OOB + Send or receive out-of-band data. *Note Out-of-Band Data::. + + -- Macro: int MSG_PEEK + Look at the data but don't remove it from the input queue. This is + only meaningful with input functions such as `recv', not with + `send'. + + -- Macro: int MSG_DONTROUTE + Don't include routing information in the message. This is only + meaningful with output operations, and is usually only of interest + for diagnostic or routing programs. We don't try to explain it + here. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Byte Stream Example, Next: Server Example, Prev: Transferring Data, Up: Connections + +16.9.6 Byte Stream Socket Example +--------------------------------- + +Here is an example client program that makes a connection for a byte +stream socket in the Internet namespace. It doesn't do anything +particularly interesting once it has connected to the server; it just +sends a text string to the server and exits. + + This program uses `init_sockaddr' to set up the socket address; see +*note Inet Example::. + + #include + #include + #include + #include + #include + #include + #include + #include + + #define PORT 5555 + #define MESSAGE "Yow!!! Are we having fun yet?!?" + #define SERVERHOST "mescaline.gnu.org" + + void + write_to_server (int filedes) + { + int nbytes; + + nbytes = write (filedes, MESSAGE, strlen (MESSAGE) + 1); + if (nbytes < 0) + { + perror ("write"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + } + } + + + int + main (void) + { + extern void init_sockaddr (struct sockaddr_in *name, + const char *hostname, + uint16_t port); + int sock; + struct sockaddr_in servername; + + /* Create the socket. */ + sock = socket (PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); + if (sock < 0) + { + perror ("socket (client)"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + /* Connect to the server. */ + init_sockaddr (&servername, SERVERHOST, PORT); + if (0 > connect (sock, + (struct sockaddr *) &servername, + sizeof (servername))) + { + perror ("connect (client)"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + /* Send data to the server. */ + write_to_server (sock); + close (sock); + exit (EXIT_SUCCESS); + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Server Example, Next: Out-of-Band Data, Prev: Byte Stream Example, Up: Connections + +16.9.7 Byte Stream Connection Server Example +-------------------------------------------- + +The server end is much more complicated. Since we want to allow +multiple clients to be connected to the server at the same time, it +would be incorrect to wait for input from a single client by simply +calling `read' or `recv'. Instead, the right thing to do is to use +`select' (*note Waiting for I/O::) to wait for input on all of the open +sockets. This also allows the server to deal with additional +connection requests. + + This particular server doesn't do anything interesting once it has +gotten a message from a client. It does close the socket for that +client when it detects an end-of-file condition (resulting from the +client shutting down its end of the connection). + + This program uses `make_socket' to set up the socket address; see +*note Inet Example::. + + #include + #include + #include + #include + #include + #include + #include + #include + + #define PORT 5555 + #define MAXMSG 512 + + int + read_from_client (int filedes) + { + char buffer[MAXMSG]; + int nbytes; + + nbytes = read (filedes, buffer, MAXMSG); + if (nbytes < 0) + { + /* Read error. */ + perror ("read"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + } + else if (nbytes == 0) + /* End-of-file. */ + return -1; + else + { + /* Data read. */ + fprintf (stderr, "Server: got message: `%s'\n", buffer); + return 0; + } + } + + int + main (void) + { + extern int make_socket (uint16_t port); + int sock; + fd_set active_fd_set, read_fd_set; + int i; + struct sockaddr_in clientname; + size_t size; + + /* Create the socket and set it up to accept connections. */ + sock = make_socket (PORT); + if (listen (sock, 1) < 0) + { + perror ("listen"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + /* Initialize the set of active sockets. */ + FD_ZERO (&active_fd_set); + FD_SET (sock, &active_fd_set); + + while (1) + { + /* Block until input arrives on one or more active sockets. */ + read_fd_set = active_fd_set; + if (select (FD_SETSIZE, &read_fd_set, NULL, NULL, NULL) < 0) + { + perror ("select"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + /* Service all the sockets with input pending. */ + for (i = 0; i < FD_SETSIZE; ++i) + if (FD_ISSET (i, &read_fd_set)) + { + if (i == sock) + { + /* Connection request on original socket. */ + int new; + size = sizeof (clientname); + new = accept (sock, + (struct sockaddr *) &clientname, + &size); + if (new < 0) + { + perror ("accept"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + } + fprintf (stderr, + "Server: connect from host %s, port %hd.\n", + inet_ntoa (clientname.sin_addr), + ntohs (clientname.sin_port)); + FD_SET (new, &active_fd_set); + } + else + { + /* Data arriving on an already-connected socket. */ + if (read_from_client (i) < 0) + { + close (i); + FD_CLR (i, &active_fd_set); + } + } + } + } + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Out-of-Band Data, Prev: Server Example, Up: Connections + +16.9.8 Out-of-Band Data +----------------------- + +Streams with connections permit "out-of-band" data that is delivered +with higher priority than ordinary data. Typically the reason for +sending out-of-band data is to send notice of an exceptional condition. +To send out-of-band data use `send', specifying the flag `MSG_OOB' +(*note Sending Data::). + + Out-of-band data are received with higher priority because the +receiving process need not read it in sequence; to read the next +available out-of-band data, use `recv' with the `MSG_OOB' flag (*note +Receiving Data::). Ordinary read operations do not read out-of-band +data; they read only ordinary data. + + When a socket finds that out-of-band data are on their way, it sends +a `SIGURG' signal to the owner process or process group of the socket. +You can specify the owner using the `F_SETOWN' command to the `fcntl' +function; see *note Interrupt Input::. You must also establish a +handler for this signal, as described in *note Signal Handling::, in +order to take appropriate action such as reading the out-of-band data. + + Alternatively, you can test for pending out-of-band data, or wait +until there is out-of-band data, using the `select' function; it can +wait for an exceptional condition on the socket. *Note Waiting for +I/O::, for more information about `select'. + + Notification of out-of-band data (whether with `SIGURG' or with +`select') indicates that out-of-band data are on the way; the data may +not actually arrive until later. If you try to read the out-of-band +data before it arrives, `recv' fails with an `EWOULDBLOCK' error. + + Sending out-of-band data automatically places a "mark" in the stream +of ordinary data, showing where in the sequence the out-of-band data +"would have been". This is useful when the meaning of out-of-band data +is "cancel everything sent so far". Here is how you can test, in the +receiving process, whether any ordinary data was sent before the mark: + + success = ioctl (socket, SIOCATMARK, &atmark); + + The `integer' variable ATMARK is set to a nonzero value if the +socket's read pointer has reached the "mark". + + Here's a function to discard any ordinary data preceding the +out-of-band mark: + + int + discard_until_mark (int socket) + { + while (1) + { + /* This is not an arbitrary limit; any size will do. */ + char buffer[1024]; + int atmark, success; + + /* If we have reached the mark, return. */ + success = ioctl (socket, SIOCATMARK, &atmark); + if (success < 0) + perror ("ioctl"); + if (result) + return; + + /* Otherwise, read a bunch of ordinary data and discard it. + This is guaranteed not to read past the mark + if it starts before the mark. */ + success = read (socket, buffer, sizeof buffer); + if (success < 0) + perror ("read"); + } + } + + If you don't want to discard the ordinary data preceding the mark, +you may need to read some of it anyway, to make room in internal system +buffers for the out-of-band data. If you try to read out-of-band data +and get an `EWOULDBLOCK' error, try reading some ordinary data (saving +it so that you can use it when you want it) and see if that makes room. +Here is an example: + + struct buffer + { + char *buf; + int size; + struct buffer *next; + }; + + /* Read the out-of-band data from SOCKET and return it + as a `struct buffer', which records the address of the data + and its size. + + It may be necessary to read some ordinary data + in order to make room for the out-of-band data. + If so, the ordinary data are saved as a chain of buffers + found in the `next' field of the value. */ + + struct buffer * + read_oob (int socket) + { + struct buffer *tail = 0; + struct buffer *list = 0; + + while (1) + { + /* This is an arbitrary limit. + Does anyone know how to do this without a limit? */ + #define BUF_SZ 1024 + char *buf = (char *) xmalloc (BUF_SZ); + int success; + int atmark; + + /* Try again to read the out-of-band data. */ + success = recv (socket, buf, BUF_SZ, MSG_OOB); + if (success >= 0) + { + /* We got it, so return it. */ + struct buffer *link + = (struct buffer *) xmalloc (sizeof (struct buffer)); + link->buf = buf; + link->size = success; + link->next = list; + return link; + } + + /* If we fail, see if we are at the mark. */ + success = ioctl (socket, SIOCATMARK, &atmark); + if (success < 0) + perror ("ioctl"); + if (atmark) + { + /* At the mark; skipping past more ordinary data cannot help. + So just wait a while. */ + sleep (1); + continue; + } + + /* Otherwise, read a bunch of ordinary data and save it. + This is guaranteed not to read past the mark + if it starts before the mark. */ + success = read (socket, buf, BUF_SZ); + if (success < 0) + perror ("read"); + + /* Save this data in the buffer list. */ + { + struct buffer *link + = (struct buffer *) xmalloc (sizeof (struct buffer)); + link->buf = buf; + link->size = success; + + /* Add the new link to the end of the list. */ + if (tail) + tail->next = link; + else + list = link; + tail = link; + } + } + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Datagrams, Next: Inetd, Prev: Connections, Up: Sockets + +16.10 Datagram Socket Operations +================================ + +This section describes how to use communication styles that don't use +connections (styles `SOCK_DGRAM' and `SOCK_RDM'). Using these styles, +you group data into packets and each packet is an independent +communication. You specify the destination for each packet +individually. + + Datagram packets are like letters: you send each one independently +with its own destination address, and they may arrive in the wrong +order or not at all. + + The `listen' and `accept' functions are not allowed for sockets +using connectionless communication styles. + +* Menu: + +* Sending Datagrams:: Sending packets on a datagram socket. +* Receiving Datagrams:: Receiving packets on a datagram socket. +* Datagram Example:: An example program: packets sent over a + datagram socket in the local namespace. +* Example Receiver:: Another program, that receives those packets. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Sending Datagrams, Next: Receiving Datagrams, Up: Datagrams + +16.10.1 Sending Datagrams +------------------------- + +The normal way of sending data on a datagram socket is by using the +`sendto' function, declared in `sys/socket.h'. + + You can call `connect' on a datagram socket, but this only specifies +a default destination for further data transmission on the socket. +When a socket has a default destination you can use `send' (*note +Sending Data::) or even `write' (*note I/O Primitives::) to send a +packet there. You can cancel the default destination by calling +`connect' using an address format of `AF_UNSPEC' in the ADDR argument. +*Note Connecting::, for more information about the `connect' function. + + -- Function: int sendto (int SOCKET, void *BUFFER. size_t SIZE, int + FLAGS, struct sockaddr *ADDR, socklen_t LENGTH) + The `sendto' function transmits the data in the BUFFER through the + socket SOCKET to the destination address specified by the ADDR and + LENGTH arguments. The SIZE argument specifies the number of bytes + to be transmitted. + + The FLAGS are interpreted the same way as for `send'; see *note + Socket Data Options::. + + The return value and error conditions are also the same as for + `send', but you cannot rely on the system to detect errors and + report them; the most common error is that the packet is lost or + there is no-one at the specified address to receive it, and the + operating system on your machine usually does not know this. + + It is also possible for one call to `sendto' to report an error + owing to a problem related to a previous call. + + This function is defined as a cancellation point in multi-threaded + programs, so one has to be prepared for this and make sure that + allocated resources (like memory, files descriptors, semaphores or + whatever) are freed even if the thread is canceled. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Receiving Datagrams, Next: Datagram Example, Prev: Sending Datagrams, Up: Datagrams + +16.10.2 Receiving Datagrams +--------------------------- + +The `recvfrom' function reads a packet from a datagram socket and also +tells you where it was sent from. This function is declared in +`sys/socket.h'. + + -- Function: int recvfrom (int SOCKET, void *BUFFER, size_t SIZE, int + FLAGS, struct sockaddr *ADDR, socklen_t *LENGTH-PTR) + The `recvfrom' function reads one packet from the socket SOCKET + into the buffer BUFFER. The SIZE argument specifies the maximum + number of bytes to be read. + + If the packet is longer than SIZE bytes, then you get the first + SIZE bytes of the packet and the rest of the packet is lost. + There's no way to read the rest of the packet. Thus, when you use + a packet protocol, you must always know how long a packet to + expect. + + The ADDR and LENGTH-PTR arguments are used to return the address + where the packet came from. *Note Socket Addresses::. For a + socket in the local domain the address information won't be + meaningful, since you can't read the address of such a socket + (*note Local Namespace::). You can specify a null pointer as the + ADDR argument if you are not interested in this information. + + The FLAGS are interpreted the same way as for `recv' (*note Socket + Data Options::). The return value and error conditions are also + the same as for `recv'. + + This function is defined as a cancellation point in multi-threaded + programs, so one has to be prepared for this and make sure that + allocated resources (like memory, files descriptors, semaphores or + whatever) are freed even if the thread is canceled. + + You can use plain `recv' (*note Receiving Data::) instead of +`recvfrom' if you don't need to find out who sent the packet (either +because you know where it should come from or because you treat all +possible senders alike). Even `read' can be used if you don't want to +specify FLAGS (*note I/O Primitives::). + + +File: libc.info, Node: Datagram Example, Next: Example Receiver, Prev: Receiving Datagrams, Up: Datagrams + +16.10.3 Datagram Socket Example +------------------------------- + +Here is a set of example programs that send messages over a datagram +stream in the local namespace. Both the client and server programs use +the `make_named_socket' function that was presented in *note Local +Socket Example::, to create and name their sockets. + + First, here is the server program. It sits in a loop waiting for +messages to arrive, bouncing each message back to the sender. +Obviously this isn't a particularly useful program, but it does show +the general ideas involved. + + #include + #include + #include + #include + #include + + #define SERVER "/tmp/serversocket" + #define MAXMSG 512 + + int + main (void) + { + int sock; + char message[MAXMSG]; + struct sockaddr_un name; + size_t size; + int nbytes; + + /* Remove the filename first, it's ok if the call fails */ + unlink (SERVER); + + /* Make the socket, then loop endlessly. */ + sock = make_named_socket (SERVER); + while (1) + { + /* Wait for a datagram. */ + size = sizeof (name); + nbytes = recvfrom (sock, message, MAXMSG, 0, + (struct sockaddr *) & name, &size); + if (nbytes < 0) + { + perror ("recfrom (server)"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + /* Give a diagnostic message. */ + fprintf (stderr, "Server: got message: %s\n", message); + + /* Bounce the message back to the sender. */ + nbytes = sendto (sock, message, nbytes, 0, + (struct sockaddr *) & name, size); + if (nbytes < 0) + { + perror ("sendto (server)"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + } + } + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Example Receiver, Prev: Datagram Example, Up: Datagrams + +16.10.4 Example of Reading Datagrams +------------------------------------ + +Here is the client program corresponding to the server above. + + It sends a datagram to the server and then waits for a reply. Notice +that the socket for the client (as well as for the server) in this +example has to be given a name. This is so that the server can direct +a message back to the client. Since the socket has no associated +connection state, the only way the server can do this is by referencing +the name of the client. + + #include + #include + #include + #include + #include + #include + + #define SERVER "/tmp/serversocket" + #define CLIENT "/tmp/mysocket" + #define MAXMSG 512 + #define MESSAGE "Yow!!! Are we having fun yet?!?" + + int + main (void) + { + extern int make_named_socket (const char *name); + int sock; + char message[MAXMSG]; + struct sockaddr_un name; + size_t size; + int nbytes; + + /* Make the socket. */ + sock = make_named_socket (CLIENT); + + /* Initialize the server socket address. */ + name.sun_family = AF_LOCAL; + strcpy (name.sun_path, SERVER); + size = strlen (name.sun_path) + sizeof (name.sun_family); + + /* Send the datagram. */ + nbytes = sendto (sock, MESSAGE, strlen (MESSAGE) + 1, 0, + (struct sockaddr *) & name, size); + if (nbytes < 0) + { + perror ("sendto (client)"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + /* Wait for a reply. */ + nbytes = recvfrom (sock, message, MAXMSG, 0, NULL, 0); + if (nbytes < 0) + { + perror ("recfrom (client)"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + /* Print a diagnostic message. */ + fprintf (stderr, "Client: got message: %s\n", message); + + /* Clean up. */ + remove (CLIENT); + close (sock); + } + + Keep in mind that datagram socket communications are unreliable. In +this example, the client program waits indefinitely if the message +never reaches the server or if the server's response never comes back. +It's up to the user running the program to kill and restart it if +desired. A more automatic solution could be to use `select' (*note +Waiting for I/O::) to establish a timeout period for the reply, and in +case of timeout either re-send the message or shut down the socket and +exit. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Inetd, Next: Socket Options, Prev: Datagrams, Up: Sockets + +16.11 The `inetd' Daemon +======================== + +We've explained above how to write a server program that does its own +listening. Such a server must already be running in order for anyone +to connect to it. + + Another way to provide a service on an Internet port is to let the +daemon program `inetd' do the listening. `inetd' is a program that +runs all the time and waits (using `select') for messages on a +specified set of ports. When it receives a message, it accepts the +connection (if the socket style calls for connections) and then forks a +child process to run the corresponding server program. You specify the +ports and their programs in the file `/etc/inetd.conf'. + +* Menu: + +* Inetd Servers:: +* Configuring Inetd:: + + +File: libc.info, Node: Inetd Servers, Next: Configuring Inetd, Up: Inetd + +16.11.1 `inetd' Servers +----------------------- + +Writing a server program to be run by `inetd' is very simple. Each time +someone requests a connection to the appropriate port, a new server +process starts. The connection already exists at this time; the socket +is available as the standard input descriptor and as the standard +output descriptor (descriptors 0 and 1) in the server process. Thus +the server program can begin reading and writing data right away. +Often the program needs only the ordinary I/O facilities; in fact, a +general-purpose filter program that knows nothing about sockets can +work as a byte stream server run by `inetd'. + + You can also use `inetd' for servers that use connectionless +communication styles. For these servers, `inetd' does not try to accept +a connection since no connection is possible. It just starts the +server program, which can read the incoming datagram packet from +descriptor 0. The server program can handle one request and then exit, +or you can choose to write it to keep reading more requests until no +more arrive, and then exit. You must specify which of these two +techniques the server uses when you configure `inetd'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Configuring Inetd, Prev: Inetd Servers, Up: Inetd + +16.11.2 Configuring `inetd' +--------------------------- + +The file `/etc/inetd.conf' tells `inetd' which ports to listen to and +what server programs to run for them. Normally each entry in the file +is one line, but you can split it onto multiple lines provided all but +the first line of the entry start with whitespace. Lines that start +with `#' are comments. + + Here are two standard entries in `/etc/inetd.conf': + + ftp stream tcp nowait root /libexec/ftpd ftpd + talk dgram udp wait root /libexec/talkd talkd + + An entry has this format: + + SERVICE STYLE PROTOCOL WAIT USERNAME PROGRAM ARGUMENTS + + The SERVICE field says which service this program provides. It +should be the name of a service defined in `/etc/services'. `inetd' +uses SERVICE to decide which port to listen on for this entry. + + The fields STYLE and PROTOCOL specify the communication style and +the protocol to use for the listening socket. The style should be the +name of a communication style, converted to lower case and with `SOCK_' +deleted--for example, `stream' or `dgram'. PROTOCOL should be one of +the protocols listed in `/etc/protocols'. The typical protocol names +are `tcp' for byte stream connections and `udp' for unreliable +datagrams. + + The WAIT field should be either `wait' or `nowait'. Use `wait' if +STYLE is a connectionless style and the server, once started, handles +multiple requests as they come in. Use `nowait' if `inetd' should +start a new process for each message or request that comes in. If +STYLE uses connections, then WAIT *must* be `nowait'. + + USER is the user name that the server should run as. `inetd' runs +as root, so it can set the user ID of its children arbitrarily. It's +best to avoid using `root' for USER if you can; but some servers, such +as Telnet and FTP, read a username and password themselves. These +servers need to be root initially so they can log in as commanded by +the data coming over the network. + + PROGRAM together with ARGUMENTS specifies the command to run to +start the server. PROGRAM should be an absolute file name specifying +the executable file to run. ARGUMENTS consists of any number of +whitespace-separated words, which become the command-line arguments of +PROGRAM. The first word in ARGUMENTS is argument zero, which should by +convention be the program name itself (sans directories). + + If you edit `/etc/inetd.conf', you can tell `inetd' to reread the +file and obey its new contents by sending the `inetd' process the +`SIGHUP' signal. You'll have to use `ps' to determine the process ID +of the `inetd' process as it is not fixed. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Socket Options, Next: Networks Database, Prev: Inetd, Up: Sockets + +16.12 Socket Options +==================== + +This section describes how to read or set various options that modify +the behavior of sockets and their underlying communications protocols. + + When you are manipulating a socket option, you must specify which +"level" the option pertains to. This describes whether the option +applies to the socket interface, or to a lower-level communications +protocol interface. + +* Menu: + +* Socket Option Functions:: The basic functions for setting and getting + socket options. +* Socket-Level Options:: Details of the options at the socket level. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Socket Option Functions, Next: Socket-Level Options, Up: Socket Options + +16.12.1 Socket Option Functions +------------------------------- + +Here are the functions for examining and modifying socket options. +They are declared in `sys/socket.h'. + + -- Function: int getsockopt (int SOCKET, int LEVEL, int OPTNAME, void + *OPTVAL, socklen_t *OPTLEN-PTR) + The `getsockopt' function gets information about the value of + option OPTNAME at level LEVEL for socket SOCKET. + + The option value is stored in a buffer that OPTVAL points to. + Before the call, you should supply in `*OPTLEN-PTR' the size of + this buffer; on return, it contains the number of bytes of + information actually stored in the buffer. + + Most options interpret the OPTVAL buffer as a single `int' value. + + The actual return value of `getsockopt' is `0' on success and `-1' + on failure. The following `errno' error conditions are defined: + + `EBADF' + The SOCKET argument is not a valid file descriptor. + + `ENOTSOCK' + The descriptor SOCKET is not a socket. + + `ENOPROTOOPT' + The OPTNAME doesn't make sense for the given LEVEL. + + -- Function: int setsockopt (int SOCKET, int LEVEL, int OPTNAME, void + *OPTVAL, socklen_t OPTLEN) + This function is used to set the socket option OPTNAME at level + LEVEL for socket SOCKET. The value of the option is passed in the + buffer OPTVAL of size OPTLEN. + + The return value and error codes for `setsockopt' are the same as + for `getsockopt'. + + + +File: libc.info, Node: Socket-Level Options, Prev: Socket Option Functions, Up: Socket Options + +16.12.2 Socket-Level Options +---------------------------- + + -- Constant: int SOL_SOCKET + Use this constant as the LEVEL argument to `getsockopt' or + `setsockopt' to manipulate the socket-level options described in + this section. + +Here is a table of socket-level option names; all are defined in the +header file `sys/socket.h'. + +`SO_DEBUG' + This option toggles recording of debugging information in the + underlying protocol modules. The value has type `int'; a nonzero + value means "yes". + +`SO_REUSEADDR' + This option controls whether `bind' (*note Setting Address::) + should permit reuse of local addresses for this socket. If you + enable this option, you can actually have two sockets with the + same Internet port number; but the system won't allow you to use + the two identically-named sockets in a way that would confuse the + Internet. The reason for this option is that some higher-level + Internet protocols, including FTP, require you to keep reusing the + same port number. + + The value has type `int'; a nonzero value means "yes". + +`SO_KEEPALIVE' + This option controls whether the underlying protocol should + periodically transmit messages on a connected socket. If the peer + fails to respond to these messages, the connection is considered + broken. The value has type `int'; a nonzero value means "yes". + +`SO_DONTROUTE' + This option controls whether outgoing messages bypass the normal + message routing facilities. If set, messages are sent directly to + the network interface instead. The value has type `int'; a nonzero + value means "yes". + +`SO_LINGER' + This option specifies what should happen when the socket of a type + that promises reliable delivery still has untransmitted messages + when it is closed; see *note Closing a Socket::. The value has + type `struct linger'. + + -- Data Type: struct linger + This structure type has the following members: + + `int l_onoff' + This field is interpreted as a boolean. If nonzero, + `close' blocks until the data are transmitted or the + timeout period has expired. + + `int l_linger' + This specifies the timeout period, in seconds. + +`SO_BROADCAST' + This option controls whether datagrams may be broadcast from the + socket. The value has type `int'; a nonzero value means "yes". + +`SO_OOBINLINE' + If this option is set, out-of-band data received on the socket is + placed in the normal input queue. This permits it to be read using + `read' or `recv' without specifying the `MSG_OOB' flag. *Note + Out-of-Band Data::. The value has type `int'; a nonzero value + means "yes". + +`SO_SNDBUF' + This option gets or sets the size of the output buffer. The value + is a `size_t', which is the size in bytes. + +`SO_RCVBUF' + This option gets or sets the size of the input buffer. The value + is a `size_t', which is the size in bytes. + +`SO_STYLE' +`SO_TYPE' + This option can be used with `getsockopt' only. It is used to get + the socket's communication style. `SO_TYPE' is the historical + name, and `SO_STYLE' is the preferred name in GNU. The value has + type `int' and its value designates a communication style; see + *note Communication Styles::. + +`SO_ERROR' + This option can be used with `getsockopt' only. It is used to + reset the error status of the socket. The value is an `int', + which represents the previous error status. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Networks Database, Prev: Socket Options, Up: Sockets + +16.13 Networks Database +======================= + +Many systems come with a database that records a list of networks known +to the system developer. This is usually kept either in the file +`/etc/networks' or in an equivalent from a name server. This data base +is useful for routing programs such as `route', but it is not useful +for programs that simply communicate over the network. We provide +functions to access this database, which are declared in `netdb.h'. + + -- Data Type: struct netent + This data type is used to represent information about entries in + the networks database. It has the following members: + + `char *n_name' + This is the "official" name of the network. + + `char **n_aliases' + These are alternative names for the network, represented as a + vector of strings. A null pointer terminates the array. + + `int n_addrtype' + This is the type of the network number; this is always equal + to `AF_INET' for Internet networks. + + `unsigned long int n_net' + This is the network number. Network numbers are returned in + host byte order; see *note Byte Order::. + + Use the `getnetbyname' or `getnetbyaddr' functions to search the +networks database for information about a specific network. The +information is returned in a statically-allocated structure; you must +copy the information if you need to save it. + + -- Function: struct netent * getnetbyname (const char *NAME) + The `getnetbyname' function returns information about the network + named NAME. It returns a null pointer if there is no such network. + + -- Function: struct netent * getnetbyaddr (unsigned long int NET, int + TYPE) + The `getnetbyaddr' function returns information about the network + of type TYPE with number NET. You should specify a value of + `AF_INET' for the TYPE argument for Internet networks. + + `getnetbyaddr' returns a null pointer if there is no such network. + + You can also scan the networks database using `setnetent', +`getnetent' and `endnetent'. Be careful when using these functions +because they are not reentrant. + + -- Function: void setnetent (int STAYOPEN) + This function opens and rewinds the networks database. + + If the STAYOPEN argument is nonzero, this sets a flag so that + subsequent calls to `getnetbyname' or `getnetbyaddr' will not + close the database (as they usually would). This makes for more + efficiency if you call those functions several times, by avoiding + reopening the database for each call. + + -- Function: struct netent * getnetent (void) + This function returns the next entry in the networks database. It + returns a null pointer if there are no more entries. + + -- Function: void endnetent (void) + This function closes the networks database. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Low-Level Terminal Interface, Next: Syslog, Prev: Sockets, Up: Top + +17 Low-Level Terminal Interface +******************************* + +This chapter describes functions that are specific to terminal devices. +You can use these functions to do things like turn off input echoing; +set serial line characteristics such as line speed and flow control; and +change which characters are used for end-of-file, command-line editing, +sending signals, and similar control functions. + + Most of the functions in this chapter operate on file descriptors. +*Note Low-Level I/O::, for more information about what a file +descriptor is and how to open a file descriptor for a terminal device. + +* Menu: + +* Is It a Terminal:: How to determine if a file is a terminal + device, and what its name is. +* I/O Queues:: About flow control and typeahead. +* Canonical or Not:: Two basic styles of input processing. +* Terminal Modes:: How to examine and modify flags controlling + details of terminal I/O: echoing, + signals, editing. Posix. +* BSD Terminal Modes:: BSD compatible terminal mode setting +* Line Control:: Sending break sequences, clearing + terminal buffers ... +* Noncanon Example:: How to read single characters without echo. +* Pseudo-Terminals:: How to open a pseudo-terminal. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Is It a Terminal, Next: I/O Queues, Up: Low-Level Terminal Interface + +17.1 Identifying Terminals +========================== + +The functions described in this chapter only work on files that +correspond to terminal devices. You can find out whether a file +descriptor is associated with a terminal by using the `isatty' function. + + Prototypes for the functions in this section are declared in the +header file `unistd.h'. + + -- Function: int isatty (int FILEDES) + This function returns `1' if FILEDES is a file descriptor + associated with an open terminal device, and 0 otherwise. + + If a file descriptor is associated with a terminal, you can get its +associated file name using the `ttyname' function. See also the +`ctermid' function, described in *note Identifying the Terminal::. + + -- Function: char * ttyname (int FILEDES) + If the file descriptor FILEDES is associated with a terminal + device, the `ttyname' function returns a pointer to a + statically-allocated, null-terminated string containing the file + name of the terminal file. The value is a null pointer if the + file descriptor isn't associated with a terminal, or the file name + cannot be determined. + + -- Function: int ttyname_r (int FILEDES, char *BUF, size_t LEN) + The `ttyname_r' function is similar to the `ttyname' function + except that it places its result into the user-specified buffer + starting at BUF with length LEN. + + The normal return value from `ttyname_r' is 0. Otherwise an error + number is returned to indicate the error. The following `errno' + error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES argument is not a valid file descriptor. + + `ENOTTY' + The FILEDES is not associated with a terminal. + + `ERANGE' + The buffer length LEN is too small to store the string to be + returned. + + +File: libc.info, Node: I/O Queues, Next: Canonical or Not, Prev: Is It a Terminal, Up: Low-Level Terminal Interface + +17.2 I/O Queues +=============== + +Many of the remaining functions in this section refer to the input and +output queues of a terminal device. These queues implement a form of +buffering _within the kernel_ independent of the buffering implemented +by I/O streams (*note I/O on Streams::). + + The "terminal input queue" is also sometimes referred to as its +"typeahead buffer". It holds the characters that have been received +from the terminal but not yet read by any process. + + The size of the input queue is described by the `MAX_INPUT' and +`_POSIX_MAX_INPUT' parameters; see *note Limits for Files::. You are +guaranteed a queue size of at least `MAX_INPUT', but the queue might be +larger, and might even dynamically change size. If input flow control +is enabled by setting the `IXOFF' input mode bit (*note Input Modes::), +the terminal driver transmits STOP and START characters to the terminal +when necessary to prevent the queue from overflowing. Otherwise, input +may be lost if it comes in too fast from the terminal. In canonical +mode, all input stays in the queue until a newline character is +received, so the terminal input queue can fill up when you type a very +long line. *Note Canonical or Not::. + + The "terminal output queue" is like the input queue, but for output; +it contains characters that have been written by processes, but not yet +transmitted to the terminal. If output flow control is enabled by +setting the `IXON' input mode bit (*note Input Modes::), the terminal +driver obeys START and STOP characters sent by the terminal to stop and +restart transmission of output. + + "Clearing" the terminal input queue means discarding any characters +that have been received but not yet read. Similarly, clearing the +terminal output queue means discarding any characters that have been +written but not yet transmitted. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Canonical or Not, Next: Terminal Modes, Prev: I/O Queues, Up: Low-Level Terminal Interface + +17.3 Two Styles of Input: Canonical or Not +========================================== + +POSIX systems support two basic modes of input: canonical and +noncanonical. + + In "canonical input processing" mode, terminal input is processed in +lines terminated by newline (`'\n''), EOF, or EOL characters. No input +can be read until an entire line has been typed by the user, and the +`read' function (*note I/O Primitives::) returns at most a single line +of input, no matter how many bytes are requested. + + In canonical input mode, the operating system provides input editing +facilities: some characters are interpreted specially to perform editing +operations within the current line of text, such as ERASE and KILL. +*Note Editing Characters::. + + The constants `_POSIX_MAX_CANON' and `MAX_CANON' parameterize the +maximum number of bytes which may appear in a single line of canonical +input. *Note Limits for Files::. You are guaranteed a maximum line +length of at least `MAX_CANON' bytes, but the maximum might be larger, +and might even dynamically change size. + + In "noncanonical input processing" mode, characters are not grouped +into lines, and ERASE and KILL processing is not performed. The +granularity with which bytes are read in noncanonical input mode is +controlled by the MIN and TIME settings. *Note Noncanonical Input::. + + Most programs use canonical input mode, because this gives the user a +way to edit input line by line. The usual reason to use noncanonical +mode is when the program accepts single-character commands or provides +its own editing facilities. + + The choice of canonical or noncanonical input is controlled by the +`ICANON' flag in the `c_lflag' member of `struct termios'. *Note Local +Modes::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Terminal Modes, Next: BSD Terminal Modes, Prev: Canonical or Not, Up: Low-Level Terminal Interface + +17.4 Terminal Modes +=================== + +This section describes the various terminal attributes that control how +input and output are done. The functions, data structures, and symbolic +constants are all declared in the header file `termios.h'. + + Don't confuse terminal attributes with file attributes. A device +special file which is associated with a terminal has file attributes as +described in *note File Attributes::. These are unrelated to the +attributes of the terminal device itself, which are discussed in this +section. + +* Menu: + +* Mode Data Types:: The data type `struct termios' and + related types. +* Mode Functions:: Functions to read and set the terminal + attributes. +* Setting Modes:: The right way to set terminal attributes + reliably. +* Input Modes:: Flags controlling low-level input handling. +* Output Modes:: Flags controlling low-level output handling. +* Control Modes:: Flags controlling serial port behavior. +* Local Modes:: Flags controlling high-level input handling. +* Line Speed:: How to read and set the terminal line speed. +* Special Characters:: Characters that have special effects, + and how to change them. +* Noncanonical Input:: Controlling how long to wait for input. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Mode Data Types, Next: Mode Functions, Up: Terminal Modes + +17.4.1 Terminal Mode Data Types +------------------------------- + +The entire collection of attributes of a terminal is stored in a +structure of type `struct termios'. This structure is used with the +functions `tcgetattr' and `tcsetattr' to read and set the attributes. + + -- Data Type: struct termios + Structure that records all the I/O attributes of a terminal. The + structure includes at least the following members: + + `tcflag_t c_iflag' + A bit mask specifying flags for input modes; see *note Input + Modes::. + + `tcflag_t c_oflag' + A bit mask specifying flags for output modes; see *note + Output Modes::. + + `tcflag_t c_cflag' + A bit mask specifying flags for control modes; see *note + Control Modes::. + + `tcflag_t c_lflag' + A bit mask specifying flags for local modes; see *note Local + Modes::. + + `cc_t c_cc[NCCS]' + An array specifying which characters are associated with + various control functions; see *note Special Characters::. + + The `struct termios' structure also contains members which encode + input and output transmission speeds, but the representation is + not specified. *Note Line Speed::, for how to examine and store + the speed values. + + The following sections describe the details of the members of the +`struct termios' structure. + + -- Data Type: tcflag_t + This is an unsigned integer type used to represent the various bit + masks for terminal flags. + + -- Data Type: cc_t + This is an unsigned integer type used to represent characters + associated with various terminal control functions. + + -- Macro: int NCCS + The value of this macro is the number of elements in the `c_cc' + array. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Mode Functions, Next: Setting Modes, Prev: Mode Data Types, Up: Terminal Modes + +17.4.2 Terminal Mode Functions +------------------------------ + + -- Function: int tcgetattr (int FILEDES, struct termios *TERMIOS-P) + This function is used to examine the attributes of the terminal + device with file descriptor FILEDES. The attributes are returned + in the structure that TERMIOS-P points to. + + If successful, `tcgetattr' returns 0. A return value of -1 + indicates an error. The following `errno' error conditions are + defined for this function: + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES argument is not a valid file descriptor. + + `ENOTTY' + The FILEDES is not associated with a terminal. + + -- Function: int tcsetattr (int FILEDES, int WHEN, const struct + termios *TERMIOS-P) + This function sets the attributes of the terminal device with file + descriptor FILEDES. The new attributes are taken from the + structure that TERMIOS-P points to. + + The WHEN argument specifies how to deal with input and output + already queued. It can be one of the following values: + + `TCSANOW' + Make the change immediately. + + `TCSADRAIN' + Make the change after waiting until all queued output has + been written. You should usually use this option when + changing parameters that affect output. + + `TCSAFLUSH' + This is like `TCSADRAIN', but also discards any queued input. + + `TCSASOFT' + This is a flag bit that you can add to any of the above + alternatives. Its meaning is to inhibit alteration of the + state of the terminal hardware. It is a BSD extension; it is + only supported on BSD systems and the GNU system. + + Using `TCSASOFT' is exactly the same as setting the `CIGNORE' + bit in the `c_cflag' member of the structure TERMIOS-P points + to. *Note Control Modes::, for a description of `CIGNORE'. + + If this function is called from a background process on its + controlling terminal, normally all processes in the process group + are sent a `SIGTTOU' signal, in the same way as if the process + were trying to write to the terminal. The exception is if the + calling process itself is ignoring or blocking `SIGTTOU' signals, + in which case the operation is performed and no signal is sent. + *Note Job Control::. + + If successful, `tcsetattr' returns 0. A return value of -1 + indicates an error. The following `errno' error conditions are + defined for this function: + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES argument is not a valid file descriptor. + + `ENOTTY' + The FILEDES is not associated with a terminal. + + `EINVAL' + Either the value of the `when' argument is not valid, or + there is something wrong with the data in the TERMIOS-P + argument. + +Although `tcgetattr' and `tcsetattr' specify the terminal device with a +file descriptor, the attributes are those of the terminal device itself +and not of the file descriptor. This means that the effects of +changing terminal attributes are persistent; if another process opens +the terminal file later on, it will see the changed attributes even +though it doesn't have anything to do with the open file descriptor you +originally specified in changing the attributes. + + Similarly, if a single process has multiple or duplicated file +descriptors for the same terminal device, changing the terminal +attributes affects input and output to all of these file descriptors. +This means, for example, that you can't open one file descriptor or +stream to read from a terminal in the normal line-buffered, echoed +mode; and simultaneously have another file descriptor for the same +terminal that you use to read from it in single-character, non-echoed +mode. Instead, you have to explicitly switch the terminal back and +forth between the two modes. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Setting Modes, Next: Input Modes, Prev: Mode Functions, Up: Terminal Modes + +17.4.3 Setting Terminal Modes Properly +-------------------------------------- + +When you set terminal modes, you should call `tcgetattr' first to get +the current modes of the particular terminal device, modify only those +modes that you are really interested in, and store the result with +`tcsetattr'. + + It's a bad idea to simply initialize a `struct termios' structure to +a chosen set of attributes and pass it directly to `tcsetattr'. Your +program may be run years from now, on systems that support members not +documented in this manual. The way to avoid setting these members to +unreasonable values is to avoid changing them. + + What's more, different terminal devices may require different mode +settings in order to function properly. So you should avoid blindly +copying attributes from one terminal device to another. + + When a member contains a collection of independent flags, as the +`c_iflag', `c_oflag' and `c_cflag' members do, even setting the entire +member is a bad idea, because particular operating systems have their +own flags. Instead, you should start with the current value of the +member and alter only the flags whose values matter in your program, +leaving any other flags unchanged. + + Here is an example of how to set one flag (`ISTRIP') in the `struct +termios' structure while properly preserving all the other data in the +structure: + + int + set_istrip (int desc, int value) + { + struct termios settings; + int result; + + result = tcgetattr (desc, &settings); + if (result < 0) + { + perror ("error in tcgetattr"); + return 0; + } + settings.c_iflag &= ~ISTRIP; + if (value) + settings.c_iflag |= ISTRIP; + result = tcsetattr (desc, TCSANOW, &settings); + if (result < 0) + { + perror ("error in tcsetattr"); + return 0; + } + return 1; + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Input Modes, Next: Output Modes, Prev: Setting Modes, Up: Terminal Modes + +17.4.4 Input Modes +------------------ + +This section describes the terminal attribute flags that control fairly +low-level aspects of input processing: handling of parity errors, break +signals, flow control, and and characters. + + All of these flags are bits in the `c_iflag' member of the `struct +termios' structure. The member is an integer, and you change flags +using the operators `&', `|' and `^'. Don't try to specify the entire +value for `c_iflag'--instead, change only specific flags and leave the +rest untouched (*note Setting Modes::). + + -- Macro: tcflag_t INPCK + If this bit is set, input parity checking is enabled. If it is + not set, no checking at all is done for parity errors on input; the + characters are simply passed through to the application. + + Parity checking on input processing is independent of whether + parity detection and generation on the underlying terminal + hardware is enabled; see *note Control Modes::. For example, you + could clear the `INPCK' input mode flag and set the `PARENB' + control mode flag to ignore parity errors on input, but still + generate parity on output. + + If this bit is set, what happens when a parity error is detected + depends on whether the `IGNPAR' or `PARMRK' bits are set. If + neither of these bits are set, a byte with a parity error is + passed to the application as a `'\0'' character. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t IGNPAR + If this bit is set, any byte with a framing or parity error is + ignored. This is only useful if `INPCK' is also set. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t PARMRK + If this bit is set, input bytes with parity or framing errors are + marked when passed to the program. This bit is meaningful only + when `INPCK' is set and `IGNPAR' is not set. + + The way erroneous bytes are marked is with two preceding bytes, + `377' and `0'. Thus, the program actually reads three bytes for + one erroneous byte received from the terminal. + + If a valid byte has the value `0377', and `ISTRIP' (see below) is + not set, the program might confuse it with the prefix that marks a + parity error. So a valid byte `0377' is passed to the program as + two bytes, `0377' `0377', in this case. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t ISTRIP + If this bit is set, valid input bytes are stripped to seven bits; + otherwise, all eight bits are available for programs to read. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t IGNBRK + If this bit is set, break conditions are ignored. + + A "break condition" is defined in the context of asynchronous + serial data transmission as a series of zero-value bits longer + than a single byte. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t BRKINT + If this bit is set and `IGNBRK' is not set, a break condition + clears the terminal input and output queues and raises a `SIGINT' + signal for the foreground process group associated with the + terminal. + + If neither `BRKINT' nor `IGNBRK' are set, a break condition is + passed to the application as a single `'\0'' character if `PARMRK' + is not set, or otherwise as a three-character sequence `'\377'', + `'\0'', `'\0''. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t IGNCR + If this bit is set, carriage return characters (`'\r'') are + discarded on input. Discarding carriage return may be useful on + terminals that send both carriage return and linefeed when you + type the key. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t ICRNL + If this bit is set and `IGNCR' is not set, carriage return + characters (`'\r'') received as input are passed to the + application as newline characters (`'\n''). + + -- Macro: tcflag_t INLCR + If this bit is set, newline characters (`'\n'') received as input + are passed to the application as carriage return characters + (`'\r''). + + -- Macro: tcflag_t IXOFF + If this bit is set, start/stop control on input is enabled. In + other words, the computer sends STOP and START characters as + necessary to prevent input from coming in faster than programs are + reading it. The idea is that the actual terminal hardware that is + generating the input data responds to a STOP character by + suspending transmission, and to a START character by resuming + transmission. *Note Start/Stop Characters::. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t IXON + If this bit is set, start/stop control on output is enabled. In + other words, if the computer receives a STOP character, it + suspends output until a START character is received. In this + case, the STOP and START characters are never passed to the + application program. If this bit is not set, then START and STOP + can be read as ordinary characters. *Note Start/Stop Characters::. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t IXANY + If this bit is set, any input character restarts output when + output has been suspended with the STOP character. Otherwise, + only the START character restarts output. + + This is a BSD extension; it exists only on BSD systems and the GNU + system. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t IMAXBEL + If this bit is set, then filling up the terminal input buffer + sends a BEL character (code `007') to the terminal to ring the + bell. + + This is a BSD extension. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Output Modes, Next: Control Modes, Prev: Input Modes, Up: Terminal Modes + +17.4.5 Output Modes +------------------- + +This section describes the terminal flags and fields that control how +output characters are translated and padded for display. All of these +are contained in the `c_oflag' member of the `struct termios' structure. + + The `c_oflag' member itself is an integer, and you change the flags +and fields using the operators `&', `|', and `^'. Don't try to specify +the entire value for `c_oflag'--instead, change only specific flags and +leave the rest untouched (*note Setting Modes::). + + -- Macro: tcflag_t OPOST + If this bit is set, output data is processed in some unspecified + way so that it is displayed appropriately on the terminal device. + This typically includes mapping newline characters (`'\n'') onto + carriage return and linefeed pairs. + + If this bit isn't set, the characters are transmitted as-is. + + The following three bits are BSD features, and they exist only BSD +systems and the GNU system. They are effective only if `OPOST' is set. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t ONLCR + If this bit is set, convert the newline character on output into a + pair of characters, carriage return followed by linefeed. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t OXTABS + If this bit is set, convert tab characters on output into the + appropriate number of spaces to emulate a tab stop every eight + columns. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t ONOEOT + If this bit is set, discard `C-d' characters (code `004') on + output. These characters cause many dial-up terminals to + disconnect. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Control Modes, Next: Local Modes, Prev: Output Modes, Up: Terminal Modes + +17.4.6 Control Modes +-------------------- + +This section describes the terminal flags and fields that control +parameters usually associated with asynchronous serial data +transmission. These flags may not make sense for other kinds of +terminal ports (such as a network connection pseudo-terminal). All of +these are contained in the `c_cflag' member of the `struct termios' +structure. + + The `c_cflag' member itself is an integer, and you change the flags +and fields using the operators `&', `|', and `^'. Don't try to specify +the entire value for `c_cflag'--instead, change only specific flags and +leave the rest untouched (*note Setting Modes::). + + -- Macro: tcflag_t CLOCAL + If this bit is set, it indicates that the terminal is connected + "locally" and that the modem status lines (such as carrier detect) + should be ignored. + + On many systems if this bit is not set and you call `open' without + the `O_NONBLOCK' flag set, `open' blocks until a modem connection + is established. + + If this bit is not set and a modem disconnect is detected, a + `SIGHUP' signal is sent to the controlling process group for the + terminal (if it has one). Normally, this causes the process to + exit; see *note Signal Handling::. Reading from the terminal + after a disconnect causes an end-of-file condition, and writing + causes an `EIO' error to be returned. The terminal device must be + closed and reopened to clear the condition. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t HUPCL + If this bit is set, a modem disconnect is generated when all + processes that have the terminal device open have either closed + the file or exited. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t CREAD + If this bit is set, input can be read from the terminal. + Otherwise, input is discarded when it arrives. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t CSTOPB + If this bit is set, two stop bits are used. Otherwise, only one + stop bit is used. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t PARENB + If this bit is set, generation and detection of a parity bit are + enabled. *Note Input Modes::, for information on how input parity + errors are handled. + + If this bit is not set, no parity bit is added to output + characters, and input characters are not checked for correct + parity. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t PARODD + This bit is only useful if `PARENB' is set. If `PARODD' is set, + odd parity is used, otherwise even parity is used. + + The control mode flags also includes a field for the number of bits +per character. You can use the `CSIZE' macro as a mask to extract the +value, like this: `settings.c_cflag & CSIZE'. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t CSIZE + This is a mask for the number of bits per character. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t CS5 + This specifies five bits per byte. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t CS6 + This specifies six bits per byte. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t CS7 + This specifies seven bits per byte. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t CS8 + This specifies eight bits per byte. + + The following four bits are BSD extensions; this exist only on BSD +systems and the GNU system. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t CCTS_OFLOW + If this bit is set, enable flow control of output based on the CTS + wire (RS232 protocol). + + -- Macro: tcflag_t CRTS_IFLOW + If this bit is set, enable flow control of input based on the RTS + wire (RS232 protocol). + + -- Macro: tcflag_t MDMBUF + If this bit is set, enable carrier-based flow control of output. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t CIGNORE + If this bit is set, it says to ignore the control modes and line + speed values entirely. This is only meaningful in a call to + `tcsetattr'. + + The `c_cflag' member and the line speed values returned by + `cfgetispeed' and `cfgetospeed' will be unaffected by the call. + `CIGNORE' is useful if you want to set all the software modes in + the other members, but leave the hardware details in `c_cflag' + unchanged. (This is how the `TCSASOFT' flag to `tcsettattr' + works.) + + This bit is never set in the structure filled in by `tcgetattr'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Local Modes, Next: Line Speed, Prev: Control Modes, Up: Terminal Modes + +17.4.7 Local Modes +------------------ + +This section describes the flags for the `c_lflag' member of the +`struct termios' structure. These flags generally control higher-level +aspects of input processing than the input modes flags described in +*note Input Modes::, such as echoing, signals, and the choice of +canonical or noncanonical input. + + The `c_lflag' member itself is an integer, and you change the flags +and fields using the operators `&', `|', and `^'. Don't try to specify +the entire value for `c_lflag'--instead, change only specific flags and +leave the rest untouched (*note Setting Modes::). + + -- Macro: tcflag_t ICANON + This bit, if set, enables canonical input processing mode. + Otherwise, input is processed in noncanonical mode. *Note + Canonical or Not::. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t ECHO + If this bit is set, echoing of input characters back to the + terminal is enabled. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t ECHOE + If this bit is set, echoing indicates erasure of input with the + ERASE character by erasing the last character in the current line + from the screen. Otherwise, the character erased is re-echoed to + show what has happened (suitable for a printing terminal). + + This bit only controls the display behavior; the `ICANON' bit by + itself controls actual recognition of the ERASE character and + erasure of input, without which `ECHOE' is simply irrelevant. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t ECHOPRT + This bit is like `ECHOE', enables display of the ERASE character in + a way that is geared to a hardcopy terminal. When you type the + ERASE character, a `\' character is printed followed by the first + character erased. Typing the ERASE character again just prints + the next character erased. Then, the next time you type a normal + character, a `/' character is printed before the character echoes. + + This is a BSD extension, and exists only in BSD systems and the + GNU system. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t ECHOK + This bit enables special display of the KILL character by moving + to a new line after echoing the KILL character normally. The + behavior of `ECHOKE' (below) is nicer to look at. + + If this bit is not set, the KILL character echoes just as it would + if it were not the KILL character. Then it is up to the user to + remember that the KILL character has erased the preceding input; + there is no indication of this on the screen. + + This bit only controls the display behavior; the `ICANON' bit by + itself controls actual recognition of the KILL character and + erasure of input, without which `ECHOK' is simply irrelevant. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t ECHOKE + This bit is similar to `ECHOK'. It enables special display of the + KILL character by erasing on the screen the entire line that has + been killed. This is a BSD extension, and exists only in BSD + systems and the GNU system. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t ECHONL + If this bit is set and the `ICANON' bit is also set, then the + newline (`'\n'') character is echoed even if the `ECHO' bit is not + set. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t ECHOCTL + If this bit is set and the `ECHO' bit is also set, echo control + characters with `^' followed by the corresponding text character. + Thus, control-A echoes as `^A'. This is usually the preferred mode + for interactive input, because echoing a control character back to + the terminal could have some undesired effect on the terminal. + + This is a BSD extension, and exists only in BSD systems and the + GNU system. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t ISIG + This bit controls whether the INTR, QUIT, and SUSP characters are + recognized. The functions associated with these characters are + performed if and only if this bit is set. Being in canonical or + noncanonical input mode has no affect on the interpretation of + these characters. + + You should use caution when disabling recognition of these + characters. Programs that cannot be interrupted interactively are + very user-unfriendly. If you clear this bit, your program should + provide some alternate interface that allows the user to + interactively send the signals associated with these characters, + or to escape from the program. + + *Note Signal Characters::. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t IEXTEN + POSIX.1 gives `IEXTEN' implementation-defined meaning, so you + cannot rely on this interpretation on all systems. + + On BSD systems and the GNU system, it enables the LNEXT and + DISCARD characters. *Note Other Special::. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t NOFLSH + Normally, the INTR, QUIT, and SUSP characters cause input and + output queues for the terminal to be cleared. If this bit is set, + the queues are not cleared. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t TOSTOP + If this bit is set and the system supports job control, then + `SIGTTOU' signals are generated by background processes that + attempt to write to the terminal. *Note Access to the Terminal::. + + The following bits are BSD extensions; they exist only in BSD systems +and the GNU system. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t ALTWERASE + This bit determines how far the WERASE character should erase. The + WERASE character erases back to the beginning of a word; the + question is, where do words begin? + + If this bit is clear, then the beginning of a word is a + nonwhitespace character following a whitespace character. If the + bit is set, then the beginning of a word is an alphanumeric + character or underscore following a character which is none of + those. + + *Note Editing Characters::, for more information about the WERASE + character. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t FLUSHO + This is the bit that toggles when the user types the DISCARD + character. While this bit is set, all output is discarded. *Note + Other Special::. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t NOKERNINFO + Setting this bit disables handling of the STATUS character. *Note + Other Special::. + + -- Macro: tcflag_t PENDIN + If this bit is set, it indicates that there is a line of input that + needs to be reprinted. Typing the REPRINT character sets this + bit; the bit remains set until reprinting is finished. *Note + Editing Characters::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Line Speed, Next: Special Characters, Prev: Local Modes, Up: Terminal Modes + +17.4.8 Line Speed +----------------- + +The terminal line speed tells the computer how fast to read and write +data on the terminal. + + If the terminal is connected to a real serial line, the terminal +speed you specify actually controls the line--if it doesn't match the +terminal's own idea of the speed, communication does not work. Real +serial ports accept only certain standard speeds. Also, particular +hardware may not support even all the standard speeds. Specifying a +speed of zero hangs up a dialup connection and turns off modem control +signals. + + If the terminal is not a real serial line (for example, if it is a +network connection), then the line speed won't really affect data +transmission speed, but some programs will use it to determine the +amount of padding needed. It's best to specify a line speed value that +matches the actual speed of the actual terminal, but you can safely +experiment with different values to vary the amount of padding. + + There are actually two line speeds for each terminal, one for input +and one for output. You can set them independently, but most often +terminals use the same speed for both directions. + + The speed values are stored in the `struct termios' structure, but +don't try to access them in the `struct termios' structure directly. +Instead, you should use the following functions to read and store them: + + -- Function: speed_t cfgetospeed (const struct termios *TERMIOS-P) + This function returns the output line speed stored in the structure + `*TERMIOS-P'. + + -- Function: speed_t cfgetispeed (const struct termios *TERMIOS-P) + This function returns the input line speed stored in the structure + `*TERMIOS-P'. + + -- Function: int cfsetospeed (struct termios *TERMIOS-P, speed_t SPEED) + This function stores SPEED in `*TERMIOS-P' as the output speed. + The normal return value is 0; a value of -1 indicates an error. + If SPEED is not a speed, `cfsetospeed' returns -1. + + -- Function: int cfsetispeed (struct termios *TERMIOS-P, speed_t SPEED) + This function stores SPEED in `*TERMIOS-P' as the input speed. + The normal return value is 0; a value of -1 indicates an error. + If SPEED is not a speed, `cfsetospeed' returns -1. + + -- Function: int cfsetspeed (struct termios *TERMIOS-P, speed_t SPEED) + This function stores SPEED in `*TERMIOS-P' as both the input and + output speeds. The normal return value is 0; a value of -1 + indicates an error. If SPEED is not a speed, `cfsetspeed' returns + -1. This function is an extension in 4.4 BSD. + + -- Data Type: speed_t + The `speed_t' type is an unsigned integer data type used to + represent line speeds. + + The functions `cfsetospeed' and `cfsetispeed' report errors only for +speed values that the system simply cannot handle. If you specify a +speed value that is basically acceptable, then those functions will +succeed. But they do not check that a particular hardware device can +actually support the specified speeds--in fact, they don't know which +device you plan to set the speed for. If you use `tcsetattr' to set +the speed of a particular device to a value that it cannot handle, +`tcsetattr' returns -1. + + *Portability note:* In the GNU library, the functions above accept +speeds measured in bits per second as input, and return speed values +measured in bits per second. Other libraries require speeds to be +indicated by special codes. For POSIX.1 portability, you must use one +of the following symbols to represent the speed; their precise numeric +values are system-dependent, but each name has a fixed meaning: `B110' +stands for 110 bps, `B300' for 300 bps, and so on. There is no +portable way to represent any speed but these, but these are the only +speeds that typical serial lines can support. + + B0 B50 B75 B110 B134 B150 B200 + B300 B600 B1200 B1800 B2400 B4800 + B9600 B19200 B38400 B57600 B115200 + B230400 B460800 + + BSD defines two additional speed symbols as aliases: `EXTA' is an +alias for `B19200' and `EXTB' is an alias for `B38400'. These aliases +are obsolete. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Special Characters, Next: Noncanonical Input, Prev: Line Speed, Up: Terminal Modes + +17.4.9 Special Characters +------------------------- + +In canonical input, the terminal driver recognizes a number of special +characters which perform various control functions. These include the +ERASE character (usually ) for editing input, and other editing +characters. The INTR character (normally `C-c') for sending a `SIGINT' +signal, and other signal-raising characters, may be available in either +canonical or noncanonical input mode. All these characters are +described in this section. + + The particular characters used are specified in the `c_cc' member of +the `struct termios' structure. This member is an array; each element +specifies the character for a particular role. Each element has a +symbolic constant that stands for the index of that element--for +example, `VINTR' is the index of the element that specifies the INTR +character, so storing `'='' in `TERMIOS.c_cc[VINTR]' specifies `=' as +the INTR character. + + On some systems, you can disable a particular special character +function by specifying the value `_POSIX_VDISABLE' for that role. This +value is unequal to any possible character code. *Note Options for +Files::, for more information about how to tell whether the operating +system you are using supports `_POSIX_VDISABLE'. + +* Menu: + +* Editing Characters:: Special characters that terminate lines and + delete text, and other editing functions. +* Signal Characters:: Special characters that send or raise signals + to or for certain classes of processes. +* Start/Stop Characters:: Special characters that suspend or resume + suspended output. +* Other Special:: Other special characters for BSD systems: + they can discard output, and print status. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Editing Characters, Next: Signal Characters, Up: Special Characters + +17.4.9.1 Characters for Input Editing +..................................... + +These special characters are active only in canonical input mode. +*Note Canonical or Not::. + + -- Macro: int VEOF + This is the subscript for the EOF character in the special control + character array. `TERMIOS.c_cc[VEOF]' holds the character itself. + + The EOF character is recognized only in canonical input mode. It + acts as a line terminator in the same way as a newline character, + but if the EOF character is typed at the beginning of a line it + causes `read' to return a byte count of zero, indicating + end-of-file. The EOF character itself is discarded. + + Usually, the EOF character is `C-d'. + + -- Macro: int VEOL + This is the subscript for the EOL character in the special control + character array. `TERMIOS.c_cc[VEOL]' holds the character itself. + + The EOL character is recognized only in canonical input mode. It + acts as a line terminator, just like a newline character. The EOL + character is not discarded; it is read as the last character in + the input line. + + You don't need to use the EOL character to make end a line. + Just set the ICRNL flag. In fact, this is the default state of + affairs. + + -- Macro: int VEOL2 + This is the subscript for the EOL2 character in the special control + character array. `TERMIOS.c_cc[VEOL2]' holds the character itself. + + The EOL2 character works just like the EOL character (see above), + but it can be a different character. Thus, you can specify two + characters to terminate an input line, by setting EOL to one of + them and EOL2 to the other. + + The EOL2 character is a BSD extension; it exists only on BSD + systems and the GNU system. + + -- Macro: int VERASE + This is the subscript for the ERASE character in the special + control character array. `TERMIOS.c_cc[VERASE]' holds the + character itself. + + The ERASE character is recognized only in canonical input mode. + When the user types the erase character, the previous character + typed is discarded. (If the terminal generates multibyte + character sequences, this may cause more than one byte of input to + be discarded.) This cannot be used to erase past the beginning of + the current line of text. The ERASE character itself is discarded. + + Usually, the ERASE character is . + + -- Macro: int VWERASE + This is the subscript for the WERASE character in the special + control character array. `TERMIOS.c_cc[VWERASE]' holds the + character itself. + + The WERASE character is recognized only in canonical mode. It + erases an entire word of prior input, and any whitespace after it; + whitespace characters before the word are not erased. + + The definition of a "word" depends on the setting of the + `ALTWERASE' mode; *note Local Modes::. + + If the `ALTWERASE' mode is not set, a word is defined as a sequence + of any characters except space or tab. + + If the `ALTWERASE' mode is set, a word is defined as a sequence of + characters containing only letters, numbers, and underscores, + optionally followed by one character that is not a letter, number, + or underscore. + + The WERASE character is usually `C-w'. + + This is a BSD extension. + + -- Macro: int VKILL + This is the subscript for the KILL character in the special control + character array. `TERMIOS.c_cc[VKILL]' holds the character itself. + + The KILL character is recognized only in canonical input mode. + When the user types the kill character, the entire contents of the + current line of input are discarded. The kill character itself is + discarded too. + + The KILL character is usually `C-u'. + + -- Macro: int VREPRINT + This is the subscript for the REPRINT character in the special + control character array. `TERMIOS.c_cc[VREPRINT]' holds the + character itself. + + The REPRINT character is recognized only in canonical mode. It + reprints the current input line. If some asynchronous output has + come while you are typing, this lets you see the line you are + typing clearly again. + + The REPRINT character is usually `C-r'. + + This is a BSD extension. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Signal Characters, Next: Start/Stop Characters, Prev: Editing Characters, Up: Special Characters + +17.4.9.2 Characters that Cause Signals +...................................... + +These special characters may be active in either canonical or +noncanonical input mode, but only when the `ISIG' flag is set (*note +Local Modes::). + + -- Macro: int VINTR + This is the subscript for the INTR character in the special control + character array. `TERMIOS.c_cc[VINTR]' holds the character itself. + + The INTR (interrupt) character raises a `SIGINT' signal for all + processes in the foreground job associated with the terminal. The + INTR character itself is then discarded. *Note Signal Handling::, + for more information about signals. + + Typically, the INTR character is `C-c'. + + -- Macro: int VQUIT + This is the subscript for the QUIT character in the special control + character array. `TERMIOS.c_cc[VQUIT]' holds the character itself. + + The QUIT character raises a `SIGQUIT' signal for all processes in + the foreground job associated with the terminal. The QUIT + character itself is then discarded. *Note Signal Handling::, for + more information about signals. + + Typically, the QUIT character is `C-\'. + + -- Macro: int VSUSP + This is the subscript for the SUSP character in the special control + character array. `TERMIOS.c_cc[VSUSP]' holds the character itself. + + The SUSP (suspend) character is recognized only if the + implementation supports job control (*note Job Control::). It + causes a `SIGTSTP' signal to be sent to all processes in the + foreground job associated with the terminal. The SUSP character + itself is then discarded. *Note Signal Handling::, for more + information about signals. + + Typically, the SUSP character is `C-z'. + + Few applications disable the normal interpretation of the SUSP +character. If your program does this, it should provide some other +mechanism for the user to stop the job. When the user invokes this +mechanism, the program should send a `SIGTSTP' signal to the process +group of the process, not just to the process itself. *Note Signaling +Another Process::. + + -- Macro: int VDSUSP + This is the subscript for the DSUSP character in the special + control character array. `TERMIOS.c_cc[VDSUSP]' holds the + character itself. + + The DSUSP (suspend) character is recognized only if the + implementation supports job control (*note Job Control::). It + sends a `SIGTSTP' signal, like the SUSP character, but not right + away--only when the program tries to read it as input. Not all + systems with job control support DSUSP; only BSD-compatible + systems (including the GNU system). + + *Note Signal Handling::, for more information about signals. + + Typically, the DSUSP character is `C-y'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Start/Stop Characters, Next: Other Special, Prev: Signal Characters, Up: Special Characters + +17.4.9.3 Special Characters for Flow Control +............................................ + +These special characters may be active in either canonical or +noncanonical input mode, but their use is controlled by the flags +`IXON' and `IXOFF' (*note Input Modes::). + + -- Macro: int VSTART + This is the subscript for the START character in the special + control character array. `TERMIOS.c_cc[VSTART]' holds the + character itself. + + The START character is used to support the `IXON' and `IXOFF' + input modes. If `IXON' is set, receiving a START character resumes + suspended output; the START character itself is discarded. If + `IXANY' is set, receiving any character at all resumes suspended + output; the resuming character is not discarded unless it is the + START character. `IXOFF' is set, the system may also transmit + START characters to the terminal. + + The usual value for the START character is `C-q'. You may not be + able to change this value--the hardware may insist on using `C-q' + regardless of what you specify. + + -- Macro: int VSTOP + This is the subscript for the STOP character in the special control + character array. `TERMIOS.c_cc[VSTOP]' holds the character itself. + + The STOP character is used to support the `IXON' and `IXOFF' input + modes. If `IXON' is set, receiving a STOP character causes output + to be suspended; the STOP character itself is discarded. If + `IXOFF' is set, the system may also transmit STOP characters to the + terminal, to prevent the input queue from overflowing. + + The usual value for the STOP character is `C-s'. You may not be + able to change this value--the hardware may insist on using `C-s' + regardless of what you specify. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Other Special, Prev: Start/Stop Characters, Up: Special Characters + +17.4.9.4 Other Special Characters +................................. + +These special characters exist only in BSD systems and the GNU system. + + -- Macro: int VLNEXT + This is the subscript for the LNEXT character in the special + control character array. `TERMIOS.c_cc[VLNEXT]' holds the + character itself. + + The LNEXT character is recognized only when `IEXTEN' is set, but in + both canonical and noncanonical mode. It disables any special + significance of the next character the user types. Even if the + character would normally perform some editing function or generate + a signal, it is read as a plain character. This is the analogue + of the `C-q' command in Emacs. "LNEXT" stands for "literal next." + + The LNEXT character is usually `C-v'. + + -- Macro: int VDISCARD + This is the subscript for the DISCARD character in the special + control character array. `TERMIOS.c_cc[VDISCARD]' holds the + character itself. + + The DISCARD character is recognized only when `IEXTEN' is set, but + in both canonical and noncanonical mode. Its effect is to toggle + the discard-output flag. When this flag is set, all program + output is discarded. Setting the flag also discards all output + currently in the output buffer. Typing any other character resets + the flag. + + -- Macro: int VSTATUS + This is the subscript for the STATUS character in the special + control character array. `TERMIOS.c_cc[VSTATUS]' holds the + character itself. + + The STATUS character's effect is to print out a status message + about how the current process is running. + + The STATUS character is recognized only in canonical mode, and + only if `NOKERNINFO' is not set. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Noncanonical Input, Prev: Special Characters, Up: Terminal Modes + +17.4.10 Noncanonical Input +-------------------------- + +In noncanonical input mode, the special editing characters such as +ERASE and KILL are ignored. The system facilities for the user to edit +input are disabled in noncanonical mode, so that all input characters +(unless they are special for signal or flow-control purposes) are passed +to the application program exactly as typed. It is up to the +application program to give the user ways to edit the input, if +appropriate. + + Noncanonical mode offers special parameters called MIN and TIME for +controlling whether and how long to wait for input to be available. You +can even use them to avoid ever waiting--to return immediately with +whatever input is available, or with no input. + + The MIN and TIME are stored in elements of the `c_cc' array, which +is a member of the `struct termios' structure. Each element of this +array has a particular role, and each element has a symbolic constant +that stands for the index of that element. `VMIN' and `VMAX' are the +names for the indices in the array of the MIN and TIME slots. + + -- Macro: int VMIN + This is the subscript for the MIN slot in the `c_cc' array. Thus, + `TERMIOS.c_cc[VMIN]' is the value itself. + + The MIN slot is only meaningful in noncanonical input mode; it + specifies the minimum number of bytes that must be available in the + input queue in order for `read' to return. + + -- Macro: int VTIME + This is the subscript for the TIME slot in the `c_cc' array. Thus, + `TERMIOS.c_cc[VTIME]' is the value itself. + + The TIME slot is only meaningful in noncanonical input mode; it + specifies how long to wait for input before returning, in units of + 0.1 seconds. + + The MIN and TIME values interact to determine the criterion for when +`read' should return; their precise meanings depend on which of them +are nonzero. There are four possible cases: + + * Both TIME and MIN are nonzero. + + In this case, TIME specifies how long to wait after each input + character to see if more input arrives. After the first character + received, `read' keeps waiting until either MIN bytes have arrived + in all, or TIME elapses with no further input. + + `read' always blocks until the first character arrives, even if + TIME elapses first. `read' can return more than MIN characters if + more than MIN happen to be in the queue. + + * Both MIN and TIME are zero. + + In this case, `read' always returns immediately with as many + characters as are available in the queue, up to the number + requested. If no input is immediately available, `read' returns a + value of zero. + + * MIN is zero but TIME has a nonzero value. + + In this case, `read' waits for time TIME for input to become + available; the availability of a single byte is enough to satisfy + the read request and cause `read' to return. When it returns, it + returns as many characters as are available, up to the number + requested. If no input is available before the timer expires, + `read' returns a value of zero. + + * TIME is zero but MIN has a nonzero value. + + In this case, `read' waits until at least MIN bytes are available + in the queue. At that time, `read' returns as many characters as + are available, up to the number requested. `read' can return more + than MIN characters if more than MIN happen to be in the queue. + + What happens if MIN is 50 and you ask to read just 10 bytes? +Normally, `read' waits until there are 50 bytes in the buffer (or, more +generally, the wait condition described above is satisfied), and then +reads 10 of them, leaving the other 40 buffered in the operating system +for a subsequent call to `read'. + + *Portability note:* On some systems, the MIN and TIME slots are +actually the same as the EOF and EOL slots. This causes no serious +problem because the MIN and TIME slots are used only in noncanonical +input and the EOF and EOL slots are used only in canonical input, but it +isn't very clean. The GNU library allocates separate slots for these +uses. + + -- Function: void cfmakeraw (struct termios *TERMIOS-P) + This function provides an easy way to set up `*TERMIOS-P' for what + has traditionally been called "raw mode" in BSD. This uses + noncanonical input, and turns off most processing to give an + unmodified channel to the terminal. + + It does exactly this: + TERMIOS-P->c_iflag &= ~(IGNBRK|BRKINT|PARMRK|ISTRIP + |INLCR|IGNCR|ICRNL|IXON); + TERMIOS-P->c_oflag &= ~OPOST; + TERMIOS-P->c_lflag &= ~(ECHO|ECHONL|ICANON|ISIG|IEXTEN); + TERMIOS-P->c_cflag &= ~(CSIZE|PARENB); + TERMIOS-P->c_cflag |= CS8; + + +File: libc.info, Node: BSD Terminal Modes, Next: Line Control, Prev: Terminal Modes, Up: Low-Level Terminal Interface + +17.5 BSD Terminal Modes +======================= + +The usual way to get and set terminal modes is with the functions +described in *note Terminal Modes::. However, on some systems you can +use the BSD-derived functions in this section to do some of the same +thing. On many systems, these functions do not exist. Even with the +GNU C library, the functions simply fail with `errno' = `ENOSYS' with +many kernels, including Linux. + + The symbols used in this section are declared in `sgtty.h'. + + -- Data Type: struct sgttyb + This structure is an input or output parameter list for `gtty' and + `stty'. + + `char sg_ispeed' + Line speed for input + + `char sg_ospeed' + Line speed for output + + `char sg_erase' + Erase character + + `char sg_kill' + Kill character + + `int sg_flags' + Various flags + + -- Function: int gtty (int FILEDES, struct sgttyb *ATTRIBUTES) + This function gets the attributes of a terminal. + + `gtty' sets *ATTRIBUTES to describe the terminal attributes of the + terminal which is open with file descriptor FILEDES. + + -- Function: int stty (int FILEDES, struct sgttyb * attributes) + This function sets the attributes of a terminal. + + `stty' sets the terminal attributes of the terminal which is open + with file descriptor FILEDES to those described by *FILEDES. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Line Control, Next: Noncanon Example, Prev: BSD Terminal Modes, Up: Low-Level Terminal Interface + +17.6 Line Control Functions +=========================== + +These functions perform miscellaneous control actions on terminal +devices. As regards terminal access, they are treated like doing +output: if any of these functions is used by a background process on its +controlling terminal, normally all processes in the process group are +sent a `SIGTTOU' signal. The exception is if the calling process +itself is ignoring or blocking `SIGTTOU' signals, in which case the +operation is performed and no signal is sent. *Note Job Control::. + + -- Function: int tcsendbreak (int FILEDES, int DURATION) + This function generates a break condition by transmitting a stream + of zero bits on the terminal associated with the file descriptor + FILEDES. The duration of the break is controlled by the DURATION + argument. If zero, the duration is between 0.25 and 0.5 seconds. + The meaning of a nonzero value depends on the operating system. + + This function does nothing if the terminal is not an asynchronous + serial data port. + + The return value is normally zero. In the event of an error, a + value of -1 is returned. The following `errno' error conditions + are defined for this function: + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES is not a valid file descriptor. + + `ENOTTY' + The FILEDES is not associated with a terminal device. + + -- Function: int tcdrain (int FILEDES) + The `tcdrain' function waits until all queued output to the + terminal FILEDES has been transmitted. + + This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs. + This is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like + memory, file descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time + `tcdrain' is called. If the thread gets canceled these resources + stay allocated until the program ends. To avoid this calls to + `tcdrain' should be protected using cancellation handlers. + + The return value is normally zero. In the event of an error, a + value of -1 is returned. The following `errno' error conditions + are defined for this function: + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES is not a valid file descriptor. + + `ENOTTY' + The FILEDES is not associated with a terminal device. + + `EINTR' + The operation was interrupted by delivery of a signal. *Note + Interrupted Primitives::. + + -- Function: int tcflush (int FILEDES, int QUEUE) + The `tcflush' function is used to clear the input and/or output + queues associated with the terminal file FILEDES. The QUEUE + argument specifies which queue(s) to clear, and can be one of the + following values: + + `TCIFLUSH' + Clear any input data received, but not yet read. + + `TCOFLUSH' + Clear any output data written, but not yet transmitted. + + `TCIOFLUSH' + Clear both queued input and output. + + The return value is normally zero. In the event of an error, a + value of -1 is returned. The following `errno' error conditions + are defined for this function: + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES is not a valid file descriptor. + + `ENOTTY' + The FILEDES is not associated with a terminal device. + + `EINVAL' + A bad value was supplied as the QUEUE argument. + + It is unfortunate that this function is named `tcflush', because + the term "flush" is normally used for quite another + operation--waiting until all output is transmitted--and using it + for discarding input or output would be confusing. Unfortunately, + the name `tcflush' comes from POSIX and we cannot change it. + + -- Function: int tcflow (int FILEDES, int ACTION) + The `tcflow' function is used to perform operations relating to + XON/XOFF flow control on the terminal file specified by FILEDES. + + The ACTION argument specifies what operation to perform, and can + be one of the following values: + + `TCOOFF' + Suspend transmission of output. + + `TCOON' + Restart transmission of output. + + `TCIOFF' + Transmit a STOP character. + + `TCION' + Transmit a START character. + + For more information about the STOP and START characters, see + *note Special Characters::. + + The return value is normally zero. In the event of an error, a + value of -1 is returned. The following `errno' error conditions + are defined for this function: + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES is not a valid file descriptor. + + `ENOTTY' + The FILEDES is not associated with a terminal device. + + `EINVAL' + A bad value was supplied as the ACTION argument. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Noncanon Example, Next: Pseudo-Terminals, Prev: Line Control, Up: Low-Level Terminal Interface + +17.7 Noncanonical Mode Example +============================== + +Here is an example program that shows how you can set up a terminal +device to read single characters in noncanonical input mode, without +echo. + + #include + #include + #include + #include + + /* Use this variable to remember original terminal attributes. */ + + struct termios saved_attributes; + + void + reset_input_mode (void) + { + tcsetattr (STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &saved_attributes); + } + + void + set_input_mode (void) + { + struct termios tattr; + char *name; + + /* Make sure stdin is a terminal. */ + if (!isatty (STDIN_FILENO)) + { + fprintf (stderr, "Not a terminal.\n"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + /* Save the terminal attributes so we can restore them later. */ + tcgetattr (STDIN_FILENO, &saved_attributes); + atexit (reset_input_mode); + + /* Set the funny terminal modes. */ + tcgetattr (STDIN_FILENO, &tattr); + tattr.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON|ECHO); /* Clear ICANON and ECHO. */ + tattr.c_cc[VMIN] = 1; + tattr.c_cc[VTIME] = 0; + tcsetattr (STDIN_FILENO, TCSAFLUSH, &tattr); + } + + int + main (void) + { + char c; + + set_input_mode (); + + while (1) + { + read (STDIN_FILENO, &c, 1); + if (c == '\004') /* `C-d' */ + break; + else + putchar (c); + } + + return EXIT_SUCCESS; + } + + This program is careful to restore the original terminal modes before +exiting or terminating with a signal. It uses the `atexit' function +(*note Cleanups on Exit::) to make sure this is done by `exit'. + + The shell is supposed to take care of resetting the terminal modes +when a process is stopped or continued; see *note Job Control::. But +some existing shells do not actually do this, so you may wish to +establish handlers for job control signals that reset terminal modes. +The above example does so. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Pseudo-Terminals, Prev: Noncanon Example, Up: Low-Level Terminal Interface + +17.8 Pseudo-Terminals +===================== + +A "pseudo-terminal" is a special interprocess communication channel +that acts like a terminal. One end of the channel is called the +"master" side or "master pseudo-terminal device", the other side is +called the "slave" side. Data written to the master side is received +by the slave side as if it was the result of a user typing at an +ordinary terminal, and data written to the slave side is sent to the +master side as if it was written on an ordinary terminal. + + Pseudo terminals are the way programs like `xterm' and `emacs' +implement their terminal emulation functionality. + +* Menu: + +* Allocation:: Allocating a pseudo terminal. +* Pseudo-Terminal Pairs:: How to open both sides of a + pseudo-terminal in a single operation. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Allocation, Next: Pseudo-Terminal Pairs, Up: Pseudo-Terminals + +17.8.1 Allocating Pseudo-Terminals +---------------------------------- + +This subsection describes functions for allocating a pseudo-terminal, +and for making this pseudo-terminal available for actual use. These +functions are declared in the header file `stdlib.h'. + + -- Function: int getpt (void) + The `getpt' function returns a new file descriptor for the next + available master pseudo-terminal. The normal return value from + `getpt' is a non-negative integer file descriptor. In the case of + an error, a value of -1 is returned instead. The following + `errno' conditions are defined for this function: + + `ENOENT' + There are no free master pseudo-terminals available. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: int grantpt (int FILEDES) + The `grantpt' function changes the ownership and access permission + of the slave pseudo-terminal device corresponding to the master + pseudo-terminal device associated with the file descriptor + FILEDES. The owner is set from the real user ID of the calling + process (*note Process Persona::), and the group is set to a + special group (typically "tty") or from the real group ID of the + calling process. The access permission is set such that the file + is both readable and writable by the owner and only writable by + the group. + + On some systems this function is implemented by invoking a special + `setuid' root program (*note How Change Persona::). As a + consequence, installing a signal handler for the `SIGCHLD' signal + (*note Job Control Signals::) may interfere with a call to + `grantpt'. + + The normal return value from `grantpt' is 0; a value of -1 is + returned in case of failure. The following `errno' error + conditions are defined for this function: + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES argument is not a valid file descriptor. + + `EINVAL' + The FILEDES argument is not associated with a master + pseudo-terminal device. + + `EACCES' + The slave pseudo-terminal device corresponding to the master + associated with FILEDES could not be accessed. + + + -- Function: int unlockpt (int FILEDES) + The `unlockpt' function unlocks the slave pseudo-terminal device + corresponding to the master pseudo-terminal device associated with + the file descriptor FILEDES. On many systems, the slave can only + be opened after unlocking, so portable applications should always + call `unlockpt' before trying to open the slave. + + The normal return value from `unlockpt' is 0; a value of -1 is + returned in case of failure. The following `errno' error + conditions are defined for this function: + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES argument is not a valid file descriptor. + + `EINVAL' + The FILEDES argument is not associated with a master + pseudo-terminal device. + + -- Function: char * ptsname (int FILEDES) + If the file descriptor FILEDES is associated with a master + pseudo-terminal device, the `ptsname' function returns a pointer + to a statically-allocated, null-terminated string containing the + file name of the associated slave pseudo-terminal file. This + string might be overwritten by subsequent calls to `ptsname'. + + -- Function: int ptsname_r (int FILEDES, char *BUF, size_t LEN) + The `ptsname_r' function is similar to the `ptsname' function + except that it places its result into the user-specified buffer + starting at BUF with length LEN. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + *Portability Note:* On System V derived systems, the file returned +by the `ptsname' and `ptsname_r' functions may be STREAMS-based, and +therefore require additional processing after opening before it +actually behaves as a pseudo terminal. + + Typical usage of these functions is illustrated by the following +example: + int + open_pty_pair (int *amaster, int *aslave) + { + int master, slave; + char *name; + + master = getpt (); + if (master < 0) + return 0; + + if (grantpt (master) < 0 || unlockpt (master) < 0) + goto close_master; + name = ptsname (master); + if (name == NULL) + goto close_master; + + slave = open (name, O_RDWR); + if (slave == -1) + goto close_master; + + if (isastream (slave)) + { + if (ioctl (slave, I_PUSH, "ptem") < 0 + || ioctl (slave, I_PUSH, "ldterm") < 0) + goto close_slave; + } + + *amaster = master; + *aslave = slave; + return 1; + + close_slave: + close (slave); + + close_master: + close (master); + return 0; + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Pseudo-Terminal Pairs, Prev: Allocation, Up: Pseudo-Terminals + +17.8.2 Opening a Pseudo-Terminal Pair +------------------------------------- + +These functions, derived from BSD, are available in the separate +`libutil' library, and declared in `pty.h'. + + -- Function: int openpty (int *AMASTER, int *ASLAVE, char *NAME, const + struct termios *TERMP, const struct winsize *WINP) + This function allocates and opens a pseudo-terminal pair, + returning the file descriptor for the master in *AMASTER, and the + file descriptor for the slave in *ASLAVE. If the argument NAME is + not a null pointer, the file name of the slave pseudo-terminal + device is stored in `*name'. If TERMP is not a null pointer, the + terminal attributes of the slave are set to the ones specified in + the structure that TERMP points to (*note Terminal Modes::). + Likewise, if the WINP is not a null pointer, the screen size of + the slave is set to the values specified in the structure that + WINP points to. + + The normal return value from `openpty' is 0; a value of -1 is + returned in case of failure. The following `errno' conditions are + defined for this function: + + `ENOENT' + There are no free pseudo-terminal pairs available. + + *Warning:* Using the `openpty' function with NAME not set to + `NULL' is *very dangerous* because it provides no protection + against overflowing the string NAME. You should use the `ttyname' + function on the file descriptor returned in *SLAVE to find out the + file name of the slave pseudo-terminal device instead. + + -- Function: int forkpty (int *AMASTER, char *NAME, const struct + termios *TERMP, const struct winsize *WINP) + This function is similar to the `openpty' function, but in + addition, forks a new process (*note Creating a Process::) and + makes the newly opened slave pseudo-terminal device the + controlling terminal (*note Controlling Terminal::) for the child + process. + + If the operation is successful, there are then both parent and + child processes and both see `forkpty' return, but with different + values: it returns a value of 0 in the child process and returns + the child's process ID in the parent process. + + If the allocation of a pseudo-terminal pair or the process creation + failed, `forkpty' returns a value of -1 in the parent process. + + *Warning:* The `forkpty' function has the same problems with + respect to the NAME argument as `openpty'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Syslog, Next: Mathematics, Prev: Low-Level Terminal Interface, Up: Top + +18 Syslog +********* + +This chapter describes facilities for issuing and logging messages of +system administration interest. This chapter has nothing to do with +programs issuing messages to their own users or keeping private logs +(One would typically do that with the facilities described in *note I/O +on Streams::). + + Most systems have a facility called "Syslog" that allows programs to +submit messages of interest to system administrators and can be +configured to pass these messages on in various ways, such as printing +on the console, mailing to a particular person, or recording in a log +file for future reference. + + A program uses the facilities in this chapter to submit such +messages. + +* Menu: + +* Overview of Syslog:: Overview of a system's Syslog facility +* Submitting Syslog Messages:: Functions to submit messages to Syslog + + +File: libc.info, Node: Overview of Syslog, Next: Submitting Syslog Messages, Up: Syslog + +18.1 Overview of Syslog +======================= + +System administrators have to deal with lots of different kinds of +messages from a plethora of subsystems within each system, and usually +lots of systems as well. For example, an FTP server might report every +connection it gets. The kernel might report hardware failures on a disk +drive. A DNS server might report usage statistics at regular intervals. + + Some of these messages need to be brought to a system administrator's +attention immediately. And it may not be just any system administrator +- there may be a particular system administrator who deals with a +particular kind of message. Other messages just need to be recorded for +future reference if there is a problem. Still others may need to have +information extracted from them by an automated process that generates +monthly reports. + + To deal with these messages, most Unix systems have a facility called +"Syslog." It is generally based on a daemon called "Syslogd" Syslogd +listens for messages on a Unix domain socket named `/dev/log'. Based +on classification information in the messages and its configuration +file (usually `/etc/syslog.conf'), Syslogd routes them in various ways. +Some of the popular routings are: + + * Write to the system console + + * Mail to a specific user + + * Write to a log file + + * Pass to another daemon + + * Discard + + Syslogd can also handle messages from other systems. It listens on +the `syslog' UDP port as well as the local socket for messages. + + Syslog can handle messages from the kernel itself. But the kernel +doesn't write to `/dev/log'; rather, another daemon (sometimes called +"Klogd") extracts messages from the kernel and passes them on to Syslog +as any other process would (and it properly identifies them as messages +from the kernel). + + Syslog can even handle messages that the kernel issued before +Syslogd or Klogd was running. A Linux kernel, for example, stores +startup messages in a kernel message ring and they are normally still +there when Klogd later starts up. Assuming Syslogd is running by the +time Klogd starts, Klogd then passes everything in the message ring to +it. + + In order to classify messages for disposition, Syslog requires any +process that submits a message to it to provide two pieces of +classification information with it: + +facility + This identifies who submitted the message. There are a small + number of facilities defined. The kernel, the mail subsystem, and + an FTP server are examples of recognized facilities. For the + complete list, *Note syslog; vsyslog::. Keep in mind that these + are essentially arbitrary classifications. "Mail subsystem" + doesn't have any more meaning than the system administrator gives + to it. + +priority + This tells how important the content of the message is. Examples + of defined priority values are: debug, informational, warning, + critical. For the complete list, see *note syslog; vsyslog::. + Except for the fact that the priorities have a defined order, the + meaning of each of these priorities is entirely determined by the + system administrator. + + + A "facility/priority" is a number that indicates both the facility +and the priority. + + *Warning:* This terminology is not universal. Some people use +"level" to refer to the priority and "priority" to refer to the +combination of facility and priority. A Linux kernel has a concept of a +message "level," which corresponds both to a Syslog priority and to a +Syslog facility/priority (It can be both because the facility code for +the kernel is zero, and that makes priority and facility/priority the +same value). + + The GNU C library provides functions to submit messages to Syslog. +They do it by writing to the `/dev/log' socket. *Note Submitting +Syslog Messages::. + + The GNU C library functions only work to submit messages to the +Syslog facility on the same system. To submit a message to the Syslog +facility on another system, use the socket I/O functions to write a UDP +datagram to the `syslog' UDP port on that system. *Note Sockets::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Submitting Syslog Messages, Prev: Overview of Syslog, Up: Syslog + +18.2 Submitting Syslog Messages +=============================== + +The GNU C library provides functions to submit messages to the Syslog +facility: + +* Menu: + +* openlog:: Open connection to Syslog +* syslog; vsyslog:: Submit message to Syslog +* closelog:: Close connection to Syslog +* setlogmask:: Cause certain messages to be ignored +* Syslog Example:: Example of all of the above + + These functions only work to submit messages to the Syslog facility +on the same system. To submit a message to the Syslog facility on +another system, use the socket I/O functions to write a UDP datagram to +the `syslog' UDP port on that system. *Note Sockets::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: openlog, Next: syslog; vsyslog, Up: Submitting Syslog Messages + +18.2.1 openlog +-------------- + +The symbols referred to in this section are declared in the file +`syslog.h'. + + -- Function: void openlog (const char *IDENT, int OPTION, int FACILITY) + `openlog' opens or reopens a connection to Syslog in preparation + for submitting messages. + + IDENT is an arbitrary identification string which future `syslog' + invocations will prefix to each message. This is intended to + identify the source of the message, and people conventionally set + it to the name of the program that will submit the messages. + + If IDENT is NULL, or if `openlog' is not called, the default + identification string used in Syslog messages will be the program + name, taken from argv[0]. + + Please note that the string pointer IDENT will be retained + internally by the Syslog routines. You must not free the memory + that IDENT points to. It is also dangerous to pass a reference to + an automatic variable since leaving the scope would mean ending the + lifetime of the variable. If you want to change the IDENT string, + you must call `openlog' again; overwriting the string pointed to by + IDENT is not thread-safe. + + You can cause the Syslog routines to drop the reference to IDENT + and go back to the default string (the program name taken from + argv[0]), by calling `closelog': *Note closelog::. + + In particular, if you are writing code for a shared library that + might get loaded and then unloaded (e.g. a PAM module), and you + use `openlog', you must call `closelog' before any point where + your library might get unloaded, as in this example: + + #include + + void + shared_library_function (void) + { + openlog ("mylibrary", option, priority); + + syslog (LOG_INFO, "shared library has been invoked"); + + closelog (); + } + + Without the call to `closelog', future invocations of `syslog' by + the program using the shared library may crash, if the library gets + unloaded and the memory containing the string `"mylibrary"' becomes + unmapped. This is a limitation of the BSD syslog interface. + + `openlog' may or may not open the `/dev/log' socket, depending on + OPTION. If it does, it tries to open it and connect it as a + stream socket. If that doesn't work, it tries to open it and + connect it as a datagram socket. The socket has the "Close on + Exec" attribute, so the kernel will close it if the process + performs an exec. + + You don't have to use `openlog'. If you call `syslog' without + having called `openlog', `syslog' just opens the connection + implicitly and uses defaults for the information in IDENT and + OPTIONS. + + OPTIONS is a bit string, with the bits as defined by the following + single bit masks: + + `LOG_PERROR' + If on, `openlog' sets up the connection so that any `syslog' + on this connection writes its message to the calling process' + Standard Error stream in addition to submitting it to Syslog. + If off, `syslog' does not write the message to Standard Error. + + `LOG_CONS' + If on, `openlog' sets up the connection so that a `syslog' on + this connection that fails to submit a message to Syslog + writes the message instead to system console. If off, + `syslog' does not write to the system console (but of course + Syslog may write messages it receives to the console). + + `LOG_PID' + When on, `openlog' sets up the connection so that a `syslog' + on this connection inserts the calling process' Process ID + (PID) into the message. When off, `openlog' does not insert + the PID. + + `LOG_NDELAY' + When on, `openlog' opens and connects the `/dev/log' socket. + When off, a future `syslog' call must open and connect the + socket. + + *Portability note:* In early systems, the sense of this bit + was exactly the opposite. + + `LOG_ODELAY' + This bit does nothing. It exists for backward compatibility. + + + If any other bit in OPTIONS is on, the result is undefined. + + FACILITY is the default facility code for this connection. A + `syslog' on this connection that specifies default facility causes + this facility to be associated with the message. See `syslog' for + possible values. A value of zero means the default default, which + is `LOG_USER'. + + If a Syslog connection is already open when you call `openlog', + `openlog' "reopens" the connection. Reopening is like opening + except that if you specify zero for the default facility code, the + default facility code simply remains unchanged and if you specify + LOG_NDELAY and the socket is already open and connected, `openlog' + just leaves it that way. + + + +File: libc.info, Node: syslog; vsyslog, Next: closelog, Prev: openlog, Up: Submitting Syslog Messages + +18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog +---------------------- + +The symbols referred to in this section are declared in the file +`syslog.h'. + + -- Function: void syslog (int FACILITY_PRIORITY, char *FORMAT, ...) + `syslog' submits a message to the Syslog facility. It does this by + writing to the Unix domain socket `/dev/log'. + + `syslog' submits the message with the facility and priority + indicated by FACILITY_PRIORITY. The macro `LOG_MAKEPRI' generates + a facility/priority from a facility and a priority, as in the + following example: + + LOG_MAKEPRI(LOG_USER, LOG_WARNING) + + The possible values for the facility code are (macros): + + `LOG_USER' + A miscellaneous user process + + `LOG_MAIL' + Mail + + `LOG_DAEMON' + A miscellaneous system daemon + + `LOG_AUTH' + Security (authorization) + + `LOG_SYSLOG' + Syslog + + `LOG_LPR' + Central printer + + `LOG_NEWS' + Network news (e.g. Usenet) + + `LOG_UUCP' + UUCP + + `LOG_CRON' + Cron and At + + `LOG_AUTHPRIV' + Private security (authorization) + + `LOG_FTP' + Ftp server + + `LOG_LOCAL0' + Locally defined + + `LOG_LOCAL1' + Locally defined + + `LOG_LOCAL2' + Locally defined + + `LOG_LOCAL3' + Locally defined + + `LOG_LOCAL4' + Locally defined + + `LOG_LOCAL5' + Locally defined + + `LOG_LOCAL6' + Locally defined + + `LOG_LOCAL7' + Locally defined + + Results are undefined if the facility code is anything else. + + *NB:* `syslog' recognizes one other facility code: that of the + kernel. But you can't specify that facility code with these + functions. If you try, it looks the same to `syslog' as if you are + requesting the default facility. But you wouldn't want to anyway, + because any program that uses the GNU C library is not the kernel. + + You can use just a priority code as FACILITY_PRIORITY. In that + case, `syslog' assumes the default facility established when the + Syslog connection was opened. *Note Syslog Example::. + + The possible values for the priority code are (macros): + + `LOG_EMERG' + The message says the system is unusable. + + `LOG_ALERT' + Action on the message must be taken immediately. + + `LOG_CRIT' + The message states a critical condition. + + `LOG_ERR' + The message describes an error. + + `LOG_WARNING' + The message is a warning. + + `LOG_NOTICE' + The message describes a normal but important event. + + `LOG_INFO' + The message is purely informational. + + `LOG_DEBUG' + The message is only for debugging purposes. + + Results are undefined if the priority code is anything else. + + If the process does not presently have a Syslog connection open + (i.e., it did not call `openlog'), `syslog' implicitly opens the + connection the same as `openlog' would, with the following defaults + for information that would otherwise be included in an `openlog' + call: The default identification string is the program name. The + default default facility is `LOG_USER'. The default for all the + connection options in OPTIONS is as if those bits were off. + `syslog' leaves the Syslog connection open. + + If the `dev/log' socket is not open and connected, `syslog' opens + and connects it, the same as `openlog' with the `LOG_NDELAY' + option would. + + `syslog' leaves `/dev/log' open and connected unless its attempt + to send the message failed, in which case `syslog' closes it (with + the hope that a future implicit open will restore the Syslog + connection to a usable state). + + Example: + + + #include + syslog (LOG_MAKEPRI(LOG_LOCAL1, LOG_ERROR), + "Unable to make network connection to %s. Error=%m", host); + + + -- Function: void vsyslog (int FACILITY_PRIORITY, char *FORMAT, + va_list arglist) + This is functionally identical to `syslog', with the BSD style + variable length argument. + + + +File: libc.info, Node: closelog, Next: setlogmask, Prev: syslog; vsyslog, Up: Submitting Syslog Messages + +18.2.3 closelog +--------------- + +The symbols referred to in this section are declared in the file +`syslog.h'. + + -- Function: void closelog (void) + `closelog' closes the current Syslog connection, if there is one. + This includes closing the `dev/log' socket, if it is open. + `closelog' also sets the identification string for Syslog messages + back to the default, if `openlog' was called with a non-NULL + argument to IDENT. The default identification string is the + program name taken from argv[0]. + + If you are writing shared library code that uses `openlog' to + generate custom syslog output, you should use `closelog' to drop + the GNU C library's internal reference to the IDENT pointer when + you are done. Please read the section on `openlog' for more + information: *Note openlog::. + + `closelog' does not flush any buffers. You do not have to call + `closelog' before re-opening a Syslog connection with `initlog'. + Syslog connections are automatically closed on exec or exit. + + + +File: libc.info, Node: setlogmask, Next: Syslog Example, Prev: closelog, Up: Submitting Syslog Messages + +18.2.4 setlogmask +----------------- + +The symbols referred to in this section are declared in the file +`syslog.h'. + + -- Function: int setlogmask (int MASK) + `setlogmask' sets a mask (the "logmask") that determines which + future `syslog' calls shall be ignored. If a program has not + called `setlogmask', `syslog' doesn't ignore any calls. You can + use `setlogmask' to specify that messages of particular priorities + shall be ignored in the future. + + A `setlogmask' call overrides any previous `setlogmask' call. + + Note that the logmask exists entirely independently of opening and + closing of Syslog connections. + + Setting the logmask has a similar effect to, but is not the same + as, configuring Syslog. The Syslog configuration may cause Syslog + to discard certain messages it receives, but the logmask causes + certain messages never to get submitted to Syslog in the first + place. + + MASK is a bit string with one bit corresponding to each of the + possible message priorities. If the bit is on, `syslog' handles + messages of that priority normally. If it is off, `syslog' + discards messages of that priority. Use the message priority + macros described in *note syslog; vsyslog:: and the `LOG_MASK' to + construct an appropriate MASK value, as in this example: + + LOG_MASK(LOG_EMERG) | LOG_MASK(LOG_ERROR) + + or + + ~(LOG_MASK(LOG_INFO)) + + There is also a `LOG_UPTO' macro, which generates a mask with the + bits on for a certain priority and all priorities above it: + + LOG_UPTO(LOG_ERROR) + + The unfortunate naming of the macro is due to the fact that + internally, higher numbers are used for lower message priorities. + + + +File: libc.info, Node: Syslog Example, Prev: setlogmask, Up: Submitting Syslog Messages + +18.2.5 Syslog Example +--------------------- + +Here is an example of `openlog', `syslog', and `closelog': + + This example sets the logmask so that debug and informational +messages get discarded without ever reaching Syslog. So the second +`syslog' in the example does nothing. + + #include + + setlogmask (LOG_UPTO (LOG_NOTICE)); + + openlog ("exampleprog", LOG_CONS | LOG_PID | LOG_NDELAY, LOG_LOCAL1); + + syslog (LOG_NOTICE, "Program started by User %d", getuid ()); + syslog (LOG_INFO, "A tree falls in a forest"); + + closelog (); + + +File: libc.info, Node: Mathematics, Next: Arithmetic, Prev: Syslog, Up: Top + +19 Mathematics +************** + +This chapter contains information about functions for performing +mathematical computations, such as trigonometric functions. Most of +these functions have prototypes declared in the header file `math.h'. +The complex-valued functions are defined in `complex.h'. + + All mathematical functions which take a floating-point argument have +three variants, one each for `double', `float', and `long double' +arguments. The `double' versions are mostly defined in ISO C89. The +`float' and `long double' versions are from the numeric extensions to C +included in ISO C99. + + Which of the three versions of a function should be used depends on +the situation. For most calculations, the `float' functions are the +fastest. On the other hand, the `long double' functions have the +highest precision. `double' is somewhere in between. It is usually +wise to pick the narrowest type that can accommodate your data. Not +all machines have a distinct `long double' type; it may be the same as +`double'. + +* Menu: + +* Mathematical Constants:: Precise numeric values for often-used + constants. +* Trig Functions:: Sine, cosine, tangent, and friends. +* Inverse Trig Functions:: Arcsine, arccosine, etc. +* Exponents and Logarithms:: Also pow and sqrt. +* Hyperbolic Functions:: sinh, cosh, tanh, etc. +* Special Functions:: Bessel, gamma, erf. +* Errors in Math Functions:: Known Maximum Errors in Math Functions. +* Pseudo-Random Numbers:: Functions for generating pseudo-random + numbers. +* FP Function Optimizations:: Fast code or small code. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Mathematical Constants, Next: Trig Functions, Up: Mathematics + +19.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants +====================================== + +The header `math.h' defines several useful mathematical constants. All +values are defined as preprocessor macros starting with `M_'. The +values provided are: + +`M_E' + The base of natural logarithms. + +`M_LOG2E' + The logarithm to base `2' of `M_E'. + +`M_LOG10E' + The logarithm to base `10' of `M_E'. + +`M_LN2' + The natural logarithm of `2'. + +`M_LN10' + The natural logarithm of `10'. + +`M_PI' + Pi, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. + +`M_PI_2' + Pi divided by two. + +`M_PI_4' + Pi divided by four. + +`M_1_PI' + The reciprocal of pi (1/pi) + +`M_2_PI' + Two times the reciprocal of pi. + +`M_2_SQRTPI' + Two times the reciprocal of the square root of pi. + +`M_SQRT2' + The square root of two. + +`M_SQRT1_2' + The reciprocal of the square root of two (also the square root of + 1/2). + + These constants come from the Unix98 standard and were also +available in 4.4BSD; therefore they are only defined if `_BSD_SOURCE' or +`_XOPEN_SOURCE=500', or a more general feature select macro, is +defined. The default set of features includes these constants. *Note +Feature Test Macros::. + + All values are of type `double'. As an extension, the GNU C library +also defines these constants with type `long double'. The `long +double' macros have a lowercase `l' appended to their names: `M_El', +`M_PIl', and so forth. These are only available if `_GNU_SOURCE' is +defined. + + _Note:_ Some programs use a constant named `PI' which has the same +value as `M_PI'. This constant is not standard; it may have appeared +in some old AT&T headers, and is mentioned in Stroustrup's book on C++. +It infringes on the user's name space, so the GNU C library does not +define it. Fixing programs written to expect it is simple: replace +`PI' with `M_PI' throughout, or put `-DPI=M_PI' on the compiler command +line. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Trig Functions, Next: Inverse Trig Functions, Prev: Mathematical Constants, Up: Mathematics + +19.2 Trigonometric Functions +============================ + +These are the familiar `sin', `cos', and `tan' functions. The +arguments to all of these functions are in units of radians; recall +that pi radians equals 180 degrees. + + The math library normally defines `M_PI' to a `double' approximation +of pi. If strict ISO and/or POSIX compliance are requested this +constant is not defined, but you can easily define it yourself: + + #define M_PI 3.14159265358979323846264338327 + +You can also compute the value of pi with the expression `acos (-1.0)'. + + -- Function: double sin (double X) + -- Function: float sinf (float X) + -- Function: long double sinl (long double X) + These functions return the sine of X, where X is given in radians. + The return value is in the range `-1' to `1'. + + -- Function: double cos (double X) + -- Function: float cosf (float X) + -- Function: long double cosl (long double X) + These functions return the cosine of X, where X is given in + radians. The return value is in the range `-1' to `1'. + + -- Function: double tan (double X) + -- Function: float tanf (float X) + -- Function: long double tanl (long double X) + These functions return the tangent of X, where X is given in + radians. + + Mathematically, the tangent function has singularities at odd + multiples of pi/2. If the argument X is too close to one of these + singularities, `tan' will signal overflow. + + In many applications where `sin' and `cos' are used, the sine and +cosine of the same angle are needed at the same time. It is more +efficient to compute them simultaneously, so the library provides a +function to do that. + + -- Function: void sincos (double X, double *SINX, double *COSX) + -- Function: void sincosf (float X, float *SINX, float *COSX) + -- Function: void sincosl (long double X, long double *SINX, long + double *COSX) + These functions return the sine of X in `*SINX' and the cosine of + X in `*COS', where X is given in radians. Both values, `*SINX' + and `*COSX', are in the range of `-1' to `1'. + + This function is a GNU extension. Portable programs should be + prepared to cope with its absence. + + ISO C99 defines variants of the trig functions which work on complex +numbers. The GNU C library provides these functions, but they are only +useful if your compiler supports the new complex types defined by the +standard. (As of this writing GCC supports complex numbers, but there +are bugs in the implementation.) + + -- Function: complex double csin (complex double Z) + -- Function: complex float csinf (complex float Z) + -- Function: complex long double csinl (complex long double Z) + These functions return the complex sine of Z. The mathematical + definition of the complex sine is + + sin (z) = 1/(2*i) * (exp (z*i) - exp (-z*i)). + + -- Function: complex double ccos (complex double Z) + -- Function: complex float ccosf (complex float Z) + -- Function: complex long double ccosl (complex long double Z) + These functions return the complex cosine of Z. The mathematical + definition of the complex cosine is + + cos (z) = 1/2 * (exp (z*i) + exp (-z*i)) + + -- Function: complex double ctan (complex double Z) + -- Function: complex float ctanf (complex float Z) + -- Function: complex long double ctanl (complex long double Z) + These functions return the complex tangent of Z. The mathematical + definition of the complex tangent is + + tan (z) = -i * (exp (z*i) - exp (-z*i)) / (exp (z*i) + exp (-z*i)) + + The complex tangent has poles at pi/2 + 2n, where n is an integer. + `ctan' may signal overflow if Z is too close to a pole. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Inverse Trig Functions, Next: Exponents and Logarithms, Prev: Trig Functions, Up: Mathematics + +19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions +==================================== + +These are the usual arc sine, arc cosine and arc tangent functions, +which are the inverses of the sine, cosine and tangent functions +respectively. + + -- Function: double asin (double X) + -- Function: float asinf (float X) + -- Function: long double asinl (long double X) + These functions compute the arc sine of X--that is, the value whose + sine is X. The value is in units of radians. Mathematically, + there are infinitely many such values; the one actually returned + is the one between `-pi/2' and `pi/2' (inclusive). + + The arc sine function is defined mathematically only over the + domain `-1' to `1'. If X is outside the domain, `asin' signals a + domain error. + + -- Function: double acos (double X) + -- Function: float acosf (float X) + -- Function: long double acosl (long double X) + These functions compute the arc cosine of X--that is, the value + whose cosine is X. The value is in units of radians. + Mathematically, there are infinitely many such values; the one + actually returned is the one between `0' and `pi' (inclusive). + + The arc cosine function is defined mathematically only over the + domain `-1' to `1'. If X is outside the domain, `acos' signals a + domain error. + + -- Function: double atan (double X) + -- Function: float atanf (float X) + -- Function: long double atanl (long double X) + These functions compute the arc tangent of X--that is, the value + whose tangent is X. The value is in units of radians. + Mathematically, there are infinitely many such values; the one + actually returned is the one between `-pi/2' and `pi/2' + (inclusive). + + -- Function: double atan2 (double Y, double X) + -- Function: float atan2f (float Y, float X) + -- Function: long double atan2l (long double Y, long double X) + This function computes the arc tangent of Y/X, but the signs of + both arguments are used to determine the quadrant of the result, + and X is permitted to be zero. The return value is given in + radians and is in the range `-pi' to `pi', inclusive. + + If X and Y are coordinates of a point in the plane, `atan2' + returns the signed angle between the line from the origin to that + point and the x-axis. Thus, `atan2' is useful for converting + Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates. (To compute the + radial coordinate, use `hypot'; see *note Exponents and + Logarithms::.) + + If both X and Y are zero, `atan2' returns zero. + + ISO C99 defines complex versions of the inverse trig functions. + + -- Function: complex double casin (complex double Z) + -- Function: complex float casinf (complex float Z) + -- Function: complex long double casinl (complex long double Z) + These functions compute the complex arc sine of Z--that is, the + value whose sine is Z. The value returned is in radians. + + Unlike the real-valued functions, `casin' is defined for all + values of Z. + + -- Function: complex double cacos (complex double Z) + -- Function: complex float cacosf (complex float Z) + -- Function: complex long double cacosl (complex long double Z) + These functions compute the complex arc cosine of Z--that is, the + value whose cosine is Z. The value returned is in radians. + + Unlike the real-valued functions, `cacos' is defined for all + values of Z. + + -- Function: complex double catan (complex double Z) + -- Function: complex float catanf (complex float Z) + -- Function: complex long double catanl (complex long double Z) + These functions compute the complex arc tangent of Z--that is, the + value whose tangent is Z. The value is in units of radians. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Exponents and Logarithms, Next: Hyperbolic Functions, Prev: Inverse Trig Functions, Up: Mathematics + +19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms +================================== + + -- Function: double exp (double X) + -- Function: float expf (float X) + -- Function: long double expl (long double X) + These functions compute `e' (the base of natural logarithms) raised + to the power X. + + If the magnitude of the result is too large to be representable, + `exp' signals overflow. + + -- Function: double exp2 (double X) + -- Function: float exp2f (float X) + -- Function: long double exp2l (long double X) + These functions compute `2' raised to the power X. + Mathematically, `exp2 (x)' is the same as `exp (x * log (2))'. + + -- Function: double exp10 (double X) + -- Function: float exp10f (float X) + -- Function: long double exp10l (long double X) + -- Function: double pow10 (double X) + -- Function: float pow10f (float X) + -- Function: long double pow10l (long double X) + These functions compute `10' raised to the power X. + Mathematically, `exp10 (x)' is the same as `exp (x * log (10))'. + + These functions are GNU extensions. The name `exp10' is + preferred, since it is analogous to `exp' and `exp2'. + + -- Function: double log (double X) + -- Function: float logf (float X) + -- Function: long double logl (long double X) + These functions compute the natural logarithm of X. `exp (log + (X))' equals X, exactly in mathematics and approximately in C. + + If X is negative, `log' signals a domain error. If X is zero, it + returns negative infinity; if X is too close to zero, it may + signal overflow. + + -- Function: double log10 (double X) + -- Function: float log10f (float X) + -- Function: long double log10l (long double X) + These functions return the base-10 logarithm of X. `log10 (X)' + equals `log (X) / log (10)'. + + + -- Function: double log2 (double X) + -- Function: float log2f (float X) + -- Function: long double log2l (long double X) + These functions return the base-2 logarithm of X. `log2 (X)' + equals `log (X) / log (2)'. + + -- Function: double logb (double X) + -- Function: float logbf (float X) + -- Function: long double logbl (long double X) + These functions extract the exponent of X and return it as a + floating-point value. If `FLT_RADIX' is two, `logb' is equal to + `floor (log2 (x))', except it's probably faster. + + If X is de-normalized, `logb' returns the exponent X would have if + it were normalized. If X is infinity (positive or negative), + `logb' returns oo. If X is zero, `logb' returns oo. It does not + signal. + + -- Function: int ilogb (double X) + -- Function: int ilogbf (float X) + -- Function: int ilogbl (long double X) + These functions are equivalent to the corresponding `logb' + functions except that they return signed integer values. + +Since integers cannot represent infinity and NaN, `ilogb' instead +returns an integer that can't be the exponent of a normal floating-point +number. `math.h' defines constants so you can check for this. + + -- Macro: int FP_ILOGB0 + `ilogb' returns this value if its argument is `0'. The numeric + value is either `INT_MIN' or `-INT_MAX'. + + This macro is defined in ISO C99. + + -- Macro: int FP_ILOGBNAN + `ilogb' returns this value if its argument is `NaN'. The numeric + value is either `INT_MIN' or `INT_MAX'. + + This macro is defined in ISO C99. + + These values are system specific. They might even be the same. The +proper way to test the result of `ilogb' is as follows: + + i = ilogb (f); + if (i == FP_ILOGB0 || i == FP_ILOGBNAN) + { + if (isnan (f)) + { + /* Handle NaN. */ + } + else if (f == 0.0) + { + /* Handle 0.0. */ + } + else + { + /* Some other value with large exponent, + perhaps +Inf. */ + } + } + + -- Function: double pow (double BASE, double POWER) + -- Function: float powf (float BASE, float POWER) + -- Function: long double powl (long double BASE, long double POWER) + These are general exponentiation functions, returning BASE raised + to POWER. + + Mathematically, `pow' would return a complex number when BASE is + negative and POWER is not an integral value. `pow' can't do that, + so instead it signals a domain error. `pow' may also underflow or + overflow the destination type. + + -- Function: double sqrt (double X) + -- Function: float sqrtf (float X) + -- Function: long double sqrtl (long double X) + These functions return the nonnegative square root of X. + + If X is negative, `sqrt' signals a domain error. Mathematically, + it should return a complex number. + + -- Function: double cbrt (double X) + -- Function: float cbrtf (float X) + -- Function: long double cbrtl (long double X) + These functions return the cube root of X. They cannot fail; + every representable real value has a representable real cube root. + + -- Function: double hypot (double X, double Y) + -- Function: float hypotf (float X, float Y) + -- Function: long double hypotl (long double X, long double Y) + These functions return `sqrt (X*X + Y*Y)'. This is the length of + the hypotenuse of a right triangle with sides of length X and Y, + or the distance of the point (X, Y) from the origin. Using this + function instead of the direct formula is wise, since the error is + much smaller. See also the function `cabs' in *note Absolute + Value::. + + -- Function: double expm1 (double X) + -- Function: float expm1f (float X) + -- Function: long double expm1l (long double X) + These functions return a value equivalent to `exp (X) - 1'. They + are computed in a way that is accurate even if X is near zero--a + case where `exp (X) - 1' would be inaccurate owing to subtraction + of two numbers that are nearly equal. + + -- Function: double log1p (double X) + -- Function: float log1pf (float X) + -- Function: long double log1pl (long double X) + These functions returns a value equivalent to `log (1 + X)'. They + are computed in a way that is accurate even if X is near zero. + + ISO C99 defines complex variants of some of the exponentiation and +logarithm functions. + + -- Function: complex double cexp (complex double Z) + -- Function: complex float cexpf (complex float Z) + -- Function: complex long double cexpl (complex long double Z) + These functions return `e' (the base of natural logarithms) raised + to the power of Z. Mathematically, this corresponds to the value + + exp (z) = exp (creal (z)) * (cos (cimag (z)) + I * sin (cimag (z))) + + -- Function: complex double clog (complex double Z) + -- Function: complex float clogf (complex float Z) + -- Function: complex long double clogl (complex long double Z) + These functions return the natural logarithm of Z. + Mathematically, this corresponds to the value + + log (z) = log (cabs (z)) + I * carg (z) + + `clog' has a pole at 0, and will signal overflow if Z equals or is + very close to 0. It is well-defined for all other values of Z. + + -- Function: complex double clog10 (complex double Z) + -- Function: complex float clog10f (complex float Z) + -- Function: complex long double clog10l (complex long double Z) + These functions return the base 10 logarithm of the complex value + Z. Mathematically, this corresponds to the value + + log (z) = log10 (cabs (z)) + I * carg (z) + + These functions are GNU extensions. + + -- Function: complex double csqrt (complex double Z) + -- Function: complex float csqrtf (complex float Z) + -- Function: complex long double csqrtl (complex long double Z) + These functions return the complex square root of the argument Z. + Unlike the real-valued functions, they are defined for all values + of Z. + + -- Function: complex double cpow (complex double BASE, complex double + POWER) + -- Function: complex float cpowf (complex float BASE, complex float + POWER) + -- Function: complex long double cpowl (complex long double BASE, + complex long double POWER) + These functions return BASE raised to the power of POWER. This is + equivalent to `cexp (y * clog (x))' + + +File: libc.info, Node: Hyperbolic Functions, Next: Special Functions, Prev: Exponents and Logarithms, Up: Mathematics + +19.5 Hyperbolic Functions +========================= + +The functions in this section are related to the exponential functions; +see *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + + -- Function: double sinh (double X) + -- Function: float sinhf (float X) + -- Function: long double sinhl (long double X) + These functions return the hyperbolic sine of X, defined + mathematically as `(exp (X) - exp (-X)) / 2'. They may signal + overflow if X is too large. + + -- Function: double cosh (double X) + -- Function: float coshf (float X) + -- Function: long double coshl (long double X) + These function return the hyperbolic cosine of X, defined + mathematically as `(exp (X) + exp (-X)) / 2'. They may signal + overflow if X is too large. + + -- Function: double tanh (double X) + -- Function: float tanhf (float X) + -- Function: long double tanhl (long double X) + These functions return the hyperbolic tangent of X, defined + mathematically as `sinh (X) / cosh (X)'. They may signal overflow + if X is too large. + + There are counterparts for the hyperbolic functions which take +complex arguments. + + -- Function: complex double csinh (complex double Z) + -- Function: complex float csinhf (complex float Z) + -- Function: complex long double csinhl (complex long double Z) + These functions return the complex hyperbolic sine of Z, defined + mathematically as `(exp (Z) - exp (-Z)) / 2'. + + -- Function: complex double ccosh (complex double Z) + -- Function: complex float ccoshf (complex float Z) + -- Function: complex long double ccoshl (complex long double Z) + These functions return the complex hyperbolic cosine of Z, defined + mathematically as `(exp (Z) + exp (-Z)) / 2'. + + -- Function: complex double ctanh (complex double Z) + -- Function: complex float ctanhf (complex float Z) + -- Function: complex long double ctanhl (complex long double Z) + These functions return the complex hyperbolic tangent of Z, + defined mathematically as `csinh (Z) / ccosh (Z)'. + + -- Function: double asinh (double X) + -- Function: float asinhf (float X) + -- Function: long double asinhl (long double X) + These functions return the inverse hyperbolic sine of X--the value + whose hyperbolic sine is X. + + -- Function: double acosh (double X) + -- Function: float acoshf (float X) + -- Function: long double acoshl (long double X) + These functions return the inverse hyperbolic cosine of X--the + value whose hyperbolic cosine is X. If X is less than `1', + `acosh' signals a domain error. + + -- Function: double atanh (double X) + -- Function: float atanhf (float X) + -- Function: long double atanhl (long double X) + These functions return the inverse hyperbolic tangent of X--the + value whose hyperbolic tangent is X. If the absolute value of X + is greater than `1', `atanh' signals a domain error; if it is + equal to 1, `atanh' returns infinity. + + -- Function: complex double casinh (complex double Z) + -- Function: complex float casinhf (complex float Z) + -- Function: complex long double casinhl (complex long double Z) + These functions return the inverse complex hyperbolic sine of + Z--the value whose complex hyperbolic sine is Z. + + -- Function: complex double cacosh (complex double Z) + -- Function: complex float cacoshf (complex float Z) + -- Function: complex long double cacoshl (complex long double Z) + These functions return the inverse complex hyperbolic cosine of + Z--the value whose complex hyperbolic cosine is Z. Unlike the + real-valued functions, there are no restrictions on the value of Z. + + -- Function: complex double catanh (complex double Z) + -- Function: complex float catanhf (complex float Z) + -- Function: complex long double catanhl (complex long double Z) + These functions return the inverse complex hyperbolic tangent of + Z--the value whose complex hyperbolic tangent is Z. Unlike the + real-valued functions, there are no restrictions on the value of Z. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Special Functions, Next: Errors in Math Functions, Prev: Hyperbolic Functions, Up: Mathematics + +19.6 Special Functions +====================== + +These are some more exotic mathematical functions which are sometimes +useful. Currently they only have real-valued versions. + + -- Function: double erf (double X) + -- Function: float erff (float X) + -- Function: long double erfl (long double X) + `erf' returns the error function of X. The error function is + defined as + erf (x) = 2/sqrt(pi) * integral from 0 to x of exp(-t^2) dt + + -- Function: double erfc (double X) + -- Function: float erfcf (float X) + -- Function: long double erfcl (long double X) + `erfc' returns `1.0 - erf(X)', but computed in a fashion that + avoids round-off error when X is large. + + -- Function: double lgamma (double X) + -- Function: float lgammaf (float X) + -- Function: long double lgammal (long double X) + `lgamma' returns the natural logarithm of the absolute value of + the gamma function of X. The gamma function is defined as + gamma (x) = integral from 0 to oo of t^(x-1) e^-t dt + + The sign of the gamma function is stored in the global variable + SIGNGAM, which is declared in `math.h'. It is `1' if the + intermediate result was positive or zero, or `-1' if it was + negative. + + To compute the real gamma function you can use the `tgamma' + function or you can compute the values as follows: + lgam = lgamma(x); + gam = signgam*exp(lgam); + + The gamma function has singularities at the non-positive integers. + `lgamma' will raise the zero divide exception if evaluated at a + singularity. + + -- Function: double lgamma_r (double X, int *SIGNP) + -- Function: float lgammaf_r (float X, int *SIGNP) + -- Function: long double lgammal_r (long double X, int *SIGNP) + `lgamma_r' is just like `lgamma', but it stores the sign of the + intermediate result in the variable pointed to by SIGNP instead of + in the SIGNGAM global. This means it is reentrant. + + -- Function: double gamma (double X) + -- Function: float gammaf (float X) + -- Function: long double gammal (long double X) + These functions exist for compatibility reasons. They are + equivalent to `lgamma' etc. It is better to use `lgamma' since + for one the name reflects better the actual computation, moreover + `lgamma' is standardized in ISO C99 while `gamma' is not. + + -- Function: double tgamma (double X) + -- Function: float tgammaf (float X) + -- Function: long double tgammal (long double X) + `tgamma' applies the gamma function to X. The gamma function is + defined as + gamma (x) = integral from 0 to oo of t^(x-1) e^-t dt + + This function was introduced in ISO C99. + + -- Function: double j0 (double X) + -- Function: float j0f (float X) + -- Function: long double j0l (long double X) + `j0' returns the Bessel function of the first kind of order 0 of + X. It may signal underflow if X is too large. + + -- Function: double j1 (double X) + -- Function: float j1f (float X) + -- Function: long double j1l (long double X) + `j1' returns the Bessel function of the first kind of order 1 of + X. It may signal underflow if X is too large. + + -- Function: double jn (int n, double X) + -- Function: float jnf (int n, float X) + -- Function: long double jnl (int n, long double X) + `jn' returns the Bessel function of the first kind of order N of + X. It may signal underflow if X is too large. + + -- Function: double y0 (double X) + -- Function: float y0f (float X) + -- Function: long double y0l (long double X) + `y0' returns the Bessel function of the second kind of order 0 of + X. It may signal underflow if X is too large. If X is negative, + `y0' signals a domain error; if it is zero, `y0' signals overflow + and returns -oo. + + -- Function: double y1 (double X) + -- Function: float y1f (float X) + -- Function: long double y1l (long double X) + `y1' returns the Bessel function of the second kind of order 1 of + X. It may signal underflow if X is too large. If X is negative, + `y1' signals a domain error; if it is zero, `y1' signals overflow + and returns -oo. + + -- Function: double yn (int n, double X) + -- Function: float ynf (int n, float X) + -- Function: long double ynl (int n, long double X) + `yn' returns the Bessel function of the second kind of order N of + X. It may signal underflow if X is too large. If X is negative, + `yn' signals a domain error; if it is zero, `yn' signals overflow + and returns -oo. + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/db.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/db.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +int +main (void) +@{ + uid_t me; + struct passwd *my_passwd; + struct group *my_group; + char **members; + + /* @r{Get information about the user ID.} */ + me = getuid (); + my_passwd = getpwuid (me); + if (!my_passwd) + @{ + printf ("Couldn't find out about user %d.\n", (int) me); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + @} + + /* @r{Print the information.} */ + printf ("I am %s.\n", my_passwd->pw_gecos); + printf ("My login name is %s.\n", my_passwd->pw_name); + printf ("My uid is %d.\n", (int) (my_passwd->pw_uid)); + printf ("My home directory is %s.\n", my_passwd->pw_dir); + printf ("My default shell is %s.\n", my_passwd->pw_shell); + + /* @r{Get information about the default group ID.} */ + my_group = getgrgid (my_passwd->pw_gid); + if (!my_group) + @{ + printf ("Couldn't find out about group %d.\n", + (int) my_passwd->pw_gid); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + @} + + /* @r{Print the information.} */ + printf ("My default group is %s (%d).\n", + my_group->gr_name, (int) (my_passwd->pw_gid)); + printf ("The members of this group are:\n"); + members = my_group->gr_mem; + while (*members) + @{ + printf (" %s\n", *(members)); + members++; + @} + + return EXIT_SUCCESS; +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/summary.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/summary.texi @@ -0,0 +1,11382 @@ +@c DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE! +@c This file is generated by summary.awk from the Texinfo sources. +@comment a64l +@item long int a64l (const char *@var{string}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (XPG): @ref{Encode Binary Data}. + +@comment abort +@item void abort (void) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Aborting a Program}. + +@comment abs +@item int abs (int @var{number}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Absolute Value}. + +@comment accept +@item int accept (int @var{socket}, struct sockaddr *@var{addr}, socklen_t *@var{length_ptr}) + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Accepting Connections}. + +@comment access +@item int access (const char *@var{filename}, int @var{how}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Testing File Access}. + +@comment ACCOUNTING +@item ACCOUNTING + +@file{utmp.h} (SVID): @ref{Manipulating the Database}. + +@comment acos +@item double acos (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Inverse Trig Functions}. + +@comment acosf +@item float acosf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Inverse Trig Functions}. + +@comment acosh +@item double acosh (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment acoshf +@item float acoshf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment acoshl +@item long double acoshl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment acosl +@item long double acosl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Inverse Trig Functions}. + +@comment addmntent +@item int addmntent (FILE *@var{stream}, const struct mntent *@var{mnt}) + +@file{mntent.h} (BSD): @ref{mtab}. + +@comment adjtime +@item int adjtime (const struct timeval *@var{delta}, struct timeval *@var{olddelta}) + +@file{sys/time.h} (BSD): @ref{High-Resolution Calendar}. + +@comment adjtimex +@item int adjtimex (struct timex *@var{timex}) + +@file{sys/timex.h} (GNU): @ref{High-Resolution Calendar}. + +@comment AF_FILE +@item AF_FILE + +@file{sys/socket.h} (GNU): @ref{Address Formats}. + +@comment AF_INET +@item AF_INET + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Address Formats}. + +@comment AF_INET6 +@item AF_INET6 + +@file{sys/socket.h} (IPv6 Basic API): @ref{Address Formats}. + +@comment AF_LOCAL +@item AF_LOCAL + +@file{sys/socket.h} (POSIX): @ref{Address Formats}. + +@comment AF_UNIX +@item AF_UNIX + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD, Unix98): @ref{Address Formats}. + +@comment AF_UNSPEC +@item AF_UNSPEC + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Address Formats}. + +@comment aio_cancel +@item int aio_cancel (int @var{fildes}, struct aiocb *@var{aiocbp}) + +@file{aio.h} (POSIX.1b): @ref{Cancel AIO Operations}. + +@comment aio_cancel64 +@item int aio_cancel64 (int @var{fildes}, struct aiocb64 *@var{aiocbp}) + +@file{aio.h} (Unix98): @ref{Cancel AIO Operations}. + +@comment aio_error +@item int aio_error (const struct aiocb *@var{aiocbp}) + +@file{aio.h} (POSIX.1b): @ref{Status of AIO Operations}. + +@comment aio_error64 +@item int aio_error64 (const struct aiocb64 *@var{aiocbp}) + +@file{aio.h} (Unix98): @ref{Status of AIO Operations}. + +@comment aio_fsync +@item int aio_fsync (int @var{op}, struct aiocb *@var{aiocbp}) + +@file{aio.h} (POSIX.1b): @ref{Synchronizing AIO Operations}. + +@comment aio_fsync64 +@item int aio_fsync64 (int @var{op}, struct aiocb64 *@var{aiocbp}) + +@file{aio.h} (Unix98): @ref{Synchronizing AIO Operations}. + +@comment aio_init +@item void aio_init (const struct aioinit *@var{init}) + +@file{aio.h} (GNU): @ref{Configuration of AIO}. + +@comment aio_read +@item int aio_read (struct aiocb *@var{aiocbp}) + +@file{aio.h} (POSIX.1b): @ref{Asynchronous Reads/Writes}. + +@comment aio_read64 +@item int aio_read64 (struct aiocb *@var{aiocbp}) + +@file{aio.h} (Unix98): @ref{Asynchronous Reads/Writes}. + +@comment aio_return +@item ssize_t aio_return (const struct aiocb *@var{aiocbp}) + +@file{aio.h} (POSIX.1b): @ref{Status of AIO Operations}. + +@comment aio_return64 +@item int aio_return64 (const struct aiocb64 *@var{aiocbp}) + +@file{aio.h} (Unix98): @ref{Status of AIO Operations}. + +@comment aio_suspend +@item int aio_suspend (const struct aiocb *const @var{list}[], int @var{nent}, const struct timespec *@var{timeout}) + +@file{aio.h} (POSIX.1b): @ref{Synchronizing AIO Operations}. + +@comment aio_suspend64 +@item int aio_suspend64 (const struct aiocb64 *const @var{list}[], int @var{nent}, const struct timespec *@var{timeout}) + +@file{aio.h} (Unix98): @ref{Synchronizing AIO Operations}. + +@comment aio_write +@item int aio_write (struct aiocb *@var{aiocbp}) + +@file{aio.h} (POSIX.1b): @ref{Asynchronous Reads/Writes}. + +@comment aio_write64 +@item int aio_write64 (struct aiocb *@var{aiocbp}) + +@file{aio.h} (Unix98): @ref{Asynchronous Reads/Writes}. + +@comment alarm +@item unsigned int alarm (unsigned int @var{seconds}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Setting an Alarm}. + +@comment alloca +@item void * alloca (size_t @var{size}); + +@file{stdlib.h} (GNU, BSD): @ref{Variable Size Automatic}. + +@comment alphasort +@item int alphasort (const void *@var{a}, const void *@var{b}) + +@file{dirent.h} (BSD/SVID): @ref{Scanning Directory Content}. + +@comment alphasort64 +@item int alphasort64 (const void *@var{a}, const void *@var{b}) + +@file{dirent.h} (GNU): @ref{Scanning Directory Content}. + +@comment ALTWERASE +@item tcflag_t ALTWERASE + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Local Modes}. + +@comment ARG_MAX +@item int ARG_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{General Limits}. + +@comment argp_err_exit_status +@item error_t argp_err_exit_status + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Global Variables}. + +@comment argp_error +@item void argp_error (const struct argp_state *@var{state}, const char *@var{fmt}, @dots{}) + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Helper Functions}. + +@comment ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN +@item int ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Parser Functions}. + +@comment argp_failure +@item void argp_failure (const struct argp_state *@var{state}, int @var{status}, int @var{errnum}, const char *@var{fmt}, @dots{}) + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Helper Functions}. + +@comment argp_help +@item void argp_help (const struct argp *@var{argp}, FILE *@var{stream}, unsigned @var{flags}, char *@var{name}) + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Help}. + +@comment ARGP_IN_ORDER +@item ARGP_IN_ORDER + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Flags}. + +@comment ARGP_KEY_ARG +@item ARGP_KEY_ARG + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Special Keys}. + +@comment ARGP_KEY_ARGS +@item ARGP_KEY_ARGS + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Special Keys}. + +@comment ARGP_KEY_END +@item ARGP_KEY_END + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Special Keys}. + +@comment ARGP_KEY_ERROR +@item ARGP_KEY_ERROR + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Special Keys}. + +@comment ARGP_KEY_FINI +@item ARGP_KEY_FINI + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Special Keys}. + +@comment ARGP_KEY_HELP_ARGS_DOC +@item ARGP_KEY_HELP_ARGS_DOC + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Help Filter Keys}. + +@comment ARGP_KEY_HELP_DUP_ARGS_NOTE +@item ARGP_KEY_HELP_DUP_ARGS_NOTE + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Help Filter Keys}. + +@comment ARGP_KEY_HELP_EXTRA +@item ARGP_KEY_HELP_EXTRA + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Help Filter Keys}. + +@comment ARGP_KEY_HELP_HEADER +@item ARGP_KEY_HELP_HEADER + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Help Filter Keys}. + +@comment ARGP_KEY_HELP_POST_DOC +@item ARGP_KEY_HELP_POST_DOC + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Help Filter Keys}. + +@comment ARGP_KEY_HELP_PRE_DOC +@item ARGP_KEY_HELP_PRE_DOC + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Help Filter Keys}. + +@comment ARGP_KEY_INIT +@item ARGP_KEY_INIT + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Special Keys}. + +@comment ARGP_KEY_NO_ARGS +@item ARGP_KEY_NO_ARGS + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Special Keys}. + +@comment ARGP_KEY_SUCCESS +@item ARGP_KEY_SUCCESS + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Special Keys}. + +@comment ARGP_LONG_ONLY +@item ARGP_LONG_ONLY + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Flags}. + +@comment ARGP_NO_ARGS +@item ARGP_NO_ARGS + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Flags}. + +@comment ARGP_NO_ERRS +@item ARGP_NO_ERRS + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Flags}. + +@comment ARGP_NO_EXIT +@item ARGP_NO_EXIT + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Flags}. + +@comment ARGP_NO_HELP +@item ARGP_NO_HELP + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Flags}. + +@comment argp_parse +@item error_t argp_parse (const struct argp *@var{argp}, int @var{argc}, char **@var{argv}, unsigned @var{flags}, int *@var{arg_index}, void *@var{input}) + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp, Suboptions}. + +@comment ARGP_PARSE_ARGV0 +@item ARGP_PARSE_ARGV0 + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Flags}. + +@comment argp_program_bug_address +@item const char * argp_program_bug_address + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Global Variables}. + +@comment argp_program_version +@item const char * argp_program_version + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Global Variables}. + +@comment argp_program_version_hook +@item argp_program_version_hook + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Global Variables}. + +@comment ARGP_SILENT +@item ARGP_SILENT + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Flags}. + +@comment argp_state_help +@item void argp_state_help (const struct argp_state *@var{state}, FILE *@var{stream}, unsigned @var{flags}) + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Helper Functions}. + +@comment argp_usage +@item void argp_usage (const struct argp_state *@var{state}) + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Helper Functions}. + +@comment argz_add +@item error_t argz_add (char **@var{argz}, size_t *@var{argz_len}, const char *@var{str}) + +@file{argz.h} (GNU): @ref{Argz Functions}. + +@comment argz_add_sep +@item error_t argz_add_sep (char **@var{argz}, size_t *@var{argz_len}, const char *@var{str}, int @var{delim}) + +@file{argz.h} (GNU): @ref{Argz Functions}. + +@comment argz_append +@item error_t argz_append (char **@var{argz}, size_t *@var{argz_len}, const char *@var{buf}, size_t @var{buf_len}) + +@file{argz.h} (GNU): @ref{Argz Functions}. + +@comment argz_count +@item size_t argz_count (const char *@var{argz}, size_t @var{arg_len}) + +@file{argz.h} (GNU): @ref{Argz Functions}. + +@comment argz_create +@item error_t argz_create (char *const @var{argv}[], char **@var{argz}, size_t *@var{argz_len}) + +@file{argz.h} (GNU): @ref{Argz Functions}. + +@comment argz_create_sep +@item error_t argz_create_sep (const char *@var{string}, int @var{sep}, char **@var{argz}, size_t *@var{argz_len}) + +@file{argz.h} (GNU): @ref{Argz Functions}. + +@comment argz_delete +@item void argz_delete (char **@var{argz}, size_t *@var{argz_len}, char *@var{entry}) + +@file{argz.h} (GNU): @ref{Argz Functions}. + +@comment argz_extract +@item void argz_extract (char *@var{argz}, size_t @var{argz_len}, char **@var{argv}) + +@file{argz.h} (GNU): @ref{Argz Functions}. + +@comment argz_insert +@item error_t argz_insert (char **@var{argz}, size_t *@var{argz_len}, char *@var{before}, const char *@var{entry}) + +@file{argz.h} (GNU): @ref{Argz Functions}. + +@comment argz_next +@item char * argz_next (char *@var{argz}, size_t @var{argz_len}, const char *@var{entry}) + +@file{argz.h} (GNU): @ref{Argz Functions}. + +@comment argz_replace +@item error_t argz_replace (@w{char **@var{argz}, size_t *@var{argz_len}}, @w{const char *@var{str}, const char *@var{with}}, @w{unsigned *@var{replace_count}}) + +@file{argz.h} (GNU): @ref{Argz Functions}. + +@comment argz_stringify +@item void argz_stringify (char *@var{argz}, size_t @var{len}, int @var{sep}) + +@file{argz.h} (GNU): @ref{Argz Functions}. + +@comment asctime +@item char * asctime (const struct tm *@var{brokentime}) + +@file{time.h} (ISO): @ref{Formatting Calendar Time}. + +@comment asctime_r +@item char * asctime_r (const struct tm *@var{brokentime}, char *@var{buffer}) + +@file{time.h} (POSIX.1c): @ref{Formatting Calendar Time}. + +@comment asin +@item double asin (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Inverse Trig Functions}. + +@comment asinf +@item float asinf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Inverse Trig Functions}. + +@comment asinh +@item double asinh (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment asinhf +@item float asinhf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment asinhl +@item long double asinhl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment asinl +@item long double asinl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Inverse Trig Functions}. + +@comment asprintf +@item int asprintf (char **@var{ptr}, const char *@var{template}, @dots{}) + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{Dynamic Output}. + +@comment assert +@item void assert (int @var{expression}) + +@file{assert.h} (ISO): @ref{Consistency Checking}. + +@comment assert_perror +@item void assert_perror (int @var{errnum}) + +@file{assert.h} (GNU): @ref{Consistency Checking}. + +@comment atan +@item double atan (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Inverse Trig Functions}. + +@comment atan2 +@item double atan2 (double @var{y}, double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Inverse Trig Functions}. + +@comment atan2f +@item float atan2f (float @var{y}, float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Inverse Trig Functions}. + +@comment atan2l +@item long double atan2l (long double @var{y}, long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Inverse Trig Functions}. + +@comment atanf +@item float atanf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Inverse Trig Functions}. + +@comment atanh +@item double atanh (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment atanhf +@item float atanhf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment atanhl +@item long double atanhl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment atanl +@item long double atanl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Inverse Trig Functions}. + +@comment atexit +@item int atexit (void (*@var{function}) (void)) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Cleanups on Exit}. + +@comment atof +@item double atof (const char *@var{string}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Parsing of Floats}. + +@comment atoi +@item int atoi (const char *@var{string}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Parsing of Integers}. + +@comment atol +@item long int atol (const char *@var{string}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Parsing of Integers}. + +@comment atoll +@item long long int atoll (const char *@var{string}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Parsing of Integers}. + +@comment B0 +@item B0 + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment B110 +@item B110 + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment B115200 +@item B115200 + +@file{termios.h} (GNU): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment B1200 +@item B1200 + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment B134 +@item B134 + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment B150 +@item B150 + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment B1800 +@item B1800 + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment B19200 +@item B19200 + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment B200 +@item B200 + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment B230400 +@item B230400 + +@file{termios.h} (GNU): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment B2400 +@item B2400 + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment B300 +@item B300 + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment B38400 +@item B38400 + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment B460800 +@item B460800 + +@file{termios.h} (GNU): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment B4800 +@item B4800 + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment B50 +@item B50 + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment B57600 +@item B57600 + +@file{termios.h} (GNU): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment B600 +@item B600 + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment B75 +@item B75 + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment B9600 +@item B9600 + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment backtrace +@item int backtrace (void **@var{buffer}, int @var{size}) + +@file{execinfo.h} (GNU): @ref{Backtraces}. + +@comment backtrace_symbols +@item char ** backtrace_symbols (void *const *@var{buffer}, int @var{size}) + +@file{execinfo.h} (GNU): @ref{Backtraces}. + +@comment backtrace_symbols_fd +@item void backtrace_symbols_fd (void *const *@var{buffer}, int @var{size}, int @var{fd}) + +@file{execinfo.h} (GNU): @ref{Backtraces}. + +@comment basename +@item char * basename (char *@var{path}) + +@file{libgen.h} (XPG): @ref{Finding Tokens in a String}. + +@comment basename +@item char * basename (const char *@var{filename}) + +@file{string.h} (GNU): @ref{Finding Tokens in a String}. + +@comment BC_BASE_MAX +@item int BC_BASE_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Utility Limits}. + +@comment BC_DIM_MAX +@item int BC_DIM_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Utility Limits}. + +@comment bcmp +@item int bcmp (const void *@var{a1}, const void *@var{a2}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{string.h} (BSD): @ref{String/Array Comparison}. + +@comment bcopy +@item void bcopy (const void *@var{from}, void *@var{to}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{string.h} (BSD): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment BC_SCALE_MAX +@item int BC_SCALE_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Utility Limits}. + +@comment BC_STRING_MAX +@item int BC_STRING_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Utility Limits}. + +@comment bind +@item int bind (int @var{socket}, struct sockaddr *@var{addr}, socklen_t @var{length}) + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Setting Address}. + +@comment bindtextdomain +@item char * bindtextdomain (const char *@var{domainname}, const char *@var{dirname}) + +@file{libintl.h} (GNU): @ref{Locating gettext catalog}. + +@comment bind_textdomain_codeset +@item char * bind_textdomain_codeset (const char *@var{domainname}, const char *@var{codeset}) + +@file{libintl.h} (GNU): @ref{Charset conversion in gettext}. + +@comment blkcnt64_t +@item blkcnt64_t + +@file{sys/types.h} (Unix98): @ref{Attribute Meanings}. + +@comment blkcnt_t +@item blkcnt_t + +@file{sys/types.h} (Unix98): @ref{Attribute Meanings}. + +@comment BOOT_TIME +@item BOOT_TIME + +@file{utmp.h} (SVID): @ref{Manipulating the Database}. + +@comment BOOT_TIME +@item BOOT_TIME + +@file{utmpx.h} (XPG4.2): @ref{XPG Functions}. + +@comment brk +@item int brk (void *@var{addr}) + +@file{unistd.h} (BSD): @ref{Resizing the Data Segment}. + +@comment BRKINT +@item tcflag_t BRKINT + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Input Modes}. + +@comment _BSD_SOURCE +@item _BSD_SOURCE + +(GNU): @ref{Feature Test Macros}. + +@comment bsearch +@item void * bsearch (const void *@var{key}, const void *@var{array}, size_t @var{count}, size_t @var{size}, comparison_fn_t @var{compare}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Array Search Function}. + +@comment btowc +@item wint_t btowc (int @var{c}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Converting a Character}. + +@comment BUFSIZ +@item int BUFSIZ + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Controlling Buffering}. + +@comment bzero +@item void bzero (void *@var{block}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{string.h} (BSD): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment cabs +@item double cabs (complex double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Absolute Value}. + +@comment cabsf +@item float cabsf (complex float @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Absolute Value}. + +@comment cabsl +@item long double cabsl (complex long double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Absolute Value}. + +@comment cacos +@item complex double cacos (complex double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Inverse Trig Functions}. + +@comment cacosf +@item complex float cacosf (complex float @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Inverse Trig Functions}. + +@comment cacosh +@item complex double cacosh (complex double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment cacoshf +@item complex float cacoshf (complex float @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment cacoshl +@item complex long double cacoshl (complex long double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment cacosl +@item complex long double cacosl (complex long double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Inverse Trig Functions}. + +@comment calloc +@item void * calloc (size_t @var{count}, size_t @var{eltsize}) + +@file{malloc.h}, @file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Allocating Cleared Space}. + +@comment canonicalize_file_name +@item char * canonicalize_file_name (const char *@var{name}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (GNU): @ref{Symbolic Links}. + +@comment carg +@item double carg (complex double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Operations on Complex}. + +@comment cargf +@item float cargf (complex float @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Operations on Complex}. + +@comment cargl +@item long double cargl (complex long double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Operations on Complex}. + +@comment casin +@item complex double casin (complex double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Inverse Trig Functions}. + +@comment casinf +@item complex float casinf (complex float @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Inverse Trig Functions}. + +@comment casinh +@item complex double casinh (complex double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment casinhf +@item complex float casinhf (complex float @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment casinhl +@item complex long double casinhl (complex long double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment casinl +@item complex long double casinl (complex long double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Inverse Trig Functions}. + +@comment catan +@item complex double catan (complex double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Inverse Trig Functions}. + +@comment catanf +@item complex float catanf (complex float @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Inverse Trig Functions}. + +@comment catanh +@item complex double catanh (complex double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment catanhf +@item complex float catanhf (complex float @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment catanhl +@item complex long double catanhl (complex long double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment catanl +@item complex long double catanl (complex long double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Inverse Trig Functions}. + +@comment catopen +@item nl_catd catopen (const char *@var{cat_name}, int @var{flag}) + +@file{nl_types.h} (X/Open): @ref{The catgets Functions}. + +@comment cbc_crypt +@item int cbc_crypt (char *@var{key}, char *@var{blocks}, unsigned @var{len}, unsigned @var{mode}, char *@var{ivec}) + +@file{rpc/des_crypt.h} (SUNRPC): @ref{DES Encryption}. + +@comment cbrt +@item double cbrt (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment cbrtf +@item float cbrtf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment cbrtl +@item long double cbrtl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment ccos +@item complex double ccos (complex double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Trig Functions}. + +@comment ccosf +@item complex float ccosf (complex float @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Trig Functions}. + +@comment ccosh +@item complex double ccosh (complex double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment ccoshf +@item complex float ccoshf (complex float @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment ccoshl +@item complex long double ccoshl (complex long double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment ccosl +@item complex long double ccosl (complex long double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Trig Functions}. + +@comment cc_t +@item cc_t + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Mode Data Types}. + +@comment CCTS_OFLOW +@item tcflag_t CCTS_OFLOW + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Control Modes}. + +@comment ceil +@item double ceil (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment ceilf +@item float ceilf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment ceill +@item long double ceill (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment cexp +@item complex double cexp (complex double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment cexpf +@item complex float cexpf (complex float @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment cexpl +@item complex long double cexpl (complex long double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment cfgetispeed +@item speed_t cfgetispeed (const struct termios *@var{termios-p}) + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment cfgetospeed +@item speed_t cfgetospeed (const struct termios *@var{termios-p}) + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment cfmakeraw +@item void cfmakeraw (struct termios *@var{termios-p}) + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Noncanonical Input}. + +@comment cfree +@item void cfree (void *@var{ptr}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (Sun): @ref{Freeing after Malloc}. + +@comment cfsetispeed +@item int cfsetispeed (struct termios *@var{termios-p}, speed_t @var{speed}) + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment cfsetospeed +@item int cfsetospeed (struct termios *@var{termios-p}, speed_t @var{speed}) + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment cfsetspeed +@item int cfsetspeed (struct termios *@var{termios-p}, speed_t @var{speed}) + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment CHAR_BIT +@item CHAR_BIT + +@file{limits.h} (ISO): @ref{Width of Type}. + +@comment CHAR_MAX +@item CHAR_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (ISO): @ref{Range of Type}. + +@comment CHAR_MIN +@item CHAR_MIN + +@file{limits.h} (ISO): @ref{Range of Type}. + +@comment chdir +@item int chdir (const char *@var{filename}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Working Directory}. + +@comment CHILD_MAX +@item int CHILD_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{General Limits}. + +@comment chmod +@item int chmod (const char *@var{filename}, mode_t @var{mode}) + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Setting Permissions}. + +@comment chown +@item int chown (const char *@var{filename}, uid_t @var{owner}, gid_t @var{group}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{File Owner}. + +@comment CIGNORE +@item tcflag_t CIGNORE + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Control Modes}. + +@comment cimag +@item double cimag (complex double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Operations on Complex}. + +@comment cimagf +@item float cimagf (complex float @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Operations on Complex}. + +@comment cimagl +@item long double cimagl (complex long double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Operations on Complex}. + +@comment clearenv +@item int clearenv (void) + +@file{stdlib.h} (GNU): @ref{Environment Access}. + +@comment clearerr +@item void clearerr (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Error Recovery}. + +@comment clearerr_unlocked +@item void clearerr_unlocked (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{Error Recovery}. + +@comment CLK_TCK +@item int CLK_TCK + +@file{time.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{CPU Time}. + +@comment CLOCAL +@item tcflag_t CLOCAL + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Control Modes}. + +@comment clock +@item clock_t clock (void) + +@file{time.h} (ISO): @ref{CPU Time}. + +@comment CLOCKS_PER_SEC +@item int CLOCKS_PER_SEC + +@file{time.h} (ISO): @ref{CPU Time}. + +@comment clock_t +@item clock_t + +@file{time.h} (ISO): @ref{CPU Time}. + +@comment clog +@item complex double clog (complex double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment clog10 +@item complex double clog10 (complex double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (GNU): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment clog10f +@item complex float clog10f (complex float @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (GNU): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment clog10l +@item complex long double clog10l (complex long double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (GNU): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment clogf +@item complex float clogf (complex float @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment clogl +@item complex long double clogl (complex long double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment close +@item int close (int @var{filedes}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Opening and Closing Files}. + +@comment closedir +@item int closedir (DIR *@var{dirstream}) + +@file{dirent.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Reading/Closing Directory}. + +@comment closelog +@item void closelog (void) + +@file{syslog.h} (BSD): @ref{closelog}. + +@comment COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX +@item int COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Utility Limits}. + +@comment confstr +@item size_t confstr (int @var{parameter}, char *@var{buf}, size_t @var{len}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{String Parameters}. + +@comment conj +@item complex double conj (complex double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Operations on Complex}. + +@comment conjf +@item complex float conjf (complex float @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Operations on Complex}. + +@comment conjl +@item complex long double conjl (complex long double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Operations on Complex}. + +@comment connect +@item int connect (int @var{socket}, struct sockaddr *@var{addr}, socklen_t @var{length}) + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Connecting}. + +@comment cookie_close_function +@item cookie_close_function + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{Hook Functions}. + +@comment cookie_io_functions_t +@item cookie_io_functions_t + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{Streams and Cookies}. + +@comment cookie_read_function +@item cookie_read_function + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{Hook Functions}. + +@comment cookie_seek_function +@item cookie_seek_function + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{Hook Functions}. + +@comment cookie_write_function +@item cookie_write_function + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{Hook Functions}. + +@comment copysign +@item double copysign (double @var{x}, double @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{FP Bit Twiddling}. + +@comment copysignf +@item float copysignf (float @var{x}, float @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{FP Bit Twiddling}. + +@comment copysignl +@item long double copysignl (long double @var{x}, long double @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{FP Bit Twiddling}. + +@comment cos +@item double cos (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Trig Functions}. + +@comment cosf +@item float cosf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Trig Functions}. + +@comment cosh +@item double cosh (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment coshf +@item float coshf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment coshl +@item long double coshl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment cosl +@item long double cosl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Trig Functions}. + +@comment cpow +@item complex double cpow (complex double @var{base}, complex double @var{power}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment cpowf +@item complex float cpowf (complex float @var{base}, complex float @var{power}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment cpowl +@item complex long double cpowl (complex long double @var{base}, complex long double @var{power}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment cproj +@item complex double cproj (complex double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Operations on Complex}. + +@comment cprojf +@item complex float cprojf (complex float @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Operations on Complex}. + +@comment cprojl +@item complex long double cprojl (complex long double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Operations on Complex}. + +@comment CPU_CLR +@item void CPU_CLR (int @var{cpu}, cpu_set_t *@var{set}) + +@file{sched.h} (GNU): @ref{CPU Affinity}. + +@comment CPU_ISSET +@item int CPU_ISSET (int @var{cpu}, const cpu_set_t *@var{set}) + +@file{sched.h} (GNU): @ref{CPU Affinity}. + +@comment CPU_SET +@item void CPU_SET (int @var{cpu}, cpu_set_t *@var{set}) + +@file{sched.h} (GNU): @ref{CPU Affinity}. + +@comment CPU_SETSIZE +@item int CPU_SETSIZE + +@file{sched.h} (GNU): @ref{CPU Affinity}. + +@comment cpu_set_t +@item cpu_set_t + +@file{sched.h} (GNU): @ref{CPU Affinity}. + +@comment CPU_ZERO +@item void CPU_ZERO (cpu_set_t *@var{set}) + +@file{sched.h} (GNU): @ref{CPU Affinity}. + +@comment CREAD +@item tcflag_t CREAD + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Control Modes}. + +@comment creal +@item double creal (complex double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Operations on Complex}. + +@comment crealf +@item float crealf (complex float @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Operations on Complex}. + +@comment creall +@item long double creall (complex long double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Operations on Complex}. + +@comment creat +@item int creat (const char *@var{filename}, mode_t @var{mode}) + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Opening and Closing Files}. + +@comment creat64 +@item int creat64 (const char *@var{filename}, mode_t @var{mode}) + +@file{fcntl.h} (Unix98): @ref{Opening and Closing Files}. + +@comment CRTS_IFLOW +@item tcflag_t CRTS_IFLOW + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Control Modes}. + +@comment crypt +@item char * crypt (const char *@var{key}, const char *@var{salt}) + +@file{crypt.h} (BSD, SVID): @ref{crypt}. + +@comment crypt_r +@item char * crypt_r (const char *@var{key}, const char *@var{salt}, struct crypt_data * @var{data}) + +@file{crypt.h} (GNU): @ref{crypt}. + +@comment CS5 +@item tcflag_t CS5 + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Control Modes}. + +@comment CS6 +@item tcflag_t CS6 + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Control Modes}. + +@comment CS7 +@item tcflag_t CS7 + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Control Modes}. + +@comment CS8 +@item tcflag_t CS8 + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Control Modes}. + +@comment csin +@item complex double csin (complex double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Trig Functions}. + +@comment csinf +@item complex float csinf (complex float @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Trig Functions}. + +@comment csinh +@item complex double csinh (complex double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment csinhf +@item complex float csinhf (complex float @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment csinhl +@item complex long double csinhl (complex long double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment csinl +@item complex long double csinl (complex long double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Trig Functions}. + +@comment CSIZE +@item tcflag_t CSIZE + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Control Modes}. + +@comment _CS_LFS64_CFLAGS +@item _CS_LFS64_CFLAGS + +@file{unistd.h} (Unix98): @ref{String Parameters}. + +@comment _CS_LFS64_LDFLAGS +@item _CS_LFS64_LDFLAGS + +@file{unistd.h} (Unix98): @ref{String Parameters}. + +@comment _CS_LFS64_LIBS +@item _CS_LFS64_LIBS + +@file{unistd.h} (Unix98): @ref{String Parameters}. + +@comment _CS_LFS64_LINTFLAGS +@item _CS_LFS64_LINTFLAGS + +@file{unistd.h} (Unix98): @ref{String Parameters}. + +@comment _CS_LFS_CFLAGS +@item _CS_LFS_CFLAGS + +@file{unistd.h} (Unix98): @ref{String Parameters}. + +@comment _CS_LFS_LDFLAGS +@item _CS_LFS_LDFLAGS + +@file{unistd.h} (Unix98): @ref{String Parameters}. + +@comment _CS_LFS_LIBS +@item _CS_LFS_LIBS + +@file{unistd.h} (Unix98): @ref{String Parameters}. + +@comment _CS_LFS_LINTFLAGS +@item _CS_LFS_LINTFLAGS + +@file{unistd.h} (Unix98): @ref{String Parameters}. + +@comment _CS_PATH +@item _CS_PATH + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{String Parameters}. + +@comment csqrt +@item complex double csqrt (complex double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment csqrtf +@item complex float csqrtf (complex float @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment csqrtl +@item complex long double csqrtl (complex long double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment CSTOPB +@item tcflag_t CSTOPB + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Control Modes}. + +@comment ctan +@item complex double ctan (complex double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Trig Functions}. + +@comment ctanf +@item complex float ctanf (complex float @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Trig Functions}. + +@comment ctanh +@item complex double ctanh (complex double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment ctanhf +@item complex float ctanhf (complex float @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment ctanhl +@item complex long double ctanhl (complex long double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment ctanl +@item complex long double ctanl (complex long double @var{z}) + +@file{complex.h} (ISO): @ref{Trig Functions}. + +@comment ctermid +@item char * ctermid (char *@var{string}) + +@file{stdio.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Identifying the Terminal}. + +@comment ctime +@item char * ctime (const time_t *@var{time}) + +@file{time.h} (ISO): @ref{Formatting Calendar Time}. + +@comment ctime_r +@item char * ctime_r (const time_t *@var{time}, char *@var{buffer}) + +@file{time.h} (POSIX.1c): @ref{Formatting Calendar Time}. + +@comment cuserid +@item char * cuserid (char *@var{string}) + +@file{stdio.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Who Logged In}. + +@comment daylight +@item int daylight + +@file{time.h} (SVID): @ref{Time Zone Functions}. + +@comment DBL_DIG +@item DBL_DIG + +@file{float.h} (ISO): @ref{Floating Point Parameters}. + +@comment DBL_EPSILON +@item DBL_EPSILON + +@file{float.h} (ISO): @ref{Floating Point Parameters}. + +@comment DBL_MANT_DIG +@item DBL_MANT_DIG + +@file{float.h} (ISO): @ref{Floating Point Parameters}. + +@comment DBL_MAX +@item DBL_MAX + +@file{float.h} (ISO): @ref{Floating Point Parameters}. + +@comment DBL_MAX_10_EXP +@item DBL_MAX_10_EXP + +@file{float.h} (ISO): @ref{Floating Point Parameters}. + +@comment DBL_MAX_EXP +@item DBL_MAX_EXP + +@file{float.h} (ISO): @ref{Floating Point Parameters}. + +@comment DBL_MIN +@item DBL_MIN + +@file{float.h} (ISO): @ref{Floating Point Parameters}. + +@comment DBL_MIN_10_EXP +@item DBL_MIN_10_EXP + +@file{float.h} (ISO): @ref{Floating Point Parameters}. + +@comment DBL_MIN_EXP +@item DBL_MIN_EXP + +@file{float.h} (ISO): @ref{Floating Point Parameters}. + +@comment dcgettext +@item char * dcgettext (const char *@var{domainname}, const char *@var{msgid}, int @var{category}) + +@file{libintl.h} (GNU): @ref{Translation with gettext}. + +@comment dcngettext +@item char * dcngettext (const char *@var{domain}, const char *@var{msgid1}, const char *@var{msgid2}, unsigned long int @var{n}, int @var{category}) + +@file{libintl.h} (GNU): @ref{Advanced gettext functions}. + +@comment DEAD_PROCESS +@item DEAD_PROCESS + +@file{utmp.h} (SVID): @ref{Manipulating the Database}. + +@comment DEAD_PROCESS +@item DEAD_PROCESS + +@file{utmpx.h} (XPG4.2): @ref{XPG Functions}. + +@comment DES_DECRYPT +@item DES_DECRYPT + +@file{rpc/des_crypt.h} (SUNRPC): @ref{DES Encryption}. + +@comment DES_ENCRYPT +@item DES_ENCRYPT + +@file{rpc/des_crypt.h} (SUNRPC): @ref{DES Encryption}. + +@comment DESERR_BADPARAM +@item DESERR_BADPARAM + +@file{rpc/des_crypt.h} (SUNRPC): @ref{DES Encryption}. + +@comment DESERR_HWERROR +@item DESERR_HWERROR + +@file{rpc/des_crypt.h} (SUNRPC): @ref{DES Encryption}. + +@comment DESERR_NOHWDEVICE +@item DESERR_NOHWDEVICE + +@file{rpc/des_crypt.h} (SUNRPC): @ref{DES Encryption}. + +@comment DESERR_NONE +@item DESERR_NONE + +@file{rpc/des_crypt.h} (SUNRPC): @ref{DES Encryption}. + +@comment DES_FAILED +@item int DES_FAILED (int @var{err}) + +@file{rpc/des_crypt.h} (SUNRPC): @ref{DES Encryption}. + +@comment DES_HW +@item DES_HW + +@file{rpc/des_crypt.h} (SUNRPC): @ref{DES Encryption}. + +@comment des_setparity +@item void des_setparity (char *@var{key}) + +@file{rpc/des_crypt.h} (SUNRPC): @ref{DES Encryption}. + +@comment DES_SW +@item DES_SW + +@file{rpc/des_crypt.h} (SUNRPC): @ref{DES Encryption}. + +@comment dev_t +@item dev_t + +@file{sys/types.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Attribute Meanings}. + +@comment dgettext +@item char * dgettext (const char *@var{domainname}, const char *@var{msgid}) + +@file{libintl.h} (GNU): @ref{Translation with gettext}. + +@comment difftime +@item double difftime (time_t @var{time1}, time_t @var{time0}) + +@file{time.h} (ISO): @ref{Elapsed Time}. + +@comment DIR +@item DIR + +@file{dirent.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Opening a Directory}. + +@comment dirfd +@item int dirfd (DIR *@var{dirstream}) + +@file{dirent.h} (GNU): @ref{Opening a Directory}. + +@comment dirname +@item char * dirname (char *@var{path}) + +@file{libgen.h} (XPG): @ref{Finding Tokens in a String}. + +@comment div +@item div_t div (int @var{numerator}, int @var{denominator}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Integer Division}. + +@comment div_t +@item div_t + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Integer Division}. + +@comment dngettext +@item char * dngettext (const char *@var{domain}, const char *@var{msgid1}, const char *@var{msgid2}, unsigned long int @var{n}) + +@file{libintl.h} (GNU): @ref{Advanced gettext functions}. + +@comment drand48 +@item double drand48 (void) + +@file{stdlib.h} (SVID): @ref{SVID Random}. + +@comment drand48_r +@item int drand48_r (struct drand48_data *@var{buffer}, double *@var{result}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (GNU): @ref{SVID Random}. + +@comment drem +@item double drem (double @var{numerator}, double @var{denominator}) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Remainder Functions}. + +@comment dremf +@item float dremf (float @var{numerator}, float @var{denominator}) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Remainder Functions}. + +@comment dreml +@item long double dreml (long double @var{numerator}, long double @var{denominator}) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Remainder Functions}. + +@comment DTTOIF +@item mode_t DTTOIF (int @var{dtype}) + +@file{dirent.h} (BSD): @ref{Directory Entries}. + +@comment dup +@item int dup (int @var{old}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Duplicating Descriptors}. + +@comment dup2 +@item int dup2 (int @var{old}, int @var{new}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Duplicating Descriptors}. + +@comment E2BIG +@item int E2BIG + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Argument list too long): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EACCES +@item int EACCES + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Permission denied): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EADDRINUSE +@item int EADDRINUSE + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Address already in use): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EADDRNOTAVAIL +@item int EADDRNOTAVAIL + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Cannot assign requested address): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EADV +@item int EADV + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Advertise error): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EAFNOSUPPORT +@item int EAFNOSUPPORT + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Address family not supported by protocol): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EAGAIN +@item int EAGAIN + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Resource temporarily unavailable): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EALREADY +@item int EALREADY + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Operation already in progress): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EAUTH +@item int EAUTH + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Authentication error): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EBACKGROUND +@item int EBACKGROUND + +@file{errno.h} (GNU: Inappropriate operation for background process): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EBADE +@item int EBADE + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Invalid exchange): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EBADF +@item int EBADF + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Bad file descriptor): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EBADFD +@item int EBADFD + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: File descriptor in bad state): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EBADMSG +@item int EBADMSG + +@file{errno.h} (XOPEN: Bad message): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EBADR +@item int EBADR + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Invalid request descriptor): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EBADRPC +@item int EBADRPC + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: RPC struct is bad): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EBADRQC +@item int EBADRQC + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Invalid request code): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EBADSLT +@item int EBADSLT + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Invalid slot): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EBFONT +@item int EBFONT + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Bad font file format): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EBUSY +@item int EBUSY + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Device or resource busy): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ECANCELED +@item int ECANCELED + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Operation canceled): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ecb_crypt +@item int ecb_crypt (char *@var{key}, char *@var{blocks}, unsigned @var{len}, unsigned @var{mode}) + +@file{rpc/des_crypt.h} (SUNRPC): @ref{DES Encryption}. + +@comment ECHILD +@item int ECHILD + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: No child processes): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ECHO +@item tcflag_t ECHO + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Local Modes}. + +@comment ECHOCTL +@item tcflag_t ECHOCTL + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Local Modes}. + +@comment ECHOE +@item tcflag_t ECHOE + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Local Modes}. + +@comment ECHOK +@item tcflag_t ECHOK + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Local Modes}. + +@comment ECHOKE +@item tcflag_t ECHOKE + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Local Modes}. + +@comment ECHONL +@item tcflag_t ECHONL + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Local Modes}. + +@comment ECHOPRT +@item tcflag_t ECHOPRT + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Local Modes}. + +@comment ECHRNG +@item int ECHRNG + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Channel number out of range): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ECOMM +@item int ECOMM + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Communication error on send): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ECONNABORTED +@item int ECONNABORTED + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Software caused connection abort): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ECONNREFUSED +@item int ECONNREFUSED + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Connection refused): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ECONNRESET +@item int ECONNRESET + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Connection reset by peer): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ecvt +@item char * ecvt (double @var{value}, int @var{ndigit}, int *@var{decpt}, int *@var{neg}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (SVID, Unix98): @ref{System V Number Conversion}. + +@comment ecvt_r +@item int ecvt_r (double @var{value}, int @var{ndigit}, int *@var{decpt}, int *@var{neg}, char *@var{buf}, size_t @var{len}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (GNU): @ref{System V Number Conversion}. + +@comment ED +@item int ED + +@file{errno.h} (GNU: ?): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EDEADLK +@item int EDEADLK + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Resource deadlock avoided): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EDEADLOCK +@item int EDEADLOCK + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: File locking deadlock error): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EDESTADDRREQ +@item int EDESTADDRREQ + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Destination address required): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EDIED +@item int EDIED + +@file{errno.h} (GNU: Translator died): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EDOM +@item int EDOM + +@file{errno.h} (ISO: Numerical argument out of domain): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EDOTDOT +@item int EDOTDOT + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: RFS specific error): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EDQUOT +@item int EDQUOT + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Disk quota exceeded): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EEXIST +@item int EEXIST + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: File exists): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EFAULT +@item int EFAULT + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Bad address): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EFBIG +@item int EFBIG + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: File too large): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EFTYPE +@item int EFTYPE + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Inappropriate file type or format): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EGRATUITOUS +@item int EGRATUITOUS + +@file{errno.h} (GNU: Gratuitous error): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EGREGIOUS +@item int EGREGIOUS + +@file{errno.h} (GNU: You really blew it this time): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EHOSTDOWN +@item int EHOSTDOWN + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Host is down): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EHOSTUNREACH +@item int EHOSTUNREACH + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: No route to host): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EIDRM +@item int EIDRM + +@file{errno.h} (XOPEN: Identifier removed): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EIEIO +@item int EIEIO + +@file{errno.h} (GNU: Computer bought the farm): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EILSEQ +@item int EILSEQ + +@file{errno.h} (ISO: Invalid or incomplete multibyte or wide character): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EINPROGRESS +@item int EINPROGRESS + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Operation now in progress): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EINTR +@item int EINTR + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Interrupted system call): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EINVAL +@item int EINVAL + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Invalid argument): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EIO +@item int EIO + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Input/output error): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EISCONN +@item int EISCONN + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Transport endpoint is already connected): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EISDIR +@item int EISDIR + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Is a directory): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EISNAM +@item int EISNAM + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Is a named type file): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EKEYEXPIRED +@item int EKEYEXPIRED + +@file{errno.h} (Linux: Key has expired): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EKEYREJECTED +@item int EKEYREJECTED + +@file{errno.h} (Linux: Key was rejected by service): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EKEYREVOKED +@item int EKEYREVOKED + +@file{errno.h} (Linux: Key has been revoked): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EL2HLT +@item int EL2HLT + +@file{errno.h} (Obsolete: Level 2 halted): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EL2NSYNC +@item int EL2NSYNC + +@file{errno.h} (Obsolete: Level 2 not synchronized): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EL3HLT +@item int EL3HLT + +@file{errno.h} (Obsolete: Level 3 halted): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EL3RST +@item int EL3RST + +@file{errno.h} (Obsolete: Level 3 reset): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ELIBACC +@item int ELIBACC + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Can not access a needed shared library): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ELIBBAD +@item int ELIBBAD + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Accessing a corrupted shared library): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ELIBEXEC +@item int ELIBEXEC + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Cannot exec a shared library directly): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ELIBMAX +@item int ELIBMAX + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Attempting to link in too many shared libraries): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ELIBSCN +@item int ELIBSCN + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: .lib section in a.out corrupted): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ELNRNG +@item int ELNRNG + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Link number out of range): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ELOOP +@item int ELOOP + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Too many levels of symbolic links): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EMEDIUMTYPE +@item int EMEDIUMTYPE + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Wrong medium type): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EMFILE +@item int EMFILE + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Too many open files): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EMLINK +@item int EMLINK + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Too many links): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EMPTY +@item EMPTY + +@file{utmp.h} (SVID): @ref{Manipulating the Database}. + +@comment EMPTY +@item EMPTY + +@file{utmpx.h} (XPG4.2): @ref{XPG Functions}. + +@comment EMSGSIZE +@item int EMSGSIZE + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Message too long): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EMULTIHOP +@item int EMULTIHOP + +@file{errno.h} (XOPEN: Multihop attempted): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENAMETOOLONG +@item int ENAMETOOLONG + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: File name too long): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENAVAIL +@item int ENAVAIL + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: No XENIX semaphores available): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment encrypt +@item void encrypt (char *@var{block}, int @var{edflag}) + +@file{crypt.h} (BSD, SVID): @ref{DES Encryption}. + +@comment encrypt_r +@item void encrypt_r (char *@var{block}, int @var{edflag}, struct crypt_data * @var{data}) + +@file{crypt.h} (GNU): @ref{DES Encryption}. + +@comment endfsent +@item void endfsent (void) + +@file{fstab.h} (BSD): @ref{fstab}. + +@comment endgrent +@item void endgrent (void) + +@file{grp.h} (SVID, BSD): @ref{Scanning All Groups}. + +@comment endhostent +@item void endhostent (void) + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Names}. + +@comment endmntent +@item int endmntent (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{mntent.h} (BSD): @ref{mtab}. + +@comment endnetent +@item void endnetent (void) + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Networks Database}. + +@comment endnetgrent +@item void endnetgrent (void) + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Lookup Netgroup}. + +@comment endprotoent +@item void endprotoent (void) + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Protocols Database}. + +@comment endpwent +@item void endpwent (void) + +@file{pwd.h} (SVID, BSD): @ref{Scanning All Users}. + +@comment endservent +@item void endservent (void) + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Services Database}. + +@comment endutent +@item void endutent (void) + +@file{utmp.h} (SVID): @ref{Manipulating the Database}. + +@comment endutxent +@item void endutxent (void) + +@file{utmpx.h} (XPG4.2): @ref{XPG Functions}. + +@comment ENEEDAUTH +@item int ENEEDAUTH + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Need authenticator): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENETDOWN +@item int ENETDOWN + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Network is down): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENETRESET +@item int ENETRESET + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Network dropped connection on reset): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENETUNREACH +@item int ENETUNREACH + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Network is unreachable): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENFILE +@item int ENFILE + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Too many open files in system): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOANO +@item int ENOANO + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: No anode): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOBUFS +@item int ENOBUFS + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: No buffer space available): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOCSI +@item int ENOCSI + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: No CSI structure available): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENODATA +@item int ENODATA + +@file{errno.h} (XOPEN: No data available): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENODEV +@item int ENODEV + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: No such device): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOENT +@item int ENOENT + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: No such file or directory): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOEXEC +@item int ENOEXEC + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Exec format error): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOKEY +@item int ENOKEY + +@file{errno.h} (Linux: Required key not available): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOLCK +@item int ENOLCK + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: No locks available): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOLINK +@item int ENOLINK + +@file{errno.h} (XOPEN: Link has been severed): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOMEDIUM +@item int ENOMEDIUM + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: No medium found): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOMEM +@item int ENOMEM + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Cannot allocate memory): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOMSG +@item int ENOMSG + +@file{errno.h} (XOPEN: No message of desired type): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENONET +@item int ENONET + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Machine is not on the network): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOPKG +@item int ENOPKG + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Package not installed): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOPROTOOPT +@item int ENOPROTOOPT + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Protocol not available): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOSPC +@item int ENOSPC + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: No space left on device): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOSR +@item int ENOSR + +@file{errno.h} (XOPEN: Out of streams resources): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOSTR +@item int ENOSTR + +@file{errno.h} (XOPEN: Device not a stream): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOSYS +@item int ENOSYS + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Function not implemented): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOTBLK +@item int ENOTBLK + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Block device required): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOTCONN +@item int ENOTCONN + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Transport endpoint is not connected): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOTDIR +@item int ENOTDIR + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Not a directory): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOTEMPTY +@item int ENOTEMPTY + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Directory not empty): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOTNAM +@item int ENOTNAM + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Not a XENIX named type file): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOTRECOVERABLE +@item int ENOTRECOVERABLE + +@file{errno.h} (Linux: State not recoverable): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOTSOCK +@item int ENOTSOCK + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Socket operation on non-socket): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOTSUP +@item int ENOTSUP + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Not supported): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOTTY +@item int ENOTTY + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Inappropriate ioctl for device): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ENOTUNIQ +@item int ENOTUNIQ + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Name not unique on network): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment environ +@item char ** environ + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Environment Access}. + +@comment envz_add +@item error_t envz_add (char **@var{envz}, size_t *@var{envz_len}, const char *@var{name}, const char *@var{value}) + +@file{envz.h} (GNU): @ref{Envz Functions}. + +@comment envz_entry +@item char * envz_entry (const char *@var{envz}, size_t @var{envz_len}, const char *@var{name}) + +@file{envz.h} (GNU): @ref{Envz Functions}. + +@comment envz_get +@item char * envz_get (const char *@var{envz}, size_t @var{envz_len}, const char *@var{name}) + +@file{envz.h} (GNU): @ref{Envz Functions}. + +@comment envz_merge +@item error_t envz_merge (char **@var{envz}, size_t *@var{envz_len}, const char *@var{envz2}, size_t @var{envz2_len}, int @var{override}) + +@file{envz.h} (GNU): @ref{Envz Functions}. + +@comment envz_strip +@item void envz_strip (char **@var{envz}, size_t *@var{envz_len}) + +@file{envz.h} (GNU): @ref{Envz Functions}. + +@comment ENXIO +@item int ENXIO + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: No such device or address): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EOF +@item int EOF + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{EOF and Errors}. + +@comment EOPNOTSUPP +@item int EOPNOTSUPP + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Operation not supported): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EOVERFLOW +@item int EOVERFLOW + +@file{errno.h} (XOPEN: Value too large for defined data type): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EOWNERDEAD +@item int EOWNERDEAD + +@file{errno.h} (Linux: Owner died): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EPERM +@item int EPERM + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Operation not permitted): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EPFNOSUPPORT +@item int EPFNOSUPPORT + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Protocol family not supported): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EPIPE +@item int EPIPE + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Broken pipe): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EPROCLIM +@item int EPROCLIM + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Too many processes): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EPROCUNAVAIL +@item int EPROCUNAVAIL + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: RPC bad procedure for program): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EPROGMISMATCH +@item int EPROGMISMATCH + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: RPC program version wrong): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EPROGUNAVAIL +@item int EPROGUNAVAIL + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: RPC program not available): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EPROTO +@item int EPROTO + +@file{errno.h} (XOPEN: Protocol error): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EPROTONOSUPPORT +@item int EPROTONOSUPPORT + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Protocol not supported): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EPROTOTYPE +@item int EPROTOTYPE + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Protocol wrong type for socket): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EQUIV_CLASS_MAX +@item int EQUIV_CLASS_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Utility Limits}. + +@comment erand48 +@item double erand48 (unsigned short int @var{xsubi}[3]) + +@file{stdlib.h} (SVID): @ref{SVID Random}. + +@comment erand48_r +@item int erand48_r (unsigned short int @var{xsubi}[3], struct drand48_data *@var{buffer}, double *@var{result}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (GNU): @ref{SVID Random}. + +@comment ERANGE +@item int ERANGE + +@file{errno.h} (ISO: Numerical result out of range): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EREMCHG +@item int EREMCHG + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Remote address changed): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EREMOTE +@item int EREMOTE + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Object is remote): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EREMOTEIO +@item int EREMOTEIO + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Remote I/O error): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ERESTART +@item int ERESTART + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Interrupted system call should be restarted): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment erf +@item double erf (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment erfc +@item double erfc (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment erfcf +@item float erfcf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment erfcl +@item long double erfcl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment erff +@item float erff (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment erfl +@item long double erfl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment EROFS +@item int EROFS + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Read-only file system): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ERPCMISMATCH +@item int ERPCMISMATCH + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: RPC version wrong): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment err +@item void err (int @var{status}, const char *@var{format}, @dots{}) + +@file{err.h} (BSD): @ref{Error Messages}. + +@comment errno +@item volatile int errno + +@file{errno.h} (ISO): @ref{Checking for Errors}. + +@comment error +@item void error (int @var{status}, int @var{errnum}, const char *@var{format}, @dots{}) + +@file{error.h} (GNU): @ref{Error Messages}. + +@comment error_at_line +@item void error_at_line (int @var{status}, int @var{errnum}, const char *@var{fname}, unsigned int @var{lineno}, const char *@var{format}, @dots{}) + +@file{error.h} (GNU): @ref{Error Messages}. + +@comment error_message_count +@item unsigned int error_message_count + +@file{error.h} (GNU): @ref{Error Messages}. + +@comment error_one_per_line +@item int error_one_per_line + +@file{error.h} (GNU): @ref{Error Messages}. + +@comment errx +@item void errx (int @var{status}, const char *@var{format}, @dots{}) + +@file{err.h} (BSD): @ref{Error Messages}. + +@comment ESHUTDOWN +@item int ESHUTDOWN + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ESOCKTNOSUPPORT +@item int ESOCKTNOSUPPORT + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Socket type not supported): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ESPIPE +@item int ESPIPE + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Illegal seek): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ESRCH +@item int ESRCH + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: No such process): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ESRMNT +@item int ESRMNT + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Srmount error): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ESTALE +@item int ESTALE + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Stale NFS file handle): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ESTRPIPE +@item int ESTRPIPE + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Streams pipe error): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ETIME +@item int ETIME + +@file{errno.h} (XOPEN: Timer expired): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ETIMEDOUT +@item int ETIMEDOUT + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Connection timed out): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ETOOMANYREFS +@item int ETOOMANYREFS + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Too many references: cannot splice): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment ETXTBSY +@item int ETXTBSY + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Text file busy): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EUCLEAN +@item int EUCLEAN + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Structure needs cleaning): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EUNATCH +@item int EUNATCH + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Protocol driver not attached): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EUSERS +@item int EUSERS + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Too many users): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EWOULDBLOCK +@item int EWOULDBLOCK + +@file{errno.h} (BSD: Operation would block): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment EXDEV +@item int EXDEV + +@file{errno.h} (POSIX.1: Invalid cross-device link): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment execl +@item int execl (const char *@var{filename}, const char *@var{arg0}, @dots{}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Executing a File}. + +@comment execle +@item int execle (const char *@var{filename}, const char *@var{arg0}, char *const @var{env}@t{[]}, @dots{}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Executing a File}. + +@comment execlp +@item int execlp (const char *@var{filename}, const char *@var{arg0}, @dots{}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Executing a File}. + +@comment execv +@item int execv (const char *@var{filename}, char *const @var{argv}@t{[]}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Executing a File}. + +@comment execve +@item int execve (const char *@var{filename}, char *const @var{argv}@t{[]}, char *const @var{env}@t{[]}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Executing a File}. + +@comment execvp +@item int execvp (const char *@var{filename}, char *const @var{argv}@t{[]}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Executing a File}. + +@comment EXFULL +@item int EXFULL + +@file{errno.h} (Linux???: Exchange full): @ref{Error Codes}. + +@comment _Exit +@item void _Exit (int @var{status}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Termination Internals}. + +@comment _exit +@item void _exit (int @var{status}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Termination Internals}. + +@comment exit +@item void exit (int @var{status}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Normal Termination}. + +@comment EXIT_FAILURE +@item int EXIT_FAILURE + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Exit Status}. + +@comment EXIT_SUCCESS +@item int EXIT_SUCCESS + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Exit Status}. + +@comment exp +@item double exp (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment exp10 +@item double exp10 (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (GNU): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment exp10f +@item float exp10f (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (GNU): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment exp10l +@item long double exp10l (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (GNU): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment exp2 +@item double exp2 (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment exp2f +@item float exp2f (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment exp2l +@item long double exp2l (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment expf +@item float expf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment expl +@item long double expl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment expm1 +@item double expm1 (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment expm1f +@item float expm1f (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment expm1l +@item long double expm1l (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment EXPR_NEST_MAX +@item int EXPR_NEST_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Utility Limits}. + +@comment fabs +@item double fabs (double @var{number}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Absolute Value}. + +@comment fabsf +@item float fabsf (float @var{number}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Absolute Value}. + +@comment fabsl +@item long double fabsl (long double @var{number}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Absolute Value}. + +@comment __fbufsize +@item size_t __fbufsize (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio_ext.h} (GNU): @ref{Controlling Buffering}. + +@comment fchdir +@item int fchdir (int @var{filedes}) + +@file{unistd.h} (XPG): @ref{Working Directory}. + +@comment fchmod +@item int fchmod (int @var{filedes}, int @var{mode}) + +@file{sys/stat.h} (BSD): @ref{Setting Permissions}. + +@comment fchown +@item int fchown (int @var{filedes}, int @var{owner}, int @var{group}) + +@file{unistd.h} (BSD): @ref{File Owner}. + +@comment fclean +@item int fclean (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{Cleaning Streams}. + +@comment fclose +@item int fclose (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Closing Streams}. + +@comment fcloseall +@item int fcloseall (void) + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{Closing Streams}. + +@comment fcntl +@item int fcntl (int @var{filedes}, int @var{command}, @dots{}) + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Control Operations}. + +@comment fcvt +@item char * fcvt (double @var{value}, int @var{ndigit}, int *@var{decpt}, int *@var{neg}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (SVID, Unix98): @ref{System V Number Conversion}. + +@comment fcvt_r +@item int fcvt_r (double @var{value}, int @var{ndigit}, int *@var{decpt}, int *@var{neg}, char *@var{buf}, size_t @var{len}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (SVID, Unix98): @ref{System V Number Conversion}. + +@comment fdatasync +@item int fdatasync (int @var{fildes}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX): @ref{Synchronizing I/O}. + +@comment FD_CLOEXEC +@item int FD_CLOEXEC + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Descriptor Flags}. + +@comment FD_CLR +@item void FD_CLR (int @var{filedes}, fd_set *@var{set}) + +@file{sys/types.h} (BSD): @ref{Waiting for I/O}. + +@comment fdim +@item double fdim (double @var{x}, double @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Misc FP Arithmetic}. + +@comment fdimf +@item float fdimf (float @var{x}, float @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Misc FP Arithmetic}. + +@comment fdiml +@item long double fdiml (long double @var{x}, long double @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Misc FP Arithmetic}. + +@comment FD_ISSET +@item int FD_ISSET (int @var{filedes}, const fd_set *@var{set}) + +@file{sys/types.h} (BSD): @ref{Waiting for I/O}. + +@comment fdopen +@item FILE * fdopen (int @var{filedes}, const char *@var{opentype}) + +@file{stdio.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Descriptors and Streams}. + +@comment fdopendir +@item DIR * fdopendir (int @var{fd}) + +@file{dirent.h} (GNU): @ref{Opening a Directory}. + +@comment FD_SET +@item void FD_SET (int @var{filedes}, fd_set *@var{set}) + +@file{sys/types.h} (BSD): @ref{Waiting for I/O}. + +@comment fd_set +@item fd_set + +@file{sys/types.h} (BSD): @ref{Waiting for I/O}. + +@comment FD_SETSIZE +@item int FD_SETSIZE + +@file{sys/types.h} (BSD): @ref{Waiting for I/O}. + +@comment F_DUPFD +@item int F_DUPFD + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Duplicating Descriptors}. + +@comment FD_ZERO +@item void FD_ZERO (fd_set *@var{set}) + +@file{sys/types.h} (BSD): @ref{Waiting for I/O}. + +@comment feclearexcept +@item int feclearexcept (int @var{excepts}) + +@file{fenv.h} (ISO): @ref{Status bit operations}. + +@comment fedisableexcept +@item int fedisableexcept (int @var{excepts}) + +@file{fenv.h} (GNU): @ref{Control Functions}. + +@comment FE_DIVBYZERO +@item FE_DIVBYZERO + +@file{fenv.h} (ISO): @ref{Status bit operations}. + +@comment FE_DOWNWARD +@item FE_DOWNWARD + +@file{fenv.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding}. + +@comment feenableexcept +@item int feenableexcept (int @var{excepts}) + +@file{fenv.h} (GNU): @ref{Control Functions}. + +@comment fegetenv +@item int fegetenv (fenv_t *@var{envp}) + +@file{fenv.h} (ISO): @ref{Control Functions}. + +@comment fegetexcept +@item int fegetexcept (int @var{excepts}) + +@file{fenv.h} (GNU): @ref{Control Functions}. + +@comment fegetexceptflag +@item int fegetexceptflag (fexcept_t *@var{flagp}, int @var{excepts}) + +@file{fenv.h} (ISO): @ref{Status bit operations}. + +@comment fegetround +@item int fegetround (void) + +@file{fenv.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding}. + +@comment feholdexcept +@item int feholdexcept (fenv_t *@var{envp}) + +@file{fenv.h} (ISO): @ref{Control Functions}. + +@comment FE_INEXACT +@item FE_INEXACT + +@file{fenv.h} (ISO): @ref{Status bit operations}. + +@comment FE_INVALID +@item FE_INVALID + +@file{fenv.h} (ISO): @ref{Status bit operations}. + +@comment feof +@item int feof (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{EOF and Errors}. + +@comment feof_unlocked +@item int feof_unlocked (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{EOF and Errors}. + +@comment FE_OVERFLOW +@item FE_OVERFLOW + +@file{fenv.h} (ISO): @ref{Status bit operations}. + +@comment feraiseexcept +@item int feraiseexcept (int @var{excepts}) + +@file{fenv.h} (ISO): @ref{Status bit operations}. + +@comment ferror +@item int ferror (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{EOF and Errors}. + +@comment ferror_unlocked +@item int ferror_unlocked (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{EOF and Errors}. + +@comment fesetenv +@item int fesetenv (const fenv_t *@var{envp}) + +@file{fenv.h} (ISO): @ref{Control Functions}. + +@comment fesetexceptflag +@item int fesetexceptflag (const fexcept_t *@var{flagp}, int @var{excepts}) + +@file{fenv.h} (ISO): @ref{Status bit operations}. + +@comment fesetround +@item int fesetround (int @var{round}) + +@file{fenv.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding}. + +@comment fetestexcept +@item int fetestexcept (int @var{excepts}) + +@file{fenv.h} (ISO): @ref{Status bit operations}. + +@comment FE_TONEAREST +@item FE_TONEAREST + +@file{fenv.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding}. + +@comment FE_TOWARDZERO +@item FE_TOWARDZERO + +@file{fenv.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding}. + +@comment FE_UNDERFLOW +@item FE_UNDERFLOW + +@file{fenv.h} (ISO): @ref{Status bit operations}. + +@comment feupdateenv +@item int feupdateenv (const fenv_t *@var{envp}) + +@file{fenv.h} (ISO): @ref{Control Functions}. + +@comment FE_UPWARD +@item FE_UPWARD + +@file{fenv.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding}. + +@comment fflush +@item int fflush (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Flushing Buffers}. + +@comment fflush_unlocked +@item int fflush_unlocked (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (POSIX): @ref{Flushing Buffers}. + +@comment fgetc +@item int fgetc (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Character Input}. + +@comment fgetc_unlocked +@item int fgetc_unlocked (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (POSIX): @ref{Character Input}. + +@comment F_GETFD +@item int F_GETFD + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Descriptor Flags}. + +@comment F_GETFL +@item int F_GETFL + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Getting File Status Flags}. + +@comment fgetgrent +@item struct group * fgetgrent (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{grp.h} (SVID): @ref{Scanning All Groups}. + +@comment fgetgrent_r +@item int fgetgrent_r (FILE *@var{stream}, struct group *@var{result_buf}, char *@var{buffer}, size_t @var{buflen}, struct group **@var{result}) + +@file{grp.h} (GNU): @ref{Scanning All Groups}. + +@comment F_GETLK +@item int F_GETLK + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{File Locks}. + +@comment F_GETOWN +@item int F_GETOWN + +@file{fcntl.h} (BSD): @ref{Interrupt Input}. + +@comment fgetpos +@item int fgetpos (FILE *@var{stream}, fpos_t *@var{position}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Portable Positioning}. + +@comment fgetpos64 +@item int fgetpos64 (FILE *@var{stream}, fpos64_t *@var{position}) + +@file{stdio.h} (Unix98): @ref{Portable Positioning}. + +@comment fgetpwent +@item struct passwd * fgetpwent (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{pwd.h} (SVID): @ref{Scanning All Users}. + +@comment fgetpwent_r +@item int fgetpwent_r (FILE *@var{stream}, struct passwd *@var{result_buf}, char *@var{buffer}, size_t @var{buflen}, struct passwd **@var{result}) + +@file{pwd.h} (GNU): @ref{Scanning All Users}. + +@comment fgets +@item char * fgets (char *@var{s}, int @var{count}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Line Input}. + +@comment fgets_unlocked +@item char * fgets_unlocked (char *@var{s}, int @var{count}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{Line Input}. + +@comment fgetwc +@item wint_t fgetwc (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Character Input}. + +@comment fgetwc_unlocked +@item wint_t fgetwc_unlocked (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{wchar.h} (GNU): @ref{Character Input}. + +@comment fgetws +@item wchar_t * fgetws (wchar_t *@var{ws}, int @var{count}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Line Input}. + +@comment fgetws_unlocked +@item wchar_t * fgetws_unlocked (wchar_t *@var{ws}, int @var{count}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{wchar.h} (GNU): @ref{Line Input}. + +@comment FILE +@item FILE + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Streams}. + +@comment FILENAME_MAX +@item int FILENAME_MAX + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Limits for Files}. + +@comment fileno +@item int fileno (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Descriptors and Streams}. + +@comment fileno_unlocked +@item int fileno_unlocked (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{Descriptors and Streams}. + +@comment finite +@item int finite (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Floating Point Classes}. + +@comment finitef +@item int finitef (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Floating Point Classes}. + +@comment finitel +@item int finitel (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Floating Point Classes}. + +@comment __flbf +@item int __flbf (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio_ext.h} (GNU): @ref{Controlling Buffering}. + +@comment flockfile +@item void flockfile (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (POSIX): @ref{Streams and Threads}. + +@comment floor +@item double floor (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment floorf +@item float floorf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment floorl +@item long double floorl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment FLT_DIG +@item FLT_DIG + +@file{float.h} (ISO): @ref{Floating Point Parameters}. + +@comment FLT_EPSILON +@item FLT_EPSILON + +@file{float.h} (ISO): @ref{Floating Point Parameters}. + +@comment FLT_MANT_DIG +@item FLT_MANT_DIG + +@file{float.h} (ISO): @ref{Floating Point Parameters}. + +@comment FLT_MAX +@item FLT_MAX + +@file{float.h} (ISO): @ref{Floating Point Parameters}. + +@comment FLT_MAX_10_EXP +@item FLT_MAX_10_EXP + +@file{float.h} (ISO): @ref{Floating Point Parameters}. + +@comment FLT_MAX_EXP +@item FLT_MAX_EXP + +@file{float.h} (ISO): @ref{Floating Point Parameters}. + +@comment FLT_MIN +@item FLT_MIN + +@file{float.h} (ISO): @ref{Floating Point Parameters}. + +@comment FLT_MIN_10_EXP +@item FLT_MIN_10_EXP + +@file{float.h} (ISO): @ref{Floating Point Parameters}. + +@comment FLT_MIN_EXP +@item FLT_MIN_EXP + +@file{float.h} (ISO): @ref{Floating Point Parameters}. + +@comment FLT_RADIX +@item FLT_RADIX + +@file{float.h} (ISO): @ref{Floating Point Parameters}. + +@comment FLT_ROUNDS +@item FLT_ROUNDS + +@file{float.h} (ISO): @ref{Floating Point Parameters}. + +@comment _flushlbf +@item void _flushlbf (void) + +@file{stdio_ext.h} (GNU): @ref{Flushing Buffers}. + +@comment FLUSHO +@item tcflag_t FLUSHO + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Local Modes}. + +@comment fma +@item double fma (double @var{x}, double @var{y}, double @var{z}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Misc FP Arithmetic}. + +@comment fmaf +@item float fmaf (float @var{x}, float @var{y}, float @var{z}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Misc FP Arithmetic}. + +@comment fmal +@item long double fmal (long double @var{x}, long double @var{y}, long double @var{z}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Misc FP Arithmetic}. + +@comment fmax +@item double fmax (double @var{x}, double @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Misc FP Arithmetic}. + +@comment fmaxf +@item float fmaxf (float @var{x}, float @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Misc FP Arithmetic}. + +@comment fmaxl +@item long double fmaxl (long double @var{x}, long double @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Misc FP Arithmetic}. + +@comment fmemopen +@item FILE * fmemopen (void *@var{buf}, size_t @var{size}, const char *@var{opentype}) + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{String Streams}. + +@comment fmin +@item double fmin (double @var{x}, double @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Misc FP Arithmetic}. + +@comment fminf +@item float fminf (float @var{x}, float @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Misc FP Arithmetic}. + +@comment fminl +@item long double fminl (long double @var{x}, long double @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Misc FP Arithmetic}. + +@comment fmod +@item double fmod (double @var{numerator}, double @var{denominator}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Remainder Functions}. + +@comment fmodf +@item float fmodf (float @var{numerator}, float @var{denominator}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Remainder Functions}. + +@comment fmodl +@item long double fmodl (long double @var{numerator}, long double @var{denominator}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Remainder Functions}. + +@comment fmtmsg +@item int fmtmsg (long int @var{classification}, const char *@var{label}, int @var{severity}, const char *@var{text}, const char *@var{action}, const char *@var{tag}) + +@file{fmtmsg.h} (XPG): @ref{Printing Formatted Messages}. + +@comment fnmatch +@item int fnmatch (const char *@var{pattern}, const char *@var{string}, int @var{flags}) + +@file{fnmatch.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Wildcard Matching}. + +@comment FNM_CASEFOLD +@item FNM_CASEFOLD + +@file{fnmatch.h} (GNU): @ref{Wildcard Matching}. + +@comment FNM_EXTMATCH +@item FNM_EXTMATCH + +@file{fnmatch.h} (GNU): @ref{Wildcard Matching}. + +@comment FNM_FILE_NAME +@item FNM_FILE_NAME + +@file{fnmatch.h} (GNU): @ref{Wildcard Matching}. + +@comment FNM_LEADING_DIR +@item FNM_LEADING_DIR + +@file{fnmatch.h} (GNU): @ref{Wildcard Matching}. + +@comment FNM_NOESCAPE +@item FNM_NOESCAPE + +@file{fnmatch.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Wildcard Matching}. + +@comment FNM_PATHNAME +@item FNM_PATHNAME + +@file{fnmatch.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Wildcard Matching}. + +@comment FNM_PERIOD +@item FNM_PERIOD + +@file{fnmatch.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Wildcard Matching}. + +@comment F_OK +@item int F_OK + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Testing File Access}. + +@comment fopen +@item FILE * fopen (const char *@var{filename}, const char *@var{opentype}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Opening Streams}. + +@comment fopen64 +@item FILE * fopen64 (const char *@var{filename}, const char *@var{opentype}) + +@file{stdio.h} (Unix98): @ref{Opening Streams}. + +@comment fopencookie +@item FILE * fopencookie (void *@var{cookie}, const char *@var{opentype}, cookie_io_functions_t @var{io-functions}) + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{Streams and Cookies}. + +@comment FOPEN_MAX +@item int FOPEN_MAX + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Opening Streams}. + +@comment fork +@item pid_t fork (void) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Creating a Process}. + +@comment forkpty +@item int forkpty (int *@var{amaster}, char *@var{name}, const struct termios *@var{termp}, const struct winsize *@var{winp}) + +@file{pty.h} (BSD): @ref{Pseudo-Terminal Pairs}. + +@comment fpathconf +@item long int fpathconf (int @var{filedes}, int @var{parameter}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Pathconf}. + +@comment fpclassify +@item int fpclassify (@emph{float-type} @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Floating Point Classes}. + +@comment FPE_DECOVF_TRAP +@item FPE_DECOVF_TRAP + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Program Error Signals}. + +@comment FPE_FLTDIV_FAULT +@item FPE_FLTDIV_FAULT + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Program Error Signals}. + +@comment FPE_FLTDIV_TRAP +@item FPE_FLTDIV_TRAP + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Program Error Signals}. + +@comment FPE_FLTOVF_FAULT +@item FPE_FLTOVF_FAULT + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Program Error Signals}. + +@comment FPE_FLTOVF_TRAP +@item FPE_FLTOVF_TRAP + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Program Error Signals}. + +@comment FPE_FLTUND_FAULT +@item FPE_FLTUND_FAULT + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Program Error Signals}. + +@comment FPE_FLTUND_TRAP +@item FPE_FLTUND_TRAP + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Program Error Signals}. + +@comment FPE_INTDIV_TRAP +@item FPE_INTDIV_TRAP + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Program Error Signals}. + +@comment FPE_INTOVF_TRAP +@item FPE_INTOVF_TRAP + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Program Error Signals}. + +@comment __fpending +@item size_t __fpending (FILE *@var{stream}) The @code{__fpending} + +@file{stdio_ext.h} (GNU): @ref{Controlling Buffering}. + +@comment FPE_SUBRNG_TRAP +@item FPE_SUBRNG_TRAP + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Program Error Signals}. + +@comment FP_ILOGB0 +@item int FP_ILOGB0 + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment FP_ILOGBNAN +@item int FP_ILOGBNAN + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment fpos64_t +@item fpos64_t + +@file{stdio.h} (Unix98): @ref{Portable Positioning}. + +@comment fpos_t +@item fpos_t + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Portable Positioning}. + +@comment fprintf +@item int fprintf (FILE *@var{stream}, const char *@var{template}, @dots{}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Formatted Output Functions}. + +@comment __fpurge +@item void __fpurge (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio_ext.h} (GNU): @ref{Flushing Buffers}. + +@comment fputc +@item int fputc (int @var{c}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Simple Output}. + +@comment fputc_unlocked +@item int fputc_unlocked (int @var{c}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (POSIX): @ref{Simple Output}. + +@comment fputs +@item int fputs (const char *@var{s}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Simple Output}. + +@comment fputs_unlocked +@item int fputs_unlocked (const char *@var{s}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{Simple Output}. + +@comment fputwc +@item wint_t fputwc (wchar_t @var{wc}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Simple Output}. + +@comment fputwc_unlocked +@item wint_t fputwc_unlocked (wint_t @var{wc}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{wchar.h} (POSIX): @ref{Simple Output}. + +@comment fputws +@item int fputws (const wchar_t *@var{ws}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Simple Output}. + +@comment fputws_unlocked +@item int fputws_unlocked (const wchar_t *@var{ws}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{wchar.h} (GNU): @ref{Simple Output}. + +@comment F_RDLCK +@item F_RDLCK + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{File Locks}. + +@comment fread +@item size_t fread (void *@var{data}, size_t @var{size}, size_t @var{count}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Block Input/Output}. + +@comment __freadable +@item int __freadable (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio_ext.h} (GNU): @ref{Opening Streams}. + +@comment __freading +@item int __freading (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio_ext.h} (GNU): @ref{Opening Streams}. + +@comment fread_unlocked +@item size_t fread_unlocked (void *@var{data}, size_t @var{size}, size_t @var{count}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{Block Input/Output}. + +@comment free +@item void free (void *@var{ptr}) + +@file{malloc.h}, @file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Freeing after Malloc}. + +@comment __free_hook +@item __free_hook + +@file{malloc.h} (GNU): @ref{Hooks for Malloc}. + +@comment freopen +@item FILE * freopen (const char *@var{filename}, const char *@var{opentype}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Opening Streams}. + +@comment freopen64 +@item FILE * freopen64 (const char *@var{filename}, const char *@var{opentype}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (Unix98): @ref{Opening Streams}. + +@comment frexp +@item double frexp (double @var{value}, int *@var{exponent}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Normalization Functions}. + +@comment frexpf +@item float frexpf (float @var{value}, int *@var{exponent}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Normalization Functions}. + +@comment frexpl +@item long double frexpl (long double @var{value}, int *@var{exponent}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Normalization Functions}. + +@comment fscanf +@item int fscanf (FILE *@var{stream}, const char *@var{template}, @dots{}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Formatted Input Functions}. + +@comment fseek +@item int fseek (FILE *@var{stream}, long int @var{offset}, int @var{whence}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{File Positioning}. + +@comment fseeko +@item int fseeko (FILE *@var{stream}, off_t @var{offset}, int @var{whence}) + +@file{stdio.h} (Unix98): @ref{File Positioning}. + +@comment fseeko64 +@item int fseeko64 (FILE *@var{stream}, off64_t @var{offset}, int @var{whence}) + +@file{stdio.h} (Unix98): @ref{File Positioning}. + +@comment F_SETFD +@item int F_SETFD + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Descriptor Flags}. + +@comment F_SETFL +@item int F_SETFL + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Getting File Status Flags}. + +@comment F_SETLK +@item int F_SETLK + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{File Locks}. + +@comment F_SETLKW +@item int F_SETLKW + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{File Locks}. + +@comment __fsetlocking +@item int __fsetlocking (FILE *@var{stream}, int @var{type}) + +@file{stdio_ext.h} (GNU): @ref{Streams and Threads}. + +@comment F_SETOWN +@item int F_SETOWN + +@file{fcntl.h} (BSD): @ref{Interrupt Input}. + +@comment fsetpos +@item int fsetpos (FILE *@var{stream}, const fpos_t *@var{position}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Portable Positioning}. + +@comment fsetpos64 +@item int fsetpos64 (FILE *@var{stream}, const fpos64_t *@var{position}) + +@file{stdio.h} (Unix98): @ref{Portable Positioning}. + +@comment fstat +@item int fstat (int @var{filedes}, struct stat *@var{buf}) + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Reading Attributes}. + +@comment fstat64 +@item int fstat64 (int @var{filedes}, struct stat64 *@var{buf}) + +@file{sys/stat.h} (Unix98): @ref{Reading Attributes}. + +@comment fsync +@item int fsync (int @var{fildes}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX): @ref{Synchronizing I/O}. + +@comment ftell +@item long int ftell (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{File Positioning}. + +@comment ftello +@item off_t ftello (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (Unix98): @ref{File Positioning}. + +@comment ftello64 +@item off64_t ftello64 (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (Unix98): @ref{File Positioning}. + +@comment ftruncate +@item int ftruncate (int @var{fd}, off_t @var{length}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX): @ref{File Size}. + +@comment ftruncate64 +@item int ftruncate64 (int @var{id}, off64_t @var{length}) + +@file{unistd.h} (Unix98): @ref{File Size}. + +@comment ftrylockfile +@item int ftrylockfile (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (POSIX): @ref{Streams and Threads}. + +@comment ftw +@item int ftw (const char *@var{filename}, __ftw_func_t @var{func}, int @var{descriptors}) + +@file{ftw.h} (SVID): @ref{Working with Directory Trees}. + +@comment ftw64 +@item int ftw64 (const char *@var{filename}, __ftw64_func_t @var{func}, int @var{descriptors}) + +@file{ftw.h} (Unix98): @ref{Working with Directory Trees}. + +@comment __ftw64_func_t +@item __ftw64_func_t + +@file{ftw.h} (GNU): @ref{Working with Directory Trees}. + +@comment __ftw_func_t +@item __ftw_func_t + +@file{ftw.h} (GNU): @ref{Working with Directory Trees}. + +@comment F_UNLCK +@item F_UNLCK + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{File Locks}. + +@comment funlockfile +@item void funlockfile (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (POSIX): @ref{Streams and Threads}. + +@comment futimes +@item int futimes (int @var{fd}, struct timeval @var{tvp}@t{[2]}) + +@file{sys/time.h} (BSD): @ref{File Times}. + +@comment fwide +@item int fwide (FILE *@var{stream}, int @var{mode}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Streams and I18N}. + +@comment fwprintf +@item int fwprintf (FILE *@var{stream}, const wchar_t *@var{template}, @dots{}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Formatted Output Functions}. + +@comment __fwritable +@item int __fwritable (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio_ext.h} (GNU): @ref{Opening Streams}. + +@comment fwrite +@item size_t fwrite (const void *@var{data}, size_t @var{size}, size_t @var{count}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Block Input/Output}. + +@comment fwrite_unlocked +@item size_t fwrite_unlocked (const void *@var{data}, size_t @var{size}, size_t @var{count}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{Block Input/Output}. + +@comment __fwriting +@item int __fwriting (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio_ext.h} (GNU): @ref{Opening Streams}. + +@comment F_WRLCK +@item F_WRLCK + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{File Locks}. + +@comment fwscanf +@item int fwscanf (FILE *@var{stream}, const wchar_t *@var{template}, @dots{}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Formatted Input Functions}. + +@comment gamma +@item double gamma (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment gammaf +@item float gammaf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment gammal +@item long double gammal (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment (*__gconv_end_fct) +@item void (*__gconv_end_fct) (struct gconv_step *) + +@file{gconv.h} (GNU): @ref{glibc iconv Implementation}. + +@comment (*__gconv_fct) +@item int (*__gconv_fct) (struct __gconv_step *, struct __gconv_step_data *, const char **, const char *, size_t *, int) + +@file{gconv.h} (GNU): @ref{glibc iconv Implementation}. + +@comment (*__gconv_init_fct) +@item int (*__gconv_init_fct) (struct __gconv_step *) + +@file{gconv.h} (GNU): @ref{glibc iconv Implementation}. + +@comment gcvt +@item char * gcvt (double @var{value}, int @var{ndigit}, char *@var{buf}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (SVID, Unix98): @ref{System V Number Conversion}. + +@comment get_avphys_pages +@item long int get_avphys_pages (void) + +@file{sys/sysinfo.h} (GNU): @ref{Query Memory Parameters}. + +@comment getc +@item int getc (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Character Input}. + +@comment getchar +@item int getchar (void) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Character Input}. + +@comment getchar_unlocked +@item int getchar_unlocked (void) + +@file{stdio.h} (POSIX): @ref{Character Input}. + +@comment getcontext +@item int getcontext (ucontext_t *@var{ucp}) + +@file{ucontext.h} (SVID): @ref{System V contexts}. + +@comment getc_unlocked +@item int getc_unlocked (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (POSIX): @ref{Character Input}. + +@comment get_current_dir_name +@item char * get_current_dir_name (void) + +@file{unistd.h} (GNU): @ref{Working Directory}. + +@comment getcwd +@item char * getcwd (char *@var{buffer}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Working Directory}. + +@comment getdate +@item struct tm * getdate (const char *@var{string}) + +@file{time.h} (Unix98): @ref{General Time String Parsing}. + +@comment getdate_err +@item getdate_err + +@file{time.h} (Unix98): @ref{General Time String Parsing}. + +@comment getdate_r +@item int getdate_r (const char *@var{string}, struct tm *@var{tp}) + +@file{time.h} (GNU): @ref{General Time String Parsing}. + +@comment getdelim +@item ssize_t getdelim (char **@var{lineptr}, size_t *@var{n}, int @var{delimiter}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{Line Input}. + +@comment getdomainnname +@item int getdomainnname (char *@var{name}, size_t @var{length}) + +@file{unistd.h} (???): @ref{Host Identification}. + +@comment getegid +@item gid_t getegid (void) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Reading Persona}. + +@comment getenv +@item char * getenv (const char *@var{name}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Environment Access}. + +@comment geteuid +@item uid_t geteuid (void) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Reading Persona}. + +@comment getfsent +@item struct fstab * getfsent (void) + +@file{fstab.h} (BSD): @ref{fstab}. + +@comment getfsfile +@item struct fstab * getfsfile (const char *@var{name}) + +@file{fstab.h} (BSD): @ref{fstab}. + +@comment getfsspec +@item struct fstab * getfsspec (const char *@var{name}) + +@file{fstab.h} (BSD): @ref{fstab}. + +@comment getgid +@item gid_t getgid (void) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Reading Persona}. + +@comment getgrent +@item struct group * getgrent (void) + +@file{grp.h} (SVID, BSD): @ref{Scanning All Groups}. + +@comment getgrent_r +@item int getgrent_r (struct group *@var{result_buf}, char *@var{buffer}, size_t @var{buflen}, struct group **@var{result}) + +@file{grp.h} (GNU): @ref{Scanning All Groups}. + +@comment getgrgid +@item struct group * getgrgid (gid_t @var{gid}) + +@file{grp.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Lookup Group}. + +@comment getgrgid_r +@item int getgrgid_r (gid_t @var{gid}, struct group *@var{result_buf}, char *@var{buffer}, size_t @var{buflen}, struct group **@var{result}) + +@file{grp.h} (POSIX.1c): @ref{Lookup Group}. + +@comment getgrnam +@item struct group * getgrnam (const char *@var{name}) + +@file{grp.h} (SVID, BSD): @ref{Lookup Group}. + +@comment getgrnam_r +@item int getgrnam_r (const char *@var{name}, struct group *@var{result_buf}, char *@var{buffer}, size_t @var{buflen}, struct group **@var{result}) + +@file{grp.h} (POSIX.1c): @ref{Lookup Group}. + +@comment getgrouplist +@item int getgrouplist (const char *@var{user}, gid_t @var{group}, gid_t *@var{groups}, int *@var{ngroups}) + +@file{grp.h} (BSD): @ref{Setting Groups}. + +@comment getgroups +@item int getgroups (int @var{count}, gid_t *@var{groups}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Reading Persona}. + +@comment gethostbyaddr +@item struct hostent * gethostbyaddr (const char *@var{addr}, size_t @var{length}, int @var{format}) + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Names}. + +@comment gethostbyaddr_r +@item int gethostbyaddr_r (const char *@var{addr}, size_t @var{length}, int @var{format}, struct hostent *restrict @var{result_buf}, char *restrict @var{buf}, size_t @var{buflen}, struct hostent **restrict @var{result}, int *restrict @var{h_errnop}) + +@file{netdb.h} (GNU): @ref{Host Names}. + +@comment gethostbyname +@item struct hostent * gethostbyname (const char *@var{name}) + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Names}. + +@comment gethostbyname2 +@item struct hostent * gethostbyname2 (const char *@var{name}, int @var{af}) + +@file{netdb.h} (IPv6 Basic API): @ref{Host Names}. + +@comment gethostbyname2_r +@item int gethostbyname2_r (const char *@var{name}, int @var{af}, struct hostent *restrict @var{result_buf}, char *restrict @var{buf}, size_t @var{buflen}, struct hostent **restrict @var{result}, int *restrict @var{h_errnop}) + +@file{netdb.h} (GNU): @ref{Host Names}. + +@comment gethostbyname_r +@item int gethostbyname_r (const char *restrict @var{name}, struct hostent *restrict @var{result_buf}, char *restrict @var{buf}, size_t @var{buflen}, struct hostent **restrict @var{result}, int *restrict @var{h_errnop}) + +@file{netdb.h} (GNU): @ref{Host Names}. + +@comment gethostent +@item struct hostent * gethostent (void) + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Names}. + +@comment gethostid +@item long int gethostid (void) + +@file{unistd.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Identification}. + +@comment gethostname +@item int gethostname (char *@var{name}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{unistd.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Identification}. + +@comment getitimer +@item int getitimer (int @var{which}, struct itimerval *@var{old}) + +@file{sys/time.h} (BSD): @ref{Setting an Alarm}. + +@comment getline +@item ssize_t getline (char **@var{lineptr}, size_t *@var{n}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{Line Input}. + +@comment getloadavg +@item int getloadavg (double @var{loadavg}[], int @var{nelem}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (BSD): @ref{Processor Resources}. + +@comment getlogin +@item char * getlogin (void) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Who Logged In}. + +@comment getmntent +@item struct mntent * getmntent (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{mntent.h} (BSD): @ref{mtab}. + +@comment getmntent_r +@item struct mntent * getmntent_r (FILE *@var{stream}, struct mentent *@var{result}, char *@var{buffer}, int @var{bufsize}) + +@file{mntent.h} (BSD): @ref{mtab}. + +@comment getnetbyaddr +@item struct netent * getnetbyaddr (unsigned long int @var{net}, int @var{type}) + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Networks Database}. + +@comment getnetbyname +@item struct netent * getnetbyname (const char *@var{name}) + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Networks Database}. + +@comment getnetent +@item struct netent * getnetent (void) + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Networks Database}. + +@comment getnetgrent +@item int getnetgrent (char **@var{hostp}, char **@var{userp}, char **@var{domainp}) + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Lookup Netgroup}. + +@comment getnetgrent_r +@item int getnetgrent_r (char **@var{hostp}, char **@var{userp}, char **@var{domainp}, char *@var{buffer}, int @var{buflen}) + +@file{netdb.h} (GNU): @ref{Lookup Netgroup}. + +@comment get_nprocs +@item int get_nprocs (void) + +@file{sys/sysinfo.h} (GNU): @ref{Processor Resources}. + +@comment get_nprocs_conf +@item int get_nprocs_conf (void) + +@file{sys/sysinfo.h} (GNU): @ref{Processor Resources}. + +@comment getopt +@item int getopt (int @var{argc}, char **@var{argv}, const char *@var{options}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Using Getopt}. + +@comment getopt_long +@item int getopt_long (int @var{argc}, char *const *@var{argv}, const char *@var{shortopts}, const struct option *@var{longopts}, int *@var{indexptr}) + +@file{getopt.h} (GNU): @ref{Getopt Long Options}. + +@comment getopt_long_only +@item int getopt_long_only (int @var{argc}, char *const *@var{argv}, const char *@var{shortopts}, const struct option *@var{longopts}, int *@var{indexptr}) + +@file{getopt.h} (GNU): @ref{Getopt Long Options}. + +@comment getpagesize +@item int getpagesize (void) + +@file{unistd.h} (BSD): @ref{Query Memory Parameters}. + +@comment getpass +@item char * getpass (const char *@var{prompt}) + +@file{unistd.h} (BSD): @ref{getpass}. + +@comment getpeername +@item int getpeername (int @var{socket}, struct sockaddr *@var{addr}, socklen_t *@var{length-ptr}) + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Who is Connected}. + +@comment getpgid +@item int getpgid (pid_t @var{pid}) + +@file{unistd.h} (SVID): @ref{Process Group Functions}. + +@comment getpgrp +@item pid_t getpgrp (pid_t @var{pid}) + +@file{unistd.h} (BSD): @ref{Process Group Functions}. + +@comment getpgrp +@item pid_t getpgrp (void) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Process Group Functions}. + +@comment get_phys_pages +@item long int get_phys_pages (void) + +@file{sys/sysinfo.h} (GNU): @ref{Query Memory Parameters}. + +@comment getpid +@item pid_t getpid (void) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Process Identification}. + +@comment getppid +@item pid_t getppid (void) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Process Identification}. + +@comment getpriority +@item int getpriority (int @var{class}, int @var{id}) + +@file{sys/resource.h} (BSD,POSIX): @ref{Traditional Scheduling Functions}. + +@comment getprotobyname +@item struct protoent * getprotobyname (const char *@var{name}) + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Protocols Database}. + +@comment getprotobynumber +@item struct protoent * getprotobynumber (int @var{protocol}) + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Protocols Database}. + +@comment getprotoent +@item struct protoent * getprotoent (void) + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Protocols Database}. + +@comment getpt +@item int getpt (void) + +@file{stdlib.h} (GNU): @ref{Allocation}. + +@comment getpwent +@item struct passwd * getpwent (void) + +@file{pwd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Scanning All Users}. + +@comment getpwent_r +@item int getpwent_r (struct passwd *@var{result_buf}, char *@var{buffer}, int @var{buflen}, struct passwd **@var{result}) + +@file{pwd.h} (GNU): @ref{Scanning All Users}. + +@comment getpwnam +@item struct passwd * getpwnam (const char *@var{name}) + +@file{pwd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Lookup User}. + +@comment getpwnam_r +@item int getpwnam_r (const char *@var{name}, struct passwd *@var{result_buf}, char *@var{buffer}, size_t @var{buflen}, struct passwd **@var{result}) + +@file{pwd.h} (POSIX.1c): @ref{Lookup User}. + +@comment getpwuid +@item struct passwd * getpwuid (uid_t @var{uid}) + +@file{pwd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Lookup User}. + +@comment getpwuid_r +@item int getpwuid_r (uid_t @var{uid}, struct passwd *@var{result_buf}, char *@var{buffer}, size_t @var{buflen}, struct passwd **@var{result}) + +@file{pwd.h} (POSIX.1c): @ref{Lookup User}. + +@comment getrlimit +@item int getrlimit (int @var{resource}, struct rlimit *@var{rlp}) + +@file{sys/resource.h} (BSD): @ref{Limits on Resources}. + +@comment getrlimit64 +@item int getrlimit64 (int @var{resource}, struct rlimit64 *@var{rlp}) + +@file{sys/resource.h} (Unix98): @ref{Limits on Resources}. + +@comment getrusage +@item int getrusage (int @var{processes}, struct rusage *@var{rusage}) + +@file{sys/resource.h} (BSD): @ref{Resource Usage}. + +@comment gets +@item char * gets (char *@var{s}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Line Input}. + +@comment getservbyname +@item struct servent * getservbyname (const char *@var{name}, const char *@var{proto}) + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Services Database}. + +@comment getservbyport +@item struct servent * getservbyport (int @var{port}, const char *@var{proto}) + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Services Database}. + +@comment getservent +@item struct servent * getservent (void) + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Services Database}. + +@comment getsid +@item pid_t getsid (pid_t @var{pid}) + +@file{unistd.h} (SVID): @ref{Process Group Functions}. + +@comment getsockname +@item int getsockname (int @var{socket}, struct sockaddr *@var{addr}, socklen_t *@var{length-ptr}) + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Reading Address}. + +@comment getsockopt +@item int getsockopt (int @var{socket}, int @var{level}, int @var{optname}, void *@var{optval}, socklen_t *@var{optlen-ptr}) + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Socket Option Functions}. + +@comment getsubopt +@item int getsubopt (char **@var{optionp}, const char* const *@var{tokens}, char **@var{valuep}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (stdlib.h): @ref{Suboptions, Suboptions Example}. + +@comment gettext +@item char * gettext (const char *@var{msgid}) + +@file{libintl.h} (GNU): @ref{Translation with gettext}. + +@comment gettimeofday +@item int gettimeofday (struct timeval *@var{tp}, struct timezone *@var{tzp}) + +@file{sys/time.h} (BSD): @ref{High-Resolution Calendar}. + +@comment getuid +@item uid_t getuid (void) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Reading Persona}. + +@comment getumask +@item mode_t getumask (void) + +@file{sys/stat.h} (GNU): @ref{Setting Permissions}. + +@comment getutent +@item struct utmp * getutent (void) + +@file{utmp.h} (SVID): @ref{Manipulating the Database}. + +@comment getutent_r +@item int getutent_r (struct utmp *@var{buffer}, struct utmp **@var{result}) + +@file{utmp.h} (GNU): @ref{Manipulating the Database}. + +@comment getutid +@item struct utmp * getutid (const struct utmp *@var{id}) + +@file{utmp.h} (SVID): @ref{Manipulating the Database}. + +@comment getutid_r +@item int getutid_r (const struct utmp *@var{id}, struct utmp *@var{buffer}, struct utmp **@var{result}) + +@file{utmp.h} (GNU): @ref{Manipulating the Database}. + +@comment getutline +@item struct utmp * getutline (const struct utmp *@var{line}) + +@file{utmp.h} (SVID): @ref{Manipulating the Database}. + +@comment getutline_r +@item int getutline_r (const struct utmp *@var{line}, struct utmp *@var{buffer}, struct utmp **@var{result}) + +@file{utmp.h} (GNU): @ref{Manipulating the Database}. + +@comment getutmp +@item int getutmp (const struct utmpx *utmpx, struct utmp *utmp) + +@file{utmp.h} (GNU): @ref{XPG Functions}. + +@comment getutmpx +@item int getutmpx (const struct utmp *utmp, struct utmpx *utmpx) + +@file{utmp.h} (GNU): @ref{XPG Functions}. + +@comment getutxent +@item struct utmpx * getutxent (void) + +@file{utmpx.h} (XPG4.2): @ref{XPG Functions}. + +@comment getutxid +@item struct utmpx * getutxid (const struct utmpx *@var{id}) + +@file{utmpx.h} (XPG4.2): @ref{XPG Functions}. + +@comment getutxline +@item struct utmpx * getutxline (const struct utmpx *@var{line}) + +@file{utmpx.h} (XPG4.2): @ref{XPG Functions}. + +@comment getw +@item int getw (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (SVID): @ref{Character Input}. + +@comment getwc +@item wint_t getwc (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Character Input}. + +@comment getwchar +@item wint_t getwchar (void) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Character Input}. + +@comment getwchar_unlocked +@item wint_t getwchar_unlocked (void) + +@file{wchar.h} (GNU): @ref{Character Input}. + +@comment getwc_unlocked +@item wint_t getwc_unlocked (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{wchar.h} (GNU): @ref{Character Input}. + +@comment getwd +@item char * getwd (char *@var{buffer}) + +@file{unistd.h} (BSD): @ref{Working Directory}. + +@comment gid_t +@item gid_t + +@file{sys/types.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Reading Persona}. + +@comment glob +@item int glob (const char *@var{pattern}, int @var{flags}, int (*@var{errfunc}) (const char *@var{filename}, int @var{error-code}), glob_t *@var{vector-ptr}) + +@file{glob.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Calling Glob}. + +@comment glob64 +@item int glob64 (const char *@var{pattern}, int @var{flags}, int (*@var{errfunc}) (const char *@var{filename}, int @var{error-code}), glob64_t *@var{vector-ptr}) + +@file{glob.h} (GNU): @ref{Calling Glob}. + +@comment glob64_t +@item glob64_t + +@file{glob.h} (GNU): @ref{Calling Glob}. + +@comment GLOB_ABORTED +@item GLOB_ABORTED + +@file{glob.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Calling Glob}. + +@comment GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC +@item GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC + +@file{glob.h} (GNU): @ref{More Flags for Globbing}. + +@comment GLOB_APPEND +@item GLOB_APPEND + +@file{glob.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Flags for Globbing}. + +@comment GLOB_BRACE +@item GLOB_BRACE + +@file{glob.h} (GNU): @ref{More Flags for Globbing}. + +@comment GLOB_DOOFFS +@item GLOB_DOOFFS + +@file{glob.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Flags for Globbing}. + +@comment GLOB_ERR +@item GLOB_ERR + +@file{glob.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Flags for Globbing}. + +@comment globfree +@item void globfree (glob_t *@var{pglob}) + +@file{glob.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{More Flags for Globbing}. + +@comment globfree64 +@item void globfree64 (glob64_t *@var{pglob}) + +@file{glob.h} (GNU): @ref{More Flags for Globbing}. + +@comment GLOB_MAGCHAR +@item GLOB_MAGCHAR + +@file{glob.h} (GNU): @ref{More Flags for Globbing}. + +@comment GLOB_MARK +@item GLOB_MARK + +@file{glob.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Flags for Globbing}. + +@comment GLOB_NOCHECK +@item GLOB_NOCHECK + +@file{glob.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Flags for Globbing}. + +@comment GLOB_NOESCAPE +@item GLOB_NOESCAPE + +@file{glob.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Flags for Globbing}. + +@comment GLOB_NOMAGIC +@item GLOB_NOMAGIC + +@file{glob.h} (GNU): @ref{More Flags for Globbing}. + +@comment GLOB_NOMATCH +@item GLOB_NOMATCH + +@file{glob.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Calling Glob}. + +@comment GLOB_NOSORT +@item GLOB_NOSORT + +@file{glob.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Flags for Globbing}. + +@comment GLOB_NOSPACE +@item GLOB_NOSPACE + +@file{glob.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Calling Glob}. + +@comment GLOB_ONLYDIR +@item GLOB_ONLYDIR + +@file{glob.h} (GNU): @ref{More Flags for Globbing}. + +@comment GLOB_PERIOD +@item GLOB_PERIOD + +@file{glob.h} (GNU): @ref{More Flags for Globbing}. + +@comment glob_t +@item glob_t + +@file{glob.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Calling Glob}. + +@comment GLOB_TILDE +@item GLOB_TILDE + +@file{glob.h} (GNU): @ref{More Flags for Globbing}. + +@comment GLOB_TILDE_CHECK +@item GLOB_TILDE_CHECK + +@file{glob.h} (GNU): @ref{More Flags for Globbing}. + +@comment gmtime +@item struct tm * gmtime (const time_t *@var{time}) + +@file{time.h} (ISO): @ref{Broken-down Time}. + +@comment gmtime_r +@item struct tm * gmtime_r (const time_t *@var{time}, struct tm *@var{resultp}) + +@file{time.h} (POSIX.1c): @ref{Broken-down Time}. + +@comment _GNU_SOURCE +@item _GNU_SOURCE + +(GNU): @ref{Feature Test Macros}. + +@comment grantpt +@item int grantpt (int @var{filedes}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (SVID, XPG4.2): @ref{Allocation}. + +@comment gsignal +@item int gsignal (int @var{signum}) + +@file{signal.h} (SVID): @ref{Signaling Yourself}. + +@comment gtty +@item int gtty (int @var{filedes}, struct sgttyb *@var{attributes}) + +@file{sgtty.h} (BSD): @ref{BSD Terminal Modes}. + +@comment hasmntopt +@item char * hasmntopt (const struct mntent *@var{mnt}, const char *@var{opt}) + +@file{mntent.h} (BSD): @ref{mtab}. + +@comment hcreate +@item int hcreate (size_t @var{nel}) + +@file{search.h} (SVID): @ref{Hash Search Function}. + +@comment hcreate_r +@item int hcreate_r (size_t @var{nel}, struct hsearch_data *@var{htab}) + +@file{search.h} (GNU): @ref{Hash Search Function}. + +@comment hdestroy +@item void hdestroy (void) + +@file{search.h} (SVID): @ref{Hash Search Function}. + +@comment hdestroy_r +@item void hdestroy_r (struct hsearch_data *@var{htab}) + +@file{search.h} (GNU): @ref{Hash Search Function}. + +@comment HOST_NOT_FOUND +@item HOST_NOT_FOUND + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Names}. + +@comment hsearch +@item ENTRY * hsearch (ENTRY @var{item}, ACTION @var{action}) + +@file{search.h} (SVID): @ref{Hash Search Function}. + +@comment hsearch_r +@item int hsearch_r (ENTRY @var{item}, ACTION @var{action}, ENTRY **@var{retval}, struct hsearch_data *@var{htab}) + +@file{search.h} (GNU): @ref{Hash Search Function}. + +@comment htonl +@item uint32_t htonl (uint32_t @var{hostlong}) + +@file{netinet/in.h} (BSD): @ref{Byte Order}. + +@comment htons +@item uint16_t htons (uint16_t @var{hostshort}) + +@file{netinet/in.h} (BSD): @ref{Byte Order}. + +@comment HUGE_VAL +@item double HUGE_VAL + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Math Error Reporting}. + +@comment HUGE_VALF +@item float HUGE_VALF + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Math Error Reporting}. + +@comment HUGE_VALL +@item long double HUGE_VALL + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Math Error Reporting}. + +@comment HUPCL +@item tcflag_t HUPCL + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Control Modes}. + +@comment hypot +@item double hypot (double @var{x}, double @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment hypotf +@item float hypotf (float @var{x}, float @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment hypotl +@item long double hypotl (long double @var{x}, long double @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment ICANON +@item tcflag_t ICANON + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Local Modes}. + +@comment iconv +@item size_t iconv (iconv_t @var{cd}, char **@var{inbuf}, size_t *@var{inbytesleft}, char **@var{outbuf}, size_t *@var{outbytesleft}) + +@file{iconv.h} (XPG2): @ref{Generic Conversion Interface}. + +@comment iconv_close +@item int iconv_close (iconv_t @var{cd}) + +@file{iconv.h} (XPG2): @ref{Generic Conversion Interface}. + +@comment iconv_open +@item iconv_t iconv_open (const char *@var{tocode}, const char *@var{fromcode}) + +@file{iconv.h} (XPG2): @ref{Generic Conversion Interface}. + +@comment iconv_t +@item iconv_t + +@file{iconv.h} (XPG2): @ref{Generic Conversion Interface}. + +@comment ICRNL +@item tcflag_t ICRNL + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Input Modes}. + +@comment IEXTEN +@item tcflag_t IEXTEN + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Local Modes}. + +@comment if_freenameindex +@item void if_freenameindex (struct if_nameindex *ptr) + +@file{net/if.h} (IPv6 basic API): @ref{Interface Naming}. + +@comment if_indextoname +@item char * if_indextoname (unsigned int ifindex, char *ifname) + +@file{net/if.h} (IPv6 basic API): @ref{Interface Naming}. + +@comment if_nameindex +@item struct if_nameindex * if_nameindex (void) + +@file{net/if.h} (IPv6 basic API): @ref{Interface Naming}. + +@comment if_nametoindex +@item unsigned int if_nametoindex (const char *ifname) + +@file{net/if.h} (IPv6 basic API): @ref{Interface Naming}. + +@comment IFNAMSIZ +@item size_t IFNAMSIZ + +@file{net/if.h} (net/if.h): @ref{Interface Naming}. + +@comment IFTODT +@item int IFTODT (mode_t @var{mode}) + +@file{dirent.h} (BSD): @ref{Directory Entries}. + +@comment IGNBRK +@item tcflag_t IGNBRK + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Input Modes}. + +@comment IGNCR +@item tcflag_t IGNCR + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Input Modes}. + +@comment IGNPAR +@item tcflag_t IGNPAR + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Input Modes}. + +@comment ilogb +@item int ilogb (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment ilogbf +@item int ilogbf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment ilogbl +@item int ilogbl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment imaxabs +@item intmax_t imaxabs (intmax_t @var{number}) + +@file{inttypes.h} (ISO): @ref{Absolute Value}. + +@comment IMAXBEL +@item tcflag_t IMAXBEL + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Input Modes}. + +@comment imaxdiv +@item imaxdiv_t imaxdiv (intmax_t @var{numerator}, intmax_t @var{denominator}) + +@file{inttypes.h} (ISO): @ref{Integer Division}. + +@comment imaxdiv_t +@item imaxdiv_t + +@file{inttypes.h} (ISO): @ref{Integer Division}. + +@comment in6addr_any +@item struct in6_addr in6addr_any + +@file{netinet/in.h} (IPv6 basic API): @ref{Host Address Data Type}. + +@comment in6addr_loopback +@item struct in6_addr in6addr_loopback + +@file{netinet/in.h} (IPv6 basic API): @ref{Host Address Data Type}. + +@comment INADDR_ANY +@item uint32_t INADDR_ANY + +@file{netinet/in.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Address Data Type}. + +@comment INADDR_BROADCAST +@item uint32_t INADDR_BROADCAST + +@file{netinet/in.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Address Data Type}. + +@comment INADDR_LOOPBACK +@item uint32_t INADDR_LOOPBACK + +@file{netinet/in.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Address Data Type}. + +@comment INADDR_NONE +@item uint32_t INADDR_NONE + +@file{netinet/in.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Address Data Type}. + +@comment index +@item char * index (const char *@var{string}, int @var{c}) + +@file{string.h} (BSD): @ref{Search Functions}. + +@comment inet_addr +@item uint32_t inet_addr (const char *@var{name}) + +@file{arpa/inet.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Address Functions}. + +@comment inet_aton +@item int inet_aton (const char *@var{name}, struct in_addr *@var{addr}) + +@file{arpa/inet.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Address Functions}. + +@comment inet_lnaof +@item uint32_t inet_lnaof (struct in_addr @var{addr}) + +@file{arpa/inet.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Address Functions}. + +@comment inet_makeaddr +@item struct in_addr inet_makeaddr (uint32_t @var{net}, uint32_t @var{local}) + +@file{arpa/inet.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Address Functions}. + +@comment inet_netof +@item uint32_t inet_netof (struct in_addr @var{addr}) + +@file{arpa/inet.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Address Functions}. + +@comment inet_network +@item uint32_t inet_network (const char *@var{name}) + +@file{arpa/inet.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Address Functions}. + +@comment inet_ntoa +@item char * inet_ntoa (struct in_addr @var{addr}) + +@file{arpa/inet.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Address Functions}. + +@comment inet_ntop +@item const char * inet_ntop (int @var{af}, const void *@var{cp}, char *@var{buf}, size_t @var{len}) + +@file{arpa/inet.h} (IPv6 basic API): @ref{Host Address Functions}. + +@comment inet_pton +@item int inet_pton (int @var{af}, const char *@var{cp}, void *@var{buf}) + +@file{arpa/inet.h} (IPv6 basic API): @ref{Host Address Functions}. + +@comment INFINITY +@item float INFINITY + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Infinity and NaN}. + +@comment initgroups +@item int initgroups (const char *@var{user}, gid_t @var{group}) + +@file{grp.h} (BSD): @ref{Setting Groups}. + +@comment INIT_PROCESS +@item INIT_PROCESS + +@file{utmp.h} (SVID): @ref{Manipulating the Database}. + +@comment INIT_PROCESS +@item INIT_PROCESS + +@file{utmpx.h} (XPG4.2): @ref{XPG Functions}. + +@comment initstate +@item void * initstate (unsigned int @var{seed}, void *@var{state}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (BSD): @ref{BSD Random}. + +@comment initstate_r +@item int initstate_r (unsigned int @var{seed}, char *restrict @var{statebuf}, size_t @var{statelen}, struct random_data *restrict @var{buf}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (GNU): @ref{BSD Random}. + +@comment INLCR +@item tcflag_t INLCR + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Input Modes}. + +@comment innetgr +@item int innetgr (const char *@var{netgroup}, const char *@var{host}, const char *@var{user}, const char *@var{domain}) + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Netgroup Membership}. + +@comment ino64_t +@item ino64_t + +@file{sys/types.h} (Unix98): @ref{Attribute Meanings}. + +@comment ino_t +@item ino_t + +@file{sys/types.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Attribute Meanings}. + +@comment INPCK +@item tcflag_t INPCK + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Input Modes}. + +@comment int +@item long int telldir (DIR *@var{dirstream}) + +@file{dirent.h} (BSD): @ref{Random Access Directory}. + +@comment INT_MAX +@item INT_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (ISO): @ref{Range of Type}. + +@comment INT_MIN +@item INT_MIN + +@file{limits.h} (ISO): @ref{Range of Type}. + +@comment ioctl +@item int ioctl (int @var{filedes}, int @var{command}, @dots{}) + +@file{sys/ioctl.h} (BSD): @ref{IOCTLs}. + +@comment _IOFBF +@item int _IOFBF + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Controlling Buffering}. + +@comment _IOLBF +@item int _IOLBF + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Controlling Buffering}. + +@comment _IONBF +@item int _IONBF + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Controlling Buffering}. + +@comment IPPORT_RESERVED +@item int IPPORT_RESERVED + +@file{netinet/in.h} (BSD): @ref{Ports}. + +@comment IPPORT_USERRESERVED +@item int IPPORT_USERRESERVED + +@file{netinet/in.h} (BSD): @ref{Ports}. + +@comment isalnum +@item int isalnum (int @var{c}) + +@file{ctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Characters}. + +@comment isalpha +@item int isalpha (int @var{c}) + +@file{ctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Characters}. + +@comment isascii +@item int isascii (int @var{c}) + +@file{ctype.h} (SVID, BSD): @ref{Classification of Characters}. + +@comment isatty +@item int isatty (int @var{filedes}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Is It a Terminal}. + +@comment isblank +@item int isblank (int @var{c}) + +@file{ctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Characters}. + +@comment iscntrl +@item int iscntrl (int @var{c}) + +@file{ctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Characters}. + +@comment isdigit +@item int isdigit (int @var{c}) + +@file{ctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Characters}. + +@comment isfinite +@item int isfinite (@emph{float-type} @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Floating Point Classes}. + +@comment isgraph +@item int isgraph (int @var{c}) + +@file{ctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Characters}. + +@comment isgreater +@item int isgreater (@emph{real-floating} @var{x}, @emph{real-floating} @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{FP Comparison Functions}. + +@comment isgreaterequal +@item int isgreaterequal (@emph{real-floating} @var{x}, @emph{real-floating} @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{FP Comparison Functions}. + +@comment ISIG +@item tcflag_t ISIG + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Local Modes}. + +@comment isinf +@item int isinf (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Floating Point Classes}. + +@comment isinff +@item int isinff (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Floating Point Classes}. + +@comment isinfl +@item int isinfl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Floating Point Classes}. + +@comment isless +@item int isless (@emph{real-floating} @var{x}, @emph{real-floating} @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{FP Comparison Functions}. + +@comment islessequal +@item int islessequal (@emph{real-floating} @var{x}, @emph{real-floating} @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{FP Comparison Functions}. + +@comment islessgreater +@item int islessgreater (@emph{real-floating} @var{x}, @emph{real-floating} @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{FP Comparison Functions}. + +@comment islower +@item int islower (int @var{c}) + +@file{ctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Characters}. + +@comment isnan +@item int isnan (@emph{float-type} @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Floating Point Classes}. + +@comment isnan +@item int isnan (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Floating Point Classes}. + +@comment isnanf +@item int isnanf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Floating Point Classes}. + +@comment isnanl +@item int isnanl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Floating Point Classes}. + +@comment isnormal +@item int isnormal (@emph{float-type} @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Floating Point Classes}. + +@comment _ISOC99_SOURCE +@item _ISOC99_SOURCE + +(GNU): @ref{Feature Test Macros}. + +@comment isprint +@item int isprint (int @var{c}) + +@file{ctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Characters}. + +@comment ispunct +@item int ispunct (int @var{c}) + +@file{ctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Characters}. + +@comment isspace +@item int isspace (int @var{c}) + +@file{ctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Characters}. + +@comment ISTRIP +@item tcflag_t ISTRIP + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Input Modes}. + +@comment isunordered +@item int isunordered (@emph{real-floating} @var{x}, @emph{real-floating} @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{FP Comparison Functions}. + +@comment isupper +@item int isupper (int @var{c}) + +@file{ctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Characters}. + +@comment iswalnum +@item int iswalnum (wint_t @var{wc}) + +@file{wctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Wide Characters}. + +@comment iswalpha +@item int iswalpha (wint_t @var{wc}) + +@file{wctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Wide Characters}. + +@comment iswblank +@item int iswblank (wint_t @var{wc}) + +@file{wctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Wide Characters}. + +@comment iswcntrl +@item int iswcntrl (wint_t @var{wc}) + +@file{wctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Wide Characters}. + +@comment iswctype +@item int iswctype (wint_t @var{wc}, wctype_t @var{desc}) + +@file{wctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Wide Characters}. + +@comment iswdigit +@item int iswdigit (wint_t @var{wc}) + +@file{wctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Wide Characters}. + +@comment iswgraph +@item int iswgraph (wint_t @var{wc}) + +@file{wctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Wide Characters}. + +@comment iswlower +@item int iswlower (wint_t @var{wc}) + +@file{ctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Wide Characters}. + +@comment iswprint +@item int iswprint (wint_t @var{wc}) + +@file{wctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Wide Characters}. + +@comment iswpunct +@item int iswpunct (wint_t @var{wc}) + +@file{wctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Wide Characters}. + +@comment iswspace +@item int iswspace (wint_t @var{wc}) + +@file{wctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Wide Characters}. + +@comment iswupper +@item int iswupper (wint_t @var{wc}) + +@file{wctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Wide Characters}. + +@comment iswxdigit +@item int iswxdigit (wint_t @var{wc}) + +@file{wctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Wide Characters}. + +@comment isxdigit +@item int isxdigit (int @var{c}) + +@file{ctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Characters}. + +@comment ITIMER_PROF +@item ITIMER_PROF + +@file{sys/time.h} (BSD): @ref{Setting an Alarm}. + +@comment ITIMER_REAL +@item ITIMER_REAL + +@file{sys/time.h} (BSD): @ref{Setting an Alarm}. + +@comment ITIMER_VIRTUAL +@item ITIMER_VIRTUAL + +@file{sys/time.h} (BSD): @ref{Setting an Alarm}. + +@comment IXANY +@item tcflag_t IXANY + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Input Modes}. + +@comment IXOFF +@item tcflag_t IXOFF + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Input Modes}. + +@comment IXON +@item tcflag_t IXON + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Input Modes}. + +@comment j0 +@item double j0 (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment j0f +@item float j0f (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment j0l +@item long double j0l (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment j1 +@item double j1 (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment j1f +@item float j1f (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment j1l +@item long double j1l (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment jmp_buf +@item jmp_buf + +@file{setjmp.h} (ISO): @ref{Non-Local Details}. + +@comment jn +@item double jn (int n, double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment jnf +@item float jnf (int n, float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment jnl +@item long double jnl (int n, long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment jrand48 +@item long int jrand48 (unsigned short int @var{xsubi}[3]) + +@file{stdlib.h} (SVID): @ref{SVID Random}. + +@comment jrand48_r +@item int jrand48_r (unsigned short int @var{xsubi}[3], struct drand48_data *@var{buffer}, long int *@var{result}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (GNU): @ref{SVID Random}. + +@comment kill +@item int kill (pid_t @var{pid}, int @var{signum}) + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Signaling Another Process}. + +@comment killpg +@item int killpg (int @var{pgid}, int @var{signum}) + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Signaling Another Process}. + +@comment l64a +@item char * l64a (long int @var{n}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (XPG): @ref{Encode Binary Data}. + +@comment labs +@item long int labs (long int @var{number}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Absolute Value}. + +@comment LANG +@item LANG + +@file{locale.h} (ISO): @ref{Locale Categories}. + +@comment LC_ALL +@item LC_ALL + +@file{locale.h} (ISO): @ref{Locale Categories}. + +@comment LC_COLLATE +@item LC_COLLATE + +@file{locale.h} (ISO): @ref{Locale Categories}. + +@comment LC_CTYPE +@item LC_CTYPE + +@file{locale.h} (ISO): @ref{Locale Categories}. + +@comment LC_MESSAGES +@item LC_MESSAGES + +@file{locale.h} (XOPEN): @ref{Locale Categories}. + +@comment LC_MONETARY +@item LC_MONETARY + +@file{locale.h} (ISO): @ref{Locale Categories}. + +@comment LC_NUMERIC +@item LC_NUMERIC + +@file{locale.h} (ISO): @ref{Locale Categories}. + +@comment lcong48 +@item void lcong48 (unsigned short int @var{param}[7]) + +@file{stdlib.h} (SVID): @ref{SVID Random}. + +@comment lcong48_r +@item int lcong48_r (unsigned short int @var{param}[7], struct drand48_data *@var{buffer}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (GNU): @ref{SVID Random}. + +@comment L_ctermid +@item int L_ctermid + +@file{stdio.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Identifying the Terminal}. + +@comment LC_TIME +@item LC_TIME + +@file{locale.h} (ISO): @ref{Locale Categories}. + +@comment L_cuserid +@item int L_cuserid + +@file{stdio.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Who Logged In}. + +@comment ldexp +@item double ldexp (double @var{value}, int @var{exponent}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Normalization Functions}. + +@comment ldexpf +@item float ldexpf (float @var{value}, int @var{exponent}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Normalization Functions}. + +@comment ldexpl +@item long double ldexpl (long double @var{value}, int @var{exponent}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Normalization Functions}. + +@comment ldiv +@item ldiv_t ldiv (long int @var{numerator}, long int @var{denominator}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Integer Division}. + +@comment ldiv_t +@item ldiv_t + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Integer Division}. + +@comment lfind +@item void * lfind (const void *@var{key}, void *@var{base}, size_t *@var{nmemb}, size_t @var{size}, comparison_fn_t @var{compar}) + +@file{search.h} (SVID): @ref{Array Search Function}. + +@comment lgamma +@item double lgamma (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment lgammaf +@item float lgammaf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment lgammaf_r +@item float lgammaf_r (float @var{x}, int *@var{signp}) + +@file{math.h} (XPG): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment lgammal +@item long double lgammal (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment lgammal_r +@item long double lgammal_r (long double @var{x}, int *@var{signp}) + +@file{math.h} (XPG): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment lgamma_r +@item double lgamma_r (double @var{x}, int *@var{signp}) + +@file{math.h} (XPG): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment L_INCR +@item L_INCR + +@file{sys/file.h} (BSD): @ref{File Positioning}. + +@comment LINE_MAX +@item int LINE_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Utility Limits}. + +@comment link +@item int link (const char *@var{oldname}, const char *@var{newname}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Hard Links}. + +@comment LINK_MAX +@item int LINK_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Limits for Files}. + +@comment lio_listio +@item int lio_listio (int @var{mode}, struct aiocb *const @var{list}[], int @var{nent}, struct sigevent *@var{sig}) + +@file{aio.h} (POSIX.1b): @ref{Asynchronous Reads/Writes}. + +@comment lio_listio64 +@item int lio_listio64 (int @var{mode}, struct aiocb *const @var{list}, int @var{nent}, struct sigevent *@var{sig}) + +@file{aio.h} (Unix98): @ref{Asynchronous Reads/Writes}. + +@comment listen +@item int listen (int @var{socket}, int @var{n}) + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Listening}. + +@comment llabs +@item long long int llabs (long long int @var{number}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Absolute Value}. + +@comment lldiv +@item lldiv_t lldiv (long long int @var{numerator}, long long int @var{denominator}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Integer Division}. + +@comment lldiv_t +@item lldiv_t + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Integer Division}. + +@comment llrint +@item long long int llrint (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment llrintf +@item long long int llrintf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment llrintl +@item long long int llrintl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment llround +@item long long int llround (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment llroundf +@item long long int llroundf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment llroundl +@item long long int llroundl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment localeconv +@item struct lconv * localeconv (void) + +@file{locale.h} (ISO): @ref{The Lame Way to Locale Data}. + +@comment localtime +@item struct tm * localtime (const time_t *@var{time}) + +@file{time.h} (ISO): @ref{Broken-down Time}. + +@comment localtime_r +@item struct tm * localtime_r (const time_t *@var{time}, struct tm *@var{resultp}) + +@file{time.h} (POSIX.1c): @ref{Broken-down Time}. + +@comment log +@item double log (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment log10 +@item double log10 (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment log10f +@item float log10f (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment log10l +@item long double log10l (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment log1p +@item double log1p (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment log1pf +@item float log1pf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment log1pl +@item long double log1pl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment log2 +@item double log2 (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment log2f +@item float log2f (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment log2l +@item long double log2l (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment logb +@item double logb (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment logbf +@item float logbf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment logbl +@item long double logbl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment logf +@item float logf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment login +@item void login (const struct utmp *@var{entry}) + +@file{utmp.h} (BSD): @ref{Logging In and Out}. + +@comment LOGIN_PROCESS +@item LOGIN_PROCESS + +@file{utmp.h} (SVID): @ref{Manipulating the Database}. + +@comment LOGIN_PROCESS +@item LOGIN_PROCESS + +@file{utmpx.h} (XPG4.2): @ref{XPG Functions}. + +@comment login_tty +@item int login_tty (int @var{filedes}) + +@file{utmp.h} (BSD): @ref{Logging In and Out}. + +@comment logl +@item long double logl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment logout +@item int logout (const char *@var{ut_line}) + +@file{utmp.h} (BSD): @ref{Logging In and Out}. + +@comment logwtmp +@item void logwtmp (const char *@var{ut_line}, const char *@var{ut_name}, const char *@var{ut_host}) + +@file{utmp.h} (BSD): @ref{Logging In and Out}. + +@comment longjmp +@item void longjmp (jmp_buf @var{state}, int @var{value}) + +@file{setjmp.h} (ISO): @ref{Non-Local Details}. + +@comment LONG_LONG_MAX +@item LONG_LONG_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (GNU): @ref{Range of Type}. + +@comment LONG_LONG_MIN +@item LONG_LONG_MIN + +@file{limits.h} (GNU): @ref{Range of Type}. + +@comment LONG_MAX +@item LONG_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (ISO): @ref{Range of Type}. + +@comment LONG_MIN +@item LONG_MIN + +@file{limits.h} (ISO): @ref{Range of Type}. + +@comment lrand48 +@item long int lrand48 (void) + +@file{stdlib.h} (SVID): @ref{SVID Random}. + +@comment lrand48_r +@item int lrand48_r (struct drand48_data *@var{buffer}, double *@var{result}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (GNU): @ref{SVID Random}. + +@comment lrint +@item long int lrint (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment lrintf +@item long int lrintf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment lrintl +@item long int lrintl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment lround +@item long int lround (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment lroundf +@item long int lroundf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment lroundl +@item long int lroundl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment lsearch +@item void * lsearch (const void *@var{key}, void *@var{base}, size_t *@var{nmemb}, size_t @var{size}, comparison_fn_t @var{compar}) + +@file{search.h} (SVID): @ref{Array Search Function}. + +@comment lseek +@item off_t lseek (int @var{filedes}, off_t @var{offset}, int @var{whence}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{File Position Primitive}. + +@comment lseek64 +@item off64_t lseek64 (int @var{filedes}, off64_t @var{offset}, int @var{whence}) + +@file{unistd.h} (Unix98): @ref{File Position Primitive}. + +@comment L_SET +@item L_SET + +@file{sys/file.h} (BSD): @ref{File Positioning}. + +@comment lstat +@item int lstat (const char *@var{filename}, struct stat *@var{buf}) + +@file{sys/stat.h} (BSD): @ref{Reading Attributes}. + +@comment lstat64 +@item int lstat64 (const char *@var{filename}, struct stat64 *@var{buf}) + +@file{sys/stat.h} (Unix98): @ref{Reading Attributes}. + +@comment L_tmpnam +@item int L_tmpnam + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Temporary Files}. + +@comment lutimes +@item int lutimes (const char *@var{filename}, struct timeval @var{tvp}@t{[2]}) + +@file{sys/time.h} (BSD): @ref{File Times}. + +@comment L_XTND +@item L_XTND + +@file{sys/file.h} (BSD): @ref{File Positioning}. + +@comment madvise +@item int madvise (void *@var{addr}, size_t @var{length}, int @var{advice}) + +@file{sys/mman.h} (POSIX): @ref{Memory-mapped I/O}. + +@comment makecontext +@item void makecontext (ucontext_t *@var{ucp}, void (*@var{func}) (void), int @var{argc}, @dots{}) + +@file{ucontext.h} (SVID): @ref{System V contexts}. + +@comment mallinfo +@item struct mallinfo mallinfo (void) + +@file{malloc.h} (SVID): @ref{Statistics of Malloc}. + +@comment malloc +@item void * malloc (size_t @var{size}) + +@file{malloc.h}, @file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Basic Allocation}. + +@comment __malloc_hook +@item __malloc_hook + +@file{malloc.h} (GNU): @ref{Hooks for Malloc}. + +@comment __malloc_initialize_hook +@item __malloc_initialize_hook + +@file{malloc.h} (GNU): @ref{Hooks for Malloc}. + +@comment MAX_CANON +@item int MAX_CANON + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Limits for Files}. + +@comment MAX_INPUT +@item int MAX_INPUT + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Limits for Files}. + +@comment MAXNAMLEN +@item int MAXNAMLEN + +@file{dirent.h} (BSD): @ref{Limits for Files}. + +@comment MAXSYMLINKS +@item int MAXSYMLINKS + +@file{sys/param.h} (BSD): @ref{Symbolic Links}. + +@comment MB_CUR_MAX +@item int MB_CUR_MAX + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Selecting the Conversion}. + +@comment mblen +@item int mblen (const char *@var{string}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Non-reentrant Character Conversion}. + +@comment MB_LEN_MAX +@item int MB_LEN_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (ISO): @ref{Selecting the Conversion}. + +@comment mbrlen +@item size_t mbrlen (const char *restrict @var{s}, size_t @var{n}, mbstate_t *@var{ps}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Converting a Character}. + +@comment mbrtowc +@item size_t mbrtowc (wchar_t *restrict @var{pwc}, const char *restrict @var{s}, size_t @var{n}, mbstate_t *restrict @var{ps}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Converting a Character}. + +@comment mbsinit +@item int mbsinit (const mbstate_t *@var{ps}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Keeping the state}. + +@comment mbsnrtowcs +@item size_t mbsnrtowcs (wchar_t *restrict @var{dst}, const char **restrict @var{src}, size_t @var{nmc}, size_t @var{len}, mbstate_t *restrict @var{ps}) + +@file{wchar.h} (GNU): @ref{Converting Strings}. + +@comment mbsrtowcs +@item size_t mbsrtowcs (wchar_t *restrict @var{dst}, const char **restrict @var{src}, size_t @var{len}, mbstate_t *restrict @var{ps}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Converting Strings}. + +@comment mbstate_t +@item mbstate_t + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Keeping the state}. + +@comment mbstowcs +@item size_t mbstowcs (wchar_t *@var{wstring}, const char *@var{string}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Non-reentrant String Conversion}. + +@comment mbtowc +@item int mbtowc (wchar_t *restrict @var{result}, const char *restrict @var{string}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Non-reentrant Character Conversion}. + +@comment mcheck +@item int mcheck (void (*@var{abortfn}) (enum mcheck_status @var{status})) + +@file{mcheck.h} (GNU): @ref{Heap Consistency Checking}. + +@comment MDMBUF +@item tcflag_t MDMBUF + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Control Modes}. + +@comment memalign +@item void * memalign (size_t @var{boundary}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{malloc.h} (BSD): @ref{Aligned Memory Blocks}. + +@comment __memalign_hook +@item __memalign_hook + +@file{malloc.h} (GNU): @ref{Hooks for Malloc}. + +@comment memccpy +@item void * memccpy (void *restrict @var{to}, const void *restrict @var{from}, int @var{c}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{string.h} (SVID): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment memchr +@item void * memchr (const void *@var{block}, int @var{c}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{string.h} (ISO): @ref{Search Functions}. + +@comment memcmp +@item int memcmp (const void *@var{a1}, const void *@var{a2}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{string.h} (ISO): @ref{String/Array Comparison}. + +@comment memcpy +@item void * memcpy (void *restrict @var{to}, const void *restrict @var{from}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{string.h} (ISO): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment memfrob +@item void * memfrob (void *@var{mem}, size_t @var{length}) + +@file{string.h} (GNU): @ref{Trivial Encryption}. + +@comment memmem +@item void * memmem (const void *@var{haystack}, size_t @var{haystack-len},@*const void *@var{needle}, size_t @var{needle-len}) + +@file{string.h} (GNU): @ref{Search Functions}. + +@comment memmove +@item void * memmove (void *@var{to}, const void *@var{from}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{string.h} (ISO): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment mempcpy +@item void * mempcpy (void *restrict @var{to}, const void *restrict @var{from}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{string.h} (GNU): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment memrchr +@item void * memrchr (const void *@var{block}, int @var{c}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{string.h} (GNU): @ref{Search Functions}. + +@comment memset +@item void * memset (void *@var{block}, int @var{c}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{string.h} (ISO): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment mkdir +@item int mkdir (const char *@var{filename}, mode_t @var{mode}) + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Creating Directories}. + +@comment mkdtemp +@item char * mkdtemp (char *@var{template}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (BSD): @ref{Temporary Files}. + +@comment mkfifo +@item int mkfifo (const char *@var{filename}, mode_t @var{mode}) + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{FIFO Special Files}. + +@comment mknod +@item int mknod (const char *@var{filename}, int @var{mode}, int @var{dev}) + +@file{sys/stat.h} (BSD): @ref{Making Special Files}. + +@comment mkstemp +@item int mkstemp (char *@var{template}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (BSD): @ref{Temporary Files}. + +@comment mktemp +@item char * mktemp (char *@var{template}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (Unix): @ref{Temporary Files}. + +@comment mktime +@item time_t mktime (struct tm *@var{brokentime}) + +@file{time.h} (ISO): @ref{Broken-down Time}. + +@comment mlock +@item int mlock (const void *@var{addr}, size_t @var{len}) + +@file{sys/mman.h} (POSIX.1b): @ref{Page Lock Functions}. + +@comment mlockall +@item int mlockall (int @var{flags}) + +@file{sys/mman.h} (POSIX.1b): @ref{Page Lock Functions}. + +@comment mmap +@item void * mmap (void *@var{address}, size_t @var{length},int @var{protect}, int @var{flags}, int @var{filedes}, off_t @var{offset}) + +@file{sys/mman.h} (POSIX): @ref{Memory-mapped I/O}. + +@comment mmap64 +@item void * mmap64 (void *@var{address}, size_t @var{length},int @var{protect}, int @var{flags}, int @var{filedes}, off64_t @var{offset}) + +@file{sys/mman.h} (LFS): @ref{Memory-mapped I/O}. + +@comment mode_t +@item mode_t + +@file{sys/types.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Attribute Meanings}. + +@comment modf +@item double modf (double @var{value}, double *@var{integer-part}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment modff +@item float modff (float @var{value}, float *@var{integer-part}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment modfl +@item long double modfl (long double @var{value}, long double *@var{integer-part}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment mount +@item int mount (const char *@var{special_file}, const char *@var{dir}, const char *@var{fstype}, unsigned long int @var{options}, const void *@var{data}) + +@file{sys/mount.h} (SVID, BSD): @ref{Mount-Unmount-Remount}. + +@comment mrand48 +@item long int mrand48 (void) + +@file{stdlib.h} (SVID): @ref{SVID Random}. + +@comment mrand48_r +@item int mrand48_r (struct drand48_data *@var{buffer}, double *@var{result}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (GNU): @ref{SVID Random}. + +@comment mremap +@item void * mremap (void *@var{address}, size_t @var{length}, size_t @var{new_length}, int @var{flag}) + +@file{sys/mman.h} (GNU): @ref{Memory-mapped I/O}. + +@comment MSG_DONTROUTE +@item int MSG_DONTROUTE + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Socket Data Options}. + +@comment MSG_OOB +@item int MSG_OOB + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Socket Data Options}. + +@comment MSG_PEEK +@item int MSG_PEEK + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Socket Data Options}. + +@comment msync +@item int msync (void *@var{address}, size_t @var{length}, int @var{flags}) + +@file{sys/mman.h} (POSIX): @ref{Memory-mapped I/O}. + +@comment mtrace +@item void mtrace (void) + +@file{mcheck.h} (GNU): @ref{Tracing malloc}. + +@comment munlock +@item int munlock (const void *@var{addr}, size_t @var{len}) + +@file{sys/mman.h} (POSIX.1b): @ref{Page Lock Functions}. + +@comment munlockall +@item int munlockall (void) + +@file{sys/mman.h} (POSIX.1b): @ref{Page Lock Functions}. + +@comment munmap +@item int munmap (void *@var{addr}, size_t @var{length}) + +@file{sys/mman.h} (POSIX): @ref{Memory-mapped I/O}. + +@comment muntrace +@item void muntrace (void) + +@file{mcheck.h} (GNU): @ref{Tracing malloc}. + +@comment NAME_MAX +@item int NAME_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Limits for Files}. + +@comment NAN +@item float NAN + +@file{math.h} (GNU): @ref{Infinity and NaN}. + +@comment nan +@item double nan (const char *@var{tagp}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{FP Bit Twiddling}. + +@comment nanf +@item float nanf (const char *@var{tagp}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{FP Bit Twiddling}. + +@comment nanl +@item long double nanl (const char *@var{tagp}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{FP Bit Twiddling}. + +@comment nanosleep +@item int nanosleep (const struct timespec *@var{requested_time}, struct timespec *@var{remaining}) + +@file{time.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Sleeping}. + +@comment NCCS +@item int NCCS + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Mode Data Types}. + +@comment nearbyint +@item double nearbyint (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment nearbyintf +@item float nearbyintf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment nearbyintl +@item long double nearbyintl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment NEW_TIME +@item NEW_TIME + +@file{utmp.h} (SVID): @ref{Manipulating the Database}. + +@comment NEW_TIME +@item NEW_TIME + +@file{utmpx.h} (XPG4.2): @ref{XPG Functions}. + +@comment nextafter +@item double nextafter (double @var{x}, double @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{FP Bit Twiddling}. + +@comment nextafterf +@item float nextafterf (float @var{x}, float @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{FP Bit Twiddling}. + +@comment nextafterl +@item long double nextafterl (long double @var{x}, long double @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{FP Bit Twiddling}. + +@comment nexttoward +@item double nexttoward (double @var{x}, long double @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{FP Bit Twiddling}. + +@comment nexttowardf +@item float nexttowardf (float @var{x}, long double @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{FP Bit Twiddling}. + +@comment nexttowardl +@item long double nexttowardl (long double @var{x}, long double @var{y}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{FP Bit Twiddling}. + +@comment nftw +@item int nftw (const char *@var{filename}, __nftw_func_t @var{func}, int @var{descriptors}, int @var{flag}) + +@file{ftw.h} (XPG4.2): @ref{Working with Directory Trees}. + +@comment nftw64 +@item int nftw64 (const char *@var{filename}, __nftw64_func_t @var{func}, int @var{descriptors}, int @var{flag}) + +@file{ftw.h} (Unix98): @ref{Working with Directory Trees}. + +@comment __nftw64_func_t +@item __nftw64_func_t + +@file{ftw.h} (GNU): @ref{Working with Directory Trees}. + +@comment __nftw_func_t +@item __nftw_func_t + +@file{ftw.h} (GNU): @ref{Working with Directory Trees}. + +@comment ngettext +@item char * ngettext (const char *@var{msgid1}, const char *@var{msgid2}, unsigned long int @var{n}) + +@file{libintl.h} (GNU): @ref{Advanced gettext functions}. + +@comment NGROUPS_MAX +@item int NGROUPS_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{General Limits}. + +@comment nice +@item int nice (int @var{increment}) + +@file{unistd.h} (BSD): @ref{Traditional Scheduling Functions}. + +@comment nlink_t +@item nlink_t + +@file{sys/types.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Attribute Meanings}. + +@comment nl_langinfo +@item char * nl_langinfo (nl_item @var{item}) + +@file{langinfo.h} (XOPEN): @ref{The Elegant and Fast Way}. + +@comment NO_ADDRESS +@item NO_ADDRESS + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Names}. + +@comment NOFLSH +@item tcflag_t NOFLSH + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Local Modes}. + +@comment NOKERNINFO +@item tcflag_t NOKERNINFO + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Local Modes}. + +@comment NO_RECOVERY +@item NO_RECOVERY + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Names}. + +@comment nrand48 +@item long int nrand48 (unsigned short int @var{xsubi}[3]) + +@file{stdlib.h} (SVID): @ref{SVID Random}. + +@comment nrand48_r +@item int nrand48_r (unsigned short int @var{xsubi}[3], struct drand48_data *@var{buffer}, long int *@var{result}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (GNU): @ref{SVID Random}. + +@comment NSIG +@item int NSIG + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Standard Signals}. + +@comment ntohl +@item uint32_t ntohl (uint32_t @var{netlong}) + +@file{netinet/in.h} (BSD): @ref{Byte Order}. + +@comment ntohs +@item uint16_t ntohs (uint16_t @var{netshort}) + +@file{netinet/in.h} (BSD): @ref{Byte Order}. + +@comment ntp_adjtime +@item int ntp_adjtime (struct timex *@var{tptr}) + +@file{sys/timex.h} (GNU): @ref{High Accuracy Clock}. + +@comment ntp_gettime +@item int ntp_gettime (struct ntptimeval *@var{tptr}) + +@file{sys/timex.h} (GNU): @ref{High Accuracy Clock}. + +@comment NULL +@item void * NULL + +@file{stddef.h} (ISO): @ref{Null Pointer Constant}. + +@comment O_ACCMODE +@item int O_ACCMODE + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Access Modes}. + +@comment O_APPEND +@item int O_APPEND + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Operating Modes}. + +@comment O_ASYNC +@item int O_ASYNC + +@file{fcntl.h} (BSD): @ref{Operating Modes}. + +@comment obstack_1grow +@item void obstack_1grow (struct obstack *@var{obstack-ptr}, char @var{c}) + +@file{obstack.h} (GNU): @ref{Growing Objects}. + +@comment obstack_1grow_fast +@item void obstack_1grow_fast (struct obstack *@var{obstack-ptr}, char @var{c}) + +@file{obstack.h} (GNU): @ref{Extra Fast Growing}. + +@comment obstack_alignment_mask +@item int obstack_alignment_mask (struct obstack *@var{obstack-ptr}) + +@file{obstack.h} (GNU): @ref{Obstacks Data Alignment}. + +@comment obstack_alloc +@item void * obstack_alloc (struct obstack *@var{obstack-ptr}, int @var{size}) + +@file{obstack.h} (GNU): @ref{Allocation in an Obstack}. + +@comment obstack_alloc_failed_handler +@item obstack_alloc_failed_handler + +@file{obstack.h} (GNU): @ref{Preparing for Obstacks}. + +@comment obstack_base +@item void * obstack_base (struct obstack *@var{obstack-ptr}) + +@file{obstack.h} (GNU): @ref{Status of an Obstack}. + +@comment obstack_blank +@item void obstack_blank (struct obstack *@var{obstack-ptr}, int @var{size}) + +@file{obstack.h} (GNU): @ref{Growing Objects}. + +@comment obstack_blank_fast +@item void obstack_blank_fast (struct obstack *@var{obstack-ptr}, int @var{size}) + +@file{obstack.h} (GNU): @ref{Extra Fast Growing}. + +@comment obstack_chunk_size +@item int obstack_chunk_size (struct obstack *@var{obstack-ptr}) + +@file{obstack.h} (GNU): @ref{Obstack Chunks}. + +@comment obstack_copy +@item void * obstack_copy (struct obstack *@var{obstack-ptr}, void *@var{address}, int @var{size}) + +@file{obstack.h} (GNU): @ref{Allocation in an Obstack}. + +@comment obstack_copy0 +@item void * obstack_copy0 (struct obstack *@var{obstack-ptr}, void *@var{address}, int @var{size}) + +@file{obstack.h} (GNU): @ref{Allocation in an Obstack}. + +@comment obstack_finish +@item void * obstack_finish (struct obstack *@var{obstack-ptr}) + +@file{obstack.h} (GNU): @ref{Growing Objects}. + +@comment obstack_free +@item void obstack_free (struct obstack *@var{obstack-ptr}, void *@var{object}) + +@file{obstack.h} (GNU): @ref{Freeing Obstack Objects}. + +@comment obstack_grow +@item void obstack_grow (struct obstack *@var{obstack-ptr}, void *@var{data}, int @var{size}) + +@file{obstack.h} (GNU): @ref{Growing Objects}. + +@comment obstack_grow0 +@item void obstack_grow0 (struct obstack *@var{obstack-ptr}, void *@var{data}, int @var{size}) + +@file{obstack.h} (GNU): @ref{Growing Objects}. + +@comment obstack_init +@item int obstack_init (struct obstack *@var{obstack-ptr}) + +@file{obstack.h} (GNU): @ref{Preparing for Obstacks}. + +@comment obstack_int_grow +@item void obstack_int_grow (struct obstack *@var{obstack-ptr}, int @var{data}) + +@file{obstack.h} (GNU): @ref{Growing Objects}. + +@comment obstack_int_grow_fast +@item void obstack_int_grow_fast (struct obstack *@var{obstack-ptr}, int @var{data}) + +@file{obstack.h} (GNU): @ref{Extra Fast Growing}. + +@comment obstack_next_free +@item void * obstack_next_free (struct obstack *@var{obstack-ptr}) + +@file{obstack.h} (GNU): @ref{Status of an Obstack}. + +@comment obstack_object_size +@item int obstack_object_size (struct obstack *@var{obstack-ptr}) + +@file{obstack.h} (GNU): @ref{Growing Objects}. + +@comment obstack_object_size +@item int obstack_object_size (struct obstack *@var{obstack-ptr}) + +@file{obstack.h} (GNU): @ref{Status of an Obstack}. + +@comment obstack_printf +@item int obstack_printf (struct obstack *@var{obstack}, const char *@var{template}, @dots{}) + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{Dynamic Output}. + +@comment obstack_ptr_grow +@item void obstack_ptr_grow (struct obstack *@var{obstack-ptr}, void *@var{data}) + +@file{obstack.h} (GNU): @ref{Growing Objects}. + +@comment obstack_ptr_grow_fast +@item void obstack_ptr_grow_fast (struct obstack *@var{obstack-ptr}, void *@var{data}) + +@file{obstack.h} (GNU): @ref{Extra Fast Growing}. + +@comment obstack_room +@item int obstack_room (struct obstack *@var{obstack-ptr}) + +@file{obstack.h} (GNU): @ref{Extra Fast Growing}. + +@comment obstack_vprintf +@item int obstack_vprintf (struct obstack *@var{obstack}, const char *@var{template}, va_list @var{ap}) + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{Variable Arguments Output}. + +@comment O_CREAT +@item int O_CREAT + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Open-time Flags}. + +@comment O_EXCL +@item int O_EXCL + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Open-time Flags}. + +@comment O_EXEC +@item int O_EXEC + +@file{fcntl.h} (GNU): @ref{Access Modes}. + +@comment O_EXLOCK +@item int O_EXLOCK + +@file{fcntl.h} (BSD): @ref{Open-time Flags}. + +@comment off64_t +@item off64_t + +@file{sys/types.h} (Unix98): @ref{File Position Primitive}. + +@comment offsetof +@item size_t offsetof (@var{type}, @var{member}) + +@file{stddef.h} (ISO): @ref{Structure Measurement}. + +@comment off_t +@item off_t + +@file{sys/types.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{File Position Primitive}. + +@comment O_FSYNC +@item int O_FSYNC + +@file{fcntl.h} (BSD): @ref{Operating Modes}. + +@comment O_IGNORE_CTTY +@item int O_IGNORE_CTTY + +@file{fcntl.h} (GNU): @ref{Open-time Flags}. + +@comment OLD_TIME +@item OLD_TIME + +@file{utmp.h} (SVID): @ref{Manipulating the Database}. + +@comment OLD_TIME +@item OLD_TIME + +@file{utmpx.h} (XPG4.2): @ref{XPG Functions}. + +@comment O_NDELAY +@item int O_NDELAY + +@file{fcntl.h} (BSD): @ref{Operating Modes}. + +@comment on_exit +@item int on_exit (void (*@var{function})(int @var{status}, void *@var{arg}), void *@var{arg}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (SunOS): @ref{Cleanups on Exit}. + +@comment ONLCR +@item tcflag_t ONLCR + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Output Modes}. + +@comment O_NOATIME +@item int O_NOATIME + +@file{fcntl.h} (GNU): @ref{Operating Modes}. + +@comment O_NOCTTY +@item int O_NOCTTY + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Open-time Flags}. + +@comment ONOEOT +@item tcflag_t ONOEOT + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Output Modes}. + +@comment O_NOLINK +@item int O_NOLINK + +@file{fcntl.h} (GNU): @ref{Open-time Flags}. + +@comment O_NONBLOCK +@item int O_NONBLOCK + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Open-time Flags}. + +@comment O_NONBLOCK +@item int O_NONBLOCK + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Operating Modes}. + +@comment O_NOTRANS +@item int O_NOTRANS + +@file{fcntl.h} (GNU): @ref{Open-time Flags}. + +@comment open +@item int open (const char *@var{filename}, int @var{flags}[, mode_t @var{mode}]) + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Opening and Closing Files}. + +@comment open64 +@item int open64 (const char *@var{filename}, int @var{flags}[, mode_t @var{mode}]) + +@file{fcntl.h} (Unix98): @ref{Opening and Closing Files}. + +@comment opendir +@item DIR * opendir (const char *@var{dirname}) + +@file{dirent.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Opening a Directory}. + +@comment openlog +@item void openlog (const char *@var{ident}, int @var{option}, int @var{facility}) + +@file{syslog.h} (BSD): @ref{openlog}. + +@comment OPEN_MAX +@item int OPEN_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{General Limits}. + +@comment open_memstream +@item FILE * open_memstream (char **@var{ptr}, size_t *@var{sizeloc}) + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{String Streams}. + +@comment open_obstack_stream +@item FILE * open_obstack_stream (struct obstack *@var{obstack}) + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{Obstack Streams}. + +@comment openpty +@item int openpty (int *@var{amaster}, int *@var{aslave}, char *@var{name}, const struct termios *@var{termp}, const struct winsize *@var{winp}) + +@file{pty.h} (BSD): @ref{Pseudo-Terminal Pairs}. + +@comment OPOST +@item tcflag_t OPOST + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Output Modes}. + +@comment optarg +@item char * optarg + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Using Getopt}. + +@comment opterr +@item int opterr + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Using Getopt}. + +@comment optind +@item int optind + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Using Getopt}. + +@comment OPTION_ALIAS +@item OPTION_ALIAS + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Option Flags}. + +@comment OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL +@item OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Option Flags}. + +@comment OPTION_DOC +@item OPTION_DOC + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Option Flags}. + +@comment OPTION_HIDDEN +@item OPTION_HIDDEN + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Option Flags}. + +@comment OPTION_NO_USAGE +@item OPTION_NO_USAGE + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Option Flags}. + +@comment optopt +@item int optopt + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Using Getopt}. + +@comment O_RDONLY +@item int O_RDONLY + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Access Modes}. + +@comment O_RDWR +@item int O_RDWR + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Access Modes}. + +@comment O_READ +@item int O_READ + +@file{fcntl.h} (GNU): @ref{Access Modes}. + +@comment O_SHLOCK +@item int O_SHLOCK + +@file{fcntl.h} (BSD): @ref{Open-time Flags}. + +@comment O_SYNC +@item int O_SYNC + +@file{fcntl.h} (BSD): @ref{Operating Modes}. + +@comment O_TRUNC +@item int O_TRUNC + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Open-time Flags}. + +@comment O_WRITE +@item int O_WRITE + +@file{fcntl.h} (GNU): @ref{Access Modes}. + +@comment O_WRONLY +@item int O_WRONLY + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Access Modes}. + +@comment OXTABS +@item tcflag_t OXTABS + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Output Modes}. + +@comment PA_CHAR +@item PA_CHAR + +@file{printf.h} (GNU): @ref{Parsing a Template String}. + +@comment PA_DOUBLE +@item PA_DOUBLE + +@file{printf.h} (GNU): @ref{Parsing a Template String}. + +@comment PA_FLAG_LONG +@item PA_FLAG_LONG + +@file{printf.h} (GNU): @ref{Parsing a Template String}. + +@comment PA_FLAG_LONG_DOUBLE +@item PA_FLAG_LONG_DOUBLE + +@file{printf.h} (GNU): @ref{Parsing a Template String}. + +@comment PA_FLAG_LONG_LONG +@item PA_FLAG_LONG_LONG + +@file{printf.h} (GNU): @ref{Parsing a Template String}. + +@comment PA_FLAG_MASK +@item int PA_FLAG_MASK + +@file{printf.h} (GNU): @ref{Parsing a Template String}. + +@comment PA_FLAG_PTR +@item PA_FLAG_PTR + +@file{printf.h} (GNU): @ref{Parsing a Template String}. + +@comment PA_FLAG_SHORT +@item PA_FLAG_SHORT + +@file{printf.h} (GNU): @ref{Parsing a Template String}. + +@comment PA_FLOAT +@item PA_FLOAT + +@file{printf.h} (GNU): @ref{Parsing a Template String}. + +@comment PA_INT +@item PA_INT + +@file{printf.h} (GNU): @ref{Parsing a Template String}. + +@comment PA_LAST +@item PA_LAST + +@file{printf.h} (GNU): @ref{Parsing a Template String}. + +@comment PA_POINTER +@item PA_POINTER + +@file{printf.h} (GNU): @ref{Parsing a Template String}. + +@comment PARENB +@item tcflag_t PARENB + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Control Modes}. + +@comment PARMRK +@item tcflag_t PARMRK + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Input Modes}. + +@comment PARODD +@item tcflag_t PARODD + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Control Modes}. + +@comment parse_printf_format +@item size_t parse_printf_format (const char *@var{template}, size_t @var{n}, int *@var{argtypes}) + +@file{printf.h} (GNU): @ref{Parsing a Template String}. + +@comment PA_STRING +@item PA_STRING + +@file{printf.h} (GNU): @ref{Parsing a Template String}. + +@comment pathconf +@item long int pathconf (const char *@var{filename}, int @var{parameter}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Pathconf}. + +@comment PATH_MAX +@item int PATH_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Limits for Files}. + +@comment pause +@item int pause () + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Using Pause}. + +@comment _PC_ASYNC_IO +@item _PC_ASYNC_IO + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Pathconf}. + +@comment _PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED +@item _PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Pathconf}. + +@comment _PC_FILESIZEBITS +@item _PC_FILESIZEBITS + +@file{unistd.h} (LFS): @ref{Pathconf}. + +@comment _PC_LINK_MAX +@item _PC_LINK_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Pathconf}. + +@comment pclose +@item int pclose (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (POSIX.2, SVID, BSD): @ref{Pipe to a Subprocess}. + +@comment _PC_MAX_CANON +@item _PC_MAX_CANON + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Pathconf}. + +@comment _PC_MAX_INPUT +@item _PC_MAX_INPUT + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Pathconf}. + +@comment _PC_NAME_MAX +@item _PC_NAME_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Pathconf}. + +@comment _PC_NO_TRUNC +@item _PC_NO_TRUNC + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Pathconf}. + +@comment _PC_PATH_MAX +@item _PC_PATH_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Pathconf}. + +@comment _PC_PIPE_BUF +@item _PC_PIPE_BUF + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Pathconf}. + +@comment _PC_PRIO_IO +@item _PC_PRIO_IO + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Pathconf}. + +@comment _PC_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE +@item _PC_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Pathconf}. + +@comment _PC_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE +@item _PC_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Pathconf}. + +@comment _PC_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE +@item _PC_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Pathconf}. + +@comment _PC_REC_XFER_ALIGN +@item _PC_REC_XFER_ALIGN + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Pathconf}. + +@comment _PC_SYNC_IO +@item _PC_SYNC_IO + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Pathconf}. + +@comment _PC_VDISABLE +@item _PC_VDISABLE + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Pathconf}. + +@comment PENDIN +@item tcflag_t PENDIN + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Local Modes}. + +@comment perror +@item void perror (const char *@var{message}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Error Messages}. + +@comment PF_FILE +@item int PF_FILE + +@file{sys/socket.h} (GNU): @ref{Local Namespace Details}. + +@comment PF_INET +@item int PF_INET + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Internet Namespace}. + +@comment PF_INET6 +@item int PF_INET6 + +@file{sys/socket.h} (X/Open): @ref{Internet Namespace}. + +@comment PF_LOCAL +@item int PF_LOCAL + +@file{sys/socket.h} (POSIX): @ref{Local Namespace Details}. + +@comment PF_UNIX +@item int PF_UNIX + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Local Namespace Details}. + +@comment pid_t +@item pid_t + +@file{sys/types.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Process Identification}. + +@comment pipe +@item int pipe (int @var{filedes}@t{[2]}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Creating a Pipe}. + +@comment PIPE_BUF +@item int PIPE_BUF + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Limits for Files}. + +@comment popen +@item FILE * popen (const char *@var{command}, const char *@var{mode}) + +@file{stdio.h} (POSIX.2, SVID, BSD): @ref{Pipe to a Subprocess}. + +@comment _POSIX2_BC_BASE_MAX +@item _POSIX2_BC_BASE_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Utility Minimums}. + +@comment _POSIX2_BC_DIM_MAX +@item _POSIX2_BC_DIM_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Utility Minimums}. + +@comment _POSIX2_BC_SCALE_MAX +@item _POSIX2_BC_SCALE_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Utility Minimums}. + +@comment _POSIX2_BC_STRING_MAX +@item _POSIX2_BC_STRING_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Utility Minimums}. + +@comment _POSIX2_C_DEV +@item int _POSIX2_C_DEV + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{System Options}. + +@comment _POSIX2_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX +@item _POSIX2_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Utility Minimums}. + +@comment _POSIX2_C_VERSION +@item long int _POSIX2_C_VERSION + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Version Supported}. + +@comment _POSIX2_EQUIV_CLASS_MAX +@item _POSIX2_EQUIV_CLASS_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Utility Minimums}. + +@comment _POSIX2_EXPR_NEST_MAX +@item _POSIX2_EXPR_NEST_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Utility Minimums}. + +@comment _POSIX2_FORT_DEV +@item int _POSIX2_FORT_DEV + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{System Options}. + +@comment _POSIX2_FORT_RUN +@item int _POSIX2_FORT_RUN + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{System Options}. + +@comment _POSIX2_LINE_MAX +@item _POSIX2_LINE_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Utility Minimums}. + +@comment _POSIX2_LOCALEDEF +@item int _POSIX2_LOCALEDEF + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{System Options}. + +@comment _POSIX2_RE_DUP_MAX +@item _POSIX2_RE_DUP_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Minimums}. + +@comment _POSIX2_SW_DEV +@item int _POSIX2_SW_DEV + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{System Options}. + +@comment _POSIX_AIO_LISTIO_MAX +@item _POSIX_AIO_LISTIO_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Minimums}. + +@comment _POSIX_AIO_MAX +@item _POSIX_AIO_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Minimums}. + +@comment _POSIX_ARG_MAX +@item _POSIX_ARG_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Minimums}. + +@comment _POSIX_CHILD_MAX +@item _POSIX_CHILD_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Minimums}. + +@comment _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED +@item int _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Options for Files}. + +@comment _POSIX_C_SOURCE +@item _POSIX_C_SOURCE + +(POSIX.2): @ref{Feature Test Macros}. + +@comment _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL +@item int _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{System Options}. + +@comment _POSIX_LINK_MAX +@item _POSIX_LINK_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{File Minimums}. + +@comment _POSIX_MAX_CANON +@item _POSIX_MAX_CANON + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{File Minimums}. + +@comment _POSIX_MAX_INPUT +@item _POSIX_MAX_INPUT + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{File Minimums}. + +@comment posix_memalign +@item int posix_memalign (void **@var{memptr}, size_t @var{alignment}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (POSIX): @ref{Aligned Memory Blocks}. + +@comment _POSIX_NAME_MAX +@item _POSIX_NAME_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{File Minimums}. + +@comment _POSIX_NGROUPS_MAX +@item _POSIX_NGROUPS_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Minimums}. + +@comment _POSIX_NO_TRUNC +@item int _POSIX_NO_TRUNC + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Options for Files}. + +@comment _POSIX_OPEN_MAX +@item _POSIX_OPEN_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Minimums}. + +@comment _POSIX_PATH_MAX +@item _POSIX_PATH_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{File Minimums}. + +@comment _POSIX_PIPE_BUF +@item _POSIX_PIPE_BUF + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{File Minimums}. + +@comment POSIX_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE +@item POSIX_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{File Minimums}. + +@comment POSIX_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE +@item POSIX_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{File Minimums}. + +@comment POSIX_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE +@item POSIX_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{File Minimums}. + +@comment POSIX_REC_XFER_ALIGN +@item POSIX_REC_XFER_ALIGN + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{File Minimums}. + +@comment _POSIX_SAVED_IDS +@item int _POSIX_SAVED_IDS + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{System Options}. + +@comment _POSIX_SOURCE +@item _POSIX_SOURCE + +(POSIX.1): @ref{Feature Test Macros}. + +@comment _POSIX_SSIZE_MAX +@item _POSIX_SSIZE_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Minimums}. + +@comment _POSIX_STREAM_MAX +@item _POSIX_STREAM_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Minimums}. + +@comment _POSIX_TZNAME_MAX +@item _POSIX_TZNAME_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Minimums}. + +@comment _POSIX_VDISABLE +@item unsigned char _POSIX_VDISABLE + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Options for Files}. + +@comment _POSIX_VERSION +@item long int _POSIX_VERSION + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Version Supported}. + +@comment pow +@item double pow (double @var{base}, double @var{power}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment pow10 +@item double pow10 (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (GNU): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment pow10f +@item float pow10f (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (GNU): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment pow10l +@item long double pow10l (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (GNU): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment powf +@item float powf (float @var{base}, float @var{power}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment powl +@item long double powl (long double @var{base}, long double @var{power}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment pread +@item ssize_t pread (int @var{filedes}, void *@var{buffer}, size_t @var{size}, off_t @var{offset}) + +@file{unistd.h} (Unix98): @ref{I/O Primitives}. + +@comment pread64 +@item ssize_t pread64 (int @var{filedes}, void *@var{buffer}, size_t @var{size}, off64_t @var{offset}) + +@file{unistd.h} (Unix98): @ref{I/O Primitives}. + +@comment printf +@item int printf (const char *@var{template}, @dots{}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Formatted Output Functions}. + +@comment printf_arginfo_function +@item printf_arginfo_function + +@file{printf.h} (GNU): @ref{Defining the Output Handler}. + +@comment printf_function +@item printf_function + +@file{printf.h} (GNU): @ref{Defining the Output Handler}. + +@comment printf_size +@item int printf_size (FILE *@var{fp}, const struct printf_info *@var{info}, const void *const *@var{args}) + +@file{printf.h} (GNU): @ref{Predefined Printf Handlers}. + +@comment printf_size_info +@item int printf_size_info (const struct printf_info *@var{info}, size_t @var{n}, int *@var{argtypes}) + +@file{printf.h} (GNU): @ref{Predefined Printf Handlers}. + +@comment PRIO_MAX +@item PRIO_MAX + +@file{sys/resource.h} (BSD): @ref{Traditional Scheduling Functions}. + +@comment PRIO_MIN +@item PRIO_MIN + +@file{sys/resource.h} (BSD): @ref{Traditional Scheduling Functions}. + +@comment PRIO_PGRP +@item PRIO_PGRP + +@file{sys/resource.h} (BSD): @ref{Traditional Scheduling Functions}. + +@comment PRIO_PROCESS +@item PRIO_PROCESS + +@file{sys/resource.h} (BSD): @ref{Traditional Scheduling Functions}. + +@comment PRIO_USER +@item PRIO_USER + +@file{sys/resource.h} (BSD): @ref{Traditional Scheduling Functions}. + +@comment program_invocation_name +@item char * program_invocation_name + +@file{errno.h} (GNU): @ref{Error Messages}. + +@comment program_invocation_short_name +@item char * program_invocation_short_name + +@file{errno.h} (GNU): @ref{Error Messages}. + +@comment psignal +@item void psignal (int @var{signum}, const char *@var{message}) + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Signal Messages}. + +@comment P_tmpdir +@item char * P_tmpdir + +@file{stdio.h} (SVID): @ref{Temporary Files}. + +@comment ptrdiff_t +@item ptrdiff_t + +@file{stddef.h} (ISO): @ref{Important Data Types}. + +@comment ptsname +@item char * ptsname (int @var{filedes}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (SVID, XPG4.2): @ref{Allocation}. + +@comment ptsname_r +@item int ptsname_r (int @var{filedes}, char *@var{buf}, size_t @var{len}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (GNU): @ref{Allocation}. + +@comment putc +@item int putc (int @var{c}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Simple Output}. + +@comment putchar +@item int putchar (int @var{c}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Simple Output}. + +@comment putchar_unlocked +@item int putchar_unlocked (int @var{c}) + +@file{stdio.h} (POSIX): @ref{Simple Output}. + +@comment putc_unlocked +@item int putc_unlocked (int @var{c}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (POSIX): @ref{Simple Output}. + +@comment putenv +@item int putenv (char *@var{string}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (SVID): @ref{Environment Access}. + +@comment putpwent +@item int putpwent (const struct passwd *@var{p}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{pwd.h} (SVID): @ref{Writing a User Entry}. + +@comment puts +@item int puts (const char *@var{s}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Simple Output}. + +@comment pututline +@item struct utmp * pututline (const struct utmp *@var{utmp}) + +@file{utmp.h} (SVID): @ref{Manipulating the Database}. + +@comment pututxline +@item struct utmpx * pututxline (const struct utmpx *@var{utmp}) + +@file{utmpx.h} (XPG4.2): @ref{XPG Functions}. + +@comment putw +@item int putw (int @var{w}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (SVID): @ref{Simple Output}. + +@comment putwc +@item wint_t putwc (wchar_t @var{wc}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Simple Output}. + +@comment putwchar +@item wint_t putwchar (wchar_t @var{wc}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Simple Output}. + +@comment putwchar_unlocked +@item wint_t putwchar_unlocked (wchar_t @var{wc}) + +@file{wchar.h} (GNU): @ref{Simple Output}. + +@comment putwc_unlocked +@item wint_t putwc_unlocked (wchar_t @var{wc}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{wchar.h} (GNU): @ref{Simple Output}. + +@comment pwrite +@item ssize_t pwrite (int @var{filedes}, const void *@var{buffer}, size_t @var{size}, off_t @var{offset}) + +@file{unistd.h} (Unix98): @ref{I/O Primitives}. + +@comment pwrite64 +@item ssize_t pwrite64 (int @var{filedes}, const void *@var{buffer}, size_t @var{size}, off64_t @var{offset}) + +@file{unistd.h} (Unix98): @ref{I/O Primitives}. + +@comment qecvt +@item char * qecvt (long double @var{value}, int @var{ndigit}, int *@var{decpt}, int *@var{neg}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (GNU): @ref{System V Number Conversion}. + +@comment qecvt_r +@item int qecvt_r (long double @var{value}, int @var{ndigit}, int *@var{decpt}, int *@var{neg}, char *@var{buf}, size_t @var{len}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (GNU): @ref{System V Number Conversion}. + +@comment qfcvt +@item char * qfcvt (long double @var{value}, int @var{ndigit}, int *@var{decpt}, int *@var{neg}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (GNU): @ref{System V Number Conversion}. + +@comment qfcvt_r +@item int qfcvt_r (long double @var{value}, int @var{ndigit}, int *@var{decpt}, int *@var{neg}, char *@var{buf}, size_t @var{len}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (GNU): @ref{System V Number Conversion}. + +@comment qgcvt +@item char * qgcvt (long double @var{value}, int @var{ndigit}, char *@var{buf}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (GNU): @ref{System V Number Conversion}. + +@comment qsort +@item void qsort (void *@var{array}, size_t @var{count}, size_t @var{size}, comparison_fn_t @var{compare}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Array Sort Function}. + +@comment raise +@item int raise (int @var{signum}) + +@file{signal.h} (ISO): @ref{Signaling Yourself}. + +@comment rand +@item int rand (void) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{ISO Random}. + +@comment RAND_MAX +@item int RAND_MAX + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{ISO Random}. + +@comment random +@item long int random (void) + +@file{stdlib.h} (BSD): @ref{BSD Random}. + +@comment random_r +@item int random_r (struct random_data *restrict @var{buf}, int32_t *restrict @var{result}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (GNU): @ref{BSD Random}. + +@comment rand_r +@item int rand_r (unsigned int *@var{seed}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{ISO Random}. + +@comment rawmemchr +@item void * rawmemchr (const void *@var{block}, int @var{c}) + +@file{string.h} (GNU): @ref{Search Functions}. + +@comment read +@item ssize_t read (int @var{filedes}, void *@var{buffer}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{I/O Primitives}. + +@comment readdir +@item struct dirent * readdir (DIR *@var{dirstream}) + +@file{dirent.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Reading/Closing Directory}. + +@comment readdir64 +@item struct dirent64 * readdir64 (DIR *@var{dirstream}) + +@file{dirent.h} (LFS): @ref{Reading/Closing Directory}. + +@comment readdir64_r +@item int readdir64_r (DIR *@var{dirstream}, struct dirent64 *@var{entry}, struct dirent64 **@var{result}) + +@file{dirent.h} (LFS): @ref{Reading/Closing Directory}. + +@comment readdir_r +@item int readdir_r (DIR *@var{dirstream}, struct dirent *@var{entry}, struct dirent **@var{result}) + +@file{dirent.h} (GNU): @ref{Reading/Closing Directory}. + +@comment readlink +@item int readlink (const char *@var{filename}, char *@var{buffer}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{unistd.h} (BSD): @ref{Symbolic Links}. + +@comment readv +@item ssize_t readv (int @var{filedes}, const struct iovec *@var{vector}, int @var{count}) + +@file{sys/uio.h} (BSD): @ref{Scatter-Gather}. + +@comment realloc +@item void * realloc (void *@var{ptr}, size_t @var{newsize}) + +@file{malloc.h}, @file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Changing Block Size}. + +@comment __realloc_hook +@item __realloc_hook + +@file{malloc.h} (GNU): @ref{Hooks for Malloc}. + +@comment realpath +@item char * realpath (const char *restrict @var{name}, char *restrict @var{resolved}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (XPG): @ref{Symbolic Links}. + +@comment recv +@item int recv (int @var{socket}, void *@var{buffer}, size_t @var{size}, int @var{flags}) + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Receiving Data}. + +@comment recvfrom +@item int recvfrom (int @var{socket}, void *@var{buffer}, size_t @var{size}, int @var{flags}, struct sockaddr *@var{addr}, socklen_t *@var{length-ptr}) + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Receiving Datagrams}. + +@comment recvmsg +@item int recvmsg (int @var{socket}, struct msghdr *@var{message}, int @var{flags}) + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Receiving Datagrams}. + +@comment RE_DUP_MAX +@item int RE_DUP_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{General Limits}. + +@comment _REENTRANT +@item _REENTRANT + +(GNU): @ref{Feature Test Macros}. + +@comment REG_BADBR +@item REG_BADBR + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{POSIX Regexp Compilation}. + +@comment REG_BADPAT +@item REG_BADPAT + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{POSIX Regexp Compilation}. + +@comment REG_BADRPT +@item REG_BADRPT + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{POSIX Regexp Compilation}. + +@comment regcomp +@item int regcomp (regex_t *restrict @var{compiled}, const char *restrict @var{pattern}, int @var{cflags}) + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{POSIX Regexp Compilation}. + +@comment REG_EBRACE +@item REG_EBRACE + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{POSIX Regexp Compilation}. + +@comment REG_EBRACK +@item REG_EBRACK + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{POSIX Regexp Compilation}. + +@comment REG_ECOLLATE +@item REG_ECOLLATE + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{POSIX Regexp Compilation}. + +@comment REG_ECTYPE +@item REG_ECTYPE + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{POSIX Regexp Compilation}. + +@comment REG_EESCAPE +@item REG_EESCAPE + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{POSIX Regexp Compilation}. + +@comment REG_EPAREN +@item REG_EPAREN + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{POSIX Regexp Compilation}. + +@comment REG_ERANGE +@item REG_ERANGE + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{POSIX Regexp Compilation}. + +@comment regerror +@item size_t regerror (int @var{errcode}, const regex_t *restrict @var{compiled}, char *restrict @var{buffer}, size_t @var{length}) + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Regexp Cleanup}. + +@comment REG_ESPACE +@item REG_ESPACE + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Matching POSIX Regexps}. + +@comment REG_ESPACE +@item REG_ESPACE + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{POSIX Regexp Compilation}. + +@comment REG_ESUBREG +@item REG_ESUBREG + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{POSIX Regexp Compilation}. + +@comment regexec +@item int regexec (const regex_t *restrict @var{compiled}, const char *restrict @var{string}, size_t @var{nmatch}, regmatch_t @var{matchptr}[restrict], int @var{eflags}) + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Matching POSIX Regexps}. + +@comment regex_t +@item regex_t + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{POSIX Regexp Compilation}. + +@comment REG_EXTENDED +@item REG_EXTENDED + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Flags for POSIX Regexps}. + +@comment regfree +@item void regfree (regex_t *@var{compiled}) + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Regexp Cleanup}. + +@comment REG_ICASE +@item REG_ICASE + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Flags for POSIX Regexps}. + +@comment register_printf_function +@item int register_printf_function (int @var{spec}, printf_function @var{handler-function}, printf_arginfo_function @var{arginfo-function}) + +@file{printf.h} (GNU): @ref{Registering New Conversions}. + +@comment regmatch_t +@item regmatch_t + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Regexp Subexpressions}. + +@comment REG_NEWLINE +@item REG_NEWLINE + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Flags for POSIX Regexps}. + +@comment REG_NOMATCH +@item REG_NOMATCH + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Matching POSIX Regexps}. + +@comment REG_NOSUB +@item REG_NOSUB + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Flags for POSIX Regexps}. + +@comment REG_NOTBOL +@item REG_NOTBOL + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Matching POSIX Regexps}. + +@comment REG_NOTEOL +@item REG_NOTEOL + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Matching POSIX Regexps}. + +@comment regoff_t +@item regoff_t + +@file{regex.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Regexp Subexpressions}. + +@comment remainder +@item double remainder (double @var{numerator}, double @var{denominator}) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Remainder Functions}. + +@comment remainderf +@item float remainderf (float @var{numerator}, float @var{denominator}) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Remainder Functions}. + +@comment remainderl +@item long double remainderl (long double @var{numerator}, long double @var{denominator}) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Remainder Functions}. + +@comment remove +@item int remove (const char *@var{filename}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Deleting Files}. + +@comment rename +@item int rename (const char *@var{oldname}, const char *@var{newname}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Renaming Files}. + +@comment rewind +@item void rewind (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{File Positioning}. + +@comment rewinddir +@item void rewinddir (DIR *@var{dirstream}) + +@file{dirent.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Random Access Directory}. + +@comment rindex +@item char * rindex (const char *@var{string}, int @var{c}) + +@file{string.h} (BSD): @ref{Search Functions}. + +@comment rint +@item double rint (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment rintf +@item float rintf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment rintl +@item long double rintl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment RLIM_INFINITY +@item int RLIM_INFINITY + +@file{sys/resource.h} (BSD): @ref{Limits on Resources}. + +@comment RLIMIT_AS +@item RLIMIT_AS + +@file{sys/resource.h} (Unix98): @ref{Limits on Resources}. + +@comment RLIMIT_CORE +@item RLIMIT_CORE + +@file{sys/resource.h} (BSD): @ref{Limits on Resources}. + +@comment RLIMIT_CPU +@item RLIMIT_CPU + +@file{sys/resource.h} (BSD): @ref{Limits on Resources}. + +@comment RLIMIT_DATA +@item RLIMIT_DATA + +@file{sys/resource.h} (BSD): @ref{Limits on Resources}. + +@comment RLIMIT_FSIZE +@item RLIMIT_FSIZE + +@file{sys/resource.h} (BSD): @ref{Limits on Resources}. + +@comment RLIMIT_MEMLOCK +@item RLIMIT_MEMLOCK + +@file{sys/resource.h} (BSD): @ref{Limits on Resources}. + +@comment RLIMIT_NOFILE +@item RLIMIT_NOFILE + +@file{sys/resource.h} (BSD): @ref{Limits on Resources}. + +@comment RLIMIT_NPROC +@item RLIMIT_NPROC + +@file{sys/resource.h} (BSD): @ref{Limits on Resources}. + +@comment RLIMIT_RSS +@item RLIMIT_RSS + +@file{sys/resource.h} (BSD): @ref{Limits on Resources}. + +@comment RLIMIT_STACK +@item RLIMIT_STACK + +@file{sys/resource.h} (BSD): @ref{Limits on Resources}. + +@comment RLIM_NLIMITS +@item RLIM_NLIMITS + +@file{sys/resource.h} (BSD): @ref{Limits on Resources}. + +@comment rmdir +@item int rmdir (const char *@var{filename}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Deleting Files}. + +@comment R_OK +@item int R_OK + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Testing File Access}. + +@comment round +@item double round (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment roundf +@item float roundf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment roundl +@item long double roundl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment rpmatch +@item int rpmatch (const char *@var{response}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (stdlib.h): @ref{Yes-or-No Questions}. + +@comment RUN_LVL +@item RUN_LVL + +@file{utmp.h} (SVID): @ref{Manipulating the Database}. + +@comment RUN_LVL +@item RUN_LVL + +@file{utmpx.h} (XPG4.2): @ref{XPG Functions}. + +@comment RUSAGE_CHILDREN +@item RUSAGE_CHILDREN + +@file{sys/resource.h} (BSD): @ref{Resource Usage}. + +@comment RUSAGE_SELF +@item RUSAGE_SELF + +@file{sys/resource.h} (BSD): @ref{Resource Usage}. + +@comment SA_NOCLDSTOP +@item int SA_NOCLDSTOP + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Flags for Sigaction}. + +@comment SA_ONSTACK +@item int SA_ONSTACK + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Flags for Sigaction}. + +@comment SA_RESTART +@item int SA_RESTART + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Flags for Sigaction}. + +@comment *sbrk +@item void *sbrk (ptrdiff_t @var{delta}) + +@file{unistd.h} (BSD): @ref{Resizing the Data Segment}. + +@comment _SC_2_C_DEV +@item _SC_2_C_DEV + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_2_FORT_DEV +@item _SC_2_FORT_DEV + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_2_FORT_RUN +@item _SC_2_FORT_RUN + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_2_LOCALEDEF +@item _SC_2_LOCALEDEF + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_2_SW_DEV +@item _SC_2_SW_DEV + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_2_VERSION +@item _SC_2_VERSION + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX +@item _SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_AIO_MAX +@item _SC_AIO_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX +@item _SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment scalb +@item double scalb (double @var{value}, int @var{exponent}) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Normalization Functions}. + +@comment scalbf +@item float scalbf (float @var{value}, int @var{exponent}) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Normalization Functions}. + +@comment scalbl +@item long double scalbl (long double @var{value}, int @var{exponent}) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Normalization Functions}. + +@comment scalbln +@item long long int scalbln (double @var{x}, long int n) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Normalization Functions}. + +@comment scalblnf +@item long long int scalblnf (float @var{x}, long int n) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Normalization Functions}. + +@comment scalblnl +@item long long int scalblnl (long double @var{x}, long int n) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Normalization Functions}. + +@comment scalbn +@item long long int scalbn (double @var{x}, int n) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Normalization Functions}. + +@comment scalbnf +@item long long int scalbnf (float @var{x}, int n) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Normalization Functions}. + +@comment scalbnl +@item long long int scalbnl (long double @var{x}, int n) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Normalization Functions}. + +@comment scandir +@item int scandir (const char *@var{dir}, struct dirent ***@var{namelist}, int (*@var{selector}) (const struct dirent *), int (*@var{cmp}) (const void *, const void *)) + +@file{dirent.h} (BSD/SVID): @ref{Scanning Directory Content}. + +@comment scandir64 +@item int scandir64 (const char *@var{dir}, struct dirent64 ***@var{namelist}, int (*@var{selector}) (const struct dirent64 *), int (*@var{cmp}) (const void *, const void *)) + +@file{dirent.h} (GNU): @ref{Scanning Directory Content}. + +@comment scanf +@item int scanf (const char *@var{template}, @dots{}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Formatted Input Functions}. + +@comment _SC_ARG_MAX +@item _SC_ARG_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO +@item _SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_ATEXIT_MAX +@item _SC_ATEXIT_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (GNU): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_AVPHYS_PAGES +@item _SC_AVPHYS_PAGES + +@file{unistd.h} (GNU): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_BC_BASE_MAX +@item _SC_BC_BASE_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_BC_DIM_MAX +@item _SC_BC_DIM_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_BC_SCALE_MAX +@item _SC_BC_SCALE_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_BC_STRING_MAX +@item _SC_BC_STRING_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_CHAR_BIT +@item _SC_CHAR_BIT + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_CHARCLASS_NAME_MAX +@item _SC_CHARCLASS_NAME_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (GNU): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_CHAR_MAX +@item _SC_CHAR_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_CHAR_MIN +@item _SC_CHAR_MIN + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_CHILD_MAX +@item _SC_CHILD_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_CLK_TCK +@item _SC_CLK_TCK + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX +@item _SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX +@item _SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_EQUIV_CLASS_MAX +@item _SC_EQUIV_CLASS_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX +@item _SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_FSYNC +@item _SC_FSYNC + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX +@item _SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX +@item _SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment SCHAR_MAX +@item SCHAR_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (ISO): @ref{Range of Type}. + +@comment SCHAR_MIN +@item SCHAR_MIN + +@file{limits.h} (ISO): @ref{Range of Type}. + +@comment sched_getaffinity +@item int sched_getaffinity (pid_t @var{pid}, size_t @var{cpusetsize}, cpu_set_t *@var{cpuset}) + +@file{sched.h} (GNU): @ref{CPU Affinity}. + +@comment sched_getparam +@item int sched_getparam (pid_t @var{pid}, const struct sched_param *@var{param}) + +@file{sched.h} (POSIX): @ref{Basic Scheduling Functions}. + +@comment sched_get_priority_max +@item int sched_get_priority_max (int *@var{policy}); + +@file{sched.h} (POSIX): @ref{Basic Scheduling Functions}. + +@comment sched_get_priority_min +@item int sched_get_priority_min (int *@var{policy}); + +@file{sched.h} (POSIX): @ref{Basic Scheduling Functions}. + +@comment sched_getscheduler +@item int sched_getscheduler (pid_t @var{pid}) + +@file{sched.h} (POSIX): @ref{Basic Scheduling Functions}. + +@comment sched_rr_get_interval +@item int sched_rr_get_interval (pid_t @var{pid}, struct timespec *@var{interval}) + +@file{sched.h} (POSIX): @ref{Basic Scheduling Functions}. + +@comment sched_setaffinity +@item int sched_setaffinity (pid_t @var{pid}, size_t @var{cpusetsize}, const cpu_set_t *@var{cpuset}) + +@file{sched.h} (GNU): @ref{CPU Affinity}. + +@comment sched_setparam +@item int sched_setparam (pid_t @var{pid}, const struct sched_param *@var{param}) + +@file{sched.h} (POSIX): @ref{Basic Scheduling Functions}. + +@comment sched_setscheduler +@item int sched_setscheduler (pid_t @var{pid}, int @var{policy}, const struct sched_param *@var{param}) + +@file{sched.h} (POSIX): @ref{Basic Scheduling Functions}. + +@comment sched_yield +@item int sched_yield (void) + +@file{sched.h} (POSIX): @ref{Basic Scheduling Functions}. + +@comment _SC_INT_MAX +@item _SC_INT_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_INT_MIN +@item _SC_INT_MIN + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_JOB_CONTROL +@item _SC_JOB_CONTROL + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_LINE_MAX +@item _SC_LINE_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX +@item _SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_LONG_BIT +@item _SC_LONG_BIT + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_MAPPED_FILES +@item _SC_MAPPED_FILES + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_MB_LEN_MAX +@item _SC_MB_LEN_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_MEMLOCK +@item _SC_MEMLOCK + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE +@item _SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION +@item _SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_MESSAGE_PASSING +@item _SC_MESSAGE_PASSING + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX +@item _SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX +@item _SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_NGROUPS_MAX +@item _SC_NGROUPS_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_NL_ARGMAX +@item _SC_NL_ARGMAX + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_NL_LANGMAX +@item _SC_NL_LANGMAX + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_NL_MSGMAX +@item _SC_NL_MSGMAX + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_NL_NMAX +@item _SC_NL_NMAX + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_NL_SETMAX +@item _SC_NL_SETMAX + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_NL_TEXTMAX +@item _SC_NL_TEXTMAX + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF +@item _SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF + +@file{unistd.h} (GNU): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN +@item _SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN + +@file{unistd.h} (GNU): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_NZERO +@item _SC_NZERO + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_OPEN_MAX +@item _SC_OPEN_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_PAGESIZE +@item _SC_PAGESIZE + +@file{unistd.h} (GNU): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_PHYS_PAGES +@item _SC_PHYS_PAGES + +@file{unistd.h} (GNU): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_PII +@item _SC_PII + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1g): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_PII_INTERNET +@item _SC_PII_INTERNET + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1g): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_PII_INTERNET_DGRAM +@item _SC_PII_INTERNET_DGRAM + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1g): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_PII_INTERNET_STREAM +@item _SC_PII_INTERNET_STREAM + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1g): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_PII_OSI +@item _SC_PII_OSI + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1g): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_PII_OSI_CLTS +@item _SC_PII_OSI_CLTS + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1g): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_PII_OSI_COTS +@item _SC_PII_OSI_COTS + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1g): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_PII_OSI_M +@item _SC_PII_OSI_M + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1g): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_PII_SOCKET +@item _SC_PII_SOCKET + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1g): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_PII_XTI +@item _SC_PII_XTI + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1g): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_PRIORITIZED_IO +@item _SC_PRIORITIZED_IO + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING +@item _SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS +@item _SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS + +@file{unistdh.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_RTSIG_MAX +@item _SC_RTSIG_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_SAVED_IDS +@item _SC_SAVED_IDS + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_SCHAR_MAX +@item _SC_SCHAR_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_SCHAR_MIN +@item _SC_SCHAR_MIN + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_SELECT +@item _SC_SELECT + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1g): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_SEMAPHORES +@item _SC_SEMAPHORES + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX +@item _SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX +@item _SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS +@item _SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_SHRT_MAX +@item _SC_SHRT_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_SHRT_MIN +@item _SC_SHRT_MIN + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX +@item _SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment SC_SSIZE_MAX +@item SC_SSIZE_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_STREAM_MAX +@item _SC_STREAM_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO +@item _SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR +@item _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE +@item _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS +@item _SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX +@item _SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT +@item _SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT +@item _SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING +@item _SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED +@item _SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_THREADS +@item _SC_THREADS + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS +@item _SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN +@item _SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX +@item _SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_TIMER_MAX +@item _SC_TIMER_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_TIMERS +@item _SC_TIMERS + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_T_IOV_MAX +@item _SC_T_IOV_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1g): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_TTY_NAME_MAX +@item _SC_TTY_NAME_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_TZNAME_MAX +@item _SC_TZNAME_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_UCHAR_MAX +@item _SC_UCHAR_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_UINT_MAX +@item _SC_UINT_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_UIO_MAXIOV +@item _SC_UIO_MAXIOV + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1g): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_ULONG_MAX +@item _SC_ULONG_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_USHRT_MAX +@item _SC_USHRT_MAX + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_VERSION +@item _SC_VERSION + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_VERSION +@item _SC_VERSION + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_WORD_BIT +@item _SC_WORD_BIT + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_XOPEN_CRYPT +@item _SC_XOPEN_CRYPT + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N +@item _SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_XOPEN_LEGACY +@item _SC_XOPEN_LEGACY + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_XOPEN_REALTIME +@item _SC_XOPEN_REALTIME + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS +@item _SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_XOPEN_SHM +@item _SC_XOPEN_SHM + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_XOPEN_UNIX +@item _SC_XOPEN_UNIX + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_XOPEN_VERSION +@item _SC_XOPEN_VERSION + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_XOPEN_XCU_VERSION +@item _SC_XOPEN_XCU_VERSION + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_XOPEN_XPG2 +@item _SC_XOPEN_XPG2 + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_XOPEN_XPG3 +@item _SC_XOPEN_XPG3 + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment _SC_XOPEN_XPG4 +@item _SC_XOPEN_XPG4 + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Constants for Sysconf}. + +@comment seed48 +@item unsigned short int * seed48 (unsigned short int @var{seed16v}[3]) + +@file{stdlib.h} (SVID): @ref{SVID Random}. + +@comment seed48_r +@item int seed48_r (unsigned short int @var{seed16v}[3], struct drand48_data *@var{buffer}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (GNU): @ref{SVID Random}. + +@comment SEEK_CUR +@item int SEEK_CUR + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{File Positioning}. + +@comment seekdir +@item void seekdir (DIR *@var{dirstream}, long int @var{pos}) + +@file{dirent.h} (BSD): @ref{Random Access Directory}. + +@comment SEEK_END +@item int SEEK_END + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{File Positioning}. + +@comment SEEK_SET +@item int SEEK_SET + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{File Positioning}. + +@comment select +@item int select (int @var{nfds}, fd_set *@var{read-fds}, fd_set *@var{write-fds}, fd_set *@var{except-fds}, struct timeval *@var{timeout}) + +@file{sys/types.h} (BSD): @ref{Waiting for I/O}. + +@comment send +@item int send (int @var{socket}, void *@var{buffer}, size_t @var{size}, int @var{flags}) + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Sending Data}. + +@comment sendmsg +@item int sendmsg (int @var{socket}, const struct msghdr *@var{message}, int @var{flags}) + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Receiving Datagrams}. + +@comment sendto +@item int sendto (int @var{socket}, void *@var{buffer}. size_t @var{size}, int @var{flags}, struct sockaddr *@var{addr}, socklen_t @var{length}) + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Sending Datagrams}. + +@comment setbuf +@item void setbuf (FILE *@var{stream}, char *@var{buf}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Controlling Buffering}. + +@comment setbuffer +@item void setbuffer (FILE *@var{stream}, char *@var{buf}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{stdio.h} (BSD): @ref{Controlling Buffering}. + +@comment setcontext +@item int setcontext (const ucontext_t *@var{ucp}) + +@file{ucontext.h} (SVID): @ref{System V contexts}. + +@comment setdomainname +@item int setdomainname (const char *@var{name}, size_t @var{length}) + +@file{unistd.h} (???): @ref{Host Identification}. + +@comment setegid +@item int setegid (gid_t @var{newgid}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Setting Groups}. + +@comment setenv +@item int setenv (const char *@var{name}, const char *@var{value}, int @var{replace}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (BSD): @ref{Environment Access}. + +@comment seteuid +@item int seteuid (uid_t @var{neweuid}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Setting User ID}. + +@comment setfsent +@item int setfsent (void) + +@file{fstab.h} (BSD): @ref{fstab}. + +@comment setgid +@item int setgid (gid_t @var{newgid}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Setting Groups}. + +@comment setgrent +@item void setgrent (void) + +@file{grp.h} (SVID, BSD): @ref{Scanning All Groups}. + +@comment setgroups +@item int setgroups (size_t @var{count}, gid_t *@var{groups}) + +@file{grp.h} (BSD): @ref{Setting Groups}. + +@comment sethostent +@item void sethostent (int @var{stayopen}) + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Names}. + +@comment sethostid +@item int sethostid (long int @var{id}) + +@file{unistd.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Identification}. + +@comment sethostname +@item int sethostname (const char *@var{name}, size_t @var{length}) + +@file{unistd.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Identification}. + +@comment setitimer +@item int setitimer (int @var{which}, struct itimerval *@var{new}, struct itimerval *@var{old}) + +@file{sys/time.h} (BSD): @ref{Setting an Alarm}. + +@comment setjmp +@item int setjmp (jmp_buf @var{state}) + +@file{setjmp.h} (ISO): @ref{Non-Local Details}. + +@comment setkey +@item void setkey (const char *@var{key}) + +@file{crypt.h} (BSD, SVID): @ref{DES Encryption}. + +@comment setkey_r +@item void setkey_r (const char *@var{key}, struct crypt_data * @var{data}) + +@file{crypt.h} (GNU): @ref{DES Encryption}. + +@comment setlinebuf +@item void setlinebuf (FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (BSD): @ref{Controlling Buffering}. + +@comment setlocale +@item char * setlocale (int @var{category}, const char *@var{locale}) + +@file{locale.h} (ISO): @ref{Setting the Locale}. + +@comment setlogmask +@item int setlogmask (int @var{mask}) + +@file{syslog.h} (BSD): @ref{setlogmask}. + +@comment setmntent +@item FILE * setmntent (const char *@var{file}, const char *@var{mode}) + +@file{mntent.h} (BSD): @ref{mtab}. + +@comment setnetent +@item void setnetent (int @var{stayopen}) + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Networks Database}. + +@comment setnetgrent +@item int setnetgrent (const char *@var{netgroup}) + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Lookup Netgroup}. + +@comment setpgid +@item int setpgid (pid_t @var{pid}, pid_t @var{pgid}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Process Group Functions}. + +@comment setpgrp +@item int setpgrp (pid_t @var{pid}, pid_t @var{pgid}) + +@file{unistd.h} (BSD): @ref{Process Group Functions}. + +@comment setpriority +@item int setpriority (int @var{class}, int @var{id}, int @var{niceval}) + +@file{sys/resource.h} (BSD,POSIX): @ref{Traditional Scheduling Functions}. + +@comment setprotoent +@item void setprotoent (int @var{stayopen}) + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Protocols Database}. + +@comment setpwent +@item void setpwent (void) + +@file{pwd.h} (SVID, BSD): @ref{Scanning All Users}. + +@comment setregid +@item int setregid (gid_t @var{rgid}, gid_t @var{egid}) + +@file{unistd.h} (BSD): @ref{Setting Groups}. + +@comment setreuid +@item int setreuid (uid_t @var{ruid}, uid_t @var{euid}) + +@file{unistd.h} (BSD): @ref{Setting User ID}. + +@comment setrlimit +@item int setrlimit (int @var{resource}, const struct rlimit *@var{rlp}) + +@file{sys/resource.h} (BSD): @ref{Limits on Resources}. + +@comment setrlimit64 +@item int setrlimit64 (int @var{resource}, const struct rlimit64 *@var{rlp}) + +@file{sys/resource.h} (Unix98): @ref{Limits on Resources}. + +@comment setservent +@item void setservent (int @var{stayopen}) + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Services Database}. + +@comment setsid +@item pid_t setsid (void) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Process Group Functions}. + +@comment setsockopt +@item int setsockopt (int @var{socket}, int @var{level}, int @var{optname}, void *@var{optval}, socklen_t @var{optlen}) + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Socket Option Functions}. + +@comment setstate +@item void * setstate (void *@var{state}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (BSD): @ref{BSD Random}. + +@comment setstate_r +@item int setstate_r (char *restrict @var{statebuf}, struct random_data *restrict @var{buf}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (GNU): @ref{BSD Random}. + +@comment settimeofday +@item int settimeofday (const struct timeval *@var{tp}, const struct timezone *@var{tzp}) + +@file{sys/time.h} (BSD): @ref{High-Resolution Calendar}. + +@comment setuid +@item int setuid (uid_t @var{newuid}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Setting User ID}. + +@comment setutent +@item void setutent (void) + +@file{utmp.h} (SVID): @ref{Manipulating the Database}. + +@comment setutxent +@item void setutxent (void) + +@file{utmpx.h} (XPG4.2): @ref{XPG Functions}. + +@comment setvbuf +@item int setvbuf (FILE *@var{stream}, char *@var{buf}, int @var{mode}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Controlling Buffering}. + +@comment SHRT_MAX +@item SHRT_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (ISO): @ref{Range of Type}. + +@comment SHRT_MIN +@item SHRT_MIN + +@file{limits.h} (ISO): @ref{Range of Type}. + +@comment shutdown +@item int shutdown (int @var{socket}, int @var{how}) + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Closing a Socket}. + +@comment S_IEXEC +@item S_IEXEC + +@file{sys/stat.h} (BSD): @ref{Permission Bits}. + +@comment S_IFBLK +@item S_IFBLK + +@file{sys/stat.h} (BSD): @ref{Testing File Type}. + +@comment S_IFCHR +@item S_IFCHR + +@file{sys/stat.h} (BSD): @ref{Testing File Type}. + +@comment S_IFDIR +@item S_IFDIR + +@file{sys/stat.h} (BSD): @ref{Testing File Type}. + +@comment S_IFIFO +@item S_IFIFO + +@file{sys/stat.h} (BSD): @ref{Testing File Type}. + +@comment S_IFLNK +@item S_IFLNK + +@file{sys/stat.h} (BSD): @ref{Testing File Type}. + +@comment S_IFMT +@item int S_IFMT + +@file{sys/stat.h} (BSD): @ref{Testing File Type}. + +@comment S_IFREG +@item S_IFREG + +@file{sys/stat.h} (BSD): @ref{Testing File Type}. + +@comment S_IFSOCK +@item S_IFSOCK + +@file{sys/stat.h} (BSD): @ref{Testing File Type}. + +@comment SIGABRT +@item int SIGABRT + +@file{signal.h} (ISO): @ref{Program Error Signals}. + +@comment sigaction +@item int sigaction (int @var{signum}, const struct sigaction *restrict @var{action}, struct sigaction *restrict @var{old-action}) + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Advanced Signal Handling}. + +@comment sigaddset +@item int sigaddset (sigset_t *@var{set}, int @var{signum}) + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Signal Sets}. + +@comment SIGALRM +@item int SIGALRM + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Alarm Signals}. + +@comment sigaltstack +@item int sigaltstack (const stack_t *restrict @var{stack}, stack_t *restrict @var{oldstack}) + +@file{signal.h} (XPG): @ref{Signal Stack}. + +@comment sig_atomic_t +@item sig_atomic_t + +@file{signal.h} (ISO): @ref{Atomic Types}. + +@comment SIG_BLOCK +@item SIG_BLOCK + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Process Signal Mask}. + +@comment sigblock +@item int sigblock (int @var{mask}) + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Blocking in BSD}. + +@comment SIGBUS +@item int SIGBUS + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Program Error Signals}. + +@comment SIGCHLD +@item int SIGCHLD + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Job Control Signals}. + +@comment SIGCLD +@item int SIGCLD + +@file{signal.h} (SVID): @ref{Job Control Signals}. + +@comment SIGCONT +@item int SIGCONT + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Job Control Signals}. + +@comment sigdelset +@item int sigdelset (sigset_t *@var{set}, int @var{signum}) + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Signal Sets}. + +@comment sigemptyset +@item int sigemptyset (sigset_t *@var{set}) + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Signal Sets}. + +@comment SIGEMT +@item int SIGEMT + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Program Error Signals}. + +@comment SIG_ERR +@item sighandler_t SIG_ERR + +@file{signal.h} (ISO): @ref{Basic Signal Handling}. + +@comment sigfillset +@item int sigfillset (sigset_t *@var{set}) + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Signal Sets}. + +@comment SIGFPE +@item int SIGFPE + +@file{signal.h} (ISO): @ref{Program Error Signals}. + +@comment sighandler_t +@item sighandler_t + +@file{signal.h} (GNU): @ref{Basic Signal Handling}. + +@comment SIGHUP +@item int SIGHUP + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Termination Signals}. + +@comment SIGILL +@item int SIGILL + +@file{signal.h} (ISO): @ref{Program Error Signals}. + +@comment SIGINFO +@item int SIGINFO + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Miscellaneous Signals}. + +@comment SIGINT +@item int SIGINT + +@file{signal.h} (ISO): @ref{Termination Signals}. + +@comment siginterrupt +@item int siginterrupt (int @var{signum}, int @var{failflag}) + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{BSD Handler}. + +@comment SIGIO +@item int SIGIO + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Asynchronous I/O Signals}. + +@comment SIGIOT +@item int SIGIOT + +@file{signal.h} (Unix): @ref{Program Error Signals}. + +@comment sigismember +@item int sigismember (const sigset_t *@var{set}, int @var{signum}) + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Signal Sets}. + +@comment sigjmp_buf +@item sigjmp_buf + +@file{setjmp.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Non-Local Exits and Signals}. + +@comment SIGKILL +@item int SIGKILL + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Termination Signals}. + +@comment siglongjmp +@item void siglongjmp (sigjmp_buf @var{state}, int @var{value}) + +@file{setjmp.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Non-Local Exits and Signals}. + +@comment SIGLOST +@item int SIGLOST + +@file{signal.h} (GNU): @ref{Operation Error Signals}. + +@comment sigmask +@item int sigmask (int @var{signum}) + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Blocking in BSD}. + +@comment signal +@item sighandler_t signal (int @var{signum}, sighandler_t @var{action}) + +@file{signal.h} (ISO): @ref{Basic Signal Handling}. + +@comment signbit +@item int signbit (@emph{float-type} @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{FP Bit Twiddling}. + +@comment significand +@item long long int significand (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Normalization Functions}. + +@comment significandf +@item long long int significandf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Normalization Functions}. + +@comment significandl +@item long long int significandl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (BSD): @ref{Normalization Functions}. + +@comment sigpause +@item int sigpause (int @var{mask}) + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Blocking in BSD}. + +@comment sigpending +@item int sigpending (sigset_t *@var{set}) + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Checking for Pending Signals}. + +@comment SIGPIPE +@item int SIGPIPE + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Operation Error Signals}. + +@comment SIGPOLL +@item int SIGPOLL + +@file{signal.h} (SVID): @ref{Asynchronous I/O Signals}. + +@comment sigprocmask +@item int sigprocmask (int @var{how}, const sigset_t *restrict @var{set}, sigset_t *restrict @var{oldset}) + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Process Signal Mask}. + +@comment SIGPROF +@item int SIGPROF + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Alarm Signals}. + +@comment SIGQUIT +@item int SIGQUIT + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Termination Signals}. + +@comment SIGSEGV +@item int SIGSEGV + +@file{signal.h} (ISO): @ref{Program Error Signals}. + +@comment sigsetjmp +@item int sigsetjmp (sigjmp_buf @var{state}, int @var{savesigs}) + +@file{setjmp.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Non-Local Exits and Signals}. + +@comment SIG_SETMASK +@item SIG_SETMASK + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Process Signal Mask}. + +@comment sigsetmask +@item int sigsetmask (int @var{mask}) + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Blocking in BSD}. + +@comment sigset_t +@item sigset_t + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Signal Sets}. + +@comment sigstack +@item int sigstack (const struct sigstack *@var{stack}, struct sigstack *@var{oldstack}) + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Signal Stack}. + +@comment SIGSTOP +@item int SIGSTOP + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Job Control Signals}. + +@comment sigsuspend +@item int sigsuspend (const sigset_t *@var{set}) + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Sigsuspend}. + +@comment SIGSYS +@item int SIGSYS + +@file{signal.h} (Unix): @ref{Program Error Signals}. + +@comment SIGTERM +@item int SIGTERM + +@file{signal.h} (ISO): @ref{Termination Signals}. + +@comment SIGTRAP +@item int SIGTRAP + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Program Error Signals}. + +@comment SIGTSTP +@item int SIGTSTP + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Job Control Signals}. + +@comment SIGTTIN +@item int SIGTTIN + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Job Control Signals}. + +@comment SIGTTOU +@item int SIGTTOU + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Job Control Signals}. + +@comment SIG_UNBLOCK +@item SIG_UNBLOCK + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Process Signal Mask}. + +@comment SIGURG +@item int SIGURG + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Asynchronous I/O Signals}. + +@comment SIGUSR1 +@item int SIGUSR1 + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Miscellaneous Signals}. + +@comment SIGUSR2 +@item int SIGUSR2 + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Miscellaneous Signals}. + +@comment sigvec +@item int sigvec (int @var{signum}, const struct sigvec *@var{action},struct sigvec *@var{old-action}) + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{BSD Handler}. + +@comment SIGVTALRM +@item int SIGVTALRM + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Alarm Signals}. + +@comment SIGWINCH +@item int SIGWINCH + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Miscellaneous Signals}. + +@comment SIGXCPU +@item int SIGXCPU + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Operation Error Signals}. + +@comment SIGXFSZ +@item int SIGXFSZ + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Operation Error Signals}. + +@comment sin +@item double sin (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Trig Functions}. + +@comment sincos +@item void sincos (double @var{x}, double *@var{sinx}, double *@var{cosx}) + +@file{math.h} (GNU): @ref{Trig Functions}. + +@comment sincosf +@item void sincosf (float @var{x}, float *@var{sinx}, float *@var{cosx}) + +@file{math.h} (GNU): @ref{Trig Functions}. + +@comment sincosl +@item void sincosl (long double @var{x}, long double *@var{sinx}, long double *@var{cosx}) + +@file{math.h} (GNU): @ref{Trig Functions}. + +@comment sinf +@item float sinf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Trig Functions}. + +@comment sinh +@item double sinh (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment sinhf +@item float sinhf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment sinhl +@item long double sinhl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment sinl +@item long double sinl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Trig Functions}. + +@comment S_IREAD +@item S_IREAD + +@file{sys/stat.h} (BSD): @ref{Permission Bits}. + +@comment S_IRGRP +@item S_IRGRP + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Permission Bits}. + +@comment S_IROTH +@item S_IROTH + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Permission Bits}. + +@comment S_IRUSR +@item S_IRUSR + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Permission Bits}. + +@comment S_IRWXG +@item S_IRWXG + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Permission Bits}. + +@comment S_IRWXO +@item S_IRWXO + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Permission Bits}. + +@comment S_IRWXU +@item S_IRWXU + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Permission Bits}. + +@comment S_ISBLK +@item int S_ISBLK (mode_t @var{m}) + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX): @ref{Testing File Type}. + +@comment S_ISCHR +@item int S_ISCHR (mode_t @var{m}) + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX): @ref{Testing File Type}. + +@comment S_ISDIR +@item int S_ISDIR (mode_t @var{m}) + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX): @ref{Testing File Type}. + +@comment S_ISFIFO +@item int S_ISFIFO (mode_t @var{m}) + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX): @ref{Testing File Type}. + +@comment S_ISGID +@item S_ISGID + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX): @ref{Permission Bits}. + +@comment S_ISLNK +@item int S_ISLNK (mode_t @var{m}) + +@file{sys/stat.h} (GNU): @ref{Testing File Type}. + +@comment S_ISREG +@item int S_ISREG (mode_t @var{m}) + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX): @ref{Testing File Type}. + +@comment S_ISSOCK +@item int S_ISSOCK (mode_t @var{m}) + +@file{sys/stat.h} (GNU): @ref{Testing File Type}. + +@comment S_ISUID +@item S_ISUID + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX): @ref{Permission Bits}. + +@comment S_ISVTX +@item S_ISVTX + +@file{sys/stat.h} (BSD): @ref{Permission Bits}. + +@comment S_IWGRP +@item S_IWGRP + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Permission Bits}. + +@comment S_IWOTH +@item S_IWOTH + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Permission Bits}. + +@comment S_IWRITE +@item S_IWRITE + +@file{sys/stat.h} (BSD): @ref{Permission Bits}. + +@comment S_IWUSR +@item S_IWUSR + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Permission Bits}. + +@comment S_IXGRP +@item S_IXGRP + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Permission Bits}. + +@comment S_IXOTH +@item S_IXOTH + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Permission Bits}. + +@comment S_IXUSR +@item S_IXUSR + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Permission Bits}. + +@comment size_t +@item size_t + +@file{stddef.h} (ISO): @ref{Important Data Types}. + +@comment sleep +@item unsigned int sleep (unsigned int @var{seconds}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Sleeping}. + +@comment snprintf +@item int snprintf (char *@var{s}, size_t @var{size}, const char *@var{template}, @dots{}) + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{Formatted Output Functions}. + +@comment SO_BROADCAST +@item SO_BROADCAST + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Socket-Level Options}. + +@comment SOCK_DGRAM +@item int SOCK_DGRAM + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Communication Styles}. + +@comment socket +@item int socket (int @var{namespace}, int @var{style}, int @var{protocol}) + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Creating a Socket}. + +@comment socketpair +@item int socketpair (int @var{namespace}, int @var{style}, int @var{protocol}, int @var{filedes}@t{[2]}) + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Socket Pairs}. + +@comment SOCK_RAW +@item int SOCK_RAW + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Communication Styles}. + +@comment SOCK_RDM +@item int SOCK_RDM + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Communication Styles}. + +@comment SOCK_SEQPACKET +@item int SOCK_SEQPACKET + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Communication Styles}. + +@comment SOCK_STREAM +@item int SOCK_STREAM + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Communication Styles}. + +@comment SO_DEBUG +@item SO_DEBUG + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Socket-Level Options}. + +@comment SO_DONTROUTE +@item SO_DONTROUTE + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Socket-Level Options}. + +@comment SO_ERROR +@item SO_ERROR + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Socket-Level Options}. + +@comment SO_KEEPALIVE +@item SO_KEEPALIVE + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Socket-Level Options}. + +@comment SO_LINGER +@item SO_LINGER + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Socket-Level Options}. + +@comment SOL_SOCKET +@item int SOL_SOCKET + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Socket-Level Options}. + +@comment SO_OOBINLINE +@item SO_OOBINLINE + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Socket-Level Options}. + +@comment SO_RCVBUF +@item SO_RCVBUF + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Socket-Level Options}. + +@comment SO_REUSEADDR +@item SO_REUSEADDR + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Socket-Level Options}. + +@comment SO_SNDBUF +@item SO_SNDBUF + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Socket-Level Options}. + +@comment SO_STYLE +@item SO_STYLE + +@file{sys/socket.h} (GNU): @ref{Socket-Level Options}. + +@comment SO_TYPE +@item SO_TYPE + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Socket-Level Options}. + +@comment speed_t +@item speed_t + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Line Speed}. + +@comment sprintf +@item int sprintf (char *@var{s}, const char *@var{template}, @dots{}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Formatted Output Functions}. + +@comment sqrt +@item double sqrt (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment sqrtf +@item float sqrtf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment sqrtl +@item long double sqrtl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. + +@comment srand +@item void srand (unsigned int @var{seed}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{ISO Random}. + +@comment srand48 +@item void srand48 (long int @var{seedval}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (SVID): @ref{SVID Random}. + +@comment srand48_r +@item int srand48_r (long int @var{seedval}, struct drand48_data *@var{buffer}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (GNU): @ref{SVID Random}. + +@comment srandom +@item void srandom (unsigned int @var{seed}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (BSD): @ref{BSD Random}. + +@comment srandom_r +@item int srandom_r (unsigned int @var{seed}, struct random_data *@var{buf}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (GNU): @ref{BSD Random}. + +@comment sscanf +@item int sscanf (const char *@var{s}, const char *@var{template}, @dots{}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Formatted Input Functions}. + +@comment ssignal +@item sighandler_t ssignal (int @var{signum}, sighandler_t @var{action}) + +@file{signal.h} (SVID): @ref{Basic Signal Handling}. + +@comment SSIZE_MAX +@item int SSIZE_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{General Limits}. + +@comment ssize_t +@item ssize_t + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{I/O Primitives}. + +@comment stack_t +@item stack_t + +@file{signal.h} (XPG): @ref{Signal Stack}. + +@comment stat +@item int stat (const char *@var{filename}, struct stat *@var{buf}) + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Reading Attributes}. + +@comment stat64 +@item int stat64 (const char *@var{filename}, struct stat64 *@var{buf}) + +@file{sys/stat.h} (Unix98): @ref{Reading Attributes}. + +@comment stderr +@item FILE * stderr + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Standard Streams}. + +@comment STDERR_FILENO +@item STDERR_FILENO + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Descriptors and Streams}. + +@comment stdin +@item FILE * stdin + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Standard Streams}. + +@comment STDIN_FILENO +@item STDIN_FILENO + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Descriptors and Streams}. + +@comment stdout +@item FILE * stdout + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Standard Streams}. + +@comment STDOUT_FILENO +@item STDOUT_FILENO + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Descriptors and Streams}. + +@comment stime +@item int stime (time_t *@var{newtime}) + +@file{time.h} (SVID, XPG): @ref{Simple Calendar Time}. + +@comment stpcpy +@item char * stpcpy (char *restrict @var{to}, const char *restrict @var{from}) + +@file{string.h} (Unknown origin): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment stpncpy +@item char * stpncpy (char *restrict @var{to}, const char *restrict @var{from}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{string.h} (GNU): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment strcasecmp +@item int strcasecmp (const char *@var{s1}, const char *@var{s2}) + +@file{string.h} (BSD): @ref{String/Array Comparison}. + +@comment strcasestr +@item char * strcasestr (const char *@var{haystack}, const char *@var{needle}) + +@file{string.h} (GNU): @ref{Search Functions}. + +@comment strcat +@item char * strcat (char *restrict @var{to}, const char *restrict @var{from}) + +@file{string.h} (ISO): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment strchr +@item char * strchr (const char *@var{string}, int @var{c}) + +@file{string.h} (ISO): @ref{Search Functions}. + +@comment strchrnul +@item char * strchrnul (const char *@var{string}, int @var{c}) + +@file{string.h} (GNU): @ref{Search Functions}. + +@comment strcmp +@item int strcmp (const char *@var{s1}, const char *@var{s2}) + +@file{string.h} (ISO): @ref{String/Array Comparison}. + +@comment strcoll +@item int strcoll (const char *@var{s1}, const char *@var{s2}) + +@file{string.h} (ISO): @ref{Collation Functions}. + +@comment strcpy +@item char * strcpy (char *restrict @var{to}, const char *restrict @var{from}) + +@file{string.h} (ISO): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment strcspn +@item size_t strcspn (const char *@var{string}, const char *@var{stopset}) + +@file{string.h} (ISO): @ref{Search Functions}. + +@comment strdup +@item char * strdup (const char *@var{s}) + +@file{string.h} (SVID): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment strdupa +@item char * strdupa (const char *@var{s}) + +@file{string.h} (GNU): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment STREAM_MAX +@item int STREAM_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{General Limits}. + +@comment strerror +@item char * strerror (int @var{errnum}) + +@file{string.h} (ISO): @ref{Error Messages}. + +@comment strerror_r +@item char * strerror_r (int @var{errnum}, char *@var{buf}, size_t @var{n}) + +@file{string.h} (GNU): @ref{Error Messages}. + +@comment strfry +@item char * strfry (char *@var{string}) + +@file{string.h} (GNU): @ref{strfry}. + +@comment strftime +@item size_t strftime (char *@var{s}, size_t @var{size}, const char *@var{template}, const struct tm *@var{brokentime}) + +@file{time.h} (ISO): @ref{Formatting Calendar Time}. + +@comment strlen +@item size_t strlen (const char *@var{s}) + +@file{string.h} (ISO): @ref{String Length}. + +@comment strncasecmp +@item int strncasecmp (const char *@var{s1}, const char *@var{s2}, size_t @var{n}) + +@file{string.h} (BSD): @ref{String/Array Comparison}. + +@comment strncat +@item char * strncat (char *restrict @var{to}, const char *restrict @var{from}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{string.h} (ISO): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment strncmp +@item int strncmp (const char *@var{s1}, const char *@var{s2}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{string.h} (ISO): @ref{String/Array Comparison}. + +@comment strncpy +@item char * strncpy (char *restrict @var{to}, const char *restrict @var{from}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{string.h} (ISO): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment strndup +@item char * strndup (const char *@var{s}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{string.h} (GNU): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment strndupa +@item char * strndupa (const char *@var{s}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{string.h} (GNU): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment strnlen +@item size_t strnlen (const char *@var{s}, size_t @var{maxlen}) + +@file{string.h} (GNU): @ref{String Length}. + +@comment strpbrk +@item char * strpbrk (const char *@var{string}, const char *@var{stopset}) + +@file{string.h} (ISO): @ref{Search Functions}. + +@comment strptime +@item char * strptime (const char *@var{s}, const char *@var{fmt}, struct tm *@var{tp}) + +@file{time.h} (XPG4): @ref{Low-Level Time String Parsing}. + +@comment strrchr +@item char * strrchr (const char *@var{string}, int @var{c}) + +@file{string.h} (ISO): @ref{Search Functions}. + +@comment strsep +@item char * strsep (char **@var{string_ptr}, const char *@var{delimiter}) + +@file{string.h} (BSD): @ref{Finding Tokens in a String}. + +@comment strsignal +@item char * strsignal (int @var{signum}) + +@file{string.h} (GNU): @ref{Signal Messages}. + +@comment strspn +@item size_t strspn (const char *@var{string}, const char *@var{skipset}) + +@file{string.h} (ISO): @ref{Search Functions}. + +@comment strstr +@item char * strstr (const char *@var{haystack}, const char *@var{needle}) + +@file{string.h} (ISO): @ref{Search Functions}. + +@comment strtod +@item double strtod (const char *restrict @var{string}, char **restrict @var{tailptr}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Parsing of Floats}. + +@comment strtof +@item float strtof (const char *@var{string}, char **@var{tailptr}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Parsing of Floats}. + +@comment strtoimax +@item intmax_t strtoimax (const char *restrict @var{string}, char **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) + +@file{inttypes.h} (ISO): @ref{Parsing of Integers}. + +@comment strtok +@item char * strtok (char *restrict @var{newstring}, const char *restrict @var{delimiters}) + +@file{string.h} (ISO): @ref{Finding Tokens in a String}. + +@comment strtok_r +@item char * strtok_r (char *@var{newstring}, const char *@var{delimiters}, char **@var{save_ptr}) + +@file{string.h} (POSIX): @ref{Finding Tokens in a String}. + +@comment strtol +@item long int strtol (const char *restrict @var{string}, char **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Parsing of Integers}. + +@comment strtold +@item long double strtold (const char *@var{string}, char **@var{tailptr}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Parsing of Floats}. + +@comment strtoll +@item long long int strtoll (const char *restrict @var{string}, char **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Parsing of Integers}. + +@comment strtoq +@item long long int strtoq (const char *restrict @var{string}, char **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (BSD): @ref{Parsing of Integers}. + +@comment strtoul +@item unsigned long int strtoul (const char *retrict @var{string}, char **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Parsing of Integers}. + +@comment strtoull +@item unsigned long long int strtoull (const char *restrict @var{string}, char **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Parsing of Integers}. + +@comment strtoumax +@item uintmax_t strtoumax (const char *restrict @var{string}, char **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) + +@file{inttypes.h} (ISO): @ref{Parsing of Integers}. + +@comment strtouq +@item unsigned long long int strtouq (const char *restrict @var{string}, char **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (BSD): @ref{Parsing of Integers}. + +@comment struct aiocb +@item struct aiocb + +@file{aio.h} (POSIX.1b): @ref{Asynchronous I/O}. + +@comment struct aiocb64 +@item struct aiocb64 + +@file{aio.h} (POSIX.1b): @ref{Asynchronous I/O}. + +@comment struct aioinit +@item struct aioinit + +@file{aio.h} (GNU): @ref{Configuration of AIO}. + +@comment struct argp +@item struct argp + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Parsers}. + +@comment struct argp_child +@item struct argp_child + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Children}. + +@comment struct argp_option +@item struct argp_option + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Option Vectors}. + +@comment struct argp_state +@item struct argp_state + +@file{argp.h} (GNU): @ref{Argp Parsing State}. + +@comment struct dirent +@item struct dirent + +@file{dirent.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Directory Entries}. + +@comment struct exit_status +@item struct exit_status + +@file{utmp.h} (SVID): @ref{Manipulating the Database}. + +@comment struct flock +@item struct flock + +@file{fcntl.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{File Locks}. + +@comment struct fstab +@item struct fstab + +@file{fstab.h} (BSD): @ref{fstab}. + +@comment struct FTW +@item struct FTW + +@file{ftw.h} (XPG4.2): @ref{Working with Directory Trees}. + +@comment struct __gconv_step +@item struct __gconv_step + +@file{gconv.h} (GNU): @ref{glibc iconv Implementation}. + +@comment struct __gconv_step_data +@item struct __gconv_step_data + +@file{gconv.h} (GNU): @ref{glibc iconv Implementation}. + +@comment struct group +@item struct group + +@file{grp.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Group Data Structure}. + +@comment struct hostent +@item struct hostent + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Names}. + +@comment struct if_nameindex +@item struct if_nameindex + +@file{net/if.h} (IPv6 basic API): @ref{Interface Naming}. + +@comment struct in6_addr +@item struct in6_addr + +@file{netinet/in.h} (IPv6 basic API): @ref{Host Address Data Type}. + +@comment struct in_addr +@item struct in_addr + +@file{netinet/in.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Address Data Type}. + +@comment struct iovec +@item struct iovec + +@file{sys/uio.h} (BSD): @ref{Scatter-Gather}. + +@comment struct itimerval +@item struct itimerval + +@file{sys/time.h} (BSD): @ref{Setting an Alarm}. + +@comment struct lconv +@item struct lconv + +@file{locale.h} (ISO): @ref{The Lame Way to Locale Data}. + +@comment struct linger +@item struct linger + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Socket-Level Options}. + +@comment struct mallinfo +@item struct mallinfo + +@file{malloc.h} (GNU): @ref{Statistics of Malloc}. + +@comment struct mntent +@item struct mntent + +@file{mntent.h} (BSD): @ref{mtab}. + +@comment struct msghdr +@item struct msghdr + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Receiving Datagrams}. + +@comment struct netent +@item struct netent + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Networks Database}. + +@comment struct obstack +@item struct obstack + +@file{obstack.h} (GNU): @ref{Creating Obstacks}. + +@comment struct option +@item struct option + +@file{getopt.h} (GNU): @ref{Getopt Long Options}. + +@comment struct passwd +@item struct passwd + +@file{pwd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{User Data Structure}. + +@comment struct printf_info +@item struct printf_info + +@file{printf.h} (GNU): @ref{Conversion Specifier Options}. + +@comment struct protoent +@item struct protoent + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Protocols Database}. + +@comment struct random_data +@item struct random_data + +@file{stdlib.h} (GNU): @ref{BSD Random}. + +@comment struct rlimit +@item struct rlimit + +@file{sys/resource.h} (BSD): @ref{Limits on Resources}. + +@comment struct rlimit64 +@item struct rlimit64 + +@file{sys/resource.h} (Unix98): @ref{Limits on Resources}. + +@comment struct rusage +@item struct rusage + +@file{sys/resource.h} (BSD): @ref{Resource Usage}. + +@comment struct sched_param +@item struct sched_param + +@file{sched.h} (POSIX): @ref{Basic Scheduling Functions}. + +@comment struct servent +@item struct servent + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Services Database}. + +@comment struct sgttyb +@item struct sgttyb + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{BSD Terminal Modes}. + +@comment struct sigaction +@item struct sigaction + +@file{signal.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Advanced Signal Handling}. + +@comment struct sigstack +@item struct sigstack + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{Signal Stack}. + +@comment struct sigvec +@item struct sigvec + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{BSD Handler}. + +@comment struct sockaddr +@item struct sockaddr + +@file{sys/socket.h} (BSD): @ref{Address Formats}. + +@comment struct sockaddr_in +@item struct sockaddr_in + +@file{netinet/in.h} (BSD): @ref{Internet Address Formats}. + +@comment struct sockaddr_un +@item struct sockaddr_un + +@file{sys/un.h} (BSD): @ref{Local Namespace Details}. + +@comment struct stat +@item struct stat + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Attribute Meanings}. + +@comment struct stat64 +@item struct stat64 + +@file{sys/stat.h} (LFS): @ref{Attribute Meanings}. + +@comment struct termios +@item struct termios + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Mode Data Types}. + +@comment struct timespec +@item struct timespec + +@file{sys/time.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Elapsed Time}. + +@comment struct timeval +@item struct timeval + +@file{sys/time.h} (BSD): @ref{Elapsed Time}. + +@comment struct timezone +@item struct timezone + +@file{sys/time.h} (BSD): @ref{High-Resolution Calendar}. + +@comment struct tm +@item struct tm + +@file{time.h} (ISO): @ref{Broken-down Time}. + +@comment struct tms +@item struct tms + +@file{sys/times.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Processor Time}. + +@comment struct utimbuf +@item struct utimbuf + +@file{time.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{File Times}. + +@comment struct utsname +@item struct utsname + +@file{sys/utsname.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Platform Type}. + +@comment strverscmp +@item int strverscmp (const char *@var{s1}, const char *@var{s2}) + +@file{string.h} (GNU): @ref{String/Array Comparison}. + +@comment strxfrm +@item size_t strxfrm (char *restrict @var{to}, const char *restrict @var{from}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{string.h} (ISO): @ref{Collation Functions}. + +@comment stty +@item int stty (int @var{filedes}, struct sgttyb * attributes) + +@file{sgtty.h} (BSD): @ref{BSD Terminal Modes}. + +@comment S_TYPEISMQ +@item int S_TYPEISMQ (struct stat *@var{s}) + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX): @ref{Testing File Type}. + +@comment S_TYPEISSEM +@item int S_TYPEISSEM (struct stat *@var{s}) + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX): @ref{Testing File Type}. + +@comment S_TYPEISSHM +@item int S_TYPEISSHM (struct stat *@var{s}) + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX): @ref{Testing File Type}. + +@comment SUN_LEN +@item int SUN_LEN (@emph{struct sockaddr_un *} @var{ptr}) + +@file{sys/un.h} (BSD): @ref{Local Namespace Details}. + +@comment _SVID_SOURCE +@item _SVID_SOURCE + +(GNU): @ref{Feature Test Macros}. + +@comment SV_INTERRUPT +@item int SV_INTERRUPT + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{BSD Handler}. + +@comment SV_ONSTACK +@item int SV_ONSTACK + +@file{signal.h} (BSD): @ref{BSD Handler}. + +@comment SV_RESETHAND +@item int SV_RESETHAND + +@file{signal.h} (Sun): @ref{BSD Handler}. + +@comment swapcontext +@item int swapcontext (ucontext_t *restrict @var{oucp}, const ucontext_t *restrict @var{ucp}) + +@file{ucontext.h} (SVID): @ref{System V contexts}. + +@comment swprintf +@item int swprintf (wchar_t *@var{s}, size_t @var{size}, const wchar_t *@var{template}, @dots{}) + +@file{wchar.h} (GNU): @ref{Formatted Output Functions}. + +@comment swscanf +@item int swscanf (const wchar_t *@var{ws}, const char *@var{template}, @dots{}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Formatted Input Functions}. + +@comment symlink +@item int symlink (const char *@var{oldname}, const char *@var{newname}) + +@file{unistd.h} (BSD): @ref{Symbolic Links}. + +@comment SYMLINK_MAX +@item SYMLINK_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{File Minimums}. + +@comment sync +@item int sync (void) + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{Synchronizing I/O}. + +@comment syscall +@item long int syscall (long int @var{sysno}, ...) + +@file{unistd.h} (???): @ref{System Calls}. + +@comment sysconf +@item long int sysconf (int @var{parameter}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Sysconf Definition}. + +@comment sysctl +@item int sysctl (int *@var{names}, int @var{nlen}, void *@var{oldval}, size_t *@var{oldlenp}, void *@var{newval}, size_t @var{newlen}) + +@file{sysctl.h} (BSD): @ref{System Parameters}. + +@comment syslog +@item void syslog (int @var{facility_priority}, char *@var{format}, ...) + +@file{syslog.h} (BSD): @ref{syslog; vsyslog}. + +@comment system +@item int system (const char *@var{command}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Running a Command}. + +@comment sysv_signal +@item sighandler_t sysv_signal (int @var{signum}, sighandler_t @var{action}) + +@file{signal.h} (GNU): @ref{Basic Signal Handling}. + +@comment tan +@item double tan (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Trig Functions}. + +@comment tanf +@item float tanf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Trig Functions}. + +@comment tanh +@item double tanh (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment tanhf +@item float tanhf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment tanhl +@item long double tanhl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Hyperbolic Functions}. + +@comment tanl +@item long double tanl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Trig Functions}. + +@comment tcdrain +@item int tcdrain (int @var{filedes}) + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Line Control}. + +@comment tcflag_t +@item tcflag_t + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Mode Data Types}. + +@comment tcflow +@item int tcflow (int @var{filedes}, int @var{action}) + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Line Control}. + +@comment tcflush +@item int tcflush (int @var{filedes}, int @var{queue}) + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Line Control}. + +@comment tcgetattr +@item int tcgetattr (int @var{filedes}, struct termios *@var{termios-p}) + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Mode Functions}. + +@comment tcgetpgrp +@item pid_t tcgetpgrp (int @var{filedes}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Terminal Access Functions}. + +@comment tcgetsid +@item pid_t tcgetsid (int @var{fildes}) + +@file{termios.h} (Unix98): @ref{Terminal Access Functions}. + +@comment TCSADRAIN +@item TCSADRAIN + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Mode Functions}. + +@comment TCSAFLUSH +@item TCSAFLUSH + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Mode Functions}. + +@comment TCSANOW +@item TCSANOW + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Mode Functions}. + +@comment TCSASOFT +@item TCSASOFT + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Mode Functions}. + +@comment tcsendbreak +@item int tcsendbreak (int @var{filedes}, int @var{duration}) + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Line Control}. + +@comment tcsetattr +@item int tcsetattr (int @var{filedes}, int @var{when}, const struct termios *@var{termios-p}) + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Mode Functions}. + +@comment tcsetpgrp +@item int tcsetpgrp (int @var{filedes}, pid_t @var{pgid}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Terminal Access Functions}. + +@comment tdelete +@item void * tdelete (const void *@var{key}, void **@var{rootp}, comparison_fn_t @var{compar}) + +@file{search.h} (SVID): @ref{Tree Search Function}. + +@comment tdestroy +@item void tdestroy (void *@var{vroot}, __free_fn_t @var{freefct}) + +@file{search.h} (GNU): @ref{Tree Search Function}. + +@comment TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY +@item TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (@var{expression}) + +@file{unistd.h} (GNU): @ref{Interrupted Primitives}. + +@comment tempnam +@item char * tempnam (const char *@var{dir}, const char *@var{prefix}) + +@file{stdio.h} (SVID): @ref{Temporary Files}. + +@comment textdomain +@item char * textdomain (const char *@var{domainname}) + +@file{libintl.h} (GNU): @ref{Locating gettext catalog}. + +@comment tfind +@item void * tfind (const void *@var{key}, void *const *@var{rootp}, comparison_fn_t @var{compar}) + +@file{search.h} (SVID): @ref{Tree Search Function}. + +@comment tgamma +@item double tgamma (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (XPG, ISO): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment tgammaf +@item float tgammaf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (XPG, ISO): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment tgammal +@item long double tgammal (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (XPG, ISO): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment time +@item time_t time (time_t *@var{result}) + +@file{time.h} (ISO): @ref{Simple Calendar Time}. + +@comment timegm +@item time_t timegm (struct tm *@var{brokentime}) + +@file{time.h} (???): @ref{Broken-down Time}. + +@comment timelocal +@item time_t timelocal (struct tm *@var{brokentime}) + +@file{time.h} (???): @ref{Broken-down Time}. + +@comment times +@item clock_t times (struct tms *@var{buffer}) + +@file{sys/times.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Processor Time}. + +@comment time_t +@item time_t + +@file{time.h} (ISO): @ref{Simple Calendar Time}. + +@comment timezone +@item long int timezone + +@file{time.h} (SVID): @ref{Time Zone Functions}. + +@comment tmpfile +@item FILE * tmpfile (void) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Temporary Files}. + +@comment tmpfile64 +@item FILE * tmpfile64 (void) + +@file{stdio.h} (Unix98): @ref{Temporary Files}. + +@comment TMP_MAX +@item int TMP_MAX + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Temporary Files}. + +@comment tmpnam +@item char * tmpnam (char *@var{result}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Temporary Files}. + +@comment tmpnam_r +@item char * tmpnam_r (char *@var{result}) + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{Temporary Files}. + +@comment toascii +@item int toascii (int @var{c}) + +@file{ctype.h} (SVID, BSD): @ref{Case Conversion}. + +@comment _tolower +@item int _tolower (int @var{c}) + +@file{ctype.h} (SVID): @ref{Case Conversion}. + +@comment tolower +@item int tolower (int @var{c}) + +@file{ctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Case Conversion}. + +@comment TOSTOP +@item tcflag_t TOSTOP + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Local Modes}. + +@comment _toupper +@item int _toupper (int @var{c}) + +@file{ctype.h} (SVID): @ref{Case Conversion}. + +@comment toupper +@item int toupper (int @var{c}) + +@file{ctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Case Conversion}. + +@comment towctrans +@item wint_t towctrans (wint_t @var{wc}, wctrans_t @var{desc}) + +@file{wctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Wide Character Case Conversion}. + +@comment towlower +@item wint_t towlower (wint_t @var{wc}) + +@file{wctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Wide Character Case Conversion}. + +@comment towupper +@item wint_t towupper (wint_t @var{wc}) + +@file{wctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Wide Character Case Conversion}. + +@comment trunc +@item double trunc (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment truncate +@item int truncate (const char *@var{filename}, off_t @var{length}) + +@file{unistd.h} (X/Open): @ref{File Size}. + +@comment truncate64 +@item int truncate64 (const char *@var{name}, off64_t @var{length}) + +@file{unistd.h} (Unix98): @ref{File Size}. + +@comment truncf +@item float truncf (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment truncl +@item long double truncl (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (ISO): @ref{Rounding Functions}. + +@comment TRY_AGAIN +@item TRY_AGAIN + +@file{netdb.h} (BSD): @ref{Host Names}. + +@comment tsearch +@item void * tsearch (const void *@var{key}, void **@var{rootp}, comparison_fn_t @var{compar}) + +@file{search.h} (SVID): @ref{Tree Search Function}. + +@comment ttyname +@item char * ttyname (int @var{filedes}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Is It a Terminal}. + +@comment ttyname_r +@item int ttyname_r (int @var{filedes}, char *@var{buf}, size_t @var{len}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Is It a Terminal}. + +@comment twalk +@item void twalk (const void *@var{root}, __action_fn_t @var{action}) + +@file{search.h} (SVID): @ref{Tree Search Function}. + +@comment tzname +@item char * tzname [2] + +@file{time.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Time Zone Functions}. + +@comment TZNAME_MAX +@item int TZNAME_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{General Limits}. + +@comment tzset +@item void tzset (void) + +@file{time.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Time Zone Functions}. + +@comment UCHAR_MAX +@item UCHAR_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (ISO): @ref{Range of Type}. + +@comment ucontext_t +@item ucontext_t + +@file{ucontext.h} (SVID): @ref{System V contexts}. + +@comment uid_t +@item uid_t + +@file{sys/types.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Reading Persona}. + +@comment UINT_MAX +@item UINT_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (ISO): @ref{Range of Type}. + +@comment ulimit +@item int ulimit (int @var{cmd}, ...) + +@file{ulimit.h} (BSD): @ref{Limits on Resources}. + +@comment ULONG_LONG_MAX +@item ULONG_LONG_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (ISO): @ref{Range of Type}. + +@comment ULONG_MAX +@item ULONG_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (ISO): @ref{Range of Type}. + +@comment umask +@item mode_t umask (mode_t @var{mask}) + +@file{sys/stat.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Setting Permissions}. + +@comment umount +@item int umount (const char *@var{file}) + +@file{sys/mount.h} (SVID, GNU): @ref{Mount-Unmount-Remount}. + +@comment umount2 +@item int umount2 (const char *@var{file}, int @var{flags}) + +@file{sys/mount.h} (GNU): @ref{Mount-Unmount-Remount}. + +@comment uname +@item int uname (struct utsname *@var{info}) + +@file{sys/utsname.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Platform Type}. + +@comment ungetc +@item int ungetc (int @var{c}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{How Unread}. + +@comment ungetwc +@item wint_t ungetwc (wint_t @var{wc}, FILE *@var{stream}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{How Unread}. + +@comment union wait +@item union wait + +@file{sys/wait.h} (BSD): @ref{BSD Wait Functions}. + +@comment unlink +@item int unlink (const char *@var{filename}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Deleting Files}. + +@comment unlockpt +@item int unlockpt (int @var{filedes}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (SVID, XPG4.2): @ref{Allocation}. + +@comment unsetenv +@item int unsetenv (const char *@var{name}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (BSD): @ref{Environment Access}. + +@comment updwtmp +@item void updwtmp (const char *@var{wtmp_file}, const struct utmp *@var{utmp}) + +@file{utmp.h} (SVID): @ref{Manipulating the Database}. + +@comment USER_PROCESS +@item USER_PROCESS + +@file{utmp.h} (SVID): @ref{Manipulating the Database}. + +@comment USER_PROCESS +@item USER_PROCESS + +@file{utmpx.h} (XPG4.2): @ref{XPG Functions}. + +@comment USHRT_MAX +@item USHRT_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (ISO): @ref{Range of Type}. + +@comment utime +@item int utime (const char *@var{filename}, const struct utimbuf *@var{times}) + +@file{time.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{File Times}. + +@comment utimes +@item int utimes (const char *@var{filename}, struct timeval @var{tvp}@t{[2]}) + +@file{sys/time.h} (BSD): @ref{File Times}. + +@comment utmpname +@item int utmpname (const char *@var{file}) + +@file{utmp.h} (SVID): @ref{Manipulating the Database}. + +@comment utmpxname +@item int utmpxname (const char *@var{file}) + +@file{utmpx.h} (XPG4.2): @ref{XPG Functions}. + +@comment va_alist +@item va_alist + +@file{varargs.h} (Unix): @ref{Old Varargs}. + +@comment va_arg +@item @var{type} va_arg (va_list @var{ap}, @var{type}) + +@file{stdarg.h} (ISO): @ref{Argument Macros}. + +@comment __va_copy +@item void __va_copy (va_list @var{dest}, va_list @var{src}) + +@file{stdarg.h} (GNU): @ref{Argument Macros}. + +@comment va_dcl +@item va_dcl + +@file{varargs.h} (Unix): @ref{Old Varargs}. + +@comment va_end +@item void va_end (va_list @var{ap}) + +@file{stdarg.h} (ISO): @ref{Argument Macros}. + +@comment va_list +@item va_list + +@file{stdarg.h} (ISO): @ref{Argument Macros}. + +@comment valloc +@item void * valloc (size_t @var{size}) + +@file{malloc.h}, @file{stdlib.h} (BSD): @ref{Aligned Memory Blocks}. + +@comment vasprintf +@item int vasprintf (char **@var{ptr}, const char *@var{template}, va_list @var{ap}) + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{Variable Arguments Output}. + +@comment va_start +@item void va_start (va_list @var{ap}) + +@file{varargs.h} (Unix): @ref{Old Varargs}. + +@comment va_start +@item void va_start (va_list @var{ap}, @var{last-required}) + +@file{stdarg.h} (ISO): @ref{Argument Macros}. + +@comment VDISCARD +@item int VDISCARD + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Other Special}. + +@comment VDSUSP +@item int VDSUSP + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Signal Characters}. + +@comment VEOF +@item int VEOF + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Editing Characters}. + +@comment VEOL +@item int VEOL + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Editing Characters}. + +@comment VEOL2 +@item int VEOL2 + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Editing Characters}. + +@comment VERASE +@item int VERASE + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Editing Characters}. + +@comment verr +@item void verr (int @var{status}, const char *@var{format}, va_list) + +@file{err.h} (BSD): @ref{Error Messages}. + +@comment verrx +@item void verrx (int @var{status}, const char *@var{format}, va_list) + +@file{err.h} (BSD): @ref{Error Messages}. + +@comment versionsort +@item int versionsort (const void *@var{a}, const void *@var{b}) + +@file{dirent.h} (GNU): @ref{Scanning Directory Content}. + +@comment versionsort64 +@item int versionsort64 (const void *@var{a}, const void *@var{b}) + +@file{dirent.h} (GNU): @ref{Scanning Directory Content}. + +@comment vfork +@item pid_t vfork (void) + +@file{unistd.h} (BSD): @ref{Creating a Process}. + +@comment vfprintf +@item int vfprintf (FILE *@var{stream}, const char *@var{template}, va_list @var{ap}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Variable Arguments Output}. + +@comment vfscanf +@item int vfscanf (FILE *@var{stream}, const char *@var{template}, va_list @var{ap}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Variable Arguments Input}. + +@comment vfwprintf +@item int vfwprintf (FILE *@var{stream}, const wchar_t *@var{template}, va_list @var{ap}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Variable Arguments Output}. + +@comment vfwscanf +@item int vfwscanf (FILE *@var{stream}, const wchar_t *@var{template}, va_list @var{ap}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Variable Arguments Input}. + +@comment VINTR +@item int VINTR + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Signal Characters}. + +@comment VKILL +@item int VKILL + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Editing Characters}. + +@comment vlimit +@item int vlimit (int @var{resource}, int @var{limit}) + +@file{sys/vlimit.h} (BSD): @ref{Limits on Resources}. + +@comment VLNEXT +@item int VLNEXT + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Other Special}. + +@comment VMIN +@item int VMIN + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Noncanonical Input}. + +@comment (void) +@item void (*) error_print_progname (void) + +@file{error.h} (GNU): @ref{Error Messages}. + +@comment vprintf +@item int vprintf (const char *@var{template}, va_list @var{ap}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Variable Arguments Output}. + +@comment VQUIT +@item int VQUIT + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Signal Characters}. + +@comment VREPRINT +@item int VREPRINT + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Editing Characters}. + +@comment vscanf +@item int vscanf (const char *@var{template}, va_list @var{ap}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Variable Arguments Input}. + +@comment vsnprintf +@item int vsnprintf (char *@var{s}, size_t @var{size}, const char *@var{template}, va_list @var{ap}) + +@file{stdio.h} (GNU): @ref{Variable Arguments Output}. + +@comment vsprintf +@item int vsprintf (char *@var{s}, const char *@var{template}, va_list @var{ap}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Variable Arguments Output}. + +@comment vsscanf +@item int vsscanf (const char *@var{s}, const char *@var{template}, va_list @var{ap}) + +@file{stdio.h} (ISO): @ref{Variable Arguments Input}. + +@comment VSTART +@item int VSTART + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Start/Stop Characters}. + +@comment VSTATUS +@item int VSTATUS + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Other Special}. + +@comment VSTOP +@item int VSTOP + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Start/Stop Characters}. + +@comment VSUSP +@item int VSUSP + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Signal Characters}. + +@comment vswprintf +@item int vswprintf (wchar_t *@var{s}, size_t @var{size}, const wchar_t *@var{template}, va_list @var{ap}) + +@file{wchar.h} (GNU): @ref{Variable Arguments Output}. + +@comment vswscanf +@item int vswscanf (const wchar_t *@var{s}, const wchar_t *@var{template}, va_list @var{ap}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Variable Arguments Input}. + +@comment vsyslog +@item void vsyslog (int @var{facility_priority}, char *@var{format}, va_list arglist) + +@file{syslog.h} (BSD): @ref{syslog; vsyslog}. + +@comment VTIME +@item int VTIME + +@file{termios.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Noncanonical Input}. + +@comment vtimes +@item int vtimes (struct vtimes @var{current}, struct vtimes @var{child}) + +@file{vtimes.h} (vtimes.h): @ref{Resource Usage}. + +@comment vwarn +@item void vwarn (const char *@var{format}, va_list) + +@file{err.h} (BSD): @ref{Error Messages}. + +@comment vwarnx +@item void vwarnx (const char *@var{format}, va_list) + +@file{err.h} (BSD): @ref{Error Messages}. + +@comment VWERASE +@item int VWERASE + +@file{termios.h} (BSD): @ref{Editing Characters}. + +@comment vwprintf +@item int vwprintf (const wchar_t *@var{template}, va_list @var{ap}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Variable Arguments Output}. + +@comment vwscanf +@item int vwscanf (const wchar_t *@var{template}, va_list @var{ap}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Variable Arguments Input}. + +@comment wait +@item pid_t wait (int *@var{status-ptr}) + +@file{sys/wait.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Process Completion}. + +@comment wait3 +@item pid_t wait3 (union wait *@var{status-ptr}, int @var{options}, struct rusage *@var{usage}) + +@file{sys/wait.h} (BSD): @ref{BSD Wait Functions}. + +@comment wait4 +@item pid_t wait4 (pid_t @var{pid}, int *@var{status-ptr}, int @var{options}, struct rusage *@var{usage}) + +@file{sys/wait.h} (BSD): @ref{Process Completion}. + +@comment waitpid +@item pid_t waitpid (pid_t @var{pid}, int *@var{status-ptr}, int @var{options}) + +@file{sys/wait.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Process Completion}. + +@comment warn +@item void warn (const char *@var{format}, @dots{}) + +@file{err.h} (BSD): @ref{Error Messages}. + +@comment warnx +@item void warnx (const char *@var{format}, @dots{}) + +@file{err.h} (BSD): @ref{Error Messages}. + +@comment WCHAR_MAX +@item WCHAR_MAX + +@file{limits.h} (GNU): @ref{Range of Type}. + +@comment WCHAR_MAX +@item wint_t WCHAR_MAX + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Extended Char Intro}. + +@comment WCHAR_MIN +@item wint_t WCHAR_MIN + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Extended Char Intro}. + +@comment wchar_t +@item wchar_t + +@file{stddef.h} (ISO): @ref{Extended Char Intro}. + +@comment WCOREDUMP +@item int WCOREDUMP (int @var{status}) + +@file{sys/wait.h} (BSD): @ref{Process Completion Status}. + +@comment wcpcpy +@item wchar_t * wcpcpy (wchar_t *restrict @var{wto}, const wchar_t *restrict @var{wfrom}) + +@file{wchar.h} (GNU): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment wcpncpy +@item wchar_t * wcpncpy (wchar_t *restrict @var{wto}, const wchar_t *restrict @var{wfrom}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{wchar.h} (GNU): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment wcrtomb +@item size_t wcrtomb (char *restrict @var{s}, wchar_t @var{wc}, mbstate_t *restrict @var{ps}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Converting a Character}. + +@comment wcscasecmp +@item int wcscasecmp (const wchar_t *@var{ws1}, const wchar_T *@var{ws2}) + +@file{wchar.h} (GNU): @ref{String/Array Comparison}. + +@comment wcscat +@item wchar_t * wcscat (wchar_t *restrict @var{wto}, const wchar_t *restrict @var{wfrom}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment wcschr +@item wchar_t * wcschr (const wchar_t *@var{wstring}, int @var{wc}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Search Functions}. + +@comment wcschrnul +@item wchar_t * wcschrnul (const wchar_t *@var{wstring}, wchar_t @var{wc}) + +@file{wchar.h} (GNU): @ref{Search Functions}. + +@comment wcscmp +@item int wcscmp (const wchar_t *@var{ws1}, const wchar_t *@var{ws2}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{String/Array Comparison}. + +@comment wcscoll +@item int wcscoll (const wchar_t *@var{ws1}, const wchar_t *@var{ws2}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Collation Functions}. + +@comment wcscpy +@item wchar_t * wcscpy (wchar_t *restrict @var{wto}, const wchar_t *restrict @var{wfrom}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment wcscspn +@item size_t wcscspn (const wchar_t *@var{wstring}, const wchar_t *@var{stopset}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Search Functions}. + +@comment wcsdup +@item wchar_t * wcsdup (const wchar_t *@var{ws}) + +@file{wchar.h} (GNU): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment wcsftime +@item size_t wcsftime (wchar_t *@var{s}, size_t @var{size}, const wchar_t *@var{template}, const struct tm *@var{brokentime}) + +@file{time.h} (ISO/Amend1): @ref{Formatting Calendar Time}. + +@comment wcslen +@item size_t wcslen (const wchar_t *@var{ws}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{String Length}. + +@comment wcsncasecmp +@item int wcsncasecmp (const wchar_t *@var{ws1}, const wchar_t *@var{s2}, size_t @var{n}) + +@file{wchar.h} (GNU): @ref{String/Array Comparison}. + +@comment wcsncat +@item wchar_t * wcsncat (wchar_t *restrict @var{wto}, const wchar_t *restrict @var{wfrom}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment wcsncmp +@item int wcsncmp (const wchar_t *@var{ws1}, const wchar_t *@var{ws2}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{String/Array Comparison}. + +@comment wcsncpy +@item wchar_t * wcsncpy (wchar_t *restrict @var{wto}, const wchar_t *restrict @var{wfrom}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment wcsnlen +@item size_t wcsnlen (const wchar_t *@var{ws}, size_t @var{maxlen}) + +@file{wchar.h} (GNU): @ref{String Length}. + +@comment wcsnrtombs +@item size_t wcsnrtombs (char *restrict @var{dst}, const wchar_t **restrict @var{src}, size_t @var{nwc}, size_t @var{len}, mbstate_t *restrict @var{ps}) + +@file{wchar.h} (GNU): @ref{Converting Strings}. + +@comment wcspbrk +@item wchar_t * wcspbrk (const wchar_t *@var{wstring}, const wchar_t *@var{stopset}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Search Functions}. + +@comment wcsrchr +@item wchar_t * wcsrchr (const wchar_t *@var{wstring}, wchar_t @var{c}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Search Functions}. + +@comment wcsrtombs +@item size_t wcsrtombs (char *restrict @var{dst}, const wchar_t **restrict @var{src}, size_t @var{len}, mbstate_t *restrict @var{ps}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Converting Strings}. + +@comment wcsspn +@item size_t wcsspn (const wchar_t *@var{wstring}, const wchar_t *@var{skipset}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Search Functions}. + +@comment wcsstr +@item wchar_t * wcsstr (const wchar_t *@var{haystack}, const wchar_t *@var{needle}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Search Functions}. + +@comment wcstod +@item double wcstod (const wchar_t *restrict @var{string}, wchar_t **restrict @var{tailptr}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Parsing of Floats}. + +@comment wcstof +@item float wcstof (const wchar_t *@var{string}, wchar_t **@var{tailptr}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Parsing of Floats}. + +@comment wcstoimax +@item intmax_t wcstoimax (const wchar_t *restrict @var{string}, wchar_t **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Parsing of Integers}. + +@comment wcstok +@item wchar_t * wcstok (wchar_t *@var{newstring}, const char *@var{delimiters}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Finding Tokens in a String}. + +@comment wcstol +@item long int wcstol (const wchar_t *restrict @var{string}, wchar_t **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Parsing of Integers}. + +@comment wcstold +@item long double wcstold (const wchar_t *@var{string}, wchar_t **@var{tailptr}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Parsing of Floats}. + +@comment wcstoll +@item long long int wcstoll (const wchar_t *restrict @var{string}, wchar_t **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Parsing of Integers}. + +@comment wcstombs +@item size_t wcstombs (char *@var{string}, const wchar_t *@var{wstring}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Non-reentrant String Conversion}. + +@comment wcstoq +@item long long int wcstoq (const wchar_t *restrict @var{string}, wchar_t **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) + +@file{wchar.h} (GNU): @ref{Parsing of Integers}. + +@comment wcstoul +@item unsigned long int wcstoul (const wchar_t *restrict @var{string}, wchar_t **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Parsing of Integers}. + +@comment wcstoull +@item unsigned long long int wcstoull (const wchar_t *restrict @var{string}, wchar_t **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Parsing of Integers}. + +@comment wcstoumax +@item uintmax_t wcstoumax (const wchar_t *restrict @var{string}, wchar_t **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Parsing of Integers}. + +@comment wcstouq +@item unsigned long long int wcstouq (const wchar_t *restrict @var{string}, wchar_t **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) + +@file{wchar.h} (GNU): @ref{Parsing of Integers}. + +@comment wcswcs +@item wchar_t * wcswcs (const wchar_t *@var{haystack}, const wchar_t *@var{needle}) + +@file{wchar.h} (XPG): @ref{Search Functions}. + +@comment wcsxfrm +@item size_t wcsxfrm (wchar_t *restrict @var{wto}, const wchar_t *@var{wfrom}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Collation Functions}. + +@comment wctob +@item int wctob (wint_t @var{c}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Converting a Character}. + +@comment wctomb +@item int wctomb (char *@var{string}, wchar_t @var{wchar}) + +@file{stdlib.h} (ISO): @ref{Non-reentrant Character Conversion}. + +@comment wctrans +@item wctrans_t wctrans (const char *@var{property}) + +@file{wctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Wide Character Case Conversion}. + +@comment wctrans_t +@item wctrans_t + +@file{wctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Wide Character Case Conversion}. + +@comment wctype +@item wctype_t wctype (const char *@var{property}) + +@file{wctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Wide Characters}. + +@comment wctype_t +@item wctype_t + +@file{wctype.h} (ISO): @ref{Classification of Wide Characters}. + +@comment WEOF +@item int WEOF + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{EOF and Errors}. + +@comment WEOF +@item wint_t WEOF + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Extended Char Intro}. + +@comment WEXITSTATUS +@item int WEXITSTATUS (int @var{status}) + +@file{sys/wait.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Process Completion Status}. + +@comment WIFEXITED +@item int WIFEXITED (int @var{status}) + +@file{sys/wait.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Process Completion Status}. + +@comment WIFSIGNALED +@item int WIFSIGNALED (int @var{status}) + +@file{sys/wait.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Process Completion Status}. + +@comment WIFSTOPPED +@item int WIFSTOPPED (int @var{status}) + +@file{sys/wait.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Process Completion Status}. + +@comment wint_t +@item wint_t + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Extended Char Intro}. + +@comment wmemchr +@item wchar_t * wmemchr (const wchar_t *@var{block}, wchar_t @var{wc}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Search Functions}. + +@comment wmemcmp +@item int wmemcmp (const wchar_t *@var{a1}, const wchar_t *@var{a2}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{wcjar.h} (ISO): @ref{String/Array Comparison}. + +@comment wmemcpy +@item wchar_t * wmemcpy (wchar_t *restrict @var{wto}, const wchar_t *restrict @var{wfrom}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment wmemmove +@item wchar_t * wmemmove (wchar *@var{wto}, const wchar_t *@var{wfrom}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment wmempcpy +@item wchar_t * wmempcpy (wchar_t *restrict @var{wto}, const wchar_t *restrict @var{wfrom}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{wchar.h} (GNU): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment wmemset +@item wchar_t * wmemset (wchar_t *@var{block}, wchar_t @var{wc}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Copying and Concatenation}. + +@comment W_OK +@item int W_OK + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Testing File Access}. + +@comment wordexp +@item int wordexp (const char *@var{words}, wordexp_t *@var{word-vector-ptr}, int @var{flags}) + +@file{wordexp.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Calling Wordexp}. + +@comment wordexp_t +@item wordexp_t + +@file{wordexp.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Calling Wordexp}. + +@comment wordfree +@item void wordfree (wordexp_t *@var{word-vector-ptr}) + +@file{wordexp.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Calling Wordexp}. + +@comment wprintf +@item int wprintf (const wchar_t *@var{template}, @dots{}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Formatted Output Functions}. + +@comment WRDE_APPEND +@item WRDE_APPEND + +@file{wordexp.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Flags for Wordexp}. + +@comment WRDE_BADCHAR +@item WRDE_BADCHAR + +@file{wordexp.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Calling Wordexp}. + +@comment WRDE_BADVAL +@item WRDE_BADVAL + +@file{wordexp.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Calling Wordexp}. + +@comment WRDE_CMDSUB +@item WRDE_CMDSUB + +@file{wordexp.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Calling Wordexp}. + +@comment WRDE_DOOFFS +@item WRDE_DOOFFS + +@file{wordexp.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Flags for Wordexp}. + +@comment WRDE_NOCMD +@item WRDE_NOCMD + +@file{wordexp.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Flags for Wordexp}. + +@comment WRDE_NOSPACE +@item WRDE_NOSPACE + +@file{wordexp.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Calling Wordexp}. + +@comment WRDE_REUSE +@item WRDE_REUSE + +@file{wordexp.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Flags for Wordexp}. + +@comment WRDE_SHOWERR +@item WRDE_SHOWERR + +@file{wordexp.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Flags for Wordexp}. + +@comment WRDE_SYNTAX +@item WRDE_SYNTAX + +@file{wordexp.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Calling Wordexp}. + +@comment WRDE_UNDEF +@item WRDE_UNDEF + +@file{wordexp.h} (POSIX.2): @ref{Flags for Wordexp}. + +@comment write +@item ssize_t write (int @var{filedes}, const void *@var{buffer}, size_t @var{size}) + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{I/O Primitives}. + +@comment writev +@item ssize_t writev (int @var{filedes}, const struct iovec *@var{vector}, int @var{count}) + +@file{sys/uio.h} (BSD): @ref{Scatter-Gather}. + +@comment wscanf +@item int wscanf (const wchar_t *@var{template}, @dots{}) + +@file{wchar.h} (ISO): @ref{Formatted Input Functions}. + +@comment WSTOPSIG +@item int WSTOPSIG (int @var{status}) + +@file{sys/wait.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Process Completion Status}. + +@comment WTERMSIG +@item int WTERMSIG (int @var{status}) + +@file{sys/wait.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Process Completion Status}. + +@comment X_OK +@item int X_OK + +@file{unistd.h} (POSIX.1): @ref{Testing File Access}. + +@comment _XOPEN_SOURCE +@item _XOPEN_SOURCE + +(X/Open): @ref{Feature Test Macros}. + +@comment _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED +@item _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED + +(X/Open): @ref{Feature Test Macros}. + +@comment y0 +@item double y0 (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment y0f +@item float y0f (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment y0l +@item long double y0l (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment y1 +@item double y1 (double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment y1f +@item float y1f (float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment y1l +@item long double y1l (long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment yn +@item double yn (int n, double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment ynf +@item float ynf (int n, float @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + +@comment ynl +@item long double ynl (int n, long double @var{x}) + +@file{math.h} (SVID): @ref{Special Functions}. + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/memstrm.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/memstrm.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +#include + +int +main (void) +@{ + char *bp; + size_t size; + FILE *stream; + + stream = open_memstream (&bp, &size); + fprintf (stream, "hello"); + fflush (stream); + printf ("buf = `%s', size = %d\n", bp, size); + fprintf (stream, ", world"); + fclose (stream); + printf ("buf = `%s', size = %d\n", bp, size); + + return 0; +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/dir-add.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/dir-add.texi @@ -0,0 +1,1665 @@ +@dircategory GNU C library functions and macros +@direntry +* ALTWERASE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN: (libc)Argp Parser Functions. +* ARG_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* BC_BASE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_DIM_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_SCALE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_STRING_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BRKINT: (libc)Input Modes. +* BUFSIZ: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* CCTS_OFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CHILD_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* CIGNORE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLK_TCK: (libc)CPU Time. +* CLOCAL: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLOCKS_PER_SEC: (libc)CPU Time. +* COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* CPU_CLR: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ISSET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SETSIZE: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ZERO: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CREAD: (libc)Control Modes. +* CRTS_IFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS5: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS6: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS7: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS8: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSIZE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSTOPB: (libc)Control Modes. +* DES_FAILED: (libc)DES Encryption. +* DTTOIF: (libc)Directory Entries. +* E2BIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EACCES: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRINUSE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRNOTAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAGAIN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EALREADY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBACKGROUND: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADF: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADFD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRQC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADSLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBFONT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBUSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECANCELED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHILD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOCTL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOK: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOKE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHONL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOPRT: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECOMM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNABORTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNREFUSED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDESTADDRREQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDIED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOTDOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDQUOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EEXIST: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFAULT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFBIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGRATUITOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGREGIOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIDRM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EILSEQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINPROGRESS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINVAL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYEXPIRED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREJECTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREVOKED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2NSYNC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3RST: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBACC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBBAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBMAX: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBSCN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELNRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELOOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMEDIUMTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMSGSIZE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMULTIHOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAMETOOLONG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENEEDAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOANO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOBUFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOCSI: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODATA: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOENT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOKEY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEDIUM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENONET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPKG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPROTOOPT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSYS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTBLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTEMPTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTRECOVERABLE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSUP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTUNIQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENXIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* EOPNOTSUPP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOVERFLOW: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOWNERDEAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPERM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCLIM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTONOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTOTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EQUIV_CLASS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* ERANGE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMCHG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERESTART: (libc)Error Codes. +* EROFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERPCMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESHUTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESOCKTNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRMNT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTALE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTRPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIME: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIMEDOUT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETOOMANYREFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETXTBSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUCLEAN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUNATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUSERS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EWOULDBLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXDEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXFULL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXIT_FAILURE: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXIT_SUCCESS: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXPR_NEST_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* FD_CLOEXEC: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* FD_CLR: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ISSET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SETSIZE: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ZERO: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FILENAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* FLUSHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* FOPEN_MAX: (libc)Opening Streams. +* FP_ILOGB0: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* FP_ILOGBNAN: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* F_DUPFD: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* F_GETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_GETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_GETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_GETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* F_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* F_SETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_SETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_SETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETLKW: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* HUGE_VAL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALF: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUPCL: (libc)Control Modes. +* I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* ICANON: (libc)Local Modes. +* ICRNL: (libc)Input Modes. +* IEXTEN: (libc)Local Modes. +* IFNAMSIZ: (libc)Interface Naming. +* IFTODT: (libc)Directory Entries. +* IGNBRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNPAR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IMAXBEL: (libc)Input Modes. +* INADDR_ANY: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_BROADCAST: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_LOOPBACK: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_NONE: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INFINITY: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* INLCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* INPCK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IPPORT_RESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* IPPORT_USERRESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* ISIG: (libc)Local Modes. +* ISTRIP: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXANY: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXOFF: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXON: (libc)Input Modes. +* LINE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* LINK_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* L_ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* L_cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* L_tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* MAXNAMLEN: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAXSYMLINKS: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* MAX_CANON: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAX_INPUT: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MB_CUR_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MB_LEN_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MDMBUF: (libc)Control Modes. +* MSG_DONTROUTE: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_OOB: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_PEEK: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* NAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* NAN: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* NCCS: (libc)Mode Data Types. +* NGROUPS_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* NOFLSH: (libc)Local Modes. +* NOKERNINFO: (libc)Local Modes. +* NSIG: (libc)Standard Signals. +* NULL: (libc)Null Pointer Constant. +* ONLCR: (libc)Output Modes. +* ONOEOT: (libc)Output Modes. +* OPEN_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* OPOST: (libc)Output Modes. +* OXTABS: (libc)Output Modes. +* O_ACCMODE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_APPEND: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_ASYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_CREAT: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXCL: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXEC: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_EXLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_FSYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_IGNORE_CTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NDELAY: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOATIME: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOCTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NOLINK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOTRANS: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_RDONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_RDWR: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_READ: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_SHLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_SYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_TRUNC: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_WRITE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_WRONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* PARENB: (libc)Control Modes. +* PARMRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* PARODD: (libc)Control Modes. +* PATH_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* PA_FLAG_MASK: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* PENDIN: (libc)Local Modes. +* PF_FILE: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_INET6: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_INET: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_LOCAL: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_UNIX: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PIPE_BUF: (libc)Limits for Files. +* P_tmpdir: (libc)Temporary Files. +* RAND_MAX: (libc)ISO Random. +* RE_DUP_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* RLIM_INFINITY: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* R_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* SA_NOCLDSTOP: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_ONSTACK: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_RESTART: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SEEK_CUR: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_END: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_SET: (libc)File Positioning. +* SIGABRT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGBUS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGCHLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCONT: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGEMT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGFPE: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGHUP: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGILL: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGINFO: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGINT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGIO: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGIOT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGKILL: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGLOST: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPIPE: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPOLL: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGPROF: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGQUIT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGSEGV: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGSTOP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGSYS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTERM: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGTRAP: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTSTP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTIN: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTOU: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGURG: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGUSR1: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGUSR2: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGVTALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGWINCH: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGXCPU: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGXFSZ: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIG_ERR: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* SOCK_DGRAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RAW: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RDM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_SEQPACKET: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_STREAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOL_SOCKET: (libc)Socket-Level Options. +* SSIZE_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* STREAM_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* SUN_LEN: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* SV_INTERRUPT: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_ONSTACK: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_RESETHAND: (libc)BSD Handler. +* S_IFMT: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISBLK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISCHR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISDIR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISFIFO: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISLNK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISREG: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISSOCK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISMQ: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSEM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSHM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* TMP_MAX: (libc)Temporary Files. +* TOSTOP: (libc)Local Modes. +* TZNAME_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* VDISCARD: (libc)Other Special. +* VDSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VEOF: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL2: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VINTR: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VKILL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VLNEXT: (libc)Other Special. +* VMIN: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VQUIT: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VREPRINT: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VSTART: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSTATUS: (libc)Other Special. +* VSTOP: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VTIME: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VWERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* WCHAR_MAX: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCHAR_MIN: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCOREDUMP: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WEOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* WEOF: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WEXITSTATUS: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFEXITED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSIGNALED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSTOPPED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WSTOPSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WTERMSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* W_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* X_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* _Complex_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _Exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _IOFBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IOLBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IONBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _Imaginary_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _PATH_UTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _PATH_WTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _POSIX2_C_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_C_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* _POSIX2_FORT_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_FORT_RUN: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_LOCALEDEF: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_SW_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_NO_TRUNC: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_SAVED_IDS: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_VDISABLE: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* __fbufsize: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __flbf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpending: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpurge: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* __freadable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __freading: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fsetlocking: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* __fwritable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fwriting: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __gconv_end_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_init_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __va_copy: (libc)Argument Macros. +* _exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _flushlbf: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* _tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* _toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* a64l: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* abort: (libc)Aborting a Program. +* abs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* accept: (libc)Accepting Connections. +* access: (libc)Testing File Access. +* acos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* addmntent: (libc)mtab. +* addseverity: (libc)Adding Severity Classes. +* adjtime: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* adjtimex: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* aio_cancel64: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_cancel: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_error64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_error: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_init: (libc)Configuration of AIO. +* aio_read64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_read: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_return64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_return: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_write64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_write: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* alarm: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* alloca: (libc)Variable Size Automatic. +* alphasort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* alphasort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* argp_error: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_failure: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_help: (libc)Argp Help. +* argp_parse: (libc)Argp. +* argp_state_help: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_usage: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argz_add: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_add_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_append: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_count: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_delete: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_extract: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_insert: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_next: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_replace: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_stringify: (libc)Argz Functions. +* asctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asprintf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* assert: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* assert_perror: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* atan2: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2f: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2l: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atexit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* atof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* atoi: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* backtrace: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols_fd: (libc)Backtraces. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* bcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* bcopy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* bind: (libc)Setting Address. +* bind_textdomain_codeset: (libc)Charset conversion in gettext. +* bindtextdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* brk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* bsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* btowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* bzero: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* cabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cacos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* calloc: (libc)Allocating Cleared Space. +* canonicalize_file_name: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* carg: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* casin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catclose: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catgets: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catopen: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* cbc_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* cbrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ccos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ceil: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceilf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceill: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* cexp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cfgetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfgetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfmakeraw: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* cfree: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* cfsetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetspeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* chdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* chmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* chown: (libc)File Owner. +* cimag: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* clearenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* clearerr: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clearerr_unlocked: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clock: (libc)CPU Time. +* clog10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* close: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* closedir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* closelog: (libc)closelog. +* confstr: (libc)String Parameters. +* conj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* connect: (libc)Connecting. +* copysign: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* cos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cpow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cproj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creal: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* crealf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creall: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creat64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* creat: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* crypt: (libc)crypt. +* crypt_r: (libc)crypt. +* csin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ctan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* ctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* ctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* dcgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* dcngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* des_setparity: (libc)DES Encryption. +* dgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* difftime: (libc)Elapsed Time. +* dirfd: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* dirname: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* div: (libc)Integer Division. +* dngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* drand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* drand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* drem: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dremf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dreml: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dup2: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* dup: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* ecb_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* ecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* ecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* encrypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* encrypt_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* endfsent: (libc)fstab. +* endgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* endhostent: (libc)Host Names. +* endmntent: (libc)mtab. +* endnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* endnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* endprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* endpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* endservent: (libc)Services Database. +* endutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* endutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* envz_add: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_entry: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_get: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_merge: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_strip: (libc)Envz Functions. +* erand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* erand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* erf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfc: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcl: (libc)Special Functions. +* erff: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfl: (libc)Special Functions. +* err: (libc)Error Messages. +* errno: (libc)Checking for Errors. +* error: (libc)Error Messages. +* error_at_line: (libc)Error Messages. +* errx: (libc)Error Messages. +* execl: (libc)Executing a File. +* execle: (libc)Executing a File. +* execlp: (libc)Executing a File. +* execv: (libc)Executing a File. +* execve: (libc)Executing a File. +* execvp: (libc)Executing a File. +* exit: (libc)Normal Termination. +* exp10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* fabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fchdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* fchmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* fchown: (libc)File Owner. +* fclean: (libc)Cleaning Streams. +* fclose: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcloseall: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcntl: (libc)Control Operations. +* fcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fdatasync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* fdim: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdimf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdiml: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdopen: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fdopendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* feclearexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fedisableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feenableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fegetround: (libc)Rounding. +* feholdexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feof: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feof_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feraiseexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* ferror: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* ferror_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* fesetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fesetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fesetround: (libc)Rounding. +* fetestexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* feupdateenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fflush: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fflush_unlocked: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fgetc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgetpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgets: (libc)Line Input. +* fgets_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetwc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetws: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetws_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fileno: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fileno_unlocked: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* finite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitef: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitel: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* flockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* floor: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* fma: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmal: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmax: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmemopen: (libc)String Streams. +* fmin: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmod: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmtmsg: (libc)Printing Formatted Messages. +* fnmatch: (libc)Wildcard Matching. +* fopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopencookie: (libc)Streams and Cookies. +* fork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* forkpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* fpathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* fpclassify: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* fprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fputc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fread: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fread_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* free: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* freopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* freopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* frexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* fscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* fseek: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko64: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko: (libc)File Positioning. +* fsetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fsetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fsync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* ftell: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello64: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftruncate64: (libc)File Size. +* ftruncate: (libc)File Size. +* ftrylockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* ftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* funlockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* futimes: (libc)File Times. +* fwide: (libc)Streams and I18N. +* fwprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fwrite: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwrite_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* gamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* gcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* get_avphys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* get_current_dir_name: (libc)Working Directory. +* get_nprocs: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_nprocs_conf: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_phys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getc: (libc)Character Input. +* getc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* getcwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* getdate: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdate_r: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdelim: (libc)Line Input. +* getdomainnname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getegid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* geteuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getfsent: (libc)fstab. +* getfsfile: (libc)fstab. +* getfsspec: (libc)fstab. +* getgid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrgid: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrgid_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrouplist: (libc)Setting Groups. +* getgroups: (libc)Reading Persona. +* gethostbyaddr: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyaddr_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* gethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* getline: (libc)Line Input. +* getloadavg: (libc)Processor Resources. +* getlogin: (libc)Who Logged In. +* getmntent: (libc)mtab. +* getmntent_r: (libc)mtab. +* getnetbyaddr: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetbyname: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getnetgrent_r: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getopt: (libc)Using Getopt. +* getopt_long: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getopt_long_only: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getpagesize: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getpass: (libc)getpass. +* getpeername: (libc)Who is Connected. +* getpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getppid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* getprotobyname: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotobynumber: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getpt: (libc)Allocation. +* getpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwnam: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwnam_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrusage: (libc)Resource Usage. +* gets: (libc)Line Input. +* getservbyname: (libc)Services Database. +* getservbyport: (libc)Services Database. +* getservent: (libc)Services Database. +* getsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getsockname: (libc)Reading Address. +* getsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* getsubopt: (libc)Suboptions. +* gettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* gettimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* getuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getumask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* getutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutent_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutmp: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutmpx: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxid: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getw: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* glob64: (libc)Calling Glob. +* glob: (libc)Calling Glob. +* globfree64: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* globfree: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* gmtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* gmtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* grantpt: (libc)Allocation. +* gsignal: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* gtty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* hasmntopt: (libc)mtab. +* hcreate: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hcreate_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* htonl: (libc)Byte Order. +* htons: (libc)Byte Order. +* hypot: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* iconv: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_close: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_open: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* if_freenameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_indextoname: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nametoindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* ilogb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* imaxabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* imaxdiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* in6addr_any: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* in6addr_loopback: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* index: (libc)Search Functions. +* inet_addr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_aton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_lnaof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_makeaddr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_netof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_network: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntoa: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntop: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_pton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* initgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* initstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* initstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* innetgr: (libc)Netgroup Membership. +* int: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* ioctl: (libc)IOCTLs. +* isalnum: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isalpha: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isascii: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isatty: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* isblank: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iscntrl: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isfinite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isgraph: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isgreaterequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isinf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinff: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinfl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isless: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islower: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnormal: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isprint: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* ispunct: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isspace: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isunordered: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isupper: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iswalnum: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswalpha: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswblank: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswcntrl: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswgraph: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswlower: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswprint: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswpunct: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswspace: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswupper: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswxdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* isxdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* j0: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* jn: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnf: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnl: (libc)Special Functions. +* jrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* jrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* kill: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* killpg: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* l64a: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* labs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lcong48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lcong48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ldexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* lfind: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgamma_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* link: (libc)Hard Links. +* lio_listio64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* lio_listio: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* listen: (libc)Listening. +* llabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* llrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* localeconv: (libc)The Lame Way to Locale Data. +* localtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* localtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* log10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1p: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* login: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* login_tty: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logout: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logwtmp: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* longjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* lrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lseek64: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lseek: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lutimes: (libc)File Times. +* madvise: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* makecontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* mallinfo: (libc)Statistics of Malloc. +* malloc: (libc)Basic Allocation. +* mallopt: (libc)Malloc Tunable Parameters. +* mblen: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mbrlen: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbrtowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbsinit: (libc)Keeping the state. +* mbsnrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbsrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbstowcs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* mbtowc: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mcheck: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* memccpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* memcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memfrob: (libc)Trivial Encryption. +* memmem: (libc)Search Functions. +* memmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mkdir: (libc)Creating Directories. +* mkdtemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mkfifo: (libc)FIFO Special Files. +* mknod: (libc)Making Special Files. +* mkstemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* mlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mmap64: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* modf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modff: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modfl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* mount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* mprobe: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* mrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* mrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* mremap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* msync: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mtrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* munlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* muntrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* nan: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanosleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* nearbyint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nextafter: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttoward: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* nftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* nice: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* nl_langinfo: (libc)The Elegant and Fast Way. +* nrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* nrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ntohl: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntohs: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntp_adjtime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* ntp_gettime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* obstack_1grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_1grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_alignment_mask: (libc)Obstacks Data Alignment. +* obstack_alloc: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_base: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_blank: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_blank_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_chunk_size: (libc)Obstack Chunks. +* obstack_copy0: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_copy: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_finish: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_free: (libc)Freeing Obstack Objects. +* obstack_grow0: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_init: (libc)Preparing for Obstacks. +* obstack_int_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_int_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_next_free: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_printf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* obstack_ptr_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_ptr_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_room: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* offsetof: (libc)Structure Measurement. +* on_exit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* open64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open_memstream: (libc)String Streams. +* open_obstack_stream: (libc)Obstack Streams. +* opendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* openlog: (libc)openlog. +* openpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* parse_printf_format: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* pathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* pause: (libc)Using Pause. +* pclose: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* perror: (libc)Error Messages. +* pipe: (libc)Creating a Pipe. +* popen: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* posix_memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* pow10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pread64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pread: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* printf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* printf_size: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* printf_size_info: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* psignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* ptsname: (libc)Allocation. +* ptsname_r: (libc)Allocation. +* putc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* putpwent: (libc)Writing a User Entry. +* puts: (libc)Simple Output. +* pututline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* pututxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* putw: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* pwrite64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pwrite: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* qecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qgcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qsort: (libc)Array Sort Function. +* raise: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* rand: (libc)ISO Random. +* rand_r: (libc)ISO Random. +* random: (libc)BSD Random. +* random_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* rawmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* read: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* readdir64: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir64_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* readv: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* realloc: (libc)Changing Block Size. +* realpath: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* recv: (libc)Receiving Data. +* recvfrom: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* recvmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* regcomp: (libc)POSIX Regexp Compilation. +* regerror: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* regexec: (libc)Matching POSIX Regexps. +* regfree: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* register_printf_function: (libc)Registering New Conversions. +* remainder: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remove: (libc)Deleting Files. +* rename: (libc)Renaming Files. +* rewind: (libc)File Positioning. +* rewinddir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* rindex: (libc)Search Functions. +* rint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rmdir: (libc)Deleting Files. +* round: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rpmatch: (libc)Yes-or-No Questions. +* sbrk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* scalb: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbln: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbn: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scandir64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scandir: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* sched_get_priority_max: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_get_priority_min: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_getparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_rr_get_interval: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_setparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_yield: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* seed48: (libc)SVID Random. +* seed48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* seekdir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* select: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* send: (libc)Sending Data. +* sendmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* sendto: (libc)Sending Datagrams. +* setbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setbuffer: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* setdomainname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setegid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* seteuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setfsent: (libc)fstab. +* setgid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* setgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* sethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* sethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* sethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* setjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* setkey: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setkey_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setlinebuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setlocale: (libc)Setting the Locale. +* setlogmask: (libc)setlogmask. +* setmntent: (libc)mtab. +* setnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* setnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* setpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* setprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* setpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* setregid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setreuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setservent: (libc)Services Database. +* setsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* setstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* setstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* settimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* setuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* setutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* setvbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* shutdown: (libc)Closing a Socket. +* sigaction: (libc)Advanced Signal Handling. +* sigaddset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigaltstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigblock: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigdelset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigemptyset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigfillset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siginterrupt: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sigismember: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siglongjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* signbit: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* significand: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* sigpause: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigpending: (libc)Checking for Pending Signals. +* sigprocmask: (libc)Process Signal Mask. +* sigsetjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigsetmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigsuspend: (libc)Sigsuspend. +* sigvec: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* snprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* socket: (libc)Creating a Socket. +* socketpair: (libc)Socket Pairs. +* sprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* sqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* srand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand: (libc)ISO Random. +* srandom: (libc)BSD Random. +* srandom_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* sscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* ssignal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* stat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stime: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* stpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* stpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcasestr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strchrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* strcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strdupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strerror: (libc)Error Messages. +* strerror_r: (libc)Error Messages. +* strfmon: (libc)Formatting Numbers. +* strfry: (libc)strfry. +* strftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* strlen: (libc)String Length. +* strncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strnlen: (libc)String Length. +* strpbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* strptime: (libc)Low-Level Time String Parsing. +* strrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strsep: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strsignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* strspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strtod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtok_r: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strverscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* stty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* swapcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* swprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* swscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* symlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* sync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* syscall: (libc)System Calls. +* sysconf: (libc)Sysconf Definition. +* sysctl: (libc)System Parameters. +* syslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* system: (libc)Running a Command. +* sysv_signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* tan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tcdrain: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflow: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflush: (libc)Line Control. +* tcgetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcgetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcgetsid: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcsendbreak: (libc)Line Control. +* tcsetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcsetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tdelete: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tdestroy: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tempnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* textdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* tfind: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* time: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* timegm: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* timelocal: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* times: (libc)Processor Time. +* tmpfile64: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpfile: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam_r: (libc)Temporary Files. +* toascii: (libc)Case Conversion. +* tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* towctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towlower: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towupper: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* trunc: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncate64: (libc)File Size. +* truncate: (libc)File Size. +* truncf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* tsearch: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* ttyname: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* ttyname_r: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* twalk: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tzset: (libc)Time Zone Functions. +* ulimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* umask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* umount2: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* umount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* uname: (libc)Platform Type. +* ungetc: (libc)How Unread. +* ungetwc: (libc)How Unread. +* unlink: (libc)Deleting Files. +* unlockpt: (libc)Allocation. +* unsetenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* updwtmp: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utime: (libc)File Times. +* utimes: (libc)File Times. +* utmpname: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utmpxname: (libc)XPG Functions. +* va_arg: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_end: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Old Varargs. +* valloc: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* vasprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* verr: (libc)Error Messages. +* verrx: (libc)Error Messages. +* versionsort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* versionsort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* vfork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* vfprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vfwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsnprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vswprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vswscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsyslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* vtimes: (libc)Resource Usage. +* vwarn: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwarnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* wait3: (libc)BSD Wait Functions. +* wait4: (libc)Process Completion. +* wait: (libc)Process Completion. +* waitpid: (libc)Process Completion. +* warn: (libc)Error Messages. +* warnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* wcpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcrtomb: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wcscasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcschr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcschrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wcscpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcscspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* wcslen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsnlen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsnrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcspbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcsspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcstod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* wcstol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstombs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* wcstoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcswcs: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wctob: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wctomb: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* wctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* wctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* wmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wmemcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wmemcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wordexp: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wordfree: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* write: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* writev: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* wscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* y0: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* yn: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynf: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynl: (libc)Special Functions. +@end direntry --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/inetcli.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/inetcli.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#define PORT 5555 +#define MESSAGE "Yow!!! Are we having fun yet?!?" +#define SERVERHOST "mescaline.gnu.org" + +void +write_to_server (int filedes) +@{ + int nbytes; + + nbytes = write (filedes, MESSAGE, strlen (MESSAGE) + 1); + if (nbytes < 0) + @{ + perror ("write"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + @} +@} + + +int +main (void) +@{ + extern void init_sockaddr (struct sockaddr_in *name, + const char *hostname, + uint16_t port); + int sock; + struct sockaddr_in servername; + + /* @r{Create the socket.} */ + sock = socket (PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); + if (sock < 0) + @{ + perror ("socket (client)"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + @} + + /* @r{Connect to the server.} */ + init_sockaddr (&servername, SERVERHOST, PORT); + if (0 > connect (sock, + (struct sockaddr *) &servername, + sizeof (servername))) + @{ + perror ("connect (client)"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + @} + + /* @r{Send data to the server.} */ + write_to_server (sock); + close (sock); + exit (EXIT_SUCCESS); +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/subopt.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/subopt.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +#include +#include +#include + +int do_all; +const char *type; +int read_size; +int write_size; +int read_only; + +enum +@{ + RO_OPTION = 0, + RW_OPTION, + READ_SIZE_OPTION, + WRITE_SIZE_OPTION, + THE_END +@}; + +const char *mount_opts[] = +@{ + [RO_OPTION] = "ro", + [RW_OPTION] = "rw", + [READ_SIZE_OPTION] = "rsize", + [WRITE_SIZE_OPTION] = "wsize", + [THE_END] = NULL +@}; + +int +main (int argc, char *argv[]) +@{ + char *subopts, *value; + int opt; + + while ((opt = getopt (argc, argv, "at:o:")) != -1) + switch (opt) + @{ + case 'a': + do_all = 1; + break; + case 't': + type = optarg; + break; + case 'o': + subopts = optarg; + while (*subopts != '\0') + switch (getsubopt (&subopts, mount_opts, &value)) + @{ + case RO_OPTION: + read_only = 1; + break; + case RW_OPTION: + read_only = 0; + break; + case READ_SIZE_OPTION: + if (value == NULL) + abort (); + read_size = atoi (value); + break; + case WRITE_SIZE_OPTION: + if (value == NULL) + abort (); + write_size = atoi (value); + break; + default: + /* @r{Unknown suboption.} */ + printf ("Unknown suboption `%s'\n", value); + break; + @} + break; + default: + abort (); + @} + + /* @r{Do the real work.} */ + + return 0; +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/fmtmsgexpl.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/fmtmsgexpl.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +#include + +int +main (void) +@{ + addseverity (5, "NOTE2"); + fmtmsg (MM_PRINT, "only1field", MM_INFO, "text2", "action2", "tag2"); + fmtmsg (MM_PRINT, "UX:cat", 5, "invalid syntax", "refer to manual", + "UX:cat:001"); + fmtmsg (MM_PRINT, "label:foo", 6, "text", "action", "tag"); + return 0; +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/inetsrv.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/inetsrv.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#define PORT 5555 +#define MAXMSG 512 + +int +read_from_client (int filedes) +@{ + char buffer[MAXMSG]; + int nbytes; + + nbytes = read (filedes, buffer, MAXMSG); + if (nbytes < 0) + @{ + /* @r{Read error.} */ + perror ("read"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + @} + else if (nbytes == 0) + /* @r{End-of-file.} */ + return -1; + else + @{ + /* @r{Data read.} */ + fprintf (stderr, "Server: got message: `%s'\n", buffer); + return 0; + @} +@} + +int +main (void) +@{ + extern int make_socket (uint16_t port); + int sock; + fd_set active_fd_set, read_fd_set; + int i; + struct sockaddr_in clientname; + size_t size; + + /* @r{Create the socket and set it up to accept connections.} */ + sock = make_socket (PORT); + if (listen (sock, 1) < 0) + @{ + perror ("listen"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + @} + + /* @r{Initialize the set of active sockets.} */ + FD_ZERO (&active_fd_set); + FD_SET (sock, &active_fd_set); + + while (1) + @{ + /* @r{Block until input arrives on one or more active sockets.} */ + read_fd_set = active_fd_set; + if (select (FD_SETSIZE, &read_fd_set, NULL, NULL, NULL) < 0) + @{ + perror ("select"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + @} + + /* @r{Service all the sockets with input pending.} */ + for (i = 0; i < FD_SETSIZE; ++i) + if (FD_ISSET (i, &read_fd_set)) + @{ + if (i == sock) + @{ + /* @r{Connection request on original socket.} */ + int new; + size = sizeof (clientname); + new = accept (sock, + (struct sockaddr *) &clientname, + &size); + if (new < 0) + @{ + perror ("accept"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + @} + fprintf (stderr, + "Server: connect from host %s, port %hd.\n", + inet_ntoa (clientname.sin_addr), + ntohs (clientname.sin_port)); + FD_SET (new, &active_fd_set); + @} + else + @{ + /* @r{Data arriving on an already-connected socket.} */ + if (read_from_client (i) < 0) + @{ + close (i); + FD_CLR (i, &active_fd_set); + @} + @} + @} + @} +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/pipe.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/pipe.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +#include +#include +#include +#include + +/* @r{Read characters from the pipe and echo them to @code{stdout}.} */ + +void +read_from_pipe (int file) +@{ + FILE *stream; + int c; + stream = fdopen (file, "r"); + while ((c = fgetc (stream)) != EOF) + putchar (c); + fclose (stream); +@} + +/* @r{Write some random text to the pipe.} */ + +void +write_to_pipe (int file) +@{ + FILE *stream; + stream = fdopen (file, "w"); + fprintf (stream, "hello, world!\n"); + fprintf (stream, "goodbye, world!\n"); + fclose (stream); +@} + +int +main (void) +@{ + pid_t pid; + int mypipe[2]; + +@group + /* @r{Create the pipe.} */ + if (pipe (mypipe)) + @{ + fprintf (stderr, "Pipe failed.\n"); + return EXIT_FAILURE; + @} +@end group + + /* @r{Create the child process.} */ + pid = fork (); + if (pid == (pid_t) 0) + @{ + /* @r{This is the child process. + Close other end first.} */ + close (mypipe[1]); + read_from_pipe (mypipe[0]); + return EXIT_SUCCESS; + @} + else if (pid < (pid_t) 0) + @{ + /* @r{The fork failed.} */ + fprintf (stderr, "Fork failed.\n"); + return EXIT_FAILURE; + @} + else + @{ + /* @r{This is the parent process. + Close other end first.} */ + close (mypipe[0]); + write_to_pipe (mypipe[1]); + return EXIT_SUCCESS; + @} +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/testopt.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/testopt.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +@group +#include +#include +#include +#include + +int +main (int argc, char **argv) +@{ + int aflag = 0; + int bflag = 0; + char *cvalue = NULL; + int index; + int c; + + opterr = 0; +@end group + +@group + while ((c = getopt (argc, argv, "abc:")) != -1) + switch (c) + @{ + case 'a': + aflag = 1; + break; + case 'b': + bflag = 1; + break; + case 'c': + cvalue = optarg; + break; + case '?': + if (optopt == 'c') + fprintf (stderr, "Option -%c requires an argument.\n", optopt); + else if (isprint (optopt)) + fprintf (stderr, "Unknown option `-%c'.\n", optopt); + else + fprintf (stderr, + "Unknown option character `\\x%x'.\n", + optopt); + return 1; + default: + abort (); + @} +@end group + +@group + printf ("aflag = %d, bflag = %d, cvalue = %s\n", + aflag, bflag, cvalue); + + for (index = optind; index < argc; index++) + printf ("Non-option argument %s\n", argv[index]); + return 0; +@} +@end group --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/texis +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/texis @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +texis = \ +intro.texi \ +creature.texi \ +errno.texi \ +memory.texi \ +ctype.texi \ +string.texi \ +stpcpy.c.texi \ +strdupa.c.texi \ +strncat.c.texi \ +charset.texi \ +locale.texi \ +message.texi \ +search.texi \ +search.c.texi \ +pattern.texi \ +io.texi \ +stdio.texi \ +rprintf.c.texi \ +memopen.c.texi \ +memstrm.c.texi \ +fmtmsgexpl.c.texi \ +llio.texi \ +select.c.texi \ +filesys.texi \ +dir.c.texi \ +dir2.c.texi \ +pipe.texi \ +pipe.c.texi \ +popen.c.texi \ +socket.texi \ +mkfsock.c.texi \ +mkisock.c.texi \ +isockad.c.texi \ +inetcli.c.texi \ +inetsrv.c.texi \ +filesrv.c.texi \ +filecli.c.texi \ +terminal.texi \ +termios.c.texi \ +syslog.texi \ +math.texi \ +libm-err.texi \ +arith.texi \ +time.texi \ +strftim.c.texi \ +resource.texi \ +setjmp.texi \ +setjmp.c.texi \ +swapcontext.c.texi \ +signal.texi \ +sigh1.c.texi \ +sigusr.c.texi \ +startup.texi \ +getopt.texi \ +testopt.c.texi \ +longopt.c.texi \ +argp.texi \ +argp-ex1.c.texi \ +argp-ex2.c.texi \ +argp-ex3.c.texi \ +argp-ex4.c.texi \ +subopt.c.texi \ +atexit.c.texi \ +process.texi \ +job.texi \ +nss.texi \ +nsswitch.texi \ +users.texi \ +db.c.texi \ +sysinfo.texi \ +conf.texi \ +crypt.texi \ +mygetpass.c.texi \ +genpass.c.texi \ +testpass.c.texi \ +debug.texi \ +execinfo.c.texi \ +lang.texi \ +add.c.texi \ +header.texi \ +summary.texi \ +install.texi \ +maint.texi \ +contrib.texi \ +freemanuals.texi \ +lesser.texi \ +fdl.texi \ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/argp-ex1.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/argp-ex1.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +/* @r{Argp example #1 -- a minimal program using argp} */ + +/* @r{This is (probably) the smallest possible program that + uses argp. It won't do much except give an error + messages and exit when there are any arguments, and print + a (rather pointless) messages for --help.} */ + +#include + +int main (int argc, char **argv) +@{ + argp_parse (0, argc, argv, 0, 0, 0); + exit (0); +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/testpass.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/testpass.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +#include +#include +#include +#include + +int +main(void) +@{ + /* @r{Hashed form of "GNU libc manual".} */ + const char *const pass = "$1$/iSaq7rB$EoUw5jJPPvAPECNaaWzMK/"; + + char *result; + int ok; + +@group + /* @r{Read in the user's password and encrypt it, + passing the expected password in as the salt.} */ + result = crypt(getpass("Password:"), pass); +@end group + + /* @r{Test the result.} */ + ok = strcmp (result, pass) == 0; + + puts(ok ? "Access granted." : "Access denied."); + return ok ? 0 : 1; +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc.info-1 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc.info-1 @@ -0,0 +1,8721 @@ +This is libc.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from libc.texinfo. + +INFO-DIR-SECTION Software libraries +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* Libc: (libc). C library. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + +INFO-DIR-SECTION GNU C library functions and macros +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* ALTWERASE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN: (libc)Argp Parser Functions. +* ARG_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* BC_BASE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_DIM_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_SCALE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_STRING_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BRKINT: (libc)Input Modes. +* BUFSIZ: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* CCTS_OFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CHILD_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* CIGNORE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLK_TCK: (libc)CPU Time. +* CLOCAL: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLOCKS_PER_SEC: (libc)CPU Time. +* COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* CPU_CLR: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ISSET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SETSIZE: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ZERO: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CREAD: (libc)Control Modes. +* CRTS_IFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS5: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS6: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS7: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS8: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSIZE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSTOPB: (libc)Control Modes. +* DES_FAILED: (libc)DES Encryption. +* DTTOIF: (libc)Directory Entries. +* E2BIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EACCES: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRINUSE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRNOTAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAGAIN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EALREADY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBACKGROUND: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADF: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADFD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRQC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADSLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBFONT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBUSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECANCELED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHILD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOCTL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOK: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOKE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHONL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOPRT: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECOMM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNABORTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNREFUSED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDESTADDRREQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDIED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOTDOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDQUOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EEXIST: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFAULT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFBIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGRATUITOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGREGIOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIDRM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EILSEQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINPROGRESS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINVAL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYEXPIRED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREJECTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREVOKED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2NSYNC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3RST: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBACC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBBAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBMAX: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBSCN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELNRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELOOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMEDIUMTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMSGSIZE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMULTIHOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAMETOOLONG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENEEDAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOANO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOBUFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOCSI: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODATA: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOENT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOKEY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEDIUM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENONET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPKG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPROTOOPT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSYS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTBLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTEMPTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTRECOVERABLE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSUP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTUNIQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENXIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* EOPNOTSUPP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOVERFLOW: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOWNERDEAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPERM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCLIM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTONOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTOTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EQUIV_CLASS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* ERANGE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMCHG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERESTART: (libc)Error Codes. +* EROFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERPCMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESHUTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESOCKTNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRMNT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTALE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTRPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIME: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIMEDOUT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETOOMANYREFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETXTBSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUCLEAN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUNATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUSERS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EWOULDBLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXDEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXFULL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXIT_FAILURE: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXIT_SUCCESS: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXPR_NEST_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* FD_CLOEXEC: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* FD_CLR: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ISSET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SETSIZE: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ZERO: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FILENAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* FLUSHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* FOPEN_MAX: (libc)Opening Streams. +* FP_ILOGB0: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* FP_ILOGBNAN: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* F_DUPFD: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* F_GETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_GETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_GETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_GETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* F_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* F_SETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_SETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_SETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETLKW: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* HUGE_VAL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALF: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUPCL: (libc)Control Modes. +* I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* ICANON: (libc)Local Modes. +* ICRNL: (libc)Input Modes. +* IEXTEN: (libc)Local Modes. +* IFNAMSIZ: (libc)Interface Naming. +* IFTODT: (libc)Directory Entries. +* IGNBRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNPAR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IMAXBEL: (libc)Input Modes. +* INADDR_ANY: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_BROADCAST: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_LOOPBACK: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_NONE: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INFINITY: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* INLCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* INPCK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IPPORT_RESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* IPPORT_USERRESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* ISIG: (libc)Local Modes. +* ISTRIP: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXANY: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXOFF: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXON: (libc)Input Modes. +* LINE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* LINK_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* L_ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* L_cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* L_tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* MAXNAMLEN: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAXSYMLINKS: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* MAX_CANON: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAX_INPUT: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MB_CUR_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MB_LEN_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MDMBUF: (libc)Control Modes. +* MSG_DONTROUTE: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_OOB: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_PEEK: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* NAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* NAN: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* NCCS: (libc)Mode Data Types. +* NGROUPS_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* NOFLSH: (libc)Local Modes. +* NOKERNINFO: (libc)Local Modes. +* NSIG: (libc)Standard Signals. +* NULL: (libc)Null Pointer Constant. +* ONLCR: (libc)Output Modes. +* ONOEOT: (libc)Output Modes. +* OPEN_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* OPOST: (libc)Output Modes. +* OXTABS: (libc)Output Modes. +* O_ACCMODE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_APPEND: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_ASYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_CREAT: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXCL: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXEC: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_EXLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_FSYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_IGNORE_CTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NDELAY: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOATIME: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOCTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NOLINK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOTRANS: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_RDONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_RDWR: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_READ: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_SHLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_SYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_TRUNC: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_WRITE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_WRONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* PARENB: (libc)Control Modes. +* PARMRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* PARODD: (libc)Control Modes. +* PATH_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* PA_FLAG_MASK: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* PENDIN: (libc)Local Modes. +* PF_FILE: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_INET6: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_INET: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_LOCAL: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_UNIX: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PIPE_BUF: (libc)Limits for Files. +* P_tmpdir: (libc)Temporary Files. +* RAND_MAX: (libc)ISO Random. +* RE_DUP_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* RLIM_INFINITY: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* R_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* SA_NOCLDSTOP: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_ONSTACK: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_RESTART: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SEEK_CUR: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_END: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_SET: (libc)File Positioning. +* SIGABRT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGBUS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGCHLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCONT: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGEMT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGFPE: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGHUP: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGILL: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGINFO: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGINT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGIO: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGIOT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGKILL: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGLOST: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPIPE: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPOLL: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGPROF: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGQUIT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGSEGV: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGSTOP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGSYS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTERM: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGTRAP: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTSTP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTIN: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTOU: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGURG: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGUSR1: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGUSR2: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGVTALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGWINCH: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGXCPU: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGXFSZ: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIG_ERR: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* SOCK_DGRAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RAW: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RDM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_SEQPACKET: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_STREAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOL_SOCKET: (libc)Socket-Level Options. +* SSIZE_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* STREAM_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* SUN_LEN: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* SV_INTERRUPT: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_ONSTACK: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_RESETHAND: (libc)BSD Handler. +* S_IFMT: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISBLK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISCHR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISDIR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISFIFO: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISLNK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISREG: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISSOCK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISMQ: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSEM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSHM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* TMP_MAX: (libc)Temporary Files. +* TOSTOP: (libc)Local Modes. +* TZNAME_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* VDISCARD: (libc)Other Special. +* VDSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VEOF: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL2: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VINTR: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VKILL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VLNEXT: (libc)Other Special. +* VMIN: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VQUIT: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VREPRINT: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VSTART: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSTATUS: (libc)Other Special. +* VSTOP: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VTIME: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VWERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* WCHAR_MAX: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCHAR_MIN: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCOREDUMP: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WEOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* WEOF: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WEXITSTATUS: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFEXITED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSIGNALED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSTOPPED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WSTOPSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WTERMSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* W_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* X_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* _Complex_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _Exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _IOFBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IOLBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IONBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _Imaginary_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _PATH_UTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _PATH_WTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _POSIX2_C_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_C_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* _POSIX2_FORT_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_FORT_RUN: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_LOCALEDEF: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_SW_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_NO_TRUNC: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_SAVED_IDS: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_VDISABLE: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* __fbufsize: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __flbf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpending: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpurge: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* __freadable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __freading: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fsetlocking: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* __fwritable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fwriting: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __gconv_end_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_init_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __va_copy: (libc)Argument Macros. +* _exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _flushlbf: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* _tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* _toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* a64l: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* abort: (libc)Aborting a Program. +* abs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* accept: (libc)Accepting Connections. +* access: (libc)Testing File Access. +* acos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* addmntent: (libc)mtab. +* addseverity: (libc)Adding Severity Classes. +* adjtime: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* adjtimex: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* aio_cancel64: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_cancel: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_error64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_error: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_init: (libc)Configuration of AIO. +* aio_read64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_read: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_return64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_return: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_write64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_write: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* alarm: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* alloca: (libc)Variable Size Automatic. +* alphasort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* alphasort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* argp_error: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_failure: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_help: (libc)Argp Help. +* argp_parse: (libc)Argp. +* argp_state_help: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_usage: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argz_add: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_add_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_append: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_count: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_delete: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_extract: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_insert: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_next: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_replace: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_stringify: (libc)Argz Functions. +* asctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asprintf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* assert: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* assert_perror: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* atan2: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2f: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2l: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atexit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* atof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* atoi: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* backtrace: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols_fd: (libc)Backtraces. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* bcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* bcopy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* bind: (libc)Setting Address. +* bind_textdomain_codeset: (libc)Charset conversion in gettext. +* bindtextdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* brk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* bsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* btowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* bzero: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* cabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cacos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* calloc: (libc)Allocating Cleared Space. +* canonicalize_file_name: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* carg: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* casin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catclose: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catgets: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catopen: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* cbc_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* cbrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ccos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ceil: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceilf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceill: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* cexp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cfgetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfgetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfmakeraw: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* cfree: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* cfsetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetspeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* chdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* chmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* chown: (libc)File Owner. +* cimag: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* clearenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* clearerr: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clearerr_unlocked: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clock: (libc)CPU Time. +* clog10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* close: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* closedir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* closelog: (libc)closelog. +* confstr: (libc)String Parameters. +* conj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* connect: (libc)Connecting. +* copysign: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* cos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cpow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cproj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creal: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* crealf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creall: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creat64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* creat: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* crypt: (libc)crypt. +* crypt_r: (libc)crypt. +* csin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ctan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* ctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* ctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* dcgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* dcngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* des_setparity: (libc)DES Encryption. +* dgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* difftime: (libc)Elapsed Time. +* dirfd: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* dirname: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* div: (libc)Integer Division. +* dngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* drand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* drand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* drem: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dremf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dreml: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dup2: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* dup: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* ecb_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* ecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* ecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* encrypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* encrypt_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* endfsent: (libc)fstab. +* endgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* endhostent: (libc)Host Names. +* endmntent: (libc)mtab. +* endnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* endnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* endprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* endpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* endservent: (libc)Services Database. +* endutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* endutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* envz_add: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_entry: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_get: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_merge: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_strip: (libc)Envz Functions. +* erand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* erand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* erf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfc: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcl: (libc)Special Functions. +* erff: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfl: (libc)Special Functions. +* err: (libc)Error Messages. +* errno: (libc)Checking for Errors. +* error: (libc)Error Messages. +* error_at_line: (libc)Error Messages. +* errx: (libc)Error Messages. +* execl: (libc)Executing a File. +* execle: (libc)Executing a File. +* execlp: (libc)Executing a File. +* execv: (libc)Executing a File. +* execve: (libc)Executing a File. +* execvp: (libc)Executing a File. +* exit: (libc)Normal Termination. +* exp10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* fabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fchdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* fchmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* fchown: (libc)File Owner. +* fclean: (libc)Cleaning Streams. +* fclose: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcloseall: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcntl: (libc)Control Operations. +* fcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fdatasync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* fdim: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdimf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdiml: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdopen: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fdopendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* feclearexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fedisableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feenableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fegetround: (libc)Rounding. +* feholdexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feof: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feof_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feraiseexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* ferror: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* ferror_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* fesetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fesetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fesetround: (libc)Rounding. +* fetestexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* feupdateenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fflush: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fflush_unlocked: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fgetc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgetpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgets: (libc)Line Input. +* fgets_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetwc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetws: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetws_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fileno: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fileno_unlocked: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* finite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitef: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitel: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* flockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* floor: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* fma: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmal: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmax: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmemopen: (libc)String Streams. +* fmin: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmod: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmtmsg: (libc)Printing Formatted Messages. +* fnmatch: (libc)Wildcard Matching. +* fopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopencookie: (libc)Streams and Cookies. +* fork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* forkpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* fpathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* fpclassify: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* fprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fputc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fread: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fread_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* free: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* freopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* freopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* frexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* fscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* fseek: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko64: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko: (libc)File Positioning. +* fsetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fsetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fsync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* ftell: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello64: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftruncate64: (libc)File Size. +* ftruncate: (libc)File Size. +* ftrylockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* ftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* funlockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* futimes: (libc)File Times. +* fwide: (libc)Streams and I18N. +* fwprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fwrite: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwrite_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* gamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* gcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* get_avphys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* get_current_dir_name: (libc)Working Directory. +* get_nprocs: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_nprocs_conf: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_phys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getc: (libc)Character Input. +* getc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* getcwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* getdate: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdate_r: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdelim: (libc)Line Input. +* getdomainnname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getegid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* geteuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getfsent: (libc)fstab. +* getfsfile: (libc)fstab. +* getfsspec: (libc)fstab. +* getgid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrgid: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrgid_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrouplist: (libc)Setting Groups. +* getgroups: (libc)Reading Persona. +* gethostbyaddr: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyaddr_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* gethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* getline: (libc)Line Input. +* getloadavg: (libc)Processor Resources. +* getlogin: (libc)Who Logged In. +* getmntent: (libc)mtab. +* getmntent_r: (libc)mtab. +* getnetbyaddr: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetbyname: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getnetgrent_r: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getopt: (libc)Using Getopt. +* getopt_long: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getopt_long_only: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getpagesize: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getpass: (libc)getpass. +* getpeername: (libc)Who is Connected. +* getpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getppid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* getprotobyname: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotobynumber: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getpt: (libc)Allocation. +* getpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwnam: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwnam_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrusage: (libc)Resource Usage. +* gets: (libc)Line Input. +* getservbyname: (libc)Services Database. +* getservbyport: (libc)Services Database. +* getservent: (libc)Services Database. +* getsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getsockname: (libc)Reading Address. +* getsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* getsubopt: (libc)Suboptions. +* gettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* gettimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* getuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getumask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* getutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutent_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutmp: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutmpx: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxid: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getw: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* glob64: (libc)Calling Glob. +* glob: (libc)Calling Glob. +* globfree64: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* globfree: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* gmtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* gmtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* grantpt: (libc)Allocation. +* gsignal: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* gtty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* hasmntopt: (libc)mtab. +* hcreate: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hcreate_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* htonl: (libc)Byte Order. +* htons: (libc)Byte Order. +* hypot: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* iconv: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_close: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_open: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* if_freenameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_indextoname: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nametoindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* ilogb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* imaxabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* imaxdiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* in6addr_any: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* in6addr_loopback: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* index: (libc)Search Functions. +* inet_addr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_aton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_lnaof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_makeaddr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_netof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_network: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntoa: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntop: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_pton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* initgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* initstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* initstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* innetgr: (libc)Netgroup Membership. +* int: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* ioctl: (libc)IOCTLs. +* isalnum: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isalpha: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isascii: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isatty: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* isblank: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iscntrl: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isfinite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isgraph: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isgreaterequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isinf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinff: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinfl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isless: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islower: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnormal: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isprint: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* ispunct: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isspace: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isunordered: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isupper: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iswalnum: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswalpha: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswblank: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswcntrl: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswgraph: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswlower: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswprint: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswpunct: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswspace: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswupper: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswxdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* isxdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* j0: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* jn: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnf: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnl: (libc)Special Functions. +* jrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* jrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* kill: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* killpg: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* l64a: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* labs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lcong48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lcong48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ldexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* lfind: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgamma_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* link: (libc)Hard Links. +* lio_listio64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* lio_listio: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* listen: (libc)Listening. +* llabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* llrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* localeconv: (libc)The Lame Way to Locale Data. +* localtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* localtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* log10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1p: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* login: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* login_tty: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logout: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logwtmp: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* longjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* lrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lseek64: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lseek: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lutimes: (libc)File Times. +* madvise: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* makecontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* mallinfo: (libc)Statistics of Malloc. +* malloc: (libc)Basic Allocation. +* mallopt: (libc)Malloc Tunable Parameters. +* mblen: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mbrlen: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbrtowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbsinit: (libc)Keeping the state. +* mbsnrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbsrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbstowcs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* mbtowc: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mcheck: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* memccpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* memcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memfrob: (libc)Trivial Encryption. +* memmem: (libc)Search Functions. +* memmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mkdir: (libc)Creating Directories. +* mkdtemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mkfifo: (libc)FIFO Special Files. +* mknod: (libc)Making Special Files. +* mkstemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* mlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mmap64: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* modf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modff: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modfl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* mount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* mprobe: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* mrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* mrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* mremap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* msync: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mtrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* munlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* muntrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* nan: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanosleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* nearbyint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nextafter: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttoward: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* nftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* nice: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* nl_langinfo: (libc)The Elegant and Fast Way. +* nrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* nrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ntohl: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntohs: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntp_adjtime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* ntp_gettime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* obstack_1grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_1grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_alignment_mask: (libc)Obstacks Data Alignment. +* obstack_alloc: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_base: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_blank: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_blank_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_chunk_size: (libc)Obstack Chunks. +* obstack_copy0: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_copy: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_finish: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_free: (libc)Freeing Obstack Objects. +* obstack_grow0: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_init: (libc)Preparing for Obstacks. +* obstack_int_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_int_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_next_free: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_printf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* obstack_ptr_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_ptr_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_room: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* offsetof: (libc)Structure Measurement. +* on_exit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* open64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open_memstream: (libc)String Streams. +* open_obstack_stream: (libc)Obstack Streams. +* opendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* openlog: (libc)openlog. +* openpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* parse_printf_format: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* pathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* pause: (libc)Using Pause. +* pclose: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* perror: (libc)Error Messages. +* pipe: (libc)Creating a Pipe. +* popen: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* posix_memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* pow10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pread64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pread: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* printf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* printf_size: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* printf_size_info: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* psignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* ptsname: (libc)Allocation. +* ptsname_r: (libc)Allocation. +* putc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* putpwent: (libc)Writing a User Entry. +* puts: (libc)Simple Output. +* pututline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* pututxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* putw: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* pwrite64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pwrite: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* qecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qgcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qsort: (libc)Array Sort Function. +* raise: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* rand: (libc)ISO Random. +* rand_r: (libc)ISO Random. +* random: (libc)BSD Random. +* random_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* rawmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* read: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* readdir64: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir64_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* readv: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* realloc: (libc)Changing Block Size. +* realpath: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* recv: (libc)Receiving Data. +* recvfrom: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* recvmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* regcomp: (libc)POSIX Regexp Compilation. +* regerror: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* regexec: (libc)Matching POSIX Regexps. +* regfree: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* register_printf_function: (libc)Registering New Conversions. +* remainder: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remove: (libc)Deleting Files. +* rename: (libc)Renaming Files. +* rewind: (libc)File Positioning. +* rewinddir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* rindex: (libc)Search Functions. +* rint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rmdir: (libc)Deleting Files. +* round: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rpmatch: (libc)Yes-or-No Questions. +* sbrk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* scalb: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbln: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbn: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scandir64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scandir: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* sched_get_priority_max: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_get_priority_min: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_getparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_rr_get_interval: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_setparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_yield: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* seed48: (libc)SVID Random. +* seed48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* seekdir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* select: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* send: (libc)Sending Data. +* sendmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* sendto: (libc)Sending Datagrams. +* setbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setbuffer: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* setdomainname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setegid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* seteuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setfsent: (libc)fstab. +* setgid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* setgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* sethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* sethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* sethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* setjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* setkey: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setkey_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setlinebuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setlocale: (libc)Setting the Locale. +* setlogmask: (libc)setlogmask. +* setmntent: (libc)mtab. +* setnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* setnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* setpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* setprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* setpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* setregid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setreuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setservent: (libc)Services Database. +* setsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* setstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* setstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* settimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* setuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* setutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* setvbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* shutdown: (libc)Closing a Socket. +* sigaction: (libc)Advanced Signal Handling. +* sigaddset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigaltstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigblock: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigdelset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigemptyset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigfillset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siginterrupt: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sigismember: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siglongjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* signbit: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* significand: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* sigpause: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigpending: (libc)Checking for Pending Signals. +* sigprocmask: (libc)Process Signal Mask. +* sigsetjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigsetmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigsuspend: (libc)Sigsuspend. +* sigvec: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* snprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* socket: (libc)Creating a Socket. +* socketpair: (libc)Socket Pairs. +* sprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* sqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* srand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand: (libc)ISO Random. +* srandom: (libc)BSD Random. +* srandom_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* sscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* ssignal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* stat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stime: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* stpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* stpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcasestr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strchrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* strcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strdupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strerror: (libc)Error Messages. +* strerror_r: (libc)Error Messages. +* strfmon: (libc)Formatting Numbers. +* strfry: (libc)strfry. +* strftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* strlen: (libc)String Length. +* strncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strnlen: (libc)String Length. +* strpbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* strptime: (libc)Low-Level Time String Parsing. +* strrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strsep: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strsignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* strspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strtod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtok_r: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strverscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* stty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* swapcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* swprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* swscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* symlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* sync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* syscall: (libc)System Calls. +* sysconf: (libc)Sysconf Definition. +* sysctl: (libc)System Parameters. +* syslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* system: (libc)Running a Command. +* sysv_signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* tan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tcdrain: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflow: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflush: (libc)Line Control. +* tcgetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcgetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcgetsid: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcsendbreak: (libc)Line Control. +* tcsetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcsetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tdelete: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tdestroy: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tempnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* textdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* tfind: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* time: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* timegm: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* timelocal: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* times: (libc)Processor Time. +* tmpfile64: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpfile: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam_r: (libc)Temporary Files. +* toascii: (libc)Case Conversion. +* tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* towctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towlower: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towupper: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* trunc: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncate64: (libc)File Size. +* truncate: (libc)File Size. +* truncf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* tsearch: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* ttyname: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* ttyname_r: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* twalk: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tzset: (libc)Time Zone Functions. +* ulimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* umask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* umount2: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* umount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* uname: (libc)Platform Type. +* ungetc: (libc)How Unread. +* ungetwc: (libc)How Unread. +* unlink: (libc)Deleting Files. +* unlockpt: (libc)Allocation. +* unsetenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* updwtmp: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utime: (libc)File Times. +* utimes: (libc)File Times. +* utmpname: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utmpxname: (libc)XPG Functions. +* va_arg: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_end: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Old Varargs. +* valloc: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* vasprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* verr: (libc)Error Messages. +* verrx: (libc)Error Messages. +* versionsort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* versionsort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* vfork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* vfprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vfwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsnprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vswprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vswscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsyslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* vtimes: (libc)Resource Usage. +* vwarn: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwarnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* wait3: (libc)BSD Wait Functions. +* wait4: (libc)Process Completion. +* wait: (libc)Process Completion. +* waitpid: (libc)Process Completion. +* warn: (libc)Error Messages. +* warnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* wcpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcrtomb: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wcscasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcschr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcschrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wcscpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcscspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* wcslen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsnlen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsnrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcspbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcsspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcstod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* wcstol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstombs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* wcstoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcswcs: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wctob: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wctomb: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* wctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* wctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* wmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wmemcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wmemcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wordexp: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wordfree: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* write: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* writev: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* wscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* y0: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* yn: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynf: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynl: (libc)Special Functions. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + This file documents the GNU C library. + + This is Edition 0.12, last updated 2007-10-27, of `The GNU C Library +Reference Manual', for version 2.8 (EGLIBC). + + Copyright (C) 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, +2003, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document +under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or +any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the +Invariant Sections being "Free Software Needs Free Documentation" and +"GNU Lesser General Public License", the Front-Cover texts being "A GNU +Manual", and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the +license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation +License". + + (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have the freedom to copy and +modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in +developing GNU and promoting software freedom." + + +File: libc.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir) + +Main Menu +********* + +This is Edition 0.12, last updated 2007-10-27, of `The GNU C Library +Reference Manual', for Version 2.8 (EGLIBC) of the GNU C Library. + +* Menu: + +* Introduction:: Purpose of the GNU C Library. +* Error Reporting:: How library functions report errors. +* Memory:: Allocating virtual memory and controlling + paging. +* Character Handling:: Character testing and conversion functions. +* String and Array Utilities:: Utilities for copying and comparing strings + and arrays. +* Character Set Handling:: Support for extended character sets. +* Locales:: The country and language can affect the + behavior of library functions. +* Message Translation:: How to make the program speak the user's + language. +* Searching and Sorting:: General searching and sorting functions. +* Pattern Matching:: Matching shell ``globs'' and regular + expressions. +* I/O Overview:: Introduction to the I/O facilities. +* I/O on Streams:: High-level, portable I/O facilities. +* Low-Level I/O:: Low-level, less portable I/O. +* File System Interface:: Functions for manipulating files. +* Pipes and FIFOs:: A simple interprocess communication + mechanism. +* Sockets:: A more complicated IPC mechanism, with + networking support. +* Low-Level Terminal Interface:: How to change the characteristics of a + terminal device. +* Syslog:: System logging and messaging. +* Mathematics:: Math functions, useful constants, random + numbers. +* Arithmetic:: Low level arithmetic functions. +* Date and Time:: Functions for getting the date and time and + formatting them nicely. +* Resource Usage And Limitation:: Functions for examining resource usage and + getting and setting limits. +* Non-Local Exits:: Jumping out of nested function calls. +* Signal Handling:: How to send, block, and handle signals. +* Program Basics:: Writing the beginning and end of your + program. +* Processes:: How to create processes and run other + programs. +* Job Control:: All about process groups and sessions. +* Name Service Switch:: Accessing system databases. +* Users and Groups:: How users are identified and classified. +* System Management:: Controlling the system and getting + information about it. +* System Configuration:: Parameters describing operating system + limits. +* Cryptographic Functions:: DES encryption and password handling. +* Debugging Support:: Functions to help debugging applications. + +Appendices + +* Language Features:: C language features provided by the library. +* Library Summary:: A summary showing the syntax, header file, + and derivation of each library feature. +* Installation:: How to install the GNU C library. +* Maintenance:: How to enhance and port the GNU C Library. +* Contributors:: Who wrote what parts of the GNU C library. +* Free Manuals:: Free Software Needs Free Documentation. +* Copying:: The GNU Lesser General Public License says + how you can copy and share the GNU C Library. +* Documentation License:: This manual is under the GNU Free + Documentation License. + +Indices + +* Concept Index:: Index of concepts and names. +* Type Index:: Index of types and type qualifiers. +* Function Index:: Index of functions and function-like macros. +* Variable Index:: Index of variables and variable-like macros. +* File Index:: Index of programs and files. + + --- The Detailed Node Listing --- + +Introduction + +* Getting Started:: What this manual is for and how to use it. +* Standards and Portability:: Standards and sources upon which the GNU + C library is based. +* Using the Library:: Some practical uses for the library. +* Roadmap to the Manual:: Overview of the remaining chapters in + this manual. + +Standards and Portability + +* ISO C:: The international standard for the C + programming language. +* POSIX:: The ISO/IEC 9945 (aka IEEE 1003) standards + for operating systems. +* Berkeley Unix:: BSD and SunOS. +* SVID:: The System V Interface Description. +* XPG:: The X/Open Portability Guide. + +Using the Library + +* Header Files:: How to include the header files in your + programs. +* Macro Definitions:: Some functions in the library may really + be implemented as macros. +* Reserved Names:: The C standard reserves some names for + the library, and some for users. +* Feature Test Macros:: How to control what names are defined. + +Error Reporting + +* Checking for Errors:: How errors are reported by library functions. +* Error Codes:: Error code macros; all of these expand + into integer constant values. +* Error Messages:: Mapping error codes onto error messages. + +Memory + +* Memory Concepts:: An introduction to concepts and terminology. +* Memory Allocation:: Allocating storage for your program data +* Locking Pages:: Preventing page faults +* Resizing the Data Segment:: `brk', `sbrk' + +Memory Allocation + +* Memory Allocation and C:: How to get different kinds of allocation in C. +* Unconstrained Allocation:: The `malloc' facility allows fully general + dynamic allocation. +* Allocation Debugging:: Finding memory leaks and not freed memory. +* Obstacks:: Obstacks are less general than malloc + but more efficient and convenient. +* Variable Size Automatic:: Allocation of variable-sized blocks + of automatic storage that are freed when the + calling function returns. + +Unconstrained Allocation + +* Basic Allocation:: Simple use of `malloc'. +* Malloc Examples:: Examples of `malloc'. `xmalloc'. +* Freeing after Malloc:: Use `free' to free a block you + got with `malloc'. +* Changing Block Size:: Use `realloc' to make a block + bigger or smaller. +* Allocating Cleared Space:: Use `calloc' to allocate a + block and clear it. +* Efficiency and Malloc:: Efficiency considerations in use of + these functions. +* Aligned Memory Blocks:: Allocating specially aligned memory. +* Malloc Tunable Parameters:: Use `mallopt' to adjust allocation + parameters. +* Heap Consistency Checking:: Automatic checking for errors. +* Hooks for Malloc:: You can use these hooks for debugging + programs that use `malloc'. +* Statistics of Malloc:: Getting information about how much + memory your program is using. +* Summary of Malloc:: Summary of `malloc' and related functions. + +Allocation Debugging + +* Tracing malloc:: How to install the tracing functionality. +* Using the Memory Debugger:: Example programs excerpts. +* Tips for the Memory Debugger:: Some more or less clever ideas. +* Interpreting the traces:: What do all these lines mean? + +Obstacks + +* Creating Obstacks:: How to declare an obstack in your program. +* Preparing for Obstacks:: Preparations needed before you can + use obstacks. +* Allocation in an Obstack:: Allocating objects in an obstack. +* Freeing Obstack Objects:: Freeing objects in an obstack. +* Obstack Functions:: The obstack functions are both + functions and macros. +* Growing Objects:: Making an object bigger by stages. +* Extra Fast Growing:: Extra-high-efficiency (though more + complicated) growing objects. +* Status of an Obstack:: Inquiries about the status of an obstack. +* Obstacks Data Alignment:: Controlling alignment of objects in obstacks. +* Obstack Chunks:: How obstacks obtain and release chunks; + efficiency considerations. +* Summary of Obstacks:: + +Variable Size Automatic + +* Alloca Example:: Example of using `alloca'. +* Advantages of Alloca:: Reasons to use `alloca'. +* Disadvantages of Alloca:: Reasons to avoid `alloca'. +* GNU C Variable-Size Arrays:: Only in GNU C, here is an alternative + method of allocating dynamically and + freeing automatically. + +Locking Pages + +* Why Lock Pages:: Reasons to read this section. +* Locked Memory Details:: Everything you need to know locked + memory +* Page Lock Functions:: Here's how to do it. + +Character Handling + +* Classification of Characters:: Testing whether characters are + letters, digits, punctuation, etc. + +* Case Conversion:: Case mapping, and the like. +* Classification of Wide Characters:: Character class determination for + wide characters. +* Using Wide Char Classes:: Notes on using the wide character + classes. +* Wide Character Case Conversion:: Mapping of wide characters. + +String and Array Utilities + +* Representation of Strings:: Introduction to basic concepts. +* String/Array Conventions:: Whether to use a string function or an + arbitrary array function. +* String Length:: Determining the length of a string. +* Copying and Concatenation:: Functions to copy the contents of strings + and arrays. +* String/Array Comparison:: Functions for byte-wise and character-wise + comparison. +* Collation Functions:: Functions for collating strings. +* Search Functions:: Searching for a specific element or substring. +* Finding Tokens in a String:: Splitting a string into tokens by looking + for delimiters. +* strfry:: Function for flash-cooking a string. +* Trivial Encryption:: Obscuring data. +* Encode Binary Data:: Encoding and Decoding of Binary Data. +* Argz and Envz Vectors:: Null-separated string vectors. + +Argz and Envz Vectors + +* Argz Functions:: Operations on argz vectors. +* Envz Functions:: Additional operations on environment vectors. + +Character Set Handling + +* Extended Char Intro:: Introduction to Extended Characters. +* Charset Function Overview:: Overview about Character Handling + Functions. +* Restartable multibyte conversion:: Restartable multibyte conversion + Functions. +* Non-reentrant Conversion:: Non-reentrant Conversion Function. +* Generic Charset Conversion:: Generic Charset Conversion. + +Restartable multibyte conversion + +* Selecting the Conversion:: Selecting the conversion and its properties. +* Keeping the state:: Representing the state of the conversion. +* Converting a Character:: Converting Single Characters. +* Converting Strings:: Converting Multibyte and Wide Character + Strings. +* Multibyte Conversion Example:: A Complete Multibyte Conversion Example. + +Non-reentrant Conversion + +* Non-reentrant Character Conversion:: Non-reentrant Conversion of Single + Characters. +* Non-reentrant String Conversion:: Non-reentrant Conversion of Strings. +* Shift State:: States in Non-reentrant Functions. + +Generic Charset Conversion + +* Generic Conversion Interface:: Generic Character Set Conversion Interface. +* iconv Examples:: A complete `iconv' example. +* Other iconv Implementations:: Some Details about other `iconv' + Implementations. +* glibc iconv Implementation:: The `iconv' Implementation in the GNU C + library. + +Locales + +* Effects of Locale:: Actions affected by the choice of + locale. +* Choosing Locale:: How the user specifies a locale. +* Locale Categories:: Different purposes for which you can + select a locale. +* Setting the Locale:: How a program specifies the locale + with library functions. +* Standard Locales:: Locale names available on all systems. +* Locale Information:: How to access the information for the locale. +* Formatting Numbers:: A dedicated function to format numbers. +* Yes-or-No Questions:: Check a Response against the locale. + +Locale Information + +* The Lame Way to Locale Data:: ISO C's `localeconv'. +* The Elegant and Fast Way:: X/Open's `nl_langinfo'. + +The Lame Way to Locale Data + +* General Numeric:: Parameters for formatting numbers and + currency amounts. +* Currency Symbol:: How to print the symbol that identifies an + amount of money (e.g. `$'). +* Sign of Money Amount:: How to print the (positive or negative) sign + for a monetary amount, if one exists. + +Message Translation + +* Message catalogs a la X/Open:: The `catgets' family of functions. +* The Uniforum approach:: The `gettext' family of functions. + +Message catalogs a la X/Open + +* The catgets Functions:: The `catgets' function family. +* The message catalog files:: Format of the message catalog files. +* The gencat program:: How to generate message catalogs files which + can be used by the functions. +* Common Usage:: How to use the `catgets' interface. + +The Uniforum approach + +* Message catalogs with gettext:: The `gettext' family of functions. +* Helper programs for gettext:: Programs to handle message catalogs + for `gettext'. + +Message catalogs with gettext + +* Translation with gettext:: What has to be done to translate a message. +* Locating gettext catalog:: How to determine which catalog to be used. +* Advanced gettext functions:: Additional functions for more complicated + situations. +* Charset conversion in gettext:: How to specify the output character set + `gettext' uses. +* GUI program problems:: How to use `gettext' in GUI programs. +* Using gettextized software:: The possibilities of the user to influence + the way `gettext' works. + +Searching and Sorting + +* Comparison Functions:: Defining how to compare two objects. + Since the sort and search facilities + are general, you have to specify the + ordering. +* Array Search Function:: The `bsearch' function. +* Array Sort Function:: The `qsort' function. +* Search/Sort Example:: An example program. +* Hash Search Function:: The `hsearch' function. +* Tree Search Function:: The `tsearch' function. + +Pattern Matching + +* Wildcard Matching:: Matching a wildcard pattern against a single string. +* Globbing:: Finding the files that match a wildcard pattern. +* Regular Expressions:: Matching regular expressions against strings. +* Word Expansion:: Expanding shell variables, nested commands, + arithmetic, and wildcards. + This is what the shell does with shell commands. + +Globbing + +* Calling Glob:: Basic use of `glob'. +* Flags for Globbing:: Flags that enable various options in `glob'. +* More Flags for Globbing:: GNU specific extensions to `glob'. + +Regular Expressions + +* POSIX Regexp Compilation:: Using `regcomp' to prepare to match. +* Flags for POSIX Regexps:: Syntax variations for `regcomp'. +* Matching POSIX Regexps:: Using `regexec' to match the compiled + pattern that you get from `regcomp'. +* Regexp Subexpressions:: Finding which parts of the string were matched. +* Subexpression Complications:: Find points of which parts were matched. +* Regexp Cleanup:: Freeing storage; reporting errors. + +Word Expansion + +* Expansion Stages:: What word expansion does to a string. +* Calling Wordexp:: How to call `wordexp'. +* Flags for Wordexp:: Options you can enable in `wordexp'. +* Wordexp Example:: A sample program that does word expansion. +* Tilde Expansion:: Details of how tilde expansion works. +* Variable Substitution:: Different types of variable substitution. + +I/O Overview + +* I/O Concepts:: Some basic information and terminology. +* File Names:: How to refer to a file. + +I/O Concepts + +* Streams and File Descriptors:: The GNU Library provides two ways + to access the contents of files. +* File Position:: The number of bytes from the + beginning of the file. + +File Names + +* Directories:: Directories contain entries for files. +* File Name Resolution:: A file name specifies how to look up a file. +* File Name Errors:: Error conditions relating to file names. +* File Name Portability:: File name portability and syntax issues. + +I/O on Streams + +* Streams:: About the data type representing a stream. +* Standard Streams:: Streams to the standard input and output + devices are created for you. +* Opening Streams:: How to create a stream to talk to a file. +* Closing Streams:: Close a stream when you are finished with it. +* Streams and Threads:: Issues with streams in threaded programs. +* Streams and I18N:: Streams in internationalized applications. +* Simple Output:: Unformatted output by characters and lines. +* Character Input:: Unformatted input by characters and words. +* Line Input:: Reading a line or a record from a stream. +* Unreading:: Peeking ahead/pushing back input just read. +* Block Input/Output:: Input and output operations on blocks of data. +* Formatted Output:: `printf' and related functions. +* Customizing Printf:: You can define new conversion specifiers for + `printf' and friends. +* Formatted Input:: `scanf' and related functions. +* EOF and Errors:: How you can tell if an I/O error happens. +* Error Recovery:: What you can do about errors. +* Binary Streams:: Some systems distinguish between text files + and binary files. +* File Positioning:: About random-access streams. +* Portable Positioning:: Random access on peculiar ISO C systems. +* Stream Buffering:: How to control buffering of streams. +* Other Kinds of Streams:: Streams that do not necessarily correspond + to an open file. +* Formatted Messages:: Print strictly formatted messages. + +Unreading + +* Unreading Idea:: An explanation of unreading with pictures. +* How Unread:: How to call `ungetc' to do unreading. + +Formatted Output + +* Formatted Output Basics:: Some examples to get you started. +* Output Conversion Syntax:: General syntax of conversion + specifications. +* Table of Output Conversions:: Summary of output conversions and + what they do. +* Integer Conversions:: Details about formatting of integers. +* Floating-Point Conversions:: Details about formatting of + floating-point numbers. +* Other Output Conversions:: Details about formatting of strings, + characters, pointers, and the like. +* Formatted Output Functions:: Descriptions of the actual functions. +* Dynamic Output:: Functions that allocate memory for the output. +* Variable Arguments Output:: `vprintf' and friends. +* Parsing a Template String:: What kinds of args does a given template + call for? +* Example of Parsing:: Sample program using `parse_printf_format'. + +Customizing Printf + +* Registering New Conversions:: Using `register_printf_function' + to register a new output conversion. +* Conversion Specifier Options:: The handler must be able to get + the options specified in the + template when it is called. +* Defining the Output Handler:: Defining the handler and arginfo + functions that are passed as arguments + to `register_printf_function'. +* Printf Extension Example:: How to define a `printf' + handler function. +* Predefined Printf Handlers:: Predefined `printf' handlers. + +Formatted Input + +* Formatted Input Basics:: Some basics to get you started. +* Input Conversion Syntax:: Syntax of conversion specifications. +* Table of Input Conversions:: Summary of input conversions and what they do. +* Numeric Input Conversions:: Details of conversions for reading numbers. +* String Input Conversions:: Details of conversions for reading strings. +* Dynamic String Input:: String conversions that `malloc' the buffer. +* Other Input Conversions:: Details of miscellaneous other conversions. +* Formatted Input Functions:: Descriptions of the actual functions. +* Variable Arguments Input:: `vscanf' and friends. + +Stream Buffering + +* Buffering Concepts:: Terminology is defined here. +* Flushing Buffers:: How to ensure that output buffers are flushed. +* Controlling Buffering:: How to specify what kind of buffering to use. + +Other Kinds of Streams + +* String Streams:: Streams that get data from or put data in + a string or memory buffer. +* Obstack Streams:: Streams that store data in an obstack. +* Custom Streams:: Defining your own streams with an arbitrary + input data source and/or output data sink. + +Custom Streams + +* Streams and Cookies:: The "cookie" records where to fetch or + store data that is read or written. +* Hook Functions:: How you should define the four "hook + functions" that a custom stream needs. + +Formatted Messages + +* Printing Formatted Messages:: The `fmtmsg' function. +* Adding Severity Classes:: Add more severity classes. +* Example:: How to use `fmtmsg' and `addseverity'. + +Low-Level I/O + +* Opening and Closing Files:: How to open and close file + descriptors. +* I/O Primitives:: Reading and writing data. +* File Position Primitive:: Setting a descriptor's file + position. +* Descriptors and Streams:: Converting descriptor to stream + or vice-versa. +* Stream/Descriptor Precautions:: Precautions needed if you use both + descriptors and streams. +* Scatter-Gather:: Fast I/O to discontinuous buffers. +* Memory-mapped I/O:: Using files like memory. +* Waiting for I/O:: How to check for input or output + on multiple file descriptors. +* Synchronizing I/O:: Making sure all I/O actions completed. +* Asynchronous I/O:: Perform I/O in parallel. +* Control Operations:: Various other operations on file + descriptors. +* Duplicating Descriptors:: Fcntl commands for duplicating + file descriptors. +* Descriptor Flags:: Fcntl commands for manipulating + flags associated with file + descriptors. +* File Status Flags:: Fcntl commands for manipulating + flags associated with open files. +* File Locks:: Fcntl commands for implementing + file locking. +* Interrupt Input:: Getting an asynchronous signal when + input arrives. +* IOCTLs:: Generic I/O Control operations. + +Stream/Descriptor Precautions + +* Linked Channels:: Dealing with channels sharing a file position. +* Independent Channels:: Dealing with separately opened, unlinked channels. +* Cleaning Streams:: Cleaning a stream makes it safe to use + another channel. + +Asynchronous I/O + +* Asynchronous Reads/Writes:: Asynchronous Read and Write Operations. +* Status of AIO Operations:: Getting the Status of AIO Operations. +* Synchronizing AIO Operations:: Getting into a consistent state. +* Cancel AIO Operations:: Cancellation of AIO Operations. +* Configuration of AIO:: How to optimize the AIO implementation. + +File Status Flags + +* Access Modes:: Whether the descriptor can read or write. +* Open-time Flags:: Details of `open'. +* Operating Modes:: Special modes to control I/O operations. +* Getting File Status Flags:: Fetching and changing these flags. + +File System Interface + +* Working Directory:: This is used to resolve relative + file names. +* Accessing Directories:: Finding out what files a directory + contains. +* Working with Directory Trees:: Apply actions to all files or a selectable + subset of a directory hierarchy. +* Hard Links:: Adding alternate names to a file. +* Symbolic Links:: A file that ``points to'' a file name. +* Deleting Files:: How to delete a file, and what that means. +* Renaming Files:: Changing a file's name. +* Creating Directories:: A system call just for creating a directory. +* File Attributes:: Attributes of individual files. +* Making Special Files:: How to create special files. +* Temporary Files:: Naming and creating temporary files. + +Accessing Directories + +* Directory Entries:: Format of one directory entry. +* Opening a Directory:: How to open a directory stream. +* Reading/Closing Directory:: How to read directory entries from the stream. +* Simple Directory Lister:: A very simple directory listing program. +* Random Access Directory:: Rereading part of the directory + already read with the same stream. +* Scanning Directory Content:: Get entries for user selected subset of + contents in given directory. +* Simple Directory Lister Mark II:: Revised version of the program. + +File Attributes + +* Attribute Meanings:: The names of the file attributes, + and what their values mean. +* Reading Attributes:: How to read the attributes of a file. +* Testing File Type:: Distinguishing ordinary files, + directories, links... +* File Owner:: How ownership for new files is determined, + and how to change it. +* Permission Bits:: How information about a file's access + mode is stored. +* Access Permission:: How the system decides who can access a file. +* Setting Permissions:: How permissions for new files are assigned, + and how to change them. +* Testing File Access:: How to find out if your process can + access a file. +* File Times:: About the time attributes of a file. +* File Size:: Manually changing the size of a file. + +Pipes and FIFOs + +* Creating a Pipe:: Making a pipe with the `pipe' function. +* Pipe to a Subprocess:: Using a pipe to communicate with a + child process. +* FIFO Special Files:: Making a FIFO special file. +* Pipe Atomicity:: When pipe (or FIFO) I/O is atomic. + +Sockets + +* Socket Concepts:: Basic concepts you need to know about. +* Communication Styles::Stream communication, datagrams and other styles. +* Socket Addresses:: How socket names (``addresses'') work. +* Interface Naming:: Identifying specific network interfaces. +* Local Namespace:: Details about the local namespace. +* Internet Namespace:: Details about the Internet namespace. +* Misc Namespaces:: Other namespaces not documented fully here. +* Open/Close Sockets:: Creating sockets and destroying them. +* Connections:: Operations on sockets with connection state. +* Datagrams:: Operations on datagram sockets. +* Inetd:: Inetd is a daemon that starts servers on request. + The most convenient way to write a server + is to make it work with Inetd. +* Socket Options:: Miscellaneous low-level socket options. +* Networks Database:: Accessing the database of network names. + +Socket Addresses + +* Address Formats:: About `struct sockaddr'. +* Setting Address:: Binding an address to a socket. +* Reading Address:: Reading the address of a socket. + +Local Namespace + +* Concepts: Local Namespace Concepts. What you need to understand. +* Details: Local Namespace Details. Address format, symbolic names, etc. +* Example: Local Socket Example. Example of creating a socket. + +Internet Namespace + +* Internet Address Formats:: How socket addresses are specified in the + Internet namespace. +* Host Addresses:: All about host addresses of Internet host. +* Protocols Database:: Referring to protocols by name. +* Ports:: Internet port numbers. +* Services Database:: Ports may have symbolic names. +* Byte Order:: Different hosts may use different byte + ordering conventions; you need to + canonicalize host address and port number. +* Inet Example:: Putting it all together. + +Host Addresses + +* Abstract Host Addresses:: What a host number consists of. +* Data type: Host Address Data Type. Data type for a host number. +* Functions: Host Address Functions. Functions to operate on them. +* Names: Host Names. Translating host names to host numbers. + +Open/Close Sockets + +* Creating a Socket:: How to open a socket. +* Closing a Socket:: How to close a socket. +* Socket Pairs:: These are created like pipes. + +Connections + +* Connecting:: What the client program must do. +* Listening:: How a server program waits for requests. +* Accepting Connections:: What the server does when it gets a request. +* Who is Connected:: Getting the address of the + other side of a connection. +* Transferring Data:: How to send and receive data. +* Byte Stream Example:: An example program: a client for communicating + over a byte stream socket in the Internet namespace. +* Server Example:: A corresponding server program. +* Out-of-Band Data:: This is an advanced feature. + +Transferring Data + +* Sending Data:: Sending data with `send'. +* Receiving Data:: Reading data with `recv'. +* Socket Data Options:: Using `send' and `recv'. + +Datagrams + +* Sending Datagrams:: Sending packets on a datagram socket. +* Receiving Datagrams:: Receiving packets on a datagram socket. +* Datagram Example:: An example program: packets sent over a + datagram socket in the local namespace. +* Example Receiver:: Another program, that receives those packets. + +Inetd + +* Inetd Servers:: +* Configuring Inetd:: + +Socket Options + +* Socket Option Functions:: The basic functions for setting and getting + socket options. +* Socket-Level Options:: Details of the options at the socket level. + +Low-Level Terminal Interface + +* Is It a Terminal:: How to determine if a file is a terminal + device, and what its name is. +* I/O Queues:: About flow control and typeahead. +* Canonical or Not:: Two basic styles of input processing. +* Terminal Modes:: How to examine and modify flags controlling + details of terminal I/O: echoing, + signals, editing. Posix. +* BSD Terminal Modes:: BSD compatible terminal mode setting +* Line Control:: Sending break sequences, clearing + terminal buffers ... +* Noncanon Example:: How to read single characters without echo. +* Pseudo-Terminals:: How to open a pseudo-terminal. + +Terminal Modes + +* Mode Data Types:: The data type `struct termios' and + related types. +* Mode Functions:: Functions to read and set the terminal + attributes. +* Setting Modes:: The right way to set terminal attributes + reliably. +* Input Modes:: Flags controlling low-level input handling. +* Output Modes:: Flags controlling low-level output handling. +* Control Modes:: Flags controlling serial port behavior. +* Local Modes:: Flags controlling high-level input handling. +* Line Speed:: How to read and set the terminal line speed. +* Special Characters:: Characters that have special effects, + and how to change them. +* Noncanonical Input:: Controlling how long to wait for input. + +Special Characters + +* Editing Characters:: Special characters that terminate lines and + delete text, and other editing functions. +* Signal Characters:: Special characters that send or raise signals + to or for certain classes of processes. +* Start/Stop Characters:: Special characters that suspend or resume + suspended output. +* Other Special:: Other special characters for BSD systems: + they can discard output, and print status. + +Pseudo-Terminals + +* Allocation:: Allocating a pseudo terminal. +* Pseudo-Terminal Pairs:: How to open both sides of a + pseudo-terminal in a single operation. + +Syslog + +* Overview of Syslog:: Overview of a system's Syslog facility +* Submitting Syslog Messages:: Functions to submit messages to Syslog + +Submitting Syslog Messages + +* openlog:: Open connection to Syslog +* syslog; vsyslog:: Submit message to Syslog +* closelog:: Close connection to Syslog +* setlogmask:: Cause certain messages to be ignored +* Syslog Example:: Example of all of the above + +Mathematics + +* Mathematical Constants:: Precise numeric values for often-used + constants. +* Trig Functions:: Sine, cosine, tangent, and friends. +* Inverse Trig Functions:: Arcsine, arccosine, etc. +* Exponents and Logarithms:: Also pow and sqrt. +* Hyperbolic Functions:: sinh, cosh, tanh, etc. +* Special Functions:: Bessel, gamma, erf. +* Errors in Math Functions:: Known Maximum Errors in Math Functions. +* Pseudo-Random Numbers:: Functions for generating pseudo-random + numbers. +* FP Function Optimizations:: Fast code or small code. + +Pseudo-Random Numbers + +* ISO Random:: `rand' and friends. +* BSD Random:: `random' and friends. +* SVID Random:: `drand48' and friends. + +Arithmetic + +* Integers:: Basic integer types and concepts +* Integer Division:: Integer division with guaranteed rounding. +* Floating Point Numbers:: Basic concepts. IEEE 754. +* Floating Point Classes:: The five kinds of floating-point number. +* Floating Point Errors:: When something goes wrong in a calculation. +* Rounding:: Controlling how results are rounded. +* Control Functions:: Saving and restoring the FPU's state. +* Arithmetic Functions:: Fundamental operations provided by the library. +* Complex Numbers:: The types. Writing complex constants. +* Operations on Complex:: Projection, conjugation, decomposition. +* Parsing of Numbers:: Converting strings to numbers. +* System V Number Conversion:: An archaic way to convert numbers to strings. + +Floating Point Errors + +* FP Exceptions:: IEEE 754 math exceptions and how to detect them. +* Infinity and NaN:: Special values returned by calculations. +* Status bit operations:: Checking for exceptions after the fact. +* Math Error Reporting:: How the math functions report errors. + +Arithmetic Functions + +* Absolute Value:: Absolute values of integers and floats. +* Normalization Functions:: Extracting exponents and putting them back. +* Rounding Functions:: Rounding floats to integers. +* Remainder Functions:: Remainders on division, precisely defined. +* FP Bit Twiddling:: Sign bit adjustment. Adding epsilon. +* FP Comparison Functions:: Comparisons without risk of exceptions. +* Misc FP Arithmetic:: Max, min, positive difference, multiply-add. + +Parsing of Numbers + +* Parsing of Integers:: Functions for conversion of integer values. +* Parsing of Floats:: Functions for conversion of floating-point + values. + +Date and Time + +* Time Basics:: Concepts and definitions. +* Elapsed Time:: Data types to represent elapsed times +* Processor And CPU Time:: Time a program has spent executing. +* Calendar Time:: Manipulation of ``real'' dates and times. +* Setting an Alarm:: Sending a signal after a specified time. +* Sleeping:: Waiting for a period of time. + +Processor And CPU Time + +* CPU Time:: The `clock' function. +* Processor Time:: The `times' function. + +Calendar Time + +* Simple Calendar Time:: Facilities for manipulating calendar time. +* High-Resolution Calendar:: A time representation with greater precision. +* Broken-down Time:: Facilities for manipulating local time. +* High Accuracy Clock:: Maintaining a high accuracy system clock. +* Formatting Calendar Time:: Converting times to strings. +* Parsing Date and Time:: Convert textual time and date information back + into broken-down time values. +* TZ Variable:: How users specify the time zone. +* Time Zone Functions:: Functions to examine or specify the time zone. +* Time Functions Example:: An example program showing use of some of + the time functions. + +Parsing Date and Time + +* Low-Level Time String Parsing:: Interpret string according to given format. +* General Time String Parsing:: User-friendly function to parse data and + time strings. + +Resource Usage And Limitation + +* Resource Usage:: Measuring various resources used. +* Limits on Resources:: Specifying limits on resource usage. +* Priority:: Reading or setting process run priority. +* Memory Resources:: Querying memory available resources. +* Processor Resources:: Learn about the processors available. + +Priority + +* Absolute Priority:: The first tier of priority. Posix +* Realtime Scheduling:: Scheduling among the process nobility +* Basic Scheduling Functions:: Get/set scheduling policy, priority +* Traditional Scheduling:: Scheduling among the vulgar masses +* CPU Affinity:: Limiting execution to certain CPUs + +Traditional Scheduling + +* Traditional Scheduling Intro:: +* Traditional Scheduling Functions:: + +Memory Resources + +* Memory Subsystem:: Overview about traditional Unix memory handling. +* Query Memory Parameters:: How to get information about the memory + subsystem? + +Non-Local Exits + +* Intro: Non-Local Intro. When and how to use these facilities. +* Details: Non-Local Details. Functions for non-local exits. +* Non-Local Exits and Signals:: Portability issues. +* System V contexts:: Complete context control a la System V. + +Signal Handling + +* Concepts of Signals:: Introduction to the signal facilities. +* Standard Signals:: Particular kinds of signals with + standard names and meanings. +* Signal Actions:: Specifying what happens when a + particular signal is delivered. +* Defining Handlers:: How to write a signal handler function. +* Interrupted Primitives:: Signal handlers affect use of `open', + `read', `write' and other functions. +* Generating Signals:: How to send a signal to a process. +* Blocking Signals:: Making the system hold signals temporarily. +* Waiting for a Signal:: Suspending your program until a signal + arrives. +* Signal Stack:: Using a Separate Signal Stack. +* BSD Signal Handling:: Additional functions for backward + compatibility with BSD. + +Concepts of Signals + +* Kinds of Signals:: Some examples of what can cause a signal. +* Signal Generation:: Concepts of why and how signals occur. +* Delivery of Signal:: Concepts of what a signal does to the + process. + +Standard Signals + +* Program Error Signals:: Used to report serious program errors. +* Termination Signals:: Used to interrupt and/or terminate the + program. +* Alarm Signals:: Used to indicate expiration of timers. +* Asynchronous I/O Signals:: Used to indicate input is available. +* Job Control Signals:: Signals used to support job control. +* Operation Error Signals:: Used to report operational system errors. +* Miscellaneous Signals:: Miscellaneous Signals. +* Signal Messages:: Printing a message describing a signal. + +Signal Actions + +* Basic Signal Handling:: The simple `signal' function. +* Advanced Signal Handling:: The more powerful `sigaction' function. +* Signal and Sigaction:: How those two functions interact. +* Sigaction Function Example:: An example of using the sigaction function. +* Flags for Sigaction:: Specifying options for signal handling. +* Initial Signal Actions:: How programs inherit signal actions. + +Defining Handlers + +* Handler Returns:: Handlers that return normally, and what + this means. +* Termination in Handler:: How handler functions terminate a program. +* Longjmp in Handler:: Nonlocal transfer of control out of a + signal handler. +* Signals in Handler:: What happens when signals arrive while + the handler is already occupied. +* Merged Signals:: When a second signal arrives before the + first is handled. +* Nonreentrancy:: Do not call any functions unless you know they + are reentrant with respect to signals. +* Atomic Data Access:: A single handler can run in the middle of + reading or writing a single object. + +Atomic Data Access + +* Non-atomic Example:: A program illustrating interrupted access. +* Types: Atomic Types. Data types that guarantee no interruption. +* Usage: Atomic Usage. Proving that interruption is harmless. + +Generating Signals + +* Signaling Yourself:: A process can send a signal to itself. +* Signaling Another Process:: Send a signal to another process. +* Permission for kill:: Permission for using `kill'. +* Kill Example:: Using `kill' for Communication. + +Blocking Signals + +* Why Block:: The purpose of blocking signals. +* Signal Sets:: How to specify which signals to + block. +* Process Signal Mask:: Blocking delivery of signals to your + process during normal execution. +* Testing for Delivery:: Blocking to Test for Delivery of + a Signal. +* Blocking for Handler:: Blocking additional signals while a + handler is being run. +* Checking for Pending Signals:: Checking for Pending Signals +* Remembering a Signal:: How you can get almost the same + effect as blocking a signal, by + handling it and setting a flag + to be tested later. + +Waiting for a Signal + +* Using Pause:: The simple way, using `pause'. +* Pause Problems:: Why the simple way is often not very good. +* Sigsuspend:: Reliably waiting for a specific signal. + +BSD Signal Handling + +* BSD Handler:: BSD Function to Establish a Handler. +* Blocking in BSD:: BSD Functions for Blocking Signals. + +Program Basics + +* Program Arguments:: Parsing your program's command-line arguments. +* Environment Variables:: Less direct parameters affecting your program +* System Calls:: Requesting service from the system +* Program Termination:: Telling the system you're done; return status + +Program Arguments + +* Argument Syntax:: By convention, options start with a hyphen. +* Parsing Program Arguments:: Ways to parse program options and arguments. + +Parsing Program Arguments + +* Getopt:: Parsing program options using `getopt'. +* Argp:: Parsing program options using `argp_parse'. +* Suboptions:: Some programs need more detailed options. +* Suboptions Example:: This shows how it could be done for `mount'. + +Environment Variables + +* Environment Access:: How to get and set the values of + environment variables. +* Standard Environment:: These environment variables have + standard interpretations. + +Program Termination + +* Normal Termination:: If a program calls `exit', a + process terminates normally. +* Exit Status:: The `exit status' provides information + about why the process terminated. +* Cleanups on Exit:: A process can run its own cleanup + functions upon normal termination. +* Aborting a Program:: The `abort' function causes + abnormal program termination. +* Termination Internals:: What happens when a process terminates. + +Processes + +* Running a Command:: The easy way to run another program. +* Process Creation Concepts:: An overview of the hard way to do it. +* Process Identification:: How to get the process ID of a process. +* Creating a Process:: How to fork a child process. +* Executing a File:: How to make a process execute another program. +* Process Completion:: How to tell when a child process has completed. +* Process Completion Status:: How to interpret the status value + returned from a child process. +* BSD Wait Functions:: More functions, for backward compatibility. +* Process Creation Example:: A complete example program. + +Job Control + +* Concepts of Job Control:: Jobs can be controlled by a shell. +* Job Control is Optional:: Not all POSIX systems support job control. +* Controlling Terminal:: How a process gets its controlling terminal. +* Access to the Terminal:: How processes share the controlling terminal. +* Orphaned Process Groups:: Jobs left after the user logs out. +* Implementing a Shell:: What a shell must do to implement job control. +* Functions for Job Control:: Functions to control process groups. + +Implementing a Shell + +* Data Structures:: Introduction to the sample shell. +* Initializing the Shell:: What the shell must do to take + responsibility for job control. +* Launching Jobs:: Creating jobs to execute commands. +* Foreground and Background:: Putting a job in foreground of background. +* Stopped and Terminated Jobs:: Reporting job status. +* Continuing Stopped Jobs:: How to continue a stopped job in + the foreground or background. +* Missing Pieces:: Other parts of the shell. + +Functions for Job Control + +* Identifying the Terminal:: Determining the controlling terminal's name. +* Process Group Functions:: Functions for manipulating process groups. +* Terminal Access Functions:: Functions for controlling terminal access. + +Name Service Switch + +* NSS Basics:: What is this NSS good for. +* NSS Configuration File:: Configuring NSS. +* NSS Module Internals:: How does it work internally. +* Extending NSS:: What to do to add services or databases. + +NSS Configuration File + +* Services in the NSS configuration:: Service names in the NSS configuration. +* Actions in the NSS configuration:: React appropriately to the lookup result. +* Notes on NSS Configuration File:: Things to take care about while + configuring NSS. + +NSS Module Internals + +* NSS Module Names:: Construction of the interface function of + the NSS modules. +* NSS Modules Interface:: Programming interface in the NSS module + functions. + +Extending NSS + +* Adding another Service to NSS:: What is to do to add a new service. +* NSS Module Function Internals:: Guidelines for writing new NSS + service functions. + +Users and Groups + +* User and Group IDs:: Each user has a unique numeric ID; + likewise for groups. +* Process Persona:: The user IDs and group IDs of a process. +* Why Change Persona:: Why a program might need to change + its user and/or group IDs. +* How Change Persona:: Changing the user and group IDs. +* Reading Persona:: How to examine the user and group IDs. + +* Setting User ID:: Functions for setting the user ID. +* Setting Groups:: Functions for setting the group IDs. + +* Enable/Disable Setuid:: Turning setuid access on and off. +* Setuid Program Example:: The pertinent parts of one sample program. +* Tips for Setuid:: How to avoid granting unlimited access. + +* Who Logged In:: Getting the name of the user who logged in, + or of the real user ID of the current process. + +* User Accounting Database:: Keeping information about users and various + actions in databases. + +* User Database:: Functions and data structures for + accessing the user database. +* Group Database:: Functions and data structures for + accessing the group database. +* Database Example:: Example program showing the use of database + inquiry functions. +* Netgroup Database:: Functions for accessing the netgroup database. + +User Accounting Database + +* Manipulating the Database:: Scanning and modifying the user + accounting database. +* XPG Functions:: A standardized way for doing the same thing. +* Logging In and Out:: Functions from BSD that modify the user + accounting database. + +User Database + +* User Data Structure:: What each user record contains. +* Lookup User:: How to look for a particular user. +* Scanning All Users:: Scanning the list of all users, one by one. +* Writing a User Entry:: How a program can rewrite a user's record. + +Group Database + +* Group Data Structure:: What each group record contains. +* Lookup Group:: How to look for a particular group. +* Scanning All Groups:: Scanning the list of all groups. + +Netgroup Database + +* Netgroup Data:: Data in the Netgroup database and where + it comes from. +* Lookup Netgroup:: How to look for a particular netgroup. +* Netgroup Membership:: How to test for netgroup membership. + +System Management + +* Host Identification:: Determining the name of the machine. +* Platform Type:: Determining operating system and basic + machine type +* Filesystem Handling:: Controlling/querying mounts +* System Parameters:: Getting and setting various system parameters + +Filesystem Handling + +* Mount Information:: What is or could be mounted? +* Mount-Unmount-Remount:: Controlling what is mounted and how + +Mount Information + +* fstab:: The `fstab' file +* mtab:: The `mtab' file +* Other Mount Information:: Other (non-libc) sources of mount information + +System Configuration + +* General Limits:: Constants and functions that describe + various process-related limits that have + one uniform value for any given machine. +* System Options:: Optional POSIX features. +* Version Supported:: Version numbers of POSIX.1 and POSIX.2. +* Sysconf:: Getting specific configuration values + of general limits and system options. +* Minimums:: Minimum values for general limits. + +* Limits for Files:: Size limitations that pertain to individual files. + These can vary between file systems + or even from file to file. +* Options for Files:: Optional features that some files may support. +* File Minimums:: Minimum values for file limits. +* Pathconf:: Getting the limit values for a particular file. + +* Utility Limits:: Capacity limits of some POSIX.2 utility programs. +* Utility Minimums:: Minimum allowable values of those limits. + +* String Parameters:: Getting the default search path. + +Sysconf + +* Sysconf Definition:: Detailed specifications of `sysconf'. +* Constants for Sysconf:: The list of parameters `sysconf' can read. +* Examples of Sysconf:: How to use `sysconf' and the parameter + macros properly together. + +Cryptographic Functions + +* Legal Problems:: This software can get you locked up, or worse. +* getpass:: Prompting the user for a password. +* crypt:: A one-way function for passwords. +* DES Encryption:: Routines for DES encryption. + +Debugging Support + +* Backtraces:: Obtaining and printing a back trace of the + current stack. + +Language Features + +* Consistency Checking:: Using `assert' to abort if + something ``impossible'' happens. +* Variadic Functions:: Defining functions with varying numbers + of args. +* Null Pointer Constant:: The macro `NULL'. +* Important Data Types:: Data types for object sizes. +* Data Type Measurements:: Parameters of data type representations. + +Variadic Functions + +* Why Variadic:: Reasons for making functions take + variable arguments. +* How Variadic:: How to define and call variadic functions. +* Variadic Example:: A complete example. + +How Variadic + +* Variadic Prototypes:: How to make a prototype for a function + with variable arguments. +* Receiving Arguments:: Steps you must follow to access the + optional argument values. +* How Many Arguments:: How to decide whether there are more arguments. +* Calling Variadics:: Things you need to know about calling + variable arguments functions. +* Argument Macros:: Detailed specification of the macros + for accessing variable arguments. +* Old Varargs:: The pre-ISO way of defining variadic functions. + +Data Type Measurements + +* Width of Type:: How many bits does an integer type hold? +* Range of Type:: What are the largest and smallest values + that an integer type can hold? +* Floating Type Macros:: Parameters that measure the floating point types. +* Structure Measurement:: Getting measurements on structure types. + +Floating Type Macros + +* Floating Point Concepts:: Definitions of terminology. +* Floating Point Parameters:: Details of specific macros. +* IEEE Floating Point:: The measurements for one common + representation. + +Installation + +* Configuring and compiling:: How to compile and test GNU libc. +* Running make install:: How to install it once you've got it + compiled. +* Tools for Compilation:: You'll need these first. +* Linux:: Specific advice for GNU/Linux systems. +* Reporting Bugs:: So they'll get fixed. + +Maintenance + +* Source Layout:: How to add new functions or header files + to the GNU C library. +* Porting:: How to port the GNU C library to + a new machine or operating system. + +Porting + +* Hierarchy Conventions:: The layout of the `sysdeps' hierarchy. +* Porting to Unix:: Porting the library to an average + Unix-like system. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Error Reporting, Prev: Top, Up: Top + +1 Introduction +************** + +The C language provides no built-in facilities for performing such +common operations as input/output, memory management, string +manipulation, and the like. Instead, these facilities are defined in a +standard "library", which you compile and link with your programs. + + The GNU C library, described in this document, defines all of the +library functions that are specified by the ISO C standard, as well as +additional features specific to POSIX and other derivatives of the Unix +operating system, and extensions specific to the GNU system. + + The purpose of this manual is to tell you how to use the facilities +of the GNU library. We have mentioned which features belong to which +standards to help you identify things that are potentially non-portable +to other systems. But the emphasis in this manual is not on strict +portability. + +* Menu: + +* Getting Started:: What this manual is for and how to use it. +* Standards and Portability:: Standards and sources upon which the GNU + C library is based. +* Using the Library:: Some practical uses for the library. +* Roadmap to the Manual:: Overview of the remaining chapters in + this manual. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Getting Started, Next: Standards and Portability, Up: Introduction + +1.1 Getting Started +=================== + +This manual is written with the assumption that you are at least +somewhat familiar with the C programming language and basic programming +concepts. Specifically, familiarity with ISO standard C (*note ISO +C::), rather than "traditional" pre-ISO C dialects, is assumed. + + The GNU C library includes several "header files", each of which +provides definitions and declarations for a group of related facilities; +this information is used by the C compiler when processing your program. +For example, the header file `stdio.h' declares facilities for +performing input and output, and the header file `string.h' declares +string processing utilities. The organization of this manual generally +follows the same division as the header files. + + If you are reading this manual for the first time, you should read +all of the introductory material and skim the remaining chapters. +There are a _lot_ of functions in the GNU C library and it's not +realistic to expect that you will be able to remember exactly _how_ to +use each and every one of them. It's more important to become +generally familiar with the kinds of facilities that the library +provides, so that when you are writing your programs you can recognize +_when_ to make use of library functions, and _where_ in this manual you +can find more specific information about them. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Standards and Portability, Next: Using the Library, Prev: Getting Started, Up: Introduction + +1.2 Standards and Portability +============================= + +This section discusses the various standards and other sources that the +GNU C library is based upon. These sources include the ISO C and POSIX +standards, and the System V and Berkeley Unix implementations. + + The primary focus of this manual is to tell you how to make effective +use of the GNU library facilities. But if you are concerned about +making your programs compatible with these standards, or portable to +operating systems other than GNU, this can affect how you use the +library. This section gives you an overview of these standards, so that +you will know what they are when they are mentioned in other parts of +the manual. + + *Note Library Summary::, for an alphabetical list of the functions +and other symbols provided by the library. This list also states which +standards each function or symbol comes from. + +* Menu: + +* ISO C:: The international standard for the C + programming language. +* POSIX:: The ISO/IEC 9945 (aka IEEE 1003) standards + for operating systems. +* Berkeley Unix:: BSD and SunOS. +* SVID:: The System V Interface Description. +* XPG:: The X/Open Portability Guide. + + +File: libc.info, Node: ISO C, Next: POSIX, Up: Standards and Portability + +1.2.1 ISO C +----------- + +The GNU C library is compatible with the C standard adopted by the +American National Standards Institute (ANSI): `American National +Standard X3.159-1989--"ANSI C"' and later by the International +Standardization Organization (ISO): `ISO/IEC 9899:1990, "Programming +languages--C"'. We here refer to the standard as ISO C since this is +the more general standard in respect of ratification. The header files +and library facilities that make up the GNU library are a superset of +those specified by the ISO C standard. + + If you are concerned about strict adherence to the ISO C standard, +you should use the `-ansi' option when you compile your programs with +the GNU C compiler. This tells the compiler to define _only_ ISO +standard features from the library header files, unless you explicitly +ask for additional features. *Note Feature Test Macros::, for +information on how to do this. + + Being able to restrict the library to include only ISO C features is +important because ISO C puts limitations on what names can be defined +by the library implementation, and the GNU extensions don't fit these +limitations. *Note Reserved Names::, for more information about these +restrictions. + + This manual does not attempt to give you complete details on the +differences between ISO C and older dialects. It gives advice on how +to write programs to work portably under multiple C dialects, but does +not aim for completeness. + + +File: libc.info, Node: POSIX, Next: Berkeley Unix, Prev: ISO C, Up: Standards and Portability + +1.2.2 POSIX (The Portable Operating System Interface) +----------------------------------------------------- + +The GNU library is also compatible with the ISO "POSIX" family of +standards, known more formally as the "Portable Operating System +Interface for Computer Environments" (ISO/IEC 9945). They were also +published as ANSI/IEEE Std 1003. POSIX is derived mostly from various +versions of the Unix operating system. + + The library facilities specified by the POSIX standards are a +superset of those required by ISO C; POSIX specifies additional +features for ISO C functions, as well as specifying new additional +functions. In general, the additional requirements and functionality +defined by the POSIX standards are aimed at providing lower-level +support for a particular kind of operating system environment, rather +than general programming language support which can run in many diverse +operating system environments. + + The GNU C library implements all of the functions specified in +`ISO/IEC 9945-1:1996, the POSIX System Application Program Interface', +commonly referred to as POSIX.1. The primary extensions to the ISO C +facilities specified by this standard include file system interface +primitives (*note File System Interface::), device-specific terminal +control functions (*note Low-Level Terminal Interface::), and process +control functions (*note Processes::). + + Some facilities from `ISO/IEC 9945-2:1993, the POSIX Shell and +Utilities standard' (POSIX.2) are also implemented in the GNU library. +These include utilities for dealing with regular expressions and other +pattern matching facilities (*note Pattern Matching::). + + +File: libc.info, Node: Berkeley Unix, Next: SVID, Prev: POSIX, Up: Standards and Portability + +1.2.3 Berkeley Unix +------------------- + +The GNU C library defines facilities from some versions of Unix which +are not formally standardized, specifically from the 4.2 BSD, 4.3 BSD, +and 4.4 BSD Unix systems (also known as "Berkeley Unix") and from +"SunOS" (a popular 4.2 BSD derivative that includes some Unix System V +functionality). These systems support most of the ISO C and POSIX +facilities, and 4.4 BSD and newer releases of SunOS in fact support +them all. + + The BSD facilities include symbolic links (*note Symbolic Links::), +the `select' function (*note Waiting for I/O::), the BSD signal +functions (*note BSD Signal Handling::), and sockets (*note Sockets::). + + +File: libc.info, Node: SVID, Next: XPG, Prev: Berkeley Unix, Up: Standards and Portability + +1.2.4 SVID (The System V Interface Description) +----------------------------------------------- + +The "System V Interface Description" (SVID) is a document describing +the AT&T Unix System V operating system. It is to some extent a +superset of the POSIX standard (*note POSIX::). + + The GNU C library defines most of the facilities required by the SVID +that are not also required by the ISO C or POSIX standards, for +compatibility with System V Unix and other Unix systems (such as +SunOS) which include these facilities. However, many of the more +obscure and less generally useful facilities required by the SVID are +not included. (In fact, Unix System V itself does not provide them +all.) + + The supported facilities from System V include the methods for +inter-process communication and shared memory, the `hsearch' and +`drand48' families of functions, `fmtmsg' and several of the +mathematical functions. + + +File: libc.info, Node: XPG, Prev: SVID, Up: Standards and Portability + +1.2.5 XPG (The X/Open Portability Guide) +---------------------------------------- + +The X/Open Portability Guide, published by the X/Open Company, Ltd., is +a more general standard than POSIX. X/Open owns the Unix copyright and +the XPG specifies the requirements for systems which are intended to be +a Unix system. + + The GNU C library complies to the X/Open Portability Guide, Issue +4.2, with all extensions common to XSI (X/Open System Interface) +compliant systems and also all X/Open UNIX extensions. + + The additions on top of POSIX are mainly derived from functionality +available in System V and BSD systems. Some of the really bad mistakes +in System V systems were corrected, though. Since fulfilling the XPG +standard with the Unix extensions is a precondition for getting the +Unix brand chances are good that the functionality is available on +commercial systems. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Using the Library, Next: Roadmap to the Manual, Prev: Standards and Portability, Up: Introduction + +1.3 Using the Library +===================== + +This section describes some of the practical issues involved in using +the GNU C library. + +* Menu: + +* Header Files:: How to include the header files in your + programs. +* Macro Definitions:: Some functions in the library may really + be implemented as macros. +* Reserved Names:: The C standard reserves some names for + the library, and some for users. +* Feature Test Macros:: How to control what names are defined. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Header Files, Next: Macro Definitions, Up: Using the Library + +1.3.1 Header Files +------------------ + +Libraries for use by C programs really consist of two parts: "header +files" that define types and macros and declare variables and +functions; and the actual library or "archive" that contains the +definitions of the variables and functions. + + (Recall that in C, a "declaration" merely provides information that +a function or variable exists and gives its type. For a function +declaration, information about the types of its arguments might be +provided as well. The purpose of declarations is to allow the compiler +to correctly process references to the declared variables and functions. +A "definition", on the other hand, actually allocates storage for a +variable or says what a function does.) + + In order to use the facilities in the GNU C library, you should be +sure that your program source files include the appropriate header +files. This is so that the compiler has declarations of these +facilities available and can correctly process references to them. +Once your program has been compiled, the linker resolves these +references to the actual definitions provided in the archive file. + + Header files are included into a program source file by the +`#include' preprocessor directive. The C language supports two forms +of this directive; the first, + + #include "HEADER" + +is typically used to include a header file HEADER that you write +yourself; this would contain definitions and declarations describing the +interfaces between the different parts of your particular application. +By contrast, + + #include + +is typically used to include a header file `file.h' that contains +definitions and declarations for a standard library. This file would +normally be installed in a standard place by your system administrator. +You should use this second form for the C library header files. + + Typically, `#include' directives are placed at the top of the C +source file, before any other code. If you begin your source files with +some comments explaining what the code in the file does (a good idea), +put the `#include' directives immediately afterwards, following the +feature test macro definition (*note Feature Test Macros::). + + For more information about the use of header files and `#include' +directives, *note Header Files: (cpp.info)Header Files. + + The GNU C library provides several header files, each of which +contains the type and macro definitions and variable and function +declarations for a group of related facilities. This means that your +programs may need to include several header files, depending on exactly +which facilities you are using. + + Some library header files include other library header files +automatically. However, as a matter of programming style, you should +not rely on this; it is better to explicitly include all the header +files required for the library facilities you are using. The GNU C +library header files have been written in such a way that it doesn't +matter if a header file is accidentally included more than once; +including a header file a second time has no effect. Likewise, if your +program needs to include multiple header files, the order in which they +are included doesn't matter. + + *Compatibility Note:* Inclusion of standard header files in any +order and any number of times works in any ISO C implementation. +However, this has traditionally not been the case in many older C +implementations. + + Strictly speaking, you don't _have to_ include a header file to use +a function it declares; you could declare the function explicitly +yourself, according to the specifications in this manual. But it is +usually better to include the header file because it may define types +and macros that are not otherwise available and because it may define +more efficient macro replacements for some functions. It is also a sure +way to have the correct declaration. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Macro Definitions, Next: Reserved Names, Prev: Header Files, Up: Using the Library + +1.3.2 Macro Definitions of Functions +------------------------------------ + +If we describe something as a function in this manual, it may have a +macro definition as well. This normally has no effect on how your +program runs--the macro definition does the same thing as the function +would. In particular, macro equivalents for library functions evaluate +arguments exactly once, in the same way that a function call would. The +main reason for these macro definitions is that sometimes they can +produce an inline expansion that is considerably faster than an actual +function call. + + Taking the address of a library function works even if it is also +defined as a macro. This is because, in this context, the name of the +function isn't followed by the left parenthesis that is syntactically +necessary to recognize a macro call. + + You might occasionally want to avoid using the macro definition of a +function--perhaps to make your program easier to debug. There are two +ways you can do this: + + * You can avoid a macro definition in a specific use by enclosing + the name of the function in parentheses. This works because the + name of the function doesn't appear in a syntactic context where + it is recognizable as a macro call. + + * You can suppress any macro definition for a whole source file by + using the `#undef' preprocessor directive, unless otherwise stated + explicitly in the description of that facility. + + For example, suppose the header file `stdlib.h' declares a function +named `abs' with + + extern int abs (int); + +and also provides a macro definition for `abs'. Then, in: + + #include + int f (int *i) { return abs (++*i); } + +the reference to `abs' might refer to either a macro or a function. On +the other hand, in each of the following examples the reference is to a +function and not a macro. + + #include + int g (int *i) { return (abs) (++*i); } + + #undef abs + int h (int *i) { return abs (++*i); } + + Since macro definitions that double for a function behave in exactly +the same way as the actual function version, there is usually no need +for any of these methods. In fact, removing macro definitions usually +just makes your program slower. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Reserved Names, Next: Feature Test Macros, Prev: Macro Definitions, Up: Using the Library + +1.3.3 Reserved Names +-------------------- + +The names of all library types, macros, variables and functions that +come from the ISO C standard are reserved unconditionally; your program +*may not* redefine these names. All other library names are reserved +if your program explicitly includes the header file that defines or +declares them. There are several reasons for these restrictions: + + * Other people reading your code could get very confused if you were + using a function named `exit' to do something completely different + from what the standard `exit' function does, for example. + Preventing this situation helps to make your programs easier to + understand and contributes to modularity and maintainability. + + * It avoids the possibility of a user accidentally redefining a + library function that is called by other library functions. If + redefinition were allowed, those other functions would not work + properly. + + * It allows the compiler to do whatever special optimizations it + pleases on calls to these functions, without the possibility that + they may have been redefined by the user. Some library + facilities, such as those for dealing with variadic arguments + (*note Variadic Functions::) and non-local exits (*note Non-Local + Exits::), actually require a considerable amount of cooperation on + the part of the C compiler, and with respect to the + implementation, it might be easier for the compiler to treat these + as built-in parts of the language. + + In addition to the names documented in this manual, reserved names +include all external identifiers (global functions and variables) that +begin with an underscore (`_') and all identifiers regardless of use +that begin with either two underscores or an underscore followed by a +capital letter are reserved names. This is so that the library and +header files can define functions, variables, and macros for internal +purposes without risk of conflict with names in user programs. + + Some additional classes of identifier names are reserved for future +extensions to the C language or the POSIX.1 environment. While using +these names for your own purposes right now might not cause a problem, +they do raise the possibility of conflict with future versions of the C +or POSIX standards, so you should avoid these names. + + * Names beginning with a capital `E' followed a digit or uppercase + letter may be used for additional error code names. *Note Error + Reporting::. + + * Names that begin with either `is' or `to' followed by a lowercase + letter may be used for additional character testing and conversion + functions. *Note Character Handling::. + + * Names that begin with `LC_' followed by an uppercase letter may be + used for additional macros specifying locale attributes. *Note + Locales::. + + * Names of all existing mathematics functions (*note Mathematics::) + suffixed with `f' or `l' are reserved for corresponding functions + that operate on `float' and `long double' arguments, respectively. + + * Names that begin with `SIG' followed by an uppercase letter are + reserved for additional signal names. *Note Standard Signals::. + + * Names that begin with `SIG_' followed by an uppercase letter are + reserved for additional signal actions. *Note Basic Signal + Handling::. + + * Names beginning with `str', `mem', or `wcs' followed by a + lowercase letter are reserved for additional string and array + functions. *Note String and Array Utilities::. + + * Names that end with `_t' are reserved for additional type names. + + In addition, some individual header files reserve names beyond those +that they actually define. You only need to worry about these +restrictions if your program includes that particular header file. + + * The header file `dirent.h' reserves names prefixed with `d_'. + + * The header file `fcntl.h' reserves names prefixed with `l_', `F_', + `O_', and `S_'. + + * The header file `grp.h' reserves names prefixed with `gr_'. + + * The header file `limits.h' reserves names suffixed with `_MAX'. + + * The header file `pwd.h' reserves names prefixed with `pw_'. + + * The header file `signal.h' reserves names prefixed with `sa_' and + `SA_'. + + * The header file `sys/stat.h' reserves names prefixed with `st_' + and `S_'. + + * The header file `sys/times.h' reserves names prefixed with `tms_'. + + * The header file `termios.h' reserves names prefixed with `c_', + `V', `I', `O', and `TC'; and names prefixed with `B' followed by a + digit. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Feature Test Macros, Prev: Reserved Names, Up: Using the Library + +1.3.4 Feature Test Macros +------------------------- + +The exact set of features available when you compile a source file is +controlled by which "feature test macros" you define. + + If you compile your programs using `gcc -ansi', you get only the +ISO C library features, unless you explicitly request additional +features by defining one or more of the feature macros. *Note GNU CC +Command Options: (gcc.info)Invoking GCC, for more information about GCC +options. + + You should define these macros by using `#define' preprocessor +directives at the top of your source code files. These directives +_must_ come before any `#include' of a system header file. It is best +to make them the very first thing in the file, preceded only by +comments. You could also use the `-D' option to GCC, but it's better +if you make the source files indicate their own meaning in a +self-contained way. + + This system exists to allow the library to conform to multiple +standards. Although the different standards are often described as +supersets of each other, they are usually incompatible because larger +standards require functions with names that smaller ones reserve to the +user program. This is not mere pedantry -- it has been a problem in +practice. For instance, some non-GNU programs define functions named +`getline' that have nothing to do with this library's `getline'. They +would not be compilable if all features were enabled indiscriminately. + + This should not be used to verify that a program conforms to a +limited standard. It is insufficient for this purpose, as it will not +protect you from including header files outside the standard, or +relying on semantics undefined within the standard. + + -- Macro: _POSIX_SOURCE + If you define this macro, then the functionality from the POSIX.1 + standard (IEEE Standard 1003.1) is available, as well as all of the + ISO C facilities. + + The state of `_POSIX_SOURCE' is irrelevant if you define the macro + `_POSIX_C_SOURCE' to a positive integer. + + -- Macro: _POSIX_C_SOURCE + Define this macro to a positive integer to control which POSIX + functionality is made available. The greater the value of this + macro, the more functionality is made available. + + If you define this macro to a value greater than or equal to `1', + then the functionality from the 1990 edition of the POSIX.1 + standard (IEEE Standard 1003.1-1990) is made available. + + If you define this macro to a value greater than or equal to `2', + then the functionality from the 1992 edition of the POSIX.2 + standard (IEEE Standard 1003.2-1992) is made available. + + If you define this macro to a value greater than or equal to + `199309L', then the functionality from the 1993 edition of the + POSIX.1b standard (IEEE Standard 1003.1b-1993) is made available. + + Greater values for `_POSIX_C_SOURCE' will enable future extensions. + The POSIX standards process will define these values as necessary, + and the GNU C Library should support them some time after they + become standardized. The 1996 edition of POSIX.1 (ISO/IEC 9945-1: + 1996) states that if you define `_POSIX_C_SOURCE' to a value + greater than or equal to `199506L', then the functionality from + the 1996 edition is made available. + + -- Macro: _BSD_SOURCE + If you define this macro, functionality derived from 4.3 BSD Unix + is included as well as the ISO C, POSIX.1, and POSIX.2 material. + + Some of the features derived from 4.3 BSD Unix conflict with the + corresponding features specified by the POSIX.1 standard. If this + macro is defined, the 4.3 BSD definitions take precedence over the + POSIX definitions. + + Due to the nature of some of the conflicts between 4.3 BSD and + POSIX.1, you need to use a special "BSD compatibility library" + when linking programs compiled for BSD compatibility. This is + because some functions must be defined in two different ways, one + of them in the normal C library, and one of them in the + compatibility library. If your program defines `_BSD_SOURCE', you + must give the option `-lbsd-compat' to the compiler or linker when + linking the program, to tell it to find functions in this special + compatibility library before looking for them in the normal C + library. + + -- Macro: _SVID_SOURCE + If you define this macro, functionality derived from SVID is + included as well as the ISO C, POSIX.1, POSIX.2, and X/Open + material. + + -- Macro: _XOPEN_SOURCE + -- Macro: _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED + If you define this macro, functionality described in the X/Open + Portability Guide is included. This is a superset of the POSIX.1 + and POSIX.2 functionality and in fact `_POSIX_SOURCE' and + `_POSIX_C_SOURCE' are automatically defined. + + As the unification of all Unices, functionality only available in + BSD and SVID is also included. + + If the macro `_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED' is also defined, even more + functionality is available. The extra functions will make all + functions available which are necessary for the X/Open Unix brand. + + If the macro `_XOPEN_SOURCE' has the value 500 this includes all + functionality described so far plus some new definitions from the + Single Unix Specification, version 2. + + -- Macro: _LARGEFILE_SOURCE + If this macro is defined some extra functions are available which + rectify a few shortcomings in all previous standards. + Specifically, the functions `fseeko' and `ftello' are available. + Without these functions the difference between the ISO C interface + (`fseek', `ftell') and the low-level POSIX interface (`lseek') + would lead to problems. + + This macro was introduced as part of the Large File Support + extension (LFS). + + -- Macro: _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE + If you define this macro an additional set of functions is made + available which enables 32 bit systems to use files of sizes beyond + the usual limit of 2GB. This interface is not available if the + system does not support files that large. On systems where the + natural file size limit is greater than 2GB (i.e., on 64 bit + systems) the new functions are identical to the replaced functions. + + The new functionality is made available by a new set of types and + functions which replace the existing ones. The names of these new + objects contain `64' to indicate the intention, e.g., `off_t' vs. + `off64_t' and `fseeko' vs. `fseeko64'. + + This macro was introduced as part of the Large File Support + extension (LFS). It is a transition interface for the period when + 64 bit offsets are not generally used (see `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS'). + + -- Macro: _FILE_OFFSET_BITS + This macro determines which file system interface shall be used, + one replacing the other. Whereas `_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE' makes the + 64 bit interface available as an additional interface, + `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS' allows the 64 bit interface to replace the old + interface. + + If `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS' is undefined, or if it is defined to the + value `32', nothing changes. The 32 bit interface is used and + types like `off_t' have a size of 32 bits on 32 bit systems. + + If the macro is defined to the value `64', the large file interface + replaces the old interface. I.e., the functions are not made + available under different names (as they are with + `_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE'). Instead the old function names now + reference the new functions, e.g., a call to `fseeko' now indeed + calls `fseeko64'. + + This macro should only be selected if the system provides + mechanisms for handling large files. On 64 bit systems this macro + has no effect since the `*64' functions are identical to the + normal functions. + + This macro was introduced as part of the Large File Support + extension (LFS). + + -- Macro: _ISOC99_SOURCE + Until the revised ISO C standard is widely adopted the new features + are not automatically enabled. The GNU libc nevertheless has a + complete implementation of the new standard and to enable the new + features the macro `_ISOC99_SOURCE' should be defined. + + -- Macro: _GNU_SOURCE + If you define this macro, everything is included: ISO C89, + ISO C99, POSIX.1, POSIX.2, BSD, SVID, X/Open, LFS, and GNU + extensions. In the cases where POSIX.1 conflicts with BSD, the + POSIX definitions take precedence. + + If you want to get the full effect of `_GNU_SOURCE' but make the + BSD definitions take precedence over the POSIX definitions, use + this sequence of definitions: + + #define _GNU_SOURCE + #define _BSD_SOURCE + #define _SVID_SOURCE + + Note that if you do this, you must link your program with the BSD + compatibility library by passing the `-lbsd-compat' option to the + compiler or linker. *NB:* If you forget to do this, you may get + very strange errors at run time. + + -- Macro: _REENTRANT + -- Macro: _THREAD_SAFE + If you define one of these macros, reentrant versions of several + functions get declared. Some of the functions are specified in + POSIX.1c but many others are only available on a few other systems + or are unique to GNU libc. The problem is the delay in the + standardization of the thread safe C library interface. + + Unlike on some other systems, no special version of the C library + must be used for linking. There is only one version but while + compiling this it must have been specified to compile as thread + safe. + + We recommend you use `_GNU_SOURCE' in new programs. If you don't +specify the `-ansi' option to GCC and don't define any of these macros +explicitly, the effect is the same as defining `_POSIX_C_SOURCE' to 2 +and `_POSIX_SOURCE', `_SVID_SOURCE', and `_BSD_SOURCE' to 1. + + When you define a feature test macro to request a larger class of +features, it is harmless to define in addition a feature test macro for +a subset of those features. For example, if you define +`_POSIX_C_SOURCE', then defining `_POSIX_SOURCE' as well has no effect. +Likewise, if you define `_GNU_SOURCE', then defining either +`_POSIX_SOURCE' or `_POSIX_C_SOURCE' or `_SVID_SOURCE' as well has no +effect. + + Note, however, that the features of `_BSD_SOURCE' are not a subset of +any of the other feature test macros supported. This is because it +defines BSD features that take precedence over the POSIX features that +are requested by the other macros. For this reason, defining +`_BSD_SOURCE' in addition to the other feature test macros does have an +effect: it causes the BSD features to take priority over the conflicting +POSIX features. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Roadmap to the Manual, Prev: Using the Library, Up: Introduction + +1.4 Roadmap to the Manual +========================= + +Here is an overview of the contents of the remaining chapters of this +manual. + + * *note Error Reporting::, describes how errors detected by the + library are reported. + + * *note Language Features::, contains information about library + support for standard parts of the C language, including things + like the `sizeof' operator and the symbolic constant `NULL', how + to write functions accepting variable numbers of arguments, and + constants describing the ranges and other properties of the + numerical types. There is also a simple debugging mechanism which + allows you to put assertions in your code, and have diagnostic + messages printed if the tests fail. + + * *note Memory::, describes the GNU library's facilities for + managing and using virtual and real memory, including dynamic + allocation of virtual memory. If you do not know in advance how + much memory your program needs, you can allocate it dynamically + instead, and manipulate it via pointers. + + * *note Character Handling::, contains information about character + classification functions (such as `isspace') and functions for + performing case conversion. + + * *note String and Array Utilities::, has descriptions of functions + for manipulating strings (null-terminated character arrays) and + general byte arrays, including operations such as copying and + comparison. + + * *note I/O Overview::, gives an overall look at the input and output + facilities in the library, and contains information about basic + concepts such as file names. + + * *note I/O on Streams::, describes I/O operations involving streams + (or `FILE *' objects). These are the normal C library functions + from `stdio.h'. + + * *note Low-Level I/O::, contains information about I/O operations + on file descriptors. File descriptors are a lower-level mechanism + specific to the Unix family of operating systems. + + * *note File System Interface::, has descriptions of operations on + entire files, such as functions for deleting and renaming them and + for creating new directories. This chapter also contains + information about how you can access the attributes of a file, + such as its owner and file protection modes. + + * *note Pipes and FIFOs::, contains information about simple + interprocess communication mechanisms. Pipes allow communication + between two related processes (such as between a parent and + child), while FIFOs allow communication between processes sharing + a common file system on the same machine. + + * *note Sockets::, describes a more complicated interprocess + communication mechanism that allows processes running on different + machines to communicate over a network. This chapter also + contains information about Internet host addressing and how to use + the system network databases. + + * *note Low-Level Terminal Interface::, describes how you can change + the attributes of a terminal device. If you want to disable echo + of characters typed by the user, for example, read this chapter. + + * *note Mathematics::, contains information about the math library + functions. These include things like random-number generators and + remainder functions on integers as well as the usual trigonometric + and exponential functions on floating-point numbers. + + * *note Low-Level Arithmetic Functions: Arithmetic, describes + functions for simple arithmetic, analysis of floating-point + values, and reading numbers from strings. + + * *note Searching and Sorting::, contains information about functions + for searching and sorting arrays. You can use these functions on + any kind of array by providing an appropriate comparison function. + + * *note Pattern Matching::, presents functions for matching regular + expressions and shell file name patterns, and for expanding words + as the shell does. + + * *note Date and Time::, describes functions for measuring both + calendar time and CPU time, as well as functions for setting + alarms and timers. + + * *note Character Set Handling::, contains information about + manipulating characters and strings using character sets larger + than will fit in the usual `char' data type. + + * *note Locales::, describes how selecting a particular country or + language affects the behavior of the library. For example, the + locale affects collation sequences for strings and how monetary + values are formatted. + + * *note Non-Local Exits::, contains descriptions of the `setjmp' and + `longjmp' functions. These functions provide a facility for + `goto'-like jumps which can jump from one function to another. + + * *note Signal Handling::, tells you all about signals--what they + are, how to establish a handler that is called when a particular + kind of signal is delivered, and how to prevent signals from + arriving during critical sections of your program. + + * *note Program Basics::, tells how your programs can access their + command-line arguments and environment variables. + + * *note Processes::, contains information about how to start new + processes and run programs. + + * *note Job Control::, describes functions for manipulating process + groups and the controlling terminal. This material is probably + only of interest if you are writing a shell or other program which + handles job control specially. + + * *note Name Service Switch::, describes the services which are + available for looking up names in the system databases, how to + determine which service is used for which database, and how these + services are implemented so that contributors can design their own + services. + + * *note User Database::, and *note Group Database::, tell you how to + access the system user and group databases. + + * *note System Management::, describes functions for controlling and + getting information about the hardware and software configuration + your program is executing under. + + * *note System Configuration::, tells you how you can get + information about various operating system limits. Most of these + parameters are provided for compatibility with POSIX. + + * *note Library Summary::, gives a summary of all the functions, + variables, and macros in the library, with complete data types and + function prototypes, and says what standard or system each is + derived from. + + * *note Maintenance::, explains how to build and install the GNU C + library on your system, how to report any bugs you might find, and + how to add new functions or port the library to a new system. + + If you already know the name of the facility you are interested in, +you can look it up in *note Library Summary::. This gives you a +summary of its syntax and a pointer to where you can find a more +detailed description. This appendix is particularly useful if you just +want to verify the order and type of arguments to a function, for +example. It also tells you what standard or system each function, +variable, or macro is derived from. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Error Reporting, Next: Memory, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top + +2 Error Reporting +***************** + +Many functions in the GNU C library detect and report error conditions, +and sometimes your programs need to check for these error conditions. +For example, when you open an input file, you should verify that the +file was actually opened correctly, and print an error message or take +other appropriate action if the call to the library function failed. + + This chapter describes how the error reporting facility works. Your +program should include the header file `errno.h' to use this facility. + +* Menu: + +* Checking for Errors:: How errors are reported by library functions. +* Error Codes:: Error code macros; all of these expand + into integer constant values. +* Error Messages:: Mapping error codes onto error messages. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Checking for Errors, Next: Error Codes, Up: Error Reporting + +2.1 Checking for Errors +======================= + +Most library functions return a special value to indicate that they have +failed. The special value is typically `-1', a null pointer, or a +constant such as `EOF' that is defined for that purpose. But this +return value tells you only that an error has occurred. To find out +what kind of error it was, you need to look at the error code stored in +the variable `errno'. This variable is declared in the header file +`errno.h'. + + -- Variable: volatile int errno + The variable `errno' contains the system error number. You can + change the value of `errno'. + + Since `errno' is declared `volatile', it might be changed + asynchronously by a signal handler; see *note Defining Handlers::. + However, a properly written signal handler saves and restores the + value of `errno', so you generally do not need to worry about this + possibility except when writing signal handlers. + + The initial value of `errno' at program startup is zero. Many + library functions are guaranteed to set it to certain nonzero + values when they encounter certain kinds of errors. These error + conditions are listed for each function. These functions do not + change `errno' when they succeed; thus, the value of `errno' after + a successful call is not necessarily zero, and you should not use + `errno' to determine _whether_ a call failed. The proper way to + do that is documented for each function. _If_ the call failed, + you can examine `errno'. + + Many library functions can set `errno' to a nonzero value as a + result of calling other library functions which might fail. You + should assume that any library function might alter `errno' when + the function returns an error. + + *Portability Note:* ISO C specifies `errno' as a "modifiable + lvalue" rather than as a variable, permitting it to be implemented + as a macro. For example, its expansion might involve a function + call, like `*_errno ()'. In fact, that is what it is on the GNU + system itself. The GNU library, on non-GNU systems, does whatever + is right for the particular system. + + There are a few library functions, like `sqrt' and `atan', that + return a perfectly legitimate value in case of an error, but also + set `errno'. For these functions, if you want to check to see + whether an error occurred, the recommended method is to set `errno' + to zero before calling the function, and then check its value + afterward. + + All the error codes have symbolic names; they are macros defined in +`errno.h'. The names start with `E' and an upper-case letter or digit; +you should consider names of this form to be reserved names. *Note +Reserved Names::. + + The error code values are all positive integers and are all distinct, +with one exception: `EWOULDBLOCK' and `EAGAIN' are the same. Since the +values are distinct, you can use them as labels in a `switch' +statement; just don't use both `EWOULDBLOCK' and `EAGAIN'. Your +program should not make any other assumptions about the specific values +of these symbolic constants. + + The value of `errno' doesn't necessarily have to correspond to any +of these macros, since some library functions might return other error +codes of their own for other situations. The only values that are +guaranteed to be meaningful for a particular library function are the +ones that this manual lists for that function. + + On non-GNU systems, almost any system call can return `EFAULT' if it +is given an invalid pointer as an argument. Since this could only +happen as a result of a bug in your program, and since it will not +happen on the GNU system, we have saved space by not mentioning +`EFAULT' in the descriptions of individual functions. + + In some Unix systems, many system calls can also return `EFAULT' if +given as an argument a pointer into the stack, and the kernel for some +obscure reason fails in its attempt to extend the stack. If this ever +happens, you should probably try using statically or dynamically +allocated memory instead of stack memory on that system. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Error Codes, Next: Error Messages, Prev: Checking for Errors, Up: Error Reporting + +2.2 Error Codes +=============== + +The error code macros are defined in the header file `errno.h'. All of +them expand into integer constant values. Some of these error codes +can't occur on the GNU system, but they can occur using the GNU library +on other systems. + + -- Macro: int EPERM + Operation not permitted; only the owner of the file (or other + resource) or processes with special privileges can perform the + operation. + + -- Macro: int ENOENT + No such file or directory. This is a "file doesn't exist" error + for ordinary files that are referenced in contexts where they are + expected to already exist. + + -- Macro: int ESRCH + No process matches the specified process ID. + + -- Macro: int EINTR + Interrupted function call; an asynchronous signal occurred and + prevented completion of the call. When this happens, you should + try the call again. + + You can choose to have functions resume after a signal that is + handled, rather than failing with `EINTR'; see *note Interrupted + Primitives::. + + -- Macro: int EIO + Input/output error; usually used for physical read or write errors. + + -- Macro: int ENXIO + No such device or address. The system tried to use the device + represented by a file you specified, and it couldn't find the + device. This can mean that the device file was installed + incorrectly, or that the physical device is missing or not + correctly attached to the computer. + + -- Macro: int E2BIG + Argument list too long; used when the arguments passed to a new + program being executed with one of the `exec' functions (*note + Executing a File::) occupy too much memory space. This condition + never arises in the GNU system. + + -- Macro: int ENOEXEC + Invalid executable file format. This condition is detected by the + `exec' functions; see *note Executing a File::. + + -- Macro: int EBADF + Bad file descriptor; for example, I/O on a descriptor that has been + closed or reading from a descriptor open only for writing (or vice + versa). + + -- Macro: int ECHILD + There are no child processes. This error happens on operations + that are supposed to manipulate child processes, when there aren't + any processes to manipulate. + + -- Macro: int EDEADLK + Deadlock avoided; allocating a system resource would have resulted + in a deadlock situation. The system does not guarantee that it + will notice all such situations. This error means you got lucky + and the system noticed; it might just hang. *Note File Locks::, + for an example. + + -- Macro: int ENOMEM + No memory available. The system cannot allocate more virtual + memory because its capacity is full. + + -- Macro: int EACCES + Permission denied; the file permissions do not allow the attempted + operation. + + -- Macro: int EFAULT + Bad address; an invalid pointer was detected. In the GNU system, + this error never happens; you get a signal instead. + + -- Macro: int ENOTBLK + A file that isn't a block special file was given in a situation + that requires one. For example, trying to mount an ordinary file + as a file system in Unix gives this error. + + -- Macro: int EBUSY + Resource busy; a system resource that can't be shared is already + in use. For example, if you try to delete a file that is the root + of a currently mounted filesystem, you get this error. + + -- Macro: int EEXIST + File exists; an existing file was specified in a context where it + only makes sense to specify a new file. + + -- Macro: int EXDEV + An attempt to make an improper link across file systems was + detected. This happens not only when you use `link' (*note Hard + Links::) but also when you rename a file with `rename' (*note + Renaming Files::). + + -- Macro: int ENODEV + The wrong type of device was given to a function that expects a + particular sort of device. + + -- Macro: int ENOTDIR + A file that isn't a directory was specified when a directory is + required. + + -- Macro: int EISDIR + File is a directory; you cannot open a directory for writing, or + create or remove hard links to it. + + -- Macro: int EINVAL + Invalid argument. This is used to indicate various kinds of + problems with passing the wrong argument to a library function. + + -- Macro: int EMFILE + The current process has too many files open and can't open any + more. Duplicate descriptors do count toward this limit. + + In BSD and GNU, the number of open files is controlled by a + resource limit that can usually be increased. If you get this + error, you might want to increase the `RLIMIT_NOFILE' limit or + make it unlimited; *note Limits on Resources::. + + -- Macro: int ENFILE + There are too many distinct file openings in the entire system. + Note that any number of linked channels count as just one file + opening; see *note Linked Channels::. This error never occurs in + the GNU system. + + -- Macro: int ENOTTY + Inappropriate I/O control operation, such as trying to set terminal + modes on an ordinary file. + + -- Macro: int ETXTBSY + An attempt to execute a file that is currently open for writing, or + write to a file that is currently being executed. Often using a + debugger to run a program is considered having it open for writing + and will cause this error. (The name stands for "text file + busy".) This is not an error in the GNU system; the text is + copied as necessary. + + -- Macro: int EFBIG + File too big; the size of a file would be larger than allowed by + the system. + + -- Macro: int ENOSPC + No space left on device; write operation on a file failed because + the disk is full. + + -- Macro: int ESPIPE + Invalid seek operation (such as on a pipe). + + -- Macro: int EROFS + An attempt was made to modify something on a read-only file system. + + -- Macro: int EMLINK + Too many links; the link count of a single file would become too + large. `rename' can cause this error if the file being renamed + already has as many links as it can take (*note Renaming Files::). + + -- Macro: int EPIPE + Broken pipe; there is no process reading from the other end of a + pipe. Every library function that returns this error code also + generates a `SIGPIPE' signal; this signal terminates the program + if not handled or blocked. Thus, your program will never actually + see `EPIPE' unless it has handled or blocked `SIGPIPE'. + + -- Macro: int EDOM + Domain error; used by mathematical functions when an argument + value does not fall into the domain over which the function is + defined. + + -- Macro: int ERANGE + Range error; used by mathematical functions when the result value + is not representable because of overflow or underflow. + + -- Macro: int EAGAIN + Resource temporarily unavailable; the call might work if you try + again later. The macro `EWOULDBLOCK' is another name for `EAGAIN'; + they are always the same in the GNU C library. + + This error can happen in a few different situations: + + * An operation that would block was attempted on an object that + has non-blocking mode selected. Trying the same operation + again will block until some external condition makes it + possible to read, write, or connect (whatever the operation). + You can use `select' to find out when the operation will be + possible; *note Waiting for I/O::. + + *Portability Note:* In many older Unix systems, this condition + was indicated by `EWOULDBLOCK', which was a distinct error + code different from `EAGAIN'. To make your program portable, + you should check for both codes and treat them the same. + + * A temporary resource shortage made an operation impossible. + `fork' can return this error. It indicates that the shortage + is expected to pass, so your program can try the call again + later and it may succeed. It is probably a good idea to + delay for a few seconds before trying it again, to allow time + for other processes to release scarce resources. Such + shortages are usually fairly serious and affect the whole + system, so usually an interactive program should report the + error to the user and return to its command loop. + + -- Macro: int EWOULDBLOCK + In the GNU C library, this is another name for `EAGAIN' (above). + The values are always the same, on every operating system. + + C libraries in many older Unix systems have `EWOULDBLOCK' as a + separate error code. + + -- Macro: int EINPROGRESS + An operation that cannot complete immediately was initiated on an + object that has non-blocking mode selected. Some functions that + must always block (such as `connect'; *note Connecting::) never + return `EAGAIN'. Instead, they return `EINPROGRESS' to indicate + that the operation has begun and will take some time. Attempts to + manipulate the object before the call completes return `EALREADY'. + You can use the `select' function to find out when the pending + operation has completed; *note Waiting for I/O::. + + -- Macro: int EALREADY + An operation is already in progress on an object that has + non-blocking mode selected. + + -- Macro: int ENOTSOCK + A file that isn't a socket was specified when a socket is required. + + -- Macro: int EMSGSIZE + The size of a message sent on a socket was larger than the + supported maximum size. + + -- Macro: int EPROTOTYPE + The socket type does not support the requested communications + protocol. + + -- Macro: int ENOPROTOOPT + You specified a socket option that doesn't make sense for the + particular protocol being used by the socket. *Note Socket + Options::. + + -- Macro: int EPROTONOSUPPORT + The socket domain does not support the requested communications + protocol (perhaps because the requested protocol is completely + invalid). *Note Creating a Socket::. + + -- Macro: int ESOCKTNOSUPPORT + The socket type is not supported. + + -- Macro: int EOPNOTSUPP + The operation you requested is not supported. Some socket + functions don't make sense for all types of sockets, and others + may not be implemented for all communications protocols. In the + GNU system, this error can happen for many calls when the object + does not support the particular operation; it is a generic + indication that the server knows nothing to do for that call. + + -- Macro: int EPFNOSUPPORT + The socket communications protocol family you requested is not + supported. + + -- Macro: int EAFNOSUPPORT + The address family specified for a socket is not supported; it is + inconsistent with the protocol being used on the socket. *Note + Sockets::. + + -- Macro: int EADDRINUSE + The requested socket address is already in use. *Note Socket + Addresses::. + + -- Macro: int EADDRNOTAVAIL + The requested socket address is not available; for example, you + tried to give a socket a name that doesn't match the local host + name. *Note Socket Addresses::. + + -- Macro: int ENETDOWN + A socket operation failed because the network was down. + + -- Macro: int ENETUNREACH + A socket operation failed because the subnet containing the remote + host was unreachable. + + -- Macro: int ENETRESET + A network connection was reset because the remote host crashed. + + -- Macro: int ECONNABORTED + A network connection was aborted locally. + + -- Macro: int ECONNRESET + A network connection was closed for reasons outside the control of + the local host, such as by the remote machine rebooting or an + unrecoverable protocol violation. + + -- Macro: int ENOBUFS + The kernel's buffers for I/O operations are all in use. In GNU, + this error is always synonymous with `ENOMEM'; you may get one or + the other from network operations. + + -- Macro: int EISCONN + You tried to connect a socket that is already connected. *Note + Connecting::. + + -- Macro: int ENOTCONN + The socket is not connected to anything. You get this error when + you try to transmit data over a socket, without first specifying a + destination for the data. For a connectionless socket (for + datagram protocols, such as UDP), you get `EDESTADDRREQ' instead. + + -- Macro: int EDESTADDRREQ + No default destination address was set for the socket. You get + this error when you try to transmit data over a connectionless + socket, without first specifying a destination for the data with + `connect'. + + -- Macro: int ESHUTDOWN + The socket has already been shut down. + + -- Macro: int ETOOMANYREFS + ??? + + -- Macro: int ETIMEDOUT + A socket operation with a specified timeout received no response + during the timeout period. + + -- Macro: int ECONNREFUSED + A remote host refused to allow the network connection (typically + because it is not running the requested service). + + -- Macro: int ELOOP + Too many levels of symbolic links were encountered in looking up a + file name. This often indicates a cycle of symbolic links. + + -- Macro: int ENAMETOOLONG + Filename too long (longer than `PATH_MAX'; *note Limits for + Files::) or host name too long (in `gethostname' or `sethostname'; + *note Host Identification::). + + -- Macro: int EHOSTDOWN + The remote host for a requested network connection is down. + + -- Macro: int EHOSTUNREACH + The remote host for a requested network connection is not + reachable. + + -- Macro: int ENOTEMPTY + Directory not empty, where an empty directory was expected. + Typically, this error occurs when you are trying to delete a + directory. + + -- Macro: int EPROCLIM + This means that the per-user limit on new process would be + exceeded by an attempted `fork'. *Note Limits on Resources::, for + details on the `RLIMIT_NPROC' limit. + + -- Macro: int EUSERS + The file quota system is confused because there are too many users. + + -- Macro: int EDQUOT + The user's disk quota was exceeded. + + -- Macro: int ESTALE + Stale NFS file handle. This indicates an internal confusion in + the NFS system which is due to file system rearrangements on the + server host. Repairing this condition usually requires unmounting + and remounting the NFS file system on the local host. + + -- Macro: int EREMOTE + An attempt was made to NFS-mount a remote file system with a file + name that already specifies an NFS-mounted file. (This is an + error on some operating systems, but we expect it to work properly + on the GNU system, making this error code impossible.) + + -- Macro: int EBADRPC + ??? + + -- Macro: int ERPCMISMATCH + ??? + + -- Macro: int EPROGUNAVAIL + ??? + + -- Macro: int EPROGMISMATCH + ??? + + -- Macro: int EPROCUNAVAIL + ??? + + -- Macro: int ENOLCK + No locks available. This is used by the file locking facilities; + see *note File Locks::. This error is never generated by the GNU + system, but it can result from an operation to an NFS server + running another operating system. + + -- Macro: int EFTYPE + Inappropriate file type or format. The file was the wrong type + for the operation, or a data file had the wrong format. + + On some systems `chmod' returns this error if you try to set the + sticky bit on a non-directory file; *note Setting Permissions::. + + -- Macro: int EAUTH + ??? + + -- Macro: int ENEEDAUTH + ??? + + -- Macro: int ENOSYS + Function not implemented. This indicates that the function called + is not implemented at all, either in the C library itself or in the + operating system. When you get this error, you can be sure that + this particular function will always fail with `ENOSYS' unless you + install a new version of the C library or the operating system. + + -- Macro: int ENOTSUP + Not supported. A function returns this error when certain + parameter values are valid, but the functionality they request is + not available. This can mean that the function does not implement + a particular command or option value or flag bit at all. For + functions that operate on some object given in a parameter, such + as a file descriptor or a port, it might instead mean that only + _that specific object_ (file descriptor, port, etc.) is unable to + support the other parameters given; different file descriptors + might support different ranges of parameter values. + + If the entire function is not available at all in the + implementation, it returns `ENOSYS' instead. + + -- Macro: int EILSEQ + While decoding a multibyte character the function came along an + invalid or an incomplete sequence of bytes or the given wide + character is invalid. + + -- Macro: int EBACKGROUND + In the GNU system, servers supporting the `term' protocol return + this error for certain operations when the caller is not in the + foreground process group of the terminal. Users do not usually + see this error because functions such as `read' and `write' + translate it into a `SIGTTIN' or `SIGTTOU' signal. *Note Job + Control::, for information on process groups and these signals. + + -- Macro: int EDIED + In the GNU system, opening a file returns this error when the file + is translated by a program and the translator program dies while + starting up, before it has connected to the file. + + -- Macro: int ED + The experienced user will know what is wrong. + + -- Macro: int EGREGIOUS + You did *what*? + + -- Macro: int EIEIO + Go home and have a glass of warm, dairy-fresh milk. + + -- Macro: int EGRATUITOUS + This error code has no purpose. + + -- Macro: int EBADMSG + + -- Macro: int EIDRM + + -- Macro: int EMULTIHOP + + -- Macro: int ENODATA + + -- Macro: int ENOLINK + + -- Macro: int ENOMSG + + -- Macro: int ENOSR + + -- Macro: int ENOSTR + + -- Macro: int EOVERFLOW + + -- Macro: int EPROTO + + -- Macro: int ETIME + + -- Macro: int ECANCELED + Operation canceled; an asynchronous operation was canceled before + it completed. *Note Asynchronous I/O::. When you call + `aio_cancel', the normal result is for the operations affected to + complete with this error; *note Cancel AIO Operations::. + + _The following error codes are defined by the Linux/i386 kernel. +They are not yet documented._ + + -- Macro: int ERESTART + + -- Macro: int ECHRNG + + -- Macro: int EL2NSYNC + + -- Macro: int EL3HLT + + -- Macro: int EL3RST + + -- Macro: int ELNRNG + + -- Macro: int EUNATCH + + -- Macro: int ENOCSI + + -- Macro: int EL2HLT + + -- Macro: int EBADE + + -- Macro: int EBADR + + -- Macro: int EXFULL + + -- Macro: int ENOANO + + -- Macro: int EBADRQC + + -- Macro: int EBADSLT + + -- Macro: int EDEADLOCK + + -- Macro: int EBFONT + + -- Macro: int ENONET + + -- Macro: int ENOPKG + + -- Macro: int EADV + + -- Macro: int ESRMNT + + -- Macro: int ECOMM + + -- Macro: int EDOTDOT + + -- Macro: int ENOTUNIQ + + -- Macro: int EBADFD + + -- Macro: int EREMCHG + + -- Macro: int ELIBACC + + -- Macro: int ELIBBAD + + -- Macro: int ELIBSCN + + -- Macro: int ELIBMAX + + -- Macro: int ELIBEXEC + + -- Macro: int ESTRPIPE + + -- Macro: int EUCLEAN + + -- Macro: int ENOTNAM + + -- Macro: int ENAVAIL + + -- Macro: int EISNAM + + -- Macro: int EREMOTEIO + + -- Macro: int ENOMEDIUM + + -- Macro: int EMEDIUMTYPE + + -- Macro: int ENOKEY + + -- Macro: int EKEYEXPIRED + + -- Macro: int EKEYREVOKED + + -- Macro: int EKEYREJECTED + + -- Macro: int EOWNERDEAD + + -- Macro: int ENOTRECOVERABLE + + +File: libc.info, Node: Error Messages, Prev: Error Codes, Up: Error Reporting + +2.3 Error Messages +================== + +The library has functions and variables designed to make it easy for +your program to report informative error messages in the customary +format about the failure of a library call. The functions `strerror' +and `perror' give you the standard error message for a given error +code; the variable `program_invocation_short_name' gives you convenient +access to the name of the program that encountered the error. + + -- Function: char * strerror (int ERRNUM) + The `strerror' function maps the error code (*note Checking for + Errors::) specified by the ERRNUM argument to a descriptive error + message string. The return value is a pointer to this string. + + The value ERRNUM normally comes from the variable `errno'. + + You should not modify the string returned by `strerror'. Also, if + you make subsequent calls to `strerror', the string might be + overwritten. (But it's guaranteed that no library function ever + calls `strerror' behind your back.) + + The function `strerror' is declared in `string.h'. + + -- Function: char * strerror_r (int ERRNUM, char *BUF, size_t N) + The `strerror_r' function works like `strerror' but instead of + returning the error message in a statically allocated buffer + shared by all threads in the process, it returns a private copy + for the thread. This might be either some permanent global data or + a message string in the user supplied buffer starting at BUF with + the length of N bytes. + + At most N characters are written (including the NUL byte) so it is + up to the user to select the buffer large enough. + + This function should always be used in multi-threaded programs + since there is no way to guarantee the string returned by + `strerror' really belongs to the last call of the current thread. + + This function `strerror_r' is a GNU extension and it is declared in + `string.h'. + + -- Function: void perror (const char *MESSAGE) + This function prints an error message to the stream `stderr'; see + *note Standard Streams::. The orientation of `stderr' is not + changed. + + If you call `perror' with a MESSAGE that is either a null pointer + or an empty string, `perror' just prints the error message + corresponding to `errno', adding a trailing newline. + + If you supply a non-null MESSAGE argument, then `perror' prefixes + its output with this string. It adds a colon and a space + character to separate the MESSAGE from the error string + corresponding to `errno'. + + The function `perror' is declared in `stdio.h'. + + `strerror' and `perror' produce the exact same message for any given +error code; the precise text varies from system to system. On the GNU +system, the messages are fairly short; there are no multi-line messages +or embedded newlines. Each error message begins with a capital letter +and does not include any terminating punctuation. + + *Compatibility Note:* The `strerror' function was introduced in +ISO C89. Many older C systems do not support this function yet. + + Many programs that don't read input from the terminal are designed to +exit if any system call fails. By convention, the error message from +such a program should start with the program's name, sans directories. +You can find that name in the variable `program_invocation_short_name'; +the full file name is stored the variable `program_invocation_name'. + + -- Variable: char * program_invocation_name + This variable's value is the name that was used to invoke the + program running in the current process. It is the same as + `argv[0]'. Note that this is not necessarily a useful file name; + often it contains no directory names. *Note Program Arguments::. + + -- Variable: char * program_invocation_short_name + This variable's value is the name that was used to invoke the + program running in the current process, with directory names + removed. (That is to say, it is the same as + `program_invocation_name' minus everything up to the last slash, + if any.) + + The library initialization code sets up both of these variables +before calling `main'. + + *Portability Note:* These two variables are GNU extensions. If you +want your program to work with non-GNU libraries, you must save the +value of `argv[0]' in `main', and then strip off the directory names +yourself. We added these extensions to make it possible to write +self-contained error-reporting subroutines that require no explicit +cooperation from `main'. + + Here is an example showing how to handle failure to open a file +correctly. The function `open_sesame' tries to open the named file for +reading and returns a stream if successful. The `fopen' library +function returns a null pointer if it couldn't open the file for some +reason. In that situation, `open_sesame' constructs an appropriate +error message using the `strerror' function, and terminates the +program. If we were going to make some other library calls before +passing the error code to `strerror', we'd have to save it in a local +variable instead, because those other library functions might overwrite +`errno' in the meantime. + + #include + #include + #include + #include + + FILE * + open_sesame (char *name) + { + FILE *stream; + + errno = 0; + stream = fopen (name, "r"); + if (stream == NULL) + { + fprintf (stderr, "%s: Couldn't open file %s; %s\n", + program_invocation_short_name, name, strerror (errno)); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + } + else + return stream; + } + + Using `perror' has the advantage that the function is portable and +available on all systems implementing ISO C. But often the text +`perror' generates is not what is wanted and there is no way to extend +or change what `perror' does. The GNU coding standard, for instance, +requires error messages to be preceded by the program name and programs +which read some input files should should provide information about the +input file name and the line number in case an error is encountered +while reading the file. For these occasions there are two functions +available which are widely used throughout the GNU project. These +functions are declared in `error.h'. + + -- Function: void error (int STATUS, int ERRNUM, const char *FORMAT, + ...) + The `error' function can be used to report general problems during + program execution. The FORMAT argument is a format string just + like those given to the `printf' family of functions. The + arguments required for the format can follow the FORMAT parameter. + Just like `perror', `error' also can report an error code in + textual form. But unlike `perror' the error value is explicitly + passed to the function in the ERRNUM parameter. This eliminates + the problem mentioned above that the error reporting function must + be called immediately after the function causing the error since + otherwise `errno' might have a different value. + + The `error' prints first the program name. If the application + defined a global variable `error_print_progname' and points it to a + function this function will be called to print the program name. + Otherwise the string from the global variable `program_name' is + used. The program name is followed by a colon and a space which + in turn is followed by the output produced by the format string. + If the ERRNUM parameter is non-zero the format string output is + followed by a colon and a space, followed by the error message for + the error code ERRNUM. In any case is the output terminated with + a newline. + + The output is directed to the `stderr' stream. If the `stderr' + wasn't oriented before the call it will be narrow-oriented + afterwards. + + The function will return unless the STATUS parameter has a + non-zero value. In this case the function will call `exit' with + the STATUS value for its parameter and therefore never return. If + `error' returns the global variable `error_message_count' is + incremented by one to keep track of the number of errors reported. + + -- Function: void error_at_line (int STATUS, int ERRNUM, const char + *FNAME, unsigned int LINENO, const char *FORMAT, ...) + The `error_at_line' function is very similar to the `error' + function. The only difference are the additional parameters FNAME + and LINENO. The handling of the other parameters is identical to + that of `error' except that between the program name and the string + generated by the format string additional text is inserted. + + Directly following the program name a colon, followed by the file + name pointer to by FNAME, another colon, and a value of LINENO is + printed. + + This additional output of course is meant to be used to locate an + error in an input file (like a programming language source code + file etc). + + If the global variable `error_one_per_line' is set to a non-zero + value `error_at_line' will avoid printing consecutive messages for + the same file and line. Repetition which are not directly + following each other are not caught. + + Just like `error' this function only returned if STATUS is zero. + Otherwise `exit' is called with the non-zero value. If `error' + returns the global variable `error_message_count' is incremented + by one to keep track of the number of errors reported. + + As mentioned above the `error' and `error_at_line' functions can be +customized by defining a variable named `error_print_progname'. + + -- Variable: void (*) error_print_progname (void) + If the `error_print_progname' variable is defined to a non-zero + value the function pointed to is called by `error' or + `error_at_line'. It is expected to print the program name or do + something similarly useful. + + The function is expected to be print to the `stderr' stream and + must be able to handle whatever orientation the stream has. + + The variable is global and shared by all threads. + + -- Variable: unsigned int error_message_count + The `error_message_count' variable is incremented whenever one of + the functions `error' or `error_at_line' returns. The variable is + global and shared by all threads. + + -- Variable: int error_one_per_line + The `error_one_per_line' variable influences only `error_at_line'. + Normally the `error_at_line' function creates output for every + invocation. If `error_one_per_line' is set to a non-zero value + `error_at_line' keeps track of the last file name and line number + for which an error was reported and avoid directly following + messages for the same file and line. This variable is global and + shared by all threads. + +A program which read some input file and reports errors in it could look +like this: + + { + char *line = NULL; + size_t len = 0; + unsigned int lineno = 0; + + error_message_count = 0; + while (! feof_unlocked (fp)) + { + ssize_t n = getline (&line, &len, fp); + if (n <= 0) + /* End of file or error. */ + break; + ++lineno; + + /* Process the line. */ + ... + + if (Detect error in line) + error_at_line (0, errval, filename, lineno, + "some error text %s", some_variable); + } + + if (error_message_count != 0) + error (EXIT_FAILURE, 0, "%u errors found", error_message_count); + } + + `error' and `error_at_line' are clearly the functions of choice and +enable the programmer to write applications which follow the GNU coding +standard. The GNU libc additionally contains functions which are used +in BSD for the same purpose. These functions are declared in `err.h'. +It is generally advised to not use these functions. They are included +only for compatibility. + + -- Function: void warn (const char *FORMAT, ...) + The `warn' function is roughly equivalent to a call like + error (0, errno, format, the parameters) + except that the global variables `error' respects and modifies are + not used. + + -- Function: void vwarn (const char *FORMAT, va_list) + The `vwarn' function is just like `warn' except that the + parameters for the handling of the format string FORMAT are passed + in as an value of type `va_list'. + + -- Function: void warnx (const char *FORMAT, ...) + The `warnx' function is roughly equivalent to a call like + error (0, 0, format, the parameters) + except that the global variables `error' respects and modifies are + not used. The difference to `warn' is that no error number string + is printed. + + -- Function: void vwarnx (const char *FORMAT, va_list) + The `vwarnx' function is just like `warnx' except that the + parameters for the handling of the format string FORMAT are passed + in as an value of type `va_list'. + + -- Function: void err (int STATUS, const char *FORMAT, ...) + The `err' function is roughly equivalent to a call like + error (status, errno, format, the parameters) + except that the global variables `error' respects and modifies are + not used and that the program is exited even if STATUS is zero. + + -- Function: void verr (int STATUS, const char *FORMAT, va_list) + The `verr' function is just like `err' except that the parameters + for the handling of the format string FORMAT are passed in as an + value of type `va_list'. + + -- Function: void errx (int STATUS, const char *FORMAT, ...) + The `errx' function is roughly equivalent to a call like + error (status, 0, format, the parameters) + except that the global variables `error' respects and modifies are + not used and that the program is exited even if STATUS is zero. + The difference to `err' is that no error number string is printed. + + -- Function: void verrx (int STATUS, const char *FORMAT, va_list) + The `verrx' function is just like `errx' except that the + parameters for the handling of the format string FORMAT are passed + in as an value of type `va_list'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Memory, Next: Character Handling, Prev: Error Reporting, Up: Top + +3 Virtual Memory Allocation And Paging +************************************** + +This chapter describes how processes manage and use memory in a system +that uses the GNU C library. + + The GNU C Library has several functions for dynamically allocating +virtual memory in various ways. They vary in generality and in +efficiency. The library also provides functions for controlling paging +and allocation of real memory. + +* Menu: + +* Memory Concepts:: An introduction to concepts and terminology. +* Memory Allocation:: Allocating storage for your program data +* Locking Pages:: Preventing page faults +* Resizing the Data Segment:: `brk', `sbrk' + + Memory mapped I/O is not discussed in this chapter. *Note +Memory-mapped I/O::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Memory Concepts, Next: Memory Allocation, Up: Memory + +3.1 Process Memory Concepts +=========================== + +One of the most basic resources a process has available to it is memory. +There are a lot of different ways systems organize memory, but in a +typical one, each process has one linear virtual address space, with +addresses running from zero to some huge maximum. It need not be +contiguous; i.e., not all of these addresses actually can be used to +store data. + + The virtual memory is divided into pages (4 kilobytes is typical). +Backing each page of virtual memory is a page of real memory (called a +"frame") or some secondary storage, usually disk space. The disk space +might be swap space or just some ordinary disk file. Actually, a page +of all zeroes sometimes has nothing at all backing it - there's just a +flag saying it is all zeroes. + + The same frame of real memory or backing store can back multiple +virtual pages belonging to multiple processes. This is normally the +case, for example, with virtual memory occupied by GNU C library code. +The same real memory frame containing the `printf' function backs a +virtual memory page in each of the existing processes that has a +`printf' call in its program. + + In order for a program to access any part of a virtual page, the page +must at that moment be backed by ("connected to") a real frame. But +because there is usually a lot more virtual memory than real memory, the +pages must move back and forth between real memory and backing store +regularly, coming into real memory when a process needs to access them +and then retreating to backing store when not needed anymore. This +movement is called "paging". + + When a program attempts to access a page which is not at that moment +backed by real memory, this is known as a "page fault". When a page +fault occurs, the kernel suspends the process, places the page into a +real page frame (this is called "paging in" or "faulting in"), then +resumes the process so that from the process' point of view, the page +was in real memory all along. In fact, to the process, all pages always +seem to be in real memory. Except for one thing: the elapsed execution +time of an instruction that would normally be a few nanoseconds is +suddenly much, much, longer (because the kernel normally has to do I/O +to complete the page-in). For programs sensitive to that, the functions +described in *note Locking Pages:: can control it. + + Within each virtual address space, a process has to keep track of +what is at which addresses, and that process is called memory +allocation. Allocation usually brings to mind meting out scarce +resources, but in the case of virtual memory, that's not a major goal, +because there is generally much more of it than anyone needs. Memory +allocation within a process is mainly just a matter of making sure that +the same byte of memory isn't used to store two different things. + + Processes allocate memory in two major ways: by exec and +programmatically. Actually, forking is a third way, but it's not very +interesting. *Note Creating a Process::. + + Exec is the operation of creating a virtual address space for a +process, loading its basic program into it, and executing the program. +It is done by the "exec" family of functions (e.g. `execl'). The +operation takes a program file (an executable), it allocates space to +load all the data in the executable, loads it, and transfers control to +it. That data is most notably the instructions of the program (the +"text"), but also literals and constants in the program and even some +variables: C variables with the static storage class (*note Memory +Allocation and C::). + + Once that program begins to execute, it uses programmatic allocation +to gain additional memory. In a C program with the GNU C library, there +are two kinds of programmatic allocation: automatic and dynamic. *Note +Memory Allocation and C::. + + Memory-mapped I/O is another form of dynamic virtual memory +allocation. Mapping memory to a file means declaring that the contents +of certain range of a process' addresses shall be identical to the +contents of a specified regular file. The system makes the virtual +memory initially contain the contents of the file, and if you modify +the memory, the system writes the same modification to the file. Note +that due to the magic of virtual memory and page faults, there is no +reason for the system to do I/O to read the file, or allocate real +memory for its contents, until the program accesses the virtual memory. +*Note Memory-mapped I/O::. + + Just as it programmatically allocates memory, the program can +programmatically deallocate ("free") it. You can't free the memory +that was allocated by exec. When the program exits or execs, you might +say that all its memory gets freed, but since in both cases the address +space ceases to exist, the point is really moot. *Note Program +Termination::. + + A process' virtual address space is divided into segments. A +segment is a contiguous range of virtual addresses. Three important +segments are: + + * The "text segment" contains a program's instructions and literals + and static constants. It is allocated by exec and stays the same + size for the life of the virtual address space. + + * The "data segment" is working storage for the program. It can be + preallocated and preloaded by exec and the process can extend or + shrink it by calling functions as described in *Note Resizing the + Data Segment::. Its lower end is fixed. + + * The "stack segment" contains a program stack. It grows as the + stack grows, but doesn't shrink when the stack shrinks. + + + +File: libc.info, Node: Memory Allocation, Next: Locking Pages, Prev: Memory Concepts, Up: Memory + +3.2 Allocating Storage For Program Data +======================================= + +This section covers how ordinary programs manage storage for their data, +including the famous `malloc' function and some fancier facilities +special the GNU C library and GNU Compiler. + +* Menu: + +* Memory Allocation and C:: How to get different kinds of allocation in C. +* Unconstrained Allocation:: The `malloc' facility allows fully general + dynamic allocation. +* Allocation Debugging:: Finding memory leaks and not freed memory. +* Obstacks:: Obstacks are less general than malloc + but more efficient and convenient. +* Variable Size Automatic:: Allocation of variable-sized blocks + of automatic storage that are freed when the + calling function returns. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Memory Allocation and C, Next: Unconstrained Allocation, Up: Memory Allocation + +3.2.1 Memory Allocation in C Programs +------------------------------------- + +The C language supports two kinds of memory allocation through the +variables in C programs: + + * "Static allocation" is what happens when you declare a static or + global variable. Each static or global variable defines one block + of space, of a fixed size. The space is allocated once, when your + program is started (part of the exec operation), and is never + freed. + + * "Automatic allocation" happens when you declare an automatic + variable, such as a function argument or a local variable. The + space for an automatic variable is allocated when the compound + statement containing the declaration is entered, and is freed when + that compound statement is exited. + + In GNU C, the size of the automatic storage can be an expression + that varies. In other C implementations, it must be a constant. + + A third important kind of memory allocation, "dynamic allocation", +is not supported by C variables but is available via GNU C library +functions. + +3.2.1.1 Dynamic Memory Allocation +................................. + +"Dynamic memory allocation" is a technique in which programs determine +as they are running where to store some information. You need dynamic +allocation when the amount of memory you need, or how long you continue +to need it, depends on factors that are not known before the program +runs. + + For example, you may need a block to store a line read from an input +file; since there is no limit to how long a line can be, you must +allocate the memory dynamically and make it dynamically larger as you +read more of the line. + + Or, you may need a block for each record or each definition in the +input data; since you can't know in advance how many there will be, you +must allocate a new block for each record or definition as you read it. + + When you use dynamic allocation, the allocation of a block of memory +is an action that the program requests explicitly. You call a function +or macro when you want to allocate space, and specify the size with an +argument. If you want to free the space, you do so by calling another +function or macro. You can do these things whenever you want, as often +as you want. + + Dynamic allocation is not supported by C variables; there is no +storage class "dynamic", and there can never be a C variable whose +value is stored in dynamically allocated space. The only way to get +dynamically allocated memory is via a system call (which is generally +via a GNU C library function call), and the only way to refer to +dynamically allocated space is through a pointer. Because it is less +convenient, and because the actual process of dynamic allocation +requires more computation time, programmers generally use dynamic +allocation only when neither static nor automatic allocation will serve. + + For example, if you want to allocate dynamically some space to hold a +`struct foobar', you cannot declare a variable of type `struct foobar' +whose contents are the dynamically allocated space. But you can +declare a variable of pointer type `struct foobar *' and assign it the +address of the space. Then you can use the operators `*' and `->' on +this pointer variable to refer to the contents of the space: + + { + struct foobar *ptr + = (struct foobar *) malloc (sizeof (struct foobar)); + ptr->name = x; + ptr->next = current_foobar; + current_foobar = ptr; + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Unconstrained Allocation, Next: Allocation Debugging, Prev: Memory Allocation and C, Up: Memory Allocation + +3.2.2 Unconstrained Allocation +------------------------------ + +The most general dynamic allocation facility is `malloc'. It allows +you to allocate blocks of memory of any size at any time, make them +bigger or smaller at any time, and free the blocks individually at any +time (or never). + +* Menu: + +* Basic Allocation:: Simple use of `malloc'. +* Malloc Examples:: Examples of `malloc'. `xmalloc'. +* Freeing after Malloc:: Use `free' to free a block you + got with `malloc'. +* Changing Block Size:: Use `realloc' to make a block + bigger or smaller. +* Allocating Cleared Space:: Use `calloc' to allocate a + block and clear it. +* Efficiency and Malloc:: Efficiency considerations in use of + these functions. +* Aligned Memory Blocks:: Allocating specially aligned memory. +* Malloc Tunable Parameters:: Use `mallopt' to adjust allocation + parameters. +* Heap Consistency Checking:: Automatic checking for errors. +* Hooks for Malloc:: You can use these hooks for debugging + programs that use `malloc'. +* Statistics of Malloc:: Getting information about how much + memory your program is using. +* Summary of Malloc:: Summary of `malloc' and related functions. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Basic Allocation, Next: Malloc Examples, Up: Unconstrained Allocation + +3.2.2.1 Basic Memory Allocation +............................... + +To allocate a block of memory, call `malloc'. The prototype for this +function is in `stdlib.h'. + + -- Function: void * malloc (size_t SIZE) + This function returns a pointer to a newly allocated block SIZE + bytes long, or a null pointer if the block could not be allocated. + + The contents of the block are undefined; you must initialize it +yourself (or use `calloc' instead; *note Allocating Cleared Space::). +Normally you would cast the value as a pointer to the kind of object +that you want to store in the block. Here we show an example of doing +so, and of initializing the space with zeros using the library function +`memset' (*note Copying and Concatenation::): + + struct foo *ptr; + ... + ptr = (struct foo *) malloc (sizeof (struct foo)); + if (ptr == 0) abort (); + memset (ptr, 0, sizeof (struct foo)); + + You can store the result of `malloc' into any pointer variable +without a cast, because ISO C automatically converts the type `void *' +to another type of pointer when necessary. But the cast is necessary +in contexts other than assignment operators or if you might want your +code to run in traditional C. + + Remember that when allocating space for a string, the argument to +`malloc' must be one plus the length of the string. This is because a +string is terminated with a null character that doesn't count in the +"length" of the string but does need space. For example: + + char *ptr; + ... + ptr = (char *) malloc (length + 1); + +*Note Representation of Strings::, for more information about this. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Malloc Examples, Next: Freeing after Malloc, Prev: Basic Allocation, Up: Unconstrained Allocation + +3.2.2.2 Examples of `malloc' +............................ + +If no more space is available, `malloc' returns a null pointer. You +should check the value of _every_ call to `malloc'. It is useful to +write a subroutine that calls `malloc' and reports an error if the +value is a null pointer, returning only if the value is nonzero. This +function is conventionally called `xmalloc'. Here it is: + + void * + xmalloc (size_t size) + { + register void *value = malloc (size); + if (value == 0) + fatal ("virtual memory exhausted"); + return value; + } + + Here is a real example of using `malloc' (by way of `xmalloc'). The +function `savestring' will copy a sequence of characters into a newly +allocated null-terminated string: + + char * + savestring (const char *ptr, size_t len) + { + register char *value = (char *) xmalloc (len + 1); + value[len] = '\0'; + return (char *) memcpy (value, ptr, len); + } + + The block that `malloc' gives you is guaranteed to be aligned so +that it can hold any type of data. In the GNU system, the address is +always a multiple of eight on most systems, and a multiple of 16 on +64-bit systems. Only rarely is any higher boundary (such as a page +boundary) necessary; for those cases, use `memalign', `posix_memalign' +or `valloc' (*note Aligned Memory Blocks::). + + Note that the memory located after the end of the block is likely to +be in use for something else; perhaps a block already allocated by +another call to `malloc'. If you attempt to treat the block as longer +than you asked for it to be, you are liable to destroy the data that +`malloc' uses to keep track of its blocks, or you may destroy the +contents of another block. If you have already allocated a block and +discover you want it to be bigger, use `realloc' (*note Changing Block +Size::). + + +File: libc.info, Node: Freeing after Malloc, Next: Changing Block Size, Prev: Malloc Examples, Up: Unconstrained Allocation + +3.2.2.3 Freeing Memory Allocated with `malloc' +.............................................. + +When you no longer need a block that you got with `malloc', use the +function `free' to make the block available to be allocated again. The +prototype for this function is in `stdlib.h'. + + -- Function: void free (void *PTR) + The `free' function deallocates the block of memory pointed at by + PTR. + + -- Function: void cfree (void *PTR) + This function does the same thing as `free'. It's provided for + backward compatibility with SunOS; you should use `free' instead. + + Freeing a block alters the contents of the block. *Do not expect to +find any data (such as a pointer to the next block in a chain of +blocks) in the block after freeing it.* Copy whatever you need out of +the block before freeing it! Here is an example of the proper way to +free all the blocks in a chain, and the strings that they point to: + + struct chain + { + struct chain *next; + char *name; + } + + void + free_chain (struct chain *chain) + { + while (chain != 0) + { + struct chain *next = chain->next; + free (chain->name); + free (chain); + chain = next; + } + } + + Occasionally, `free' can actually return memory to the operating +system and make the process smaller. Usually, all it can do is allow a +later call to `malloc' to reuse the space. In the meantime, the space +remains in your program as part of a free-list used internally by +`malloc'. + + There is no point in freeing blocks at the end of a program, because +all of the program's space is given back to the system when the process +terminates. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Changing Block Size, Next: Allocating Cleared Space, Prev: Freeing after Malloc, Up: Unconstrained Allocation + +3.2.2.4 Changing the Size of a Block +.................................... + +Often you do not know for certain how big a block you will ultimately +need at the time you must begin to use the block. For example, the +block might be a buffer that you use to hold a line being read from a +file; no matter how long you make the buffer initially, you may +encounter a line that is longer. + + You can make the block longer by calling `realloc'. This function +is declared in `stdlib.h'. + + -- Function: void * realloc (void *PTR, size_t NEWSIZE) + The `realloc' function changes the size of the block whose address + is PTR to be NEWSIZE. + + Since the space after the end of the block may be in use, `realloc' + may find it necessary to copy the block to a new address where + more free space is available. The value of `realloc' is the new + address of the block. If the block needs to be moved, `realloc' + copies the old contents. + + If you pass a null pointer for PTR, `realloc' behaves just like + `malloc (NEWSIZE)'. This can be convenient, but beware that older + implementations (before ISO C) may not support this behavior, and + will probably crash when `realloc' is passed a null pointer. + + Like `malloc', `realloc' may return a null pointer if no memory +space is available to make the block bigger. When this happens, the +original block is untouched; it has not been modified or relocated. + + In most cases it makes no difference what happens to the original +block when `realloc' fails, because the application program cannot +continue when it is out of memory, and the only thing to do is to give +a fatal error message. Often it is convenient to write and use a +subroutine, conventionally called `xrealloc', that takes care of the +error message as `xmalloc' does for `malloc': + + void * + xrealloc (void *ptr, size_t size) + { + register void *value = realloc (ptr, size); + if (value == 0) + fatal ("Virtual memory exhausted"); + return value; + } + + You can also use `realloc' to make a block smaller. The reason you +would do this is to avoid tying up a lot of memory space when only a +little is needed. In several allocation implementations, making a +block smaller sometimes necessitates copying it, so it can fail if no +other space is available. + + If the new size you specify is the same as the old size, `realloc' +is guaranteed to change nothing and return the same address that you +gave. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Allocating Cleared Space, Next: Efficiency and Malloc, Prev: Changing Block Size, Up: Unconstrained Allocation + +3.2.2.5 Allocating Cleared Space +................................ + +The function `calloc' allocates memory and clears it to zero. It is +declared in `stdlib.h'. + + -- Function: void * calloc (size_t COUNT, size_t ELTSIZE) + This function allocates a block long enough to contain a vector of + COUNT elements, each of size ELTSIZE. Its contents are cleared to + zero before `calloc' returns. + + You could define `calloc' as follows: + + void * + calloc (size_t count, size_t eltsize) + { + size_t size = count * eltsize; + void *value = malloc (size); + if (value != 0) + memset (value, 0, size); + return value; + } + + But in general, it is not guaranteed that `calloc' calls `malloc' +internally. Therefore, if an application provides its own +`malloc'/`realloc'/`free' outside the C library, it should always +define `calloc', too. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Efficiency and Malloc, Next: Aligned Memory Blocks, Prev: Allocating Cleared Space, Up: Unconstrained Allocation + +3.2.2.6 Efficiency Considerations for `malloc' +.............................................. + +As opposed to other versions, the `malloc' in the GNU C Library does +not round up block sizes to powers of two, neither for large nor for +small sizes. Neighboring chunks can be coalesced on a `free' no matter +what their size is. This makes the implementation suitable for all +kinds of allocation patterns without generally incurring high memory +waste through fragmentation. + + Very large blocks (much larger than a page) are allocated with +`mmap' (anonymous or via `/dev/zero') by this implementation. This has +the great advantage that these chunks are returned to the system +immediately when they are freed. Therefore, it cannot happen that a +large chunk becomes "locked" in between smaller ones and even after +calling `free' wastes memory. The size threshold for `mmap' to be used +can be adjusted with `mallopt'. The use of `mmap' can also be disabled +completely. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Aligned Memory Blocks, Next: Malloc Tunable Parameters, Prev: Efficiency and Malloc, Up: Unconstrained Allocation + +3.2.2.7 Allocating Aligned Memory Blocks +........................................ + +The address of a block returned by `malloc' or `realloc' in the GNU +system is always a multiple of eight (or sixteen on 64-bit systems). +If you need a block whose address is a multiple of a higher power of +two than that, use `memalign', `posix_memalign', or `valloc'. +`memalign' is declared in `malloc.h' and `posix_memalign' is declared +in `stdlib.h'. + + With the GNU library, you can use `free' to free the blocks that +`memalign', `posix_memalign', and `valloc' return. That does not work +in BSD, however--BSD does not provide any way to free such blocks. + + -- Function: void * memalign (size_t BOUNDARY, size_t SIZE) + The `memalign' function allocates a block of SIZE bytes whose + address is a multiple of BOUNDARY. The BOUNDARY must be a power + of two! The function `memalign' works by allocating a somewhat + larger block, and then returning an address within the block that + is on the specified boundary. + + -- Function: int posix_memalign (void **MEMPTR, size_t ALIGNMENT, + size_t SIZE) + The `posix_memalign' function is similar to the `memalign' + function in that it returns a buffer of SIZE bytes aligned to a + multiple of ALIGNMENT. But it adds one requirement to the + parameter ALIGNMENT: the value must be a power of two multiple of + `sizeof (void *)'. + + If the function succeeds in allocation memory a pointer to the + allocated memory is returned in `*MEMPTR' and the return value is + zero. Otherwise the function returns an error value indicating + the problem. + + This function was introduced in POSIX 1003.1d. + + -- Function: void * valloc (size_t SIZE) + Using `valloc' is like using `memalign' and passing the page size + as the value of the second argument. It is implemented like this: + + void * + valloc (size_t size) + { + return memalign (getpagesize (), size); + } + + *note Query Memory Parameters:: for more information about the + memory subsystem. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Malloc Tunable Parameters, Next: Heap Consistency Checking, Prev: Aligned Memory Blocks, Up: Unconstrained Allocation + +3.2.2.8 Malloc Tunable Parameters +................................. + +You can adjust some parameters for dynamic memory allocation with the +`mallopt' function. This function is the general SVID/XPG interface, +defined in `malloc.h'. + + -- Function: int mallopt (int PARAM, int VALUE) + When calling `mallopt', the PARAM argument specifies the parameter + to be set, and VALUE the new value to be set. Possible choices + for PARAM, as defined in `malloc.h', are: + + `M_TRIM_THRESHOLD' + This is the minimum size (in bytes) of the top-most, + releasable chunk that will cause `sbrk' to be called with a + negative argument in order to return memory to the system. + + `M_TOP_PAD' + This parameter determines the amount of extra memory to + obtain from the system when a call to `sbrk' is required. It + also specifies the number of bytes to retain when shrinking + the heap by calling `sbrk' with a negative argument. This + provides the necessary hysteresis in heap size such that + excessive amounts of system calls can be avoided. + + `M_MMAP_THRESHOLD' + All chunks larger than this value are allocated outside the + normal heap, using the `mmap' system call. This way it is + guaranteed that the memory for these chunks can be returned + to the system on `free'. Note that requests smaller than + this threshold might still be allocated via `mmap'. + + `M_MMAP_MAX' + The maximum number of chunks to allocate with `mmap'. + Setting this to zero disables all use of `mmap'. + + + +File: libc.info, Node: Heap Consistency Checking, Next: Hooks for Malloc, Prev: Malloc Tunable Parameters, Up: Unconstrained Allocation + +3.2.2.9 Heap Consistency Checking +................................. + +You can ask `malloc' to check the consistency of dynamic memory by +using the `mcheck' function. This function is a GNU extension, +declared in `mcheck.h'. + + -- Function: int mcheck (void (*ABORTFN) (enum mcheck_status STATUS)) + Calling `mcheck' tells `malloc' to perform occasional consistency + checks. These will catch things such as writing past the end of a + block that was allocated with `malloc'. + + The ABORTFN argument is the function to call when an inconsistency + is found. If you supply a null pointer, then `mcheck' uses a + default function which prints a message and calls `abort' (*note + Aborting a Program::). The function you supply is called with one + argument, which says what sort of inconsistency was detected; its + type is described below. + + It is too late to begin allocation checking once you have allocated + anything with `malloc'. So `mcheck' does nothing in that case. + The function returns `-1' if you call it too late, and `0' + otherwise (when it is successful). + + The easiest way to arrange to call `mcheck' early enough is to use + the option `-lmcheck' when you link your program; then you don't + need to modify your program source at all. Alternatively you + might use a debugger to insert a call to `mcheck' whenever the + program is started, for example these gdb commands will + automatically call `mcheck' whenever the program starts: + + (gdb) break main + Breakpoint 1, main (argc=2, argv=0xbffff964) at whatever.c:10 + (gdb) command 1 + Type commands for when breakpoint 1 is hit, one per line. + End with a line saying just "end". + >call mcheck(0) + >continue + >end + (gdb) ... + + This will however only work if no initialization function of any + object involved calls any of the `malloc' functions since `mcheck' + must be called before the first such function. + + + -- Function: enum mcheck_status mprobe (void *POINTER) + The `mprobe' function lets you explicitly check for inconsistencies + in a particular allocated block. You must have already called + `mcheck' at the beginning of the program, to do its occasional + checks; calling `mprobe' requests an additional consistency check + to be done at the time of the call. + + The argument POINTER must be a pointer returned by `malloc' or + `realloc'. `mprobe' returns a value that says what inconsistency, + if any, was found. The values are described below. + + -- Data Type: enum mcheck_status + This enumerated type describes what kind of inconsistency was + detected in an allocated block, if any. Here are the possible + values: + + `MCHECK_DISABLED' + `mcheck' was not called before the first allocation. No + consistency checking can be done. + + `MCHECK_OK' + No inconsistency detected. + + `MCHECK_HEAD' + The data immediately before the block was modified. This + commonly happens when an array index or pointer is + decremented too far. + + `MCHECK_TAIL' + The data immediately after the block was modified. This + commonly happens when an array index or pointer is + incremented too far. + + `MCHECK_FREE' + The block was already freed. + + Another possibility to check for and guard against bugs in the use of +`malloc', `realloc' and `free' is to set the environment variable +`MALLOC_CHECK_'. When `MALLOC_CHECK_' is set, a special (less +efficient) implementation is used which is designed to be tolerant +against simple errors, such as double calls of `free' with the same +argument, or overruns of a single byte (off-by-one bugs). Not all such +errors can be protected against, however, and memory leaks can result. +If `MALLOC_CHECK_' is set to `0', any detected heap corruption is +silently ignored; if set to `1', a diagnostic is printed on `stderr'; +if set to `2', `abort' is called immediately. This can be useful +because otherwise a crash may happen much later, and the true cause for +the problem is then very hard to track down. + + There is one problem with `MALLOC_CHECK_': in SUID or SGID binaries +it could possibly be exploited since diverging from the normal programs +behavior it now writes something to the standard error descriptor. +Therefore the use of `MALLOC_CHECK_' is disabled by default for SUID +and SGID binaries. It can be enabled again by the system administrator +by adding a file `/etc/suid-debug' (the content is not important it +could be empty). + + So, what's the difference between using `MALLOC_CHECK_' and linking +with `-lmcheck'? `MALLOC_CHECK_' is orthogonal with respect to +`-lmcheck'. `-lmcheck' has been added for backward compatibility. +Both `MALLOC_CHECK_' and `-lmcheck' should uncover the same bugs - but +using `MALLOC_CHECK_' you don't need to recompile your application. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Hooks for Malloc, Next: Statistics of Malloc, Prev: Heap Consistency Checking, Up: Unconstrained Allocation + +3.2.2.10 Memory Allocation Hooks +................................ + +The GNU C library lets you modify the behavior of `malloc', `realloc', +and `free' by specifying appropriate hook functions. You can use these +hooks to help you debug programs that use dynamic memory allocation, +for example. + + The hook variables are declared in `malloc.h'. + + -- Variable: __malloc_hook + The value of this variable is a pointer to the function that + `malloc' uses whenever it is called. You should define this + function to look like `malloc'; that is, like: + + void *FUNCTION (size_t SIZE, const void *CALLER) + + The value of CALLER is the return address found on the stack when + the `malloc' function was called. This value allows you to trace + the memory consumption of the program. + + -- Variable: __realloc_hook + The value of this variable is a pointer to function that `realloc' + uses whenever it is called. You should define this function to + look like `realloc'; that is, like: + + void *FUNCTION (void *PTR, size_t SIZE, const void *CALLER) + + The value of CALLER is the return address found on the stack when + the `realloc' function was called. This value allows you to trace + the memory consumption of the program. + + -- Variable: __free_hook + The value of this variable is a pointer to function that `free' + uses whenever it is called. You should define this function to + look like `free'; that is, like: + + void FUNCTION (void *PTR, const void *CALLER) + + The value of CALLER is the return address found on the stack when + the `free' function was called. This value allows you to trace the + memory consumption of the program. + + -- Variable: __memalign_hook + The value of this variable is a pointer to function that `memalign' + uses whenever it is called. You should define this function to + look like `memalign'; that is, like: + + void *FUNCTION (size_t ALIGNMENT, size_t SIZE, const void *CALLER) + + The value of CALLER is the return address found on the stack when + the `memalign' function was called. This value allows you to + trace the memory consumption of the program. + + You must make sure that the function you install as a hook for one of +these functions does not call that function recursively without +restoring the old value of the hook first! Otherwise, your program +will get stuck in an infinite recursion. Before calling the function +recursively, one should make sure to restore all the hooks to their +previous value. When coming back from the recursive call, all the +hooks should be resaved since a hook might modify itself. + + -- Variable: __malloc_initialize_hook + The value of this variable is a pointer to a function that is + called once when the malloc implementation is initialized. This + is a weak variable, so it can be overridden in the application + with a definition like the following: + + void (*__MALLOC_INITIALIZE_HOOK) (void) = my_init_hook; + + An issue to look out for is the time at which the malloc hook +functions can be safely installed. If the hook functions call the +malloc-related functions recursively, it is necessary that malloc has +already properly initialized itself at the time when `__malloc_hook' +etc. is assigned to. On the other hand, if the hook functions provide a +complete malloc implementation of their own, it is vital that the hooks +are assigned to _before_ the very first `malloc' call has completed, +because otherwise a chunk obtained from the ordinary, un-hooked malloc +may later be handed to `__free_hook', for example. + + In both cases, the problem can be solved by setting up the hooks from +within a user-defined function pointed to by +`__malloc_initialize_hook'--then the hooks will be set up safely at the +right time. + + Here is an example showing how to use `__malloc_hook' and +`__free_hook' properly. It installs a function that prints out +information every time `malloc' or `free' is called. We just assume +here that `realloc' and `memalign' are not used in our program. + + /* Prototypes for __malloc_hook, __free_hook */ + #include + + /* Prototypes for our hooks. */ + static void my_init_hook (void); + static void *my_malloc_hook (size_t, const void *); + static void my_free_hook (void*, const void *); + + /* Override initializing hook from the C library. */ + void (*__malloc_initialize_hook) (void) = my_init_hook; + + static void + my_init_hook (void) + { + old_malloc_hook = __malloc_hook; + old_free_hook = __free_hook; + __malloc_hook = my_malloc_hook; + __free_hook = my_free_hook; + } + + static void * + my_malloc_hook (size_t size, const void *caller) + { + void *result; + /* Restore all old hooks */ + __malloc_hook = old_malloc_hook; + __free_hook = old_free_hook; + /* Call recursively */ + result = malloc (size); + /* Save underlying hooks */ + old_malloc_hook = __malloc_hook; + old_free_hook = __free_hook; + /* `printf' might call `malloc', so protect it too. */ + printf ("malloc (%u) returns %p\n", (unsigned int) size, result); + /* Restore our own hooks */ + __malloc_hook = my_malloc_hook; + __free_hook = my_free_hook; + return result; + } + + static void + my_free_hook (void *ptr, const void *caller) + { + /* Restore all old hooks */ + __malloc_hook = old_malloc_hook; + __free_hook = old_free_hook; + /* Call recursively */ + free (ptr); + /* Save underlying hooks */ + old_malloc_hook = __malloc_hook; + old_free_hook = __free_hook; + /* `printf' might call `free', so protect it too. */ + printf ("freed pointer %p\n", ptr); + /* Restore our own hooks */ + __malloc_hook = my_malloc_hook; + __free_hook = my_free_hook; + } + + main () + { + ... + } + + The `mcheck' function (*note Heap Consistency Checking::) works by +installing such hooks. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Statistics of Malloc, Next: Summary of Malloc, Prev: Hooks for Malloc, Up: Unconstrained Allocation + +3.2.2.11 Statistics for Memory Allocation with `malloc' +....................................................... + +You can get information about dynamic memory allocation by calling the +`mallinfo' function. This function and its associated data type are +declared in `malloc.h'; they are an extension of the standard SVID/XPG +version. + + -- Data Type: struct mallinfo + This structure type is used to return information about the dynamic + memory allocator. It contains the following members: + + `int arena' + This is the total size of memory allocated with `sbrk' by + `malloc', in bytes. + + `int ordblks' + This is the number of chunks not in use. (The memory + allocator internally gets chunks of memory from the operating + system, and then carves them up to satisfy individual + `malloc' requests; see *note Efficiency and Malloc::.) + + `int smblks' + This field is unused. + + `int hblks' + This is the total number of chunks allocated with `mmap'. + + `int hblkhd' + This is the total size of memory allocated with `mmap', in + bytes. + + `int usmblks' + This field is unused. + + `int fsmblks' + This field is unused. + + `int uordblks' + This is the total size of memory occupied by chunks handed + out by `malloc'. + + `int fordblks' + This is the total size of memory occupied by free (not in + use) chunks. + + `int keepcost' + This is the size of the top-most releasable chunk that + normally borders the end of the heap (i.e., the high end of + the virtual address space's data segment). + + + -- Function: struct mallinfo mallinfo (void) + This function returns information about the current dynamic memory + usage in a structure of type `struct mallinfo'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Summary of Malloc, Prev: Statistics of Malloc, Up: Unconstrained Allocation + +3.2.2.12 Summary of `malloc'-Related Functions +.............................................. + +Here is a summary of the functions that work with `malloc': + +`void *malloc (size_t SIZE)' + Allocate a block of SIZE bytes. *Note Basic Allocation::. + +`void free (void *ADDR)' + Free a block previously allocated by `malloc'. *Note Freeing + after Malloc::. + +`void *realloc (void *ADDR, size_t SIZE)' + Make a block previously allocated by `malloc' larger or smaller, + possibly by copying it to a new location. *Note Changing Block + Size::. + +`void *calloc (size_t COUNT, size_t ELTSIZE)' + Allocate a block of COUNT * ELTSIZE bytes using `malloc', and set + its contents to zero. *Note Allocating Cleared Space::. + +`void *valloc (size_t SIZE)' + Allocate a block of SIZE bytes, starting on a page boundary. + *Note Aligned Memory Blocks::. + +`void *memalign (size_t SIZE, size_t BOUNDARY)' + Allocate a block of SIZE bytes, starting on an address that is a + multiple of BOUNDARY. *Note Aligned Memory Blocks::. + +`int mallopt (int PARAM, int VALUE)' + Adjust a tunable parameter. *Note Malloc Tunable Parameters::. + +`int mcheck (void (*ABORTFN) (void))' + Tell `malloc' to perform occasional consistency checks on + dynamically allocated memory, and to call ABORTFN when an + inconsistency is found. *Note Heap Consistency Checking::. + +`void *(*__malloc_hook) (size_t SIZE, const void *CALLER)' + A pointer to a function that `malloc' uses whenever it is called. + +`void *(*__realloc_hook) (void *PTR, size_t SIZE, const void *CALLER)' + A pointer to a function that `realloc' uses whenever it is called. + +`void (*__free_hook) (void *PTR, const void *CALLER)' + A pointer to a function that `free' uses whenever it is called. + +`void (*__memalign_hook) (size_t SIZE, size_t ALIGNMENT, const void *CALLER)' + A pointer to a function that `memalign' uses whenever it is called. + +`struct mallinfo mallinfo (void)' + Return information about the current dynamic memory usage. *Note + Statistics of Malloc::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Allocation Debugging, Next: Obstacks, Prev: Unconstrained Allocation, Up: Memory Allocation + +3.2.3 Allocation Debugging +-------------------------- + +A complicated task when programming with languages which do not use +garbage collected dynamic memory allocation is to find memory leaks. +Long running programs must assure that dynamically allocated objects are +freed at the end of their lifetime. If this does not happen the system +runs out of memory, sooner or later. + + The `malloc' implementation in the GNU C library provides some +simple means to detect such leaks and obtain some information to find +the location. To do this the application must be started in a special +mode which is enabled by an environment variable. There are no speed +penalties for the program if the debugging mode is not enabled. + +* Menu: + +* Tracing malloc:: How to install the tracing functionality. +* Using the Memory Debugger:: Example programs excerpts. +* Tips for the Memory Debugger:: Some more or less clever ideas. +* Interpreting the traces:: What do all these lines mean? + + +File: libc.info, Node: Tracing malloc, Next: Using the Memory Debugger, Up: Allocation Debugging + +3.2.3.1 How to install the tracing functionality +................................................ + + -- Function: void mtrace (void) + When the `mtrace' function is called it looks for an environment + variable named `MALLOC_TRACE'. This variable is supposed to + contain a valid file name. The user must have write access. If + the file already exists it is truncated. If the environment + variable is not set or it does not name a valid file which can be + opened for writing nothing is done. The behavior of `malloc' etc. + is not changed. For obvious reasons this also happens if the + application is installed with the SUID or SGID bit set. + + If the named file is successfully opened, `mtrace' installs special + handlers for the functions `malloc', `realloc', and `free' (*note + Hooks for Malloc::). From then on, all uses of these functions + are traced and protocolled into the file. There is now of course + a speed penalty for all calls to the traced functions so tracing + should not be enabled during normal use. + + This function is a GNU extension and generally not available on + other systems. The prototype can be found in `mcheck.h'. + + -- Function: void muntrace (void) + The `muntrace' function can be called after `mtrace' was used to + enable tracing the `malloc' calls. If no (successful) call of + `mtrace' was made `muntrace' does nothing. + + Otherwise it deinstalls the handlers for `malloc', `realloc', and + `free' and then closes the protocol file. No calls are + protocolled anymore and the program runs again at full speed. + + This function is a GNU extension and generally not available on + other systems. The prototype can be found in `mcheck.h'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Using the Memory Debugger, Next: Tips for the Memory Debugger, Prev: Tracing malloc, Up: Allocation Debugging + +3.2.3.2 Example program excerpts +................................ + +Even though the tracing functionality does not influence the runtime +behavior of the program it is not a good idea to call `mtrace' in all +programs. Just imagine that you debug a program using `mtrace' and all +other programs used in the debugging session also trace their `malloc' +calls. The output file would be the same for all programs and thus is +unusable. Therefore one should call `mtrace' only if compiled for +debugging. A program could therefore start like this: + + #include + + int + main (int argc, char *argv[]) + { + #ifdef DEBUGGING + mtrace (); + #endif + ... + } + + This is all what is needed if you want to trace the calls during the +whole runtime of the program. Alternatively you can stop the tracing at +any time with a call to `muntrace'. It is even possible to restart the +tracing again with a new call to `mtrace'. But this can cause +unreliable results since there may be calls of the functions which are +not called. Please note that not only the application uses the traced +functions, also libraries (including the C library itself) use these +functions. + + This last point is also why it is no good idea to call `muntrace' +before the program terminated. The libraries are informed about the +termination of the program only after the program returns from `main' +or calls `exit' and so cannot free the memory they use before this time. + + So the best thing one can do is to call `mtrace' as the very first +function in the program and never call `muntrace'. So the program +traces almost all uses of the `malloc' functions (except those calls +which are executed by constructors of the program or used libraries). + + +File: libc.info, Node: Tips for the Memory Debugger, Next: Interpreting the traces, Prev: Using the Memory Debugger, Up: Allocation Debugging + +3.2.3.3 Some more or less clever ideas +...................................... + +You know the situation. The program is prepared for debugging and in +all debugging sessions it runs well. But once it is started without +debugging the error shows up. A typical example is a memory leak that +becomes visible only when we turn off the debugging. If you foresee +such situations you can still win. Simply use something equivalent to +the following little program: + + #include + #include + + static void + enable (int sig) + { + mtrace (); + signal (SIGUSR1, enable); + } + + static void + disable (int sig) + { + muntrace (); + signal (SIGUSR2, disable); + } + + int + main (int argc, char *argv[]) + { + ... + + signal (SIGUSR1, enable); + signal (SIGUSR2, disable); + + ... + } + + I.e., the user can start the memory debugger any time s/he wants if +the program was started with `MALLOC_TRACE' set in the environment. +The output will of course not show the allocations which happened before +the first signal but if there is a memory leak this will show up +nevertheless. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Interpreting the traces, Prev: Tips for the Memory Debugger, Up: Allocation Debugging + +3.2.3.4 Interpreting the traces +............................... + +If you take a look at the output it will look similar to this: + + = Start + [0x8048209] - 0x8064cc8 + [0x8048209] - 0x8064ce0 + [0x8048209] - 0x8064cf8 + [0x80481eb] + 0x8064c48 0x14 + [0x80481eb] + 0x8064c60 0x14 + [0x80481eb] + 0x8064c78 0x14 + [0x80481eb] + 0x8064c90 0x14 + = End + + What this all means is not really important since the trace file is +not meant to be read by a human. Therefore no attention is given to +readability. Instead there is a program which comes with the GNU C +library which interprets the traces and outputs a summary in an +user-friendly way. The program is called `mtrace' (it is in fact a +Perl script) and it takes one or two arguments. In any case the name of +the file with the trace output must be specified. If an optional +argument precedes the name of the trace file this must be the name of +the program which generated the trace. + + drepper$ mtrace tst-mtrace log + No memory leaks. + + In this case the program `tst-mtrace' was run and it produced a +trace file `log'. The message printed by `mtrace' shows there are no +problems with the code, all allocated memory was freed afterwards. + + If we call `mtrace' on the example trace given above we would get a +different outout: + + drepper$ mtrace errlog + - 0x08064cc8 Free 2 was never alloc'd 0x8048209 + - 0x08064ce0 Free 3 was never alloc'd 0x8048209 + - 0x08064cf8 Free 4 was never alloc'd 0x8048209 + + Memory not freed: + ----------------- + Address Size Caller + 0x08064c48 0x14 at 0x80481eb + 0x08064c60 0x14 at 0x80481eb + 0x08064c78 0x14 at 0x80481eb + 0x08064c90 0x14 at 0x80481eb + + We have called `mtrace' with only one argument and so the script has +no chance to find out what is meant with the addresses given in the +trace. We can do better: + + drepper$ mtrace tst errlog + - 0x08064cc8 Free 2 was never alloc'd /home/drepper/tst.c:39 + - 0x08064ce0 Free 3 was never alloc'd /home/drepper/tst.c:39 + - 0x08064cf8 Free 4 was never alloc'd /home/drepper/tst.c:39 + + Memory not freed: + ----------------- + Address Size Caller + 0x08064c48 0x14 at /home/drepper/tst.c:33 + 0x08064c60 0x14 at /home/drepper/tst.c:33 + 0x08064c78 0x14 at /home/drepper/tst.c:33 + 0x08064c90 0x14 at /home/drepper/tst.c:33 + + Suddenly the output makes much more sense and the user can see +immediately where the function calls causing the trouble can be found. + + Interpreting this output is not complicated. There are at most two +different situations being detected. First, `free' was called for +pointers which were never returned by one of the allocation functions. +This is usually a very bad problem and what this looks like is shown in +the first three lines of the output. Situations like this are quite +rare and if they appear they show up very drastically: the program +normally crashes. + + The other situation which is much harder to detect are memory leaks. +As you can see in the output the `mtrace' function collects all this +information and so can say that the program calls an allocation function +from line 33 in the source file `/home/drepper/tst-mtrace.c' four times +without freeing this memory before the program terminates. Whether +this is a real problem remains to be investigated. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Obstacks, Next: Variable Size Automatic, Prev: Allocation Debugging, Up: Memory Allocation + +3.2.4 Obstacks +-------------- + +An "obstack" is a pool of memory containing a stack of objects. You +can create any number of separate obstacks, and then allocate objects in +specified obstacks. Within each obstack, the last object allocated must +always be the first one freed, but distinct obstacks are independent of +each other. + + Aside from this one constraint of order of freeing, obstacks are +totally general: an obstack can contain any number of objects of any +size. They are implemented with macros, so allocation is usually very +fast as long as the objects are usually small. And the only space +overhead per object is the padding needed to start each object on a +suitable boundary. + +* Menu: + +* Creating Obstacks:: How to declare an obstack in your program. +* Preparing for Obstacks:: Preparations needed before you can + use obstacks. +* Allocation in an Obstack:: Allocating objects in an obstack. +* Freeing Obstack Objects:: Freeing objects in an obstack. +* Obstack Functions:: The obstack functions are both + functions and macros. +* Growing Objects:: Making an object bigger by stages. +* Extra Fast Growing:: Extra-high-efficiency (though more + complicated) growing objects. +* Status of an Obstack:: Inquiries about the status of an obstack. +* Obstacks Data Alignment:: Controlling alignment of objects in obstacks. +* Obstack Chunks:: How obstacks obtain and release chunks; + efficiency considerations. +* Summary of Obstacks:: + + +File: libc.info, Node: Creating Obstacks, Next: Preparing for Obstacks, Up: Obstacks + +3.2.4.1 Creating Obstacks +......................... + +The utilities for manipulating obstacks are declared in the header file +`obstack.h'. + + -- Data Type: struct obstack + An obstack is represented by a data structure of type `struct + obstack'. This structure has a small fixed size; it records the + status of the obstack and how to find the space in which objects + are allocated. It does not contain any of the objects themselves. + You should not try to access the contents of the structure + directly; use only the functions described in this chapter. + + You can declare variables of type `struct obstack' and use them as +obstacks, or you can allocate obstacks dynamically like any other kind +of object. Dynamic allocation of obstacks allows your program to have a +variable number of different stacks. (You can even allocate an obstack +structure in another obstack, but this is rarely useful.) + + All the functions that work with obstacks require you to specify +which obstack to use. You do this with a pointer of type `struct +obstack *'. In the following, we often say "an obstack" when strictly +speaking the object at hand is such a pointer. + + The objects in the obstack are packed into large blocks called +"chunks". The `struct obstack' structure points to a chain of the +chunks currently in use. + + The obstack library obtains a new chunk whenever you allocate an +object that won't fit in the previous chunk. Since the obstack library +manages chunks automatically, you don't need to pay much attention to +them, but you do need to supply a function which the obstack library +should use to get a chunk. Usually you supply a function which uses +`malloc' directly or indirectly. You must also supply a function to +free a chunk. These matters are described in the following section. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Preparing for Obstacks, Next: Allocation in an Obstack, Prev: Creating Obstacks, Up: Obstacks + +3.2.4.2 Preparing for Using Obstacks +.................................... + +Each source file in which you plan to use the obstack functions must +include the header file `obstack.h', like this: + + #include + + Also, if the source file uses the macro `obstack_init', it must +declare or define two functions or macros that will be called by the +obstack library. One, `obstack_chunk_alloc', is used to allocate the +chunks of memory into which objects are packed. The other, +`obstack_chunk_free', is used to return chunks when the objects in them +are freed. These macros should appear before any use of obstacks in +the source file. + + Usually these are defined to use `malloc' via the intermediary +`xmalloc' (*note Unconstrained Allocation::). This is done with the +following pair of macro definitions: + + #define obstack_chunk_alloc xmalloc + #define obstack_chunk_free free + +Though the memory you get using obstacks really comes from `malloc', +using obstacks is faster because `malloc' is called less often, for +larger blocks of memory. *Note Obstack Chunks::, for full details. + + At run time, before the program can use a `struct obstack' object as +an obstack, it must initialize the obstack by calling `obstack_init'. + + -- Function: int obstack_init (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR) + Initialize obstack OBSTACK-PTR for allocation of objects. This + function calls the obstack's `obstack_chunk_alloc' function. If + allocation of memory fails, the function pointed to by + `obstack_alloc_failed_handler' is called. The `obstack_init' + function always returns 1 (Compatibility notice: Former versions of + obstack returned 0 if allocation failed). + + Here are two examples of how to allocate the space for an obstack and +initialize it. First, an obstack that is a static variable: + + static struct obstack myobstack; + ... + obstack_init (&myobstack); + +Second, an obstack that is itself dynamically allocated: + + struct obstack *myobstack_ptr + = (struct obstack *) xmalloc (sizeof (struct obstack)); + + obstack_init (myobstack_ptr); + + -- Variable: obstack_alloc_failed_handler + The value of this variable is a pointer to a function that + `obstack' uses when `obstack_chunk_alloc' fails to allocate + memory. The default action is to print a message and abort. You + should supply a function that either calls `exit' (*note Program + Termination::) or `longjmp' (*note Non-Local Exits::) and doesn't + return. + + void my_obstack_alloc_failed (void) + ... + obstack_alloc_failed_handler = &my_obstack_alloc_failed; + + + +File: libc.info, Node: Allocation in an Obstack, Next: Freeing Obstack Objects, Prev: Preparing for Obstacks, Up: Obstacks + +3.2.4.3 Allocation in an Obstack +................................ + +The most direct way to allocate an object in an obstack is with +`obstack_alloc', which is invoked almost like `malloc'. + + -- Function: void * obstack_alloc (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, int + SIZE) + This allocates an uninitialized block of SIZE bytes in an obstack + and returns its address. Here OBSTACK-PTR specifies which obstack + to allocate the block in; it is the address of the `struct obstack' + object which represents the obstack. Each obstack function or + macro requires you to specify an OBSTACK-PTR as the first argument. + + This function calls the obstack's `obstack_chunk_alloc' function if + it needs to allocate a new chunk of memory; it calls + `obstack_alloc_failed_handler' if allocation of memory by + `obstack_chunk_alloc' failed. + + For example, here is a function that allocates a copy of a string STR +in a specific obstack, which is in the variable `string_obstack': + + struct obstack string_obstack; + + char * + copystring (char *string) + { + size_t len = strlen (string) + 1; + char *s = (char *) obstack_alloc (&string_obstack, len); + memcpy (s, string, len); + return s; + } + + To allocate a block with specified contents, use the function +`obstack_copy', declared like this: + + -- Function: void * obstack_copy (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, void + *ADDRESS, int SIZE) + This allocates a block and initializes it by copying SIZE bytes of + data starting at ADDRESS. It calls `obstack_alloc_failed_handler' + if allocation of memory by `obstack_chunk_alloc' failed. + + -- Function: void * obstack_copy0 (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, void + *ADDRESS, int SIZE) + Like `obstack_copy', but appends an extra byte containing a null + character. This extra byte is not counted in the argument SIZE. + + The `obstack_copy0' function is convenient for copying a sequence of +characters into an obstack as a null-terminated string. Here is an +example of its use: + + char * + obstack_savestring (char *addr, int size) + { + return obstack_copy0 (&myobstack, addr, size); + } + +Contrast this with the previous example of `savestring' using `malloc' +(*note Basic Allocation::). + + +File: libc.info, Node: Freeing Obstack Objects, Next: Obstack Functions, Prev: Allocation in an Obstack, Up: Obstacks + +3.2.4.4 Freeing Objects in an Obstack +..................................... + +To free an object allocated in an obstack, use the function +`obstack_free'. Since the obstack is a stack of objects, freeing one +object automatically frees all other objects allocated more recently in +the same obstack. + + -- Function: void obstack_free (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, void + *OBJECT) + If OBJECT is a null pointer, everything allocated in the obstack + is freed. Otherwise, OBJECT must be the address of an object + allocated in the obstack. Then OBJECT is freed, along with + everything allocated in OBSTACK since OBJECT. + + Note that if OBJECT is a null pointer, the result is an +uninitialized obstack. To free all memory in an obstack but leave it +valid for further allocation, call `obstack_free' with the address of +the first object allocated on the obstack: + + obstack_free (obstack_ptr, first_object_allocated_ptr); + + Recall that the objects in an obstack are grouped into chunks. When +all the objects in a chunk become free, the obstack library +automatically frees the chunk (*note Preparing for Obstacks::). Then +other obstacks, or non-obstack allocation, can reuse the space of the +chunk. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Obstack Functions, Next: Growing Objects, Prev: Freeing Obstack Objects, Up: Obstacks + +3.2.4.5 Obstack Functions and Macros +.................................... + +The interfaces for using obstacks may be defined either as functions or +as macros, depending on the compiler. The obstack facility works with +all C compilers, including both ISO C and traditional C, but there are +precautions you must take if you plan to use compilers other than GNU C. + + If you are using an old-fashioned non-ISO C compiler, all the obstack +"functions" are actually defined only as macros. You can call these +macros like functions, but you cannot use them in any other way (for +example, you cannot take their address). + + Calling the macros requires a special precaution: namely, the first +operand (the obstack pointer) may not contain any side effects, because +it may be computed more than once. For example, if you write this: + + obstack_alloc (get_obstack (), 4); + +you will find that `get_obstack' may be called several times. If you +use `*obstack_list_ptr++' as the obstack pointer argument, you will get +very strange results since the incrementation may occur several times. + + In ISO C, each function has both a macro definition and a function +definition. The function definition is used if you take the address of +the function without calling it. An ordinary call uses the macro +definition by default, but you can request the function definition +instead by writing the function name in parentheses, as shown here: + + char *x; + void *(*funcp) (); + /* Use the macro. */ + x = (char *) obstack_alloc (obptr, size); + /* Call the function. */ + x = (char *) (obstack_alloc) (obptr, size); + /* Take the address of the function. */ + funcp = obstack_alloc; + +This is the same situation that exists in ISO C for the standard library +functions. *Note Macro Definitions::. + + *Warning:* When you do use the macros, you must observe the +precaution of avoiding side effects in the first operand, even in ISO C. + + If you use the GNU C compiler, this precaution is not necessary, +because various language extensions in GNU C permit defining the macros +so as to compute each argument only once. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Growing Objects, Next: Extra Fast Growing, Prev: Obstack Functions, Up: Obstacks + +3.2.4.6 Growing Objects +....................... + +Because memory in obstack chunks is used sequentially, it is possible to +build up an object step by step, adding one or more bytes at a time to +the end of the object. With this technique, you do not need to know +how much data you will put in the object until you come to the end of +it. We call this the technique of "growing objects". The special +functions for adding data to the growing object are described in this +section. + + You don't need to do anything special when you start to grow an +object. Using one of the functions to add data to the object +automatically starts it. However, it is necessary to say explicitly +when the object is finished. This is done with the function +`obstack_finish'. + + The actual address of the object thus built up is not known until the +object is finished. Until then, it always remains possible that you +will add so much data that the object must be copied into a new chunk. + + While the obstack is in use for a growing object, you cannot use it +for ordinary allocation of another object. If you try to do so, the +space already added to the growing object will become part of the other +object. + + -- Function: void obstack_blank (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, int SIZE) + The most basic function for adding to a growing object is + `obstack_blank', which adds space without initializing it. + + -- Function: void obstack_grow (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, void + *DATA, int SIZE) + To add a block of initialized space, use `obstack_grow', which is + the growing-object analogue of `obstack_copy'. It adds SIZE bytes + of data to the growing object, copying the contents from DATA. + + -- Function: void obstack_grow0 (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, void + *DATA, int SIZE) + This is the growing-object analogue of `obstack_copy0'. It adds + SIZE bytes copied from DATA, followed by an additional null + character. + + -- Function: void obstack_1grow (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, char C) + To add one character at a time, use the function `obstack_1grow'. + It adds a single byte containing C to the growing object. + + -- Function: void obstack_ptr_grow (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, void + *DATA) + Adding the value of a pointer one can use the function + `obstack_ptr_grow'. It adds `sizeof (void *)' bytes containing + the value of DATA. + + -- Function: void obstack_int_grow (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, int + DATA) + A single value of type `int' can be added by using the + `obstack_int_grow' function. It adds `sizeof (int)' bytes to the + growing object and initializes them with the value of DATA. + + -- Function: void * obstack_finish (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR) + When you are finished growing the object, use the function + `obstack_finish' to close it off and return its final address. + + Once you have finished the object, the obstack is available for + ordinary allocation or for growing another object. + + This function can return a null pointer under the same conditions + as `obstack_alloc' (*note Allocation in an Obstack::). + + When you build an object by growing it, you will probably need to +know afterward how long it became. You need not keep track of this as +you grow the object, because you can find out the length from the +obstack just before finishing the object with the function +`obstack_object_size', declared as follows: + + -- Function: int obstack_object_size (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR) + This function returns the current size of the growing object, in + bytes. Remember to call this function _before_ finishing the + object. After it is finished, `obstack_object_size' will return + zero. + + If you have started growing an object and wish to cancel it, you +should finish it and then free it, like this: + + obstack_free (obstack_ptr, obstack_finish (obstack_ptr)); + +This has no effect if no object was growing. + + You can use `obstack_blank' with a negative size argument to make +the current object smaller. Just don't try to shrink it beyond zero +length--there's no telling what will happen if you do that. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Extra Fast Growing, Next: Status of an Obstack, Prev: Growing Objects, Up: Obstacks + +3.2.4.7 Extra Fast Growing Objects +.................................. + +The usual functions for growing objects incur overhead for checking +whether there is room for the new growth in the current chunk. If you +are frequently constructing objects in small steps of growth, this +overhead can be significant. + + You can reduce the overhead by using special "fast growth" functions +that grow the object without checking. In order to have a robust +program, you must do the checking yourself. If you do this checking in +the simplest way each time you are about to add data to the object, you +have not saved anything, because that is what the ordinary growth +functions do. But if you can arrange to check less often, or check +more efficiently, then you make the program faster. + + The function `obstack_room' returns the amount of room available in +the current chunk. It is declared as follows: + + -- Function: int obstack_room (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR) + This returns the number of bytes that can be added safely to the + current growing object (or to an object about to be started) in + obstack OBSTACK using the fast growth functions. + + While you know there is room, you can use these fast growth functions +for adding data to a growing object: + + -- Function: void obstack_1grow_fast (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, + char C) + The function `obstack_1grow_fast' adds one byte containing the + character C to the growing object in obstack OBSTACK-PTR. + + -- Function: void obstack_ptr_grow_fast (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, + void *DATA) + The function `obstack_ptr_grow_fast' adds `sizeof (void *)' bytes + containing the value of DATA to the growing object in obstack + OBSTACK-PTR. + + -- Function: void obstack_int_grow_fast (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, + int DATA) + The function `obstack_int_grow_fast' adds `sizeof (int)' bytes + containing the value of DATA to the growing object in obstack + OBSTACK-PTR. + + -- Function: void obstack_blank_fast (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, int + SIZE) + The function `obstack_blank_fast' adds SIZE bytes to the growing + object in obstack OBSTACK-PTR without initializing them. + + When you check for space using `obstack_room' and there is not +enough room for what you want to add, the fast growth functions are not +safe. In this case, simply use the corresponding ordinary growth +function instead. Very soon this will copy the object to a new chunk; +then there will be lots of room available again. + + So, each time you use an ordinary growth function, check afterward +for sufficient space using `obstack_room'. Once the object is copied +to a new chunk, there will be plenty of space again, so the program will +start using the fast growth functions again. + + Here is an example: + + void + add_string (struct obstack *obstack, const char *ptr, int len) + { + while (len > 0) + { + int room = obstack_room (obstack); + if (room == 0) + { + /* Not enough room. Add one character slowly, + which may copy to a new chunk and make room. */ + obstack_1grow (obstack, *ptr++); + len--; + } + else + { + if (room > len) + room = len; + /* Add fast as much as we have room for. */ + len -= room; + while (room-- > 0) + obstack_1grow_fast (obstack, *ptr++); + } + } + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Status of an Obstack, Next: Obstacks Data Alignment, Prev: Extra Fast Growing, Up: Obstacks + +3.2.4.8 Status of an Obstack +............................ + +Here are functions that provide information on the current status of +allocation in an obstack. You can use them to learn about an object +while still growing it. + + -- Function: void * obstack_base (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR) + This function returns the tentative address of the beginning of the + currently growing object in OBSTACK-PTR. If you finish the object + immediately, it will have that address. If you make it larger + first, it may outgrow the current chunk--then its address will + change! + + If no object is growing, this value says where the next object you + allocate will start (once again assuming it fits in the current + chunk). + + -- Function: void * obstack_next_free (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR) + This function returns the address of the first free byte in the + current chunk of obstack OBSTACK-PTR. This is the end of the + currently growing object. If no object is growing, + `obstack_next_free' returns the same value as `obstack_base'. + + -- Function: int obstack_object_size (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR) + This function returns the size in bytes of the currently growing + object. This is equivalent to + + obstack_next_free (OBSTACK-PTR) - obstack_base (OBSTACK-PTR) + + +File: libc.info, Node: Obstacks Data Alignment, Next: Obstack Chunks, Prev: Status of an Obstack, Up: Obstacks + +3.2.4.9 Alignment of Data in Obstacks +..................................... + +Each obstack has an "alignment boundary"; each object allocated in the +obstack automatically starts on an address that is a multiple of the +specified boundary. By default, this boundary is aligned so that the +object can hold any type of data. + + To access an obstack's alignment boundary, use the macro +`obstack_alignment_mask', whose function prototype looks like this: + + -- Macro: int obstack_alignment_mask (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR) + The value is a bit mask; a bit that is 1 indicates that the + corresponding bit in the address of an object should be 0. The + mask value should be one less than a power of 2; the effect is + that all object addresses are multiples of that power of 2. The + default value of the mask is a value that allows aligned objects + to hold any type of data: for example, if its value is 3, any type + of data can be stored at locations whose addresses are multiples + of 4. A mask value of 0 means an object can start on any multiple + of 1 (that is, no alignment is required). + + The expansion of the macro `obstack_alignment_mask' is an lvalue, + so you can alter the mask by assignment. For example, this + statement: + + obstack_alignment_mask (obstack_ptr) = 0; + + has the effect of turning off alignment processing in the + specified obstack. + + Note that a change in alignment mask does not take effect until +_after_ the next time an object is allocated or finished in the +obstack. If you are not growing an object, you can make the new +alignment mask take effect immediately by calling `obstack_finish'. +This will finish a zero-length object and then do proper alignment for +the next object. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Obstack Chunks, Next: Summary of Obstacks, Prev: Obstacks Data Alignment, Up: Obstacks + +3.2.4.10 Obstack Chunks +....................... + +Obstacks work by allocating space for themselves in large chunks, and +then parceling out space in the chunks to satisfy your requests. Chunks +are normally 4096 bytes long unless you specify a different chunk size. +The chunk size includes 8 bytes of overhead that are not actually used +for storing objects. Regardless of the specified size, longer chunks +will be allocated when necessary for long objects. + + The obstack library allocates chunks by calling the function +`obstack_chunk_alloc', which you must define. When a chunk is no +longer needed because you have freed all the objects in it, the obstack +library frees the chunk by calling `obstack_chunk_free', which you must +also define. + + These two must be defined (as macros) or declared (as functions) in +each source file that uses `obstack_init' (*note Creating Obstacks::). +Most often they are defined as macros like this: + + #define obstack_chunk_alloc malloc + #define obstack_chunk_free free + + Note that these are simple macros (no arguments). Macro definitions +with arguments will not work! It is necessary that +`obstack_chunk_alloc' or `obstack_chunk_free', alone, expand into a +function name if it is not itself a function name. + + If you allocate chunks with `malloc', the chunk size should be a +power of 2. The default chunk size, 4096, was chosen because it is long +enough to satisfy many typical requests on the obstack yet short enough +not to waste too much memory in the portion of the last chunk not yet +used. + + -- Macro: int obstack_chunk_size (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR) + This returns the chunk size of the given obstack. + + Since this macro expands to an lvalue, you can specify a new chunk +size by assigning it a new value. Doing so does not affect the chunks +already allocated, but will change the size of chunks allocated for +that particular obstack in the future. It is unlikely to be useful to +make the chunk size smaller, but making it larger might improve +efficiency if you are allocating many objects whose size is comparable +to the chunk size. Here is how to do so cleanly: + + if (obstack_chunk_size (obstack_ptr) < NEW-CHUNK-SIZE) + obstack_chunk_size (obstack_ptr) = NEW-CHUNK-SIZE; + + +File: libc.info, Node: Summary of Obstacks, Prev: Obstack Chunks, Up: Obstacks + +3.2.4.11 Summary of Obstack Functions +..................................... + +Here is a summary of all the functions associated with obstacks. Each +takes the address of an obstack (`struct obstack *') as its first +argument. + +`void obstack_init (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR)' + Initialize use of an obstack. *Note Creating Obstacks::. + +`void *obstack_alloc (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, int SIZE)' + Allocate an object of SIZE uninitialized bytes. *Note Allocation + in an Obstack::. + +`void *obstack_copy (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, void *ADDRESS, int SIZE)' + Allocate an object of SIZE bytes, with contents copied from + ADDRESS. *Note Allocation in an Obstack::. + +`void *obstack_copy0 (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, void *ADDRESS, int SIZE)' + Allocate an object of SIZE+1 bytes, with SIZE of them copied from + ADDRESS, followed by a null character at the end. *Note + Allocation in an Obstack::. + +`void obstack_free (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, void *OBJECT)' + Free OBJECT (and everything allocated in the specified obstack + more recently than OBJECT). *Note Freeing Obstack Objects::. + +`void obstack_blank (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, int SIZE)' + Add SIZE uninitialized bytes to a growing object. *Note Growing + Objects::. + +`void obstack_grow (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, void *ADDRESS, int SIZE)' + Add SIZE bytes, copied from ADDRESS, to a growing object. *Note + Growing Objects::. + +`void obstack_grow0 (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, void *ADDRESS, int SIZE)' + Add SIZE bytes, copied from ADDRESS, to a growing object, and then + add another byte containing a null character. *Note Growing + Objects::. + +`void obstack_1grow (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, char DATA-CHAR)' + Add one byte containing DATA-CHAR to a growing object. *Note + Growing Objects::. + +`void *obstack_finish (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR)' + Finalize the object that is growing and return its permanent + address. *Note Growing Objects::. + +`int obstack_object_size (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR)' + Get the current size of the currently growing object. *Note + Growing Objects::. + +`void obstack_blank_fast (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, int SIZE)' + Add SIZE uninitialized bytes to a growing object without checking + that there is enough room. *Note Extra Fast Growing::. + +`void obstack_1grow_fast (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, char DATA-CHAR)' + Add one byte containing DATA-CHAR to a growing object without + checking that there is enough room. *Note Extra Fast Growing::. + +`int obstack_room (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR)' + Get the amount of room now available for growing the current + object. *Note Extra Fast Growing::. + +`int obstack_alignment_mask (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR)' + The mask used for aligning the beginning of an object. This is an + lvalue. *Note Obstacks Data Alignment::. + +`int obstack_chunk_size (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR)' + The size for allocating chunks. This is an lvalue. *Note Obstack + Chunks::. + +`void *obstack_base (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR)' + Tentative starting address of the currently growing object. *Note + Status of an Obstack::. + +`void *obstack_next_free (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR)' + Address just after the end of the currently growing object. *Note + Status of an Obstack::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Variable Size Automatic, Prev: Obstacks, Up: Memory Allocation + +3.2.5 Automatic Storage with Variable Size +------------------------------------------ + +The function `alloca' supports a kind of half-dynamic allocation in +which blocks are allocated dynamically but freed automatically. + + Allocating a block with `alloca' is an explicit action; you can +allocate as many blocks as you wish, and compute the size at run time. +But all the blocks are freed when you exit the function that `alloca' +was called from, just as if they were automatic variables declared in +that function. There is no way to free the space explicitly. + + The prototype for `alloca' is in `stdlib.h'. This function is a BSD +extension. + + -- Function: void * alloca (size_t SIZE); + The return value of `alloca' is the address of a block of SIZE + bytes of memory, allocated in the stack frame of the calling + function. + + Do not use `alloca' inside the arguments of a function call--you +will get unpredictable results, because the stack space for the +`alloca' would appear on the stack in the middle of the space for the +function arguments. An example of what to avoid is `foo (x, alloca +(4), y)'. + +* Menu: + +* Alloca Example:: Example of using `alloca'. +* Advantages of Alloca:: Reasons to use `alloca'. +* Disadvantages of Alloca:: Reasons to avoid `alloca'. +* GNU C Variable-Size Arrays:: Only in GNU C, here is an alternative + method of allocating dynamically and + freeing automatically. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Alloca Example, Next: Advantages of Alloca, Up: Variable Size Automatic + +3.2.5.1 `alloca' Example +........................ + +As an example of the use of `alloca', here is a function that opens a +file name made from concatenating two argument strings, and returns a +file descriptor or minus one signifying failure: + + int + open2 (char *str1, char *str2, int flags, int mode) + { + char *name = (char *) alloca (strlen (str1) + strlen (str2) + 1); + stpcpy (stpcpy (name, str1), str2); + return open (name, flags, mode); + } + +Here is how you would get the same results with `malloc' and `free': + + int + open2 (char *str1, char *str2, int flags, int mode) + { + char *name = (char *) malloc (strlen (str1) + strlen (str2) + 1); + int desc; + if (name == 0) + fatal ("virtual memory exceeded"); + stpcpy (stpcpy (name, str1), str2); + desc = open (name, flags, mode); + free (name); + return desc; + } + + As you can see, it is simpler with `alloca'. But `alloca' has +other, more important advantages, and some disadvantages. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Advantages of Alloca, Next: Disadvantages of Alloca, Prev: Alloca Example, Up: Variable Size Automatic + +3.2.5.2 Advantages of `alloca' +.............................. + +Here are the reasons why `alloca' may be preferable to `malloc': + + * Using `alloca' wastes very little space and is very fast. (It is + open-coded by the GNU C compiler.) + + * Since `alloca' does not have separate pools for different sizes of + block, space used for any size block can be reused for any other + size. `alloca' does not cause memory fragmentation. + + * Nonlocal exits done with `longjmp' (*note Non-Local Exits::) + automatically free the space allocated with `alloca' when they exit + through the function that called `alloca'. This is the most + important reason to use `alloca'. + + To illustrate this, suppose you have a function + `open_or_report_error' which returns a descriptor, like `open', if + it succeeds, but does not return to its caller if it fails. If + the file cannot be opened, it prints an error message and jumps + out to the command level of your program using `longjmp'. Let's + change `open2' (*note Alloca Example::) to use this subroutine: + + int + open2 (char *str1, char *str2, int flags, int mode) + { + char *name = (char *) alloca (strlen (str1) + strlen (str2) + 1); + stpcpy (stpcpy (name, str1), str2); + return open_or_report_error (name, flags, mode); + } + + Because of the way `alloca' works, the memory it allocates is + freed even when an error occurs, with no special effort required. + + By contrast, the previous definition of `open2' (which uses + `malloc' and `free') would develop a memory leak if it were + changed in this way. Even if you are willing to make more changes + to fix it, there is no easy way to do so. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Disadvantages of Alloca, Next: GNU C Variable-Size Arrays, Prev: Advantages of Alloca, Up: Variable Size Automatic + +3.2.5.3 Disadvantages of `alloca' +................................. + +These are the disadvantages of `alloca' in comparison with `malloc': + + * If you try to allocate more memory than the machine can provide, + you don't get a clean error message. Instead you get a fatal + signal like the one you would get from an infinite recursion; + probably a segmentation violation (*note Program Error Signals::). + + * Some non-GNU systems fail to support `alloca', so it is less + portable. However, a slower emulation of `alloca' written in C is + available for use on systems with this deficiency. + + +File: libc.info, Node: GNU C Variable-Size Arrays, Prev: Disadvantages of Alloca, Up: Variable Size Automatic + +3.2.5.4 GNU C Variable-Size Arrays +.................................. + +In GNU C, you can replace most uses of `alloca' with an array of +variable size. Here is how `open2' would look then: + + int open2 (char *str1, char *str2, int flags, int mode) + { + char name[strlen (str1) + strlen (str2) + 1]; + stpcpy (stpcpy (name, str1), str2); + return open (name, flags, mode); + } + + But `alloca' is not always equivalent to a variable-sized array, for +several reasons: + + * A variable size array's space is freed at the end of the scope of + the name of the array. The space allocated with `alloca' remains + until the end of the function. + + * It is possible to use `alloca' within a loop, allocating an + additional block on each iteration. This is impossible with + variable-sized arrays. + + *NB:* If you mix use of `alloca' and variable-sized arrays within +one function, exiting a scope in which a variable-sized array was +declared frees all blocks allocated with `alloca' during the execution +of that scope. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Resizing the Data Segment, Prev: Locking Pages, Up: Memory + +3.3 Resizing the Data Segment +============================= + +The symbols in this section are declared in `unistd.h'. + + You will not normally use the functions in this section, because the +functions described in *note Memory Allocation:: are easier to use. +Those are interfaces to a GNU C Library memory allocator that uses the +functions below itself. The functions below are simple interfaces to +system calls. + + -- Function: int brk (void *ADDR) + `brk' sets the high end of the calling process' data segment to + ADDR. + + The address of the end of a segment is defined to be the address + of the last byte in the segment plus 1. + + The function has no effect if ADDR is lower than the low end of + the data segment. (This is considered success, by the way). + + The function fails if it would cause the data segment to overlap + another segment or exceed the process' data storage limit (*note + Limits on Resources::). + + The function is named for a common historical case where data + storage and the stack are in the same segment. Data storage + allocation grows upward from the bottom of the segment while the + stack grows downward toward it from the top of the segment and the + curtain between them is called the "break". + + The return value is zero on success. On failure, the return value + is `-1' and `errno' is set accordingly. The following `errno' + values are specific to this function: + + `ENOMEM' + The request would cause the data segment to overlap another + segment or exceed the process' data storage limit. + + + -- Function: void *sbrk (ptrdiff_t DELTA) + This function is the same as `brk' except that you specify the new + end of the data segment as an offset DELTA from the current end + and on success the return value is the address of the resulting + end of the data segment instead of zero. + + This means you can use `sbrk(0)' to find out what the current end + of the data segment is. + + + +File: libc.info, Node: Locking Pages, Next: Resizing the Data Segment, Prev: Memory Allocation, Up: Memory + +3.4 Locking Pages +================= + +You can tell the system to associate a particular virtual memory page +with a real page frame and keep it that way -- i.e., cause the page to +be paged in if it isn't already and mark it so it will never be paged +out and consequently will never cause a page fault. This is called +"locking" a page. + + The functions in this chapter lock and unlock the calling process' +pages. + +* Menu: + +* Why Lock Pages:: Reasons to read this section. +* Locked Memory Details:: Everything you need to know locked + memory +* Page Lock Functions:: Here's how to do it. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Why Lock Pages, Next: Locked Memory Details, Up: Locking Pages + +3.4.1 Why Lock Pages +-------------------- + +Because page faults cause paged out pages to be paged in transparently, +a process rarely needs to be concerned about locking pages. However, +there are two reasons people sometimes are: + + * Speed. A page fault is transparent only insofar as the process is + not sensitive to how long it takes to do a simple memory access. + Time-critical processes, especially realtime processes, may not be + able to wait or may not be able to tolerate variance in execution + speed. + + A process that needs to lock pages for this reason probably also + needs priority among other processes for use of the CPU. *Note + Priority::. + + In some cases, the programmer knows better than the system's demand + paging allocator which pages should remain in real memory to + optimize system performance. In this case, locking pages can help. + + * Privacy. If you keep secrets in virtual memory and that virtual + memory gets paged out, that increases the chance that the secrets + will get out. If a password gets written out to disk swap space, + for example, it might still be there long after virtual and real + memory have been wiped clean. + + + Be aware that when you lock a page, that's one fewer page frame that +can be used to back other virtual memory (by the same or other +processes), which can mean more page faults, which means the system +runs more slowly. In fact, if you lock enough memory, some programs +may not be able to run at all for lack of real memory. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Locked Memory Details, Next: Page Lock Functions, Prev: Why Lock Pages, Up: Locking Pages + +3.4.2 Locked Memory Details +--------------------------- + +A memory lock is associated with a virtual page, not a real frame. The +paging rule is: If a frame backs at least one locked page, don't page it +out. + + Memory locks do not stack. I.e., you can't lock a particular page +twice so that it has to be unlocked twice before it is truly unlocked. +It is either locked or it isn't. + + A memory lock persists until the process that owns the memory +explicitly unlocks it. (But process termination and exec cause the +virtual memory to cease to exist, which you might say means it isn't +locked any more). + + Memory locks are not inherited by child processes. (But note that +on a modern Unix system, immediately after a fork, the parent's and the +child's virtual address space are backed by the same real page frames, +so the child enjoys the parent's locks). *Note Creating a Process::. + + Because of its ability to impact other processes, only the superuser +can lock a page. Any process can unlock its own page. + + The system sets limits on the amount of memory a process can have +locked and the amount of real memory it can have dedicated to it. +*Note Limits on Resources::. + + In Linux, locked pages aren't as locked as you might think. Two +virtual pages that are not shared memory can nonetheless be backed by +the same real frame. The kernel does this in the name of efficiency +when it knows both virtual pages contain identical data, and does it +even if one or both of the virtual pages are locked. + + But when a process modifies one of those pages, the kernel must get +it a separate frame and fill it with the page's data. This is known as +a "copy-on-write page fault". It takes a small amount of time and in a +pathological case, getting that frame may require I/O. + + To make sure this doesn't happen to your program, don't just lock the +pages. Write to them as well, unless you know you won't write to them +ever. And to make sure you have pre-allocated frames for your stack, +enter a scope that declares a C automatic variable larger than the +maximum stack size you will need, set it to something, then return from +its scope. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Page Lock Functions, Prev: Locked Memory Details, Up: Locking Pages + +3.4.3 Functions To Lock And Unlock Pages +---------------------------------------- + +The symbols in this section are declared in `sys/mman.h'. These +functions are defined by POSIX.1b, but their availability depends on +your kernel. If your kernel doesn't allow these functions, they exist +but always fail. They _are_ available with a Linux kernel. + + *Portability Note:* POSIX.1b requires that when the `mlock' and +`munlock' functions are available, the file `unistd.h' define the macro +`_POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE' and the file `limits.h' define the macro +`PAGESIZE' to be the size of a memory page in bytes. It requires that +when the `mlockall' and `munlockall' functions are available, the +`unistd.h' file define the macro `_POSIX_MEMLOCK'. The GNU C library +conforms to this requirement. + + -- Function: int mlock (const void *ADDR, size_t LEN) + `mlock' locks a range of the calling process' virtual pages. + + The range of memory starts at address ADDR and is LEN bytes long. + Actually, since you must lock whole pages, it is the range of + pages that include any part of the specified range. + + When the function returns successfully, each of those pages is + backed by (connected to) a real frame (is resident) and is marked + to stay that way. This means the function may cause page-ins and + have to wait for them. + + When the function fails, it does not affect the lock status of any + pages. + + The return value is zero if the function succeeds. Otherwise, it + is `-1' and `errno' is set accordingly. `errno' values specific + to this function are: + + `ENOMEM' + * At least some of the specified address range does not + exist in the calling process' virtual address space. + + * The locking would cause the process to exceed its locked + page limit. + + `EPERM' + The calling process is not superuser. + + `EINVAL' + LEN is not positive. + + `ENOSYS' + The kernel does not provide `mlock' capability. + + + You can lock _all_ a process' memory with `mlockall'. You unlock + memory with `munlock' or `munlockall'. + + To avoid all page faults in a C program, you have to use + `mlockall', because some of the memory a program uses is hidden + from the C code, e.g. the stack and automatic variables, and you + wouldn't know what address to tell `mlock'. + + + -- Function: int munlock (const void *ADDR, size_t LEN) + `munlock' unlocks a range of the calling process' virtual pages. + + `munlock' is the inverse of `mlock' and functions completely + analogously to `mlock', except that there is no `EPERM' failure. + + + -- Function: int mlockall (int FLAGS) + `mlockall' locks all the pages in a process' virtual memory address + space, and/or any that are added to it in the future. This + includes the pages of the code, data and stack segment, as well as + shared libraries, user space kernel data, shared memory, and + memory mapped files. + + FLAGS is a string of single bit flags represented by the following + macros. They tell `mlockall' which of its functions you want. All + other bits must be zero. + + `MCL_CURRENT' + Lock all pages which currently exist in the calling process' + virtual address space. + + `MCL_FUTURE' + Set a mode such that any pages added to the process' virtual + address space in the future will be locked from birth. This + mode does not affect future address spaces owned by the same + process so exec, which replaces a process' address space, + wipes out `MCL_FUTURE'. *Note Executing a File::. + + + When the function returns successfully, and you specified + `MCL_CURRENT', all of the process' pages are backed by (connected + to) real frames (they are resident) and are marked to stay that + way. This means the function may cause page-ins and have to wait + for them. + + When the process is in `MCL_FUTURE' mode because it successfully + executed this function and specified `MCL_CURRENT', any system call + by the process that requires space be added to its virtual address + space fails with `errno' = `ENOMEM' if locking the additional space + would cause the process to exceed its locked page limit. In the + case that the address space addition that can't be accommodated is + stack expansion, the stack expansion fails and the kernel sends a + `SIGSEGV' signal to the process. + + When the function fails, it does not affect the lock status of any + pages or the future locking mode. + + The return value is zero if the function succeeds. Otherwise, it + is `-1' and `errno' is set accordingly. `errno' values specific + to this function are: + + `ENOMEM' + * At least some of the specified address range does not + exist in the calling process' virtual address space. + + * The locking would cause the process to exceed its locked + page limit. + + `EPERM' + The calling process is not superuser. + + `EINVAL' + Undefined bits in FLAGS are not zero. + + `ENOSYS' + The kernel does not provide `mlockall' capability. + + + You can lock just specific pages with `mlock'. You unlock pages + with `munlockall' and `munlock'. + + + -- Function: int munlockall (void) + `munlockall' unlocks every page in the calling process' virtual + address space and turn off `MCL_FUTURE' future locking mode. + + The return value is zero if the function succeeds. Otherwise, it + is `-1' and `errno' is set accordingly. The only way this + function can fail is for generic reasons that all functions and + system calls can fail, so there are no specific `errno' values. + + + +File: libc.info, Node: Character Handling, Next: String and Array Utilities, Prev: Memory, Up: Top + +4 Character Handling +******************** + +Programs that work with characters and strings often need to classify a +character--is it alphabetic, is it a digit, is it whitespace, and so +on--and perform case conversion operations on characters. The +functions in the header file `ctype.h' are provided for this purpose. + + Since the choice of locale and character set can alter the +classifications of particular character codes, all of these functions +are affected by the current locale. (More precisely, they are affected +by the locale currently selected for character classification--the +`LC_CTYPE' category; see *note Locale Categories::.) + + The ISO C standard specifies two different sets of functions. The +one set works on `char' type characters, the other one on `wchar_t' +wide characters (*note Extended Char Intro::). + +* Menu: + +* Classification of Characters:: Testing whether characters are + letters, digits, punctuation, etc. + +* Case Conversion:: Case mapping, and the like. +* Classification of Wide Characters:: Character class determination for + wide characters. +* Using Wide Char Classes:: Notes on using the wide character + classes. +* Wide Character Case Conversion:: Mapping of wide characters. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Classification of Characters, Next: Case Conversion, Up: Character Handling + +4.1 Classification of Characters +================================ + +This section explains the library functions for classifying characters. +For example, `isalpha' is the function to test for an alphabetic +character. It takes one argument, the character to test, and returns a +nonzero integer if the character is alphabetic, and zero otherwise. You +would use it like this: + + if (isalpha (c)) + printf ("The character `%c' is alphabetic.\n", c); + + Each of the functions in this section tests for membership in a +particular class of characters; each has a name starting with `is'. +Each of them takes one argument, which is a character to test, and +returns an `int' which is treated as a boolean value. The character +argument is passed as an `int', and it may be the constant value `EOF' +instead of a real character. + + The attributes of any given character can vary between locales. +*Note Locales::, for more information on locales. + + These functions are declared in the header file `ctype.h'. + + -- Function: int islower (int C) + Returns true if C is a lower-case letter. The letter need not be + from the Latin alphabet, any alphabet representable is valid. + + -- Function: int isupper (int C) + Returns true if C is an upper-case letter. The letter need not be + from the Latin alphabet, any alphabet representable is valid. + + -- Function: int isalpha (int C) + Returns true if C is an alphabetic character (a letter). If + `islower' or `isupper' is true of a character, then `isalpha' is + also true. + + In some locales, there may be additional characters for which + `isalpha' is true--letters which are neither upper case nor lower + case. But in the standard `"C"' locale, there are no such + additional characters. + + -- Function: int isdigit (int C) + Returns true if C is a decimal digit (`0' through `9'). + + -- Function: int isalnum (int C) + Returns true if C is an alphanumeric character (a letter or + number); in other words, if either `isalpha' or `isdigit' is true + of a character, then `isalnum' is also true. + + -- Function: int isxdigit (int C) + Returns true if C is a hexadecimal digit. Hexadecimal digits + include the normal decimal digits `0' through `9' and the letters + `A' through `F' and `a' through `f'. + + -- Function: int ispunct (int C) + Returns true if C is a punctuation character. This means any + printing character that is not alphanumeric or a space character. + + -- Function: int isspace (int C) + Returns true if C is a "whitespace" character. In the standard + `"C"' locale, `isspace' returns true for only the standard + whitespace characters: + + `' '' + space + + `'\f'' + formfeed + + `'\n'' + newline + + `'\r'' + carriage return + + `'\t'' + horizontal tab + + `'\v'' + vertical tab + + -- Function: int isblank (int C) + Returns true if C is a blank character; that is, a space or a tab. + This function was originally a GNU extension, but was added in + ISO C99. + + -- Function: int isgraph (int C) + Returns true if C is a graphic character; that is, a character + that has a glyph associated with it. The whitespace characters + are not considered graphic. + + -- Function: int isprint (int C) + Returns true if C is a printing character. Printing characters + include all the graphic characters, plus the space (` ') character. + + -- Function: int iscntrl (int C) + Returns true if C is a control character (that is, a character that + is not a printing character). + + -- Function: int isascii (int C) + Returns true if C is a 7-bit `unsigned char' value that fits into + the US/UK ASCII character set. This function is a BSD extension + and is also an SVID extension. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Case Conversion, Next: Classification of Wide Characters, Prev: Classification of Characters, Up: Character Handling + +4.2 Case Conversion +=================== + +This section explains the library functions for performing conversions +such as case mappings on characters. For example, `toupper' converts +any character to upper case if possible. If the character can't be +converted, `toupper' returns it unchanged. + + These functions take one argument of type `int', which is the +character to convert, and return the converted character as an `int'. +If the conversion is not applicable to the argument given, the argument +is returned unchanged. + + *Compatibility Note:* In pre-ISO C dialects, instead of returning +the argument unchanged, these functions may fail when the argument is +not suitable for the conversion. Thus for portability, you may need to +write `islower(c) ? toupper(c) : c' rather than just `toupper(c)'. + + These functions are declared in the header file `ctype.h'. + + -- Function: int tolower (int C) + If C is an upper-case letter, `tolower' returns the corresponding + lower-case letter. If C is not an upper-case letter, C is + returned unchanged. + + -- Function: int toupper (int C) + If C is a lower-case letter, `toupper' returns the corresponding + upper-case letter. Otherwise C is returned unchanged. + + -- Function: int toascii (int C) + This function converts C to a 7-bit `unsigned char' value that + fits into the US/UK ASCII character set, by clearing the high-order + bits. This function is a BSD extension and is also an SVID + extension. + + -- Function: int _tolower (int C) + This is identical to `tolower', and is provided for compatibility + with the SVID. *Note SVID::. + + -- Function: int _toupper (int C) + This is identical to `toupper', and is provided for compatibility + with the SVID. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Classification of Wide Characters, Next: Using Wide Char Classes, Prev: Case Conversion, Up: Character Handling + +4.3 Character class determination for wide characters +===================================================== + +Amendment 1 to ISO C90 defines functions to classify wide characters. +Although the original ISO C90 standard already defined the type +`wchar_t', no functions operating on them were defined. + + The general design of the classification functions for wide +characters is more general. It allows extensions to the set of +available classifications, beyond those which are always available. +The POSIX standard specifies how extensions can be made, and this is +already implemented in the GNU C library implementation of the +`localedef' program. + + The character class functions are normally implemented with bitsets, +with a bitset per character. For a given character, the appropriate +bitset is read from a table and a test is performed as to whether a +certain bit is set. Which bit is tested for is determined by the class. + + For the wide character classification functions this is made visible. +There is a type classification type defined, a function to retrieve this +value for a given class, and a function to test whether a given +character is in this class, using the classification value. On top of +this the normal character classification functions as used for `char' +objects can be defined. + + -- Data type: wctype_t + The `wctype_t' can hold a value which represents a character class. + The only defined way to generate such a value is by using the + `wctype' function. + + This type is defined in `wctype.h'. + + -- Function: wctype_t wctype (const char *PROPERTY) + The `wctype' returns a value representing a class of wide + characters which is identified by the string PROPERTY. Beside + some standard properties each locale can define its own ones. In + case no property with the given name is known for the current + locale selected for the `LC_CTYPE' category, the function returns + zero. + + The properties known in every locale are: + + `"alnum"' `"alpha"' `"cntrl"' `"digit"' + `"graph"' `"lower"' `"print"' `"punct"' + `"space"' `"upper"' `"xdigit"' + + This function is declared in `wctype.h'. + + To test the membership of a character to one of the non-standard +classes the ISO C standard defines a completely new function. + + -- Function: int iswctype (wint_t WC, wctype_t DESC) + This function returns a nonzero value if WC is in the character + class specified by DESC. DESC must previously be returned by a + successful call to `wctype'. + + This function is declared in `wctype.h'. + + To make it easier to use the commonly-used classification functions, +they are defined in the C library. There is no need to use `wctype' if +the property string is one of the known character classes. In some +situations it is desirable to construct the property strings, and then +it is important that `wctype' can also handle the standard classes. + + -- Function: int iswalnum (wint_t WC) + This function returns a nonzero value if WC is an alphanumeric + character (a letter or number); in other words, if either + `iswalpha' or `iswdigit' is true of a character, then `iswalnum' + is also true. + + This function can be implemented using + + iswctype (wc, wctype ("alnum")) + + It is declared in `wctype.h'. + + -- Function: int iswalpha (wint_t WC) + Returns true if WC is an alphabetic character (a letter). If + `iswlower' or `iswupper' is true of a character, then `iswalpha' + is also true. + + In some locales, there may be additional characters for which + `iswalpha' is true--letters which are neither upper case nor lower + case. But in the standard `"C"' locale, there are no such + additional characters. + + This function can be implemented using + + iswctype (wc, wctype ("alpha")) + + It is declared in `wctype.h'. + + -- Function: int iswcntrl (wint_t WC) + Returns true if WC is a control character (that is, a character + that is not a printing character). + + This function can be implemented using + + iswctype (wc, wctype ("cntrl")) + + It is declared in `wctype.h'. + + -- Function: int iswdigit (wint_t WC) + Returns true if WC is a digit (e.g., `0' through `9'). Please + note that this function does not only return a nonzero value for + _decimal_ digits, but for all kinds of digits. A consequence is + that code like the following will *not* work unconditionally for + wide characters: + + n = 0; + while (iswdigit (*wc)) + { + n *= 10; + n += *wc++ - L'0'; + } + + This function can be implemented using + + iswctype (wc, wctype ("digit")) + + It is declared in `wctype.h'. + + -- Function: int iswgraph (wint_t WC) + Returns true if WC is a graphic character; that is, a character + that has a glyph associated with it. The whitespace characters + are not considered graphic. + + This function can be implemented using + + iswctype (wc, wctype ("graph")) + + It is declared in `wctype.h'. + + -- Function: int iswlower (wint_t WC) + Returns true if WC is a lower-case letter. The letter need not be + from the Latin alphabet, any alphabet representable is valid. + + This function can be implemented using + + iswctype (wc, wctype ("lower")) + + It is declared in `wctype.h'. + + -- Function: int iswprint (wint_t WC) + Returns true if WC is a printing character. Printing characters + include all the graphic characters, plus the space (` ') character. + + This function can be implemented using + + iswctype (wc, wctype ("print")) + + It is declared in `wctype.h'. + + -- Function: int iswpunct (wint_t WC) + Returns true if WC is a punctuation character. This means any + printing character that is not alphanumeric or a space character. + + This function can be implemented using + + iswctype (wc, wctype ("punct")) + + It is declared in `wctype.h'. + + -- Function: int iswspace (wint_t WC) + Returns true if WC is a "whitespace" character. In the standard + `"C"' locale, `iswspace' returns true for only the standard + whitespace characters: + + `L' '' + space + + `L'\f'' + formfeed + + `L'\n'' + newline + + `L'\r'' + carriage return + + `L'\t'' + horizontal tab + + `L'\v'' + vertical tab + + This function can be implemented using + + iswctype (wc, wctype ("space")) + + It is declared in `wctype.h'. + + -- Function: int iswupper (wint_t WC) + Returns true if WC is an upper-case letter. The letter need not be + from the Latin alphabet, any alphabet representable is valid. + + This function can be implemented using + + iswctype (wc, wctype ("upper")) + + It is declared in `wctype.h'. + + -- Function: int iswxdigit (wint_t WC) + Returns true if WC is a hexadecimal digit. Hexadecimal digits + include the normal decimal digits `0' through `9' and the letters + `A' through `F' and `a' through `f'. + + This function can be implemented using + + iswctype (wc, wctype ("xdigit")) + + It is declared in `wctype.h'. + + The GNU C library also provides a function which is not defined in +the ISO C standard but which is available as a version for single byte +characters as well. + + -- Function: int iswblank (wint_t WC) + Returns true if WC is a blank character; that is, a space or a tab. + This function was originally a GNU extension, but was added in + ISO C99. It is declared in `wchar.h'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Using Wide Char Classes, Next: Wide Character Case Conversion, Prev: Classification of Wide Characters, Up: Character Handling + +4.4 Notes on using the wide character classes +============================================= + +The first note is probably not astonishing but still occasionally a +cause of problems. The `iswXXX' functions can be implemented using +macros and in fact, the GNU C library does this. They are still +available as real functions but when the `wctype.h' header is included +the macros will be used. This is the same as the `char' type versions +of these functions. + + The second note covers something new. It can be best illustrated by +a (real-world) example. The first piece of code is an excerpt from the +original code. It is truncated a bit but the intention should be clear. + + int + is_in_class (int c, const char *class) + { + if (strcmp (class, "alnum") == 0) + return isalnum (c); + if (strcmp (class, "alpha") == 0) + return isalpha (c); + if (strcmp (class, "cntrl") == 0) + return iscntrl (c); + ... + return 0; + } + + Now, with the `wctype' and `iswctype' you can avoid the `if' +cascades, but rewriting the code as follows is wrong: + + int + is_in_class (int c, const char *class) + { + wctype_t desc = wctype (class); + return desc ? iswctype ((wint_t) c, desc) : 0; + } + + The problem is that it is not guaranteed that the wide character +representation of a single-byte character can be found using casting. +In fact, usually this fails miserably. The correct solution to this +problem is to write the code as follows: + + int + is_in_class (int c, const char *class) + { + wctype_t desc = wctype (class); + return desc ? iswctype (btowc (c), desc) : 0; + } + + *Note Converting a Character::, for more information on `btowc'. +Note that this change probably does not improve the performance of the +program a lot since the `wctype' function still has to make the string +comparisons. It gets really interesting if the `is_in_class' function +is called more than once for the same class name. In this case the +variable DESC could be computed once and reused for all the calls. +Therefore the above form of the function is probably not the final one. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Wide Character Case Conversion, Prev: Using Wide Char Classes, Up: Character Handling + +4.5 Mapping of wide characters. +=============================== + +The classification functions are also generalized by the ISO C +standard. Instead of just allowing the two standard mappings, a locale +can contain others. Again, the `localedef' program already supports +generating such locale data files. + + -- Data Type: wctrans_t + This data type is defined as a scalar type which can hold a value + representing the locale-dependent character mapping. There is no + way to construct such a value apart from using the return value of + the `wctrans' function. + + This type is defined in `wctype.h'. + + -- Function: wctrans_t wctrans (const char *PROPERTY) + The `wctrans' function has to be used to find out whether a named + mapping is defined in the current locale selected for the + `LC_CTYPE' category. If the returned value is non-zero, you can + use it afterwards in calls to `towctrans'. If the return value is + zero no such mapping is known in the current locale. + + Beside locale-specific mappings there are two mappings which are + guaranteed to be available in every locale: + + `"tolower"' `"toupper"' + + These functions are declared in `wctype.h'. + + -- Function: wint_t towctrans (wint_t WC, wctrans_t DESC) + `towctrans' maps the input character WC according to the rules of + the mapping for which DESC is a descriptor, and returns the value + it finds. DESC must be obtained by a successful call to `wctrans'. + + This function is declared in `wctype.h'. + + For the generally available mappings, the ISO C standard defines +convenient shortcuts so that it is not necessary to call `wctrans' for +them. + + -- Function: wint_t towlower (wint_t WC) + If WC is an upper-case letter, `towlower' returns the corresponding + lower-case letter. If WC is not an upper-case letter, WC is + returned unchanged. + + `towlower' can be implemented using + + towctrans (wc, wctrans ("tolower")) + + This function is declared in `wctype.h'. + + -- Function: wint_t towupper (wint_t WC) + If WC is a lower-case letter, `towupper' returns the corresponding + upper-case letter. Otherwise WC is returned unchanged. + + `towupper' can be implemented using + + towctrans (wc, wctrans ("toupper")) + + This function is declared in `wctype.h'. + + The same warnings given in the last section for the use of the wide +character classification functions apply here. It is not possible to +simply cast a `char' type value to a `wint_t' and use it as an argument +to `towctrans' calls. + + +File: libc.info, Node: String and Array Utilities, Next: Character Set Handling, Prev: Character Handling, Up: Top + +5 String and Array Utilities +**************************** + +Operations on strings (or arrays of characters) are an important part of +many programs. The GNU C library provides an extensive set of string +utility functions, including functions for copying, concatenating, +comparing, and searching strings. Many of these functions can also +operate on arbitrary regions of storage; for example, the `memcpy' +function can be used to copy the contents of any kind of array. + + It's fairly common for beginning C programmers to "reinvent the +wheel" by duplicating this functionality in their own code, but it pays +to become familiar with the library functions and to make use of them, +since this offers benefits in maintenance, efficiency, and portability. + + For instance, you could easily compare one string to another in two +lines of C code, but if you use the built-in `strcmp' function, you're +less likely to make a mistake. And, since these library functions are +typically highly optimized, your program may run faster too. + +* Menu: + +* Representation of Strings:: Introduction to basic concepts. +* String/Array Conventions:: Whether to use a string function or an + arbitrary array function. +* String Length:: Determining the length of a string. +* Copying and Concatenation:: Functions to copy the contents of strings + and arrays. +* String/Array Comparison:: Functions for byte-wise and character-wise + comparison. +* Collation Functions:: Functions for collating strings. +* Search Functions:: Searching for a specific element or substring. +* Finding Tokens in a String:: Splitting a string into tokens by looking + for delimiters. +* strfry:: Function for flash-cooking a string. +* Trivial Encryption:: Obscuring data. +* Encode Binary Data:: Encoding and Decoding of Binary Data. +* Argz and Envz Vectors:: Null-separated string vectors. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Representation of Strings, Next: String/Array Conventions, Up: String and Array Utilities + +5.1 Representation of Strings +============================= + +This section is a quick summary of string concepts for beginning C +programmers. It describes how character strings are represented in C +and some common pitfalls. If you are already familiar with this +material, you can skip this section. + + A "string" is an array of `char' objects. But string-valued +variables are usually declared to be pointers of type `char *'. Such +variables do not include space for the text of a string; that has to be +stored somewhere else--in an array variable, a string constant, or +dynamically allocated memory (*note Memory Allocation::). It's up to +you to store the address of the chosen memory space into the pointer +variable. Alternatively you can store a "null pointer" in the pointer +variable. The null pointer does not point anywhere, so attempting to +reference the string it points to gets an error. + + "string" normally refers to multibyte character strings as opposed to +wide character strings. Wide character strings are arrays of type +`wchar_t' and as for multibyte character strings usually pointers of +type `wchar_t *' are used. + + By convention, a "null character", `'\0'', marks the end of a +multibyte character string and the "null wide character", `L'\0'', +marks the end of a wide character string. For example, in testing to +see whether the `char *' variable P points to a null character marking +the end of a string, you can write `!*P' or `*P == '\0''. + + A null character is quite different conceptually from a null pointer, +although both are represented by the integer `0'. + + "String literals" appear in C program source as strings of +characters between double-quote characters (`"') where the initial +double-quote character is immediately preceded by a capital `L' (ell) +character (as in `L"foo"'). In ISO C, string literals can also be +formed by "string concatenation": `"a" "b"' is the same as `"ab"'. For +wide character strings one can either use `L"a" L"b"' or `L"a" "b"'. +Modification of string literals is not allowed by the GNU C compiler, +because literals are placed in read-only storage. + + Character arrays that are declared `const' cannot be modified +either. It's generally good style to declare non-modifiable string +pointers to be of type `const char *', since this often allows the C +compiler to detect accidental modifications as well as providing some +amount of documentation about what your program intends to do with the +string. + + The amount of memory allocated for the character array may extend +past the null character that normally marks the end of the string. In +this document, the term "allocated size" is always used to refer to the +total amount of memory allocated for the string, while the term +"length" refers to the number of characters up to (but not including) +the terminating null character. + + A notorious source of program bugs is trying to put more characters +in a string than fit in its allocated size. When writing code that +extends strings or moves characters into a pre-allocated array, you +should be very careful to keep track of the length of the text and make +explicit checks for overflowing the array. Many of the library +functions _do not_ do this for you! Remember also that you need to +allocate an extra byte to hold the null character that marks the end of +the string. + + Originally strings were sequences of bytes where each byte +represents a single character. This is still true today if the strings +are encoded using a single-byte character encoding. Things are +different if the strings are encoded using a multibyte encoding (for +more information on encodings see *note Extended Char Intro::). There +is no difference in the programming interface for these two kind of +strings; the programmer has to be aware of this and interpret the byte +sequences accordingly. + + But since there is no separate interface taking care of these +differences the byte-based string functions are sometimes hard to use. +Since the count parameters of these functions specify bytes a call to +`strncpy' could cut a multibyte character in the middle and put an +incomplete (and therefore unusable) byte sequence in the target buffer. + + To avoid these problems later versions of the ISO C standard +introduce a second set of functions which are operating on "wide +characters" (*note Extended Char Intro::). These functions don't have +the problems the single-byte versions have since every wide character is +a legal, interpretable value. This does not mean that cutting wide +character strings at arbitrary points is without problems. It normally +is for alphabet-based languages (except for non-normalized text) but +languages based on syllables still have the problem that more than one +wide character is necessary to complete a logical unit. This is a +higher level problem which the C library functions are not designed to +solve. But it is at least good that no invalid byte sequences can be +created. Also, the higher level functions can also much easier operate +on wide character than on multibyte characters so that a general advise +is to use wide characters internally whenever text is more than simply +copied. + + The remaining of this chapter will discuss the functions for handling +wide character strings in parallel with the discussion of the multibyte +character strings since there is almost always an exact equivalent +available. + + +File: libc.info, Node: String/Array Conventions, Next: String Length, Prev: Representation of Strings, Up: String and Array Utilities + +5.2 String and Array Conventions +================================ + +This chapter describes both functions that work on arbitrary arrays or +blocks of memory, and functions that are specific to null-terminated +arrays of characters and wide characters. + + Functions that operate on arbitrary blocks of memory have names +beginning with `mem' and `wmem' (such as `memcpy' and `wmemcpy') and +invariably take an argument which specifies the size (in bytes and wide +characters respectively) of the block of memory to operate on. The +array arguments and return values for these functions have type `void +*' or `wchar_t'. As a matter of style, the elements of the arrays used +with the `mem' functions are referred to as "bytes". You can pass any +kind of pointer to these functions, and the `sizeof' operator is useful +in computing the value for the size argument. Parameters to the `wmem' +functions must be of type `wchar_t *'. These functions are not really +usable with anything but arrays of this type. + + In contrast, functions that operate specifically on strings and wide +character strings have names beginning with `str' and `wcs' +respectively (such as `strcpy' and `wcscpy') and look for a null +character to terminate the string instead of requiring an explicit size +argument to be passed. (Some of these functions accept a specified +maximum length, but they also check for premature termination with a +null character.) The array arguments and return values for these +functions have type `char *' and `wchar_t *' respectively, and the +array elements are referred to as "characters" and "wide characters". + + In many cases, there are both `mem' and `str'/`wcs' versions of a +function. The one that is more appropriate to use depends on the exact +situation. When your program is manipulating arbitrary arrays or +blocks of storage, then you should always use the `mem' functions. On +the other hand, when you are manipulating null-terminated strings it is +usually more convenient to use the `str'/`wcs' functions, unless you +already know the length of the string in advance. The `wmem' functions +should be used for wide character arrays with known size. + + Some of the memory and string functions take single characters as +arguments. Since a value of type `char' is automatically promoted into +an value of type `int' when used as a parameter, the functions are +declared with `int' as the type of the parameter in question. In case +of the wide character function the situation is similarly: the +parameter type for a single wide character is `wint_t' and not +`wchar_t'. This would for many implementations not be necessary since +the `wchar_t' is large enough to not be automatically promoted, but +since the ISO C standard does not require such a choice of types the +`wint_t' type is used. + + +File: libc.info, Node: String Length, Next: Copying and Concatenation, Prev: String/Array Conventions, Up: String and Array Utilities + +5.3 String Length +================= + +You can get the length of a string using the `strlen' function. This +function is declared in the header file `string.h'. + + -- Function: size_t strlen (const char *S) + The `strlen' function returns the length of the null-terminated + string S in bytes. (In other words, it returns the offset of the + terminating null character within the array.) + + For example, + strlen ("hello, world") + => 12 + + When applied to a character array, the `strlen' function returns + the length of the string stored there, not its allocated size. + You can get the allocated size of the character array that holds a + string using the `sizeof' operator: + + char string[32] = "hello, world"; + sizeof (string) + => 32 + strlen (string) + => 12 + + But beware, this will not work unless STRING is the character + array itself, not a pointer to it. For example: + + char string[32] = "hello, world"; + char *ptr = string; + sizeof (string) + => 32 + sizeof (ptr) + => 4 /* (on a machine with 4 byte pointers) */ + + This is an easy mistake to make when you are working with + functions that take string arguments; those arguments are always + pointers, not arrays. + + It must also be noted that for multibyte encoded strings the return + value does not have to correspond to the number of characters in + the string. To get this value the string can be converted to wide + characters and `wcslen' can be used or something like the following + code can be used: + + /* The input is in `string'. + The length is expected in `n'. */ + { + mbstate_t t; + char *scopy = string; + /* In initial state. */ + memset (&t, '\0', sizeof (t)); + /* Determine number of characters. */ + n = mbsrtowcs (NULL, &scopy, strlen (scopy), &t); + } + + This is cumbersome to do so if the number of characters (as + opposed to bytes) is needed often it is better to work with wide + characters. + + The wide character equivalent is declared in `wchar.h'. + + -- Function: size_t wcslen (const wchar_t *WS) + The `wcslen' function is the wide character equivalent to + `strlen'. The return value is the number of wide characters in the + wide character string pointed to by WS (this is also the offset of + the terminating null wide character of WS). + + Since there are no multi wide character sequences making up one + character the return value is not only the offset in the array, it + is also the number of wide characters. + + This function was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90. + + -- Function: size_t strnlen (const char *S, size_t MAXLEN) + The `strnlen' function returns the length of the string S in bytes + if this length is smaller than MAXLEN bytes. Otherwise it returns + MAXLEN. Therefore this function is equivalent to `(strlen (S) < n + ? strlen (S) : MAXLEN)' but it is more efficient and works even if + the string S is not null-terminated. + + char string[32] = "hello, world"; + strnlen (string, 32) + => 12 + strnlen (string, 5) + => 5 + + This function is a GNU extension and is declared in `string.h'. + + -- Function: size_t wcsnlen (const wchar_t *WS, size_t MAXLEN) + `wcsnlen' is the wide character equivalent to `strnlen'. The + MAXLEN parameter specifies the maximum number of wide characters. + + This function is a GNU extension and is declared in `wchar.h'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Copying and Concatenation, Next: String/Array Comparison, Prev: String Length, Up: String and Array Utilities + +5.4 Copying and Concatenation +============================= + +You can use the functions described in this section to copy the contents +of strings and arrays, or to append the contents of one string to +another. The `str' and `mem' functions are declared in the header file +`string.h' while the `wstr' and `wmem' functions are declared in the +file `wchar.h'. + + A helpful way to remember the ordering of the arguments to the +functions in this section is that it corresponds to an assignment +expression, with the destination array specified to the left of the +source array. All of these functions return the address of the +destination array. + + Most of these functions do not work properly if the source and +destination arrays overlap. For example, if the beginning of the +destination array overlaps the end of the source array, the original +contents of that part of the source array may get overwritten before it +is copied. Even worse, in the case of the string functions, the null +character marking the end of the string may be lost, and the copy +function might get stuck in a loop trashing all the memory allocated to +your program. + + All functions that have problems copying between overlapping arrays +are explicitly identified in this manual. In addition to functions in +this section, there are a few others like `sprintf' (*note Formatted +Output Functions::) and `scanf' (*note Formatted Input Functions::). + + -- Function: void * memcpy (void *restrict TO, const void *restrict + FROM, size_t SIZE) + The `memcpy' function copies SIZE bytes from the object beginning + at FROM into the object beginning at TO. The behavior of this + function is undefined if the two arrays TO and FROM overlap; use + `memmove' instead if overlapping is possible. + + The value returned by `memcpy' is the value of TO. + + Here is an example of how you might use `memcpy' to copy the + contents of an array: + + struct foo *oldarray, *newarray; + int arraysize; + ... + memcpy (new, old, arraysize * sizeof (struct foo)); + + -- Function: wchar_t * wmemcpy (wchar_t *restrict WTO, const wchar_t + *restrict WFROM, size_t SIZE) + The `wmemcpy' function copies SIZE wide characters from the object + beginning at WFROM into the object beginning at WTO. The behavior + of this function is undefined if the two arrays WTO and WFROM + overlap; use `wmemmove' instead if overlapping is possible. + + The following is a possible implementation of `wmemcpy' but there + are more optimizations possible. + + wchar_t * + wmemcpy (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *restrict wfrom, + size_t size) + { + return (wchar_t *) memcpy (wto, wfrom, size * sizeof (wchar_t)); + } + + The value returned by `wmemcpy' is the value of WTO. + + This function was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90. + + -- Function: void * mempcpy (void *restrict TO, const void *restrict + FROM, size_t SIZE) + The `mempcpy' function is nearly identical to the `memcpy' + function. It copies SIZE bytes from the object beginning at + `from' into the object pointed to by TO. But instead of returning + the value of TO it returns a pointer to the byte following the + last written byte in the object beginning at TO. I.e., the value + is `((void *) ((char *) TO + SIZE))'. + + This function is useful in situations where a number of objects + shall be copied to consecutive memory positions. + + void * + combine (void *o1, size_t s1, void *o2, size_t s2) + { + void *result = malloc (s1 + s2); + if (result != NULL) + mempcpy (mempcpy (result, o1, s1), o2, s2); + return result; + } + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: wchar_t * wmempcpy (wchar_t *restrict WTO, const wchar_t + *restrict WFROM, size_t SIZE) + The `wmempcpy' function is nearly identical to the `wmemcpy' + function. It copies SIZE wide characters from the object + beginning at `wfrom' into the object pointed to by WTO. But + instead of returning the value of WTO it returns a pointer to the + wide character following the last written wide character in the + object beginning at WTO. I.e., the value is `WTO + SIZE'. + + This function is useful in situations where a number of objects + shall be copied to consecutive memory positions. + + The following is a possible implementation of `wmemcpy' but there + are more optimizations possible. + + wchar_t * + wmempcpy (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *restrict wfrom, + size_t size) + { + return (wchar_t *) mempcpy (wto, wfrom, size * sizeof (wchar_t)); + } + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: void * memmove (void *TO, const void *FROM, size_t SIZE) + `memmove' copies the SIZE bytes at FROM into the SIZE bytes at TO, + even if those two blocks of space overlap. In the case of + overlap, `memmove' is careful to copy the original values of the + bytes in the block at FROM, including those bytes which also + belong to the block at TO. + + The value returned by `memmove' is the value of TO. + + -- Function: wchar_t * wmemmove (wchar *WTO, const wchar_t *WFROM, + size_t SIZE) + `wmemmove' copies the SIZE wide characters at WFROM into the SIZE + wide characters at WTO, even if those two blocks of space overlap. + In the case of overlap, `memmove' is careful to copy the original + values of the wide characters in the block at WFROM, including + those wide characters which also belong to the block at WTO. + + The following is a possible implementation of `wmemcpy' but there + are more optimizations possible. + + wchar_t * + wmempcpy (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *restrict wfrom, + size_t size) + { + return (wchar_t *) mempcpy (wto, wfrom, size * sizeof (wchar_t)); + } + + The value returned by `wmemmove' is the value of WTO. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: void * memccpy (void *restrict TO, const void *restrict + FROM, int C, size_t SIZE) + This function copies no more than SIZE bytes from FROM to TO, + stopping if a byte matching C is found. The return value is a + pointer into TO one byte past where C was copied, or a null + pointer if no byte matching C appeared in the first SIZE bytes of + FROM. + + -- Function: void * memset (void *BLOCK, int C, size_t SIZE) + This function copies the value of C (converted to an `unsigned + char') into each of the first SIZE bytes of the object beginning + at BLOCK. It returns the value of BLOCK. + + -- Function: wchar_t * wmemset (wchar_t *BLOCK, wchar_t WC, size_t + SIZE) + This function copies the value of WC into each of the first SIZE + wide characters of the object beginning at BLOCK. It returns the + value of BLOCK. + + -- Function: char * strcpy (char *restrict TO, const char *restrict + FROM) + This copies characters from the string FROM (up to and including + the terminating null character) into the string TO. Like + `memcpy', this function has undefined results if the strings + overlap. The return value is the value of TO. + + -- Function: wchar_t * wcscpy (wchar_t *restrict WTO, const wchar_t + *restrict WFROM) + This copies wide characters from the string WFROM (up to and + including the terminating null wide character) into the string + WTO. Like `wmemcpy', this function has undefined results if the + strings overlap. The return value is the value of WTO. + + -- Function: char * strncpy (char *restrict TO, const char *restrict + FROM, size_t SIZE) + This function is similar to `strcpy' but always copies exactly + SIZE characters into TO. + + If the length of FROM is more than SIZE, then `strncpy' copies + just the first SIZE characters. Note that in this case there is + no null terminator written into TO. + + If the length of FROM is less than SIZE, then `strncpy' copies all + of FROM, followed by enough null characters to add up to SIZE + characters in all. This behavior is rarely useful, but it is + specified by the ISO C standard. + + The behavior of `strncpy' is undefined if the strings overlap. + + Using `strncpy' as opposed to `strcpy' is a way to avoid bugs + relating to writing past the end of the allocated space for TO. + However, it can also make your program much slower in one common + case: copying a string which is probably small into a potentially + large buffer. In this case, SIZE may be large, and when it is, + `strncpy' will waste a considerable amount of time copying null + characters. + + -- Function: wchar_t * wcsncpy (wchar_t *restrict WTO, const wchar_t + *restrict WFROM, size_t SIZE) + This function is similar to `wcscpy' but always copies exactly + SIZE wide characters into WTO. + + If the length of WFROM is more than SIZE, then `wcsncpy' copies + just the first SIZE wide characters. Note that in this case there + is no null terminator written into WTO. + + If the length of WFROM is less than SIZE, then `wcsncpy' copies + all of WFROM, followed by enough null wide characters to add up to + SIZE wide characters in all. This behavior is rarely useful, but + it is specified by the ISO C standard. + + The behavior of `wcsncpy' is undefined if the strings overlap. + + Using `wcsncpy' as opposed to `wcscpy' is a way to avoid bugs + relating to writing past the end of the allocated space for WTO. + However, it can also make your program much slower in one common + case: copying a string which is probably small into a potentially + large buffer. In this case, SIZE may be large, and when it is, + `wcsncpy' will waste a considerable amount of time copying null + wide characters. + + -- Function: char * strdup (const char *S) + This function copies the null-terminated string S into a newly + allocated string. The string is allocated using `malloc'; see + *note Unconstrained Allocation::. If `malloc' cannot allocate + space for the new string, `strdup' returns a null pointer. + Otherwise it returns a pointer to the new string. + + -- Function: wchar_t * wcsdup (const wchar_t *WS) + This function copies the null-terminated wide character string WS + into a newly allocated string. The string is allocated using + `malloc'; see *note Unconstrained Allocation::. If `malloc' + cannot allocate space for the new string, `wcsdup' returns a null + pointer. Otherwise it returns a pointer to the new wide character + string. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: char * strndup (const char *S, size_t SIZE) + This function is similar to `strdup' but always copies at most + SIZE characters into the newly allocated string. + + If the length of S is more than SIZE, then `strndup' copies just + the first SIZE characters and adds a closing null terminator. + Otherwise all characters are copied and the string is terminated. + + This function is different to `strncpy' in that it always + terminates the destination string. + + `strndup' is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: char * stpcpy (char *restrict TO, const char *restrict + FROM) + This function is like `strcpy', except that it returns a pointer to + the end of the string TO (that is, the address of the terminating + null character `to + strlen (from)') rather than the beginning. + + For example, this program uses `stpcpy' to concatenate `foo' and + `bar' to produce `foobar', which it then prints. + + #include + #include + + int + main (void) + { + char buffer[10]; + char *to = buffer; + to = stpcpy (to, "foo"); + to = stpcpy (to, "bar"); + puts (buffer); + return 0; + } + + This function is not part of the ISO or POSIX standards, and is not + customary on Unix systems, but we did not invent it either. + Perhaps it comes from MS-DOG. + + Its behavior is undefined if the strings overlap. The function is + declared in `string.h'. + + -- Function: wchar_t * wcpcpy (wchar_t *restrict WTO, const wchar_t + *restrict WFROM) + This function is like `wcscpy', except that it returns a pointer to + the end of the string WTO (that is, the address of the terminating + null character `wto + strlen (wfrom)') rather than the beginning. + + This function is not part of ISO or POSIX but was found useful + while developing the GNU C Library itself. + + The behavior of `wcpcpy' is undefined if the strings overlap. + + `wcpcpy' is a GNU extension and is declared in `wchar.h'. + + -- Function: char * stpncpy (char *restrict TO, const char *restrict + FROM, size_t SIZE) + This function is similar to `stpcpy' but copies always exactly + SIZE characters into TO. + + If the length of FROM is more then SIZE, then `stpncpy' copies + just the first SIZE characters and returns a pointer to the + character directly following the one which was copied last. Note + that in this case there is no null terminator written into TO. + + If the length of FROM is less than SIZE, then `stpncpy' copies all + of FROM, followed by enough null characters to add up to SIZE + characters in all. This behavior is rarely useful, but it is + implemented to be useful in contexts where this behavior of the + `strncpy' is used. `stpncpy' returns a pointer to the _first_ + written null character. + + This function is not part of ISO or POSIX but was found useful + while developing the GNU C Library itself. + + Its behavior is undefined if the strings overlap. The function is + declared in `string.h'. + + -- Function: wchar_t * wcpncpy (wchar_t *restrict WTO, const wchar_t + *restrict WFROM, size_t SIZE) + This function is similar to `wcpcpy' but copies always exactly + WSIZE characters into WTO. + + If the length of WFROM is more then SIZE, then `wcpncpy' copies + just the first SIZE wide characters and returns a pointer to the + wide character directly following the last non-null wide character + which was copied last. Note that in this case there is no null + terminator written into WTO. + + If the length of WFROM is less than SIZE, then `wcpncpy' copies + all of WFROM, followed by enough null characters to add up to SIZE + characters in all. This behavior is rarely useful, but it is + implemented to be useful in contexts where this behavior of the + `wcsncpy' is used. `wcpncpy' returns a pointer to the _first_ + written null character. + + This function is not part of ISO or POSIX but was found useful + while developing the GNU C Library itself. + + Its behavior is undefined if the strings overlap. + + `wcpncpy' is a GNU extension and is declared in `wchar.h'. + + -- Macro: char * strdupa (const char *S) + This macro is similar to `strdup' but allocates the new string + using `alloca' instead of `malloc' (*note Variable Size + Automatic::). This means of course the returned string has the + same limitations as any block of memory allocated using `alloca'. + + For obvious reasons `strdupa' is implemented only as a macro; you + cannot get the address of this function. Despite this limitation + it is a useful function. The following code shows a situation + where using `malloc' would be a lot more expensive. + + #include + #include + #include + + const char path[] = _PATH_STDPATH; + + int + main (void) + { + char *wr_path = strdupa (path); + char *cp = strtok (wr_path, ":"); + + while (cp != NULL) + { + puts (cp); + cp = strtok (NULL, ":"); + } + return 0; + } + + Please note that calling `strtok' using PATH directly is invalid. + It is also not allowed to call `strdupa' in the argument list of + `strtok' since `strdupa' uses `alloca' (*note Variable Size + Automatic::) can interfere with the parameter passing. + + This function is only available if GNU CC is used. + + -- Macro: char * strndupa (const char *S, size_t SIZE) + This function is similar to `strndup' but like `strdupa' it + allocates the new string using `alloca' *note Variable Size + Automatic::. The same advantages and limitations of `strdupa' are + valid for `strndupa', too. + + This function is implemented only as a macro, just like `strdupa'. + Just as `strdupa' this macro also must not be used inside the + parameter list in a function call. + + `strndupa' is only available if GNU CC is used. + + -- Function: char * strcat (char *restrict TO, const char *restrict + FROM) + The `strcat' function is similar to `strcpy', except that the + characters from FROM are concatenated or appended to the end of + TO, instead of overwriting it. That is, the first character from + FROM overwrites the null character marking the end of TO. + + An equivalent definition for `strcat' would be: + + char * + strcat (char *restrict to, const char *restrict from) + { + strcpy (to + strlen (to), from); + return to; + } + + This function has undefined results if the strings overlap. + + -- Function: wchar_t * wcscat (wchar_t *restrict WTO, const wchar_t + *restrict WFROM) + The `wcscat' function is similar to `wcscpy', except that the + characters from WFROM are concatenated or appended to the end of + WTO, instead of overwriting it. That is, the first character from + WFROM overwrites the null character marking the end of WTO. + + An equivalent definition for `wcscat' would be: + + wchar_t * + wcscat (wchar_t *wto, const wchar_t *wfrom) + { + wcscpy (wto + wcslen (wto), wfrom); + return wto; + } + + This function has undefined results if the strings overlap. + + Programmers using the `strcat' or `wcscat' function (or the +following `strncat' or `wcsncar' functions for that matter) can easily +be recognized as lazy and reckless. In almost all situations the +lengths of the participating strings are known (it better should be +since how can one otherwise ensure the allocated size of the buffer is +sufficient?) Or at least, one could know them if one keeps track of the +results of the various function calls. But then it is very inefficient +to use `strcat'/`wcscat'. A lot of time is wasted finding the end of +the destination string so that the actual copying can start. This is a +common example: + + /* This function concatenates arbitrarily many strings. The last + parameter must be `NULL'. */ + char * + concat (const char *str, ...) + { + va_list ap, ap2; + size_t total = 1; + const char *s; + char *result; + + va_start (ap, str); + /* Actually `va_copy', but this is the name more gcc versions + understand. */ + __va_copy (ap2, ap); + + /* Determine how much space we need. */ + for (s = str; s != NULL; s = va_arg (ap, const char *)) + total += strlen (s); + + va_end (ap); + + result = (char *) malloc (total); + if (result != NULL) + { + result[0] = '\0'; + + /* Copy the strings. */ + for (s = str; s != NULL; s = va_arg (ap2, const char *)) + strcat (result, s); + } + + va_end (ap2); + + return result; + } + + This looks quite simple, especially the second loop where the strings +are actually copied. But these innocent lines hide a major performance +penalty. Just imagine that ten strings of 100 bytes each have to be +concatenated. For the second string we search the already stored 100 +bytes for the end of the string so that we can append the next string. +For all strings in total the comparisons necessary to find the end of +the intermediate results sums up to 5500! If we combine the copying +with the search for the allocation we can write this function more +efficient: + + char * + concat (const char *str, ...) + { + va_list ap; + size_t allocated = 100; + char *result = (char *) malloc (allocated); + + if (result != NULL) + { + char *newp; + char *wp; + + va_start (ap, str); + + wp = result; + for (s = str; s != NULL; s = va_arg (ap, const char *)) + { + size_t len = strlen (s); + + /* Resize the allocated memory if necessary. */ + if (wp + len + 1 > result + allocated) + { + allocated = (allocated + len) * 2; + newp = (char *) realloc (result, allocated); + if (newp == NULL) + { + free (result); + return NULL; + } + wp = newp + (wp - result); + result = newp; + } + + wp = mempcpy (wp, s, len); + } + + /* Terminate the result string. */ + *wp++ = '\0'; + + /* Resize memory to the optimal size. */ + newp = realloc (result, wp - result); + if (newp != NULL) + result = newp; + + va_end (ap); + } + + return result; + } + + With a bit more knowledge about the input strings one could fine-tune +the memory allocation. The difference we are pointing to here is that +we don't use `strcat' anymore. We always keep track of the length of +the current intermediate result so we can safe us the search for the +end of the string and use `mempcpy'. Please note that we also don't +use `stpcpy' which might seem more natural since we handle with +strings. But this is not necessary since we already know the length of +the string and therefore can use the faster memory copying function. +The example would work for wide characters the same way. + + Whenever a programmer feels the need to use `strcat' she or he +should think twice and look through the program whether the code cannot +be rewritten to take advantage of already calculated results. Again: it +is almost always unnecessary to use `strcat'. + + -- Function: char * strncat (char *restrict TO, const char *restrict + FROM, size_t SIZE) + This function is like `strcat' except that not more than SIZE + characters from FROM are appended to the end of TO. A single null + character is also always appended to TO, so the total allocated + size of TO must be at least `SIZE + 1' bytes longer than its + initial length. + + The `strncat' function could be implemented like this: + + char * + strncat (char *to, const char *from, size_t size) + { + to[strlen (to) + size] = '\0'; + strncpy (to + strlen (to), from, size); + return to; + } + + The behavior of `strncat' is undefined if the strings overlap. + + -- Function: wchar_t * wcsncat (wchar_t *restrict WTO, const wchar_t + *restrict WFROM, size_t SIZE) + This function is like `wcscat' except that not more than SIZE + characters from FROM are appended to the end of TO. A single null + character is also always appended to TO, so the total allocated + size of TO must be at least `SIZE + 1' bytes longer than its + initial length. + + The `wcsncat' function could be implemented like this: + + wchar_t * + wcsncat (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *restrict wfrom, + size_t size) + { + wto[wcslen (to) + size] = L'\0'; + wcsncpy (wto + wcslen (wto), wfrom, size); + return wto; + } + + The behavior of `wcsncat' is undefined if the strings overlap. + + Here is an example showing the use of `strncpy' and `strncat' (the +wide character version is equivalent). Notice how, in the call to +`strncat', the SIZE parameter is computed to avoid overflowing the +character array `buffer'. + + #include + #include + + #define SIZE 10 + + static char buffer[SIZE]; + + main () + { + strncpy (buffer, "hello", SIZE); + puts (buffer); + strncat (buffer, ", world", SIZE - strlen (buffer) - 1); + puts (buffer); + } + +The output produced by this program looks like: + + hello + hello, wo + + -- Function: void bcopy (const void *FROM, void *TO, size_t SIZE) + This is a partially obsolete alternative for `memmove', derived + from BSD. Note that it is not quite equivalent to `memmove', + because the arguments are not in the same order and there is no + return value. + + -- Function: void bzero (void *BLOCK, size_t SIZE) + This is a partially obsolete alternative for `memset', derived from + BSD. Note that it is not as general as `memset', because the only + value it can store is zero. + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/strncat.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/strncat.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +#include +#include + +#define SIZE 10 + +static char buffer[SIZE]; + +main () +@{ + strncpy (buffer, "hello", SIZE); + puts (buffer); + strncat (buffer, ", world", SIZE - strlen (buffer) - 1); + puts (buffer); +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc.info +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc.info @@ -0,0 +1,2415 @@ +This is libc.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from libc.texinfo. + +INFO-DIR-SECTION Software libraries +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* Libc: (libc). C library. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + +INFO-DIR-SECTION GNU C library functions and macros +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* ALTWERASE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN: (libc)Argp Parser Functions. +* ARG_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* BC_BASE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_DIM_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_SCALE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_STRING_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BRKINT: (libc)Input Modes. +* BUFSIZ: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* CCTS_OFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CHILD_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* CIGNORE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLK_TCK: (libc)CPU Time. +* CLOCAL: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLOCKS_PER_SEC: (libc)CPU Time. +* COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* CPU_CLR: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ISSET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SETSIZE: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ZERO: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CREAD: (libc)Control Modes. +* CRTS_IFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS5: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS6: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS7: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS8: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSIZE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSTOPB: (libc)Control Modes. +* DES_FAILED: (libc)DES Encryption. +* DTTOIF: (libc)Directory Entries. +* E2BIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EACCES: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRINUSE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRNOTAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAGAIN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EALREADY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBACKGROUND: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADF: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADFD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRQC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADSLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBFONT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBUSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECANCELED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHILD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOCTL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOK: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOKE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHONL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOPRT: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECOMM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNABORTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNREFUSED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDESTADDRREQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDIED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOTDOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDQUOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EEXIST: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFAULT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFBIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGRATUITOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGREGIOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIDRM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EILSEQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINPROGRESS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINVAL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYEXPIRED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREJECTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREVOKED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2NSYNC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3RST: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBACC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBBAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBMAX: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBSCN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELNRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELOOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMEDIUMTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMSGSIZE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMULTIHOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAMETOOLONG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENEEDAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOANO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOBUFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOCSI: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODATA: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOENT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOKEY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEDIUM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENONET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPKG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPROTOOPT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSYS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTBLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTEMPTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTRECOVERABLE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSUP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTUNIQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENXIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* EOPNOTSUPP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOVERFLOW: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOWNERDEAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPERM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCLIM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTONOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTOTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EQUIV_CLASS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* ERANGE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMCHG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERESTART: (libc)Error Codes. +* EROFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERPCMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESHUTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESOCKTNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRMNT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTALE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTRPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIME: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIMEDOUT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETOOMANYREFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETXTBSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUCLEAN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUNATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUSERS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EWOULDBLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXDEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXFULL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXIT_FAILURE: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXIT_SUCCESS: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXPR_NEST_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* FD_CLOEXEC: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* FD_CLR: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ISSET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SETSIZE: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ZERO: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FILENAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* FLUSHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* FOPEN_MAX: (libc)Opening Streams. +* FP_ILOGB0: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* FP_ILOGBNAN: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* F_DUPFD: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* F_GETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_GETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_GETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_GETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* F_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* F_SETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_SETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_SETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETLKW: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* HUGE_VAL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALF: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUPCL: (libc)Control Modes. +* I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* ICANON: (libc)Local Modes. +* ICRNL: (libc)Input Modes. +* IEXTEN: (libc)Local Modes. +* IFNAMSIZ: (libc)Interface Naming. +* IFTODT: (libc)Directory Entries. +* IGNBRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNPAR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IMAXBEL: (libc)Input Modes. +* INADDR_ANY: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_BROADCAST: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_LOOPBACK: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_NONE: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INFINITY: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* INLCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* INPCK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IPPORT_RESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* IPPORT_USERRESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* ISIG: (libc)Local Modes. +* ISTRIP: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXANY: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXOFF: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXON: (libc)Input Modes. +* LINE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* LINK_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* L_ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* L_cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* L_tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* MAXNAMLEN: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAXSYMLINKS: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* MAX_CANON: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAX_INPUT: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MB_CUR_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MB_LEN_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MDMBUF: (libc)Control Modes. +* MSG_DONTROUTE: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_OOB: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_PEEK: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* NAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* NAN: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* NCCS: (libc)Mode Data Types. +* NGROUPS_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* NOFLSH: (libc)Local Modes. +* NOKERNINFO: (libc)Local Modes. +* NSIG: (libc)Standard Signals. +* NULL: (libc)Null Pointer Constant. +* ONLCR: (libc)Output Modes. +* ONOEOT: (libc)Output Modes. +* OPEN_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* OPOST: (libc)Output Modes. +* OXTABS: (libc)Output Modes. +* O_ACCMODE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_APPEND: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_ASYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_CREAT: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXCL: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXEC: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_EXLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_FSYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_IGNORE_CTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NDELAY: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOATIME: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOCTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NOLINK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOTRANS: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_RDONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_RDWR: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_READ: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_SHLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_SYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_TRUNC: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_WRITE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_WRONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* PARENB: (libc)Control Modes. +* PARMRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* PARODD: (libc)Control Modes. +* PATH_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* PA_FLAG_MASK: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* PENDIN: (libc)Local Modes. +* PF_FILE: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_INET6: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_INET: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_LOCAL: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_UNIX: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PIPE_BUF: (libc)Limits for Files. +* P_tmpdir: (libc)Temporary Files. +* RAND_MAX: (libc)ISO Random. +* RE_DUP_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* RLIM_INFINITY: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* R_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* SA_NOCLDSTOP: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_ONSTACK: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_RESTART: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SEEK_CUR: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_END: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_SET: (libc)File Positioning. +* SIGABRT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGBUS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGCHLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCONT: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGEMT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGFPE: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGHUP: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGILL: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGINFO: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGINT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGIO: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGIOT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGKILL: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGLOST: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPIPE: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPOLL: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGPROF: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGQUIT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGSEGV: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGSTOP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGSYS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTERM: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGTRAP: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTSTP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTIN: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTOU: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGURG: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGUSR1: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGUSR2: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGVTALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGWINCH: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGXCPU: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGXFSZ: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIG_ERR: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* SOCK_DGRAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RAW: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RDM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_SEQPACKET: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_STREAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOL_SOCKET: (libc)Socket-Level Options. +* SSIZE_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* STREAM_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* SUN_LEN: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* SV_INTERRUPT: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_ONSTACK: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_RESETHAND: (libc)BSD Handler. +* S_IFMT: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISBLK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISCHR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISDIR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISFIFO: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISLNK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISREG: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISSOCK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISMQ: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSEM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSHM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* TMP_MAX: (libc)Temporary Files. +* TOSTOP: (libc)Local Modes. +* TZNAME_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* VDISCARD: (libc)Other Special. +* VDSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VEOF: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL2: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VINTR: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VKILL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VLNEXT: (libc)Other Special. +* VMIN: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VQUIT: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VREPRINT: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VSTART: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSTATUS: (libc)Other Special. +* VSTOP: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VTIME: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VWERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* WCHAR_MAX: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCHAR_MIN: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCOREDUMP: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WEOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* WEOF: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WEXITSTATUS: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFEXITED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSIGNALED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSTOPPED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WSTOPSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WTERMSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* W_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* X_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* _Complex_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _Exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _IOFBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IOLBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IONBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _Imaginary_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _PATH_UTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _PATH_WTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _POSIX2_C_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_C_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* _POSIX2_FORT_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_FORT_RUN: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_LOCALEDEF: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_SW_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_NO_TRUNC: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_SAVED_IDS: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_VDISABLE: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* __fbufsize: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __flbf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpending: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpurge: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* __freadable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __freading: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fsetlocking: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* __fwritable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fwriting: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __gconv_end_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_init_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __va_copy: (libc)Argument Macros. +* _exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _flushlbf: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* _tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* _toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* a64l: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* abort: (libc)Aborting a Program. +* abs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* accept: (libc)Accepting Connections. +* access: (libc)Testing File Access. +* acos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* addmntent: (libc)mtab. +* addseverity: (libc)Adding Severity Classes. +* adjtime: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* adjtimex: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* aio_cancel64: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_cancel: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_error64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_error: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_init: (libc)Configuration of AIO. +* aio_read64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_read: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_return64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_return: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_write64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_write: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* alarm: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* alloca: (libc)Variable Size Automatic. +* alphasort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* alphasort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* argp_error: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_failure: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_help: (libc)Argp Help. +* argp_parse: (libc)Argp. +* argp_state_help: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_usage: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argz_add: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_add_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_append: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_count: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_delete: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_extract: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_insert: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_next: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_replace: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_stringify: (libc)Argz Functions. +* asctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asprintf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* assert: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* assert_perror: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* atan2: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2f: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2l: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atexit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* atof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* atoi: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* backtrace: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols_fd: (libc)Backtraces. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* bcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* bcopy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* bind: (libc)Setting Address. +* bind_textdomain_codeset: (libc)Charset conversion in gettext. +* bindtextdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* brk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* bsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* btowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* bzero: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* cabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cacos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* calloc: (libc)Allocating Cleared Space. +* canonicalize_file_name: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* carg: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* casin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catclose: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catgets: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catopen: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* cbc_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* cbrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ccos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ceil: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceilf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceill: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* cexp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cfgetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfgetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfmakeraw: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* cfree: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* cfsetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetspeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* chdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* chmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* chown: (libc)File Owner. +* cimag: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* clearenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* clearerr: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clearerr_unlocked: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clock: (libc)CPU Time. +* clog10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* close: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* closedir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* closelog: (libc)closelog. +* confstr: (libc)String Parameters. +* conj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* connect: (libc)Connecting. +* copysign: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* cos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cpow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cproj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creal: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* crealf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creall: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creat64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* creat: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* crypt: (libc)crypt. +* crypt_r: (libc)crypt. +* csin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ctan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* ctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* ctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* dcgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* dcngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* des_setparity: (libc)DES Encryption. +* dgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* difftime: (libc)Elapsed Time. +* dirfd: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* dirname: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* div: (libc)Integer Division. +* dngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* drand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* drand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* drem: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dremf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dreml: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dup2: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* dup: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* ecb_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* ecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* ecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* encrypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* encrypt_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* endfsent: (libc)fstab. +* endgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* endhostent: (libc)Host Names. +* endmntent: (libc)mtab. +* endnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* endnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* endprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* endpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* endservent: (libc)Services Database. +* endutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* endutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* envz_add: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_entry: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_get: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_merge: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_strip: (libc)Envz Functions. +* erand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* erand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* erf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfc: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcl: (libc)Special Functions. +* erff: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfl: (libc)Special Functions. +* err: (libc)Error Messages. +* errno: (libc)Checking for Errors. +* error: (libc)Error Messages. +* error_at_line: (libc)Error Messages. +* errx: (libc)Error Messages. +* execl: (libc)Executing a File. +* execle: (libc)Executing a File. +* execlp: (libc)Executing a File. +* execv: (libc)Executing a File. +* execve: (libc)Executing a File. +* execvp: (libc)Executing a File. +* exit: (libc)Normal Termination. +* exp10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* fabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fchdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* fchmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* fchown: (libc)File Owner. +* fclean: (libc)Cleaning Streams. +* fclose: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcloseall: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcntl: (libc)Control Operations. +* fcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fdatasync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* fdim: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdimf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdiml: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdopen: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fdopendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* feclearexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fedisableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feenableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fegetround: (libc)Rounding. +* feholdexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feof: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feof_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feraiseexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* ferror: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* ferror_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* fesetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fesetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fesetround: (libc)Rounding. +* fetestexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* feupdateenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fflush: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fflush_unlocked: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fgetc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgetpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgets: (libc)Line Input. +* fgets_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetwc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetws: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetws_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fileno: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fileno_unlocked: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* finite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitef: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitel: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* flockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* floor: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* fma: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmal: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmax: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmemopen: (libc)String Streams. +* fmin: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmod: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmtmsg: (libc)Printing Formatted Messages. +* fnmatch: (libc)Wildcard Matching. +* fopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopencookie: (libc)Streams and Cookies. +* fork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* forkpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* fpathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* fpclassify: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* fprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fputc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fread: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fread_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* free: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* freopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* freopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* frexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* fscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* fseek: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko64: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko: (libc)File Positioning. +* fsetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fsetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fsync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* ftell: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello64: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftruncate64: (libc)File Size. +* ftruncate: (libc)File Size. +* ftrylockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* ftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* funlockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* futimes: (libc)File Times. +* fwide: (libc)Streams and I18N. +* fwprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fwrite: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwrite_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* gamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* gcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* get_avphys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* get_current_dir_name: (libc)Working Directory. +* get_nprocs: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_nprocs_conf: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_phys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getc: (libc)Character Input. +* getc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* getcwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* getdate: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdate_r: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdelim: (libc)Line Input. +* getdomainnname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getegid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* geteuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getfsent: (libc)fstab. +* getfsfile: (libc)fstab. +* getfsspec: (libc)fstab. +* getgid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrgid: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrgid_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrouplist: (libc)Setting Groups. +* getgroups: (libc)Reading Persona. +* gethostbyaddr: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyaddr_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* gethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* getline: (libc)Line Input. +* getloadavg: (libc)Processor Resources. +* getlogin: (libc)Who Logged In. +* getmntent: (libc)mtab. +* getmntent_r: (libc)mtab. +* getnetbyaddr: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetbyname: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getnetgrent_r: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getopt: (libc)Using Getopt. +* getopt_long: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getopt_long_only: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getpagesize: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getpass: (libc)getpass. +* getpeername: (libc)Who is Connected. +* getpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getppid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* getprotobyname: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotobynumber: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getpt: (libc)Allocation. +* getpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwnam: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwnam_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrusage: (libc)Resource Usage. +* gets: (libc)Line Input. +* getservbyname: (libc)Services Database. +* getservbyport: (libc)Services Database. +* getservent: (libc)Services Database. +* getsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getsockname: (libc)Reading Address. +* getsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* getsubopt: (libc)Suboptions. +* gettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* gettimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* getuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getumask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* getutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutent_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutmp: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutmpx: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxid: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getw: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* glob64: (libc)Calling Glob. +* glob: (libc)Calling Glob. +* globfree64: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* globfree: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* gmtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* gmtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* grantpt: (libc)Allocation. +* gsignal: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* gtty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* hasmntopt: (libc)mtab. +* hcreate: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hcreate_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* htonl: (libc)Byte Order. +* htons: (libc)Byte Order. +* hypot: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* iconv: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_close: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_open: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* if_freenameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_indextoname: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nametoindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* ilogb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* imaxabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* imaxdiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* in6addr_any: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* in6addr_loopback: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* index: (libc)Search Functions. +* inet_addr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_aton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_lnaof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_makeaddr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_netof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_network: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntoa: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntop: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_pton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* initgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* initstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* initstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* innetgr: (libc)Netgroup Membership. +* int: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* ioctl: (libc)IOCTLs. +* isalnum: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isalpha: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isascii: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isatty: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* isblank: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iscntrl: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isfinite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isgraph: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isgreaterequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isinf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinff: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinfl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isless: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islower: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnormal: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isprint: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* ispunct: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isspace: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isunordered: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isupper: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iswalnum: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswalpha: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswblank: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswcntrl: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswgraph: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswlower: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswprint: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswpunct: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswspace: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswupper: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswxdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* isxdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* j0: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* jn: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnf: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnl: (libc)Special Functions. +* jrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* jrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* kill: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* killpg: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* l64a: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* labs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lcong48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lcong48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ldexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* lfind: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgamma_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* link: (libc)Hard Links. +* lio_listio64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* lio_listio: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* listen: (libc)Listening. +* llabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* llrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* localeconv: (libc)The Lame Way to Locale Data. +* localtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* localtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* log10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1p: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* login: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* login_tty: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logout: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logwtmp: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* longjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* lrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lseek64: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lseek: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lutimes: (libc)File Times. +* madvise: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* makecontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* mallinfo: (libc)Statistics of Malloc. +* malloc: (libc)Basic Allocation. +* mallopt: (libc)Malloc Tunable Parameters. +* mblen: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mbrlen: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbrtowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbsinit: (libc)Keeping the state. +* mbsnrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbsrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbstowcs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* mbtowc: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mcheck: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* memccpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* memcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memfrob: (libc)Trivial Encryption. +* memmem: (libc)Search Functions. +* memmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mkdir: (libc)Creating Directories. +* mkdtemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mkfifo: (libc)FIFO Special Files. +* mknod: (libc)Making Special Files. +* mkstemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* mlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mmap64: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* modf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modff: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modfl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* mount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* mprobe: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* mrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* mrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* mremap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* msync: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mtrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* munlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* muntrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* nan: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanosleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* nearbyint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nextafter: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttoward: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* nftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* nice: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* nl_langinfo: (libc)The Elegant and Fast Way. +* nrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* nrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ntohl: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntohs: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntp_adjtime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* ntp_gettime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* obstack_1grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_1grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_alignment_mask: (libc)Obstacks Data Alignment. +* obstack_alloc: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_base: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_blank: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_blank_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_chunk_size: (libc)Obstack Chunks. +* obstack_copy0: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_copy: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_finish: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_free: (libc)Freeing Obstack Objects. +* obstack_grow0: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_init: (libc)Preparing for Obstacks. +* obstack_int_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_int_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_next_free: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_printf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* obstack_ptr_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_ptr_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_room: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* offsetof: (libc)Structure Measurement. +* on_exit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* open64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open_memstream: (libc)String Streams. +* open_obstack_stream: (libc)Obstack Streams. +* opendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* openlog: (libc)openlog. +* openpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* parse_printf_format: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* pathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* pause: (libc)Using Pause. +* pclose: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* perror: (libc)Error Messages. +* pipe: (libc)Creating a Pipe. +* popen: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* posix_memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* pow10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pread64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pread: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* printf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* printf_size: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* printf_size_info: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* psignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* ptsname: (libc)Allocation. +* ptsname_r: (libc)Allocation. +* putc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* putpwent: (libc)Writing a User Entry. +* puts: (libc)Simple Output. +* pututline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* pututxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* putw: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* pwrite64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pwrite: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* qecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qgcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qsort: (libc)Array Sort Function. +* raise: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* rand: (libc)ISO Random. +* rand_r: (libc)ISO Random. +* random: (libc)BSD Random. +* random_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* rawmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* read: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* readdir64: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir64_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* readv: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* realloc: (libc)Changing Block Size. +* realpath: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* recv: (libc)Receiving Data. +* recvfrom: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* recvmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* regcomp: (libc)POSIX Regexp Compilation. +* regerror: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* regexec: (libc)Matching POSIX Regexps. +* regfree: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* register_printf_function: (libc)Registering New Conversions. +* remainder: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remove: (libc)Deleting Files. +* rename: (libc)Renaming Files. +* rewind: (libc)File Positioning. +* rewinddir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* rindex: (libc)Search Functions. +* rint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rmdir: (libc)Deleting Files. +* round: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rpmatch: (libc)Yes-or-No Questions. +* sbrk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* scalb: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbln: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbn: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scandir64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scandir: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* sched_get_priority_max: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_get_priority_min: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_getparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_rr_get_interval: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_setparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_yield: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* seed48: (libc)SVID Random. +* seed48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* seekdir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* select: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* send: (libc)Sending Data. +* sendmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* sendto: (libc)Sending Datagrams. +* setbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setbuffer: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* setdomainname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setegid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* seteuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setfsent: (libc)fstab. +* setgid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* setgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* sethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* sethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* sethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* setjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* setkey: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setkey_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setlinebuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setlocale: (libc)Setting the Locale. +* setlogmask: (libc)setlogmask. +* setmntent: (libc)mtab. +* setnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* setnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* setpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* setprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* setpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* setregid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setreuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setservent: (libc)Services Database. +* setsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* setstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* setstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* settimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* setuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* setutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* setvbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* shutdown: (libc)Closing a Socket. +* sigaction: (libc)Advanced Signal Handling. +* sigaddset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigaltstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigblock: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigdelset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigemptyset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigfillset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siginterrupt: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sigismember: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siglongjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* signbit: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* significand: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* sigpause: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigpending: (libc)Checking for Pending Signals. +* sigprocmask: (libc)Process Signal Mask. +* sigsetjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigsetmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigsuspend: (libc)Sigsuspend. +* sigvec: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* snprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* socket: (libc)Creating a Socket. +* socketpair: (libc)Socket Pairs. +* sprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* sqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* srand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand: (libc)ISO Random. +* srandom: (libc)BSD Random. +* srandom_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* sscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* ssignal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* stat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stime: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* stpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* stpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcasestr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strchrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* strcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strdupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strerror: (libc)Error Messages. +* strerror_r: (libc)Error Messages. +* strfmon: (libc)Formatting Numbers. +* strfry: (libc)strfry. +* strftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* strlen: (libc)String Length. +* strncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strnlen: (libc)String Length. +* strpbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* strptime: (libc)Low-Level Time String Parsing. +* strrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strsep: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strsignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* strspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strtod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtok_r: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strverscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* stty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* swapcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* swprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* swscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* symlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* sync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* syscall: (libc)System Calls. +* sysconf: (libc)Sysconf Definition. +* sysctl: (libc)System Parameters. +* syslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* system: (libc)Running a Command. +* sysv_signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* tan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tcdrain: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflow: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflush: (libc)Line Control. +* tcgetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcgetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcgetsid: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcsendbreak: (libc)Line Control. +* tcsetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcsetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tdelete: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tdestroy: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tempnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* textdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* tfind: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* time: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* timegm: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* timelocal: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* times: (libc)Processor Time. +* tmpfile64: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpfile: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam_r: (libc)Temporary Files. +* toascii: (libc)Case Conversion. +* tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* towctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towlower: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towupper: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* trunc: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncate64: (libc)File Size. +* truncate: (libc)File Size. +* truncf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* tsearch: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* ttyname: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* ttyname_r: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* twalk: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tzset: (libc)Time Zone Functions. +* ulimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* umask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* umount2: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* umount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* uname: (libc)Platform Type. +* ungetc: (libc)How Unread. +* ungetwc: (libc)How Unread. +* unlink: (libc)Deleting Files. +* unlockpt: (libc)Allocation. +* unsetenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* updwtmp: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utime: (libc)File Times. +* utimes: (libc)File Times. +* utmpname: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utmpxname: (libc)XPG Functions. +* va_arg: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_end: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Old Varargs. +* valloc: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* vasprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* verr: (libc)Error Messages. +* verrx: (libc)Error Messages. +* versionsort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* versionsort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* vfork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* vfprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vfwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsnprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vswprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vswscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsyslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* vtimes: (libc)Resource Usage. +* vwarn: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwarnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* wait3: (libc)BSD Wait Functions. +* wait4: (libc)Process Completion. +* wait: (libc)Process Completion. +* waitpid: (libc)Process Completion. +* warn: (libc)Error Messages. +* warnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* wcpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcrtomb: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wcscasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcschr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcschrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wcscpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcscspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* wcslen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsnlen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsnrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcspbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcsspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcstod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* wcstol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstombs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* wcstoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcswcs: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wctob: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wctomb: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* wctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* wctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* wmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wmemcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wmemcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wordexp: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wordfree: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* write: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* writev: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* wscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* y0: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* yn: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynf: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynl: (libc)Special Functions. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + This file documents the GNU C library. + + This is Edition 0.12, last updated 2007-10-27, of `The GNU C Library +Reference Manual', for version 2.8 (EGLIBC). + + Copyright (C) 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, +2003, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document +under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or +any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the +Invariant Sections being "Free Software Needs Free Documentation" and +"GNU Lesser General Public License", the Front-Cover texts being "A GNU +Manual", and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the +license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation +License". + + (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have the freedom to copy and +modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in +developing GNU and promoting software freedom." + + +Indirect: +libc.info-1: 63380 +libc.info-2: 361926 +libc.info-3: 659580 +libc.info-4: 957608 +libc.info-5: 1257457 +libc.info-6: 1497817 +libc.info-7: 1795694 +libc.info-8: 2093156 +libc.info-9: 2389438 +libc.info-10: 2687631 +libc.info-11: 2987585 + +Tag Table: +(Indirect) +Node: Top63380 +Node: Introduction122559 +Node: Getting Started123911 +Node: Standards and Portability125375 +Node: ISO C126828 +Node: POSIX128354 +Node: Berkeley Unix130100 +Node: SVID130873 +Node: XPG131882 +Node: Using the Library132832 +Node: Header Files133560 +Node: Macro Definitions137521 +Node: Reserved Names139870 +Node: Feature Test Macros144593 +Node: Roadmap to the Manual155399 +Node: Error Reporting162688 +Node: Checking for Errors163607 +Node: Error Codes167826 +Node: Error Messages187435 +Node: Memory201754 +Node: Memory Concepts202612 +Node: Memory Allocation208294 +Node: Memory Allocation and C209188 +Node: Unconstrained Allocation212765 +Node: Basic Allocation214194 +Node: Malloc Examples215910 +Node: Freeing after Malloc217890 +Node: Changing Block Size219717 +Node: Allocating Cleared Space222336 +Node: Efficiency and Malloc223360 +Node: Aligned Memory Blocks224472 +Node: Malloc Tunable Parameters226700 +Node: Heap Consistency Checking228473 +Node: Hooks for Malloc233591 +Node: Statistics of Malloc239776 +Node: Summary of Malloc241754 +Node: Allocation Debugging243931 +Node: Tracing malloc245043 +Node: Using the Memory Debugger246911 +Node: Tips for the Memory Debugger248804 +Node: Interpreting the traces250120 +Node: Obstacks253658 +Node: Creating Obstacks255281 +Node: Preparing for Obstacks257196 +Node: Allocation in an Obstack259949 +Node: Freeing Obstack Objects262367 +Node: Obstack Functions263715 +Node: Growing Objects265958 +Node: Extra Fast Growing270224 +Node: Status of an Obstack273861 +Node: Obstacks Data Alignment275296 +Node: Obstack Chunks277184 +Node: Summary of Obstacks279555 +Node: Variable Size Automatic282985 +Node: Alloca Example284523 +Node: Advantages of Alloca285657 +Node: Disadvantages of Alloca287557 +Node: GNU C Variable-Size Arrays288313 +Node: Resizing the Data Segment289482 +Node: Locking Pages291579 +Node: Why Lock Pages292347 +Node: Locked Memory Details293986 +Node: Page Lock Functions296255 +Node: Character Handling302137 +Node: Classification of Characters303595 +Node: Case Conversion307501 +Node: Classification of Wide Characters309403 +Node: Using Wide Char Classes317165 +Node: Wide Character Case Conversion319481 +Node: String and Array Utilities322184 +Node: Representation of Strings324249 +Node: String/Array Conventions329778 +Node: String Length332717 +Node: Copying and Concatenation336528 +Node: String/Array Comparison361926 +Node: Collation Functions372077 +Node: Search Functions382198 +Node: Finding Tokens in a String394408 +Node: strfry406212 +Node: Trivial Encryption407247 +Node: Encode Binary Data408717 +Node: Argz and Envz Vectors413392 +Node: Argz Functions413999 +Node: Envz Functions420580 +Node: Character Set Handling423646 +Node: Extended Char Intro424799 +Node: Charset Function Overview437912 +Node: Restartable multibyte conversion438880 +Node: Selecting the Conversion440995 +Node: Keeping the state443392 +Node: Converting a Character446617 +Node: Converting Strings462624 +Node: Multibyte Conversion Example472743 +Node: Non-reentrant Conversion475694 +Node: Non-reentrant Character Conversion477383 +Node: Non-reentrant String Conversion482098 +Node: Shift State485097 +Node: Generic Charset Conversion487759 +Node: Generic Conversion Interface490946 +Node: iconv Examples500900 +Node: Other iconv Implementations506198 +Node: glibc iconv Implementation511597 +Node: Locales551141 +Node: Effects of Locale552811 +Node: Choosing Locale554780 +Node: Locale Categories556159 +Node: Setting the Locale558681 +Node: Standard Locales563213 +Node: Locale Information564507 +Node: The Lame Way to Locale Data566228 +Node: General Numeric568112 +Node: Currency Symbol571108 +Node: Sign of Money Amount575309 +Node: The Elegant and Fast Way577452 +Node: Formatting Numbers589598 +Node: Yes-or-No Questions599023 +Node: Message Translation601060 +Node: Message catalogs a la X/Open603107 +Node: The catgets Functions604410 +Node: The message catalog files613446 +Node: The gencat program620194 +Node: Common Usage623337 +Node: The Uniforum approach630501 +Node: Message catalogs with gettext632000 +Node: Translation with gettext633044 +Node: Locating gettext catalog639365 +Node: Advanced gettext functions646243 +Ref: Advanced gettext functions-Footnote-1656985 +Node: Charset conversion in gettext657077 +Node: GUI program problems659580 +Node: Using gettextized software665127 +Node: Helper programs for gettext673456 +Node: Searching and Sorting675229 +Node: Comparison Functions676145 +Node: Array Search Function677362 +Node: Array Sort Function680719 +Node: Search/Sort Example682858 +Node: Hash Search Function686239 +Node: Tree Search Function693933 +Node: Pattern Matching700938 +Node: Wildcard Matching701743 +Node: Globbing705689 +Node: Calling Glob706560 +Node: Flags for Globbing716567 +Node: More Flags for Globbing720108 +Node: Regular Expressions726253 +Node: POSIX Regexp Compilation727244 +Node: Flags for POSIX Regexps731390 +Node: Matching POSIX Regexps732308 +Node: Regexp Subexpressions734528 +Node: Subexpression Complications736595 +Node: Regexp Cleanup738971 +Node: Word Expansion741334 +Node: Expansion Stages742696 +Node: Calling Wordexp744200 +Node: Flags for Wordexp748177 +Node: Wordexp Example750141 +Node: Tilde Expansion751943 +Node: Variable Substitution753026 +Node: I/O Overview757163 +Node: I/O Concepts758680 +Node: Streams and File Descriptors759834 +Node: File Position762932 +Node: File Names765080 +Node: Directories765975 +Node: File Name Resolution767723 +Node: File Name Errors770662 +Node: File Name Portability772213 +Node: I/O on Streams774216 +Node: Streams776441 +Node: Standard Streams777792 +Node: Opening Streams779597 +Node: Closing Streams789726 +Node: Streams and Threads792287 +Node: Streams and I18N801322 +Node: Simple Output807493 +Node: Character Input812870 +Node: Line Input818138 +Node: Unreading824832 +Node: Unreading Idea825650 +Node: How Unread826489 +Node: Block Input/Output829263 +Node: Formatted Output832058 +Node: Formatted Output Basics833834 +Node: Output Conversion Syntax836341 +Node: Table of Output Conversions841455 +Node: Integer Conversions844474 +Node: Floating-Point Conversions850028 +Node: Other Output Conversions855873 +Node: Formatted Output Functions859692 +Node: Dynamic Output865705 +Node: Variable Arguments Output867597 +Node: Parsing a Template String873763 +Node: Example of Parsing877611 +Node: Customizing Printf879885 +Node: Registering New Conversions881813 +Node: Conversion Specifier Options884002 +Node: Defining the Output Handler887855 +Node: Printf Extension Example890331 +Node: Predefined Printf Handlers892693 +Node: Formatted Input895489 +Node: Formatted Input Basics896577 +Node: Input Conversion Syntax899285 +Node: Table of Input Conversions902666 +Node: Numeric Input Conversions906849 +Node: String Input Conversions911317 +Node: Dynamic String Input916450 +Node: Other Input Conversions917643 +Node: Formatted Input Functions919301 +Node: Variable Arguments Input922163 +Node: EOF and Errors924542 +Node: Error Recovery927471 +Node: Binary Streams929268 +Node: File Positioning931803 +Node: Portable Positioning938855 +Node: Stream Buffering944561 +Node: Buffering Concepts946169 +Node: Flushing Buffers947551 +Node: Controlling Buffering950677 +Node: Other Kinds of Streams956310 +Node: String Streams957608 +Node: Obstack Streams961840 +Node: Custom Streams963898 +Node: Streams and Cookies964628 +Node: Hook Functions967719 +Node: Formatted Messages969983 +Node: Printing Formatted Messages970657 +Node: Adding Severity Classes977112 +Node: Example978733 +Node: Low-Level I/O981945 +Node: Opening and Closing Files984956 +Node: I/O Primitives992952 +Node: File Position Primitive1007569 +Node: Descriptors and Streams1014896 +Node: Stream/Descriptor Precautions1017601 +Node: Linked Channels1018814 +Node: Independent Channels1020086 +Node: Cleaning Streams1022000 +Node: Scatter-Gather1024312 +Node: Memory-mapped I/O1026912 +Node: Waiting for I/O1038395 +Node: Synchronizing I/O1046576 +Node: Asynchronous I/O1050034 +Node: Asynchronous Reads/Writes1058105 +Node: Status of AIO Operations1070596 +Node: Synchronizing AIO Operations1074182 +Node: Cancel AIO Operations1080629 +Node: Configuration of AIO1084135 +Node: Control Operations1086344 +Node: Duplicating Descriptors1089047 +Node: Descriptor Flags1093315 +Node: File Status Flags1096728 +Node: Access Modes1098192 +Node: Open-time Flags1100508 +Node: Operating Modes1105257 +Node: Getting File Status Flags1108042 +Node: File Locks1110659 +Node: Interrupt Input1119569 +Node: IOCTLs1122010 +Ref: IOCTLs-Footnote-11124000 +Node: File System Interface1124097 +Node: Working Directory1125629 +Node: Accessing Directories1130651 +Node: Directory Entries1132312 +Node: Opening a Directory1135580 +Node: Reading/Closing Directory1139599 +Node: Simple Directory Lister1144107 +Node: Random Access Directory1145098 +Node: Scanning Directory Content1146620 +Node: Simple Directory Lister Mark II1151092 +Node: Working with Directory Trees1152198 +Node: Hard Links1164532 +Node: Symbolic Links1167341 +Node: Deleting Files1174846 +Node: Renaming Files1177778 +Node: Creating Directories1181391 +Node: File Attributes1183153 +Node: Attribute Meanings1184684 +Node: Reading Attributes1193929 +Node: Testing File Type1198016 +Node: File Owner1202196 +Node: Permission Bits1205861 +Node: Access Permission1211192 +Node: Setting Permissions1212345 +Node: Testing File Access1217568 +Node: File Times1221248 +Node: File Size1227655 +Node: Making Special Files1234092 +Node: Temporary Files1235780 +Node: Pipes and FIFOs1245087 +Node: Creating a Pipe1246673 +Node: Pipe to a Subprocess1249941 +Node: FIFO Special Files1252942 +Node: Pipe Atomicity1254524 +Node: Sockets1255414 +Node: Socket Concepts1257457 +Node: Communication Styles1261704 +Node: Socket Addresses1263566 +Node: Address Formats1265609 +Node: Setting Address1268822 +Node: Reading Address1270556 +Node: Interface Naming1272329 +Node: Local Namespace1274749 +Node: Local Namespace Concepts1275416 +Node: Local Namespace Details1276944 +Node: Local Socket Example1278908 +Node: Internet Namespace1280397 +Node: Internet Address Formats1282631 +Node: Host Addresses1284797 +Node: Abstract Host Addresses1285976 +Node: Host Address Data Type1290498 +Node: Host Address Functions1293645 +Node: Host Names1298034 +Node: Ports1307309 +Node: Services Database1309360 +Node: Byte Order1312202 +Node: Protocols Database1314527 +Node: Inet Example1318088 +Node: Misc Namespaces1320079 +Node: Open/Close Sockets1320832 +Node: Creating a Socket1321337 +Node: Closing a Socket1323031 +Node: Socket Pairs1324569 +Node: Connections1326589 +Node: Connecting1327690 +Node: Listening1330529 +Node: Accepting Connections1332605 +Node: Who is Connected1335748 +Node: Transferring Data1336862 +Node: Sending Data1337978 +Node: Receiving Data1340523 +Node: Socket Data Options1342286 +Node: Byte Stream Example1343167 +Node: Server Example1345195 +Node: Out-of-Band Data1349182 +Node: Datagrams1355049 +Node: Sending Datagrams1356087 +Node: Receiving Datagrams1358026 +Node: Datagram Example1360106 +Node: Example Receiver1362103 +Node: Inetd1364640 +Node: Inetd Servers1365458 +Node: Configuring Inetd1366713 +Node: Socket Options1369395 +Node: Socket Option Functions1370112 +Node: Socket-Level Options1371684 +Node: Networks Database1375331 +Node: Low-Level Terminal Interface1378230 +Node: Is It a Terminal1379702 +Node: I/O Queues1381615 +Node: Canonical or Not1383579 +Node: Terminal Modes1385432 +Node: Mode Data Types1387008 +Node: Mode Functions1388851 +Node: Setting Modes1392796 +Node: Input Modes1394801 +Node: Output Modes1400091 +Node: Control Modes1401718 +Node: Local Modes1405837 +Node: Line Speed1412181 +Node: Special Characters1416375 +Node: Editing Characters1418300 +Node: Signal Characters1422662 +Node: Start/Stop Characters1425547 +Node: Other Special1427434 +Node: Noncanonical Input1429266 +Node: BSD Terminal Modes1434096 +Node: Line Control1435578 +Node: Noncanon Example1440307 +Node: Pseudo-Terminals1442486 +Node: Allocation1443405 +Node: Pseudo-Terminal Pairs1448173 +Node: Syslog1450726 +Node: Overview of Syslog1451678 +Node: Submitting Syslog Messages1455873 +Node: openlog1456698 +Node: syslog; vsyslog1461685 +Node: closelog1465893 +Node: setlogmask1467045 +Node: Syslog Example1468900 +Node: Mathematics1469554 +Node: Mathematical Constants1471281 +Node: Trig Functions1473296 +Node: Inverse Trig Functions1477059 +Node: Exponents and Logarithms1480889 +Node: Hyperbolic Functions1489153 +Node: Special Functions1493236 +Node: Errors in Math Functions1497817 +Node: Pseudo-Random Numbers1576390 +Node: ISO Random1578638 +Node: BSD Random1580587 +Node: SVID Random1585183 +Node: FP Function Optimizations1598504 +Node: Arithmetic1600598 +Node: Integers1601880 +Node: Integer Division1604909 +Node: Floating Point Numbers1608611 +Node: Floating Point Classes1610359 +Node: Floating Point Errors1614198 +Node: FP Exceptions1614705 +Node: Infinity and NaN1619077 +Node: Status bit operations1622163 +Node: Math Error Reporting1626316 +Node: Rounding1628656 +Node: Control Functions1632253 +Node: Arithmetic Functions1637087 +Node: Absolute Value1637962 +Node: Normalization Functions1640043 +Node: Rounding Functions1643373 +Node: Remainder Functions1647799 +Node: FP Bit Twiddling1649962 +Node: FP Comparison Functions1653098 +Node: Misc FP Arithmetic1655826 +Node: Complex Numbers1658591 +Node: Operations on Complex1660305 +Node: Parsing of Numbers1662673 +Node: Parsing of Integers1663374 +Node: Parsing of Floats1673992 +Node: System V Number Conversion1679178 +Node: Date and Time1684785 +Node: Time Basics1685518 +Node: Elapsed Time1687419 +Node: Processor And CPU Time1690966 +Node: CPU Time1692848 +Node: Processor Time1694628 +Node: Calendar Time1697045 +Node: Simple Calendar Time1698991 +Node: High-Resolution Calendar1701411 +Node: Broken-down Time1706799 +Node: High Accuracy Clock1714779 +Node: Formatting Calendar Time1722230 +Node: Parsing Date and Time1738192 +Node: Low-Level Time String Parsing1739047 +Node: General Time String Parsing1752641 +Node: TZ Variable1759787 +Node: Time Zone Functions1765843 +Node: Time Functions Example1768701 +Node: Setting an Alarm1769785 +Node: Sleeping1775564 +Node: Resource Usage And Limitation1780176 +Node: Resource Usage1780856 +Node: Limits on Resources1786451 +Node: Priority1795694 +Node: Absolute Priority1798134 +Node: Realtime Scheduling1803251 +Node: Basic Scheduling Functions1806709 +Node: Traditional Scheduling1814665 +Node: Traditional Scheduling Intro1815249 +Node: Traditional Scheduling Functions1819528 +Node: CPU Affinity1823435 +Node: Memory Resources1829468 +Node: Memory Subsystem1830326 +Node: Query Memory Parameters1832719 +Node: Processor Resources1836380 +Node: Non-Local Exits1838506 +Node: Non-Local Intro1839219 +Node: Non-Local Details1842932 +Node: Non-Local Exits and Signals1846020 +Node: System V contexts1847529 +Node: Signal Handling1860405 +Node: Concepts of Signals1862442 +Node: Kinds of Signals1863013 +Node: Signal Generation1864419 +Node: Delivery of Signal1866697 +Node: Standard Signals1869562 +Node: Program Error Signals1871163 +Node: Termination Signals1878649 +Node: Alarm Signals1882508 +Node: Asynchronous I/O Signals1883763 +Node: Job Control Signals1884967 +Node: Operation Error Signals1889597 +Node: Miscellaneous Signals1891551 +Node: Signal Messages1893260 +Node: Signal Actions1895157 +Node: Basic Signal Handling1896109 +Node: Advanced Signal Handling1902179 +Node: Signal and Sigaction1905168 +Node: Sigaction Function Example1906931 +Node: Flags for Sigaction1909228 +Node: Initial Signal Actions1911620 +Node: Defining Handlers1913002 +Node: Handler Returns1915194 +Node: Termination in Handler1917220 +Node: Longjmp in Handler1918654 +Node: Signals in Handler1920744 +Node: Merged Signals1922875 +Node: Nonreentrancy1928544 +Node: Atomic Data Access1933961 +Node: Non-atomic Example1935018 +Node: Atomic Types1936804 +Node: Atomic Usage1937793 +Node: Interrupted Primitives1939278 +Node: Generating Signals1942752 +Node: Signaling Yourself1943352 +Node: Signaling Another Process1945320 +Node: Permission for kill1948711 +Node: Kill Example1950518 +Node: Blocking Signals1952826 +Node: Why Block1954605 +Node: Signal Sets1956152 +Node: Process Signal Mask1959199 +Node: Testing for Delivery1962529 +Node: Blocking for Handler1963773 +Node: Checking for Pending Signals1966188 +Node: Remembering a Signal1968194 +Node: Waiting for a Signal1971739 +Node: Using Pause1972291 +Node: Pause Problems1973928 +Node: Sigsuspend1975653 +Node: Signal Stack1978356 +Node: BSD Signal Handling1983689 +Node: BSD Handler1984974 +Node: Blocking in BSD1987425 +Node: Program Basics1988896 +Node: Program Arguments1990886 +Node: Argument Syntax1992892 +Node: Parsing Program Arguments1995577 +Node: Getopt1996692 +Node: Using Getopt1997337 +Node: Example of Getopt2001473 +Node: Getopt Long Options2004317 +Node: Getopt Long Option Example2009579 +Node: Argp2012634 +Node: Argp Global Variables2015970 +Node: Argp Parsers2018017 +Node: Argp Option Vectors2021403 +Node: Argp Option Flags2024630 +Node: Argp Parser Functions2026691 +Node: Argp Special Keys2029395 +Node: Argp Helper Functions2034696 +Node: Argp Parsing State2037747 +Node: Argp Children2041326 +Node: Argp Flags2043420 +Node: Argp Help Filtering2045709 +Node: Argp Help Filter Keys2046956 +Node: Argp Help2047884 +Node: Argp Help Flags2049076 +Node: Argp Examples2051439 +Node: Argp Example 12051922 +Node: Argp Example 22052724 +Node: Argp Example 32055642 +Node: Argp Example 42062574 +Node: Argp User Customization2070209 +Node: Suboptions2071950 +Node: Suboptions Example2073910 +Node: Environment Variables2076057 +Node: Environment Access2077929 +Node: Standard Environment2082851 +Node: System Calls2087035 +Node: Program Termination2090531 +Node: Normal Termination2091747 +Node: Exit Status2093156 +Node: Cleanups on Exit2096531 +Node: Aborting a Program2098351 +Node: Termination Internals2099264 +Node: Processes2101459 +Node: Running a Command2103483 +Node: Process Creation Concepts2105518 +Node: Process Identification2107534 +Node: Creating a Process2108470 +Node: Executing a File2112101 +Node: Process Completion2119253 +Node: Process Completion Status2125535 +Node: BSD Wait Functions2127194 +Node: Process Creation Example2129073 +Node: Job Control2131321 +Node: Concepts of Job Control2132602 +Node: Job Control is Optional2135963 +Node: Controlling Terminal2137019 +Node: Access to the Terminal2137934 +Node: Orphaned Process Groups2139544 +Node: Implementing a Shell2140542 +Node: Data Structures2141432 +Node: Initializing the Shell2144066 +Node: Launching Jobs2147758 +Node: Foreground and Background2155177 +Node: Stopped and Terminated Jobs2158277 +Node: Continuing Stopped Jobs2163412 +Node: Missing Pieces2165035 +Node: Functions for Job Control2166670 +Node: Identifying the Terminal2167157 +Node: Process Group Functions2168745 +Node: Terminal Access Functions2173776 +Node: Name Service Switch2177269 +Node: NSS Basics2178603 +Node: NSS Configuration File2180199 +Node: Services in the NSS configuration2181889 +Node: Actions in the NSS configuration2183181 +Node: Notes on NSS Configuration File2186353 +Node: NSS Module Internals2188241 +Node: NSS Module Names2188944 +Ref: NSS Module Names-Footnote-12190999 +Ref: NSS Module Names-Footnote-22191153 +Node: NSS Modules Interface2191331 +Node: Extending NSS2196034 +Node: Adding another Service to NSS2196972 +Node: NSS Module Function Internals2199214 +Node: Users and Groups2204129 +Node: User and Group IDs2206743 +Node: Process Persona2207658 +Node: Why Change Persona2209350 +Node: How Change Persona2211238 +Node: Reading Persona2213132 +Node: Setting User ID2215418 +Node: Setting Groups2218293 +Node: Enable/Disable Setuid2223975 +Node: Setuid Program Example2226017 +Node: Tips for Setuid2229413 +Node: Who Logged In2231937 +Node: User Accounting Database2234331 +Node: Manipulating the Database2235524 +Node: XPG Functions2247882 +Node: Logging In and Out2252332 +Node: User Database2254467 +Node: User Data Structure2255138 +Node: Lookup User2256411 +Node: Scanning All Users2258992 +Node: Writing a User Entry2261965 +Node: Group Database2262984 +Node: Group Data Structure2263569 +Node: Lookup Group2264348 +Node: Scanning All Groups2266866 +Node: Database Example2269915 +Node: Netgroup Database2272091 +Node: Netgroup Data2272514 +Node: Lookup Netgroup2274055 +Node: Netgroup Membership2277490 +Node: System Management2278834 +Node: Host Identification2279768 +Node: Platform Type2286275 +Node: Filesystem Handling2289591 +Node: Mount Information2291098 +Node: fstab2293281 +Node: mtab2299118 +Node: Other Mount Information2308473 +Node: Mount-Unmount-Remount2309002 +Node: System Parameters2319004 +Node: System Configuration2324550 +Node: General Limits2326124 +Node: System Options2329774 +Node: Version Supported2333120 +Node: Sysconf2334969 +Node: Sysconf Definition2335612 +Node: Constants for Sysconf2336299 +Node: Examples of Sysconf2349245 +Node: Minimums2350249 +Node: Limits for Files2352967 +Node: Options for Files2355983 +Node: File Minimums2358286 +Node: Pathconf2360513 +Node: Utility Limits2363827 +Node: Utility Minimums2365774 +Node: String Parameters2367538 +Node: Cryptographic Functions2371438 +Node: Legal Problems2373414 +Node: getpass2375689 +Node: crypt2377842 +Node: DES Encryption2382572 +Node: Debugging Support2388789 +Node: Backtraces2389438 +Node: Language Features2394202 +Node: Consistency Checking2395151 +Node: Variadic Functions2399704 +Node: Why Variadic2400781 +Node: How Variadic2402754 +Node: Variadic Prototypes2404052 +Node: Receiving Arguments2405206 +Node: How Many Arguments2407890 +Node: Calling Variadics2409565 +Node: Argument Macros2411678 +Node: Variadic Example2414533 +Node: Old Varargs2415659 +Node: Null Pointer Constant2417350 +Node: Important Data Types2418439 +Node: Data Type Measurements2421012 +Node: Width of Type2421874 +Node: Range of Type2422788 +Node: Floating Type Macros2426065 +Node: Floating Point Concepts2427332 +Node: Floating Point Parameters2431073 +Node: IEEE Floating Point2438028 +Node: Structure Measurement2439794 +Node: Library Summary2440497 +Node: Installation2645235 +Node: Configuring and compiling2646427 +Node: Running make install2655917 +Node: Tools for Compilation2659971 +Node: Linux2663159 +Node: Reporting Bugs2666065 +Node: Maintenance2668405 +Node: Source Layout2668810 +Node: Porting2672747 +Node: Hierarchy Conventions2680542 +Node: Porting to Unix2685607 +Node: Contributors2687631 +Node: Free Manuals2694904 +Node: Copying2699843 +Node: Documentation License2728014 +Node: Concept Index2747918 +Node: Type Index2847604 +Node: Function Index2859953 +Node: Variable Index2987585 +Node: File Index3094070 + +End Tag Table --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc.info-4 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc.info-4 @@ -0,0 +1,8818 @@ +This is libc.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from libc.texinfo. + +INFO-DIR-SECTION Software libraries +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* Libc: (libc). C library. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + +INFO-DIR-SECTION GNU C library functions and macros +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* ALTWERASE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN: (libc)Argp Parser Functions. +* ARG_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* BC_BASE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_DIM_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_SCALE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_STRING_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BRKINT: (libc)Input Modes. +* BUFSIZ: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* CCTS_OFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CHILD_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* CIGNORE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLK_TCK: (libc)CPU Time. +* CLOCAL: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLOCKS_PER_SEC: (libc)CPU Time. +* COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* CPU_CLR: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ISSET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SETSIZE: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ZERO: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CREAD: (libc)Control Modes. +* CRTS_IFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS5: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS6: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS7: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS8: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSIZE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSTOPB: (libc)Control Modes. +* DES_FAILED: (libc)DES Encryption. +* DTTOIF: (libc)Directory Entries. +* E2BIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EACCES: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRINUSE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRNOTAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAGAIN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EALREADY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBACKGROUND: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADF: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADFD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRQC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADSLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBFONT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBUSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECANCELED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHILD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOCTL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOK: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOKE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHONL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOPRT: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECOMM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNABORTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNREFUSED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDESTADDRREQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDIED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOTDOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDQUOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EEXIST: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFAULT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFBIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGRATUITOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGREGIOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIDRM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EILSEQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINPROGRESS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINVAL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYEXPIRED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREJECTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREVOKED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2NSYNC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3RST: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBACC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBBAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBMAX: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBSCN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELNRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELOOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMEDIUMTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMSGSIZE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMULTIHOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAMETOOLONG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENEEDAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOANO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOBUFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOCSI: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODATA: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOENT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOKEY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEDIUM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENONET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPKG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPROTOOPT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSYS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTBLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTEMPTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTRECOVERABLE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSUP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTUNIQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENXIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* EOPNOTSUPP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOVERFLOW: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOWNERDEAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPERM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCLIM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTONOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTOTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EQUIV_CLASS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* ERANGE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMCHG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERESTART: (libc)Error Codes. +* EROFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERPCMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESHUTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESOCKTNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRMNT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTALE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTRPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIME: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIMEDOUT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETOOMANYREFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETXTBSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUCLEAN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUNATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUSERS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EWOULDBLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXDEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXFULL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXIT_FAILURE: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXIT_SUCCESS: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXPR_NEST_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* FD_CLOEXEC: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* FD_CLR: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ISSET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SETSIZE: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ZERO: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FILENAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* FLUSHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* FOPEN_MAX: (libc)Opening Streams. +* FP_ILOGB0: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* FP_ILOGBNAN: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* F_DUPFD: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* F_GETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_GETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_GETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_GETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* F_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* F_SETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_SETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_SETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETLKW: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* HUGE_VAL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALF: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUPCL: (libc)Control Modes. +* I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* ICANON: (libc)Local Modes. +* ICRNL: (libc)Input Modes. +* IEXTEN: (libc)Local Modes. +* IFNAMSIZ: (libc)Interface Naming. +* IFTODT: (libc)Directory Entries. +* IGNBRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNPAR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IMAXBEL: (libc)Input Modes. +* INADDR_ANY: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_BROADCAST: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_LOOPBACK: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_NONE: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INFINITY: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* INLCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* INPCK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IPPORT_RESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* IPPORT_USERRESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* ISIG: (libc)Local Modes. +* ISTRIP: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXANY: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXOFF: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXON: (libc)Input Modes. +* LINE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* LINK_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* L_ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* L_cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* L_tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* MAXNAMLEN: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAXSYMLINKS: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* MAX_CANON: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAX_INPUT: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MB_CUR_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MB_LEN_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MDMBUF: (libc)Control Modes. +* MSG_DONTROUTE: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_OOB: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_PEEK: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* NAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* NAN: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* NCCS: (libc)Mode Data Types. +* NGROUPS_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* NOFLSH: (libc)Local Modes. +* NOKERNINFO: (libc)Local Modes. +* NSIG: (libc)Standard Signals. +* NULL: (libc)Null Pointer Constant. +* ONLCR: (libc)Output Modes. +* ONOEOT: (libc)Output Modes. +* OPEN_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* OPOST: (libc)Output Modes. +* OXTABS: (libc)Output Modes. +* O_ACCMODE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_APPEND: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_ASYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_CREAT: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXCL: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXEC: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_EXLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_FSYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_IGNORE_CTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NDELAY: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOATIME: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOCTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NOLINK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOTRANS: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_RDONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_RDWR: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_READ: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_SHLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_SYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_TRUNC: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_WRITE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_WRONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* PARENB: (libc)Control Modes. +* PARMRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* PARODD: (libc)Control Modes. +* PATH_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* PA_FLAG_MASK: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* PENDIN: (libc)Local Modes. +* PF_FILE: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_INET6: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_INET: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_LOCAL: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_UNIX: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PIPE_BUF: (libc)Limits for Files. +* P_tmpdir: (libc)Temporary Files. +* RAND_MAX: (libc)ISO Random. +* RE_DUP_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* RLIM_INFINITY: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* R_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* SA_NOCLDSTOP: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_ONSTACK: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_RESTART: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SEEK_CUR: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_END: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_SET: (libc)File Positioning. +* SIGABRT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGBUS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGCHLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCONT: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGEMT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGFPE: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGHUP: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGILL: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGINFO: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGINT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGIO: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGIOT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGKILL: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGLOST: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPIPE: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPOLL: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGPROF: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGQUIT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGSEGV: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGSTOP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGSYS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTERM: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGTRAP: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTSTP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTIN: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTOU: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGURG: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGUSR1: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGUSR2: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGVTALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGWINCH: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGXCPU: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGXFSZ: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIG_ERR: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* SOCK_DGRAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RAW: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RDM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_SEQPACKET: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_STREAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOL_SOCKET: (libc)Socket-Level Options. +* SSIZE_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* STREAM_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* SUN_LEN: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* SV_INTERRUPT: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_ONSTACK: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_RESETHAND: (libc)BSD Handler. +* S_IFMT: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISBLK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISCHR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISDIR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISFIFO: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISLNK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISREG: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISSOCK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISMQ: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSEM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSHM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* TMP_MAX: (libc)Temporary Files. +* TOSTOP: (libc)Local Modes. +* TZNAME_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* VDISCARD: (libc)Other Special. +* VDSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VEOF: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL2: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VINTR: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VKILL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VLNEXT: (libc)Other Special. +* VMIN: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VQUIT: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VREPRINT: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VSTART: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSTATUS: (libc)Other Special. +* VSTOP: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VTIME: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VWERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* WCHAR_MAX: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCHAR_MIN: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCOREDUMP: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WEOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* WEOF: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WEXITSTATUS: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFEXITED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSIGNALED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSTOPPED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WSTOPSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WTERMSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* W_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* X_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* _Complex_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _Exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _IOFBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IOLBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IONBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _Imaginary_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _PATH_UTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _PATH_WTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _POSIX2_C_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_C_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* _POSIX2_FORT_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_FORT_RUN: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_LOCALEDEF: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_SW_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_NO_TRUNC: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_SAVED_IDS: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_VDISABLE: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* __fbufsize: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __flbf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpending: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpurge: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* __freadable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __freading: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fsetlocking: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* __fwritable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fwriting: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __gconv_end_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_init_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __va_copy: (libc)Argument Macros. +* _exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _flushlbf: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* _tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* _toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* a64l: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* abort: (libc)Aborting a Program. +* abs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* accept: (libc)Accepting Connections. +* access: (libc)Testing File Access. +* acos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* addmntent: (libc)mtab. +* addseverity: (libc)Adding Severity Classes. +* adjtime: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* adjtimex: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* aio_cancel64: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_cancel: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_error64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_error: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_init: (libc)Configuration of AIO. +* aio_read64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_read: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_return64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_return: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_write64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_write: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* alarm: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* alloca: (libc)Variable Size Automatic. +* alphasort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* alphasort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* argp_error: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_failure: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_help: (libc)Argp Help. +* argp_parse: (libc)Argp. +* argp_state_help: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_usage: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argz_add: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_add_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_append: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_count: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_delete: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_extract: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_insert: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_next: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_replace: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_stringify: (libc)Argz Functions. +* asctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asprintf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* assert: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* assert_perror: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* atan2: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2f: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2l: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atexit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* atof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* atoi: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* backtrace: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols_fd: (libc)Backtraces. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* bcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* bcopy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* bind: (libc)Setting Address. +* bind_textdomain_codeset: (libc)Charset conversion in gettext. +* bindtextdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* brk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* bsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* btowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* bzero: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* cabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cacos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* calloc: (libc)Allocating Cleared Space. +* canonicalize_file_name: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* carg: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* casin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catclose: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catgets: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catopen: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* cbc_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* cbrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ccos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ceil: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceilf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceill: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* cexp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cfgetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfgetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfmakeraw: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* cfree: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* cfsetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetspeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* chdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* chmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* chown: (libc)File Owner. +* cimag: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* clearenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* clearerr: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clearerr_unlocked: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clock: (libc)CPU Time. +* clog10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* close: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* closedir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* closelog: (libc)closelog. +* confstr: (libc)String Parameters. +* conj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* connect: (libc)Connecting. +* copysign: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* cos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cpow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cproj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creal: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* crealf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creall: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creat64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* creat: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* crypt: (libc)crypt. +* crypt_r: (libc)crypt. +* csin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ctan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* ctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* ctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* dcgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* dcngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* des_setparity: (libc)DES Encryption. +* dgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* difftime: (libc)Elapsed Time. +* dirfd: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* dirname: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* div: (libc)Integer Division. +* dngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* drand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* drand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* drem: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dremf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dreml: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dup2: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* dup: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* ecb_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* ecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* ecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* encrypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* encrypt_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* endfsent: (libc)fstab. +* endgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* endhostent: (libc)Host Names. +* endmntent: (libc)mtab. +* endnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* endnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* endprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* endpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* endservent: (libc)Services Database. +* endutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* endutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* envz_add: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_entry: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_get: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_merge: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_strip: (libc)Envz Functions. +* erand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* erand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* erf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfc: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcl: (libc)Special Functions. +* erff: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfl: (libc)Special Functions. +* err: (libc)Error Messages. +* errno: (libc)Checking for Errors. +* error: (libc)Error Messages. +* error_at_line: (libc)Error Messages. +* errx: (libc)Error Messages. +* execl: (libc)Executing a File. +* execle: (libc)Executing a File. +* execlp: (libc)Executing a File. +* execv: (libc)Executing a File. +* execve: (libc)Executing a File. +* execvp: (libc)Executing a File. +* exit: (libc)Normal Termination. +* exp10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* fabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fchdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* fchmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* fchown: (libc)File Owner. +* fclean: (libc)Cleaning Streams. +* fclose: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcloseall: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcntl: (libc)Control Operations. +* fcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fdatasync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* fdim: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdimf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdiml: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdopen: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fdopendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* feclearexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fedisableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feenableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fegetround: (libc)Rounding. +* feholdexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feof: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feof_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feraiseexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* ferror: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* ferror_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* fesetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fesetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fesetround: (libc)Rounding. +* fetestexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* feupdateenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fflush: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fflush_unlocked: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fgetc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgetpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgets: (libc)Line Input. +* fgets_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetwc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetws: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetws_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fileno: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fileno_unlocked: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* finite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitef: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitel: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* flockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* floor: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* fma: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmal: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmax: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmemopen: (libc)String Streams. +* fmin: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmod: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmtmsg: (libc)Printing Formatted Messages. +* fnmatch: (libc)Wildcard Matching. +* fopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopencookie: (libc)Streams and Cookies. +* fork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* forkpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* fpathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* fpclassify: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* fprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fputc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fread: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fread_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* free: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* freopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* freopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* frexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* fscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* fseek: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko64: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko: (libc)File Positioning. +* fsetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fsetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fsync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* ftell: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello64: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftruncate64: (libc)File Size. +* ftruncate: (libc)File Size. +* ftrylockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* ftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* funlockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* futimes: (libc)File Times. +* fwide: (libc)Streams and I18N. +* fwprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fwrite: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwrite_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* gamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* gcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* get_avphys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* get_current_dir_name: (libc)Working Directory. +* get_nprocs: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_nprocs_conf: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_phys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getc: (libc)Character Input. +* getc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* getcwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* getdate: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdate_r: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdelim: (libc)Line Input. +* getdomainnname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getegid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* geteuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getfsent: (libc)fstab. +* getfsfile: (libc)fstab. +* getfsspec: (libc)fstab. +* getgid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrgid: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrgid_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrouplist: (libc)Setting Groups. +* getgroups: (libc)Reading Persona. +* gethostbyaddr: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyaddr_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* gethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* getline: (libc)Line Input. +* getloadavg: (libc)Processor Resources. +* getlogin: (libc)Who Logged In. +* getmntent: (libc)mtab. +* getmntent_r: (libc)mtab. +* getnetbyaddr: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetbyname: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getnetgrent_r: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getopt: (libc)Using Getopt. +* getopt_long: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getopt_long_only: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getpagesize: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getpass: (libc)getpass. +* getpeername: (libc)Who is Connected. +* getpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getppid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* getprotobyname: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotobynumber: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getpt: (libc)Allocation. +* getpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwnam: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwnam_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrusage: (libc)Resource Usage. +* gets: (libc)Line Input. +* getservbyname: (libc)Services Database. +* getservbyport: (libc)Services Database. +* getservent: (libc)Services Database. +* getsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getsockname: (libc)Reading Address. +* getsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* getsubopt: (libc)Suboptions. +* gettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* gettimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* getuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getumask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* getutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutent_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutmp: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutmpx: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxid: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getw: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* glob64: (libc)Calling Glob. +* glob: (libc)Calling Glob. +* globfree64: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* globfree: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* gmtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* gmtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* grantpt: (libc)Allocation. +* gsignal: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* gtty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* hasmntopt: (libc)mtab. +* hcreate: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hcreate_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* htonl: (libc)Byte Order. +* htons: (libc)Byte Order. +* hypot: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* iconv: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_close: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_open: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* if_freenameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_indextoname: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nametoindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* ilogb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* imaxabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* imaxdiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* in6addr_any: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* in6addr_loopback: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* index: (libc)Search Functions. +* inet_addr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_aton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_lnaof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_makeaddr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_netof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_network: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntoa: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntop: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_pton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* initgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* initstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* initstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* innetgr: (libc)Netgroup Membership. +* int: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* ioctl: (libc)IOCTLs. +* isalnum: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isalpha: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isascii: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isatty: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* isblank: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iscntrl: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isfinite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isgraph: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isgreaterequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isinf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinff: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinfl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isless: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islower: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnormal: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isprint: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* ispunct: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isspace: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isunordered: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isupper: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iswalnum: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswalpha: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswblank: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswcntrl: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswgraph: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswlower: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswprint: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswpunct: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswspace: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswupper: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswxdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* isxdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* j0: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* jn: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnf: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnl: (libc)Special Functions. +* jrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* jrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* kill: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* killpg: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* l64a: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* labs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lcong48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lcong48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ldexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* lfind: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgamma_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* link: (libc)Hard Links. +* lio_listio64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* lio_listio: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* listen: (libc)Listening. +* llabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* llrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* localeconv: (libc)The Lame Way to Locale Data. +* localtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* localtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* log10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1p: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* login: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* login_tty: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logout: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logwtmp: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* longjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* lrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lseek64: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lseek: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lutimes: (libc)File Times. +* madvise: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* makecontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* mallinfo: (libc)Statistics of Malloc. +* malloc: (libc)Basic Allocation. +* mallopt: (libc)Malloc Tunable Parameters. +* mblen: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mbrlen: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbrtowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbsinit: (libc)Keeping the state. +* mbsnrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbsrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbstowcs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* mbtowc: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mcheck: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* memccpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* memcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memfrob: (libc)Trivial Encryption. +* memmem: (libc)Search Functions. +* memmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mkdir: (libc)Creating Directories. +* mkdtemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mkfifo: (libc)FIFO Special Files. +* mknod: (libc)Making Special Files. +* mkstemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* mlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mmap64: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* modf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modff: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modfl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* mount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* mprobe: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* mrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* mrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* mremap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* msync: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mtrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* munlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* muntrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* nan: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanosleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* nearbyint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nextafter: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttoward: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* nftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* nice: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* nl_langinfo: (libc)The Elegant and Fast Way. +* nrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* nrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ntohl: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntohs: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntp_adjtime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* ntp_gettime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* obstack_1grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_1grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_alignment_mask: (libc)Obstacks Data Alignment. +* obstack_alloc: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_base: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_blank: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_blank_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_chunk_size: (libc)Obstack Chunks. +* obstack_copy0: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_copy: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_finish: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_free: (libc)Freeing Obstack Objects. +* obstack_grow0: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_init: (libc)Preparing for Obstacks. +* obstack_int_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_int_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_next_free: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_printf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* obstack_ptr_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_ptr_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_room: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* offsetof: (libc)Structure Measurement. +* on_exit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* open64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open_memstream: (libc)String Streams. +* open_obstack_stream: (libc)Obstack Streams. +* opendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* openlog: (libc)openlog. +* openpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* parse_printf_format: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* pathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* pause: (libc)Using Pause. +* pclose: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* perror: (libc)Error Messages. +* pipe: (libc)Creating a Pipe. +* popen: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* posix_memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* pow10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pread64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pread: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* printf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* printf_size: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* printf_size_info: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* psignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* ptsname: (libc)Allocation. +* ptsname_r: (libc)Allocation. +* putc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* putpwent: (libc)Writing a User Entry. +* puts: (libc)Simple Output. +* pututline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* pututxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* putw: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* pwrite64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pwrite: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* qecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qgcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qsort: (libc)Array Sort Function. +* raise: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* rand: (libc)ISO Random. +* rand_r: (libc)ISO Random. +* random: (libc)BSD Random. +* random_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* rawmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* read: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* readdir64: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir64_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* readv: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* realloc: (libc)Changing Block Size. +* realpath: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* recv: (libc)Receiving Data. +* recvfrom: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* recvmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* regcomp: (libc)POSIX Regexp Compilation. +* regerror: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* regexec: (libc)Matching POSIX Regexps. +* regfree: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* register_printf_function: (libc)Registering New Conversions. +* remainder: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remove: (libc)Deleting Files. +* rename: (libc)Renaming Files. +* rewind: (libc)File Positioning. +* rewinddir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* rindex: (libc)Search Functions. +* rint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rmdir: (libc)Deleting Files. +* round: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rpmatch: (libc)Yes-or-No Questions. +* sbrk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* scalb: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbln: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbn: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scandir64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scandir: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* sched_get_priority_max: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_get_priority_min: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_getparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_rr_get_interval: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_setparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_yield: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* seed48: (libc)SVID Random. +* seed48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* seekdir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* select: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* send: (libc)Sending Data. +* sendmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* sendto: (libc)Sending Datagrams. +* setbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setbuffer: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* setdomainname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setegid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* seteuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setfsent: (libc)fstab. +* setgid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* setgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* sethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* sethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* sethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* setjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* setkey: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setkey_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setlinebuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setlocale: (libc)Setting the Locale. +* setlogmask: (libc)setlogmask. +* setmntent: (libc)mtab. +* setnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* setnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* setpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* setprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* setpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* setregid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setreuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setservent: (libc)Services Database. +* setsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* setstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* setstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* settimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* setuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* setutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* setvbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* shutdown: (libc)Closing a Socket. +* sigaction: (libc)Advanced Signal Handling. +* sigaddset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigaltstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigblock: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigdelset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigemptyset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigfillset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siginterrupt: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sigismember: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siglongjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* signbit: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* significand: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* sigpause: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigpending: (libc)Checking for Pending Signals. +* sigprocmask: (libc)Process Signal Mask. +* sigsetjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigsetmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigsuspend: (libc)Sigsuspend. +* sigvec: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* snprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* socket: (libc)Creating a Socket. +* socketpair: (libc)Socket Pairs. +* sprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* sqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* srand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand: (libc)ISO Random. +* srandom: (libc)BSD Random. +* srandom_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* sscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* ssignal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* stat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stime: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* stpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* stpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcasestr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strchrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* strcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strdupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strerror: (libc)Error Messages. +* strerror_r: (libc)Error Messages. +* strfmon: (libc)Formatting Numbers. +* strfry: (libc)strfry. +* strftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* strlen: (libc)String Length. +* strncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strnlen: (libc)String Length. +* strpbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* strptime: (libc)Low-Level Time String Parsing. +* strrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strsep: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strsignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* strspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strtod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtok_r: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strverscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* stty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* swapcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* swprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* swscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* symlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* sync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* syscall: (libc)System Calls. +* sysconf: (libc)Sysconf Definition. +* sysctl: (libc)System Parameters. +* syslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* system: (libc)Running a Command. +* sysv_signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* tan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tcdrain: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflow: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflush: (libc)Line Control. +* tcgetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcgetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcgetsid: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcsendbreak: (libc)Line Control. +* tcsetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcsetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tdelete: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tdestroy: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tempnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* textdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* tfind: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* time: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* timegm: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* timelocal: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* times: (libc)Processor Time. +* tmpfile64: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpfile: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam_r: (libc)Temporary Files. +* toascii: (libc)Case Conversion. +* tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* towctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towlower: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towupper: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* trunc: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncate64: (libc)File Size. +* truncate: (libc)File Size. +* truncf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* tsearch: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* ttyname: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* ttyname_r: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* twalk: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tzset: (libc)Time Zone Functions. +* ulimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* umask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* umount2: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* umount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* uname: (libc)Platform Type. +* ungetc: (libc)How Unread. +* ungetwc: (libc)How Unread. +* unlink: (libc)Deleting Files. +* unlockpt: (libc)Allocation. +* unsetenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* updwtmp: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utime: (libc)File Times. +* utimes: (libc)File Times. +* utmpname: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utmpxname: (libc)XPG Functions. +* va_arg: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_end: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Old Varargs. +* valloc: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* vasprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* verr: (libc)Error Messages. +* verrx: (libc)Error Messages. +* versionsort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* versionsort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* vfork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* vfprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vfwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsnprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vswprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vswscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsyslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* vtimes: (libc)Resource Usage. +* vwarn: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwarnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* wait3: (libc)BSD Wait Functions. +* wait4: (libc)Process Completion. +* wait: (libc)Process Completion. +* waitpid: (libc)Process Completion. +* warn: (libc)Error Messages. +* warnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* wcpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcrtomb: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wcscasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcschr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcschrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wcscpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcscspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* wcslen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsnlen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsnrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcspbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcsspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcstod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* wcstol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstombs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* wcstoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcswcs: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wctob: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wctomb: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* wctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* wctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* wmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wmemcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wmemcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wordexp: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wordfree: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* write: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* writev: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* wscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* y0: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* yn: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynf: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynl: (libc)Special Functions. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + This file documents the GNU C library. + + This is Edition 0.12, last updated 2007-10-27, of `The GNU C Library +Reference Manual', for version 2.8 (EGLIBC). + + Copyright (C) 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, +2003, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document +under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or +any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the +Invariant Sections being "Free Software Needs Free Documentation" and +"GNU Lesser General Public License", the Front-Cover texts being "A GNU +Manual", and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the +license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation +License". + + (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have the freedom to copy and +modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in +developing GNU and promoting software freedom." + + +File: libc.info, Node: String Streams, Next: Obstack Streams, Up: Other Kinds of Streams + +12.21.1 String Streams +---------------------- + +The `fmemopen' and `open_memstream' functions allow you to do I/O to a +string or memory buffer. These facilities are declared in `stdio.h'. + + -- Function: FILE * fmemopen (void *BUF, size_t SIZE, const char + *OPENTYPE) + This function opens a stream that allows the access specified by + the OPENTYPE argument, that reads from or writes to the buffer + specified by the argument BUF. This array must be at least SIZE + bytes long. + + If you specify a null pointer as the BUF argument, `fmemopen' + dynamically allocates an array SIZE bytes long (as with `malloc'; + *note Unconstrained Allocation::). This is really only useful if + you are going to write things to the buffer and then read them back + in again, because you have no way of actually getting a pointer to + the buffer (for this, try `open_memstream', below). The buffer is + freed when the stream is closed. + + The argument OPENTYPE is the same as in `fopen' (*note Opening + Streams::). If the OPENTYPE specifies append mode, then the + initial file position is set to the first null character in the + buffer. Otherwise the initial file position is at the beginning + of the buffer. + + When a stream open for writing is flushed or closed, a null + character (zero byte) is written at the end of the buffer if it + fits. You should add an extra byte to the SIZE argument to + account for this. Attempts to write more than SIZE bytes to the + buffer result in an error. + + For a stream open for reading, null characters (zero bytes) in the + buffer do not count as "end of file". Read operations indicate + end of file only when the file position advances past SIZE bytes. + So, if you want to read characters from a null-terminated string, + you should supply the length of the string as the SIZE argument. + + Here is an example of using `fmemopen' to create a stream for +reading from a string: + + #include + + static char buffer[] = "foobar"; + + int + main (void) + { + int ch; + FILE *stream; + + stream = fmemopen (buffer, strlen (buffer), "r"); + while ((ch = fgetc (stream)) != EOF) + printf ("Got %c\n", ch); + fclose (stream); + + return 0; + } + + This program produces the following output: + + Got f + Got o + Got o + Got b + Got a + Got r + + -- Function: FILE * open_memstream (char **PTR, size_t *SIZELOC) + This function opens a stream for writing to a buffer. The buffer + is allocated dynamically and grown as necessary, using `malloc'. + After you've closed the stream, this buffer is your responsibility + to clean up using `free' or `realloc'. *Note Unconstrained + Allocation::. + + When the stream is closed with `fclose' or flushed with `fflush', + the locations PTR and SIZELOC are updated to contain the pointer + to the buffer and its size. The values thus stored remain valid + only as long as no further output on the stream takes place. If + you do more output, you must flush the stream again to store new + values before you use them again. + + A null character is written at the end of the buffer. This null + character is _not_ included in the size value stored at SIZELOC. + + You can move the stream's file position with `fseek' or `fseeko' + (*note File Positioning::). Moving the file position past the end + of the data already written fills the intervening space with + zeroes. + + Here is an example of using `open_memstream': + + #include + + int + main (void) + { + char *bp; + size_t size; + FILE *stream; + + stream = open_memstream (&bp, &size); + fprintf (stream, "hello"); + fflush (stream); + printf ("buf = `%s', size = %d\n", bp, size); + fprintf (stream, ", world"); + fclose (stream); + printf ("buf = `%s', size = %d\n", bp, size); + + return 0; + } + + This program produces the following output: + + buf = `hello', size = 5 + buf = `hello, world', size = 12 + + +File: libc.info, Node: Obstack Streams, Next: Custom Streams, Prev: String Streams, Up: Other Kinds of Streams + +12.21.2 Obstack Streams +----------------------- + +You can open an output stream that puts it data in an obstack. *Note +Obstacks::. + + -- Function: FILE * open_obstack_stream (struct obstack *OBSTACK) + This function opens a stream for writing data into the obstack + OBSTACK. This starts an object in the obstack and makes it grow + as data is written (*note Growing Objects::). + + Calling `fflush' on this stream updates the current size of the + object to match the amount of data that has been written. After a + call to `fflush', you can examine the object temporarily. + + You can move the file position of an obstack stream with `fseek' or + `fseeko' (*note File Positioning::). Moving the file position past + the end of the data written fills the intervening space with zeros. + + To make the object permanent, update the obstack with `fflush', and + then use `obstack_finish' to finalize the object and get its + address. The following write to the stream starts a new object in + the obstack, and later writes add to that object until you do + another `fflush' and `obstack_finish'. + + But how do you find out how long the object is? You can get the + length in bytes by calling `obstack_object_size' (*note Status of + an Obstack::), or you can null-terminate the object like this: + + obstack_1grow (OBSTACK, 0); + + Whichever one you do, you must do it _before_ calling + `obstack_finish'. (You can do both if you wish.) + + Here is a sample function that uses `open_obstack_stream': + + char * + make_message_string (const char *a, int b) + { + FILE *stream = open_obstack_stream (&message_obstack); + output_task (stream); + fprintf (stream, ": "); + fprintf (stream, a, b); + fprintf (stream, "\n"); + fclose (stream); + obstack_1grow (&message_obstack, 0); + return obstack_finish (&message_obstack); + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Custom Streams, Prev: Obstack Streams, Up: Other Kinds of Streams + +12.21.3 Programming Your Own Custom Streams +------------------------------------------- + +This section describes how you can make a stream that gets input from an +arbitrary data source or writes output to an arbitrary data sink +programmed by you. We call these "custom streams". The functions and +types described here are all GNU extensions. + +* Menu: + +* Streams and Cookies:: The "cookie" records where to fetch or + store data that is read or written. +* Hook Functions:: How you should define the four "hook + functions" that a custom stream needs. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Streams and Cookies, Next: Hook Functions, Up: Custom Streams + +12.21.3.1 Custom Streams and Cookies +.................................... + +Inside every custom stream is a special object called the "cookie". +This is an object supplied by you which records where to fetch or store +the data read or written. It is up to you to define a data type to use +for the cookie. The stream functions in the library never refer +directly to its contents, and they don't even know what the type is; +they record its address with type `void *'. + + To implement a custom stream, you must specify _how_ to fetch or +store the data in the specified place. You do this by defining "hook +functions" to read, write, change "file position", and close the +stream. All four of these functions will be passed the stream's cookie +so they can tell where to fetch or store the data. The library +functions don't know what's inside the cookie, but your functions will +know. + + When you create a custom stream, you must specify the cookie pointer, +and also the four hook functions stored in a structure of type +`cookie_io_functions_t'. + + These facilities are declared in `stdio.h'. + + -- Data Type: cookie_io_functions_t + This is a structure type that holds the functions that define the + communications protocol between the stream and its cookie. It has + the following members: + + `cookie_read_function_t *read' + This is the function that reads data from the cookie. If the + value is a null pointer instead of a function, then read + operations on this stream always return `EOF'. + + `cookie_write_function_t *write' + This is the function that writes data to the cookie. If the + value is a null pointer instead of a function, then data + written to the stream is discarded. + + `cookie_seek_function_t *seek' + This is the function that performs the equivalent of file + positioning on the cookie. If the value is a null pointer + instead of a function, calls to `fseek' or `fseeko' on this + stream can only seek to locations within the buffer; any + attempt to seek outside the buffer will return an `ESPIPE' + error. + + `cookie_close_function_t *close' + This function performs any appropriate cleanup on the cookie + when closing the stream. If the value is a null pointer + instead of a function, nothing special is done to close the + cookie when the stream is closed. + + -- Function: FILE * fopencookie (void *COOKIE, const char *OPENTYPE, + cookie_io_functions_t IO-FUNCTIONS) + This function actually creates the stream for communicating with + the COOKIE using the functions in the IO-FUNCTIONS argument. The + OPENTYPE argument is interpreted as for `fopen'; see *note Opening + Streams::. (But note that the "truncate on open" option is + ignored.) The new stream is fully buffered. + + The `fopencookie' function returns the newly created stream, or a + null pointer in case of an error. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Hook Functions, Prev: Streams and Cookies, Up: Custom Streams + +12.21.3.2 Custom Stream Hook Functions +...................................... + +Here are more details on how you should define the four hook functions +that a custom stream needs. + + You should define the function to read data from the cookie as: + + ssize_t READER (void *COOKIE, char *BUFFER, size_t SIZE) + + This is very similar to the `read' function; see *note I/O +Primitives::. Your function should transfer up to SIZE bytes into the +BUFFER, and return the number of bytes read, or zero to indicate +end-of-file. You can return a value of `-1' to indicate an error. + + You should define the function to write data to the cookie as: + + ssize_t WRITER (void *COOKIE, const char *BUFFER, size_t SIZE) + + This is very similar to the `write' function; see *note I/O +Primitives::. Your function should transfer up to SIZE bytes from the +buffer, and return the number of bytes written. You can return a value +of `-1' to indicate an error. + + You should define the function to perform seek operations on the +cookie as: + + int SEEKER (void *COOKIE, off64_t *POSITION, int WHENCE) + + For this function, the POSITION and WHENCE arguments are interpreted +as for `fgetpos'; see *note Portable Positioning::. + + After doing the seek operation, your function should store the +resulting file position relative to the beginning of the file in +POSITION. Your function should return a value of `0' on success and +`-1' to indicate an error. + + You should define the function to do cleanup operations on the cookie +appropriate for closing the stream as: + + int CLEANER (void *COOKIE) + + Your function should return `-1' to indicate an error, and `0' +otherwise. + + -- Data Type: cookie_read_function + This is the data type that the read function for a custom stream + should have. If you declare the function as shown above, this is + the type it will have. + + -- Data Type: cookie_write_function + The data type of the write function for a custom stream. + + -- Data Type: cookie_seek_function + The data type of the seek function for a custom stream. + + -- Data Type: cookie_close_function + The data type of the close function for a custom stream. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Formatted Messages, Prev: Other Kinds of Streams, Up: I/O on Streams + +12.22 Formatted Messages +======================== + +On systems which are based on System V messages of programs (especially +the system tools) are printed in a strict form using the `fmtmsg' +function. The uniformity sometimes helps the user to interpret messages +and the strictness tests of the `fmtmsg' function ensure that the +programmer follows some minimal requirements. + +* Menu: + +* Printing Formatted Messages:: The `fmtmsg' function. +* Adding Severity Classes:: Add more severity classes. +* Example:: How to use `fmtmsg' and `addseverity'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Printing Formatted Messages, Next: Adding Severity Classes, Up: Formatted Messages + +12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages +----------------------------------- + +Messages can be printed to standard error and/or to the console. To +select the destination the programmer can use the following two values, +bitwise OR combined if wanted, for the CLASSIFICATION parameter of +`fmtmsg': + +`MM_PRINT' + Display the message in standard error. + +`MM_CONSOLE' + Display the message on the system console. + + The erroneous piece of the system can be signalled by exactly one of +the following values which also is bitwise ORed with the CLASSIFICATION +parameter to `fmtmsg': + +`MM_HARD' + The source of the condition is some hardware. + +`MM_SOFT' + The source of the condition is some software. + +`MM_FIRM' + The source of the condition is some firmware. + + A third component of the CLASSIFICATION parameter to `fmtmsg' can +describe the part of the system which detects the problem. This is +done by using exactly one of the following values: + +`MM_APPL' + The erroneous condition is detected by the application. + +`MM_UTIL' + The erroneous condition is detected by a utility. + +`MM_OPSYS' + The erroneous condition is detected by the operating system. + + A last component of CLASSIFICATION can signal the results of this +message. Exactly one of the following values can be used: + +`MM_RECOVER' + It is a recoverable error. + +`MM_NRECOV' + It is a non-recoverable error. + + -- Function: int fmtmsg (long int CLASSIFICATION, const char *LABEL, + int SEVERITY, const char *TEXT, const char *ACTION, const + char *TAG) + Display a message described by its parameters on the device(s) + specified in the CLASSIFICATION parameter. The LABEL parameter + identifies the source of the message. The string should consist + of two colon separated parts where the first part has not more + than 10 and the second part not more than 14 characters. The TEXT + parameter describes the condition of the error, the ACTION + parameter possible steps to recover from the error and the TAG + parameter is a reference to the online documentation where more + information can be found. It should contain the LABEL value and a + unique identification number. + + Each of the parameters can be a special value which means this + value is to be omitted. The symbolic names for these values are: + + `MM_NULLLBL' + Ignore LABEL parameter. + + `MM_NULLSEV' + Ignore SEVERITY parameter. + + `MM_NULLMC' + Ignore CLASSIFICATION parameter. This implies that nothing is + actually printed. + + `MM_NULLTXT' + Ignore TEXT parameter. + + `MM_NULLACT' + Ignore ACTION parameter. + + `MM_NULLTAG' + Ignore TAG parameter. + + There is another way certain fields can be omitted from the output + to standard error. This is described below in the description of + environment variables influencing the behavior. + + The SEVERITY parameter can have one of the values in the following + table: + + `MM_NOSEV' + Nothing is printed, this value is the same as `MM_NULLSEV'. + + `MM_HALT' + This value is printed as `HALT'. + + `MM_ERROR' + This value is printed as `ERROR'. + + `MM_WARNING' + This value is printed as `WARNING'. + + `MM_INFO' + This value is printed as `INFO'. + + The numeric value of these five macros are between `0' and `4'. + Using the environment variable `SEV_LEVEL' or using the + `addseverity' function one can add more severity levels with their + corresponding string to print. This is described below (*note + Adding Severity Classes::). + + If no parameter is ignored the output looks like this: + + LABEL: SEVERITY-STRING: TEXT + TO FIX: ACTION TAG + + The colons, new line characters and the `TO FIX' string are + inserted if necessary, i.e., if the corresponding parameter is not + ignored. + + This function is specified in the X/Open Portability Guide. It is + also available on all systems derived from System V. + + The function returns the value `MM_OK' if no error occurred. If + only the printing to standard error failed, it returns `MM_NOMSG'. + If printing to the console fails, it returns `MM_NOCON'. If + nothing is printed `MM_NOTOK' is returned. Among situations where + all outputs fail this last value is also returned if a parameter + value is incorrect. + + There are two environment variables which influence the behavior of +`fmtmsg'. The first is `MSGVERB'. It is used to control the output +actually happening on standard error (_not_ the console output). Each +of the five fields can explicitly be enabled. To do this the user has +to put the `MSGVERB' variable with a format like the following in the +environment before calling the `fmtmsg' function the first time: + + MSGVERB=KEYWORD[:KEYWORD[:...]] + + Valid KEYWORDs are `label', `severity', `text', `action', and `tag'. +If the environment variable is not given or is the empty string, a not +supported keyword is given or the value is somehow else invalid, no +part of the message is masked out. + + The second environment variable which influences the behavior of +`fmtmsg' is `SEV_LEVEL'. This variable and the change in the behavior +of `fmtmsg' is not specified in the X/Open Portability Guide. It is +available in System V systems, though. It can be used to introduce new +severity levels. By default, only the five severity levels described +above are available. Any other numeric value would make `fmtmsg' print +nothing. + + If the user puts `SEV_LEVEL' with a format like + + SEV_LEVEL=[DESCRIPTION[:DESCRIPTION[:...]]] + +in the environment of the process before the first call to `fmtmsg', +where DESCRIPTION has a value of the form + + SEVERITY-KEYWORD,LEVEL,PRINTSTRING + + The SEVERITY-KEYWORD part is not used by `fmtmsg' but it has to be +present. The LEVEL part is a string representation of a number. The +numeric value must be a number greater than 4. This value must be used +in the SEVERITY parameter of `fmtmsg' to select this class. It is not +possible to overwrite any of the predefined classes. The PRINTSTRING +is the string printed when a message of this class is processed by +`fmtmsg' (see above, `fmtsmg' does not print the numeric value but +instead the string representation). + + +File: libc.info, Node: Adding Severity Classes, Next: Example, Prev: Printing Formatted Messages, Up: Formatted Messages + +12.22.2 Adding Severity Classes +------------------------------- + +There is another possibility to introduce severity classes besides using +the environment variable `SEV_LEVEL'. This simplifies the task of +introducing new classes in a running program. One could use the +`setenv' or `putenv' function to set the environment variable, but this +is toilsome. + + -- Function: int addseverity (int SEVERITY, const char *STRING) + This function allows the introduction of new severity classes + which can be addressed by the SEVERITY parameter of the `fmtmsg' + function. The SEVERITY parameter of `addseverity' must match the + value for the parameter with the same name of `fmtmsg', and STRING + is the string printed in the actual messages instead of the numeric + value. + + If STRING is `NULL' the severity class with the numeric value + according to SEVERITY is removed. + + It is not possible to overwrite or remove one of the default + severity classes. All calls to `addseverity' with SEVERITY set to + one of the values for the default classes will fail. + + The return value is `MM_OK' if the task was successfully performed. + If the return value is `MM_NOTOK' something went wrong. This could + mean that no more memory is available or a class is not available + when it has to be removed. + + This function is not specified in the X/Open Portability Guide + although the `fmtsmg' function is. It is available on System V + systems. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Example, Prev: Adding Severity Classes, Up: Formatted Messages + +12.22.3 How to use `fmtmsg' and `addseverity' +--------------------------------------------- + +Here is a simple example program to illustrate the use of the both +functions described in this section. + + #include + + int + main (void) + { + addseverity (5, "NOTE2"); + fmtmsg (MM_PRINT, "only1field", MM_INFO, "text2", "action2", "tag2"); + fmtmsg (MM_PRINT, "UX:cat", 5, "invalid syntax", "refer to manual", + "UX:cat:001"); + fmtmsg (MM_PRINT, "label:foo", 6, "text", "action", "tag"); + return 0; + } + + The second call to `fmtmsg' illustrates a use of this function as it +usually occurs on System V systems, which heavily use this function. +It seems worthwhile to give a short explanation here of how this system +works on System V. The value of the LABEL field (`UX:cat') says that +the error occurred in the Unix program `cat'. The explanation of the +error follows and the value for the ACTION parameter is `"refer to +manual"'. One could be more specific here, if necessary. The TAG +field contains, as proposed above, the value of the string given for +the LABEL parameter, and additionally a unique ID (`001' in this case). +For a GNU environment this string could contain a reference to the +corresponding node in the Info page for the program. + +Running this program without specifying the `MSGVERB' and `SEV_LEVEL' +function produces the following output: + + UX:cat: NOTE2: invalid syntax + TO FIX: refer to manual UX:cat:001 + + We see the different fields of the message and how the extra glue +(the colons and the `TO FIX' string) are printed. But only one of the +three calls to `fmtmsg' produced output. The first call does not print +anything because the LABEL parameter is not in the correct form. The +string must contain two fields, separated by a colon (*note Printing +Formatted Messages::). The third `fmtmsg' call produced no output +since the class with the numeric value `6' is not defined. Although a +class with numeric value `5' is also not defined by default, the call +to `addseverity' introduces it and the second call to `fmtmsg' produces +the above output. + + When we change the environment of the program to contain +`SEV_LEVEL=XXX,6,NOTE' when running it we get a different result: + + UX:cat: NOTE2: invalid syntax + TO FIX: refer to manual UX:cat:001 + label:foo: NOTE: text + TO FIX: action tag + + Now the third call to `fmtmsg' produced some output and we see how +the string `NOTE' from the environment variable appears in the message. + + Now we can reduce the output by specifying which fields we are +interested in. If we additionally set the environment variable +`MSGVERB' to the value `severity:label:action' we get the following +output: + + UX:cat: NOTE2 + TO FIX: refer to manual + label:foo: NOTE + TO FIX: action + +I.e., the output produced by the TEXT and the TAG parameters to +`fmtmsg' vanished. Please also note that now there is no colon after +the `NOTE' and `NOTE2' strings in the output. This is not necessary +since there is no more output on this line because the text is missing. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Low-Level I/O, Next: File System Interface, Prev: I/O on Streams, Up: Top + +13 Low-Level Input/Output +************************* + +This chapter describes functions for performing low-level input/output +operations on file descriptors. These functions include the primitives +for the higher-level I/O functions described in *note I/O on Streams::, +as well as functions for performing low-level control operations for +which there are no equivalents on streams. + + Stream-level I/O is more flexible and usually more convenient; +therefore, programmers generally use the descriptor-level functions only +when necessary. These are some of the usual reasons: + + * For reading binary files in large chunks. + + * For reading an entire file into core before parsing it. + + * To perform operations other than data transfer, which can only be + done with a descriptor. (You can use `fileno' to get the + descriptor corresponding to a stream.) + + * To pass descriptors to a child process. (The child can create its + own stream to use a descriptor that it inherits, but cannot + inherit a stream directly.) + +* Menu: + +* Opening and Closing Files:: How to open and close file + descriptors. +* I/O Primitives:: Reading and writing data. +* File Position Primitive:: Setting a descriptor's file + position. +* Descriptors and Streams:: Converting descriptor to stream + or vice-versa. +* Stream/Descriptor Precautions:: Precautions needed if you use both + descriptors and streams. +* Scatter-Gather:: Fast I/O to discontinuous buffers. +* Memory-mapped I/O:: Using files like memory. +* Waiting for I/O:: How to check for input or output + on multiple file descriptors. +* Synchronizing I/O:: Making sure all I/O actions completed. +* Asynchronous I/O:: Perform I/O in parallel. +* Control Operations:: Various other operations on file + descriptors. +* Duplicating Descriptors:: Fcntl commands for duplicating + file descriptors. +* Descriptor Flags:: Fcntl commands for manipulating + flags associated with file + descriptors. +* File Status Flags:: Fcntl commands for manipulating + flags associated with open files. +* File Locks:: Fcntl commands for implementing + file locking. +* Interrupt Input:: Getting an asynchronous signal when + input arrives. +* IOCTLs:: Generic I/O Control operations. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Opening and Closing Files, Next: I/O Primitives, Up: Low-Level I/O + +13.1 Opening and Closing Files +============================== + +This section describes the primitives for opening and closing files +using file descriptors. The `open' and `creat' functions are declared +in the header file `fcntl.h', while `close' is declared in `unistd.h'. + + -- Function: int open (const char *FILENAME, int FLAGS[, mode_t MODE]) + The `open' function creates and returns a new file descriptor for + the file named by FILENAME. Initially, the file position + indicator for the file is at the beginning of the file. The + argument MODE is used only when a file is created, but it doesn't + hurt to supply the argument in any case. + + The FLAGS argument controls how the file is to be opened. This is + a bit mask; you create the value by the bitwise OR of the + appropriate parameters (using the `|' operator in C). *Note File + Status Flags::, for the parameters available. + + The normal return value from `open' is a non-negative integer file + descriptor. In the case of an error, a value of -1 is returned + instead. In addition to the usual file name errors (*note File + Name Errors::), the following `errno' error conditions are defined + for this function: + + `EACCES' + The file exists but is not readable/writable as requested by + the FLAGS argument, the file does not exist and the directory + is unwritable so it cannot be created. + + `EEXIST' + Both `O_CREAT' and `O_EXCL' are set, and the named file + already exists. + + `EINTR' + The `open' operation was interrupted by a signal. *Note + Interrupted Primitives::. + + `EISDIR' + The FLAGS argument specified write access, and the file is a + directory. + + `EMFILE' + The process has too many files open. The maximum number of + file descriptors is controlled by the `RLIMIT_NOFILE' + resource limit; *note Limits on Resources::. + + `ENFILE' + The entire system, or perhaps the file system which contains + the directory, cannot support any additional open files at + the moment. (This problem cannot happen on the GNU system.) + + `ENOENT' + The named file does not exist, and `O_CREAT' is not specified. + + `ENOSPC' + The directory or file system that would contain the new file + cannot be extended, because there is no disk space left. + + `ENXIO' + `O_NONBLOCK' and `O_WRONLY' are both set in the FLAGS + argument, the file named by FILENAME is a FIFO (*note Pipes + and FIFOs::), and no process has the file open for reading. + + `EROFS' + The file resides on a read-only file system and any of + `O_WRONLY', `O_RDWR', and `O_TRUNC' are set in the FLAGS + argument, or `O_CREAT' is set and the file does not already + exist. + + If on a 32 bit machine the sources are translated with + `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' the function `open' returns a file + descriptor opened in the large file mode which enables the file + handling functions to use files up to 2^63 bytes in size and + offset from -2^63 to 2^63. This happens transparently for the user + since all of the lowlevel file handling functions are equally + replaced. + + This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs. + This is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like + memory, file descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time + `open' is called. If the thread gets canceled these resources + stay allocated until the program ends. To avoid this calls to + `open' should be protected using cancellation handlers. + + The `open' function is the underlying primitive for the `fopen' + and `freopen' functions, that create streams. + + -- Function: int open64 (const char *FILENAME, int FLAGS[, mode_t + MODE]) + This function is similar to `open'. It returns a file descriptor + which can be used to access the file named by FILENAME. The only + difference is that on 32 bit systems the file is opened in the + large file mode. I.e., file length and file offsets can exceed 31 + bits. + + When the sources are translated with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this + function is actually available under the name `open'. I.e., the + new, extended API using 64 bit file sizes and offsets transparently + replaces the old API. + + -- Obsolete function: int creat (const char *FILENAME, mode_t MODE) + This function is obsolete. The call: + + creat (FILENAME, MODE) + + is equivalent to: + + open (FILENAME, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, MODE) + + If on a 32 bit machine the sources are translated with + `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' the function `creat' returns a file + descriptor opened in the large file mode which enables the file + handling functions to use files up to 2^63 in size and offset from + -2^63 to 2^63. This happens transparently for the user since all + of the lowlevel file handling functions are equally replaced. + + -- Obsolete function: int creat64 (const char *FILENAME, mode_t MODE) + This function is similar to `creat'. It returns a file descriptor + which can be used to access the file named by FILENAME. The only + the difference is that on 32 bit systems the file is opened in the + large file mode. I.e., file length and file offsets can exceed 31 + bits. + + To use this file descriptor one must not use the normal operations + but instead the counterparts named `*64', e.g., `read64'. + + When the sources are translated with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this + function is actually available under the name `open'. I.e., the + new, extended API using 64 bit file sizes and offsets transparently + replaces the old API. + + -- Function: int close (int FILEDES) + The function `close' closes the file descriptor FILEDES. Closing + a file has the following consequences: + + * The file descriptor is deallocated. + + * Any record locks owned by the process on the file are + unlocked. + + * When all file descriptors associated with a pipe or FIFO have + been closed, any unread data is discarded. + + This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs. + This is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like + memory, file descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time + `close' is called. If the thread gets canceled these resources + stay allocated until the program ends. To avoid this, calls to + `close' should be protected using cancellation handlers. + + The normal return value from `close' is 0; a value of -1 is + returned in case of failure. The following `errno' error + conditions are defined for this function: + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES argument is not a valid file descriptor. + + `EINTR' + The `close' call was interrupted by a signal. *Note + Interrupted Primitives::. Here is an example of how to + handle `EINTR' properly: + + TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (close (desc)); + + `ENOSPC' + `EIO' + `EDQUOT' + When the file is accessed by NFS, these errors from `write' + can sometimes not be detected until `close'. *Note I/O + Primitives::, for details on their meaning. + + Please note that there is _no_ separate `close64' function. This + is not necessary since this function does not determine nor depend + on the mode of the file. The kernel which performs the `close' + operation knows which mode the descriptor is used for and can + handle this situation. + + To close a stream, call `fclose' (*note Closing Streams::) instead +of trying to close its underlying file descriptor with `close'. This +flushes any buffered output and updates the stream object to indicate +that it is closed. + + +File: libc.info, Node: I/O Primitives, Next: File Position Primitive, Prev: Opening and Closing Files, Up: Low-Level I/O + +13.2 Input and Output Primitives +================================ + +This section describes the functions for performing primitive input and +output operations on file descriptors: `read', `write', and `lseek'. +These functions are declared in the header file `unistd.h'. + + -- Data Type: ssize_t + This data type is used to represent the sizes of blocks that can be + read or written in a single operation. It is similar to `size_t', + but must be a signed type. + + -- Function: ssize_t read (int FILEDES, void *BUFFER, size_t SIZE) + The `read' function reads up to SIZE bytes from the file with + descriptor FILEDES, storing the results in the BUFFER. (This is + not necessarily a character string, and no terminating null + character is added.) + + The return value is the number of bytes actually read. This might + be less than SIZE; for example, if there aren't that many bytes + left in the file or if there aren't that many bytes immediately + available. The exact behavior depends on what kind of file it is. + Note that reading less than SIZE bytes is not an error. + + A value of zero indicates end-of-file (except if the value of the + SIZE argument is also zero). This is not considered an error. If + you keep calling `read' while at end-of-file, it will keep + returning zero and doing nothing else. + + If `read' returns at least one character, there is no way you can + tell whether end-of-file was reached. But if you did reach the + end, the next read will return zero. + + In case of an error, `read' returns -1. The following `errno' + error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EAGAIN' + Normally, when no input is immediately available, `read' + waits for some input. But if the `O_NONBLOCK' flag is set + for the file (*note File Status Flags::), `read' returns + immediately without reading any data, and reports this error. + + *Compatibility Note:* Most versions of BSD Unix use a + different error code for this: `EWOULDBLOCK'. In the GNU + library, `EWOULDBLOCK' is an alias for `EAGAIN', so it + doesn't matter which name you use. + + On some systems, reading a large amount of data from a + character special file can also fail with `EAGAIN' if the + kernel cannot find enough physical memory to lock down the + user's pages. This is limited to devices that transfer with + direct memory access into the user's memory, which means it + does not include terminals, since they always use separate + buffers inside the kernel. This problem never happens in the + GNU system. + + Any condition that could result in `EAGAIN' can instead + result in a successful `read' which returns fewer bytes than + requested. Calling `read' again immediately would result in + `EAGAIN'. + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES argument is not a valid file descriptor, or is + not open for reading. + + `EINTR' + `read' was interrupted by a signal while it was waiting for + input. *Note Interrupted Primitives::. A signal will not + necessary cause `read' to return `EINTR'; it may instead + result in a successful `read' which returns fewer bytes than + requested. + + `EIO' + For many devices, and for disk files, this error code + indicates a hardware error. + + `EIO' also occurs when a background process tries to read + from the controlling terminal, and the normal action of + stopping the process by sending it a `SIGTTIN' signal isn't + working. This might happen if the signal is being blocked or + ignored, or because the process group is orphaned. *Note Job + Control::, for more information about job control, and *note + Signal Handling::, for information about signals. + + `EINVAL' + In some systems, when reading from a character or block + device, position and size offsets must be aligned to a + particular block size. This error indicates that the offsets + were not properly aligned. + + Please note that there is no function named `read64'. This is not + necessary since this function does not directly modify or handle + the possibly wide file offset. Since the kernel handles this state + internally, the `read' function can be used for all cases. + + This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs. + This is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like + memory, file descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time + `read' is called. If the thread gets canceled these resources + stay allocated until the program ends. To avoid this, calls to + `read' should be protected using cancellation handlers. + + The `read' function is the underlying primitive for all of the + functions that read from streams, such as `fgetc'. + + -- Function: ssize_t pread (int FILEDES, void *BUFFER, size_t SIZE, + off_t OFFSET) + The `pread' function is similar to the `read' function. The first + three arguments are identical, and the return values and error + codes also correspond. + + The difference is the fourth argument and its handling. The data + block is not read from the current position of the file descriptor + `filedes'. Instead the data is read from the file starting at + position OFFSET. The position of the file descriptor itself is + not affected by the operation. The value is the same as before + the call. + + When the source file is compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' the + `pread' function is in fact `pread64' and the type `off_t' has 64 + bits, which makes it possible to handle files up to 2^63 bytes in + length. + + The return value of `pread' describes the number of bytes read. + In the error case it returns -1 like `read' does and the error + codes are also the same, with these additions: + + `EINVAL' + The value given for OFFSET is negative and therefore illegal. + + `ESPIPE' + The file descriptor FILEDES is associate with a pipe or a + FIFO and this device does not allow positioning of the file + pointer. + + The function is an extension defined in the Unix Single + Specification version 2. + + -- Function: ssize_t pread64 (int FILEDES, void *BUFFER, size_t SIZE, + off64_t OFFSET) + This function is similar to the `pread' function. The difference + is that the OFFSET parameter is of type `off64_t' instead of + `off_t' which makes it possible on 32 bit machines to address + files larger than 2^31 bytes and up to 2^63 bytes. The file + descriptor `filedes' must be opened using `open64' since otherwise + the large offsets possible with `off64_t' will lead to errors with + a descriptor in small file mode. + + When the source file is compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on + a 32 bit machine this function is actually available under the name + `pread' and so transparently replaces the 32 bit interface. + + -- Function: ssize_t write (int FILEDES, const void *BUFFER, size_t + SIZE) + The `write' function writes up to SIZE bytes from BUFFER to the + file with descriptor FILEDES. The data in BUFFER is not + necessarily a character string and a null character is output like + any other character. + + The return value is the number of bytes actually written. This + may be SIZE, but can always be smaller. Your program should + always call `write' in a loop, iterating until all the data is + written. + + Once `write' returns, the data is enqueued to be written and can be + read back right away, but it is not necessarily written out to + permanent storage immediately. You can use `fsync' when you need + to be sure your data has been permanently stored before + continuing. (It is more efficient for the system to batch up + consecutive writes and do them all at once when convenient. + Normally they will always be written to disk within a minute or + less.) Modern systems provide another function `fdatasync' which + guarantees integrity only for the file data and is therefore + faster. You can use the `O_FSYNC' open mode to make `write' always + store the data to disk before returning; *note Operating Modes::. + + In the case of an error, `write' returns -1. The following + `errno' error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EAGAIN' + Normally, `write' blocks until the write operation is + complete. But if the `O_NONBLOCK' flag is set for the file + (*note Control Operations::), it returns immediately without + writing any data and reports this error. An example of a + situation that might cause the process to block on output is + writing to a terminal device that supports flow control, + where output has been suspended by receipt of a STOP + character. + + *Compatibility Note:* Most versions of BSD Unix use a + different error code for this: `EWOULDBLOCK'. In the GNU + library, `EWOULDBLOCK' is an alias for `EAGAIN', so it + doesn't matter which name you use. + + On some systems, writing a large amount of data from a + character special file can also fail with `EAGAIN' if the + kernel cannot find enough physical memory to lock down the + user's pages. This is limited to devices that transfer with + direct memory access into the user's memory, which means it + does not include terminals, since they always use separate + buffers inside the kernel. This problem does not arise in the + GNU system. + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES argument is not a valid file descriptor, or is + not open for writing. + + `EFBIG' + The size of the file would become larger than the + implementation can support. + + `EINTR' + The `write' operation was interrupted by a signal while it was + blocked waiting for completion. A signal will not + necessarily cause `write' to return `EINTR'; it may instead + result in a successful `write' which writes fewer bytes than + requested. *Note Interrupted Primitives::. + + `EIO' + For many devices, and for disk files, this error code + indicates a hardware error. + + `ENOSPC' + The device containing the file is full. + + `EPIPE' + This error is returned when you try to write to a pipe or + FIFO that isn't open for reading by any process. When this + happens, a `SIGPIPE' signal is also sent to the process; see + *note Signal Handling::. + + `EINVAL' + In some systems, when writing to a character or block device, + position and size offsets must be aligned to a particular + block size. This error indicates that the offsets were not + properly aligned. + + Unless you have arranged to prevent `EINTR' failures, you should + check `errno' after each failing call to `write', and if the error + was `EINTR', you should simply repeat the call. *Note Interrupted + Primitives::. The easy way to do this is with the macro + `TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY', as follows: + + nbytes = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (write (desc, buffer, count)); + + Please note that there is no function named `write64'. This is not + necessary since this function does not directly modify or handle + the possibly wide file offset. Since the kernel handles this state + internally the `write' function can be used for all cases. + + This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs. + This is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like + memory, file descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time + `write' is called. If the thread gets canceled these resources + stay allocated until the program ends. To avoid this, calls to + `write' should be protected using cancellation handlers. + + The `write' function is the underlying primitive for all of the + functions that write to streams, such as `fputc'. + + -- Function: ssize_t pwrite (int FILEDES, const void *BUFFER, size_t + SIZE, off_t OFFSET) + The `pwrite' function is similar to the `write' function. The + first three arguments are identical, and the return values and + error codes also correspond. + + The difference is the fourth argument and its handling. The data + block is not written to the current position of the file descriptor + `filedes'. Instead the data is written to the file starting at + position OFFSET. The position of the file descriptor itself is + not affected by the operation. The value is the same as before + the call. + + When the source file is compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' the + `pwrite' function is in fact `pwrite64' and the type `off_t' has + 64 bits, which makes it possible to handle files up to 2^63 bytes + in length. + + The return value of `pwrite' describes the number of written bytes. + In the error case it returns -1 like `write' does and the error + codes are also the same, with these additions: + + `EINVAL' + The value given for OFFSET is negative and therefore illegal. + + `ESPIPE' + The file descriptor FILEDES is associated with a pipe or a + FIFO and this device does not allow positioning of the file + pointer. + + The function is an extension defined in the Unix Single + Specification version 2. + + -- Function: ssize_t pwrite64 (int FILEDES, const void *BUFFER, size_t + SIZE, off64_t OFFSET) + This function is similar to the `pwrite' function. The difference + is that the OFFSET parameter is of type `off64_t' instead of + `off_t' which makes it possible on 32 bit machines to address + files larger than 2^31 bytes and up to 2^63 bytes. The file + descriptor `filedes' must be opened using `open64' since otherwise + the large offsets possible with `off64_t' will lead to errors with + a descriptor in small file mode. + + When the source file is compiled using `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' + on a 32 bit machine this function is actually available under the + name `pwrite' and so transparently replaces the 32 bit interface. + + +File: libc.info, Node: File Position Primitive, Next: Descriptors and Streams, Prev: I/O Primitives, Up: Low-Level I/O + +13.3 Setting the File Position of a Descriptor +============================================== + +Just as you can set the file position of a stream with `fseek', you can +set the file position of a descriptor with `lseek'. This specifies the +position in the file for the next `read' or `write' operation. *Note +File Positioning::, for more information on the file position and what +it means. + + To read the current file position value from a descriptor, use +`lseek (DESC, 0, SEEK_CUR)'. + + -- Function: off_t lseek (int FILEDES, off_t OFFSET, int WHENCE) + The `lseek' function is used to change the file position of the + file with descriptor FILEDES. + + The WHENCE argument specifies how the OFFSET should be + interpreted, in the same way as for the `fseek' function, and it + must be one of the symbolic constants `SEEK_SET', `SEEK_CUR', or + `SEEK_END'. + + `SEEK_SET' + Specifies that WHENCE is a count of characters from the + beginning of the file. + + `SEEK_CUR' + Specifies that WHENCE is a count of characters from the + current file position. This count may be positive or + negative. + + `SEEK_END' + Specifies that WHENCE is a count of characters from the end of + the file. A negative count specifies a position within the + current extent of the file; a positive count specifies a + position past the current end. If you set the position past + the current end, and actually write data, you will extend the + file with zeros up to that position. + + The return value from `lseek' is normally the resulting file + position, measured in bytes from the beginning of the file. You + can use this feature together with `SEEK_CUR' to read the current + file position. + + If you want to append to the file, setting the file position to the + current end of file with `SEEK_END' is not sufficient. Another + process may write more data after you seek but before you write, + extending the file so the position you write onto clobbers their + data. Instead, use the `O_APPEND' operating mode; *note Operating + Modes::. + + You can set the file position past the current end of the file. + This does not by itself make the file longer; `lseek' never + changes the file. But subsequent output at that position will + extend the file. Characters between the previous end of file and + the new position are filled with zeros. Extending the file in + this way can create a "hole": the blocks of zeros are not actually + allocated on disk, so the file takes up less space than it appears + to; it is then called a "sparse file". + + If the file position cannot be changed, or the operation is in + some way invalid, `lseek' returns a value of -1. The following + `errno' error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES is not a valid file descriptor. + + `EINVAL' + The WHENCE argument value is not valid, or the resulting file + offset is not valid. A file offset is invalid. + + `ESPIPE' + The FILEDES corresponds to an object that cannot be + positioned, such as a pipe, FIFO or terminal device. + (POSIX.1 specifies this error only for pipes and FIFOs, but + in the GNU system, you always get `ESPIPE' if the object is + not seekable.) + + When the source file is compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' the + `lseek' function is in fact `lseek64' and the type `off_t' has 64 + bits which makes it possible to handle files up to 2^63 bytes in + length. + + This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs. + This is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like + memory, file descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time + `lseek' is called. If the thread gets canceled these resources + stay allocated until the program ends. To avoid this calls to + `lseek' should be protected using cancellation handlers. + + The `lseek' function is the underlying primitive for the `fseek', + `fseeko', `ftell', `ftello' and `rewind' functions, which operate + on streams instead of file descriptors. + + -- Function: off64_t lseek64 (int FILEDES, off64_t OFFSET, int WHENCE) + This function is similar to the `lseek' function. The difference + is that the OFFSET parameter is of type `off64_t' instead of + `off_t' which makes it possible on 32 bit machines to address + files larger than 2^31 bytes and up to 2^63 bytes. The file + descriptor `filedes' must be opened using `open64' since otherwise + the large offsets possible with `off64_t' will lead to errors with + a descriptor in small file mode. + + When the source file is compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on + a 32 bits machine this function is actually available under the + name `lseek' and so transparently replaces the 32 bit interface. + + You can have multiple descriptors for the same file if you open the +file more than once, or if you duplicate a descriptor with `dup'. +Descriptors that come from separate calls to `open' have independent +file positions; using `lseek' on one descriptor has no effect on the +other. For example, + + { + int d1, d2; + char buf[4]; + d1 = open ("foo", O_RDONLY); + d2 = open ("foo", O_RDONLY); + lseek (d1, 1024, SEEK_SET); + read (d2, buf, 4); + } + +will read the first four characters of the file `foo'. (The +error-checking code necessary for a real program has been omitted here +for brevity.) + + By contrast, descriptors made by duplication share a common file +position with the original descriptor that was duplicated. Anything +which alters the file position of one of the duplicates, including +reading or writing data, affects all of them alike. Thus, for example, + + { + int d1, d2, d3; + char buf1[4], buf2[4]; + d1 = open ("foo", O_RDONLY); + d2 = dup (d1); + d3 = dup (d2); + lseek (d3, 1024, SEEK_SET); + read (d1, buf1, 4); + read (d2, buf2, 4); + } + +will read four characters starting with the 1024'th character of `foo', +and then four more characters starting with the 1028'th character. + + -- Data Type: off_t + This is an arithmetic data type used to represent file sizes. In + the GNU system, this is equivalent to `fpos_t' or `long int'. + + If the source is compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this type + is transparently replaced by `off64_t'. + + -- Data Type: off64_t + This type is used similar to `off_t'. The difference is that even + on 32 bit machines, where the `off_t' type would have 32 bits, + `off64_t' has 64 bits and so is able to address files up to 2^63 + bytes in length. + + When compiling with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this type is + available under the name `off_t'. + + These aliases for the `SEEK_...' constants exist for the sake of +compatibility with older BSD systems. They are defined in two +different header files: `fcntl.h' and `sys/file.h'. + +`L_SET' + An alias for `SEEK_SET'. + +`L_INCR' + An alias for `SEEK_CUR'. + +`L_XTND' + An alias for `SEEK_END'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Descriptors and Streams, Next: Stream/Descriptor Precautions, Prev: File Position Primitive, Up: Low-Level I/O + +13.4 Descriptors and Streams +============================ + +Given an open file descriptor, you can create a stream for it with the +`fdopen' function. You can get the underlying file descriptor for an +existing stream with the `fileno' function. These functions are +declared in the header file `stdio.h'. + + -- Function: FILE * fdopen (int FILEDES, const char *OPENTYPE) + The `fdopen' function returns a new stream for the file descriptor + FILEDES. + + The OPENTYPE argument is interpreted in the same way as for the + `fopen' function (*note Opening Streams::), except that the `b' + option is not permitted; this is because GNU makes no distinction + between text and binary files. Also, `"w"' and `"w+"' do not + cause truncation of the file; these have an effect only when + opening a file, and in this case the file has already been opened. + You must make sure that the OPENTYPE argument matches the actual + mode of the open file descriptor. + + The return value is the new stream. If the stream cannot be + created (for example, if the modes for the file indicated by the + file descriptor do not permit the access specified by the OPENTYPE + argument), a null pointer is returned instead. + + In some other systems, `fdopen' may fail to detect that the modes + for file descriptor do not permit the access specified by + `opentype'. The GNU C library always checks for this. + + For an example showing the use of the `fdopen' function, see *note +Creating a Pipe::. + + -- Function: int fileno (FILE *STREAM) + This function returns the file descriptor associated with the + stream STREAM. If an error is detected (for example, if the STREAM + is not valid) or if STREAM does not do I/O to a file, `fileno' + returns -1. + + -- Function: int fileno_unlocked (FILE *STREAM) + The `fileno_unlocked' function is equivalent to the `fileno' + function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream if the + state is `FSETLOCKING_INTERNAL'. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + There are also symbolic constants defined in `unistd.h' for the file +descriptors belonging to the standard streams `stdin', `stdout', and +`stderr'; see *note Standard Streams::. + +`STDIN_FILENO' + This macro has value `0', which is the file descriptor for + standard input. + +`STDOUT_FILENO' + This macro has value `1', which is the file descriptor for + standard output. + +`STDERR_FILENO' + This macro has value `2', which is the file descriptor for + standard error output. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Stream/Descriptor Precautions, Next: Scatter-Gather, Prev: Descriptors and Streams, Up: Low-Level I/O + +13.5 Dangers of Mixing Streams and Descriptors +============================================== + +You can have multiple file descriptors and streams (let's call both +streams and descriptors "channels" for short) connected to the same +file, but you must take care to avoid confusion between channels. There +are two cases to consider: "linked" channels that share a single file +position value, and "independent" channels that have their own file +positions. + + It's best to use just one channel in your program for actual data +transfer to any given file, except when all the access is for input. +For example, if you open a pipe (something you can only do at the file +descriptor level), either do all I/O with the descriptor, or construct a +stream from the descriptor with `fdopen' and then do all I/O with the +stream. + +* Menu: + +* Linked Channels:: Dealing with channels sharing a file position. +* Independent Channels:: Dealing with separately opened, unlinked channels. +* Cleaning Streams:: Cleaning a stream makes it safe to use + another channel. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Linked Channels, Next: Independent Channels, Up: Stream/Descriptor Precautions + +13.5.1 Linked Channels +---------------------- + +Channels that come from a single opening share the same file position; +we call them "linked" channels. Linked channels result when you make a +stream from a descriptor using `fdopen', when you get a descriptor from +a stream with `fileno', when you copy a descriptor with `dup' or +`dup2', and when descriptors are inherited during `fork'. For files +that don't support random access, such as terminals and pipes, _all_ +channels are effectively linked. On random-access files, all +append-type output streams are effectively linked to each other. + + If you have been using a stream for I/O (or have just opened the +stream), and you want to do I/O using another channel (either a stream +or a descriptor) that is linked to it, you must first "clean up" the +stream that you have been using. *Note Cleaning Streams::. + + Terminating a process, or executing a new program in the process, +destroys all the streams in the process. If descriptors linked to these +streams persist in other processes, their file positions become +undefined as a result. To prevent this, you must clean up the streams +before destroying them. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Independent Channels, Next: Cleaning Streams, Prev: Linked Channels, Up: Stream/Descriptor Precautions + +13.5.2 Independent Channels +--------------------------- + +When you open channels (streams or descriptors) separately on a seekable +file, each channel has its own file position. These are called +"independent channels". + + The system handles each channel independently. Most of the time, +this is quite predictable and natural (especially for input): each +channel can read or write sequentially at its own place in the file. +However, if some of the channels are streams, you must take these +precautions: + + * You should clean an output stream after use, before doing anything + else that might read or write from the same part of the file. + + * You should clean an input stream before reading data that may have + been modified using an independent channel. Otherwise, you might + read obsolete data that had been in the stream's buffer. + + If you do output to one channel at the end of the file, this will +certainly leave the other independent channels positioned somewhere +before the new end. You cannot reliably set their file positions to the +new end of file before writing, because the file can always be extended +by another process between when you set the file position and when you +write the data. Instead, use an append-type descriptor or stream; they +always output at the current end of the file. In order to make the +end-of-file position accurate, you must clean the output channel you +were using, if it is a stream. + + It's impossible for two channels to have separate file pointers for a +file that doesn't support random access. Thus, channels for reading or +writing such files are always linked, never independent. Append-type +channels are also always linked. For these channels, follow the rules +for linked channels; see *note Linked Channels::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Cleaning Streams, Prev: Independent Channels, Up: Stream/Descriptor Precautions + +13.5.3 Cleaning Streams +----------------------- + +On the GNU system, you can clean up any stream with `fclean': + + -- Function: int fclean (FILE *STREAM) + Clean up the stream STREAM so that its buffer is empty. If STREAM + is doing output, force it out. If STREAM is doing input, give the + data in the buffer back to the system, arranging to reread it. + + On other systems, you can use `fflush' to clean a stream in most +cases. + + You can skip the `fclean' or `fflush' if you know the stream is +already clean. A stream is clean whenever its buffer is empty. For +example, an unbuffered stream is always clean. An input stream that is +at end-of-file is clean. A line-buffered stream is clean when the last +character output was a newline. However, a just-opened input stream +might not be clean, as its input buffer might not be empty. + + There is one case in which cleaning a stream is impossible on most +systems. This is when the stream is doing input from a file that is not +random-access. Such streams typically read ahead, and when the file is +not random access, there is no way to give back the excess data already +read. When an input stream reads from a random-access file, `fflush' +does clean the stream, but leaves the file pointer at an unpredictable +place; you must set the file pointer before doing any further I/O. On +the GNU system, using `fclean' avoids both of these problems. + + Closing an output-only stream also does `fflush', so this is a valid +way of cleaning an output stream. On the GNU system, closing an input +stream does `fclean'. + + You need not clean a stream before using its descriptor for control +operations such as setting terminal modes; these operations don't affect +the file position and are not affected by it. You can use any +descriptor for these operations, and all channels are affected +simultaneously. However, text already "output" to a stream but still +buffered by the stream will be subject to the new terminal modes when +subsequently flushed. To make sure "past" output is covered by the +terminal settings that were in effect at the time, flush the output +streams for that terminal before setting the modes. *Note Terminal +Modes::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Scatter-Gather, Next: Memory-mapped I/O, Prev: Stream/Descriptor Precautions, Up: Low-Level I/O + +13.6 Fast Scatter-Gather I/O +============================ + +Some applications may need to read or write data to multiple buffers, +which are separated in memory. Although this can be done easily enough +with multiple calls to `read' and `write', it is inefficient because +there is overhead associated with each kernel call. + + Instead, many platforms provide special high-speed primitives to +perform these "scatter-gather" operations in a single kernel call. The +GNU C library will provide an emulation on any system that lacks these +primitives, so they are not a portability threat. They are defined in +`sys/uio.h'. + + These functions are controlled with arrays of `iovec' structures, +which describe the location and size of each buffer. + + -- Data Type: struct iovec + The `iovec' structure describes a buffer. It contains two fields: + + `void *iov_base' + Contains the address of a buffer. + + `size_t iov_len' + Contains the length of the buffer. + + + -- Function: ssize_t readv (int FILEDES, const struct iovec *VECTOR, + int COUNT) + The `readv' function reads data from FILEDES and scatters it into + the buffers described in VECTOR, which is taken to be COUNT + structures long. As each buffer is filled, data is sent to the + next. + + Note that `readv' is not guaranteed to fill all the buffers. It + may stop at any point, for the same reasons `read' would. + + The return value is a count of bytes (_not_ buffers) read, 0 + indicating end-of-file, or -1 indicating an error. The possible + errors are the same as in `read'. + + + -- Function: ssize_t writev (int FILEDES, const struct iovec *VECTOR, + int COUNT) + The `writev' function gathers data from the buffers described in + VECTOR, which is taken to be COUNT structures long, and writes + them to `filedes'. As each buffer is written, it moves on to the + next. + + Like `readv', `writev' may stop midstream under the same + conditions `write' would. + + The return value is a count of bytes written, or -1 indicating an + error. The possible errors are the same as in `write'. + + + Note that if the buffers are small (under about 1kB), high-level +streams may be easier to use than these functions. However, `readv' and +`writev' are more efficient when the individual buffers themselves (as +opposed to the total output), are large. In that case, a high-level +stream would not be able to cache the data effectively. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Memory-mapped I/O, Next: Waiting for I/O, Prev: Scatter-Gather, Up: Low-Level I/O + +13.7 Memory-mapped I/O +====================== + +On modern operating systems, it is possible to "mmap" (pronounced +"em-map") a file to a region of memory. When this is done, the file can +be accessed just like an array in the program. + + This is more efficient than `read' or `write', as only the regions +of the file that a program actually accesses are loaded. Accesses to +not-yet-loaded parts of the mmapped region are handled in the same way +as swapped out pages. + + Since mmapped pages can be stored back to their file when physical +memory is low, it is possible to mmap files orders of magnitude larger +than both the physical memory _and_ swap space. The only limit is +address space. The theoretical limit is 4GB on a 32-bit machine - +however, the actual limit will be smaller since some areas will be +reserved for other purposes. If the LFS interface is used the file size +on 32-bit systems is not limited to 2GB (offsets are signed which +reduces the addressable area of 4GB by half); the full 64-bit are +available. + + Memory mapping only works on entire pages of memory. Thus, addresses +for mapping must be page-aligned, and length values will be rounded up. +To determine the size of a page the machine uses one should use + + size_t page_size = (size_t) sysconf (_SC_PAGESIZE); + +These functions are declared in `sys/mman.h'. + + -- Function: void * mmap (void *ADDRESS, size_t LENGTH,int PROTECT, + int FLAGS, int FILEDES, off_t OFFSET) + The `mmap' function creates a new mapping, connected to bytes + (OFFSET) to (OFFSET + LENGTH - 1) in the file open on FILEDES. A + new reference for the file specified by FILEDES is created, which + is not removed by closing the file. + + ADDRESS gives a preferred starting address for the mapping. + `NULL' expresses no preference. Any previous mapping at that + address is automatically removed. The address you give may still be + changed, unless you use the `MAP_FIXED' flag. + + PROTECT contains flags that control what kind of access is + permitted. They include `PROT_READ', `PROT_WRITE', and + `PROT_EXEC', which permit reading, writing, and execution, + respectively. Inappropriate access will cause a segfault (*note + Program Error Signals::). + + Note that most hardware designs cannot support write permission + without read permission, and many do not distinguish read and + execute permission. Thus, you may receive wider permissions than + you ask for, and mappings of write-only files may be denied even + if you do not use `PROT_READ'. + + FLAGS contains flags that control the nature of the map. One of + `MAP_SHARED' or `MAP_PRIVATE' must be specified. + + They include: + + `MAP_PRIVATE' + This specifies that writes to the region should never be + written back to the attached file. Instead, a copy is made + for the process, and the region will be swapped normally if + memory runs low. No other process will see the changes. + + Since private mappings effectively revert to ordinary memory + when written to, you must have enough virtual memory for a + copy of the entire mmapped region if you use this mode with + `PROT_WRITE'. + + `MAP_SHARED' + This specifies that writes to the region will be written back + to the file. Changes made will be shared immediately with + other processes mmaping the same file. + + Note that actual writing may take place at any time. You + need to use `msync', described below, if it is important that + other processes using conventional I/O get a consistent view + of the file. + + `MAP_FIXED' + This forces the system to use the exact mapping address + specified in ADDRESS and fail if it can't. + + `MAP_ANONYMOUS' + `MAP_ANON' + This flag tells the system to create an anonymous mapping, + not connected to a file. FILEDES and OFF are ignored, and + the region is initialized with zeros. + + Anonymous maps are used as the basic primitive to extend the + heap on some systems. They are also useful to share data + between multiple tasks without creating a file. + + On some systems using private anonymous mmaps is more + efficient than using `malloc' for large blocks. This is not + an issue with the GNU C library, as the included `malloc' + automatically uses `mmap' where appropriate. + + + `mmap' returns the address of the new mapping, or -1 for an error. + + Possible errors include: + + `EINVAL' + Either ADDRESS was unusable, or inconsistent FLAGS were given. + + `EACCES' + FILEDES was not open for the type of access specified in + PROTECT. + + `ENOMEM' + Either there is not enough memory for the operation, or the + process is out of address space. + + `ENODEV' + This file is of a type that doesn't support mapping. + + `ENOEXEC' + The file is on a filesystem that doesn't support mapping. + + + + -- Function: void * mmap64 (void *ADDRESS, size_t LENGTH,int PROTECT, + int FLAGS, int FILEDES, off64_t OFFSET) + The `mmap64' function is equivalent to the `mmap' function but the + OFFSET parameter is of type `off64_t'. On 32-bit systems this + allows the file associated with the FILEDES descriptor to be + larger than 2GB. FILEDES must be a descriptor returned from a + call to `open64' or `fopen64' and `freopen64' where the descriptor + is retrieved with `fileno'. + + When the sources are translated with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this + function is actually available under the name `mmap'. I.e., the + new, extended API using 64 bit file sizes and offsets transparently + replaces the old API. + + -- Function: int munmap (void *ADDR, size_t LENGTH) + `munmap' removes any memory maps from (ADDR) to (ADDR + LENGTH). + LENGTH should be the length of the mapping. + + It is safe to unmap multiple mappings in one command, or include + unmapped space in the range. It is also possible to unmap only + part of an existing mapping. However, only entire pages can be + removed. If LENGTH is not an even number of pages, it will be + rounded up. + + It returns 0 for success and -1 for an error. + + One error is possible: + + `EINVAL' + The memory range given was outside the user mmap range or + wasn't page aligned. + + + + -- Function: int msync (void *ADDRESS, size_t LENGTH, int FLAGS) + When using shared mappings, the kernel can write the file at any + time before the mapping is removed. To be certain data has + actually been written to the file and will be accessible to + non-memory-mapped I/O, it is necessary to use this function. + + It operates on the region ADDRESS to (ADDRESS + LENGTH). It may + be used on part of a mapping or multiple mappings, however the + region given should not contain any unmapped space. + + FLAGS can contain some options: + + `MS_SYNC' + This flag makes sure the data is actually written _to disk_. + Normally `msync' only makes sure that accesses to a file with + conventional I/O reflect the recent changes. + + `MS_ASYNC' + This tells `msync' to begin the synchronization, but not to + wait for it to complete. + + + `msync' returns 0 for success and -1 for error. Errors include: + + `EINVAL' + An invalid region was given, or the FLAGS were invalid. + + `EFAULT' + There is no existing mapping in at least part of the given + region. + + + + -- Function: void * mremap (void *ADDRESS, size_t LENGTH, size_t + NEW_LENGTH, int FLAG) + This function can be used to change the size of an existing memory + area. ADDRESS and LENGTH must cover a region entirely mapped in + the same `mmap' statement. A new mapping with the same + characteristics will be returned with the length NEW_LENGTH. + + One option is possible, `MREMAP_MAYMOVE'. If it is given in FLAGS, + the system may remove the existing mapping and create a new one of + the desired length in another location. + + The address of the resulting mapping is returned, or -1. Possible + error codes include: + + `EFAULT' + There is no existing mapping in at least part of the original + region, or the region covers two or more distinct mappings. + + `EINVAL' + The address given is misaligned or inappropriate. + + `EAGAIN' + The region has pages locked, and if extended it would exceed + the process's resource limit for locked pages. *Note Limits + on Resources::. + + `ENOMEM' + The region is private writable, and insufficient virtual + memory is available to extend it. Also, this error will + occur if `MREMAP_MAYMOVE' is not given and the extension + would collide with another mapped region. + + + This function is only available on a few systems. Except for +performing optional optimizations one should not rely on this function. + + Not all file descriptors may be mapped. Sockets, pipes, and most +devices only allow sequential access and do not fit into the mapping +abstraction. In addition, some regular files may not be mmapable, and +older kernels may not support mapping at all. Thus, programs using +`mmap' should have a fallback method to use should it fail. *Note Mmap: +(standards)Mmap. + + -- Function: int madvise (void *ADDR, size_t LENGTH, int ADVICE) + This function can be used to provide the system with ADVICE about + the intended usage patterns of the memory region starting at ADDR + and extending LENGTH bytes. + + The valid BSD values for ADVICE are: + + `MADV_NORMAL' + The region should receive no further special treatment. + + `MADV_RANDOM' + The region will be accessed via random page references. The + kernel should page-in the minimal number of pages for each + page fault. + + `MADV_SEQUENTIAL' + The region will be accessed via sequential page references. + This may cause the kernel to aggressively read-ahead, + expecting further sequential references after any page fault + within this region. + + `MADV_WILLNEED' + The region will be needed. The pages within this region may + be pre-faulted in by the kernel. + + `MADV_DONTNEED' + The region is no longer needed. The kernel may free these + pages, causing any changes to the pages to be lost, as well + as swapped out pages to be discarded. + + + The POSIX names are slightly different, but with the same meanings: + + `POSIX_MADV_NORMAL' + This corresponds with BSD's `MADV_NORMAL'. + + `POSIX_MADV_RANDOM' + This corresponds with BSD's `MADV_RANDOM'. + + `POSIX_MADV_SEQUENTIAL' + This corresponds with BSD's `MADV_SEQUENTIAL'. + + `POSIX_MADV_WILLNEED' + This corresponds with BSD's `MADV_WILLNEED'. + + `POSIX_MADV_DONTNEED' + This corresponds with BSD's `MADV_DONTNEED'. + + + `msync' returns 0 for success and -1 for error. Errors include: + `EINVAL' + An invalid region was given, or the ADVICE was invalid. + + `EFAULT' + There is no existing mapping in at least part of the given + region. + + + +File: libc.info, Node: Waiting for I/O, Next: Synchronizing I/O, Prev: Memory-mapped I/O, Up: Low-Level I/O + +13.8 Waiting for Input or Output +================================ + +Sometimes a program needs to accept input on multiple input channels +whenever input arrives. For example, some workstations may have devices +such as a digitizing tablet, function button box, or dial box that are +connected via normal asynchronous serial interfaces; good user interface +style requires responding immediately to input on any device. Another +example is a program that acts as a server to several other processes +via pipes or sockets. + + You cannot normally use `read' for this purpose, because this blocks +the program until input is available on one particular file descriptor; +input on other channels won't wake it up. You could set nonblocking +mode and poll each file descriptor in turn, but this is very +inefficient. + + A better solution is to use the `select' function. This blocks the +program until input or output is ready on a specified set of file +descriptors, or until a timer expires, whichever comes first. This +facility is declared in the header file `sys/types.h'. + + In the case of a server socket (*note Listening::), we say that +"input" is available when there are pending connections that could be +accepted (*note Accepting Connections::). `accept' for server sockets +blocks and interacts with `select' just as `read' does for normal input. + + The file descriptor sets for the `select' function are specified as +`fd_set' objects. Here is the description of the data type and some +macros for manipulating these objects. + + -- Data Type: fd_set + The `fd_set' data type represents file descriptor sets for the + `select' function. It is actually a bit array. + + -- Macro: int FD_SETSIZE + The value of this macro is the maximum number of file descriptors + that a `fd_set' object can hold information about. On systems + with a fixed maximum number, `FD_SETSIZE' is at least that number. + On some systems, including GNU, there is no absolute limit on the + number of descriptors open, but this macro still has a constant + value which controls the number of bits in an `fd_set'; if you get + a file descriptor with a value as high as `FD_SETSIZE', you cannot + put that descriptor into an `fd_set'. + + -- Macro: void FD_ZERO (fd_set *SET) + This macro initializes the file descriptor set SET to be the empty + set. + + -- Macro: void FD_SET (int FILEDES, fd_set *SET) + This macro adds FILEDES to the file descriptor set SET. + + The FILEDES parameter must not have side effects since it is + evaluated more than once. + + -- Macro: void FD_CLR (int FILEDES, fd_set *SET) + This macro removes FILEDES from the file descriptor set SET. + + The FILEDES parameter must not have side effects since it is + evaluated more than once. + + -- Macro: int FD_ISSET (int FILEDES, const fd_set *SET) + This macro returns a nonzero value (true) if FILEDES is a member + of the file descriptor set SET, and zero (false) otherwise. + + The FILEDES parameter must not have side effects since it is + evaluated more than once. + + Next, here is the description of the `select' function itself. + + -- Function: int select (int NFDS, fd_set *READ-FDS, fd_set + *WRITE-FDS, fd_set *EXCEPT-FDS, struct timeval *TIMEOUT) + The `select' function blocks the calling process until there is + activity on any of the specified sets of file descriptors, or + until the timeout period has expired. + + The file descriptors specified by the READ-FDS argument are + checked to see if they are ready for reading; the WRITE-FDS file + descriptors are checked to see if they are ready for writing; and + the EXCEPT-FDS file descriptors are checked for exceptional + conditions. You can pass a null pointer for any of these + arguments if you are not interested in checking for that kind of + condition. + + A file descriptor is considered ready for reading if a `read' call + will not block. This usually includes the read offset being at + the end of the file or there is an error to report. A server + socket is considered ready for reading if there is a pending + connection which can be accepted with `accept'; *note Accepting + Connections::. A client socket is ready for writing when its + connection is fully established; *note Connecting::. + + "Exceptional conditions" does not mean errors--errors are reported + immediately when an erroneous system call is executed, and do not + constitute a state of the descriptor. Rather, they include + conditions such as the presence of an urgent message on a socket. + (*Note Sockets::, for information on urgent messages.) + + The `select' function checks only the first NFDS file descriptors. + The usual thing is to pass `FD_SETSIZE' as the value of this + argument. + + The TIMEOUT specifies the maximum time to wait. If you pass a + null pointer for this argument, it means to block indefinitely + until one of the file descriptors is ready. Otherwise, you should + provide the time in `struct timeval' format; see *note + High-Resolution Calendar::. Specify zero as the time (a `struct + timeval' containing all zeros) if you want to find out which + descriptors are ready without waiting if none are ready. + + The normal return value from `select' is the total number of ready + file descriptors in all of the sets. Each of the argument sets is + overwritten with information about the descriptors that are ready + for the corresponding operation. Thus, to see if a particular + descriptor DESC has input, use `FD_ISSET (DESC, READ-FDS)' after + `select' returns. + + If `select' returns because the timeout period expires, it returns + a value of zero. + + Any signal will cause `select' to return immediately. So if your + program uses signals, you can't rely on `select' to keep waiting + for the full time specified. If you want to be sure of waiting + for a particular amount of time, you must check for `EINTR' and + repeat the `select' with a newly calculated timeout based on the + current time. See the example below. See also *note Interrupted + Primitives::. + + If an error occurs, `select' returns `-1' and does not modify the + argument file descriptor sets. The following `errno' error + conditions are defined for this function: + + `EBADF' + One of the file descriptor sets specified an invalid file + descriptor. + + `EINTR' + The operation was interrupted by a signal. *Note Interrupted + Primitives::. + + `EINVAL' + The TIMEOUT argument is invalid; one of the components is + negative or too large. + + *Portability Note:* The `select' function is a BSD Unix feature. + + Here is an example showing how you can use `select' to establish a +timeout period for reading from a file descriptor. The `input_timeout' +function blocks the calling process until input is available on the +file descriptor, or until the timeout period expires. + + #include + #include + #include + #include + #include + + int + input_timeout (int filedes, unsigned int seconds) + { + fd_set set; + struct timeval timeout; + + /* Initialize the file descriptor set. */ + FD_ZERO (&set); + FD_SET (filedes, &set); + + /* Initialize the timeout data structure. */ + timeout.tv_sec = seconds; + timeout.tv_usec = 0; + + /* `select' returns 0 if timeout, 1 if input available, -1 if error. */ + return TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (select (FD_SETSIZE, + &set, NULL, NULL, + &timeout)); + } + + int + main (void) + { + fprintf (stderr, "select returned %d.\n", + input_timeout (STDIN_FILENO, 5)); + return 0; + } + + There is another example showing the use of `select' to multiplex +input from multiple sockets in *note Server Example::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Synchronizing I/O, Next: Asynchronous I/O, Prev: Waiting for I/O, Up: Low-Level I/O + +13.9 Synchronizing I/O operations +================================= + +In most modern operating systems, the normal I/O operations are not +executed synchronously. I.e., even if a `write' system call returns, +this does not mean the data is actually written to the media, e.g., the +disk. + + In situations where synchronization points are necessary, you can use +special functions which ensure that all operations finish before they +return. + + -- Function: int sync (void) + A call to this function will not return as long as there is data + which has not been written to the device. All dirty buffers in + the kernel will be written and so an overall consistent system can + be achieved (if no other process in parallel writes data). + + A prototype for `sync' can be found in `unistd.h'. + + The return value is zero to indicate no error. + + Programs more often want to ensure that data written to a given file +is committed, rather than all data in the system. For this, `sync' is +overkill. + + -- Function: int fsync (int FILDES) + The `fsync' function can be used to make sure all data associated + with the open file FILDES is written to the device associated with + the descriptor. The function call does not return unless all + actions have finished. + + A prototype for `fsync' can be found in `unistd.h'. + + This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs. + This is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like + memory, file descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time + `fsync' is called. If the thread gets canceled these resources + stay allocated until the program ends. To avoid this, calls to + `fsync' should be protected using cancellation handlers. + + The return value of the function is zero if no error occurred. + Otherwise it is -1 and the global variable ERRNO is set to the + following values: + `EBADF' + The descriptor FILDES is not valid. + + `EINVAL' + No synchronization is possible since the system does not + implement this. + + Sometimes it is not even necessary to write all data associated with +a file descriptor. E.g., in database files which do not change in size +it is enough to write all the file content data to the device. +Meta-information, like the modification time etc., are not that +important and leaving such information uncommitted does not prevent a +successful recovering of the file in case of a problem. + + -- Function: int fdatasync (int FILDES) + When a call to the `fdatasync' function returns, it is ensured + that all of the file data is written to the device. For all + pending I/O operations, the parts guaranteeing data integrity + finished. + + Not all systems implement the `fdatasync' operation. On systems + missing this functionality `fdatasync' is emulated by a call to + `fsync' since the performed actions are a superset of those + required by `fdatasync'. + + The prototype for `fdatasync' is in `unistd.h'. + + The return value of the function is zero if no error occurred. + Otherwise it is -1 and the global variable ERRNO is set to the + following values: + `EBADF' + The descriptor FILDES is not valid. + + `EINVAL' + No synchronization is possible since the system does not + implement this. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Asynchronous I/O, Next: Control Operations, Prev: Synchronizing I/O, Up: Low-Level I/O + +13.10 Perform I/O Operations in Parallel +======================================== + +The POSIX.1b standard defines a new set of I/O operations which can +significantly reduce the time an application spends waiting at I/O. The +new functions allow a program to initiate one or more I/O operations and +then immediately resume normal work while the I/O operations are +executed in parallel. This functionality is available if the +`unistd.h' file defines the symbol `_POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO'. + + These functions are part of the library with realtime functions named +`librt'. They are not actually part of the `libc' binary. The +implementation of these functions can be done using support in the +kernel (if available) or using an implementation based on threads at +userlevel. In the latter case it might be necessary to link +applications with the thread library `libpthread' in addition to +`librt'. + + All AIO operations operate on files which were opened previously. +There might be arbitrarily many operations running for one file. The +asynchronous I/O operations are controlled using a data structure named +`struct aiocb' ("AIO control block"). It is defined in `aio.h' as +follows. + + -- Data Type: struct aiocb + The POSIX.1b standard mandates that the `struct aiocb' structure + contains at least the members described in the following table. + There might be more elements which are used by the implementation, + but depending upon these elements is not portable and is highly + deprecated. + + `int aio_fildes' + This element specifies the file descriptor to be used for the + operation. It must be a legal descriptor, otherwise the + operation will fail. + + The device on which the file is opened must allow the seek + operation. I.e., it is not possible to use any of the AIO + operations on devices like terminals where an `lseek' call + would lead to an error. + + `off_t aio_offset' + This element specifies the offset in the file at which the + operation (input or output) is performed. Since the + operations are carried out in arbitrary order and more than + one operation for one file descriptor can be started, one + cannot expect a current read/write position of the file + descriptor. + + `volatile void *aio_buf' + This is a pointer to the buffer with the data to be written + or the place where the read data is stored. + + `size_t aio_nbytes' + This element specifies the length of the buffer pointed to by + `aio_buf'. + + `int aio_reqprio' + If the platform has defined `_POSIX_PRIORITIZED_IO' and + `_POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING', the AIO requests are processed + based on the current scheduling priority. The `aio_reqprio' + element can then be used to lower the priority of the AIO + operation. + + `struct sigevent aio_sigevent' + This element specifies how the calling process is notified + once the operation terminates. If the `sigev_notify' element + is `SIGEV_NONE', no notification is sent. If it is + `SIGEV_SIGNAL', the signal determined by `sigev_signo' is + sent. Otherwise, `sigev_notify' must be `SIGEV_THREAD'. In + this case, a thread is created which starts executing the + function pointed to by `sigev_notify_function'. + + `int aio_lio_opcode' + This element is only used by the `lio_listio' and + `lio_listio64' functions. Since these functions allow an + arbitrary number of operations to start at once, and each + operation can be input or output (or nothing), the + information must be stored in the control block. The + possible values are: + + `LIO_READ' + Start a read operation. Read from the file at position + `aio_offset' and store the next `aio_nbytes' bytes in the + buffer pointed to by `aio_buf'. + + `LIO_WRITE' + Start a write operation. Write `aio_nbytes' bytes + starting at `aio_buf' into the file starting at position + `aio_offset'. + + `LIO_NOP' + Do nothing for this control block. This value is useful + sometimes when an array of `struct aiocb' values + contains holes, i.e., some of the values must not be + handled although the whole array is presented to the + `lio_listio' function. + + When the sources are compiled using `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on a + 32 bit machine, this type is in fact `struct aiocb64', since the + LFS interface transparently replaces the `struct aiocb' definition. + + For use with the AIO functions defined in the LFS, there is a +similar type defined which replaces the types of the appropriate +members with larger types but otherwise is equivalent to `struct +aiocb'. Particularly, all member names are the same. + + -- Data Type: struct aiocb64 + `int aio_fildes' + This element specifies the file descriptor which is used for + the operation. It must be a legal descriptor since otherwise + the operation fails for obvious reasons. + + The device on which the file is opened must allow the seek + operation. I.e., it is not possible to use any of the AIO + operations on devices like terminals where an `lseek' call + would lead to an error. + + `off64_t aio_offset' + This element specifies at which offset in the file the + operation (input or output) is performed. Since the + operation are carried in arbitrary order and more than one + operation for one file descriptor can be started, one cannot + expect a current read/write position of the file descriptor. + + `volatile void *aio_buf' + This is a pointer to the buffer with the data to be written + or the place where the read data is stored. + + `size_t aio_nbytes' + This element specifies the length of the buffer pointed to by + `aio_buf'. + + `int aio_reqprio' + If for the platform `_POSIX_PRIORITIZED_IO' and + `_POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING' are defined the AIO requests are + processed based on the current scheduling priority. The + `aio_reqprio' element can then be used to lower the priority + of the AIO operation. + + `struct sigevent aio_sigevent' + This element specifies how the calling process is notified + once the operation terminates. If the `sigev_notify', + element is `SIGEV_NONE' no notification is sent. If it is + `SIGEV_SIGNAL', the signal determined by `sigev_signo' is + sent. Otherwise, `sigev_notify' must be `SIGEV_THREAD' in + which case a thread which starts executing the function + pointed to by `sigev_notify_function'. + + `int aio_lio_opcode' + This element is only used by the `lio_listio' and + `[lio_listio64' functions. Since these functions allow an + arbitrary number of operations to start at once, and since + each operation can be input or output (or nothing), the + information must be stored in the control block. See the + description of `struct aiocb' for a description of the + possible values. + + When the sources are compiled using `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on a + 32 bit machine, this type is available under the name `struct + aiocb64', since the LFS transparently replaces the old interface. + +* Menu: + +* Asynchronous Reads/Writes:: Asynchronous Read and Write Operations. +* Status of AIO Operations:: Getting the Status of AIO Operations. +* Synchronizing AIO Operations:: Getting into a consistent state. +* Cancel AIO Operations:: Cancellation of AIO Operations. +* Configuration of AIO:: How to optimize the AIO implementation. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Asynchronous Reads/Writes, Next: Status of AIO Operations, Up: Asynchronous I/O + +13.10.1 Asynchronous Read and Write Operations +---------------------------------------------- + + -- Function: int aio_read (struct aiocb *AIOCBP) + This function initiates an asynchronous read operation. It + immediately returns after the operation was enqueued or when an + error was encountered. + + The first `aiocbp->aio_nbytes' bytes of the file for which + `aiocbp->aio_fildes' is a descriptor are written to the buffer + starting at `aiocbp->aio_buf'. Reading starts at the absolute + position `aiocbp->aio_offset' in the file. + + If prioritized I/O is supported by the platform the + `aiocbp->aio_reqprio' value is used to adjust the priority before + the request is actually enqueued. + + The calling process is notified about the termination of the read + request according to the `aiocbp->aio_sigevent' value. + + When `aio_read' returns, the return value is zero if no error + occurred that can be found before the process is enqueued. If + such an early error is found, the function returns -1 and sets + `errno' to one of the following values: + + `EAGAIN' + The request was not enqueued due to (temporarily) exceeded + resource limitations. + + `ENOSYS' + The `aio_read' function is not implemented. + + `EBADF' + The `aiocbp->aio_fildes' descriptor is not valid. This + condition need not be recognized before enqueueing the + request and so this error might also be signaled + asynchronously. + + `EINVAL' + The `aiocbp->aio_offset' or `aiocbp->aio_reqpiro' value is + invalid. This condition need not be recognized before + enqueueing the request and so this error might also be + signaled asynchronously. + + If `aio_read' returns zero, the current status of the request can + be queried using `aio_error' and `aio_return' functions. As long + as the value returned by `aio_error' is `EINPROGRESS' the + operation has not yet completed. If `aio_error' returns zero, the + operation successfully terminated, otherwise the value is to be + interpreted as an error code. If the function terminated, the + result of the operation can be obtained using a call to + `aio_return'. The returned value is the same as an equivalent + call to `read' would have returned. Possible error codes returned + by `aio_error' are: + + `EBADF' + The `aiocbp->aio_fildes' descriptor is not valid. + + `ECANCELED' + The operation was canceled before the operation was finished + (*note Cancel AIO Operations::) + + `EINVAL' + The `aiocbp->aio_offset' value is invalid. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this + function is in fact `aio_read64' since the LFS interface + transparently replaces the normal implementation. + + -- Function: int aio_read64 (struct aiocb *AIOCBP) + This function is similar to the `aio_read' function. The only + difference is that on 32 bit machines, the file descriptor should + be opened in the large file mode. Internally, `aio_read64' uses + functionality equivalent to `lseek64' (*note File Position + Primitive::) to position the file descriptor correctly for the + reading, as opposed to `lseek' functionality used in `aio_read'. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64', this + function is available under the name `aio_read' and so + transparently replaces the interface for small files on 32 bit + machines. + + To write data asynchronously to a file, there exists an equivalent +pair of functions with a very similar interface. + + -- Function: int aio_write (struct aiocb *AIOCBP) + This function initiates an asynchronous write operation. The + function call immediately returns after the operation was enqueued + or if before this happens an error was encountered. + + The first `aiocbp->aio_nbytes' bytes from the buffer starting at + `aiocbp->aio_buf' are written to the file for which + `aiocbp->aio_fildes' is an descriptor, starting at the absolute + position `aiocbp->aio_offset' in the file. + + If prioritized I/O is supported by the platform, the + `aiocbp->aio_reqprio' value is used to adjust the priority before + the request is actually enqueued. + + The calling process is notified about the termination of the read + request according to the `aiocbp->aio_sigevent' value. + + When `aio_write' returns, the return value is zero if no error + occurred that can be found before the process is enqueued. If + such an early error is found the function returns -1 and sets + `errno' to one of the following values. + + `EAGAIN' + The request was not enqueued due to (temporarily) exceeded + resource limitations. + + `ENOSYS' + The `aio_write' function is not implemented. + + `EBADF' + The `aiocbp->aio_fildes' descriptor is not valid. This + condition may not be recognized before enqueueing the + request, and so this error might also be signaled + asynchronously. + + `EINVAL' + The `aiocbp->aio_offset' or `aiocbp->aio_reqprio' value is + invalid. This condition may not be recognized before + enqueueing the request and so this error might also be + signaled asynchronously. + + In the case `aio_write' returns zero, the current status of the + request can be queried using `aio_error' and `aio_return' + functions. As long as the value returned by `aio_error' is + `EINPROGRESS' the operation has not yet completed. If `aio_error' + returns zero, the operation successfully terminated, otherwise the + value is to be interpreted as an error code. If the function + terminated, the result of the operation can be get using a call to + `aio_return'. The returned value is the same as an equivalent + call to `read' would have returned. Possible error codes returned + by `aio_error' are: + + `EBADF' + The `aiocbp->aio_fildes' descriptor is not valid. + + `ECANCELED' + The operation was canceled before the operation was finished. + (*note Cancel AIO Operations::) + + `EINVAL' + The `aiocbp->aio_offset' value is invalid. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64', this + function is in fact `aio_write64' since the LFS interface + transparently replaces the normal implementation. + + -- Function: int aio_write64 (struct aiocb *AIOCBP) + This function is similar to the `aio_write' function. The only + difference is that on 32 bit machines the file descriptor should + be opened in the large file mode. Internally `aio_write64' uses + functionality equivalent to `lseek64' (*note File Position + Primitive::) to position the file descriptor correctly for the + writing, as opposed to `lseek' functionality used in `aio_write'. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64', this + function is available under the name `aio_write' and so + transparently replaces the interface for small files on 32 bit + machines. + + Besides these functions with the more or less traditional interface, +POSIX.1b also defines a function which can initiate more than one +operation at a time, and which can handle freely mixed read and write +operations. It is therefore similar to a combination of `readv' and +`writev'. + + -- Function: int lio_listio (int MODE, struct aiocb *const LIST[], int + NENT, struct sigevent *SIG) + The `lio_listio' function can be used to enqueue an arbitrary + number of read and write requests at one time. The requests can + all be meant for the same file, all for different files or every + solution in between. + + `lio_listio' gets the NENT requests from the array pointed to by + LIST. The operation to be performed is determined by the + `aio_lio_opcode' member in each element of LIST. If this field is + `LIO_READ' a read operation is enqueued, similar to a call of + `aio_read' for this element of the array (except that the way the + termination is signalled is different, as we will see below). If + the `aio_lio_opcode' member is `LIO_WRITE' a write operation is + enqueued. Otherwise the `aio_lio_opcode' must be `LIO_NOP' in + which case this element of LIST is simply ignored. This + "operation" is useful in situations where one has a fixed array of + `struct aiocb' elements from which only a few need to be handled at + a time. Another situation is where the `lio_listio' call was + canceled before all requests are processed (*note Cancel AIO + Operations::) and the remaining requests have to be reissued. + + The other members of each element of the array pointed to by + `list' must have values suitable for the operation as described in + the documentation for `aio_read' and `aio_write' above. + + The MODE argument determines how `lio_listio' behaves after having + enqueued all the requests. If MODE is `LIO_WAIT' it waits until + all requests terminated. Otherwise MODE must be `LIO_NOWAIT' and + in this case the function returns immediately after having + enqueued all the requests. In this case the caller gets a + notification of the termination of all requests according to the + SIG parameter. If SIG is `NULL' no notification is send. + Otherwise a signal is sent or a thread is started, just as + described in the description for `aio_read' or `aio_write'. + + If MODE is `LIO_WAIT', the return value of `lio_listio' is 0 when + all requests completed successfully. Otherwise the function + return -1 and `errno' is set accordingly. To find out which + request or requests failed one has to use the `aio_error' function + on all the elements of the array LIST. + + In case MODE is `LIO_NOWAIT', the function returns 0 if all + requests were enqueued correctly. The current state of the + requests can be found using `aio_error' and `aio_return' as + described above. If `lio_listio' returns -1 in this mode, the + global variable `errno' is set accordingly. If a request did not + yet terminate, a call to `aio_error' returns `EINPROGRESS'. If + the value is different, the request is finished and the error + value (or 0) is returned and the result of the operation can be + retrieved using `aio_return'. + + Possible values for `errno' are: + + `EAGAIN' + The resources necessary to queue all the requests are not + available at the moment. The error status for each element + of LIST must be checked to determine which request failed. + + Another reason could be that the system wide limit of AIO + requests is exceeded. This cannot be the case for the + implementation on GNU systems since no arbitrary limits exist. + + `EINVAL' + The MODE parameter is invalid or NENT is larger than + `AIO_LISTIO_MAX'. + + `EIO' + One or more of the request's I/O operations failed. The + error status of each request should be checked to determine + which one failed. + + `ENOSYS' + The `lio_listio' function is not supported. + + If the MODE parameter is `LIO_NOWAIT' and the caller cancels a + request, the error status for this request returned by `aio_error' + is `ECANCELED'. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64', this + function is in fact `lio_listio64' since the LFS interface + transparently replaces the normal implementation. + + -- Function: int lio_listio64 (int MODE, struct aiocb *const LIST, int + NENT, struct sigevent *SIG) + This function is similar to the `lio_listio' function. The only + difference is that on 32 bit machines, the file descriptor should + be opened in the large file mode. Internally, `lio_listio64' uses + functionality equivalent to `lseek64' (*note File Position + Primitive::) to position the file descriptor correctly for the + reading or writing, as opposed to `lseek' functionality used in + `lio_listio'. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64', this + function is available under the name `lio_listio' and so + transparently replaces the interface for small files on 32 bit + machines. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Status of AIO Operations, Next: Synchronizing AIO Operations, Prev: Asynchronous Reads/Writes, Up: Asynchronous I/O + +13.10.2 Getting the Status of AIO Operations +-------------------------------------------- + +As already described in the documentation of the functions in the last +section, it must be possible to get information about the status of an +I/O request. When the operation is performed truly asynchronously (as +with `aio_read' and `aio_write' and with `lio_listio' when the mode is +`LIO_NOWAIT'), one sometimes needs to know whether a specific request +already terminated and if so, what the result was. The following two +functions allow you to get this kind of information. + + -- Function: int aio_error (const struct aiocb *AIOCBP) + This function determines the error state of the request described + by the `struct aiocb' variable pointed to by AIOCBP. If the + request has not yet terminated the value returned is always + `EINPROGRESS'. Once the request has terminated the value + `aio_error' returns is either 0 if the request completed + successfully or it returns the value which would be stored in the + `errno' variable if the request would have been done using `read', + `write', or `fsync'. + + The function can return `ENOSYS' if it is not implemented. It + could also return `EINVAL' if the AIOCBP parameter does not refer + to an asynchronous operation whose return status is not yet known. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this + function is in fact `aio_error64' since the LFS interface + transparently replaces the normal implementation. + + -- Function: int aio_error64 (const struct aiocb64 *AIOCBP) + This function is similar to `aio_error' with the only difference + that the argument is a reference to a variable of type `struct + aiocb64'. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this + function is available under the name `aio_error' and so + transparently replaces the interface for small files on 32 bit + machines. + + -- Function: ssize_t aio_return (const struct aiocb *AIOCBP) + This function can be used to retrieve the return status of the + operation carried out by the request described in the variable + pointed to by AIOCBP. As long as the error status of this request + as returned by `aio_error' is `EINPROGRESS' the return of this + function is undefined. + + Once the request is finished this function can be used exactly + once to retrieve the return value. Following calls might lead to + undefined behavior. The return value itself is the value which + would have been returned by the `read', `write', or `fsync' call. + + The function can return `ENOSYS' if it is not implemented. It + could also return `EINVAL' if the AIOCBP parameter does not refer + to an asynchronous operation whose return status is not yet known. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this + function is in fact `aio_return64' since the LFS interface + transparently replaces the normal implementation. + + -- Function: int aio_return64 (const struct aiocb64 *AIOCBP) + This function is similar to `aio_return' with the only difference + that the argument is a reference to a variable of type `struct + aiocb64'. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this + function is available under the name `aio_return' and so + transparently replaces the interface for small files on 32 bit + machines. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Synchronizing AIO Operations, Next: Cancel AIO Operations, Prev: Status of AIO Operations, Up: Asynchronous I/O + +13.10.3 Getting into a Consistent State +--------------------------------------- + +When dealing with asynchronous operations it is sometimes necessary to +get into a consistent state. This would mean for AIO that one wants to +know whether a certain request or a group of request were processed. +This could be done by waiting for the notification sent by the system +after the operation terminated, but this sometimes would mean wasting +resources (mainly computation time). Instead POSIX.1b defines two +functions which will help with most kinds of consistency. + + The `aio_fsync' and `aio_fsync64' functions are only available if +the symbol `_POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO' is defined in `unistd.h'. + + -- Function: int aio_fsync (int OP, struct aiocb *AIOCBP) + Calling this function forces all I/O operations operating queued + at the time of the function call operating on the file descriptor + `aiocbp->aio_fildes' into the synchronized I/O completion state + (*note Synchronizing I/O::). The `aio_fsync' function returns + immediately but the notification through the method described in + `aiocbp->aio_sigevent' will happen only after all requests for this + file descriptor have terminated and the file is synchronized. + This also means that requests for this very same file descriptor + which are queued after the synchronization request are not + affected. + + If OP is `O_DSYNC' the synchronization happens as with a call to + `fdatasync'. Otherwise OP should be `O_SYNC' and the + synchronization happens as with `fsync'. + + As long as the synchronization has not happened, a call to + `aio_error' with the reference to the object pointed to by AIOCBP + returns `EINPROGRESS'. Once the synchronization is done + `aio_error' return 0 if the synchronization was not successful. + Otherwise the value returned is the value to which the `fsync' or + `fdatasync' function would have set the `errno' variable. In this + case nothing can be assumed about the consistency for the data + written to this file descriptor. + + The return value of this function is 0 if the request was + successfully enqueued. Otherwise the return value is -1 and + `errno' is set to one of the following values: + + `EAGAIN' + The request could not be enqueued due to temporary lack of + resources. + + `EBADF' + The file descriptor `aiocbp->aio_fildes' is not valid or not + open for writing. + + `EINVAL' + The implementation does not support I/O synchronization or + the OP parameter is other than `O_DSYNC' and `O_SYNC'. + + `ENOSYS' + This function is not implemented. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this + function is in fact `aio_fsync64' since the LFS interface + transparently replaces the normal implementation. + + -- Function: int aio_fsync64 (int OP, struct aiocb64 *AIOCBP) + This function is similar to `aio_fsync' with the only difference + that the argument is a reference to a variable of type `struct + aiocb64'. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this + function is available under the name `aio_fsync' and so + transparently replaces the interface for small files on 32 bit + machines. + + Another method of synchronization is to wait until one or more +requests of a specific set terminated. This could be achieved by the +`aio_*' functions to notify the initiating process about the +termination but in some situations this is not the ideal solution. In +a program which constantly updates clients somehow connected to the +server it is not always the best solution to go round robin since some +connections might be slow. On the other hand letting the `aio_*' +function notify the caller might also be not the best solution since +whenever the process works on preparing data for on client it makes no +sense to be interrupted by a notification since the new client will not +be handled before the current client is served. For situations like +this `aio_suspend' should be used. + + -- Function: int aio_suspend (const struct aiocb *const LIST[], int + NENT, const struct timespec *TIMEOUT) + When calling this function, the calling thread is suspended until + at least one of the requests pointed to by the NENT elements of the + array LIST has completed. If any of the requests has already + completed at the time `aio_suspend' is called, the function returns + immediately. Whether a request has terminated or not is + determined by comparing the error status of the request with + `EINPROGRESS'. If an element of LIST is `NULL', the entry is + simply ignored. + + If no request has finished, the calling process is suspended. If + TIMEOUT is `NULL', the process is not woken until a request has + finished. If TIMEOUT is not `NULL', the process remains suspended + at least as long as specified in TIMEOUT. In this case, + `aio_suspend' returns with an error. + + The return value of the function is 0 if one or more requests from + the LIST have terminated. Otherwise the function returns -1 and + `errno' is set to one of the following values: + + `EAGAIN' + None of the requests from the LIST completed in the time + specified by TIMEOUT. + + `EINTR' + A signal interrupted the `aio_suspend' function. This signal + might also be sent by the AIO implementation while signalling + the termination of one of the requests. + + `ENOSYS' + The `aio_suspend' function is not implemented. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this + function is in fact `aio_suspend64' since the LFS interface + transparently replaces the normal implementation. + + -- Function: int aio_suspend64 (const struct aiocb64 *const LIST[], + int NENT, const struct timespec *TIMEOUT) + This function is similar to `aio_suspend' with the only difference + that the argument is a reference to a variable of type `struct + aiocb64'. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this + function is available under the name `aio_suspend' and so + transparently replaces the interface for small files on 32 bit + machines. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Cancel AIO Operations, Next: Configuration of AIO, Prev: Synchronizing AIO Operations, Up: Asynchronous I/O + +13.10.4 Cancellation of AIO Operations +-------------------------------------- + +When one or more requests are asynchronously processed, it might be +useful in some situations to cancel a selected operation, e.g., if it +becomes obvious that the written data is no longer accurate and would +have to be overwritten soon. As an example, assume an application, +which writes data in files in a situation where new incoming data would +have to be written in a file which will be updated by an enqueued +request. The POSIX AIO implementation provides such a function, but +this function is not capable of forcing the cancellation of the +request. It is up to the implementation to decide whether it is +possible to cancel the operation or not. Therefore using this function +is merely a hint. + + -- Function: int aio_cancel (int FILDES, struct aiocb *AIOCBP) + The `aio_cancel' function can be used to cancel one or more + outstanding requests. If the AIOCBP parameter is `NULL', the + function tries to cancel all of the outstanding requests which + would process the file descriptor FILDES (i.e., whose `aio_fildes' + member is FILDES). If AIOCBP is not `NULL', `aio_cancel' attempts + to cancel the specific request pointed to by AIOCBP. + + For requests which were successfully canceled, the normal + notification about the termination of the request should take + place. I.e., depending on the `struct sigevent' object which + controls this, nothing happens, a signal is sent or a thread is + started. If the request cannot be canceled, it terminates the + usual way after performing the operation. + + After a request is successfully canceled, a call to `aio_error' + with a reference to this request as the parameter will return + `ECANCELED' and a call to `aio_return' will return -1. If the + request wasn't canceled and is still running the error status is + still `EINPROGRESS'. + + The return value of the function is `AIO_CANCELED' if there were + requests which haven't terminated and which were successfully + canceled. If there is one or more requests left which couldn't be + canceled, the return value is `AIO_NOTCANCELED'. In this case + `aio_error' must be used to find out which of the, perhaps + multiple, requests (in AIOCBP is `NULL') weren't successfully + canceled. If all requests already terminated at the time + `aio_cancel' is called the return value is `AIO_ALLDONE'. + + If an error occurred during the execution of `aio_cancel' the + function returns -1 and sets `errno' to one of the following + values. + + `EBADF' + The file descriptor FILDES is not valid. + + `ENOSYS' + `aio_cancel' is not implemented. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64', this + function is in fact `aio_cancel64' since the LFS interface + transparently replaces the normal implementation. + + -- Function: int aio_cancel64 (int FILDES, struct aiocb64 *AIOCBP) + This function is similar to `aio_cancel' with the only difference + that the argument is a reference to a variable of type `struct + aiocb64'. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64', this + function is available under the name `aio_cancel' and so + transparently replaces the interface for small files on 32 bit + machines. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Configuration of AIO, Prev: Cancel AIO Operations, Up: Asynchronous I/O + +13.10.5 How to optimize the AIO implementation +---------------------------------------------- + +The POSIX standard does not specify how the AIO functions are +implemented. They could be system calls, but it is also possible to +emulate them at userlevel. + + At the point of this writing, the available implementation is a +userlevel implementation which uses threads for handling the enqueued +requests. While this implementation requires making some decisions +about limitations, hard limitations are something which is best avoided +in the GNU C library. Therefore, the GNU C library provides a means +for tuning the AIO implementation according to the individual use. + + -- Data Type: struct aioinit + This data type is used to pass the configuration or tunable + parameters to the implementation. The program has to initialize + the members of this struct and pass it to the implementation using + the `aio_init' function. + + `int aio_threads' + This member specifies the maximal number of threads which may + be used at any one time. + + `int aio_num' + This number provides an estimate on the maximal number of + simultaneously enqueued requests. + + `int aio_locks' + Unused. + + `int aio_usedba' + Unused. + + `int aio_debug' + Unused. + + `int aio_numusers' + Unused. + + `int aio_reserved[2]' + Unused. + + -- Function: void aio_init (const struct aioinit *INIT) + This function must be called before any other AIO function. + Calling it is completely voluntary, as it is only meant to help + the AIO implementation perform better. + + Before calling the `aio_init', function the members of a variable + of type `struct aioinit' must be initialized. Then a reference to + this variable is passed as the parameter to `aio_init' which itself + may or may not pay attention to the hints. + + The function has no return value and no error cases are defined. + It is a extension which follows a proposal from the SGI + implementation in Irix 6. It is not covered by POSIX.1b or Unix98. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Control Operations, Next: Duplicating Descriptors, Prev: Asynchronous I/O, Up: Low-Level I/O + +13.11 Control Operations on Files +================================= + +This section describes how you can perform various other operations on +file descriptors, such as inquiring about or setting flags describing +the status of the file descriptor, manipulating record locks, and the +like. All of these operations are performed by the function `fcntl'. + + The second argument to the `fcntl' function is a command that +specifies which operation to perform. The function and macros that name +various flags that are used with it are declared in the header file +`fcntl.h'. Many of these flags are also used by the `open' function; +see *note Opening and Closing Files::. + + -- Function: int fcntl (int FILEDES, int COMMAND, ...) + The `fcntl' function performs the operation specified by COMMAND + on the file descriptor FILEDES. Some commands require additional + arguments to be supplied. These additional arguments and the + return value and error conditions are given in the detailed + descriptions of the individual commands. + + Briefly, here is a list of what the various commands are. + + `F_DUPFD' + Duplicate the file descriptor (return another file descriptor + pointing to the same open file). *Note Duplicating + Descriptors::. + + `F_GETFD' + Get flags associated with the file descriptor. *Note + Descriptor Flags::. + + `F_SETFD' + Set flags associated with the file descriptor. *Note + Descriptor Flags::. + + `F_GETFL' + Get flags associated with the open file. *Note File Status + Flags::. + + `F_SETFL' + Set flags associated with the open file. *Note File Status + Flags::. + + `F_GETLK' + Get a file lock. *Note File Locks::. + + `F_SETLK' + Set or clear a file lock. *Note File Locks::. + + `F_SETLKW' + Like `F_SETLK', but wait for completion. *Note File Locks::. + + `F_GETOWN' + Get process or process group ID to receive `SIGIO' signals. + *Note Interrupt Input::. + + `F_SETOWN' + Set process or process group ID to receive `SIGIO' signals. + *Note Interrupt Input::. + + This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs. + This is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like + memory, file descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time + `fcntl' is called. If the thread gets canceled these resources + stay allocated until the program ends. To avoid this calls to + `fcntl' should be protected using cancellation handlers. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Duplicating Descriptors, Next: Descriptor Flags, Prev: Control Operations, Up: Low-Level I/O + +13.12 Duplicating Descriptors +============================= + +You can "duplicate" a file descriptor, or allocate another file +descriptor that refers to the same open file as the original. Duplicate +descriptors share one file position and one set of file status flags +(*note File Status Flags::), but each has its own set of file descriptor +flags (*note Descriptor Flags::). + + The major use of duplicating a file descriptor is to implement +"redirection" of input or output: that is, to change the file or pipe +that a particular file descriptor corresponds to. + + You can perform this operation using the `fcntl' function with the +`F_DUPFD' command, but there are also convenient functions `dup' and +`dup2' for duplicating descriptors. + + The `fcntl' function and flags are declared in `fcntl.h', while +prototypes for `dup' and `dup2' are in the header file `unistd.h'. + + -- Function: int dup (int OLD) + This function copies descriptor OLD to the first available + descriptor number (the first number not currently open). It is + equivalent to `fcntl (OLD, F_DUPFD, 0)'. + + -- Function: int dup2 (int OLD, int NEW) + This function copies the descriptor OLD to descriptor number NEW. + + If OLD is an invalid descriptor, then `dup2' does nothing; it does + not close NEW. Otherwise, the new duplicate of OLD replaces any + previous meaning of descriptor NEW, as if NEW were closed first. + + If OLD and NEW are different numbers, and OLD is a valid + descriptor number, then `dup2' is equivalent to: + + close (NEW); + fcntl (OLD, F_DUPFD, NEW) + + However, `dup2' does this atomically; there is no instant in the + middle of calling `dup2' at which NEW is closed and not yet a + duplicate of OLD. + + -- Macro: int F_DUPFD + This macro is used as the COMMAND argument to `fcntl', to copy the + file descriptor given as the first argument. + + The form of the call in this case is: + + fcntl (OLD, F_DUPFD, NEXT-FILEDES) + + The NEXT-FILEDES argument is of type `int' and specifies that the + file descriptor returned should be the next available one greater + than or equal to this value. + + The return value from `fcntl' with this command is normally the + value of the new file descriptor. A return value of -1 indicates + an error. The following `errno' error conditions are defined for + this command: + + `EBADF' + The OLD argument is invalid. + + `EINVAL' + The NEXT-FILEDES argument is invalid. + + `EMFILE' + There are no more file descriptors available--your program is + already using the maximum. In BSD and GNU, the maximum is + controlled by a resource limit that can be changed; *note + Limits on Resources::, for more information about the + `RLIMIT_NOFILE' limit. + + `ENFILE' is not a possible error code for `dup2' because `dup2' + does not create a new opening of a file; duplicate descriptors do + not count toward the limit which `ENFILE' indicates. `EMFILE' is + possible because it refers to the limit on distinct descriptor + numbers in use in one process. + + Here is an example showing how to use `dup2' to do redirection. +Typically, redirection of the standard streams (like `stdin') is done +by a shell or shell-like program before calling one of the `exec' +functions (*note Executing a File::) to execute a new program in a +child process. When the new program is executed, it creates and +initializes the standard streams to point to the corresponding file +descriptors, before its `main' function is invoked. + + So, to redirect standard input to a file, the shell could do +something like: + + pid = fork (); + if (pid == 0) + { + char *filename; + char *program; + int file; + ... + file = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (open (filename, O_RDONLY)); + dup2 (file, STDIN_FILENO); + TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (close (file)); + execv (program, NULL); + } + + There is also a more detailed example showing how to implement +redirection in the context of a pipeline of processes in *note +Launching Jobs::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Descriptor Flags, Next: File Status Flags, Prev: Duplicating Descriptors, Up: Low-Level I/O + +13.13 File Descriptor Flags +=========================== + +"File descriptor flags" are miscellaneous attributes of a file +descriptor. These flags are associated with particular file +descriptors, so that if you have created duplicate file descriptors +from a single opening of a file, each descriptor has its own set of +flags. + + Currently there is just one file descriptor flag: `FD_CLOEXEC', +which causes the descriptor to be closed if you use any of the +`exec...' functions (*note Executing a File::). + + The symbols in this section are defined in the header file `fcntl.h'. + + -- Macro: int F_GETFD + This macro is used as the COMMAND argument to `fcntl', to specify + that it should return the file descriptor flags associated with + the FILEDES argument. + + The normal return value from `fcntl' with this command is a + nonnegative number which can be interpreted as the bitwise OR of + the individual flags (except that currently there is only one flag + to use). + + In case of an error, `fcntl' returns -1. The following `errno' + error conditions are defined for this command: + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES argument is invalid. + + -- Macro: int F_SETFD + This macro is used as the COMMAND argument to `fcntl', to specify + that it should set the file descriptor flags associated with the + FILEDES argument. This requires a third `int' argument to specify + the new flags, so the form of the call is: + + fcntl (FILEDES, F_SETFD, NEW-FLAGS) + + The normal return value from `fcntl' with this command is an + unspecified value other than -1, which indicates an error. The + flags and error conditions are the same as for the `F_GETFD' + command. + + The following macro is defined for use as a file descriptor flag with +the `fcntl' function. The value is an integer constant usable as a bit +mask value. + + -- Macro: int FD_CLOEXEC + This flag specifies that the file descriptor should be closed when + an `exec' function is invoked; see *note Executing a File::. When + a file descriptor is allocated (as with `open' or `dup'), this bit + is initially cleared on the new file descriptor, meaning that + descriptor will survive into the new program after `exec'. + + If you want to modify the file descriptor flags, you should get the +current flags with `F_GETFD' and modify the value. Don't assume that +the flags listed here are the only ones that are implemented; your +program may be run years from now and more flags may exist then. For +example, here is a function to set or clear the flag `FD_CLOEXEC' +without altering any other flags: + + /* Set the `FD_CLOEXEC' flag of DESC if VALUE is nonzero, + or clear the flag if VALUE is 0. + Return 0 on success, or -1 on error with `errno' set. */ + + int + set_cloexec_flag (int desc, int value) + { + int oldflags = fcntl (desc, F_GETFD, 0); + /* If reading the flags failed, return error indication now. */ + if (oldflags < 0) + return oldflags; + /* Set just the flag we want to set. */ + if (value != 0) + oldflags |= FD_CLOEXEC; + else + oldflags &= ~FD_CLOEXEC; + /* Store modified flag word in the descriptor. */ + return fcntl (desc, F_SETFD, oldflags); + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: File Status Flags, Next: File Locks, Prev: Descriptor Flags, Up: Low-Level I/O + +13.14 File Status Flags +======================= + +"File status flags" are used to specify attributes of the opening of a +file. Unlike the file descriptor flags discussed in *note Descriptor +Flags::, the file status flags are shared by duplicated file descriptors +resulting from a single opening of the file. The file status flags are +specified with the FLAGS argument to `open'; *note Opening and Closing +Files::. + + File status flags fall into three categories, which are described in +the following sections. + + * *note Access Modes::, specify what type of access is allowed to the + file: reading, writing, or both. They are set by `open' and are + returned by `fcntl', but cannot be changed. + + * *note Open-time Flags::, control details of what `open' will do. + These flags are not preserved after the `open' call. + + * *note Operating Modes::, affect how operations such as `read' and + `write' are done. They are set by `open', and can be fetched or + changed with `fcntl'. + + The symbols in this section are defined in the header file `fcntl.h'. + +* Menu: + +* Access Modes:: Whether the descriptor can read or write. +* Open-time Flags:: Details of `open'. +* Operating Modes:: Special modes to control I/O operations. +* Getting File Status Flags:: Fetching and changing these flags. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Access Modes, Next: Open-time Flags, Up: File Status Flags + +13.14.1 File Access Modes +------------------------- + +The file access modes allow a file descriptor to be used for reading, +writing, or both. (In the GNU system, they can also allow none of +these, and allow execution of the file as a program.) The access modes +are chosen when the file is opened, and never change. + + -- Macro: int O_RDONLY + Open the file for read access. + + -- Macro: int O_WRONLY + Open the file for write access. + + -- Macro: int O_RDWR + Open the file for both reading and writing. + + In the GNU system (and not in other systems), `O_RDONLY' and +`O_WRONLY' are independent bits that can be bitwise-ORed together, and +it is valid for either bit to be set or clear. This means that +`O_RDWR' is the same as `O_RDONLY|O_WRONLY'. A file access mode of +zero is permissible; it allows no operations that do input or output to +the file, but does allow other operations such as `fchmod'. On the GNU +system, since "read-only" or "write-only" is a misnomer, `fcntl.h' +defines additional names for the file access modes. These names are +preferred when writing GNU-specific code. But most programs will want +to be portable to other POSIX.1 systems and should use the POSIX.1 +names above instead. + + -- Macro: int O_READ + Open the file for reading. Same as `O_RDONLY'; only defined on + GNU. + + -- Macro: int O_WRITE + Open the file for writing. Same as `O_WRONLY'; only defined on + GNU. + + -- Macro: int O_EXEC + Open the file for executing. Only defined on GNU. + + To determine the file access mode with `fcntl', you must extract the +access mode bits from the retrieved file status flags. In the GNU +system, you can just test the `O_READ' and `O_WRITE' bits in the flags +word. But in other POSIX.1 systems, reading and writing access modes +are not stored as distinct bit flags. The portable way to extract the +file access mode bits is with `O_ACCMODE'. + + -- Macro: int O_ACCMODE + This macro stands for a mask that can be bitwise-ANDed with the + file status flag value to produce a value representing the file + access mode. The mode will be `O_RDONLY', `O_WRONLY', or `O_RDWR'. + (In the GNU system it could also be zero, and it never includes the + `O_EXEC' bit.) + + +File: libc.info, Node: Open-time Flags, Next: Operating Modes, Prev: Access Modes, Up: File Status Flags + +13.14.2 Open-time Flags +----------------------- + +The open-time flags specify options affecting how `open' will behave. +These options are not preserved once the file is open. The exception to +this is `O_NONBLOCK', which is also an I/O operating mode and so it +_is_ saved. *Note Opening and Closing Files::, for how to call `open'. + + There are two sorts of options specified by open-time flags. + + * "File name translation flags" affect how `open' looks up the file + name to locate the file, and whether the file can be created. + + * "Open-time action flags" specify extra operations that `open' will + perform on the file once it is open. + + Here are the file name translation flags. + + -- Macro: int O_CREAT + If set, the file will be created if it doesn't already exist. + + -- Macro: int O_EXCL + If both `O_CREAT' and `O_EXCL' are set, then `open' fails if the + specified file already exists. This is guaranteed to never + clobber an existing file. + + -- Macro: int O_NONBLOCK + This prevents `open' from blocking for a "long time" to open the + file. This is only meaningful for some kinds of files, usually + devices such as serial ports; when it is not meaningful, it is + harmless and ignored. Often opening a port to a modem blocks + until the modem reports carrier detection; if `O_NONBLOCK' is + specified, `open' will return immediately without a carrier. + + Note that the `O_NONBLOCK' flag is overloaded as both an I/O + operating mode and a file name translation flag. This means that + specifying `O_NONBLOCK' in `open' also sets nonblocking I/O mode; + *note Operating Modes::. To open the file without blocking but do + normal I/O that blocks, you must call `open' with `O_NONBLOCK' set + and then call `fcntl' to turn the bit off. + + -- Macro: int O_NOCTTY + If the named file is a terminal device, don't make it the + controlling terminal for the process. *Note Job Control::, for + information about what it means to be the controlling terminal. + + In the GNU system and 4.4 BSD, opening a file never makes it the + controlling terminal and `O_NOCTTY' is zero. However, other + systems may use a nonzero value for `O_NOCTTY' and set the + controlling terminal when you open a file that is a terminal + device; so to be portable, use `O_NOCTTY' when it is important to + avoid this. + + The following three file name translation flags exist only in the +GNU system. + + -- Macro: int O_IGNORE_CTTY + Do not recognize the named file as the controlling terminal, even + if it refers to the process's existing controlling terminal + device. Operations on the new file descriptor will never induce + job control signals. *Note Job Control::. + + -- Macro: int O_NOLINK + If the named file is a symbolic link, open the link itself instead + of the file it refers to. (`fstat' on the new file descriptor will + return the information returned by `lstat' on the link's name.) + + -- Macro: int O_NOTRANS + If the named file is specially translated, do not invoke the + translator. Open the bare file the translator itself sees. + + The open-time action flags tell `open' to do additional operations +which are not really related to opening the file. The reason to do them +as part of `open' instead of in separate calls is that `open' can do +them atomically. + + -- Macro: int O_TRUNC + Truncate the file to zero length. This option is only useful for + regular files, not special files such as directories or FIFOs. + POSIX.1 requires that you open the file for writing to use + `O_TRUNC'. In BSD and GNU you must have permission to write the + file to truncate it, but you need not open for write access. + + This is the only open-time action flag specified by POSIX.1. + There is no good reason for truncation to be done by `open', + instead of by calling `ftruncate' afterwards. The `O_TRUNC' flag + existed in Unix before `ftruncate' was invented, and is retained + for backward compatibility. + + The remaining operating modes are BSD extensions. They exist only +on some systems. On other systems, these macros are not defined. + + -- Macro: int O_SHLOCK + Acquire a shared lock on the file, as with `flock'. *Note File + Locks::. + + If `O_CREAT' is specified, the locking is done atomically when + creating the file. You are guaranteed that no other process will + get the lock on the new file first. + + -- Macro: int O_EXLOCK + Acquire an exclusive lock on the file, as with `flock'. *Note + File Locks::. This is atomic like `O_SHLOCK'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Operating Modes, Next: Getting File Status Flags, Prev: Open-time Flags, Up: File Status Flags + +13.14.3 I/O Operating Modes +--------------------------- + +The operating modes affect how input and output operations using a file +descriptor work. These flags are set by `open' and can be fetched and +changed with `fcntl'. + + -- Macro: int O_APPEND + The bit that enables append mode for the file. If set, then all + `write' operations write the data at the end of the file, extending + it, regardless of the current file position. This is the only + reliable way to append to a file. In append mode, you are + guaranteed that the data you write will always go to the current + end of the file, regardless of other processes writing to the + file. Conversely, if you simply set the file position to the end + of file and write, then another process can extend the file after + you set the file position but before you write, resulting in your + data appearing someplace before the real end of file. + + -- Macro: int O_NONBLOCK + The bit that enables nonblocking mode for the file. If this bit + is set, `read' requests on the file can return immediately with a + failure status if there is no input immediately available, instead + of blocking. Likewise, `write' requests can also return + immediately with a failure status if the output can't be written + immediately. + + Note that the `O_NONBLOCK' flag is overloaded as both an I/O + operating mode and a file name translation flag; *note Open-time + Flags::. + + -- Macro: int O_NDELAY + This is an obsolete name for `O_NONBLOCK', provided for + compatibility with BSD. It is not defined by the POSIX.1 standard. + + The remaining operating modes are BSD and GNU extensions. They +exist only on some systems. On other systems, these macros are not +defined. + + -- Macro: int O_ASYNC + The bit that enables asynchronous input mode. If set, then `SIGIO' + signals will be generated when input is available. *Note + Interrupt Input::. + + Asynchronous input mode is a BSD feature. + + -- Macro: int O_FSYNC + The bit that enables synchronous writing for the file. If set, + each `write' call will make sure the data is reliably stored on + disk before returning. Synchronous writing is a BSD feature. + + -- Macro: int O_SYNC + This is another name for `O_FSYNC'. They have the same value. + + -- Macro: int O_NOATIME + If this bit is set, `read' will not update the access time of the + file. *Note File Times::. This is used by programs that do + backups, so that backing a file up does not count as reading it. + Only the owner of the file or the superuser may use this bit. + + This is a GNU extension. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Getting File Status Flags, Prev: Operating Modes, Up: File Status Flags + +13.14.4 Getting and Setting File Status Flags +--------------------------------------------- + +The `fcntl' function can fetch or change file status flags. + + -- Macro: int F_GETFL + This macro is used as the COMMAND argument to `fcntl', to read the + file status flags for the open file with descriptor FILEDES. + + The normal return value from `fcntl' with this command is a + nonnegative number which can be interpreted as the bitwise OR of + the individual flags. Since the file access modes are not + single-bit values, you can mask off other bits in the returned + flags with `O_ACCMODE' to compare them. + + In case of an error, `fcntl' returns -1. The following `errno' + error conditions are defined for this command: + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES argument is invalid. + + -- Macro: int F_SETFL + This macro is used as the COMMAND argument to `fcntl', to set the + file status flags for the open file corresponding to the FILEDES + argument. This command requires a third `int' argument to specify + the new flags, so the call looks like this: + + fcntl (FILEDES, F_SETFL, NEW-FLAGS) + + You can't change the access mode for the file in this way; that is, + whether the file descriptor was opened for reading or writing. + + The normal return value from `fcntl' with this command is an + unspecified value other than -1, which indicates an error. The + error conditions are the same as for the `F_GETFL' command. + + If you want to modify the file status flags, you should get the +current flags with `F_GETFL' and modify the value. Don't assume that +the flags listed here are the only ones that are implemented; your +program may be run years from now and more flags may exist then. For +example, here is a function to set or clear the flag `O_NONBLOCK' +without altering any other flags: + + /* Set the `O_NONBLOCK' flag of DESC if VALUE is nonzero, + or clear the flag if VALUE is 0. + Return 0 on success, or -1 on error with `errno' set. */ + + int + set_nonblock_flag (int desc, int value) + { + int oldflags = fcntl (desc, F_GETFL, 0); + /* If reading the flags failed, return error indication now. */ + if (oldflags == -1) + return -1; + /* Set just the flag we want to set. */ + if (value != 0) + oldflags |= O_NONBLOCK; + else + oldflags &= ~O_NONBLOCK; + /* Store modified flag word in the descriptor. */ + return fcntl (desc, F_SETFL, oldflags); + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: File Locks, Next: Interrupt Input, Prev: File Status Flags, Up: Low-Level I/O + +13.15 File Locks +================ + +The remaining `fcntl' commands are used to support "record locking", +which permits multiple cooperating programs to prevent each other from +simultaneously accessing parts of a file in error-prone ways. + + An "exclusive" or "write" lock gives a process exclusive access for +writing to the specified part of the file. While a write lock is in +place, no other process can lock that part of the file. + + A "shared" or "read" lock prohibits any other process from +requesting a write lock on the specified part of the file. However, +other processes can request read locks. + + The `read' and `write' functions do not actually check to see +whether there are any locks in place. If you want to implement a +locking protocol for a file shared by multiple processes, your +application must do explicit `fcntl' calls to request and clear locks +at the appropriate points. + + Locks are associated with processes. A process can only have one +kind of lock set for each byte of a given file. When any file +descriptor for that file is closed by the process, all of the locks +that process holds on that file are released, even if the locks were +made using other descriptors that remain open. Likewise, locks are +released when a process exits, and are not inherited by child processes +created using `fork' (*note Creating a Process::). + + When making a lock, use a `struct flock' to specify what kind of +lock and where. This data type and the associated macros for the +`fcntl' function are declared in the header file `fcntl.h'. + + -- Data Type: struct flock + This structure is used with the `fcntl' function to describe a file + lock. It has these members: + + `short int l_type' + Specifies the type of the lock; one of `F_RDLCK', `F_WRLCK', + or `F_UNLCK'. + + `short int l_whence' + This corresponds to the WHENCE argument to `fseek' or + `lseek', and specifies what the offset is relative to. Its + value can be one of `SEEK_SET', `SEEK_CUR', or `SEEK_END'. + + `off_t l_start' + This specifies the offset of the start of the region to which + the lock applies, and is given in bytes relative to the point + specified by `l_whence' member. + + `off_t l_len' + This specifies the length of the region to be locked. A + value of `0' is treated specially; it means the region + extends to the end of the file. + + `pid_t l_pid' + This field is the process ID (*note Process Creation + Concepts::) of the process holding the lock. It is filled in + by calling `fcntl' with the `F_GETLK' command, but is ignored + when making a lock. + + -- Macro: int F_GETLK + This macro is used as the COMMAND argument to `fcntl', to specify + that it should get information about a lock. This command + requires a third argument of type `struct flock *' to be passed to + `fcntl', so that the form of the call is: + + fcntl (FILEDES, F_GETLK, LOCKP) + + If there is a lock already in place that would block the lock + described by the LOCKP argument, information about that lock + overwrites `*LOCKP'. Existing locks are not reported if they are + compatible with making a new lock as specified. Thus, you should + specify a lock type of `F_WRLCK' if you want to find out about both + read and write locks, or `F_RDLCK' if you want to find out about + write locks only. + + There might be more than one lock affecting the region specified + by the LOCKP argument, but `fcntl' only returns information about + one of them. The `l_whence' member of the LOCKP structure is set + to `SEEK_SET' and the `l_start' and `l_len' fields set to identify + the locked region. + + If no lock applies, the only change to the LOCKP structure is to + update the `l_type' to a value of `F_UNLCK'. + + The normal return value from `fcntl' with this command is an + unspecified value other than -1, which is reserved to indicate an + error. The following `errno' error conditions are defined for + this command: + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES argument is invalid. + + `EINVAL' + Either the LOCKP argument doesn't specify valid lock + information, or the file associated with FILEDES doesn't + support locks. + + -- Macro: int F_SETLK + This macro is used as the COMMAND argument to `fcntl', to specify + that it should set or clear a lock. This command requires a third + argument of type `struct flock *' to be passed to `fcntl', so that + the form of the call is: + + fcntl (FILEDES, F_SETLK, LOCKP) + + If the process already has a lock on any part of the region, the + old lock on that part is replaced with the new lock. You can + remove a lock by specifying a lock type of `F_UNLCK'. + + If the lock cannot be set, `fcntl' returns immediately with a value + of -1. This function does not block waiting for other processes + to release locks. If `fcntl' succeeds, it return a value other + than -1. + + The following `errno' error conditions are defined for this + function: + + `EAGAIN' + `EACCES' + The lock cannot be set because it is blocked by an existing + lock on the file. Some systems use `EAGAIN' in this case, + and other systems use `EACCES'; your program should treat + them alike, after `F_SETLK'. (The GNU system always uses + `EAGAIN'.) + + `EBADF' + Either: the FILEDES argument is invalid; you requested a read + lock but the FILEDES is not open for read access; or, you + requested a write lock but the FILEDES is not open for write + access. + + `EINVAL' + Either the LOCKP argument doesn't specify valid lock + information, or the file associated with FILEDES doesn't + support locks. + + `ENOLCK' + The system has run out of file lock resources; there are + already too many file locks in place. + + Well-designed file systems never report this error, because + they have no limitation on the number of locks. However, you + must still take account of the possibility of this error, as + it could result from network access to a file system on + another machine. + + -- Macro: int F_SETLKW + This macro is used as the COMMAND argument to `fcntl', to specify + that it should set or clear a lock. It is just like the `F_SETLK' + command, but causes the process to block (or wait) until the + request can be specified. + + This command requires a third argument of type `struct flock *', as + for the `F_SETLK' command. + + The `fcntl' return values and errors are the same as for the + `F_SETLK' command, but these additional `errno' error conditions + are defined for this command: + + `EINTR' + The function was interrupted by a signal while it was waiting. + *Note Interrupted Primitives::. + + `EDEADLK' + The specified region is being locked by another process. But + that process is waiting to lock a region which the current + process has locked, so waiting for the lock would result in + deadlock. The system does not guarantee that it will detect + all such conditions, but it lets you know if it notices one. + + The following macros are defined for use as values for the `l_type' +member of the `flock' structure. The values are integer constants. + +`F_RDLCK' + This macro is used to specify a read (or shared) lock. + +`F_WRLCK' + This macro is used to specify a write (or exclusive) lock. + +`F_UNLCK' + This macro is used to specify that the region is unlocked. + + As an example of a situation where file locking is useful, consider a +program that can be run simultaneously by several different users, that +logs status information to a common file. One example of such a program +might be a game that uses a file to keep track of high scores. Another +example might be a program that records usage or accounting information +for billing purposes. + + Having multiple copies of the program simultaneously writing to the +file could cause the contents of the file to become mixed up. But you +can prevent this kind of problem by setting a write lock on the file +before actually writing to the file. + + If the program also needs to read the file and wants to make sure +that the contents of the file are in a consistent state, then it can +also use a read lock. While the read lock is set, no other process can +lock that part of the file for writing. + + Remember that file locks are only a _voluntary_ protocol for +controlling access to a file. There is still potential for access to +the file by programs that don't use the lock protocol. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Interrupt Input, Next: IOCTLs, Prev: File Locks, Up: Low-Level I/O + +13.16 Interrupt-Driven Input +============================ + +If you set the `O_ASYNC' status flag on a file descriptor (*note File +Status Flags::), a `SIGIO' signal is sent whenever input or output +becomes possible on that file descriptor. The process or process group +to receive the signal can be selected by using the `F_SETOWN' command +to the `fcntl' function. If the file descriptor is a socket, this also +selects the recipient of `SIGURG' signals that are delivered when +out-of-band data arrives on that socket; see *note Out-of-Band Data::. +(`SIGURG' is sent in any situation where `select' would report the +socket as having an "exceptional condition". *Note Waiting for I/O::.) + + If the file descriptor corresponds to a terminal device, then `SIGIO' +signals are sent to the foreground process group of the terminal. +*Note Job Control::. + + The symbols in this section are defined in the header file `fcntl.h'. + + -- Macro: int F_GETOWN + This macro is used as the COMMAND argument to `fcntl', to specify + that it should get information about the process or process group + to which `SIGIO' signals are sent. (For a terminal, this is + actually the foreground process group ID, which you can get using + `tcgetpgrp'; see *note Terminal Access Functions::.) + + The return value is interpreted as a process ID; if negative, its + absolute value is the process group ID. + + The following `errno' error condition is defined for this command: + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES argument is invalid. + + -- Macro: int F_SETOWN + This macro is used as the COMMAND argument to `fcntl', to specify + that it should set the process or process group to which `SIGIO' + signals are sent. This command requires a third argument of type + `pid_t' to be passed to `fcntl', so that the form of the call is: + + fcntl (FILEDES, F_SETOWN, PID) + + The PID argument should be a process ID. You can also pass a + negative number whose absolute value is a process group ID. + + The return value from `fcntl' with this command is -1 in case of + error and some other value if successful. The following `errno' + error conditions are defined for this command: + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES argument is invalid. + + `ESRCH' + There is no process or process group corresponding to PID. + + +File: libc.info, Node: IOCTLs, Prev: Interrupt Input, Up: Low-Level I/O + +13.17 Generic I/O Control operations +==================================== + +The GNU system can handle most input/output operations on many different +devices and objects in terms of a few file primitives - `read', `write' +and `lseek'. However, most devices also have a few peculiar operations +which do not fit into this model. Such as: + + * Changing the character font used on a terminal. + + * Telling a magnetic tape system to rewind or fast forward. (Since + they cannot move in byte increments, `lseek' is inapplicable). + + * Ejecting a disk from a drive. + + * Playing an audio track from a CD-ROM drive. + + * Maintaining routing tables for a network. + + + Although some such objects such as sockets and terminals (1) have +special functions of their own, it would not be practical to create +functions for all these cases. + + Instead these minor operations, known as "IOCTL"s, are assigned code +numbers and multiplexed through the `ioctl' function, defined in +`sys/ioctl.h'. The code numbers themselves are defined in many +different headers. + + -- Function: int ioctl (int FILEDES, int COMMAND, ...) + The `ioctl' function performs the generic I/O operation COMMAND on + FILEDES. + + A third argument is usually present, either a single number or a + pointer to a structure. The meaning of this argument, the + returned value, and any error codes depends upon the command used. + Often -1 is returned for a failure. + + + On some systems, IOCTLs used by different devices share the same +numbers. Thus, although use of an inappropriate IOCTL _usually_ only +produces an error, you should not attempt to use device-specific IOCTLs +on an unknown device. + + Most IOCTLs are OS-specific and/or only used in special system +utilities, and are thus beyond the scope of this document. For an +example of the use of an IOCTL, see *note Out-of-Band Data::. + + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) Actually, the terminal-specific functions are implemented with +IOCTLs on many platforms. + + +File: libc.info, Node: File System Interface, Next: Pipes and FIFOs, Prev: Low-Level I/O, Up: Top + +14 File System Interface +************************ + +This chapter describes the GNU C library's functions for manipulating +files. Unlike the input and output functions (*note I/O on Streams::; +*note Low-Level I/O::), these functions are concerned with operating on +the files themselves rather than on their contents. + + Among the facilities described in this chapter are functions for +examining or modifying directories, functions for renaming and deleting +files, and functions for examining and setting file attributes such as +access permissions and modification times. + +* Menu: + +* Working Directory:: This is used to resolve relative + file names. +* Accessing Directories:: Finding out what files a directory + contains. +* Working with Directory Trees:: Apply actions to all files or a selectable + subset of a directory hierarchy. +* Hard Links:: Adding alternate names to a file. +* Symbolic Links:: A file that ``points to'' a file name. +* Deleting Files:: How to delete a file, and what that means. +* Renaming Files:: Changing a file's name. +* Creating Directories:: A system call just for creating a directory. +* File Attributes:: Attributes of individual files. +* Making Special Files:: How to create special files. +* Temporary Files:: Naming and creating temporary files. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Working Directory, Next: Accessing Directories, Up: File System Interface + +14.1 Working Directory +====================== + +Each process has associated with it a directory, called its "current +working directory" or simply "working directory", that is used in the +resolution of relative file names (*note File Name Resolution::). + + When you log in and begin a new session, your working directory is +initially set to the home directory associated with your login account +in the system user database. You can find any user's home directory +using the `getpwuid' or `getpwnam' functions; see *note User Database::. + + Users can change the working directory using shell commands like +`cd'. The functions described in this section are the primitives used +by those commands and by other programs for examining and changing the +working directory. + + Prototypes for these functions are declared in the header file +`unistd.h'. + + -- Function: char * getcwd (char *BUFFER, size_t SIZE) + The `getcwd' function returns an absolute file name representing + the current working directory, storing it in the character array + BUFFER that you provide. The SIZE argument is how you tell the + system the allocation size of BUFFER. + + The GNU library version of this function also permits you to + specify a null pointer for the BUFFER argument. Then `getcwd' + allocates a buffer automatically, as with `malloc' (*note + Unconstrained Allocation::). If the SIZE is greater than zero, + then the buffer is that large; otherwise, the buffer is as large + as necessary to hold the result. + + The return value is BUFFER on success and a null pointer on + failure. The following `errno' error conditions are defined for + this function: + + `EINVAL' + The SIZE argument is zero and BUFFER is not a null pointer. + + `ERANGE' + The SIZE argument is less than the length of the working + directory name. You need to allocate a bigger array and try + again. + + `EACCES' + Permission to read or search a component of the file name was + denied. + + You could implement the behavior of GNU's `getcwd (NULL, 0)' using +only the standard behavior of `getcwd': + + char * + gnu_getcwd () + { + size_t size = 100; + + while (1) + { + char *buffer = (char *) xmalloc (size); + if (getcwd (buffer, size) == buffer) + return buffer; + free (buffer); + if (errno != ERANGE) + return 0; + size *= 2; + } + } + +*Note Malloc Examples::, for information about `xmalloc', which is not +a library function but is a customary name used in most GNU software. + + -- Deprecated Function: char * getwd (char *BUFFER) + This is similar to `getcwd', but has no way to specify the size of + the buffer. The GNU library provides `getwd' only for backwards + compatibility with BSD. + + The BUFFER argument should be a pointer to an array at least + `PATH_MAX' bytes long (*note Limits for Files::). In the GNU + system there is no limit to the size of a file name, so this is not + necessarily enough space to contain the directory name. That is + why this function is deprecated. + + -- Function: char * get_current_dir_name (void) + This `get_current_dir_name' function is basically equivalent to + `getcwd (NULL, 0)'. The only difference is that the value of the + `PWD' variable is returned if this value is correct. This is a + subtle difference which is visible if the path described by the + `PWD' value is using one or more symbol links in which case the + value returned by `getcwd' can resolve the symbol links and + therefore yield a different result. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: int chdir (const char *FILENAME) + This function is used to set the process's working directory to + FILENAME. + + The normal, successful return value from `chdir' is `0'. A value + of `-1' is returned to indicate an error. The `errno' error + conditions defined for this function are the usual file name + syntax errors (*note File Name Errors::), plus `ENOTDIR' if the + file FILENAME is not a directory. + + -- Function: int fchdir (int FILEDES) + This function is used to set the process's working directory to + directory associated with the file descriptor FILEDES. + + The normal, successful return value from `fchdir' is `0'. A value + of `-1' is returned to indicate an error. The following `errno' + error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EACCES' + Read permission is denied for the directory named by + `dirname'. + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES argument is not a valid file descriptor. + + `ENOTDIR' + The file descriptor FILEDES is not associated with a + directory. + + `EINTR' + The function call was interrupt by a signal. + + `EIO' + An I/O error occurred. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Accessing Directories, Next: Working with Directory Trees, Prev: Working Directory, Up: File System Interface + +14.2 Accessing Directories +========================== + +The facilities described in this section let you read the contents of a +directory file. This is useful if you want your program to list all the +files in a directory, perhaps as part of a menu. + + The `opendir' function opens a "directory stream" whose elements are +directory entries. Alternatively `fdopendir' can be used which can +have advantages if the program needs to have more control over the way +the directory is opened for reading. This allows, for instance, to +pass the `O_NOATIME' flag to `open'. + + You use the `readdir' function on the directory stream to retrieve +these entries, represented as `struct dirent' objects. The name of the +file for each entry is stored in the `d_name' member of this structure. +There are obvious parallels here to the stream facilities for ordinary +files, described in *note I/O on Streams::. + +* Menu: + +* Directory Entries:: Format of one directory entry. +* Opening a Directory:: How to open a directory stream. +* Reading/Closing Directory:: How to read directory entries from the stream. +* Simple Directory Lister:: A very simple directory listing program. +* Random Access Directory:: Rereading part of the directory + already read with the same stream. +* Scanning Directory Content:: Get entries for user selected subset of + contents in given directory. +* Simple Directory Lister Mark II:: Revised version of the program. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Directory Entries, Next: Opening a Directory, Up: Accessing Directories + +14.2.1 Format of a Directory Entry +---------------------------------- + +This section describes what you find in a single directory entry, as you +might obtain it from a directory stream. All the symbols are declared +in the header file `dirent.h'. + + -- Data Type: struct dirent + This is a structure type used to return information about directory + entries. It contains the following fields: + + `char d_name[]' + This is the null-terminated file name component. This is the + only field you can count on in all POSIX systems. + + `ino_t d_fileno' + This is the file serial number. For BSD compatibility, you + can also refer to this member as `d_ino'. In the GNU system + and most POSIX systems, for most files this the same as the + `st_ino' member that `stat' will return for the file. *Note + File Attributes::. + + `unsigned char d_namlen' + This is the length of the file name, not including the + terminating null character. Its type is `unsigned char' + because that is the integer type of the appropriate size + + `unsigned char d_type' + This is the type of the file, possibly unknown. The + following constants are defined for its value: + + `DT_UNKNOWN' + The type is unknown. On some systems this is the only + value returned. + + `DT_REG' + A regular file. + + `DT_DIR' + A directory. + + `DT_FIFO' + A named pipe, or FIFO. *Note FIFO Special Files::. + + `DT_SOCK' + A local-domain socket. + + `DT_CHR' + A character device. + + `DT_BLK' + A block device. + + This member is a BSD extension. The symbol + `_DIRENT_HAVE_D_TYPE' is defined if this member is available. + On systems where it is used, it corresponds to the file type + bits in the `st_mode' member of `struct statbuf'. If the + value cannot be determine the member value is DT_UNKNOWN. + These two macros convert between `d_type' values and + `st_mode' values: + + -- Function: int IFTODT (mode_t MODE) + This returns the `d_type' value corresponding to MODE. + + -- Function: mode_t DTTOIF (int DTYPE) + This returns the `st_mode' value corresponding to DTYPE. + + This structure may contain additional members in the future. Their + availability is always announced in the compilation environment by + a macro names `_DIRENT_HAVE_D_XXX' where XXX is replaced by the + name of the new member. For instance, the member `d_reclen' + available on some systems is announced through the macro + `_DIRENT_HAVE_D_RECLEN'. + + When a file has multiple names, each name has its own directory + entry. The only way you can tell that the directory entries + belong to a single file is that they have the same value for the + `d_fileno' field. + + File attributes such as size, modification times etc., are part of + the file itself, not of any particular directory entry. *Note + File Attributes::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Opening a Directory, Next: Reading/Closing Directory, Prev: Directory Entries, Up: Accessing Directories + +14.2.2 Opening a Directory Stream +--------------------------------- + +This section describes how to open a directory stream. All the symbols +are declared in the header file `dirent.h'. + + -- Data Type: DIR + The `DIR' data type represents a directory stream. + + You shouldn't ever allocate objects of the `struct dirent' or `DIR' +data types, since the directory access functions do that for you. +Instead, you refer to these objects using the pointers returned by the +following functions. + + -- Function: DIR * opendir (const char *DIRNAME) + The `opendir' function opens and returns a directory stream for + reading the directory whose file name is DIRNAME. The stream has + type `DIR *'. + + If unsuccessful, `opendir' returns a null pointer. In addition to + the usual file name errors (*note File Name Errors::), the + following `errno' error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EACCES' + Read permission is denied for the directory named by + `dirname'. + + `EMFILE' + The process has too many files open. + + `ENFILE' + The entire system, or perhaps the file system which contains + the directory, cannot support any additional open files at + the moment. (This problem cannot happen on the GNU system.) + + `ENOMEM' + Not enough memory available. + + The `DIR' type is typically implemented using a file descriptor, + and the `opendir' function in terms of the `open' function. *Note + Low-Level I/O::. Directory streams and the underlying file + descriptors are closed on `exec' (*note Executing a File::). + + The directory which is opened for reading by `opendir' is identified +by the name. In some situations this is not sufficient. Or the way +`opendir' implicitly creates a file descriptor for the directory is not +the way a program might want it. In these cases an alternative +interface can be used. + + -- Function: DIR * fdopendir (int FD) + The `fdopendir' function works just like `opendir' but instead of + taking a file name and opening a file descriptor for the directory + the caller is required to provide a file descriptor. This file + descriptor is then used in subsequent uses of the returned + directory stream object. + + The caller must make sure the file descriptor is associated with a + directory and it allows reading. + + If the `fdopendir' call returns successfully the file descriptor + is now under the control of the system. It can be used in the same + way the descriptor implicitly created by `opendir' can be used but + the program must not close the descriptor. + + In case the function is unsuccessful it returns a null pointer and + the file descriptor remains to be usable by the program. The + following `errno' error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EBADF' + The file descriptor is not valid. + + `ENOTDIR' + The file descriptor is not associated with a directory. + + `EINVAL' + The descriptor does not allow reading the directory content. + + `ENOMEM' + Not enough memory available. + + In some situations it can be desirable to get hold of the file +descriptor which is created by the `opendir' call. For instance, to +switch the current working directory to the directory just read the +`fchdir' function could be used. Historically the `DIR' type was +exposed and programs could access the fields. This does not happen in +the GNU C library. Instead a separate function is provided to allow +access. + + -- Function: int dirfd (DIR *DIRSTREAM) + The function `dirfd' returns the file descriptor associated with + the directory stream DIRSTREAM. This descriptor can be used until + the directory is closed with `closedir'. If the directory stream + implementation is not using file descriptors the return value is + `-1'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Reading/Closing Directory, Next: Simple Directory Lister, Prev: Opening a Directory, Up: Accessing Directories + +14.2.3 Reading and Closing a Directory Stream +--------------------------------------------- + +This section describes how to read directory entries from a directory +stream, and how to close the stream when you are done with it. All the +symbols are declared in the header file `dirent.h'. + + -- Function: struct dirent * readdir (DIR *DIRSTREAM) + This function reads the next entry from the directory. It normally + returns a pointer to a structure containing information about the + file. This structure is statically allocated and can be rewritten + by a subsequent call. + + *Portability Note:* On some systems `readdir' may not return + entries for `.' and `..', even though these are always valid file + names in any directory. *Note File Name Resolution::. + + If there are no more entries in the directory or an error is + detected, `readdir' returns a null pointer. The following `errno' + error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EBADF' + The DIRSTREAM argument is not valid. + + `readdir' is not thread safe. Multiple threads using `readdir' on + the same DIRSTREAM may overwrite the return value. Use + `readdir_r' when this is critical. + + -- Function: int readdir_r (DIR *DIRSTREAM, struct dirent *ENTRY, + struct dirent **RESULT) + This function is the reentrant version of `readdir'. Like + `readdir' it returns the next entry from the directory. But to + prevent conflicts between simultaneously running threads the + result is not stored in statically allocated memory. Instead the + argument ENTRY points to a place to store the result. + + Normally `readdir_r' returns zero and sets `*RESULT' to ENTRY. If + there are no more entries in the directory or an error is + detected, `readdir_r' sets `*RESULT' to a null pointer and returns + a nonzero error code, also stored in `errno', as described for + `readdir'. + + *Portability Note:* On some systems `readdir_r' may not return a + NUL terminated string for the file name, even when there is no + `d_reclen' field in `struct dirent' and the file name is the + maximum allowed size. Modern systems all have the `d_reclen' + field, and on old systems multi-threading is not critical. In any + case there is no such problem with the `readdir' function, so that + even on systems without the `d_reclen' member one could use + multiple threads by using external locking. + + It is also important to look at the definition of the `struct + dirent' type. Simply passing a pointer to an object of this type + for the second parameter of `readdir_r' might not be enough. Some + systems don't define the `d_name' element sufficiently long. In + this case the user has to provide additional space. There must be + room for at least `NAME_MAX + 1' characters in the `d_name' array. + Code to call `readdir_r' could look like this: + + union + { + struct dirent d; + char b[offsetof (struct dirent, d_name) + NAME_MAX + 1]; + } u; + + if (readdir_r (dir, &u.d, &res) == 0) + ... + + To support large filesystems on 32-bit machines there are LFS +variants of the last two functions. + + -- Function: struct dirent64 * readdir64 (DIR *DIRSTREAM) + The `readdir64' function is just like the `readdir' function + except that it returns a pointer to a record of type `struct + dirent64'. Some of the members of this data type (notably `d_ino') + might have a different size to allow large filesystems. + + In all other aspects this function is equivalent to `readdir'. + + -- Function: int readdir64_r (DIR *DIRSTREAM, struct dirent64 *ENTRY, + struct dirent64 **RESULT) + The `readdir64_r' function is equivalent to the `readdir_r' + function except that it takes parameters of base type `struct + dirent64' instead of `struct dirent' in the second and third + position. The same precautions mentioned in the documentation of + `readdir_r' also apply here. + + -- Function: int closedir (DIR *DIRSTREAM) + This function closes the directory stream DIRSTREAM. It returns + `0' on success and `-1' on failure. + + The following `errno' error conditions are defined for this + function: + + `EBADF' + The DIRSTREAM argument is not valid. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Simple Directory Lister, Next: Random Access Directory, Prev: Reading/Closing Directory, Up: Accessing Directories + +14.2.4 Simple Program to List a Directory +----------------------------------------- + +Here's a simple program that prints the names of the files in the +current working directory: + + #include + #include + #include + + int + main (void) + { + DIR *dp; + struct dirent *ep; + + dp = opendir ("./"); + if (dp != NULL) + { + while (ep = readdir (dp)) + puts (ep->d_name); + (void) closedir (dp); + } + else + perror ("Couldn't open the directory"); + + return 0; + } + + The order in which files appear in a directory tends to be fairly +random. A more useful program would sort the entries (perhaps by +alphabetizing them) before printing them; see *note Scanning Directory +Content::, and *note Array Sort Function::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Random Access Directory, Next: Scanning Directory Content, Prev: Simple Directory Lister, Up: Accessing Directories + +14.2.5 Random Access in a Directory Stream +------------------------------------------ + +This section describes how to reread parts of a directory that you have +already read from an open directory stream. All the symbols are +declared in the header file `dirent.h'. + + -- Function: void rewinddir (DIR *DIRSTREAM) + The `rewinddir' function is used to reinitialize the directory + stream DIRSTREAM, so that if you call `readdir' it returns + information about the first entry in the directory again. This + function also notices if files have been added or removed to the + directory since it was opened with `opendir'. (Entries for these + files might or might not be returned by `readdir' if they were + added or removed since you last called `opendir' or `rewinddir'.) + + -- Function: long int telldir (DIR *DIRSTREAM) + The `telldir' function returns the file position of the directory + stream DIRSTREAM. You can use this value with `seekdir' to + restore the directory stream to that position. + + -- Function: void seekdir (DIR *DIRSTREAM, long int POS) + The `seekdir' function sets the file position of the directory + stream DIRSTREAM to POS. The value POS must be the result of a + previous call to `telldir' on this particular stream; closing and + reopening the directory can invalidate values returned by + `telldir'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Scanning Directory Content, Next: Simple Directory Lister Mark II, Prev: Random Access Directory, Up: Accessing Directories + +14.2.6 Scanning the Content of a Directory +------------------------------------------ + +A higher-level interface to the directory handling functions is the +`scandir' function. With its help one can select a subset of the +entries in a directory, possibly sort them and get a list of names as +the result. + + -- Function: int scandir (const char *DIR, struct dirent ***NAMELIST, + int (*SELECTOR) (const struct dirent *), int (*CMP) (const + void *, const void *)) + The `scandir' function scans the contents of the directory selected + by DIR. The result in *NAMELIST is an array of pointers to + structure of type `struct dirent' which describe all selected + directory entries and which is allocated using `malloc'. Instead + of always getting all directory entries returned, the user supplied + function SELECTOR can be used to decide which entries are in the + result. Only the entries for which SELECTOR returns a non-zero + value are selected. + + Finally the entries in *NAMELIST are sorted using the + user-supplied function CMP. The arguments passed to the CMP + function are of type `struct dirent **', therefore one cannot + directly use the `strcmp' or `strcoll' functions; instead see the + functions `alphasort' and `versionsort' below. + + The return value of the function is the number of entries placed in + *NAMELIST. If it is `-1' an error occurred (either the directory + could not be opened for reading or the malloc call failed) and the + global variable `errno' contains more information on the error. + + As described above the fourth argument to the `scandir' function +must be a pointer to a sorting function. For the convenience of the +programmer the GNU C library contains implementations of functions which +are very helpful for this purpose. + + -- Function: int alphasort (const void *A, const void *B) + The `alphasort' function behaves like the `strcoll' function + (*note String/Array Comparison::). The difference is that the + arguments are not string pointers but instead they are of type + `struct dirent **'. + + The return value of `alphasort' is less than, equal to, or greater + than zero depending on the order of the two entries A and B. + + -- Function: int versionsort (const void *A, const void *B) + The `versionsort' function is like `alphasort' except that it uses + the `strverscmp' function internally. + + If the filesystem supports large files we cannot use the `scandir' +anymore since the `dirent' structure might not able to contain all the +information. The LFS provides the new type `struct dirent64'. To use +this we need a new function. + + -- Function: int scandir64 (const char *DIR, struct dirent64 + ***NAMELIST, int (*SELECTOR) (const struct dirent64 *), int + (*CMP) (const void *, const void *)) + The `scandir64' function works like the `scandir' function except + that the directory entries it returns are described by elements of + type `struct dirent64'. The function pointed to by SELECTOR is + again used to select the desired entries, except that SELECTOR now + must point to a function which takes a `struct dirent64 *' + parameter. + + Similarly the CMP function should expect its two arguments to be + of type `struct dirent64 **'. + + As CMP is now a function of a different type, the functions +`alphasort' and `versionsort' cannot be supplied for that argument. +Instead we provide the two replacement functions below. + + -- Function: int alphasort64 (const void *A, const void *B) + The `alphasort64' function behaves like the `strcoll' function + (*note String/Array Comparison::). The difference is that the + arguments are not string pointers but instead they are of type + `struct dirent64 **'. + + Return value of `alphasort64' is less than, equal to, or greater + than zero depending on the order of the two entries A and B. + + -- Function: int versionsort64 (const void *A, const void *B) + The `versionsort64' function is like `alphasort64', excepted that + it uses the `strverscmp' function internally. + + It is important not to mix the use of `scandir' and the 64-bit +comparison functions or vice versa. There are systems on which this +works but on others it will fail miserably. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Simple Directory Lister Mark II, Prev: Scanning Directory Content, Up: Accessing Directories + +14.2.7 Simple Program to List a Directory, Mark II +-------------------------------------------------- + +Here is a revised version of the directory lister found above (*note +Simple Directory Lister::). Using the `scandir' function we can avoid +the functions which work directly with the directory contents. After +the call the returned entries are available for direct use. + + #include + #include + + static int + one (const struct dirent *unused) + { + return 1; + } + + int + main (void) + { + struct dirent **eps; + int n; + + n = scandir ("./", &eps, one, alphasort); + if (n >= 0) + { + int cnt; + for (cnt = 0; cnt < n; ++cnt) + puts (eps[cnt]->d_name); + } + else + perror ("Couldn't open the directory"); + + return 0; + } + + Note the simple selector function in this example. Since we want to +see all directory entries we always return `1'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Working with Directory Trees, Next: Hard Links, Prev: Accessing Directories, Up: File System Interface + +14.3 Working with Directory Trees +================================= + +The functions described so far for handling the files in a directory +have allowed you to either retrieve the information bit by bit, or to +process all the files as a group (see `scandir'). Sometimes it is +useful to process whole hierarchies of directories and their contained +files. The X/Open specification defines two functions to do this. The +simpler form is derived from an early definition in System V systems +and therefore this function is available on SVID-derived systems. The +prototypes and required definitions can be found in the `ftw.h' header. + + There are four functions in this family: `ftw', `nftw' and their +64-bit counterparts `ftw64' and `nftw64'. These functions take as one +of their arguments a pointer to a callback function of the appropriate +type. + + -- Data Type: __ftw_func_t + int (*) (const char *, const struct stat *, int) + + The type of callback functions given to the `ftw' function. The + first parameter points to the file name, the second parameter to an + object of type `struct stat' which is filled in for the file named + in the first parameter. + + The last parameter is a flag giving more information about the + current file. It can have the following values: + + `FTW_F' + The item is either a normal file or a file which does not fit + into one of the following categories. This could be special + files, sockets etc. + + `FTW_D' + The item is a directory. + + `FTW_NS' + The `stat' call failed and so the information pointed to by + the second paramater is invalid. + + `FTW_DNR' + The item is a directory which cannot be read. + + `FTW_SL' + The item is a symbolic link. Since symbolic links are + normally followed seeing this value in a `ftw' callback + function means the referenced file does not exist. The + situation for `nftw' is different. + + This value is only available if the program is compiled with + `_BSD_SOURCE' or `_XOPEN_EXTENDED' defined before including + the first header. The original SVID systems do not have + symbolic links. + + If the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this + type is in fact `__ftw64_func_t' since this mode changes `struct + stat' to be `struct stat64'. + + For the LFS interface and for use in the function `ftw64', the +header `ftw.h' defines another function type. + + -- Data Type: __ftw64_func_t + int (*) (const char *, const struct stat64 *, int) + + This type is used just like `__ftw_func_t' for the callback + function, but this time is called from `ftw64'. The second + parameter to the function is a pointer to a variable of type + `struct stat64' which is able to represent the larger values. + + -- Data Type: __nftw_func_t + int (*) (const char *, const struct stat *, int, struct FTW *) + + The first three arguments are the same as for the `__ftw_func_t' + type. However for the third argument some additional values are + defined to allow finer differentiation: + `FTW_DP' + The current item is a directory and all subdirectories have + already been visited and reported. This flag is returned + instead of `FTW_D' if the `FTW_DEPTH' flag is passed to + `nftw' (see below). + + `FTW_SLN' + The current item is a stale symbolic link. The file it + points to does not exist. + + The last parameter of the callback function is a pointer to a + structure with some extra information as described below. + + If the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this + type is in fact `__nftw64_func_t' since this mode changes `struct + stat' to be `struct stat64'. + + For the LFS interface there is also a variant of this data type +available which has to be used with the `nftw64' function. + + -- Data Type: __nftw64_func_t + int (*) (const char *, const struct stat64 *, int, struct FTW *) + + This type is used just like `__nftw_func_t' for the callback + function, but this time is called from `nftw64'. The second + parameter to the function is this time a pointer to a variable of + type `struct stat64' which is able to represent the larger values. + + -- Data Type: struct FTW + The information contained in this structure helps in interpreting + the name parameter and gives some information about the current + state of the traversal of the directory hierarchy. + + `int base' + The value is the offset into the string passed in the first + parameter to the callback function of the beginning of the + file name. The rest of the string is the path of the file. + This information is especially important if the `FTW_CHDIR' + flag was set in calling `nftw' since then the current + directory is the one the current item is found in. + + `int level' + Whilst processing, the code tracks how many directories down + it has gone to find the current file. This nesting level + starts at 0 for files in the initial directory (or is zero + for the initial file if a file was passed). + + -- Function: int ftw (const char *FILENAME, __ftw_func_t FUNC, int + DESCRIPTORS) + The `ftw' function calls the callback function given in the + parameter FUNC for every item which is found in the directory + specified by FILENAME and all directories below. The function + follows symbolic links if necessary but does not process an item + twice. If FILENAME is not a directory then it itself is the only + object returned to the callback function. + + The file name passed to the callback function is constructed by + taking the FILENAME parameter and appending the names of all passed + directories and then the local file name. So the callback + function can use this parameter to access the file. `ftw' also + calls `stat' for the file and passes that information on to the + callback function. If this `stat' call was not successful the + failure is indicated by setting the third argument of the callback + function to `FTW_NS'. Otherwise it is set according to the + description given in the account of `__ftw_func_t' above. + + The callback function is expected to return 0 to indicate that no + error occurred and that processing should continue. If an error + occurred in the callback function or it wants `ftw' to return + immediately, the callback function can return a value other than + 0. This is the only correct way to stop the function. The + program must not use `setjmp' or similar techniques to continue + from another place. This would leave resources allocated by the + `ftw' function unfreed. + + The DESCRIPTORS parameter to `ftw' specifies how many file + descriptors it is allowed to consume. The function runs faster + the more descriptors it can use. For each level in the directory + hierarchy at most one descriptor is used, but for very deep ones + any limit on open file descriptors for the process or the system + may be exceeded. Moreover, file descriptor limits in a + multi-threaded program apply to all the threads as a group, and + therefore it is a good idea to supply a reasonable limit to the + number of open descriptors. + + The return value of the `ftw' function is 0 if all callback + function calls returned 0 and all actions performed by the `ftw' + succeeded. If a function call failed (other than calling `stat' + on an item) the function returns -1. If a callback function + returns a value other than 0 this value is returned as the return + value of `ftw'. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on a + 32-bit system this function is in fact `ftw64', i.e., the LFS + interface transparently replaces the old interface. + + -- Function: int ftw64 (const char *FILENAME, __ftw64_func_t FUNC, int + DESCRIPTORS) + This function is similar to `ftw' but it can work on filesystems + with large files. File information is reported using a variable + of type `struct stat64' which is passed by reference to the + callback function. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on a + 32-bit system this function is available under the name `ftw' and + transparently replaces the old implementation. + + -- Function: int nftw (const char *FILENAME, __nftw_func_t FUNC, int + DESCRIPTORS, int FLAG) + The `nftw' function works like the `ftw' functions. They call the + callback function FUNC for all items found in the directory + FILENAME and below. At most DESCRIPTORS file descriptors are + consumed during the `nftw' call. + + One difference is that the callback function is of a different + type. It is of type `struct FTW *' and provides the callback + function with the extra information described above. + + A second difference is that `nftw' takes a fourth argument, which + is 0 or a bitwise-OR combination of any of the following values. + + `FTW_PHYS' + While traversing the directory symbolic links are not + followed. Instead symbolic links are reported using the + `FTW_SL' value for the type parameter to the callback + function. If the file referenced by a symbolic link does not + exist `FTW_SLN' is returned instead. + + `FTW_MOUNT' + The callback function is only called for items which are on + the same mounted filesystem as the directory given by the + FILENAME parameter to `nftw'. + + `FTW_CHDIR' + If this flag is given the current working directory is + changed to the directory of the reported object before the + callback function is called. When `ntfw' finally returns the + current directory is restored to its original value. + + `FTW_DEPTH' + If this option is specified then all subdirectories and files + within them are processed before processing the top directory + itself (depth-first processing). This also means the type + flag given to the callback function is `FTW_DP' and not + `FTW_D'. + + `FTW_ACTIONRETVAL' + If this option is specified then return values from callbacks + are handled differently. If the callback returns + `FTW_CONTINUE', walking continues normally. `FTW_STOP' means + walking stops and `FTW_STOP' is returned to the caller. If + `FTW_SKIP_SUBTREE' is returned by the callback with `FTW_D' + argument, the subtree is skipped and walking continues with + next sibling of the directory. If `FTW_SKIP_SIBLINGS' is + returned by the callback, all siblings of the current entry + are skipped and walking continues in its parent. No other + return values should be returned from the callbacks if this + option is set. This option is a GNU extension. + + The return value is computed in the same way as for `ftw'. `nftw' + returns 0 if no failures occurred and all callback functions + returned 0. In case of internal errors, such as memory problems, + the return value is -1 and ERRNO is set accordingly. If the + return value of a callback invocation was non-zero then that value + is returned. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on a + 32-bit system this function is in fact `nftw64', i.e., the LFS + interface transparently replaces the old interface. + + -- Function: int nftw64 (const char *FILENAME, __nftw64_func_t FUNC, + int DESCRIPTORS, int FLAG) + This function is similar to `nftw' but it can work on filesystems + with large files. File information is reported using a variable + of type `struct stat64' which is passed by reference to the + callback function. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on a + 32-bit system this function is available under the name `nftw' and + transparently replaces the old implementation. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Hard Links, Next: Symbolic Links, Prev: Working with Directory Trees, Up: File System Interface + +14.4 Hard Links +=============== + +In POSIX systems, one file can have many names at the same time. All of +the names are equally real, and no one of them is preferred to the +others. + + To add a name to a file, use the `link' function. (The new name is +also called a "hard link" to the file.) Creating a new link to a file +does not copy the contents of the file; it simply makes a new name by +which the file can be known, in addition to the file's existing name or +names. + + One file can have names in several directories, so the organization +of the file system is not a strict hierarchy or tree. + + In most implementations, it is not possible to have hard links to the +same file in multiple file systems. `link' reports an error if you try +to make a hard link to the file from another file system when this +cannot be done. + + The prototype for the `link' function is declared in the header file +`unistd.h'. + + -- Function: int link (const char *OLDNAME, const char *NEWNAME) + The `link' function makes a new link to the existing file named by + OLDNAME, under the new name NEWNAME. + + This function returns a value of `0' if it is successful and `-1' + on failure. In addition to the usual file name errors (*note File + Name Errors::) for both OLDNAME and NEWNAME, the following `errno' + error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EACCES' + You are not allowed to write to the directory in which the + new link is to be written. + + `EEXIST' + There is already a file named NEWNAME. If you want to replace + this link with a new link, you must remove the old link + explicitly first. + + `EMLINK' + There are already too many links to the file named by OLDNAME. + (The maximum number of links to a file is `LINK_MAX'; see + *note Limits for Files::.) + + `ENOENT' + The file named by OLDNAME doesn't exist. You can't make a + link to a file that doesn't exist. + + `ENOSPC' + The directory or file system that would contain the new link + is full and cannot be extended. + + `EPERM' + In the GNU system and some others, you cannot make links to + directories. Many systems allow only privileged users to do + so. This error is used to report the problem. + + `EROFS' + The directory containing the new link can't be modified + because it's on a read-only file system. + + `EXDEV' + The directory specified in NEWNAME is on a different file + system than the existing file. + + `EIO' + A hardware error occurred while trying to read or write the + to filesystem. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Symbolic Links, Next: Deleting Files, Prev: Hard Links, Up: File System Interface + +14.5 Symbolic Links +=================== + +The GNU system supports "soft links" or "symbolic links". This is a +kind of "file" that is essentially a pointer to another file name. +Unlike hard links, symbolic links can be made to directories or across +file systems with no restrictions. You can also make a symbolic link +to a name which is not the name of any file. (Opening this link will +fail until a file by that name is created.) Likewise, if the symbolic +link points to an existing file which is later deleted, the symbolic +link continues to point to the same file name even though the name no +longer names any file. + + The reason symbolic links work the way they do is that special things +happen when you try to open the link. The `open' function realizes you +have specified the name of a link, reads the file name contained in the +link, and opens that file name instead. The `stat' function likewise +operates on the file that the symbolic link points to, instead of on +the link itself. + + By contrast, other operations such as deleting or renaming the file +operate on the link itself. The functions `readlink' and `lstat' also +refrain from following symbolic links, because their purpose is to +obtain information about the link. `link', the function that makes a +hard link, does too. It makes a hard link to the symbolic link, which +one rarely wants. + + Some systems have for some functions operating on files have a limit +on how many symbolic links are followed when resolving a path name. The +limit if it exists is published in the `sys/param.h' header file. + + -- Macro: int MAXSYMLINKS + The macro `MAXSYMLINKS' specifies how many symlinks some function + will follow before returning `ELOOP'. Not all functions behave the + same and this value is not the same a that returned for + `_SC_SYMLOOP' by `sysconf'. In fact, the `sysconf' result can + indicate that there is no fixed limit although `MAXSYMLINKS' + exists and has a finite value. + + Prototypes for most of the functions listed in this section are in +`unistd.h'. + + -- Function: int symlink (const char *OLDNAME, const char *NEWNAME) + The `symlink' function makes a symbolic link to OLDNAME named + NEWNAME. + + The normal return value from `symlink' is `0'. A return value of + `-1' indicates an error. In addition to the usual file name + syntax errors (*note File Name Errors::), the following `errno' + error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EEXIST' + There is already an existing file named NEWNAME. + + `EROFS' + The file NEWNAME would exist on a read-only file system. + + `ENOSPC' + The directory or file system cannot be extended to make the + new link. + + `EIO' + A hardware error occurred while reading or writing data on + the disk. + + + -- Function: int readlink (const char *FILENAME, char *BUFFER, size_t + SIZE) + The `readlink' function gets the value of the symbolic link + FILENAME. The file name that the link points to is copied into + BUFFER. This file name string is _not_ null-terminated; + `readlink' normally returns the number of characters copied. The + SIZE argument specifies the maximum number of characters to copy, + usually the allocation size of BUFFER. + + If the return value equals SIZE, you cannot tell whether or not + there was room to return the entire name. So make a bigger buffer + and call `readlink' again. Here is an example: + + char * + readlink_malloc (const char *filename) + { + int size = 100; + char *buffer = NULL; + + while (1) + { + buffer = (char *) xrealloc (buffer, size); + int nchars = readlink (filename, buffer, size); + if (nchars < 0) + { + free (buffer); + return NULL; + } + if (nchars < size) + return buffer; + size *= 2; + } + } + + A value of `-1' is returned in case of error. In addition to the + usual file name errors (*note File Name Errors::), the following + `errno' error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EINVAL' + The named file is not a symbolic link. + + `EIO' + A hardware error occurred while reading or writing data on + the disk. + + In some situations it is desirable to resolve all the symbolic links +to get the real name of a file where no prefix names a symbolic link +which is followed and no filename in the path is `.' or `..'. This is +for instance desirable if files have to be compare in which case +different names can refer to the same inode. + + -- Function: char * canonicalize_file_name (const char *NAME) + The `canonicalize_file_name' function returns the absolute name of + the file named by NAME which contains no `.', `..' components nor + any repeated path separators (`/') or symlinks. The result is + passed back as the return value of the function in a block of + memory allocated with `malloc'. If the result is not used anymore + the memory should be freed with a call to `free'. + + If any of the path components is missing the function returns a + NULL pointer. This is also what is returned if the length of the + path reaches or exceeds `PATH_MAX' characters. In any case + `errno' is set accordingly. + + `ENAMETOOLONG' + The resulting path is too long. This error only occurs on + systems which have a limit on the file name length. + + `EACCES' + At least one of the path components is not readable. + + `ENOENT' + The input file name is empty. + + `ENOENT' + At least one of the path components does not exist. + + `ELOOP' + More than `MAXSYMLINKS' many symlinks have been followed. + + This function is a GNU extension and is declared in `stdlib.h'. + + The Unix standard includes a similar function which differs from +`canonicalize_file_name' in that the user has to provide the buffer +where the result is placed in. + + -- Function: char * realpath (const char *restrict NAME, char + *restrict RESOLVED) + A call to `realpath' where the RESOLVED parameter is `NULL' + behaves exactly like `canonicalize_file_name'. The function + allocates a buffer for the file name and returns a pointer to it. + If RESOLVED is not `NULL' it points to a buffer into which the + result is copied. It is the callers responsibility to allocate a + buffer which is large enough. On systems which define `PATH_MAX' + this means the buffer must be large enough for a pathname of this + size. For systems without limitations on the pathname length the + requirement cannot be met and programs should not call `realpath' + with anything but `NULL' for the second parameter. + + One other difference is that the buffer RESOLVED (if nonzero) will + contain the part of the path component which does not exist or is + not readable if the function returns `NULL' and `errno' is set to + `EACCES' or `ENOENT'. + + This function is declared in `stdlib.h'. + + The advantage of using this function is that it is more widely +available. The drawback is that it reports failures for long path on +systems which have no limits on the file name length. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Deleting Files, Next: Renaming Files, Prev: Symbolic Links, Up: File System Interface + +14.6 Deleting Files +=================== + +You can delete a file with `unlink' or `remove'. + + Deletion actually deletes a file name. If this is the file's only +name, then the file is deleted as well. If the file has other +remaining names (*note Hard Links::), it remains accessible under those +names. + + -- Function: int unlink (const char *FILENAME) + The `unlink' function deletes the file name FILENAME. If this is + a file's sole name, the file itself is also deleted. (Actually, + if any process has the file open when this happens, deletion is + postponed until all processes have closed the file.) + + The function `unlink' is declared in the header file `unistd.h'. + + This function returns `0' on successful completion, and `-1' on + error. In addition to the usual file name errors (*note File Name + Errors::), the following `errno' error conditions are defined for + this function: + + `EACCES' + Write permission is denied for the directory from which the + file is to be removed, or the directory has the sticky bit + set and you do not own the file. + + `EBUSY' + This error indicates that the file is being used by the + system in such a way that it can't be unlinked. For example, + you might see this error if the file name specifies the root + directory or a mount point for a file system. + + `ENOENT' + The file name to be deleted doesn't exist. + + `EPERM' + On some systems `unlink' cannot be used to delete the name of + a directory, or at least can only be used this way by a + privileged user. To avoid such problems, use `rmdir' to + delete directories. (In the GNU system `unlink' can never + delete the name of a directory.) + + `EROFS' + The directory containing the file name to be deleted is on a + read-only file system and can't be modified. + + -- Function: int rmdir (const char *FILENAME) + The `rmdir' function deletes a directory. The directory must be + empty before it can be removed; in other words, it can only contain + entries for `.' and `..'. + + In most other respects, `rmdir' behaves like `unlink'. There are + two additional `errno' error conditions defined for `rmdir': + + `ENOTEMPTY' + `EEXIST' + The directory to be deleted is not empty. + + These two error codes are synonymous; some systems use one, and + some use the other. The GNU system always uses `ENOTEMPTY'. + + The prototype for this function is declared in the header file + `unistd.h'. + + -- Function: int remove (const char *FILENAME) + This is the ISO C function to remove a file. It works like + `unlink' for files and like `rmdir' for directories. `remove' is + declared in `stdio.h'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Renaming Files, Next: Creating Directories, Prev: Deleting Files, Up: File System Interface + +14.7 Renaming Files +=================== + +The `rename' function is used to change a file's name. + + -- Function: int rename (const char *OLDNAME, const char *NEWNAME) + The `rename' function renames the file OLDNAME to NEWNAME. The + file formerly accessible under the name OLDNAME is afterwards + accessible as NEWNAME instead. (If the file had any other names + aside from OLDNAME, it continues to have those names.) + + The directory containing the name NEWNAME must be on the same file + system as the directory containing the name OLDNAME. + + One special case for `rename' is when OLDNAME and NEWNAME are two + names for the same file. The consistent way to handle this case + is to delete OLDNAME. However, in this case POSIX requires that + `rename' do nothing and report success--which is inconsistent. We + don't know what your operating system will do. + + If OLDNAME is not a directory, then any existing file named + NEWNAME is removed during the renaming operation. However, if + NEWNAME is the name of a directory, `rename' fails in this case. + + If OLDNAME is a directory, then either NEWNAME must not exist or + it must name a directory that is empty. In the latter case, the + existing directory named NEWNAME is deleted first. The name + NEWNAME must not specify a subdirectory of the directory `oldname' + which is being renamed. + + One useful feature of `rename' is that the meaning of NEWNAME + changes "atomically" from any previously existing file by that + name to its new meaning (i.e., the file that was called OLDNAME). + There is no instant at which NEWNAME is non-existent "in between" + the old meaning and the new meaning. If there is a system crash + during the operation, it is possible for both names to still + exist; but NEWNAME will always be intact if it exists at all. + + If `rename' fails, it returns `-1'. In addition to the usual file + name errors (*note File Name Errors::), the following `errno' + error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EACCES' + One of the directories containing NEWNAME or OLDNAME refuses + write permission; or NEWNAME and OLDNAME are directories and + write permission is refused for one of them. + + `EBUSY' + A directory named by OLDNAME or NEWNAME is being used by the + system in a way that prevents the renaming from working. + This includes directories that are mount points for + filesystems, and directories that are the current working + directories of processes. + + `ENOTEMPTY' + `EEXIST' + The directory NEWNAME isn't empty. The GNU system always + returns `ENOTEMPTY' for this, but some other systems return + `EEXIST'. + + `EINVAL' + OLDNAME is a directory that contains NEWNAME. + + `EISDIR' + NEWNAME is a directory but the OLDNAME isn't. + + `EMLINK' + The parent directory of NEWNAME would have too many links + (entries). + + `ENOENT' + The file OLDNAME doesn't exist. + + `ENOSPC' + The directory that would contain NEWNAME has no room for + another entry, and there is no space left in the file system + to expand it. + + `EROFS' + The operation would involve writing to a directory on a + read-only file system. + + `EXDEV' + The two file names NEWNAME and OLDNAME are on different file + systems. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Creating Directories, Next: File Attributes, Prev: Renaming Files, Up: File System Interface + +14.8 Creating Directories +========================= + +Directories are created with the `mkdir' function. (There is also a +shell command `mkdir' which does the same thing.) + + -- Function: int mkdir (const char *FILENAME, mode_t MODE) + The `mkdir' function creates a new, empty directory with name + FILENAME. + + The argument MODE specifies the file permissions for the new + directory file. *Note Permission Bits::, for more information + about this. + + A return value of `0' indicates successful completion, and `-1' + indicates failure. In addition to the usual file name syntax + errors (*note File Name Errors::), the following `errno' error + conditions are defined for this function: + + `EACCES' + Write permission is denied for the parent directory in which + the new directory is to be added. + + `EEXIST' + A file named FILENAME already exists. + + `EMLINK' + The parent directory has too many links (entries). + + Well-designed file systems never report this error, because + they permit more links than your disk could possibly hold. + However, you must still take account of the possibility of + this error, as it could result from network access to a file + system on another machine. + + `ENOSPC' + The file system doesn't have enough room to create the new + directory. + + `EROFS' + The parent directory of the directory being created is on a + read-only file system and cannot be modified. + + To use this function, your program should include the header file + `sys/stat.h'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: File Attributes, Next: Making Special Files, Prev: Creating Directories, Up: File System Interface + +14.9 File Attributes +==================== + +When you issue an `ls -l' shell command on a file, it gives you +information about the size of the file, who owns it, when it was last +modified, etc. These are called the "file attributes", and are +associated with the file itself and not a particular one of its names. + + This section contains information about how you can inquire about and +modify the attributes of a file. + +* Menu: + +* Attribute Meanings:: The names of the file attributes, + and what their values mean. +* Reading Attributes:: How to read the attributes of a file. +* Testing File Type:: Distinguishing ordinary files, + directories, links... +* File Owner:: How ownership for new files is determined, + and how to change it. +* Permission Bits:: How information about a file's access + mode is stored. +* Access Permission:: How the system decides who can access a file. +* Setting Permissions:: How permissions for new files are assigned, + and how to change them. +* Testing File Access:: How to find out if your process can + access a file. +* File Times:: About the time attributes of a file. +* File Size:: Manually changing the size of a file. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Attribute Meanings, Next: Reading Attributes, Up: File Attributes + +14.9.1 The meaning of the File Attributes +----------------------------------------- + +When you read the attributes of a file, they come back in a structure +called `struct stat'. This section describes the names of the +attributes, their data types, and what they mean. For the functions to +read the attributes of a file, see *note Reading Attributes::. + + The header file `sys/stat.h' declares all the symbols defined in +this section. + + -- Data Type: struct stat + The `stat' structure type is used to return information about the + attributes of a file. It contains at least the following members: + + `mode_t st_mode' + Specifies the mode of the file. This includes file type + information (*note Testing File Type::) and the file + permission bits (*note Permission Bits::). + + `ino_t st_ino' + The file serial number, which distinguishes this file from + all other files on the same device. + + `dev_t st_dev' + Identifies the device containing the file. The `st_ino' and + `st_dev', taken together, uniquely identify the file. The + `st_dev' value is not necessarily consistent across reboots or + system crashes, however. + + `nlink_t st_nlink' + The number of hard links to the file. This count keeps track + of how many directories have entries for this file. If the + count is ever decremented to zero, then the file itself is + discarded as soon as no process still holds it open. + Symbolic links are not counted in the total. + + `uid_t st_uid' + The user ID of the file's owner. *Note File Owner::. + + `gid_t st_gid' + The group ID of the file. *Note File Owner::. + + `off_t st_size' + This specifies the size of a regular file in bytes. For + files that are really devices this field isn't usually + meaningful. For symbolic links this specifies the length of + the file name the link refers to. + + `time_t st_atime' + This is the last access time for the file. *Note File + Times::. + + `unsigned long int st_atime_usec' + This is the fractional part of the last access time for the + file. *Note File Times::. + + `time_t st_mtime' + This is the time of the last modification to the contents of + the file. *Note File Times::. + + `unsigned long int st_mtime_usec' + This is the fractional part of the time of the last + modification to the contents of the file. *Note File Times::. + + `time_t st_ctime' + This is the time of the last modification to the attributes + of the file. *Note File Times::. + + `unsigned long int st_ctime_usec' + This is the fractional part of the time of the last + modification to the attributes of the file. *Note File + Times::. + + `blkcnt_t st_blocks' + This is the amount of disk space that the file occupies, + measured in units of 512-byte blocks. + + The number of disk blocks is not strictly proportional to the + size of the file, for two reasons: the file system may use + some blocks for internal record keeping; and the file may be + sparse--it may have "holes" which contain zeros but do not + actually take up space on the disk. + + You can tell (approximately) whether a file is sparse by + comparing this value with `st_size', like this: + + (st.st_blocks * 512 < st.st_size) + + This test is not perfect because a file that is just slightly + sparse might not be detected as sparse at all. For practical + applications, this is not a problem. + + `unsigned int st_blksize' + The optimal block size for reading of writing this file, in + bytes. You might use this size for allocating the buffer + space for reading of writing the file. (This is unrelated to + `st_blocks'.) + + The extensions for the Large File Support (LFS) require, even on +32-bit machines, types which can handle file sizes up to 2^63. +Therefore a new definition of `struct stat' is necessary. + + -- Data Type: struct stat64 + The members of this type are the same and have the same names as + those in `struct stat'. The only difference is that the members + `st_ino', `st_size', and `st_blocks' have a different type to + support larger values. + + `mode_t st_mode' + Specifies the mode of the file. This includes file type + information (*note Testing File Type::) and the file + permission bits (*note Permission Bits::). + + `ino64_t st_ino' + The file serial number, which distinguishes this file from + all other files on the same device. + + `dev_t st_dev' + Identifies the device containing the file. The `st_ino' and + `st_dev', taken together, uniquely identify the file. The + `st_dev' value is not necessarily consistent across reboots or + system crashes, however. + + `nlink_t st_nlink' + The number of hard links to the file. This count keeps track + of how many directories have entries for this file. If the + count is ever decremented to zero, then the file itself is + discarded as soon as no process still holds it open. + Symbolic links are not counted in the total. + + `uid_t st_uid' + The user ID of the file's owner. *Note File Owner::. + + `gid_t st_gid' + The group ID of the file. *Note File Owner::. + + `off64_t st_size' + This specifies the size of a regular file in bytes. For + files that are really devices this field isn't usually + meaningful. For symbolic links this specifies the length of + the file name the link refers to. + + `time_t st_atime' + This is the last access time for the file. *Note File + Times::. + + `unsigned long int st_atime_usec' + This is the fractional part of the last access time for the + file. *Note File Times::. + + `time_t st_mtime' + This is the time of the last modification to the contents of + the file. *Note File Times::. + + `unsigned long int st_mtime_usec' + This is the fractional part of the time of the last + modification to the contents of the file. *Note File Times::. + + `time_t st_ctime' + This is the time of the last modification to the attributes + of the file. *Note File Times::. + + `unsigned long int st_ctime_usec' + This is the fractional part of the time of the last + modification to the attributes of the file. *Note File + Times::. + + `blkcnt64_t st_blocks' + This is the amount of disk space that the file occupies, + measured in units of 512-byte blocks. + + `unsigned int st_blksize' + The optimal block size for reading of writing this file, in + bytes. You might use this size for allocating the buffer + space for reading of writing the file. (This is unrelated to + `st_blocks'.) + + Some of the file attributes have special data type names which exist +specifically for those attributes. (They are all aliases for well-known +integer types that you know and love.) These typedef names are defined +in the header file `sys/types.h' as well as in `sys/stat.h'. Here is a +list of them. + + -- Data Type: mode_t + This is an integer data type used to represent file modes. In the + GNU system, this is equivalent to `unsigned int'. + + -- Data Type: ino_t + This is an arithmetic data type used to represent file serial + numbers. (In Unix jargon, these are sometimes called "inode + numbers".) In the GNU system, this type is equivalent to + `unsigned long int'. + + If the source is compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this type + is transparently replaced by `ino64_t'. + + -- Data Type: ino64_t + This is an arithmetic data type used to represent file serial + numbers for the use in LFS. In the GNU system, this type is + equivalent to `unsigned long long int'. + + When compiling with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this type is + available under the name `ino_t'. + + -- Data Type: dev_t + This is an arithmetic data type used to represent file device + numbers. In the GNU system, this is equivalent to `int'. + + -- Data Type: nlink_t + This is an arithmetic data type used to represent file link counts. + In the GNU system, this is equivalent to `unsigned short int'. + + -- Data Type: blkcnt_t + This is an arithmetic data type used to represent block counts. + In the GNU system, this is equivalent to `unsigned long int'. + + If the source is compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this type + is transparently replaced by `blkcnt64_t'. + + -- Data Type: blkcnt64_t + This is an arithmetic data type used to represent block counts for + the use in LFS. In the GNU system, this is equivalent to `unsigned + long long int'. + + When compiling with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this type is + available under the name `blkcnt_t'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Reading Attributes, Next: Testing File Type, Prev: Attribute Meanings, Up: File Attributes + +14.9.2 Reading the Attributes of a File +--------------------------------------- + +To examine the attributes of files, use the functions `stat', `fstat' +and `lstat'. They return the attribute information in a `struct stat' +object. All three functions are declared in the header file +`sys/stat.h'. + + -- Function: int stat (const char *FILENAME, struct stat *BUF) + The `stat' function returns information about the attributes of the + file named by FILENAME in the structure pointed to by BUF. + + If FILENAME is the name of a symbolic link, the attributes you get + describe the file that the link points to. If the link points to a + nonexistent file name, then `stat' fails reporting a nonexistent + file. + + The return value is `0' if the operation is successful, or `-1' on + failure. In addition to the usual file name errors (*note File + Name Errors::, the following `errno' error conditions are defined + for this function: + + `ENOENT' + The file named by FILENAME doesn't exist. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this + function is in fact `stat64' since the LFS interface transparently + replaces the normal implementation. + + -- Function: int stat64 (const char *FILENAME, struct stat64 *BUF) + This function is similar to `stat' but it is also able to work on + files larger then 2^31 bytes on 32-bit systems. To be able to do + this the result is stored in a variable of type `struct stat64' to + which BUF must point. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this + function is available under the name `stat' and so transparently + replaces the interface for small files on 32-bit machines. + + -- Function: int fstat (int FILEDES, struct stat *BUF) + The `fstat' function is like `stat', except that it takes an open + file descriptor as an argument instead of a file name. *Note + Low-Level I/O::. + + Like `stat', `fstat' returns `0' on success and `-1' on failure. + The following `errno' error conditions are defined for `fstat': + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES argument is not a valid file descriptor. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this + function is in fact `fstat64' since the LFS interface transparently + replaces the normal implementation. + + -- Function: int fstat64 (int FILEDES, struct stat64 *BUF) + This function is similar to `fstat' but is able to work on large + files on 32-bit platforms. For large files the file descriptor + FILEDES should be obtained by `open64' or `creat64'. The BUF + pointer points to a variable of type `struct stat64' which is able + to represent the larger values. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this + function is available under the name `fstat' and so transparently + replaces the interface for small files on 32-bit machines. + + -- Function: int lstat (const char *FILENAME, struct stat *BUF) + The `lstat' function is like `stat', except that it does not + follow symbolic links. If FILENAME is the name of a symbolic + link, `lstat' returns information about the link itself; otherwise + `lstat' works like `stat'. *Note Symbolic Links::. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this + function is in fact `lstat64' since the LFS interface transparently + replaces the normal implementation. + + -- Function: int lstat64 (const char *FILENAME, struct stat64 *BUF) + This function is similar to `lstat' but it is also able to work on + files larger then 2^31 bytes on 32-bit systems. To be able to do + this the result is stored in a variable of type `struct stat64' to + which BUF must point. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this + function is available under the name `lstat' and so transparently + replaces the interface for small files on 32-bit machines. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Testing File Type, Next: File Owner, Prev: Reading Attributes, Up: File Attributes + +14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File +--------------------------------- + +The "file mode", stored in the `st_mode' field of the file attributes, +contains two kinds of information: the file type code, and the access +permission bits. This section discusses only the type code, which you +can use to tell whether the file is a directory, socket, symbolic link, +and so on. For details about access permissions see *note Permission +Bits::. + + There are two ways you can access the file type information in a file +mode. Firstly, for each file type there is a "predicate macro" which +examines a given file mode and returns whether it is of that type or +not. Secondly, you can mask out the rest of the file mode to leave +just the file type code, and compare this against constants for each of +the supported file types. + + All of the symbols listed in this section are defined in the header +file `sys/stat.h'. + + The following predicate macros test the type of a file, given the +value M which is the `st_mode' field returned by `stat' on that file: + + -- Macro: int S_ISDIR (mode_t M) + This macro returns non-zero if the file is a directory. + + -- Macro: int S_ISCHR (mode_t M) + This macro returns non-zero if the file is a character special + file (a device like a terminal). + + -- Macro: int S_ISBLK (mode_t M) + This macro returns non-zero if the file is a block special file (a + device like a disk). + + -- Macro: int S_ISREG (mode_t M) + This macro returns non-zero if the file is a regular file. + + -- Macro: int S_ISFIFO (mode_t M) + This macro returns non-zero if the file is a FIFO special file, or + a pipe. *Note Pipes and FIFOs::. + + -- Macro: int S_ISLNK (mode_t M) + This macro returns non-zero if the file is a symbolic link. *Note + Symbolic Links::. + + -- Macro: int S_ISSOCK (mode_t M) + This macro returns non-zero if the file is a socket. *Note + Sockets::. + + An alternate non-POSIX method of testing the file type is supported +for compatibility with BSD. The mode can be bitwise AND-ed with +`S_IFMT' to extract the file type code, and compared to the appropriate +constant. For example, + + S_ISCHR (MODE) + +is equivalent to: + + ((MODE & S_IFMT) == S_IFCHR) + + -- Macro: int S_IFMT + This is a bit mask used to extract the file type code from a mode + value. + + These are the symbolic names for the different file type codes: + +`S_IFDIR' + This is the file type constant of a directory file. + +`S_IFCHR' + This is the file type constant of a character-oriented device file. + +`S_IFBLK' + This is the file type constant of a block-oriented device file. + +`S_IFREG' + This is the file type constant of a regular file. + +`S_IFLNK' + This is the file type constant of a symbolic link. + +`S_IFSOCK' + This is the file type constant of a socket. + +`S_IFIFO' + This is the file type constant of a FIFO or pipe. + + The POSIX.1b standard introduced a few more objects which possibly +can be implemented as object in the filesystem. These are message +queues, semaphores, and shared memory objects. To allow +differentiating these objects from other files the POSIX standard +introduces three new test macros. But unlike the other macros it does +not take the value of the `st_mode' field as the parameter. Instead +they expect a pointer to the whole `struct stat' structure. + + -- Macro: int S_TYPEISMQ (struct stat *S) + If the system implement POSIX message queues as distinct objects + and the file is a message queue object, this macro returns a + non-zero value. In all other cases the result is zero. + + -- Macro: int S_TYPEISSEM (struct stat *S) + If the system implement POSIX semaphores as distinct objects and + the file is a semaphore object, this macro returns a non-zero + value. In all other cases the result is zero. + + -- Macro: int S_TYPEISSHM (struct stat *S) + If the system implement POSIX shared memory objects as distinct + objects and the file is an shared memory object, this macro + returns a non-zero value. In all other cases the result is zero. + + +File: libc.info, Node: File Owner, Next: Permission Bits, Prev: Testing File Type, Up: File Attributes + +14.9.4 File Owner +----------------- + +Every file has an "owner" which is one of the registered user names +defined on the system. Each file also has a "group" which is one of +the defined groups. The file owner can often be useful for showing you +who edited the file (especially when you edit with GNU Emacs), but its +main purpose is for access control. + + The file owner and group play a role in determining access because +the file has one set of access permission bits for the owner, another +set that applies to users who belong to the file's group, and a third +set of bits that applies to everyone else. *Note Access Permission::, +for the details of how access is decided based on this data. + + When a file is created, its owner is set to the effective user ID of +the process that creates it (*note Process Persona::). The file's +group ID may be set to either the effective group ID of the process, or +the group ID of the directory that contains the file, depending on the +system where the file is stored. When you access a remote file system, +it behaves according to its own rules, not according to the system your +program is running on. Thus, your program must be prepared to encounter +either kind of behavior no matter what kind of system you run it on. + + You can change the owner and/or group owner of an existing file using +the `chown' function. This is the primitive for the `chown' and +`chgrp' shell commands. + + The prototype for this function is declared in `unistd.h'. + + -- Function: int chown (const char *FILENAME, uid_t OWNER, gid_t GROUP) + The `chown' function changes the owner of the file FILENAME to + OWNER, and its group owner to GROUP. + + Changing the owner of the file on certain systems clears the + set-user-ID and set-group-ID permission bits. (This is because + those bits may not be appropriate for the new owner.) Other file + permission bits are not changed. + + The return value is `0' on success and `-1' on failure. In + addition to the usual file name errors (*note File Name Errors::), + the following `errno' error conditions are defined for this + function: + + `EPERM' + This process lacks permission to make the requested change. + + Only privileged users or the file's owner can change the + file's group. On most file systems, only privileged users + can change the file owner; some file systems allow you to + change the owner if you are currently the owner. When you + access a remote file system, the behavior you encounter is + determined by the system that actually holds the file, not by + the system your program is running on. + + *Note Options for Files::, for information about the + `_POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED' macro. + + `EROFS' + The file is on a read-only file system. + + -- Function: int fchown (int FILEDES, int OWNER, int GROUP) + This is like `chown', except that it changes the owner of the open + file with descriptor FILEDES. + + The return value from `fchown' is `0' on success and `-1' on + failure. The following `errno' error codes are defined for this + function: + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES argument is not a valid file descriptor. + + `EINVAL' + The FILEDES argument corresponds to a pipe or socket, not an + ordinary file. + + `EPERM' + This process lacks permission to make the requested change. + For details see `chmod' above. + + `EROFS' + The file resides on a read-only file system. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Permission Bits, Next: Access Permission, Prev: File Owner, Up: File Attributes + +14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission +------------------------------------------ + +The "file mode", stored in the `st_mode' field of the file attributes, +contains two kinds of information: the file type code, and the access +permission bits. This section discusses only the access permission +bits, which control who can read or write the file. *Note Testing File +Type::, for information about the file type code. + + All of the symbols listed in this section are defined in the header +file `sys/stat.h'. + + These symbolic constants are defined for the file mode bits that +control access permission for the file: + +`S_IRUSR' +`S_IREAD' + Read permission bit for the owner of the file. On many systems + this bit is 0400. `S_IREAD' is an obsolete synonym provided for + BSD compatibility. + +`S_IWUSR' +`S_IWRITE' + Write permission bit for the owner of the file. Usually 0200. + `S_IWRITE' is an obsolete synonym provided for BSD compatibility. + +`S_IXUSR' +`S_IEXEC' + Execute (for ordinary files) or search (for directories) + permission bit for the owner of the file. Usually 0100. + `S_IEXEC' is an obsolete synonym provided for BSD compatibility. + +`S_IRWXU' + This is equivalent to `(S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IXUSR)'. + +`S_IRGRP' + Read permission bit for the group owner of the file. Usually 040. + +`S_IWGRP' + Write permission bit for the group owner of the file. Usually 020. + +`S_IXGRP' + Execute or search permission bit for the group owner of the file. + Usually 010. + +`S_IRWXG' + This is equivalent to `(S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP | S_IXGRP)'. + +`S_IROTH' + Read permission bit for other users. Usually 04. + +`S_IWOTH' + Write permission bit for other users. Usually 02. + +`S_IXOTH' + Execute or search permission bit for other users. Usually 01. + +`S_IRWXO' + This is equivalent to `(S_IROTH | S_IWOTH | S_IXOTH)'. + +`S_ISUID' + This is the set-user-ID on execute bit, usually 04000. *Note How + Change Persona::. + +`S_ISGID' + This is the set-group-ID on execute bit, usually 02000. *Note How + Change Persona::. + +`S_ISVTX' + This is the "sticky" bit, usually 01000. + + For a directory it gives permission to delete a file in that + directory only if you own that file. Ordinarily, a user can + either delete all the files in a directory or cannot delete any of + them (based on whether the user has write permission for the + directory). The same restriction applies--you must have both + write permission for the directory and own the file you want to + delete. The one exception is that the owner of the directory can + delete any file in the directory, no matter who owns it (provided + the owner has given himself write permission for the directory). + This is commonly used for the `/tmp' directory, where anyone may + create files but not delete files created by other users. + + Originally the sticky bit on an executable file modified the + swapping policies of the system. Normally, when a program + terminated, its pages in core were immediately freed and reused. + If the sticky bit was set on the executable file, the system kept + the pages in core for a while as if the program were still + running. This was advantageous for a program likely to be run + many times in succession. This usage is obsolete in modern + systems. When a program terminates, its pages always remain in + core as long as there is no shortage of memory in the system. + When the program is next run, its pages will still be in core if + no shortage arose since the last run. + + On some modern systems where the sticky bit has no useful meaning + for an executable file, you cannot set the bit at all for a + non-directory. If you try, `chmod' fails with `EFTYPE'; *note + Setting Permissions::. + + Some systems (particularly SunOS) have yet another use for the + sticky bit. If the sticky bit is set on a file that is _not_ + executable, it means the opposite: never cache the pages of this + file at all. The main use of this is for the files on an NFS + server machine which are used as the swap area of diskless client + machines. The idea is that the pages of the file will be cached + in the client's memory, so it is a waste of the server's memory to + cache them a second time. With this usage the sticky bit also + implies that the filesystem may fail to record the file's + modification time onto disk reliably (the idea being that no-one + cares for a swap file). + + This bit is only available on BSD systems (and those derived from + them). Therefore one has to use the `_BSD_SOURCE' feature select + macro to get the definition (*note Feature Test Macros::). + + The actual bit values of the symbols are listed in the table above +so you can decode file mode values when debugging your programs. These +bit values are correct for most systems, but they are not guaranteed. + + *Warning:* Writing explicit numbers for file permissions is bad +practice. Not only is it not portable, it also requires everyone who +reads your program to remember what the bits mean. To make your program +clean use the symbolic names. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Access Permission, Next: Setting Permissions, Prev: Permission Bits, Up: File Attributes + +14.9.6 How Your Access to a File is Decided +------------------------------------------- + +Recall that the operating system normally decides access permission for +a file based on the effective user and group IDs of the process and its +supplementary group IDs, together with the file's owner, group and +permission bits. These concepts are discussed in detail in *note +Process Persona::. + + If the effective user ID of the process matches the owner user ID of +the file, then permissions for read, write, and execute/search are +controlled by the corresponding "user" (or "owner") bits. Likewise, if +any of the effective group ID or supplementary group IDs of the process +matches the group owner ID of the file, then permissions are controlled +by the "group" bits. Otherwise, permissions are controlled by the +"other" bits. + + Privileged users, like `root', can access any file regardless of its +permission bits. As a special case, for a file to be executable even +by a privileged user, at least one of its execute bits must be set. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Setting Permissions, Next: Testing File Access, Prev: Access Permission, Up: File Attributes + +14.9.7 Assigning File Permissions +--------------------------------- + +The primitive functions for creating files (for example, `open' or +`mkdir') take a MODE argument, which specifies the file permissions to +give the newly created file. This mode is modified by the process's +"file creation mask", or "umask", before it is used. + + The bits that are set in the file creation mask identify permissions +that are always to be disabled for newly created files. For example, if +you set all the "other" access bits in the mask, then newly created +files are not accessible at all to processes in the "other" category, +even if the MODE argument passed to the create function would permit +such access. In other words, the file creation mask is the complement +of the ordinary access permissions you want to grant. + + Programs that create files typically specify a MODE argument that +includes all the permissions that make sense for the particular file. +For an ordinary file, this is typically read and write permission for +all classes of users. These permissions are then restricted as +specified by the individual user's own file creation mask. + + To change the permission of an existing file given its name, call +`chmod'. This function uses the specified permission bits and ignores +the file creation mask. + + In normal use, the file creation mask is initialized by the user's +login shell (using the `umask' shell command), and inherited by all +subprocesses. Application programs normally don't need to worry about +the file creation mask. It will automatically do what it is supposed to +do. + + When your program needs to create a file and bypass the umask for its +access permissions, the easiest way to do this is to use `fchmod' after +opening the file, rather than changing the umask. In fact, changing +the umask is usually done only by shells. They use the `umask' +function. + + The functions in this section are declared in `sys/stat.h'. + + -- Function: mode_t umask (mode_t MASK) + The `umask' function sets the file creation mask of the current + process to MASK, and returns the previous value of the file + creation mask. + + Here is an example showing how to read the mask with `umask' + without changing it permanently: + + mode_t + read_umask (void) + { + mode_t mask = umask (0); + umask (mask); + return mask; + } + + However, it is better to use `getumask' if you just want to read + the mask value, because it is reentrant (at least if you use the + GNU operating system). + + -- Function: mode_t getumask (void) + Return the current value of the file creation mask for the current + process. This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: int chmod (const char *FILENAME, mode_t MODE) + The `chmod' function sets the access permission bits for the file + named by FILENAME to MODE. + + If FILENAME is a symbolic link, `chmod' changes the permissions of + the file pointed to by the link, not those of the link itself. + + This function returns `0' if successful and `-1' if not. In + addition to the usual file name errors (*note File Name Errors::), + the following `errno' error conditions are defined for this + function: + + `ENOENT' + The named file doesn't exist. + + `EPERM' + This process does not have permission to change the access + permissions of this file. Only the file's owner (as judged + by the effective user ID of the process) or a privileged user + can change them. + + `EROFS' + The file resides on a read-only file system. + + `EFTYPE' + MODE has the `S_ISVTX' bit (the "sticky bit") set, and the + named file is not a directory. Some systems do not allow + setting the sticky bit on non-directory files, and some do + (and only some of those assign a useful meaning to the bit + for non-directory files). + + You only get `EFTYPE' on systems where the sticky bit has no + useful meaning for non-directory files, so it is always safe + to just clear the bit in MODE and call `chmod' again. *Note + Permission Bits::, for full details on the sticky bit. + + -- Function: int fchmod (int FILEDES, int MODE) + This is like `chmod', except that it changes the permissions of the + currently open file given by FILEDES. + + The return value from `fchmod' is `0' on success and `-1' on + failure. The following `errno' error codes are defined for this + function: + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES argument is not a valid file descriptor. + + `EINVAL' + The FILEDES argument corresponds to a pipe or socket, or + something else that doesn't really have access permissions. + + `EPERM' + This process does not have permission to change the access + permissions of this file. Only the file's owner (as judged + by the effective user ID of the process) or a privileged user + can change them. + + `EROFS' + The file resides on a read-only file system. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Testing File Access, Next: File Times, Prev: Setting Permissions, Up: File Attributes + +14.9.8 Testing Permission to Access a File +------------------------------------------ + +In some situations it is desirable to allow programs to access files or +devices even if this is not possible with the permissions granted to the +user. One possible solution is to set the setuid-bit of the program +file. If such a program is started the _effective_ user ID of the +process is changed to that of the owner of the program file. So to +allow write access to files like `/etc/passwd', which normally can be +written only by the super-user, the modifying program will have to be +owned by `root' and the setuid-bit must be set. + + But beside the files the program is intended to change the user +should not be allowed to access any file to which s/he would not have +access anyway. The program therefore must explicitly check whether _the +user_ would have the necessary access to a file, before it reads or +writes the file. + + To do this, use the function `access', which checks for access +permission based on the process's _real_ user ID rather than the +effective user ID. (The setuid feature does not alter the real user ID, +so it reflects the user who actually ran the program.) + + There is another way you could check this access, which is easy to +describe, but very hard to use. This is to examine the file mode bits +and mimic the system's own access computation. This method is +undesirable because many systems have additional access control +features; your program cannot portably mimic them, and you would not +want to try to keep track of the diverse features that different systems +have. Using `access' is simple and automatically does whatever is +appropriate for the system you are using. + + `access' is _only_ only appropriate to use in setuid programs. A +non-setuid program will always use the effective ID rather than the +real ID. + + The symbols in this section are declared in `unistd.h'. + + -- Function: int access (const char *FILENAME, int HOW) + The `access' function checks to see whether the file named by + FILENAME can be accessed in the way specified by the HOW argument. + The HOW argument either can be the bitwise OR of the flags `R_OK', + `W_OK', `X_OK', or the existence test `F_OK'. + + This function uses the _real_ user and group IDs of the calling + process, rather than the _effective_ IDs, to check for access + permission. As a result, if you use the function from a `setuid' + or `setgid' program (*note How Change Persona::), it gives + information relative to the user who actually ran the program. + + The return value is `0' if the access is permitted, and `-1' + otherwise. (In other words, treated as a predicate function, + `access' returns true if the requested access is _denied_.) + + In addition to the usual file name errors (*note File Name + Errors::), the following `errno' error conditions are defined for + this function: + + `EACCES' + The access specified by HOW is denied. + + `ENOENT' + The file doesn't exist. + + `EROFS' + Write permission was requested for a file on a read-only file + system. + + These macros are defined in the header file `unistd.h' for use as +the HOW argument to the `access' function. The values are integer +constants. + + -- Macro: int R_OK + Flag meaning test for read permission. + + -- Macro: int W_OK + Flag meaning test for write permission. + + -- Macro: int X_OK + Flag meaning test for execute/search permission. + + -- Macro: int F_OK + Flag meaning test for existence of the file. + + +File: libc.info, Node: File Times, Next: File Size, Prev: Testing File Access, Up: File Attributes + +14.9.9 File Times +----------------- + +Each file has three time stamps associated with it: its access time, +its modification time, and its attribute modification time. These +correspond to the `st_atime', `st_mtime', and `st_ctime' members of the +`stat' structure; see *note File Attributes::. + + All of these times are represented in calendar time format, as +`time_t' objects. This data type is defined in `time.h'. For more +information about representation and manipulation of time values, see +*note Calendar Time::. + + Reading from a file updates its access time attribute, and writing +updates its modification time. When a file is created, all three time +stamps for that file are set to the current time. In addition, the +attribute change time and modification time fields of the directory that +contains the new entry are updated. + + Adding a new name for a file with the `link' function updates the +attribute change time field of the file being linked, and both the +attribute change time and modification time fields of the directory +containing the new name. These same fields are affected if a file name +is deleted with `unlink', `remove' or `rmdir'. Renaming a file with +`rename' affects only the attribute change time and modification time +fields of the two parent directories involved, and not the times for +the file being renamed. + + Changing the attributes of a file (for example, with `chmod') +updates its attribute change time field. + + You can also change some of the time stamps of a file explicitly +using the `utime' function--all except the attribute change time. You +need to include the header file `utime.h' to use this facility. + + -- Data Type: struct utimbuf + The `utimbuf' structure is used with the `utime' function to + specify new access and modification times for a file. It contains + the following members: + + `time_t actime' + This is the access time for the file. + + `time_t modtime' + This is the modification time for the file. + + -- Function: int utime (const char *FILENAME, const struct utimbuf + *TIMES) + This function is used to modify the file times associated with the + file named FILENAME. + + If TIMES is a null pointer, then the access and modification times + of the file are set to the current time. Otherwise, they are set + to the values from the `actime' and `modtime' members + (respectively) of the `utimbuf' structure pointed to by TIMES. + + The attribute modification time for the file is set to the current + time in either case (since changing the time stamps is itself a + modification of the file attributes). + + The `utime' function returns `0' if successful and `-1' on + failure. In addition to the usual file name errors (*note File + Name Errors::), the following `errno' error conditions are defined + for this function: + + `EACCES' + There is a permission problem in the case where a null + pointer was passed as the TIMES argument. In order to update + the time stamp on the file, you must either be the owner of + the file, have write permission for the file, or be a + privileged user. + + `ENOENT' + The file doesn't exist. + + `EPERM' + If the TIMES argument is not a null pointer, you must either + be the owner of the file or be a privileged user. + + `EROFS' + The file lives on a read-only file system. + + Each of the three time stamps has a corresponding microsecond part, +which extends its resolution. These fields are called `st_atime_usec', +`st_mtime_usec', and `st_ctime_usec'; each has a value between 0 and +999,999, which indicates the time in microseconds. They correspond to +the `tv_usec' field of a `timeval' structure; see *note High-Resolution +Calendar::. + + The `utimes' function is like `utime', but also lets you specify the +fractional part of the file times. The prototype for this function is +in the header file `sys/time.h'. + + -- Function: int utimes (const char *FILENAME, struct timeval TVP[2]) + This function sets the file access and modification times of the + file FILENAME. The new file access time is specified by `TVP[0]', + and the new modification time by `TVP[1]'. Similar to `utime', if + TVP is a null pointer then the access and modification times of + the file are set to the current time. This function comes from + BSD. + + The return values and error conditions are the same as for the + `utime' function. + + -- Function: int lutimes (const char *FILENAME, struct timeval TVP[2]) + This function is like `utimes', except that it does not follow + symbolic links. If FILENAME is the name of a symbolic link, + `lutimes' sets the file access and modification times of the + symbolic link special file itself (as seen by `lstat'; *note + Symbolic Links::) while `utimes' sets the file access and + modification times of the file the symbolic link refers to. This + function comes from FreeBSD, and is not available on all platforms + (if not available, it will fail with `ENOSYS'). + + The return values and error conditions are the same as for the + `utime' function. + + -- Function: int futimes (int FD, struct timeval TVP[2]) + This function is like `utimes', except that it takes an open file + descriptor as an argument instead of a file name. *Note Low-Level + I/O::. This function comes from FreeBSD, and is not available on + all platforms (if not available, it will fail with `ENOSYS'). + + Like `utimes', `futimes' returns `0' on success and `-1' on + failure. The following `errno' error conditions are defined for + `futimes': + + `EACCES' + There is a permission problem in the case where a null + pointer was passed as the TIMES argument. In order to update + the time stamp on the file, you must either be the owner of + the file, have write permission for the file, or be a + privileged user. + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES argument is not a valid file descriptor. + + `EPERM' + If the TIMES argument is not a null pointer, you must either + be the owner of the file or be a privileged user. + + `EROFS' + The file lives on a read-only file system. + + +File: libc.info, Node: File Size, Prev: File Times, Up: File Attributes + +14.9.10 File Size +----------------- + +Normally file sizes are maintained automatically. A file begins with a +size of 0 and is automatically extended when data is written past its +end. It is also possible to empty a file completely by an `open' or +`fopen' call. + + However, sometimes it is necessary to _reduce_ the size of a file. +This can be done with the `truncate' and `ftruncate' functions. They +were introduced in BSD Unix. `ftruncate' was later added to POSIX.1. + + Some systems allow you to extend a file (creating holes) with these +functions. This is useful when using memory-mapped I/O (*note +Memory-mapped I/O::), where files are not automatically extended. +However, it is not portable but must be implemented if `mmap' allows +mapping of files (i.e., `_POSIX_MAPPED_FILES' is defined). + + Using these functions on anything other than a regular file gives +_undefined_ results. On many systems, such a call will appear to +succeed, without actually accomplishing anything. + + -- Function: int truncate (const char *FILENAME, off_t LENGTH) + The `truncate' function changes the size of FILENAME to LENGTH. + If LENGTH is shorter than the previous length, data at the end + will be lost. The file must be writable by the user to perform + this operation. + + If LENGTH is longer, holes will be added to the end. However, some + systems do not support this feature and will leave the file + unchanged. + + When the source file is compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' the + `truncate' function is in fact `truncate64' and the type `off_t' + has 64 bits which makes it possible to handle files up to 2^63 + bytes in length. + + The return value is 0 for success, or -1 for an error. In + addition to the usual file name errors, the following errors may + occur: + + `EACCES' + The file is a directory or not writable. + + `EINVAL' + LENGTH is negative. + + `EFBIG' + The operation would extend the file beyond the limits of the + operating system. + + `EIO' + A hardware I/O error occurred. + + `EPERM' + The file is "append-only" or "immutable". + + `EINTR' + The operation was interrupted by a signal. + + + + -- Function: int truncate64 (const char *NAME, off64_t LENGTH) + This function is similar to the `truncate' function. The + difference is that the LENGTH argument is 64 bits wide even on 32 + bits machines, which allows the handling of files with sizes up to + 2^63 bytes. + + When the source file is compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on + a 32 bits machine this function is actually available under the + name `truncate' and so transparently replaces the 32 bits + interface. + + -- Function: int ftruncate (int FD, off_t LENGTH) + This is like `truncate', but it works on a file descriptor FD for + an opened file instead of a file name to identify the object. The + file must be opened for writing to successfully carry out the + operation. + + The POSIX standard leaves it implementation defined what happens + if the specified new LENGTH of the file is bigger than the + original size. The `ftruncate' function might simply leave the + file alone and do nothing or it can increase the size to the + desired size. In this later case the extended area should be + zero-filled. So using `ftruncate' is no reliable way to increase + the file size but if it is possible it is probably the fastest + way. The function also operates on POSIX shared memory segments + if these are implemented by the system. + + `ftruncate' is especially useful in combination with `mmap'. + Since the mapped region must have a fixed size one cannot enlarge + the file by writing something beyond the last mapped page. + Instead one has to enlarge the file itself and then remap the file + with the new size. The example below shows how this works. + + When the source file is compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' the + `ftruncate' function is in fact `ftruncate64' and the type `off_t' + has 64 bits which makes it possible to handle files up to 2^63 + bytes in length. + + The return value is 0 for success, or -1 for an error. The + following errors may occur: + + `EBADF' + FD does not correspond to an open file. + + `EACCES' + FD is a directory or not open for writing. + + `EINVAL' + LENGTH is negative. + + `EFBIG' + The operation would extend the file beyond the limits of the + operating system. + + `EIO' + A hardware I/O error occurred. + + `EPERM' + The file is "append-only" or "immutable". + + `EINTR' + The operation was interrupted by a signal. + + + + -- Function: int ftruncate64 (int ID, off64_t LENGTH) + This function is similar to the `ftruncate' function. The + difference is that the LENGTH argument is 64 bits wide even on 32 + bits machines which allows the handling of files with sizes up to + 2^63 bytes. + + When the source file is compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on + a 32 bits machine this function is actually available under the + name `ftruncate' and so transparently replaces the 32 bits + interface. + + As announced here is a little example of how to use `ftruncate' in +combination with `mmap': + + int fd; + void *start; + size_t len; + + int + add (off_t at, void *block, size_t size) + { + if (at + size > len) + { + /* Resize the file and remap. */ + size_t ps = sysconf (_SC_PAGESIZE); + size_t ns = (at + size + ps - 1) & ~(ps - 1); + void *np; + if (ftruncate (fd, ns) < 0) + return -1; + np = mmap (NULL, ns, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0); + if (np == MAP_FAILED) + return -1; + start = np; + len = ns; + } + memcpy ((char *) start + at, block, size); + return 0; + } + + The function `add' writes a block of memory at an arbitrary position +in the file. If the current size of the file is too small it is +extended. Note the it is extended by a round number of pages. This is +a requirement of `mmap'. The program has to keep track of the real +size, and when it has finished a final `ftruncate' call should set the +real size of the file. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Making Special Files, Next: Temporary Files, Prev: File Attributes, Up: File System Interface + +14.10 Making Special Files +========================== + +The `mknod' function is the primitive for making special files, such as +files that correspond to devices. The GNU library includes this +function for compatibility with BSD. + + The prototype for `mknod' is declared in `sys/stat.h'. + + -- Function: int mknod (const char *FILENAME, int MODE, int DEV) + The `mknod' function makes a special file with name FILENAME. The + MODE specifies the mode of the file, and may include the various + special file bits, such as `S_IFCHR' (for a character special file) + or `S_IFBLK' (for a block special file). *Note Testing File + Type::. + + The DEV argument specifies which device the special file refers to. + Its exact interpretation depends on the kind of special file being + created. + + The return value is `0' on success and `-1' on error. In addition + to the usual file name errors (*note File Name Errors::), the + following `errno' error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EPERM' + The calling process is not privileged. Only the superuser + can create special files. + + `ENOSPC' + The directory or file system that would contain the new file + is full and cannot be extended. + + `EROFS' + The directory containing the new file can't be modified + because it's on a read-only file system. + + `EEXIST' + There is already a file named FILENAME. If you want to + replace this file, you must remove the old file explicitly + first. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Temporary Files, Prev: Making Special Files, Up: File System Interface + +14.11 Temporary Files +===================== + +If you need to use a temporary file in your program, you can use the +`tmpfile' function to open it. Or you can use the `tmpnam' (better: +`tmpnam_r') function to provide a name for a temporary file and then +you can open it in the usual way with `fopen'. + + The `tempnam' function is like `tmpnam' but lets you choose what +directory temporary files will go in, and something about what their +file names will look like. Important for multi-threaded programs is +that `tempnam' is reentrant, while `tmpnam' is not since it returns a +pointer to a static buffer. + + These facilities are declared in the header file `stdio.h'. + + -- Function: FILE * tmpfile (void) + This function creates a temporary binary file for update mode, as + if by calling `fopen' with mode `"wb+"'. The file is deleted + automatically when it is closed or when the program terminates. + (On some other ISO C systems the file may fail to be deleted if + the program terminates abnormally). + + This function is reentrant. + + When the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on a + 32-bit system this function is in fact `tmpfile64', i.e., the LFS + interface transparently replaces the old interface. + + -- Function: FILE * tmpfile64 (void) + This function is similar to `tmpfile', but the stream it returns a + pointer to was opened using `tmpfile64'. Therefore this stream can + be used for files larger then 2^31 bytes on 32-bit machines. + + Please note that the return type is still `FILE *'. There is no + special `FILE' type for the LFS interface. + + If the sources are compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on a 32 + bits machine this function is available under the name `tmpfile' + and so transparently replaces the old interface. + + -- Function: char * tmpnam (char *RESULT) + This function constructs and returns a valid file name that does + not refer to any existing file. If the RESULT argument is a null + pointer, the return value is a pointer to an internal static + string, which might be modified by subsequent calls and therefore + makes this function non-reentrant. Otherwise, the RESULT argument + should be a pointer to an array of at least `L_tmpnam' characters, + and the result is written into that array. + + It is possible for `tmpnam' to fail if you call it too many times + without removing previously-created files. This is because the + limited length of the temporary file names gives room for only a + finite number of different names. If `tmpnam' fails it returns a + null pointer. + + *Warning:* Between the time the pathname is constructed and the + file is created another process might have created a file with the + same name using `tmpnam', leading to a possible security hole. The + implementation generates names which can hardly be predicted, but + when opening the file you should use the `O_EXCL' flag. Using + `tmpfile' or `mkstemp' is a safe way to avoid this problem. + + -- Function: char * tmpnam_r (char *RESULT) + This function is nearly identical to the `tmpnam' function, except + that if RESULT is a null pointer it returns a null pointer. + + This guarantees reentrancy because the non-reentrant situation of + `tmpnam' cannot happen here. + + *Warning*: This function has the same security problems as + `tmpnam'. + + -- Macro: int L_tmpnam + The value of this macro is an integer constant expression that + represents the minimum size of a string large enough to hold a + file name generated by the `tmpnam' function. + + -- Macro: int TMP_MAX + The macro `TMP_MAX' is a lower bound for how many temporary names + you can create with `tmpnam'. You can rely on being able to call + `tmpnam' at least this many times before it might fail saying you + have made too many temporary file names. + + With the GNU library, you can create a very large number of + temporary file names. If you actually created the files, you + would probably run out of disk space before you ran out of names. + Some other systems have a fixed, small limit on the number of + temporary files. The limit is never less than `25'. + + -- Function: char * tempnam (const char *DIR, const char *PREFIX) + This function generates a unique temporary file name. If PREFIX + is not a null pointer, up to five characters of this string are + used as a prefix for the file name. The return value is a string + newly allocated with `malloc', so you should release its storage + with `free' when it is no longer needed. + + Because the string is dynamically allocated this function is + reentrant. + + The directory prefix for the temporary file name is determined by + testing each of the following in sequence. The directory must + exist and be writable. + + * The environment variable `TMPDIR', if it is defined. For + security reasons this only happens if the program is not SUID + or SGID enabled. + + * The DIR argument, if it is not a null pointer. + + * The value of the `P_tmpdir' macro. + + * The directory `/tmp'. + + This function is defined for SVID compatibility. + + *Warning:* Between the time the pathname is constructed and the + file is created another process might have created a file with the + same name using `tempnam', leading to a possible security hole. + The implementation generates names which can hardly be predicted, + but when opening the file you should use the `O_EXCL' flag. Using + `tmpfile' or `mkstemp' is a safe way to avoid this problem. + + -- SVID Macro: char * P_tmpdir + This macro is the name of the default directory for temporary + files. + + Older Unix systems did not have the functions just described. +Instead they used `mktemp' and `mkstemp'. Both of these functions work +by modifying a file name template string you pass. The last six +characters of this string must be `XXXXXX'. These six `X's are +replaced with six characters which make the whole string a unique file +name. Usually the template string is something like +`/tmp/PREFIXXXXXXX', and each program uses a unique PREFIX. + + *NB:* Because `mktemp' and `mkstemp' modify the template string, you +_must not_ pass string constants to them. String constants are +normally in read-only storage, so your program would crash when +`mktemp' or `mkstemp' tried to modify the string. These functions are +declared in the header file `stdlib.h'. + + -- Function: char * mktemp (char *TEMPLATE) + The `mktemp' function generates a unique file name by modifying + TEMPLATE as described above. If successful, it returns TEMPLATE + as modified. If `mktemp' cannot find a unique file name, it makes + TEMPLATE an empty string and returns that. If TEMPLATE does not + end with `XXXXXX', `mktemp' returns a null pointer. + + *Warning:* Between the time the pathname is constructed and the + file is created another process might have created a file with the + same name using `mktemp', leading to a possible security hole. The + implementation generates names which can hardly be predicted, but + when opening the file you should use the `O_EXCL' flag. Using + `mkstemp' is a safe way to avoid this problem. + + -- Function: int mkstemp (char *TEMPLATE) + The `mkstemp' function generates a unique file name just as + `mktemp' does, but it also opens the file for you with `open' + (*note Opening and Closing Files::). If successful, it modifies + TEMPLATE in place and returns a file descriptor for that file open + for reading and writing. If `mkstemp' cannot create a + uniquely-named file, it returns `-1'. If TEMPLATE does not end + with `XXXXXX', `mkstemp' returns `-1' and does not modify TEMPLATE. + + The file is opened using mode `0600'. If the file is meant to be + used by other users this mode must be changed explicitly. + + Unlike `mktemp', `mkstemp' is actually guaranteed to create a unique +file that cannot possibly clash with any other program trying to create +a temporary file. This is because it works by calling `open' with the +`O_EXCL' flag, which says you want to create a new file and get an +error if the file already exists. + + -- Function: char * mkdtemp (char *TEMPLATE) + The `mkdtemp' function creates a directory with a unique name. If + it succeeds, it overwrites TEMPLATE with the name of the + directory, and returns TEMPLATE. As with `mktemp' and `mkstemp', + TEMPLATE should be a string ending with `XXXXXX'. + + If `mkdtemp' cannot create an uniquely named directory, it returns + `NULL' and sets ERRNO appropriately. If TEMPLATE does not end + with `XXXXXX', `mkdtemp' returns `NULL' and does not modify + TEMPLATE. ERRNO will be set to `EINVAL' in this case. + + The directory is created using mode `0700'. + + The directory created by `mkdtemp' cannot clash with temporary files +or directories created by other users. This is because directory +creation always works like `open' with `O_EXCL'. *Note Creating +Directories::. + + The `mkdtemp' function comes from OpenBSD. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Pipes and FIFOs, Next: Sockets, Prev: File System Interface, Up: Top + +15 Pipes and FIFOs +****************** + +A "pipe" is a mechanism for interprocess communication; data written to +the pipe by one process can be read by another process. The data is +handled in a first-in, first-out (FIFO) order. The pipe has no name; it +is created for one use and both ends must be inherited from the single +process which created the pipe. + + A "FIFO special file" is similar to a pipe, but instead of being an +anonymous, temporary connection, a FIFO has a name or names like any +other file. Processes open the FIFO by name in order to communicate +through it. + + A pipe or FIFO has to be open at both ends simultaneously. If you +read from a pipe or FIFO file that doesn't have any processes writing +to it (perhaps because they have all closed the file, or exited), the +read returns end-of-file. Writing to a pipe or FIFO that doesn't have a +reading process is treated as an error condition; it generates a +`SIGPIPE' signal, and fails with error code `EPIPE' if the signal is +handled or blocked. + + Neither pipes nor FIFO special files allow file positioning. Both +reading and writing operations happen sequentially; reading from the +beginning of the file and writing at the end. + +* Menu: + +* Creating a Pipe:: Making a pipe with the `pipe' function. +* Pipe to a Subprocess:: Using a pipe to communicate with a + child process. +* FIFO Special Files:: Making a FIFO special file. +* Pipe Atomicity:: When pipe (or FIFO) I/O is atomic. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Creating a Pipe, Next: Pipe to a Subprocess, Up: Pipes and FIFOs + +15.1 Creating a Pipe +==================== + +The primitive for creating a pipe is the `pipe' function. This creates +both the reading and writing ends of the pipe. It is not very useful +for a single process to use a pipe to talk to itself. In typical use, +a process creates a pipe just before it forks one or more child +processes (*note Creating a Process::). The pipe is then used for +communication either between the parent or child processes, or between +two sibling processes. + + The `pipe' function is declared in the header file `unistd.h'. + + -- Function: int pipe (int FILEDES[2]) + The `pipe' function creates a pipe and puts the file descriptors + for the reading and writing ends of the pipe (respectively) into + `FILEDES[0]' and `FILEDES[1]'. + + An easy way to remember that the input end comes first is that file + descriptor `0' is standard input, and file descriptor `1' is + standard output. + + If successful, `pipe' returns a value of `0'. On failure, `-1' is + returned. The following `errno' error conditions are defined for + this function: + + `EMFILE' + The process has too many files open. + + `ENFILE' + There are too many open files in the entire system. *Note + Error Codes::, for more information about `ENFILE'. This + error never occurs in the GNU system. + + Here is an example of a simple program that creates a pipe. This +program uses the `fork' function (*note Creating a Process::) to create +a child process. The parent process writes data to the pipe, which is +read by the child process. + + #include + #include + #include + #include + + /* Read characters from the pipe and echo them to `stdout'. */ + + void + read_from_pipe (int file) + { + FILE *stream; + int c; + stream = fdopen (file, "r"); + while ((c = fgetc (stream)) != EOF) + putchar (c); + fclose (stream); + } + + /* Write some random text to the pipe. */ + + void + write_to_pipe (int file) + { + FILE *stream; + stream = fdopen (file, "w"); + fprintf (stream, "hello, world!\n"); + fprintf (stream, "goodbye, world!\n"); + fclose (stream); + } + + int + main (void) + { + pid_t pid; + int mypipe[2]; + + /* Create the pipe. */ + if (pipe (mypipe)) + { + fprintf (stderr, "Pipe failed.\n"); + return EXIT_FAILURE; + } + + /* Create the child process. */ + pid = fork (); + if (pid == (pid_t) 0) + { + /* This is the child process. + Close other end first. */ + close (mypipe[1]); + read_from_pipe (mypipe[0]); + return EXIT_SUCCESS; + } + else if (pid < (pid_t) 0) + { + /* The fork failed. */ + fprintf (stderr, "Fork failed.\n"); + return EXIT_FAILURE; + } + else + { + /* This is the parent process. + Close other end first. */ + close (mypipe[0]); + write_to_pipe (mypipe[1]); + return EXIT_SUCCESS; + } + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Pipe to a Subprocess, Next: FIFO Special Files, Prev: Creating a Pipe, Up: Pipes and FIFOs + +15.2 Pipe to a Subprocess +========================= + +A common use of pipes is to send data to or receive data from a program +being run as a subprocess. One way of doing this is by using a +combination of `pipe' (to create the pipe), `fork' (to create the +subprocess), `dup2' (to force the subprocess to use the pipe as its +standard input or output channel), and `exec' (to execute the new +program). Or, you can use `popen' and `pclose'. + + The advantage of using `popen' and `pclose' is that the interface is +much simpler and easier to use. But it doesn't offer as much +flexibility as using the low-level functions directly. + + -- Function: FILE * popen (const char *COMMAND, const char *MODE) + The `popen' function is closely related to the `system' function; + see *note Running a Command::. It executes the shell command + COMMAND as a subprocess. However, instead of waiting for the + command to complete, it creates a pipe to the subprocess and + returns a stream that corresponds to that pipe. + + If you specify a MODE argument of `"r"', you can read from the + stream to retrieve data from the standard output channel of the + subprocess. The subprocess inherits its standard input channel + from the parent process. + + Similarly, if you specify a MODE argument of `"w"', you can write + to the stream to send data to the standard input channel of the + subprocess. The subprocess inherits its standard output channel + from the parent process. + + In the event of an error `popen' returns a null pointer. This + might happen if the pipe or stream cannot be created, if the + subprocess cannot be forked, or if the program cannot be executed. + + -- Function: int pclose (FILE *STREAM) + The `pclose' function is used to close a stream created by `popen'. + It waits for the child process to terminate and returns its status + value, as for the `system' function. + + Here is an example showing how to use `popen' and `pclose' to filter +output through another program, in this case the paging program `more'. + + #include + #include + + void + write_data (FILE * stream) + { + int i; + for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) + fprintf (stream, "%d\n", i); + if (ferror (stream)) + { + fprintf (stderr, "Output to stream failed.\n"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + } + } + + int + main (void) + { + FILE *output; + + output = popen ("more", "w"); + if (!output) + { + fprintf (stderr, + "incorrect parameters or too many files.\n"); + return EXIT_FAILURE; + } + write_data (output); + if (pclose (output) != 0) + { + fprintf (stderr, + "Could not run more or other error.\n"); + } + return EXIT_SUCCESS; + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: FIFO Special Files, Next: Pipe Atomicity, Prev: Pipe to a Subprocess, Up: Pipes and FIFOs + +15.3 FIFO Special Files +======================= + +A FIFO special file is similar to a pipe, except that it is created in a +different way. Instead of being an anonymous communications channel, a +FIFO special file is entered into the file system by calling `mkfifo'. + + Once you have created a FIFO special file in this way, any process +can open it for reading or writing, in the same way as an ordinary file. +However, it has to be open at both ends simultaneously before you can +proceed to do any input or output operations on it. Opening a FIFO for +reading normally blocks until some other process opens the same FIFO for +writing, and vice versa. + + The `mkfifo' function is declared in the header file `sys/stat.h'. + + -- Function: int mkfifo (const char *FILENAME, mode_t MODE) + The `mkfifo' function makes a FIFO special file with name + FILENAME. The MODE argument is used to set the file's + permissions; see *note Setting Permissions::. + + The normal, successful return value from `mkfifo' is `0'. In the + case of an error, `-1' is returned. In addition to the usual file + name errors (*note File Name Errors::), the following `errno' + error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EEXIST' + The named file already exists. + + `ENOSPC' + The directory or file system cannot be extended. + + `EROFS' + The directory that would contain the file resides on a + read-only file system. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Pipe Atomicity, Prev: FIFO Special Files, Up: Pipes and FIFOs + +15.4 Atomicity of Pipe I/O +========================== + +Reading or writing pipe data is "atomic" if the size of data written is +not greater than `PIPE_BUF'. This means that the data transfer seems +to be an instantaneous unit, in that nothing else in the system can +observe a state in which it is partially complete. Atomic I/O may not +begin right away (it may need to wait for buffer space or for data), +but once it does begin it finishes immediately. + + Reading or writing a larger amount of data may not be atomic; for +example, output data from other processes sharing the descriptor may be +interspersed. Also, once `PIPE_BUF' characters have been written, +further writes will block until some characters are read. + + *Note Limits for Files::, for information about the `PIPE_BUF' +parameter. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Sockets, Next: Low-Level Terminal Interface, Prev: Pipes and FIFOs, Up: Top + +16 Sockets +********** + +This chapter describes the GNU facilities for interprocess +communication using sockets. + + A "socket" is a generalized interprocess communication channel. +Like a pipe, a socket is represented as a file descriptor. Unlike pipes +sockets support communication between unrelated processes, and even +between processes running on different machines that communicate over a +network. Sockets are the primary means of communicating with other +machines; `telnet', `rlogin', `ftp', `talk' and the other familiar +network programs use sockets. + + Not all operating systems support sockets. In the GNU library, the +header file `sys/socket.h' exists regardless of the operating system, +and the socket functions always exist, but if the system does not +really support sockets these functions always fail. + + *Incomplete:* We do not currently document the facilities for +broadcast messages or for configuring Internet interfaces. The +reentrant functions and some newer functions that are related to IPv6 +aren't documented either so far. + +* Menu: + +* Socket Concepts:: Basic concepts you need to know about. +* Communication Styles::Stream communication, datagrams and other styles. +* Socket Addresses:: How socket names (``addresses'') work. +* Interface Naming:: Identifying specific network interfaces. +* Local Namespace:: Details about the local namespace. +* Internet Namespace:: Details about the Internet namespace. +* Misc Namespaces:: Other namespaces not documented fully here. +* Open/Close Sockets:: Creating sockets and destroying them. +* Connections:: Operations on sockets with connection state. +* Datagrams:: Operations on datagram sockets. +* Inetd:: Inetd is a daemon that starts servers on request. + The most convenient way to write a server + is to make it work with Inetd. +* Socket Options:: Miscellaneous low-level socket options. +* Networks Database:: Accessing the database of network names. + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc.info-7 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc.info-7 @@ -0,0 +1,8879 @@ +This is libc.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from libc.texinfo. + +INFO-DIR-SECTION Software libraries +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* Libc: (libc). C library. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + +INFO-DIR-SECTION GNU C library functions and macros +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* ALTWERASE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN: (libc)Argp Parser Functions. +* ARG_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* BC_BASE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_DIM_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_SCALE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_STRING_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BRKINT: (libc)Input Modes. +* BUFSIZ: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* CCTS_OFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CHILD_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* CIGNORE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLK_TCK: (libc)CPU Time. +* CLOCAL: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLOCKS_PER_SEC: (libc)CPU Time. +* COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* CPU_CLR: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ISSET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SETSIZE: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ZERO: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CREAD: (libc)Control Modes. +* CRTS_IFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS5: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS6: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS7: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS8: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSIZE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSTOPB: (libc)Control Modes. +* DES_FAILED: (libc)DES Encryption. +* DTTOIF: (libc)Directory Entries. +* E2BIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EACCES: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRINUSE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRNOTAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAGAIN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EALREADY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBACKGROUND: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADF: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADFD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRQC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADSLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBFONT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBUSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECANCELED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHILD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOCTL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOK: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOKE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHONL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOPRT: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECOMM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNABORTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNREFUSED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDESTADDRREQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDIED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOTDOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDQUOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EEXIST: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFAULT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFBIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGRATUITOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGREGIOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIDRM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EILSEQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINPROGRESS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINVAL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYEXPIRED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREJECTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREVOKED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2NSYNC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3RST: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBACC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBBAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBMAX: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBSCN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELNRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELOOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMEDIUMTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMSGSIZE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMULTIHOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAMETOOLONG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENEEDAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOANO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOBUFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOCSI: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODATA: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOENT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOKEY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEDIUM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENONET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPKG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPROTOOPT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSYS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTBLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTEMPTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTRECOVERABLE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSUP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTUNIQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENXIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* EOPNOTSUPP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOVERFLOW: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOWNERDEAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPERM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCLIM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTONOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTOTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EQUIV_CLASS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* ERANGE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMCHG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERESTART: (libc)Error Codes. +* EROFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERPCMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESHUTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESOCKTNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRMNT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTALE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTRPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIME: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIMEDOUT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETOOMANYREFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETXTBSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUCLEAN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUNATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUSERS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EWOULDBLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXDEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXFULL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXIT_FAILURE: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXIT_SUCCESS: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXPR_NEST_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* FD_CLOEXEC: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* FD_CLR: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ISSET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SETSIZE: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ZERO: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FILENAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* FLUSHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* FOPEN_MAX: (libc)Opening Streams. +* FP_ILOGB0: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* FP_ILOGBNAN: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* F_DUPFD: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* F_GETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_GETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_GETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_GETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* F_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* F_SETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_SETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_SETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETLKW: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* HUGE_VAL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALF: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUPCL: (libc)Control Modes. +* I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* ICANON: (libc)Local Modes. +* ICRNL: (libc)Input Modes. +* IEXTEN: (libc)Local Modes. +* IFNAMSIZ: (libc)Interface Naming. +* IFTODT: (libc)Directory Entries. +* IGNBRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNPAR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IMAXBEL: (libc)Input Modes. +* INADDR_ANY: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_BROADCAST: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_LOOPBACK: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_NONE: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INFINITY: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* INLCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* INPCK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IPPORT_RESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* IPPORT_USERRESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* ISIG: (libc)Local Modes. +* ISTRIP: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXANY: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXOFF: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXON: (libc)Input Modes. +* LINE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* LINK_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* L_ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* L_cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* L_tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* MAXNAMLEN: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAXSYMLINKS: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* MAX_CANON: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAX_INPUT: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MB_CUR_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MB_LEN_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MDMBUF: (libc)Control Modes. +* MSG_DONTROUTE: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_OOB: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_PEEK: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* NAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* NAN: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* NCCS: (libc)Mode Data Types. +* NGROUPS_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* NOFLSH: (libc)Local Modes. +* NOKERNINFO: (libc)Local Modes. +* NSIG: (libc)Standard Signals. +* NULL: (libc)Null Pointer Constant. +* ONLCR: (libc)Output Modes. +* ONOEOT: (libc)Output Modes. +* OPEN_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* OPOST: (libc)Output Modes. +* OXTABS: (libc)Output Modes. +* O_ACCMODE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_APPEND: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_ASYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_CREAT: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXCL: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXEC: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_EXLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_FSYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_IGNORE_CTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NDELAY: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOATIME: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOCTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NOLINK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOTRANS: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_RDONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_RDWR: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_READ: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_SHLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_SYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_TRUNC: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_WRITE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_WRONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* PARENB: (libc)Control Modes. +* PARMRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* PARODD: (libc)Control Modes. +* PATH_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* PA_FLAG_MASK: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* PENDIN: (libc)Local Modes. +* PF_FILE: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_INET6: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_INET: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_LOCAL: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_UNIX: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PIPE_BUF: (libc)Limits for Files. +* P_tmpdir: (libc)Temporary Files. +* RAND_MAX: (libc)ISO Random. +* RE_DUP_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* RLIM_INFINITY: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* R_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* SA_NOCLDSTOP: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_ONSTACK: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_RESTART: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SEEK_CUR: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_END: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_SET: (libc)File Positioning. +* SIGABRT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGBUS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGCHLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCONT: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGEMT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGFPE: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGHUP: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGILL: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGINFO: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGINT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGIO: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGIOT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGKILL: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGLOST: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPIPE: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPOLL: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGPROF: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGQUIT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGSEGV: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGSTOP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGSYS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTERM: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGTRAP: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTSTP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTIN: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTOU: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGURG: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGUSR1: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGUSR2: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGVTALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGWINCH: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGXCPU: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGXFSZ: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIG_ERR: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* SOCK_DGRAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RAW: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RDM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_SEQPACKET: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_STREAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOL_SOCKET: (libc)Socket-Level Options. +* SSIZE_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* STREAM_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* SUN_LEN: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* SV_INTERRUPT: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_ONSTACK: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_RESETHAND: (libc)BSD Handler. +* S_IFMT: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISBLK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISCHR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISDIR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISFIFO: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISLNK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISREG: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISSOCK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISMQ: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSEM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSHM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* TMP_MAX: (libc)Temporary Files. +* TOSTOP: (libc)Local Modes. +* TZNAME_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* VDISCARD: (libc)Other Special. +* VDSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VEOF: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL2: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VINTR: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VKILL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VLNEXT: (libc)Other Special. +* VMIN: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VQUIT: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VREPRINT: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VSTART: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSTATUS: (libc)Other Special. +* VSTOP: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VTIME: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VWERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* WCHAR_MAX: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCHAR_MIN: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCOREDUMP: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WEOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* WEOF: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WEXITSTATUS: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFEXITED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSIGNALED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSTOPPED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WSTOPSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WTERMSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* W_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* X_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* _Complex_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _Exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _IOFBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IOLBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IONBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _Imaginary_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _PATH_UTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _PATH_WTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _POSIX2_C_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_C_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* _POSIX2_FORT_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_FORT_RUN: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_LOCALEDEF: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_SW_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_NO_TRUNC: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_SAVED_IDS: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_VDISABLE: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* __fbufsize: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __flbf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpending: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpurge: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* __freadable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __freading: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fsetlocking: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* __fwritable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fwriting: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __gconv_end_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_init_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __va_copy: (libc)Argument Macros. +* _exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _flushlbf: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* _tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* _toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* a64l: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* abort: (libc)Aborting a Program. +* abs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* accept: (libc)Accepting Connections. +* access: (libc)Testing File Access. +* acos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* addmntent: (libc)mtab. +* addseverity: (libc)Adding Severity Classes. +* adjtime: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* adjtimex: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* aio_cancel64: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_cancel: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_error64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_error: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_init: (libc)Configuration of AIO. +* aio_read64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_read: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_return64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_return: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_write64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_write: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* alarm: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* alloca: (libc)Variable Size Automatic. +* alphasort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* alphasort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* argp_error: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_failure: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_help: (libc)Argp Help. +* argp_parse: (libc)Argp. +* argp_state_help: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_usage: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argz_add: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_add_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_append: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_count: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_delete: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_extract: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_insert: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_next: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_replace: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_stringify: (libc)Argz Functions. +* asctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asprintf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* assert: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* assert_perror: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* atan2: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2f: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2l: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atexit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* atof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* atoi: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* backtrace: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols_fd: (libc)Backtraces. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* bcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* bcopy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* bind: (libc)Setting Address. +* bind_textdomain_codeset: (libc)Charset conversion in gettext. +* bindtextdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* brk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* bsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* btowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* bzero: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* cabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cacos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* calloc: (libc)Allocating Cleared Space. +* canonicalize_file_name: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* carg: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* casin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catclose: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catgets: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catopen: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* cbc_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* cbrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ccos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ceil: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceilf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceill: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* cexp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cfgetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfgetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfmakeraw: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* cfree: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* cfsetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetspeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* chdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* chmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* chown: (libc)File Owner. +* cimag: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* clearenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* clearerr: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clearerr_unlocked: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clock: (libc)CPU Time. +* clog10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* close: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* closedir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* closelog: (libc)closelog. +* confstr: (libc)String Parameters. +* conj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* connect: (libc)Connecting. +* copysign: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* cos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cpow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cproj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creal: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* crealf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creall: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creat64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* creat: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* crypt: (libc)crypt. +* crypt_r: (libc)crypt. +* csin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ctan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* ctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* ctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* dcgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* dcngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* des_setparity: (libc)DES Encryption. +* dgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* difftime: (libc)Elapsed Time. +* dirfd: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* dirname: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* div: (libc)Integer Division. +* dngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* drand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* drand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* drem: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dremf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dreml: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dup2: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* dup: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* ecb_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* ecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* ecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* encrypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* encrypt_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* endfsent: (libc)fstab. +* endgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* endhostent: (libc)Host Names. +* endmntent: (libc)mtab. +* endnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* endnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* endprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* endpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* endservent: (libc)Services Database. +* endutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* endutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* envz_add: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_entry: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_get: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_merge: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_strip: (libc)Envz Functions. +* erand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* erand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* erf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfc: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcl: (libc)Special Functions. +* erff: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfl: (libc)Special Functions. +* err: (libc)Error Messages. +* errno: (libc)Checking for Errors. +* error: (libc)Error Messages. +* error_at_line: (libc)Error Messages. +* errx: (libc)Error Messages. +* execl: (libc)Executing a File. +* execle: (libc)Executing a File. +* execlp: (libc)Executing a File. +* execv: (libc)Executing a File. +* execve: (libc)Executing a File. +* execvp: (libc)Executing a File. +* exit: (libc)Normal Termination. +* exp10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* fabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fchdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* fchmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* fchown: (libc)File Owner. +* fclean: (libc)Cleaning Streams. +* fclose: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcloseall: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcntl: (libc)Control Operations. +* fcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fdatasync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* fdim: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdimf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdiml: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdopen: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fdopendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* feclearexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fedisableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feenableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fegetround: (libc)Rounding. +* feholdexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feof: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feof_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feraiseexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* ferror: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* ferror_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* fesetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fesetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fesetround: (libc)Rounding. +* fetestexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* feupdateenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fflush: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fflush_unlocked: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fgetc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgetpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgets: (libc)Line Input. +* fgets_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetwc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetws: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetws_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fileno: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fileno_unlocked: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* finite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitef: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitel: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* flockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* floor: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* fma: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmal: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmax: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmemopen: (libc)String Streams. +* fmin: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmod: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmtmsg: (libc)Printing Formatted Messages. +* fnmatch: (libc)Wildcard Matching. +* fopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopencookie: (libc)Streams and Cookies. +* fork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* forkpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* fpathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* fpclassify: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* fprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fputc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fread: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fread_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* free: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* freopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* freopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* frexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* fscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* fseek: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko64: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko: (libc)File Positioning. +* fsetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fsetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fsync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* ftell: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello64: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftruncate64: (libc)File Size. +* ftruncate: (libc)File Size. +* ftrylockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* ftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* funlockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* futimes: (libc)File Times. +* fwide: (libc)Streams and I18N. +* fwprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fwrite: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwrite_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* gamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* gcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* get_avphys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* get_current_dir_name: (libc)Working Directory. +* get_nprocs: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_nprocs_conf: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_phys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getc: (libc)Character Input. +* getc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* getcwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* getdate: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdate_r: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdelim: (libc)Line Input. +* getdomainnname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getegid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* geteuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getfsent: (libc)fstab. +* getfsfile: (libc)fstab. +* getfsspec: (libc)fstab. +* getgid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrgid: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrgid_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrouplist: (libc)Setting Groups. +* getgroups: (libc)Reading Persona. +* gethostbyaddr: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyaddr_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* gethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* getline: (libc)Line Input. +* getloadavg: (libc)Processor Resources. +* getlogin: (libc)Who Logged In. +* getmntent: (libc)mtab. +* getmntent_r: (libc)mtab. +* getnetbyaddr: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetbyname: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getnetgrent_r: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getopt: (libc)Using Getopt. +* getopt_long: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getopt_long_only: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getpagesize: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getpass: (libc)getpass. +* getpeername: (libc)Who is Connected. +* getpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getppid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* getprotobyname: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotobynumber: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getpt: (libc)Allocation. +* getpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwnam: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwnam_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrusage: (libc)Resource Usage. +* gets: (libc)Line Input. +* getservbyname: (libc)Services Database. +* getservbyport: (libc)Services Database. +* getservent: (libc)Services Database. +* getsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getsockname: (libc)Reading Address. +* getsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* getsubopt: (libc)Suboptions. +* gettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* gettimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* getuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getumask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* getutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutent_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutmp: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutmpx: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxid: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getw: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* glob64: (libc)Calling Glob. +* glob: (libc)Calling Glob. +* globfree64: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* globfree: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* gmtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* gmtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* grantpt: (libc)Allocation. +* gsignal: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* gtty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* hasmntopt: (libc)mtab. +* hcreate: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hcreate_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* htonl: (libc)Byte Order. +* htons: (libc)Byte Order. +* hypot: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* iconv: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_close: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_open: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* if_freenameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_indextoname: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nametoindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* ilogb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* imaxabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* imaxdiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* in6addr_any: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* in6addr_loopback: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* index: (libc)Search Functions. +* inet_addr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_aton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_lnaof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_makeaddr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_netof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_network: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntoa: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntop: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_pton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* initgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* initstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* initstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* innetgr: (libc)Netgroup Membership. +* int: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* ioctl: (libc)IOCTLs. +* isalnum: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isalpha: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isascii: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isatty: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* isblank: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iscntrl: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isfinite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isgraph: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isgreaterequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isinf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinff: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinfl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isless: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islower: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnormal: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isprint: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* ispunct: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isspace: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isunordered: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isupper: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iswalnum: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswalpha: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswblank: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswcntrl: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswgraph: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswlower: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswprint: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswpunct: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswspace: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswupper: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswxdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* isxdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* j0: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* jn: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnf: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnl: (libc)Special Functions. +* jrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* jrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* kill: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* killpg: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* l64a: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* labs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lcong48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lcong48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ldexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* lfind: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgamma_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* link: (libc)Hard Links. +* lio_listio64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* lio_listio: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* listen: (libc)Listening. +* llabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* llrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* localeconv: (libc)The Lame Way to Locale Data. +* localtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* localtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* log10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1p: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* login: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* login_tty: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logout: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logwtmp: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* longjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* lrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lseek64: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lseek: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lutimes: (libc)File Times. +* madvise: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* makecontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* mallinfo: (libc)Statistics of Malloc. +* malloc: (libc)Basic Allocation. +* mallopt: (libc)Malloc Tunable Parameters. +* mblen: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mbrlen: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbrtowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbsinit: (libc)Keeping the state. +* mbsnrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbsrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbstowcs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* mbtowc: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mcheck: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* memccpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* memcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memfrob: (libc)Trivial Encryption. +* memmem: (libc)Search Functions. +* memmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mkdir: (libc)Creating Directories. +* mkdtemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mkfifo: (libc)FIFO Special Files. +* mknod: (libc)Making Special Files. +* mkstemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* mlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mmap64: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* modf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modff: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modfl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* mount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* mprobe: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* mrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* mrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* mremap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* msync: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mtrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* munlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* muntrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* nan: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanosleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* nearbyint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nextafter: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttoward: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* nftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* nice: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* nl_langinfo: (libc)The Elegant and Fast Way. +* nrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* nrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ntohl: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntohs: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntp_adjtime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* ntp_gettime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* obstack_1grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_1grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_alignment_mask: (libc)Obstacks Data Alignment. +* obstack_alloc: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_base: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_blank: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_blank_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_chunk_size: (libc)Obstack Chunks. +* obstack_copy0: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_copy: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_finish: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_free: (libc)Freeing Obstack Objects. +* obstack_grow0: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_init: (libc)Preparing for Obstacks. +* obstack_int_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_int_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_next_free: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_printf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* obstack_ptr_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_ptr_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_room: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* offsetof: (libc)Structure Measurement. +* on_exit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* open64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open_memstream: (libc)String Streams. +* open_obstack_stream: (libc)Obstack Streams. +* opendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* openlog: (libc)openlog. +* openpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* parse_printf_format: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* pathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* pause: (libc)Using Pause. +* pclose: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* perror: (libc)Error Messages. +* pipe: (libc)Creating a Pipe. +* popen: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* posix_memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* pow10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pread64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pread: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* printf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* printf_size: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* printf_size_info: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* psignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* ptsname: (libc)Allocation. +* ptsname_r: (libc)Allocation. +* putc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* putpwent: (libc)Writing a User Entry. +* puts: (libc)Simple Output. +* pututline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* pututxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* putw: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* pwrite64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pwrite: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* qecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qgcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qsort: (libc)Array Sort Function. +* raise: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* rand: (libc)ISO Random. +* rand_r: (libc)ISO Random. +* random: (libc)BSD Random. +* random_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* rawmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* read: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* readdir64: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir64_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* readv: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* realloc: (libc)Changing Block Size. +* realpath: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* recv: (libc)Receiving Data. +* recvfrom: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* recvmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* regcomp: (libc)POSIX Regexp Compilation. +* regerror: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* regexec: (libc)Matching POSIX Regexps. +* regfree: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* register_printf_function: (libc)Registering New Conversions. +* remainder: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remove: (libc)Deleting Files. +* rename: (libc)Renaming Files. +* rewind: (libc)File Positioning. +* rewinddir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* rindex: (libc)Search Functions. +* rint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rmdir: (libc)Deleting Files. +* round: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rpmatch: (libc)Yes-or-No Questions. +* sbrk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* scalb: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbln: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbn: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scandir64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scandir: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* sched_get_priority_max: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_get_priority_min: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_getparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_rr_get_interval: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_setparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_yield: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* seed48: (libc)SVID Random. +* seed48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* seekdir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* select: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* send: (libc)Sending Data. +* sendmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* sendto: (libc)Sending Datagrams. +* setbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setbuffer: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* setdomainname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setegid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* seteuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setfsent: (libc)fstab. +* setgid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* setgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* sethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* sethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* sethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* setjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* setkey: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setkey_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setlinebuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setlocale: (libc)Setting the Locale. +* setlogmask: (libc)setlogmask. +* setmntent: (libc)mtab. +* setnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* setnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* setpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* setprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* setpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* setregid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setreuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setservent: (libc)Services Database. +* setsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* setstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* setstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* settimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* setuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* setutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* setvbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* shutdown: (libc)Closing a Socket. +* sigaction: (libc)Advanced Signal Handling. +* sigaddset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigaltstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigblock: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigdelset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigemptyset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigfillset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siginterrupt: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sigismember: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siglongjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* signbit: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* significand: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* sigpause: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigpending: (libc)Checking for Pending Signals. +* sigprocmask: (libc)Process Signal Mask. +* sigsetjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigsetmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigsuspend: (libc)Sigsuspend. +* sigvec: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* snprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* socket: (libc)Creating a Socket. +* socketpair: (libc)Socket Pairs. +* sprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* sqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* srand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand: (libc)ISO Random. +* srandom: (libc)BSD Random. +* srandom_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* sscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* ssignal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* stat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stime: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* stpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* stpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcasestr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strchrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* strcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strdupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strerror: (libc)Error Messages. +* strerror_r: (libc)Error Messages. +* strfmon: (libc)Formatting Numbers. +* strfry: (libc)strfry. +* strftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* strlen: (libc)String Length. +* strncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strnlen: (libc)String Length. +* strpbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* strptime: (libc)Low-Level Time String Parsing. +* strrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strsep: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strsignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* strspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strtod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtok_r: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strverscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* stty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* swapcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* swprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* swscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* symlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* sync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* syscall: (libc)System Calls. +* sysconf: (libc)Sysconf Definition. +* sysctl: (libc)System Parameters. +* syslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* system: (libc)Running a Command. +* sysv_signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* tan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tcdrain: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflow: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflush: (libc)Line Control. +* tcgetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcgetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcgetsid: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcsendbreak: (libc)Line Control. +* tcsetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcsetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tdelete: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tdestroy: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tempnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* textdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* tfind: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* time: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* timegm: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* timelocal: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* times: (libc)Processor Time. +* tmpfile64: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpfile: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam_r: (libc)Temporary Files. +* toascii: (libc)Case Conversion. +* tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* towctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towlower: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towupper: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* trunc: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncate64: (libc)File Size. +* truncate: (libc)File Size. +* truncf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* tsearch: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* ttyname: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* ttyname_r: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* twalk: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tzset: (libc)Time Zone Functions. +* ulimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* umask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* umount2: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* umount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* uname: (libc)Platform Type. +* ungetc: (libc)How Unread. +* ungetwc: (libc)How Unread. +* unlink: (libc)Deleting Files. +* unlockpt: (libc)Allocation. +* unsetenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* updwtmp: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utime: (libc)File Times. +* utimes: (libc)File Times. +* utmpname: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utmpxname: (libc)XPG Functions. +* va_arg: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_end: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Old Varargs. +* valloc: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* vasprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* verr: (libc)Error Messages. +* verrx: (libc)Error Messages. +* versionsort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* versionsort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* vfork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* vfprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vfwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsnprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vswprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vswscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsyslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* vtimes: (libc)Resource Usage. +* vwarn: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwarnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* wait3: (libc)BSD Wait Functions. +* wait4: (libc)Process Completion. +* wait: (libc)Process Completion. +* waitpid: (libc)Process Completion. +* warn: (libc)Error Messages. +* warnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* wcpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcrtomb: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wcscasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcschr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcschrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wcscpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcscspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* wcslen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsnlen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsnrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcspbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcsspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcstod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* wcstol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstombs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* wcstoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcswcs: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wctob: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wctomb: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* wctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* wctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* wmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wmemcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wmemcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wordexp: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wordfree: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* write: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* writev: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* wscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* y0: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* yn: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynf: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynl: (libc)Special Functions. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + This file documents the GNU C library. + + This is Edition 0.12, last updated 2007-10-27, of `The GNU C Library +Reference Manual', for version 2.8 (EGLIBC). + + Copyright (C) 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, +2003, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document +under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or +any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the +Invariant Sections being "Free Software Needs Free Documentation" and +"GNU Lesser General Public License", the Front-Cover texts being "A GNU +Manual", and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the +license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation +License". + + (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have the freedom to copy and +modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in +developing GNU and promoting software freedom." + + +File: libc.info, Node: Priority, Next: Memory Resources, Prev: Limits on Resources, Up: Resource Usage And Limitation + +22.3 Process CPU Priority And Scheduling +======================================== + +When multiple processes simultaneously require CPU time, the system's +scheduling policy and process CPU priorities determine which processes +get it. This section describes how that determination is made and GNU +C library functions to control it. + + It is common to refer to CPU scheduling simply as scheduling and a +process' CPU priority simply as the process' priority, with the CPU +resource being implied. Bear in mind, though, that CPU time is not the +only resource a process uses or that processes contend for. In some +cases, it is not even particularly important. Giving a process a high +"priority" may have very little effect on how fast a process runs with +respect to other processes. The priorities discussed in this section +apply only to CPU time. + + CPU scheduling is a complex issue and different systems do it in +wildly different ways. New ideas continually develop and find their +way into the intricacies of the various systems' scheduling algorithms. +This section discusses the general concepts, some specifics of systems +that commonly use the GNU C library, and some standards. + + For simplicity, we talk about CPU contention as if there is only one +CPU in the system. But all the same principles apply when a processor +has multiple CPUs, and knowing that the number of processes that can +run at any one time is equal to the number of CPUs, you can easily +extrapolate the information. + + The functions described in this section are all defined by the +POSIX.1 and POSIX.1b standards (the `sched...' functions are POSIX.1b). +However, POSIX does not define any semantics for the values that these +functions get and set. In this chapter, the semantics are based on the +Linux kernel's implementation of the POSIX standard. As you will see, +the Linux implementation is quite the inverse of what the authors of the +POSIX syntax had in mind. + +* Menu: + +* Absolute Priority:: The first tier of priority. Posix +* Realtime Scheduling:: Scheduling among the process nobility +* Basic Scheduling Functions:: Get/set scheduling policy, priority +* Traditional Scheduling:: Scheduling among the vulgar masses +* CPU Affinity:: Limiting execution to certain CPUs + + +File: libc.info, Node: Absolute Priority, Next: Realtime Scheduling, Up: Priority + +22.3.1 Absolute Priority +------------------------ + +Every process has an absolute priority, and it is represented by a +number. The higher the number, the higher the absolute priority. + + On systems of the past, and most systems today, all processes have +absolute priority 0 and this section is irrelevant. In that case, +*Note Traditional Scheduling::. Absolute priorities were invented to +accommodate realtime systems, in which it is vital that certain +processes be able to respond to external events happening in real time, +which means they cannot wait around while some other process that _wants +to_, but doesn't _need to_ run occupies the CPU. + + When two processes are in contention to use the CPU at any instant, +the one with the higher absolute priority always gets it. This is true +even if the process with the lower priority is already using the CPU +(i.e., the scheduling is preemptive). Of course, we're only talking +about processes that are running or "ready to run," which means they are +ready to execute instructions right now. When a process blocks to wait +for something like I/O, its absolute priority is irrelevant. + + *NB:* The term "runnable" is a synonym for "ready to run." + + When two processes are running or ready to run and both have the same +absolute priority, it's more interesting. In that case, who gets the +CPU is determined by the scheduling policy. If the processes have +absolute priority 0, the traditional scheduling policy described in +*note Traditional Scheduling:: applies. Otherwise, the policies +described in *note Realtime Scheduling:: apply. + + You normally give an absolute priority above 0 only to a process that +can be trusted not to hog the CPU. Such processes are designed to block +(or terminate) after relatively short CPU runs. + + A process begins life with the same absolute priority as its parent +process. Functions described in *note Basic Scheduling Functions:: can +change it. + + Only a privileged process can change a process' absolute priority to +something other than `0'. Only a privileged process or the target +process' owner can change its absolute priority at all. + + POSIX requires absolute priority values used with the realtime +scheduling policies to be consecutive with a range of at least 32. On +Linux, they are 1 through 99. The functions `sched_get_priority_max' +and `sched_set_priority_min' portably tell you what the range is on a +particular system. + +22.3.1.1 Using Absolute Priority +................................ + +One thing you must keep in mind when designing real time applications is +that having higher absolute priority than any other process doesn't +guarantee the process can run continuously. Two things that can wreck a +good CPU run are interrupts and page faults. + + Interrupt handlers live in that limbo between processes. The CPU is +executing instructions, but they aren't part of any process. An +interrupt will stop even the highest priority process. So you must +allow for slight delays and make sure that no device in the system has +an interrupt handler that could cause too long a delay between +instructions for your process. + + Similarly, a page fault causes what looks like a straightforward +sequence of instructions to take a long time. The fact that other +processes get to run while the page faults in is of no consequence, +because as soon as the I/O is complete, the high priority process will +kick them out and run again, but the wait for the I/O itself could be a +problem. To neutralize this threat, use `mlock' or `mlockall'. + + There are a few ramifications of the absoluteness of this priority +on a single-CPU system that you need to keep in mind when you choose to +set a priority and also when you're working on a program that runs with +high absolute priority. Consider a process that has higher absolute +priority than any other process in the system and due to a bug in its +program, it gets into an infinite loop. It will never cede the CPU. +You can't run a command to kill it because your command would need to +get the CPU in order to run. The errant program is in complete +control. It controls the vertical, it controls the horizontal. + + There are two ways to avoid this: 1) keep a shell running somewhere +with a higher absolute priority. 2) keep a controlling terminal +attached to the high priority process group. All the priority in the +world won't stop an interrupt handler from running and delivering a +signal to the process if you hit Control-C. + + Some systems use absolute priority as a means of allocating a fixed +percentage of CPU time to a process. To do this, a super high priority +privileged process constantly monitors the process' CPU usage and raises +its absolute priority when the process isn't getting its entitled share +and lowers it when the process is exceeding it. + + *NB:* The absolute priority is sometimes called the "static +priority." We don't use that term in this manual because it misses the +most important feature of the absolute priority: its absoluteness. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Realtime Scheduling, Next: Basic Scheduling Functions, Prev: Absolute Priority, Up: Priority + +22.3.2 Realtime Scheduling +-------------------------- + +Whenever two processes with the same absolute priority are ready to run, +the kernel has a decision to make, because only one can run at a time. +If the processes have absolute priority 0, the kernel makes this +decision as described in *note Traditional Scheduling::. Otherwise, +the decision is as described in this section. + + If two processes are ready to run but have different absolute +priorities, the decision is much simpler, and is described in *note +Absolute Priority::. + + Each process has a scheduling policy. For processes with absolute +priority other than zero, there are two available: + + 1. First Come First Served + + 2. Round Robin + + The most sensible case is where all the processes with a certain +absolute priority have the same scheduling policy. We'll discuss that +first. + + In Round Robin, processes share the CPU, each one running for a small +quantum of time ("time slice") and then yielding to another in a +circular fashion. Of course, only processes that are ready to run and +have the same absolute priority are in this circle. + + In First Come First Served, the process that has been waiting the +longest to run gets the CPU, and it keeps it until it voluntarily +relinquishes the CPU, runs out of things to do (blocks), or gets +preempted by a higher priority process. + + First Come First Served, along with maximal absolute priority and +careful control of interrupts and page faults, is the one to use when a +process absolutely, positively has to run at full CPU speed or not at +all. + + Judicious use of `sched_yield' function invocations by processes +with First Come First Served scheduling policy forms a good compromise +between Round Robin and First Come First Served. + + To understand how scheduling works when processes of different +scheduling policies occupy the same absolute priority, you have to know +the nitty gritty details of how processes enter and exit the ready to +run list: + + In both cases, the ready to run list is organized as a true queue, +where a process gets pushed onto the tail when it becomes ready to run +and is popped off the head when the scheduler decides to run it. Note +that ready to run and running are two mutually exclusive states. When +the scheduler runs a process, that process is no longer ready to run +and no longer in the ready to run list. When the process stops +running, it may go back to being ready to run again. + + The only difference between a process that is assigned the Round +Robin scheduling policy and a process that is assigned First Come First +Serve is that in the former case, the process is automatically booted +off the CPU after a certain amount of time. When that happens, the +process goes back to being ready to run, which means it enters the +queue at the tail. The time quantum we're talking about is small. +Really small. This is not your father's timesharing. For example, +with the Linux kernel, the round robin time slice is a thousand times +shorter than its typical time slice for traditional scheduling. + + A process begins life with the same scheduling policy as its parent +process. Functions described in *note Basic Scheduling Functions:: can +change it. + + Only a privileged process can set the scheduling policy of a process +that has absolute priority higher than 0. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Basic Scheduling Functions, Next: Traditional Scheduling, Prev: Realtime Scheduling, Up: Priority + +22.3.3 Basic Scheduling Functions +--------------------------------- + +This section describes functions in the GNU C library for setting the +absolute priority and scheduling policy of a process. + + *Portability Note:* On systems that have the functions in this +section, the macro _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING is defined in +`'. + + For the case that the scheduling policy is traditional scheduling, +more functions to fine tune the scheduling are in *note Traditional +Scheduling::. + + Don't try to make too much out of the naming and structure of these +functions. They don't match the concepts described in this manual +because the functions are as defined by POSIX.1b, but the implementation +on systems that use the GNU C library is the inverse of what the POSIX +structure contemplates. The POSIX scheme assumes that the primary +scheduling parameter is the scheduling policy and that the priority +value, if any, is a parameter of the scheduling policy. In the +implementation, though, the priority value is king and the scheduling +policy, if anything, only fine tunes the effect of that priority. + + The symbols in this section are declared by including file `sched.h'. + + -- Data Type: struct sched_param + This structure describes an absolute priority. + `int sched_priority' + absolute priority value + + -- Function: int sched_setscheduler (pid_t PID, int POLICY, const + struct sched_param *PARAM) + This function sets both the absolute priority and the scheduling + policy for a process. + + It assigns the absolute priority value given by PARAM and the + scheduling policy POLICY to the process with Process ID PID, or + the calling process if PID is zero. If POLICY is negative, + `sched_setscheduler' keeps the existing scheduling policy. + + The following macros represent the valid values for POLICY: + + `SCHED_OTHER' + Traditional Scheduling + + `SCHED_FIFO' + First In First Out + + `SCHED_RR' + Round Robin + + On success, the return value is `0'. Otherwise, it is `-1' and + `ERRNO' is set accordingly. The `errno' values specific to this + function are: + + `EPERM' + * The calling process does not have `CAP_SYS_NICE' + permission and POLICY is not `SCHED_OTHER' (or it's + negative and the existing policy is not `SCHED_OTHER'. + + * The calling process does not have `CAP_SYS_NICE' + permission and its owner is not the target process' + owner. I.e., the effective uid of the calling process + is neither the effective nor the real uid of process PID. + + `ESRCH' + There is no process with pid PID and PID is not zero. + + `EINVAL' + * POLICY does not identify an existing scheduling policy. + + * The absolute priority value identified by *PARAM is + outside the valid range for the scheduling policy POLICY + (or the existing scheduling policy if POLICY is + negative) or PARAM is null. `sched_get_priority_max' + and `sched_get_priority_min' tell you what the valid + range is. + + * PID is negative. + + + -- Function: int sched_getscheduler (pid_t PID) + This function returns the scheduling policy assigned to the + process with Process ID (pid) PID, or the calling process if PID + is zero. + + The return value is the scheduling policy. See + `sched_setscheduler' for the possible values. + + If the function fails, the return value is instead `-1' and + `errno' is set accordingly. + + The `errno' values specific to this function are: + + `ESRCH' + There is no process with pid PID and it is not zero. + + `EINVAL' + PID is negative. + + + Note that this function is not an exact mate to + `sched_setscheduler' because while that function sets the + scheduling policy and the absolute priority, this function gets + only the scheduling policy. To get the absolute priority, use + `sched_getparam'. + + + -- Function: int sched_setparam (pid_t PID, const struct sched_param + *PARAM) + This function sets a process' absolute priority. + + It is functionally identical to `sched_setscheduler' with POLICY = + `-1'. + + + -- Function: int sched_getparam (pid_t PID, const struct sched_param + *PARAM) + This function returns a process' absolute priority. + + PID is the Process ID (pid) of the process whose absolute priority + you want to know. + + PARAM is a pointer to a structure in which the function stores the + absolute priority of the process. + + On success, the return value is `0'. Otherwise, it is `-1' and + `ERRNO' is set accordingly. The `errno' values specific to this + function are: + + `ESRCH' + There is no process with pid PID and it is not zero. + + `EINVAL' + PID is negative. + + + + -- Function: int sched_get_priority_min (int *POLICY); + This function returns the lowest absolute priority value that is + allowable for a process with scheduling policy POLICY. + + On Linux, it is 0 for SCHED_OTHER and 1 for everything else. + + On success, the return value is `0'. Otherwise, it is `-1' and + `ERRNO' is set accordingly. The `errno' values specific to this + function are: + + `EINVAL' + POLICY does not identify an existing scheduling policy. + + + -- Function: int sched_get_priority_max (int *POLICY); + This function returns the highest absolute priority value that is + allowable for a process that with scheduling policy POLICY. + + On Linux, it is 0 for SCHED_OTHER and 99 for everything else. + + On success, the return value is `0'. Otherwise, it is `-1' and + `ERRNO' is set accordingly. The `errno' values specific to this + function are: + + `EINVAL' + POLICY does not identify an existing scheduling policy. + + + -- Function: int sched_rr_get_interval (pid_t PID, struct timespec + *INTERVAL) + This function returns the length of the quantum (time slice) used + with the Round Robin scheduling policy, if it is used, for the + process with Process ID PID. + + It returns the length of time as INTERVAL. + + With a Linux kernel, the round robin time slice is always 150 + microseconds, and PID need not even be a real pid. + + The return value is `0' on success and in the pathological case + that it fails, the return value is `-1' and `errno' is set + accordingly. There is nothing specific that can go wrong with this + function, so there are no specific `errno' values. + + + -- Function: int sched_yield (void) + This function voluntarily gives up the process' claim on the CPU. + + Technically, `sched_yield' causes the calling process to be made + immediately ready to run (as opposed to running, which is what it + was before). This means that if it has absolute priority higher + than 0, it gets pushed onto the tail of the queue of processes + that share its absolute priority and are ready to run, and it will + run again when its turn next arrives. If its absolute priority is + 0, it is more complicated, but still has the effect of yielding + the CPU to other processes. + + If there are no other processes that share the calling process' + absolute priority, this function doesn't have any effect. + + To the extent that the containing program is oblivious to what + other processes in the system are doing and how fast it executes, + this function appears as a no-op. + + The return value is `0' on success and in the pathological case + that it fails, the return value is `-1' and `errno' is set + accordingly. There is nothing specific that can go wrong with this + function, so there are no specific `errno' values. + + + +File: libc.info, Node: Traditional Scheduling, Next: CPU Affinity, Prev: Basic Scheduling Functions, Up: Priority + +22.3.4 Traditional Scheduling +----------------------------- + +This section is about the scheduling among processes whose absolute +priority is 0. When the system hands out the scraps of CPU time that +are left over after the processes with higher absolute priority have +taken all they want, the scheduling described herein determines who +among the great unwashed processes gets them. + +* Menu: + +* Traditional Scheduling Intro:: +* Traditional Scheduling Functions:: + + +File: libc.info, Node: Traditional Scheduling Intro, Next: Traditional Scheduling Functions, Up: Traditional Scheduling + +22.3.4.1 Introduction To Traditional Scheduling +............................................... + +Long before there was absolute priority (See *note Absolute Priority::), +Unix systems were scheduling the CPU using this system. When Posix came +in like the Romans and imposed absolute priorities to accommodate the +needs of realtime processing, it left the indigenous Absolute Priority +Zero processes to govern themselves by their own familiar scheduling +policy. + + Indeed, absolute priorities higher than zero are not available on +many systems today and are not typically used when they are, being +intended mainly for computers that do realtime processing. So this +section describes the only scheduling many programmers need to be +concerned about. + + But just to be clear about the scope of this scheduling: Any time a +process with a absolute priority of 0 and a process with an absolute +priority higher than 0 are ready to run at the same time, the one with +absolute priority 0 does not run. If it's already running when the +higher priority ready-to-run process comes into existence, it stops +immediately. + + In addition to its absolute priority of zero, every process has +another priority, which we will refer to as "dynamic priority" because +it changes over time. The dynamic priority is meaningless for +processes with an absolute priority higher than zero. + + The dynamic priority sometimes determines who gets the next turn on +the CPU. Sometimes it determines how long turns last. Sometimes it +determines whether a process can kick another off the CPU. + + In Linux, the value is a combination of these things, but mostly it +is just determines the length of the time slice. The higher a process' +dynamic priority, the longer a shot it gets on the CPU when it gets one. +If it doesn't use up its time slice before giving up the CPU to do +something like wait for I/O, it is favored for getting the CPU back when +it's ready for it, to finish out its time slice. Other than that, +selection of processes for new time slices is basically round robin. +But the scheduler does throw a bone to the low priority processes: A +process' dynamic priority rises every time it is snubbed in the +scheduling process. In Linux, even the fat kid gets to play. + + The fluctuation of a process' dynamic priority is regulated by +another value: The "nice" value. The nice value is an integer, usually +in the range -20 to 20, and represents an upper limit on a process' +dynamic priority. The higher the nice number, the lower that limit. + + On a typical Linux system, for example, a process with a nice value +of 20 can get only 10 milliseconds on the CPU at a time, whereas a +process with a nice value of -20 can achieve a high enough priority to +get 400 milliseconds. + + The idea of the nice value is deferential courtesy. In the +beginning, in the Unix garden of Eden, all processes shared equally in +the bounty of the computer system. But not all processes really need +the same share of CPU time, so the nice value gave a courteous process +the ability to refuse its equal share of CPU time that others might +prosper. Hence, the higher a process' nice value, the nicer the +process is. (Then a snake came along and offered some process a +negative nice value and the system became the crass resource allocation +system we know today). + + Dynamic priorities tend upward and downward with an objective of +smoothing out allocation of CPU time and giving quick response time to +infrequent requests. But they never exceed their nice limits, so on a +heavily loaded CPU, the nice value effectively determines how fast a +process runs. + + In keeping with the socialistic heritage of Unix process priority, a +process begins life with the same nice value as its parent process and +can raise it at will. A process can also raise the nice value of any +other process owned by the same user (or effective user). But only a +privileged process can lower its nice value. A privileged process can +also raise or lower another process' nice value. + + GNU C Library functions for getting and setting nice values are +described in *Note Traditional Scheduling Functions::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Traditional Scheduling Functions, Prev: Traditional Scheduling Intro, Up: Traditional Scheduling + +22.3.4.2 Functions For Traditional Scheduling +............................................. + +This section describes how you can read and set the nice value of a +process. All these symbols are declared in `sys/resource.h'. + + The function and macro names are defined by POSIX, and refer to +"priority," but the functions actually have to do with nice values, as +the terms are used both in the manual and POSIX. + + The range of valid nice values depends on the kernel, but typically +it runs from `-20' to `20'. A lower nice value corresponds to higher +priority for the process. These constants describe the range of +priority values: + +`PRIO_MIN' + The lowest valid nice value. + +`PRIO_MAX' + The highest valid nice value. + + -- Function: int getpriority (int CLASS, int ID) + Return the nice value of a set of processes; CLASS and ID specify + which ones (see below). If the processes specified do not all + have the same nice value, this returns the lowest value that any + of them has. + + On success, the return value is `0'. Otherwise, it is `-1' and + `ERRNO' is set accordingly. The `errno' values specific to this + function are: + + `ESRCH' + The combination of CLASS and ID does not match any existing + process. + + `EINVAL' + The value of CLASS is not valid. + + If the return value is `-1', it could indicate failure, or it could + be the nice value. The only way to make certain is to set `errno = + 0' before calling `getpriority', then use `errno != 0' afterward + as the criterion for failure. + + -- Function: int setpriority (int CLASS, int ID, int NICEVAL) + Set the nice value of a set of processes to NICEVAL; CLASS and ID + specify which ones (see below). + + The return value is `0' on success, and `-1' on failure. The + following `errno' error condition are possible for this function: + + `ESRCH' + The combination of CLASS and ID does not match any existing + process. + + `EINVAL' + The value of CLASS is not valid. + + `EPERM' + The call would set the nice value of a process which is owned + by a different user than the calling process (i.e., the + target process' real or effective uid does not match the + calling process' effective uid) and the calling process does + not have `CAP_SYS_NICE' permission. + + `EACCES' + The call would lower the process' nice value and the process + does not have `CAP_SYS_NICE' permission. + + + The arguments CLASS and ID together specify a set of processes in +which you are interested. These are the possible values of CLASS: + +`PRIO_PROCESS' + One particular process. The argument ID is a process ID (pid). + +`PRIO_PGRP' + All the processes in a particular process group. The argument ID + is a process group ID (pgid). + +`PRIO_USER' + All the processes owned by a particular user (i.e., whose real uid + indicates the user). The argument ID is a user ID (uid). + + If the argument ID is 0, it stands for the calling process, its +process group, or its owner (real uid), according to CLASS. + + -- Function: int nice (int INCREMENT) + Increment the nice value of the calling process by INCREMENT. The + return value is the new nice value on success, and `-1' on + failure. In the case of failure, `errno' will be set to the same + values as for `setpriority'. + + Here is an equivalent definition of `nice': + + int + nice (int increment) + { + int result, old = getpriority (PRIO_PROCESS, 0); + result = setpriority (PRIO_PROCESS, 0, old + increment); + if (result != -1) + return old + increment; + else + return -1; + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: CPU Affinity, Prev: Traditional Scheduling, Up: Priority + +22.3.5 Limiting execution to certain CPUs +----------------------------------------- + +On a multi-processor system the operating system usually distributes +the different processes which are runnable on all available CPUs in a +way which allows the system to work most efficiently. Which processes +and threads run can be to some extend be control with the scheduling +functionality described in the last sections. But which CPU finally +executes which process or thread is not covered. + + There are a number of reasons why a program might want to have +control over this aspect of the system as well: + + * One thread or process is responsible for absolutely critical work + which under no circumstances must be interrupted or hindered from + making process by other process or threads using CPU resources. In + this case the special process would be confined to a CPU which no + other process or thread is allowed to use. + + * The access to certain resources (RAM, I/O ports) has different + costs from different CPUs. This is the case in NUMA (Non-Uniform + Memory Architecture) machines. Preferably memory should be + accessed locally but this requirement is usually not visible to + the scheduler. Therefore forcing a process or thread to the CPUs + which have local access to the mostly used memory helps to + significantly boost the performance. + + * In controlled runtimes resource allocation and book-keeping work + (for instance garbage collection) is performance local to + processors. This can help to reduce locking costs if the + resources do not have to be protected from concurrent accesses + from different processors. + + The POSIX standard up to this date is of not much help to solve this +problem. The Linux kernel provides a set of interfaces to allow +specifying _affinity sets_ for a process. The scheduler will schedule +the thread or process on on CPUs specified by the affinity masks. The +interfaces which the GNU C library define follow to some extend the +Linux kernel interface. + + -- Data Type: cpu_set_t + This data set is a bitset where each bit represents a CPU. How the + system's CPUs are mapped to bits in the bitset is system dependent. + The data type has a fixed size; in the unlikely case that the + number of bits are not sufficient to describe the CPUs of the + system a different interface has to be used. + + This type is a GNU extension and is defined in `sched.h'. + + To manipulate the bitset, to set and reset bits, a number of macros +is defined. Some of the macros take a CPU number as a parameter. Here +it is important to never exceed the size of the bitset. The following +macro specifies the number of bits in the `cpu_set_t' bitset. + + -- Macro: int CPU_SETSIZE + The value of this macro is the maximum number of CPUs which can be + handled with a `cpu_set_t' object. + + The type `cpu_set_t' should be considered opaque; all manipulation +should happen via the next four macros. + + -- Macro: void CPU_ZERO (cpu_set_t *SET) + This macro initializes the CPU set SET to be the empty set. + + This macro is a GNU extension and is defined in `sched.h'. + + -- Macro: void CPU_SET (int CPU, cpu_set_t *SET) + This macro adds CPU to the CPU set SET. + + The CPU parameter must not have side effects since it is evaluated + more than once. + + This macro is a GNU extension and is defined in `sched.h'. + + -- Macro: void CPU_CLR (int CPU, cpu_set_t *SET) + This macro removes CPU from the CPU set SET. + + The CPU parameter must not have side effects since it is evaluated + more than once. + + This macro is a GNU extension and is defined in `sched.h'. + + -- Macro: int CPU_ISSET (int CPU, const cpu_set_t *SET) + This macro returns a nonzero value (true) if CPU is a member of + the CPU set SET, and zero (false) otherwise. + + The CPU parameter must not have side effects since it is evaluated + more than once. + + This macro is a GNU extension and is defined in `sched.h'. + + CPU bitsets can be constructed from scratch or the currently +installed affinity mask can be retrieved from the system. + + -- Function: int sched_getaffinity (pid_t PID, size_t CPUSETSIZE, + cpu_set_t *CPUSET) + This functions stores the CPU affinity mask for the process or + thread with the ID PID in the CPUSETSIZE bytes long bitmap pointed + to by CPUSET. If successful, the function always initializes all + bits in the `cpu_set_t' object and returns zero. + + If PID does not correspond to a process or thread on the system + the or the function fails for some other reason, it returns `-1' + and `errno' is set to represent the error condition. + + `ESRCH' + No process or thread with the given ID found. + + `EFAULT' + The pointer CPUSET is does not point to a valid object. + + This function is a GNU extension and is declared in `sched.h'. + + Note that it is not portably possible to use this information to +retrieve the information for different POSIX threads. A separate +interface must be provided for that. + + -- Function: int sched_setaffinity (pid_t PID, size_t CPUSETSIZE, + const cpu_set_t *CPUSET) + This function installs the CPUSETSIZE bytes long affinity mask + pointed to by CPUSET for the process or thread with the ID PID. + If successful the function returns zero and the scheduler will in + future take the affinity information into account. + + If the function fails it will return `-1' and `errno' is set to + the error code: + + `ESRCH' + No process or thread with the given ID found. + + `EFAULT' + The pointer CPUSET is does not point to a valid object. + + `EINVAL' + The bitset is not valid. This might mean that the affinity + set might not leave a processor for the process or thread to + run on. + + This function is a GNU extension and is declared in `sched.h'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Memory Resources, Next: Processor Resources, Prev: Priority, Up: Resource Usage And Limitation + +22.4 Querying memory available resources +======================================== + +The amount of memory available in the system and the way it is organized +determines oftentimes the way programs can and have to work. For +functions like `mmap' it is necessary to know about the size of +individual memory pages and knowing how much memory is available enables +a program to select appropriate sizes for, say, caches. Before we get +into these details a few words about memory subsystems in traditional +Unix systems will be given. + +* Menu: + +* Memory Subsystem:: Overview about traditional Unix memory handling. +* Query Memory Parameters:: How to get information about the memory + subsystem? + + +File: libc.info, Node: Memory Subsystem, Next: Query Memory Parameters, Up: Memory Resources + +22.4.1 Overview about traditional Unix memory handling +------------------------------------------------------ + +Unix systems normally provide processes virtual address spaces. This +means that the addresses of the memory regions do not have to correspond +directly to the addresses of the actual physical memory which stores the +data. An extra level of indirection is introduced which translates +virtual addresses into physical addresses. This is normally done by the +hardware of the processor. + + Using a virtual address space has several advantage. The most +important is process isolation. The different processes running on the +system cannot interfere directly with each other. No process can write +into the address space of another process (except when shared memory is +used but then it is wanted and controlled). + + Another advantage of virtual memory is that the address space the +processes see can actually be larger than the physical memory available. +The physical memory can be extended by storage on an external media +where the content of currently unused memory regions is stored. The +address translation can then intercept accesses to these memory regions +and make memory content available again by loading the data back into +memory. This concept makes it necessary that programs which have to use +lots of memory know the difference between available virtual address +space and available physical memory. If the working set of virtual +memory of all the processes is larger than the available physical memory +the system will slow down dramatically due to constant swapping of +memory content from the memory to the storage media and back. This is +called "thrashing". + + A final aspect of virtual memory which is important and follows from +what is said in the last paragraph is the granularity of the virtual +address space handling. When we said that the virtual address handling +stores memory content externally it cannot do this on a byte-by-byte +basis. The administrative overhead does not allow this (leaving alone +the processor hardware). Instead several thousand bytes are handled +together and form a "page". The size of each page is always a power of +two byte. The smallest page size in use today is 4096, with 8192, +16384, and 65536 being other popular sizes. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Query Memory Parameters, Prev: Memory Subsystem, Up: Memory Resources + +22.4.2 How to get information about the memory subsystem? +--------------------------------------------------------- + +The page size of the virtual memory the process sees is essential to +know in several situations. Some programming interface (e.g., `mmap', +*note Memory-mapped I/O::) require the user to provide information +adjusted to the page size. In the case of `mmap' is it necessary to +provide a length argument which is a multiple of the page size. +Another place where the knowledge about the page size is useful is in +memory allocation. If one allocates pieces of memory in larger chunks +which are then subdivided by the application code it is useful to +adjust the size of the larger blocks to the page size. If the total +memory requirement for the block is close (but not larger) to a multiple +of the page size the kernel's memory handling can work more effectively +since it only has to allocate memory pages which are fully used. (To do +this optimization it is necessary to know a bit about the memory +allocator which will require a bit of memory itself for each block and +this overhead must not push the total size over the page size multiple. + + The page size traditionally was a compile time constant. But recent +development of processors changed this. Processors now support +different page sizes and they can possibly even vary among different +processes on the same system. Therefore the system should be queried at +runtime about the current page size and no assumptions (except about it +being a power of two) should be made. + + The correct interface to query about the page size is `sysconf' +(*note Sysconf Definition::) with the parameter `_SC_PAGESIZE'. There +is a much older interface available, too. + + -- Function: int getpagesize (void) + The `getpagesize' function returns the page size of the process. + This value is fixed for the runtime of the process but can vary in + different runs of the application. + + The function is declared in `unistd.h'. + + Widely available on System V derived systems is a method to get +information about the physical memory the system has. The call + + sysconf (_SC_PHYS_PAGES) + +returns the total number of pages of physical the system has. This +does not mean all this memory is available. This information can be +found using + + sysconf (_SC_AVPHYS_PAGES) + + These two values help to optimize applications. The value returned +for `_SC_AVPHYS_PAGES' is the amount of memory the application can use +without hindering any other process (given that no other process +increases its memory usage). The value returned for `_SC_PHYS_PAGES' +is more or less a hard limit for the working set. If all applications +together constantly use more than that amount of memory the system is +in trouble. + + The GNU C library provides in addition to these already described +way to get this information two functions. They are declared in the +file `sys/sysinfo.h'. Programmers should prefer to use the `sysconf' +method described above. + + -- Function: long int get_phys_pages (void) + The `get_phys_pages' function returns the total number of pages of + physical the system has. To get the amount of memory this number + has to be multiplied by the page size. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: long int get_avphys_pages (void) + The `get_phys_pages' function returns the number of available + pages of physical the system has. To get the amount of memory + this number has to be multiplied by the page size. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Processor Resources, Prev: Memory Resources, Up: Resource Usage And Limitation + +22.5 Learn about the processors available +========================================= + +The use of threads or processes with shared memory allows an application +to take advantage of all the processing power a system can provide. If +the task can be parallelized the optimal way to write an application is +to have at any time as many processes running as there are processors. +To determine the number of processors available to the system one can +run + + sysconf (_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF) + +which returns the number of processors the operating system configured. +But it might be possible for the operating system to disable individual +processors and so the call + + sysconf (_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN) + +returns the number of processors which are currently inline (i.e., +available). + + For these two pieces of information the GNU C library also provides +functions to get the information directly. The functions are declared +in `sys/sysinfo.h'. + + -- Function: int get_nprocs_conf (void) + The `get_nprocs_conf' function returns the number of processors the + operating system configured. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: int get_nprocs (void) + The `get_nprocs' function returns the number of available + processors. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + Before starting more threads it should be checked whether the +processors are not already overused. Unix systems calculate something +called the "load average". This is a number indicating how many +processes were running. This number is average over different periods +of times (normally 1, 5, and 15 minutes). + + -- Function: int getloadavg (double LOADAVG[], int NELEM) + This function gets the 1, 5 and 15 minute load averages of the + system. The values are placed in LOADAVG. `getloadavg' will place + at most NELEM elements into the array but never more than three + elements. The return value is the number of elements written to + LOADAVG, or -1 on error. + + This function is declared in `stdlib.h'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Non-Local Exits, Next: Signal Handling, Prev: Resource Usage And Limitation, Up: Top + +23 Non-Local Exits +****************** + +Sometimes when your program detects an unusual situation inside a deeply +nested set of function calls, you would like to be able to immediately +return to an outer level of control. This section describes how you can +do such "non-local exits" using the `setjmp' and `longjmp' functions. + +* Menu: + +* Intro: Non-Local Intro. When and how to use these facilities. +* Details: Non-Local Details. Functions for non-local exits. +* Non-Local Exits and Signals:: Portability issues. +* System V contexts:: Complete context control a la System V. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Non-Local Intro, Next: Non-Local Details, Up: Non-Local Exits + +23.1 Introduction to Non-Local Exits +==================================== + +As an example of a situation where a non-local exit can be useful, +suppose you have an interactive program that has a "main loop" that +prompts for and executes commands. Suppose the "read" command reads +input from a file, doing some lexical analysis and parsing of the input +while processing it. If a low-level input error is detected, it would +be useful to be able to return immediately to the "main loop" instead +of having to make each of the lexical analysis, parsing, and processing +phases all have to explicitly deal with error situations initially +detected by nested calls. + + (On the other hand, if each of these phases has to do a substantial +amount of cleanup when it exits--such as closing files, deallocating +buffers or other data structures, and the like--then it can be more +appropriate to do a normal return and have each phase do its own +cleanup, because a non-local exit would bypass the intervening phases +and their associated cleanup code entirely. Alternatively, you could +use a non-local exit but do the cleanup explicitly either before or +after returning to the "main loop".) + + In some ways, a non-local exit is similar to using the `return' +statement to return from a function. But while `return' abandons only +a single function call, transferring control back to the point at which +it was called, a non-local exit can potentially abandon many levels of +nested function calls. + + You identify return points for non-local exits by calling the +function `setjmp'. This function saves information about the execution +environment in which the call to `setjmp' appears in an object of type +`jmp_buf'. Execution of the program continues normally after the call +to `setjmp', but if an exit is later made to this return point by +calling `longjmp' with the corresponding `jmp_buf' object, control is +transferred back to the point where `setjmp' was called. The return +value from `setjmp' is used to distinguish between an ordinary return +and a return made by a call to `longjmp', so calls to `setjmp' usually +appear in an `if' statement. + + Here is how the example program described above might be set up: + + #include + #include + #include + + jmp_buf main_loop; + + void + abort_to_main_loop (int status) + { + longjmp (main_loop, status); + } + + int + main (void) + { + while (1) + if (setjmp (main_loop)) + puts ("Back at main loop...."); + else + do_command (); + } + + + void + do_command (void) + { + char buffer[128]; + if (fgets (buffer, 128, stdin) == NULL) + abort_to_main_loop (-1); + else + exit (EXIT_SUCCESS); + } + + The function `abort_to_main_loop' causes an immediate transfer of +control back to the main loop of the program, no matter where it is +called from. + + The flow of control inside the `main' function may appear a little +mysterious at first, but it is actually a common idiom with `setjmp'. +A normal call to `setjmp' returns zero, so the "else" clause of the +conditional is executed. If `abort_to_main_loop' is called somewhere +within the execution of `do_command', then it actually appears as if +the _same_ call to `setjmp' in `main' were returning a second time with +a value of `-1'. + + So, the general pattern for using `setjmp' looks something like: + + if (setjmp (BUFFER)) + /* Code to clean up after premature return. */ + ... + else + /* Code to be executed normally after setting up the return point. */ + ... + + +File: libc.info, Node: Non-Local Details, Next: Non-Local Exits and Signals, Prev: Non-Local Intro, Up: Non-Local Exits + +23.2 Details of Non-Local Exits +=============================== + +Here are the details on the functions and data structures used for +performing non-local exits. These facilities are declared in +`setjmp.h'. + + -- Data Type: jmp_buf + Objects of type `jmp_buf' hold the state information to be + restored by a non-local exit. The contents of a `jmp_buf' + identify a specific place to return to. + + -- Macro: int setjmp (jmp_buf STATE) + When called normally, `setjmp' stores information about the + execution state of the program in STATE and returns zero. If + `longjmp' is later used to perform a non-local exit to this STATE, + `setjmp' returns a nonzero value. + + -- Function: void longjmp (jmp_buf STATE, int VALUE) + This function restores current execution to the state saved in + STATE, and continues execution from the call to `setjmp' that + established that return point. Returning from `setjmp' by means of + `longjmp' returns the VALUE argument that was passed to `longjmp', + rather than `0'. (But if VALUE is given as `0', `setjmp' returns + `1'). + + There are a lot of obscure but important restrictions on the use of +`setjmp' and `longjmp'. Most of these restrictions are present because +non-local exits require a fair amount of magic on the part of the C +compiler and can interact with other parts of the language in strange +ways. + + The `setjmp' function is actually a macro without an actual function +definition, so you shouldn't try to `#undef' it or take its address. +In addition, calls to `setjmp' are safe in only the following contexts: + + * As the test expression of a selection or iteration statement (such + as `if', `switch', or `while'). + + * As one operand of a equality or comparison operator that appears + as the test expression of a selection or iteration statement. The + other operand must be an integer constant expression. + + * As the operand of a unary `!' operator, that appears as the test + expression of a selection or iteration statement. + + * By itself as an expression statement. + + Return points are valid only during the dynamic extent of the +function that called `setjmp' to establish them. If you `longjmp' to a +return point that was established in a function that has already +returned, unpredictable and disastrous things are likely to happen. + + You should use a nonzero VALUE argument to `longjmp'. While +`longjmp' refuses to pass back a zero argument as the return value from +`setjmp', this is intended as a safety net against accidental misuse +and is not really good programming style. + + When you perform a non-local exit, accessible objects generally +retain whatever values they had at the time `longjmp' was called. The +exception is that the values of automatic variables local to the +function containing the `setjmp' call that have been changed since the +call to `setjmp' are indeterminate, unless you have declared them +`volatile'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Non-Local Exits and Signals, Next: System V contexts, Prev: Non-Local Details, Up: Non-Local Exits + +23.3 Non-Local Exits and Signals +================================ + +In BSD Unix systems, `setjmp' and `longjmp' also save and restore the +set of blocked signals; see *note Blocking Signals::. However, the +POSIX.1 standard requires `setjmp' and `longjmp' not to change the set +of blocked signals, and provides an additional pair of functions +(`sigsetjmp' and `siglongjmp') to get the BSD behavior. + + The behavior of `setjmp' and `longjmp' in the GNU library is +controlled by feature test macros; see *note Feature Test Macros::. The +default in the GNU system is the POSIX.1 behavior rather than the BSD +behavior. + + The facilities in this section are declared in the header file +`setjmp.h'. + + -- Data Type: sigjmp_buf + This is similar to `jmp_buf', except that it can also store state + information about the set of blocked signals. + + -- Function: int sigsetjmp (sigjmp_buf STATE, int SAVESIGS) + This is similar to `setjmp'. If SAVESIGS is nonzero, the set of + blocked signals is saved in STATE and will be restored if a + `siglongjmp' is later performed with this STATE. + + -- Function: void siglongjmp (sigjmp_buf STATE, int VALUE) + This is similar to `longjmp' except for the type of its STATE + argument. If the `sigsetjmp' call that set this STATE used a + nonzero SAVESIGS flag, `siglongjmp' also restores the set of + blocked signals. + + +File: libc.info, Node: System V contexts, Prev: Non-Local Exits and Signals, Up: Non-Local Exits + +23.4 Complete Context Control +============================= + +The Unix standard one more set of function to control the execution path +and these functions are more powerful than those discussed in this +chapter so far. These function were part of the original System V API +and by this route were added to the Unix API. Beside on branded Unix +implementations these interfaces are not widely available. Not all +platforms and/or architectures the GNU C Library is available on provide +this interface. Use `configure' to detect the availability. + + Similar to the `jmp_buf' and `sigjmp_buf' types used for the +variables to contain the state of the `longjmp' functions the +interfaces of interest here have an appropriate type as well. Objects +of this type are normally much larger since more information is +contained. The type is also used in a few more places as we will see. +The types and functions described in this section are all defined and +declared respectively in the `ucontext.h' header file. + + -- Data Type: ucontext_t + The `ucontext_t' type is defined as a structure with as least the + following elements: + + `ucontext_t *uc_link' + This is a pointer to the next context structure which is used + if the context described in the current structure returns. + + `sigset_t uc_sigmask' + Set of signals which are blocked when this context is used. + + `stack_t uc_stack' + Stack used for this context. The value need not be (and + normally is not) the stack pointer. *Note Signal Stack::. + + `mcontext_t uc_mcontext' + This element contains the actual state of the process. The + `mcontext_t' type is also defined in this header but the + definition should be treated as opaque. Any use of knowledge + of the type makes applications less portable. + + + Objects of this type have to be created by the user. The +initialization and modification happens through one of the following +functions: + + -- Function: int getcontext (ucontext_t *UCP) + The `getcontext' function initializes the variable pointed to by + UCP with the context of the calling thread. The context contains + the content of the registers, the signal mask, and the current + stack. Executing the contents would start at the point where the + `getcontext' call just returned. + + The function returns `0' if successful. Otherwise it returns `-1' + and sets ERRNO accordingly. + + The `getcontext' function is similar to `setjmp' but it does not +provide an indication of whether the function returns for the first +time or whether the initialized context was used and the execution is +resumed at just that point. If this is necessary the user has to take +determine this herself. This must be done carefully since the context +contains registers which might contain register variables. This is a +good situation to define variables with `volatile'. + + Once the context variable is initialized it can be used as is or it +can be modified. The latter is normally done to implement co-routines +or similar constructs. The `makecontext' function is what has to be +used to do that. + + -- Function: void makecontext (ucontext_t *UCP, void (*FUNC) (void), + int ARGC, ...) + The UCP parameter passed to the `makecontext' shall be initialized + by a call to `getcontext'. The context will be modified to in a + way so that if the context is resumed it will start by calling the + function `func' which gets ARGC integer arguments passed. The + integer arguments which are to be passed should follow the ARGC + parameter in the call to `makecontext'. + + Before the call to this function the `uc_stack' and `uc_link' + element of the UCP structure should be initialized. The + `uc_stack' element describes the stack which is used for this + context. No two contexts which are used at the same time should + use the same memory region for a stack. + + The `uc_link' element of the object pointed to by UCP should be a + pointer to the context to be executed when the function FUNC + returns or it should be a null pointer. See `setcontext' for more + information about the exact use. + + While allocating the memory for the stack one has to be careful. +Most modern processors keep track of whether a certain memory region is +allowed to contain code which is executed or not. Data segments and +heap memory is normally not tagged to allow this. The result is that +programs would fail. Examples for such code include the calling +sequences the GNU C compiler generates for calls to nested functions. +Safe ways to allocate stacks correctly include using memory on the +original threads stack or explicitly allocate memory tagged for +execution using (*note Memory-mapped I/O::). + + *Compatibility note*: The current Unix standard is very imprecise +about the way the stack is allocated. All implementations seem to agree +that the `uc_stack' element must be used but the values stored in the +elements of the `stack_t' value are unclear. The GNU C library and +most other Unix implementations require the `ss_sp' value of the +`uc_stack' element to point to the base of the memory region allocated +for the stack and the size of the memory region is stored in `ss_size'. +There are implements out there which require `ss_sp' to be set to the +value the stack pointer will have (which can depending on the direction +the stack grows be different). This difference makes the `makecontext' +function hard to use and it requires detection of the platform at +compile time. + + -- Function: int setcontext (const ucontext_t *UCP) + The `setcontext' function restores the context described by UCP. + The context is not modified and can be reused as often as wanted. + + If the context was created by `getcontext' execution resumes with + the registers filled with the same values and the same stack as if + the `getcontext' call just returned. + + If the context was modified with a call to `makecontext' execution + continues with the function passed to `makecontext' which gets the + specified parameters passed. If this function returns execution is + resumed in the context which was referenced by the `uc_link' + element of the context structure passed to `makecontext' at the + time of the call. If `uc_link' was a null pointer the application + terminates in this case. + + Since the context contains information about the stack no two + threads should use the same context at the same time. The result + in most cases would be disastrous. + + The `setcontext' function does not return unless an error occurred + in which case it returns `-1'. + + The `setcontext' function simply replaces the current context with +the one described by the UCP parameter. This is often useful but there +are situations where the current context has to be preserved. + + -- Function: int swapcontext (ucontext_t *restrict OUCP, const + ucontext_t *restrict UCP) + The `swapcontext' function is similar to `setcontext' but instead + of just replacing the current context the latter is first saved in + the object pointed to by OUCP as if this was a call to + `getcontext'. The saved context would resume after the call to + `swapcontext'. + + Once the current context is saved the context described in UCP is + installed and execution continues as described in this context. + + If `swapcontext' succeeds the function does not return unless the + context OUCP is used without prior modification by `makecontext'. + The return value in this case is `0'. If the function fails it + returns `-1' and set ERRNO accordingly. + +Example for SVID Context Handling +================================= + +The easiest way to use the context handling functions is as a +replacement for `setjmp' and `longjmp'. The context contains on most +platforms more information which might lead to less surprises but this +also means using these functions is more expensive (beside being less +portable). + + int + random_search (int n, int (*fp) (int, ucontext_t *)) + { + volatile int cnt = 0; + ucontext_t uc; + + /* Safe current context. */ + if (getcontext (&uc) < 0) + return -1; + + /* If we have not tried N times try again. */ + if (cnt++ < n) + /* Call the function with a new random number + and the context. */ + if (fp (rand (), &uc) != 0) + /* We found what we were looking for. */ + return 1; + + /* Not found. */ + return 0; + } + + Using contexts in such a way enables emulating exception handling. +The search functions passed in the FP parameter could be very large, +nested, and complex which would make it complicated (or at least would +require a lot of code) to leave the function with an error value which +has to be passed down to the caller. By using the context it is +possible to leave the search function in one step and allow restarting +the search which also has the nice side effect that it can be +significantly faster. + + Something which is harder to implement with `setjmp' and `longjmp' +is to switch temporarily to a different execution path and then resume +where execution was stopped. + + #include + #include + #include + #include + #include + + /* Set by the signal handler. */ + static volatile int expired; + + /* The contexts. */ + static ucontext_t uc[3]; + + /* We do only a certain number of switches. */ + static int switches; + + + /* This is the function doing the work. It is just a + skeleton, real code has to be filled in. */ + static void + f (int n) + { + int m = 0; + while (1) + { + /* This is where the work would be done. */ + if (++m % 100 == 0) + { + putchar ('.'); + fflush (stdout); + } + + /* Regularly the EXPIRE variable must be checked. */ + if (expired) + { + /* We do not want the program to run forever. */ + if (++switches == 20) + return; + + printf ("\nswitching from %d to %d\n", n, 3 - n); + expired = 0; + /* Switch to the other context, saving the current one. */ + swapcontext (&uc[n], &uc[3 - n]); + } + } + } + + /* This is the signal handler which simply set the variable. */ + void + handler (int signal) + { + expired = 1; + } + + + int + main (void) + { + struct sigaction sa; + struct itimerval it; + char st1[8192]; + char st2[8192]; + + /* Initialize the data structures for the interval timer. */ + sa.sa_flags = SA_RESTART; + sigfillset (&sa.sa_mask); + sa.sa_handler = handler; + it.it_interval.tv_sec = 0; + it.it_interval.tv_usec = 1; + it.it_value = it.it_interval; + + /* Install the timer and get the context we can manipulate. */ + if (sigaction (SIGPROF, &sa, NULL) < 0 + || setitimer (ITIMER_PROF, &it, NULL) < 0 + || getcontext (&uc[1]) == -1 + || getcontext (&uc[2]) == -1) + abort (); + + /* Create a context with a separate stack which causes the + function `f' to be call with the parameter `1'. + Note that the `uc_link' points to the main context + which will cause the program to terminate once the function + return. */ + uc[1].uc_link = &uc[0]; + uc[1].uc_stack.ss_sp = st1; + uc[1].uc_stack.ss_size = sizeof st1; + makecontext (&uc[1], (void (*) (void)) f, 1, 1); + + /* Similarly, but `2' is passed as the parameter to `f'. */ + uc[2].uc_link = &uc[0]; + uc[2].uc_stack.ss_sp = st2; + uc[2].uc_stack.ss_size = sizeof st2; + makecontext (&uc[2], (void (*) (void)) f, 1, 2); + + /* Start running. */ + swapcontext (&uc[0], &uc[1]); + putchar ('\n'); + + return 0; + } + + This an example how the context functions can be used to implement +co-routines or cooperative multi-threading. All that has to be done is +to call every once in a while `swapcontext' to continue running a +different context. It is not allowed to do the context switching from +the signal handler directly since neither `setcontext' nor +`swapcontext' are functions which can be called from a signal handler. +But setting a variable in the signal handler and checking it in the +body of the functions which are executed. Since `swapcontext' is +saving the current context it is possible to have multiple different +scheduling points in the code. Execution will always resume where it +was left. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Signal Handling, Next: Program Basics, Prev: Non-Local Exits, Up: Top + +24 Signal Handling +****************** + +A "signal" is a software interrupt delivered to a process. The +operating system uses signals to report exceptional situations to an +executing program. Some signals report errors such as references to +invalid memory addresses; others report asynchronous events, such as +disconnection of a phone line. + + The GNU C library defines a variety of signal types, each for a +particular kind of event. Some kinds of events make it inadvisable or +impossible for the program to proceed as usual, and the corresponding +signals normally abort the program. Other kinds of signals that report +harmless events are ignored by default. + + If you anticipate an event that causes signals, you can define a +handler function and tell the operating system to run it when that +particular type of signal arrives. + + Finally, one process can send a signal to another process; this +allows a parent process to abort a child, or two related processes to +communicate and synchronize. + +* Menu: + +* Concepts of Signals:: Introduction to the signal facilities. +* Standard Signals:: Particular kinds of signals with + standard names and meanings. +* Signal Actions:: Specifying what happens when a + particular signal is delivered. +* Defining Handlers:: How to write a signal handler function. +* Interrupted Primitives:: Signal handlers affect use of `open', + `read', `write' and other functions. +* Generating Signals:: How to send a signal to a process. +* Blocking Signals:: Making the system hold signals temporarily. +* Waiting for a Signal:: Suspending your program until a signal + arrives. +* Signal Stack:: Using a Separate Signal Stack. +* BSD Signal Handling:: Additional functions for backward + compatibility with BSD. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Concepts of Signals, Next: Standard Signals, Up: Signal Handling + +24.1 Basic Concepts of Signals +============================== + +This section explains basic concepts of how signals are generated, what +happens after a signal is delivered, and how programs can handle +signals. + +* Menu: + +* Kinds of Signals:: Some examples of what can cause a signal. +* Signal Generation:: Concepts of why and how signals occur. +* Delivery of Signal:: Concepts of what a signal does to the + process. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Kinds of Signals, Next: Signal Generation, Up: Concepts of Signals + +24.1.1 Some Kinds of Signals +---------------------------- + +A signal reports the occurrence of an exceptional event. These are some +of the events that can cause (or "generate", or "raise") a signal: + + * A program error such as dividing by zero or issuing an address + outside the valid range. + + * A user request to interrupt or terminate the program. Most + environments are set up to let a user suspend the program by + typing `C-z', or terminate it with `C-c'. Whatever key sequence + is used, the operating system sends the proper signal to interrupt + the process. + + * The termination of a child process. + + * Expiration of a timer or alarm. + + * A call to `kill' or `raise' by the same process. + + * A call to `kill' from another process. Signals are a limited but + useful form of interprocess communication. + + * An attempt to perform an I/O operation that cannot be done. + Examples are reading from a pipe that has no writer (*note Pipes + and FIFOs::), and reading or writing to a terminal in certain + situations (*note Job Control::). + + Each of these kinds of events (excepting explicit calls to `kill' +and `raise') generates its own particular kind of signal. The various +kinds of signals are listed and described in detail in *note Standard +Signals::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Signal Generation, Next: Delivery of Signal, Prev: Kinds of Signals, Up: Concepts of Signals + +24.1.2 Concepts of Signal Generation +------------------------------------ + +In general, the events that generate signals fall into three major +categories: errors, external events, and explicit requests. + + An error means that a program has done something invalid and cannot +continue execution. But not all kinds of errors generate signals--in +fact, most do not. For example, opening a nonexistent file is an error, +but it does not raise a signal; instead, `open' returns `-1'. In +general, errors that are necessarily associated with certain library +functions are reported by returning a value that indicates an error. +The errors which raise signals are those which can happen anywhere in +the program, not just in library calls. These include division by zero +and invalid memory addresses. + + An external event generally has to do with I/O or other processes. +These include the arrival of input, the expiration of a timer, and the +termination of a child process. + + An explicit request means the use of a library function such as +`kill' whose purpose is specifically to generate a signal. + + Signals may be generated "synchronously" or "asynchronously". A +synchronous signal pertains to a specific action in the program, and is +delivered (unless blocked) during that action. Most errors generate +signals synchronously, and so do explicit requests by a process to +generate a signal for that same process. On some machines, certain +kinds of hardware errors (usually floating-point exceptions) are not +reported completely synchronously, but may arrive a few instructions +later. + + Asynchronous signals are generated by events outside the control of +the process that receives them. These signals arrive at unpredictable +times during execution. External events generate signals +asynchronously, and so do explicit requests that apply to some other +process. + + A given type of signal is either typically synchronous or typically +asynchronous. For example, signals for errors are typically synchronous +because errors generate signals synchronously. But any type of signal +can be generated synchronously or asynchronously with an explicit +request. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Delivery of Signal, Prev: Signal Generation, Up: Concepts of Signals + +24.1.3 How Signals Are Delivered +-------------------------------- + +When a signal is generated, it becomes "pending". Normally it remains +pending for just a short period of time and then is "delivered" to the +process that was signaled. However, if that kind of signal is +currently "blocked", it may remain pending indefinitely--until signals +of that kind are "unblocked". Once unblocked, it will be delivered +immediately. *Note Blocking Signals::. + + When the signal is delivered, whether right away or after a long +delay, the "specified action" for that signal is taken. For certain +signals, such as `SIGKILL' and `SIGSTOP', the action is fixed, but for +most signals, the program has a choice: ignore the signal, specify a +"handler function", or accept the "default action" for that kind of +signal. The program specifies its choice using functions such as +`signal' or `sigaction' (*note Signal Actions::). We sometimes say +that a handler "catches" the signal. While the handler is running, +that particular signal is normally blocked. + + If the specified action for a kind of signal is to ignore it, then +any such signal which is generated is discarded immediately. This +happens even if the signal is also blocked at the time. A signal +discarded in this way will never be delivered, not even if the program +subsequently specifies a different action for that kind of signal and +then unblocks it. + + If a signal arrives which the program has neither handled nor +ignored, its "default action" takes place. Each kind of signal has its +own default action, documented below (*note Standard Signals::). For +most kinds of signals, the default action is to terminate the process. +For certain kinds of signals that represent "harmless" events, the +default action is to do nothing. + + When a signal terminates a process, its parent process can determine +the cause of termination by examining the termination status code +reported by the `wait' or `waitpid' functions. (This is discussed in +more detail in *note Process Completion::.) The information it can get +includes the fact that termination was due to a signal and the kind of +signal involved. If a program you run from a shell is terminated by a +signal, the shell typically prints some kind of error message. + + The signals that normally represent program errors have a special +property: when one of these signals terminates the process, it also +writes a "core dump file" which records the state of the process at the +time of termination. You can examine the core dump with a debugger to +investigate what caused the error. + + If you raise a "program error" signal by explicit request, and this +terminates the process, it makes a core dump file just as if the signal +had been due directly to an error. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Standard Signals, Next: Signal Actions, Prev: Concepts of Signals, Up: Signal Handling + +24.2 Standard Signals +===================== + +This section lists the names for various standard kinds of signals and +describes what kind of event they mean. Each signal name is a macro +which stands for a positive integer--the "signal number" for that kind +of signal. Your programs should never make assumptions about the +numeric code for a particular kind of signal, but rather refer to them +always by the names defined here. This is because the number for a +given kind of signal can vary from system to system, but the meanings of +the names are standardized and fairly uniform. + + The signal names are defined in the header file `signal.h'. + + -- Macro: int NSIG + The value of this symbolic constant is the total number of signals + defined. Since the signal numbers are allocated consecutively, + `NSIG' is also one greater than the largest defined signal number. + +* Menu: + +* Program Error Signals:: Used to report serious program errors. +* Termination Signals:: Used to interrupt and/or terminate the + program. +* Alarm Signals:: Used to indicate expiration of timers. +* Asynchronous I/O Signals:: Used to indicate input is available. +* Job Control Signals:: Signals used to support job control. +* Operation Error Signals:: Used to report operational system errors. +* Miscellaneous Signals:: Miscellaneous Signals. +* Signal Messages:: Printing a message describing a signal. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Program Error Signals, Next: Termination Signals, Up: Standard Signals + +24.2.1 Program Error Signals +---------------------------- + +The following signals are generated when a serious program error is +detected by the operating system or the computer itself. In general, +all of these signals are indications that your program is seriously +broken in some way, and there's usually no way to continue the +computation which encountered the error. + + Some programs handle program error signals in order to tidy up before +terminating; for example, programs that turn off echoing of terminal +input should handle program error signals in order to turn echoing back +on. The handler should end by specifying the default action for the +signal that happened and then reraising it; this will cause the program +to terminate with that signal, as if it had not had a handler. (*Note +Termination in Handler::.) + + Termination is the sensible ultimate outcome from a program error in +most programs. However, programming systems such as Lisp that can load +compiled user programs might need to keep executing even if a user +program incurs an error. These programs have handlers which use +`longjmp' to return control to the command level. + + The default action for all of these signals is to cause the process +to terminate. If you block or ignore these signals or establish +handlers for them that return normally, your program will probably +break horribly when such signals happen, unless they are generated by +`raise' or `kill' instead of a real error. + + When one of these program error signals terminates a process, it also +writes a "core dump file" which records the state of the process at the +time of termination. The core dump file is named `core' and is written +in whichever directory is current in the process at the time. (On the +GNU system, you can specify the file name for core dumps with the +environment variable `COREFILE'.) The purpose of core dump files is so +that you can examine them with a debugger to investigate what caused +the error. + + -- Macro: int SIGFPE + The `SIGFPE' signal reports a fatal arithmetic error. Although the + name is derived from "floating-point exception", this signal + actually covers all arithmetic errors, including division by zero + and overflow. If a program stores integer data in a location + which is then used in a floating-point operation, this often + causes an "invalid operation" exception, because the processor + cannot recognize the data as a floating-point number. + + Actual floating-point exceptions are a complicated subject because + there are many types of exceptions with subtly different meanings, + and the `SIGFPE' signal doesn't distinguish between them. The + `IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic (ANSI/IEEE Std + 754-1985 and ANSI/IEEE Std 854-1987)' defines various + floating-point exceptions and requires conforming computer systems + to report their occurrences. However, this standard does not + specify how the exceptions are reported, or what kinds of handling + and control the operating system can offer to the programmer. + + BSD systems provide the `SIGFPE' handler with an extra argument that +distinguishes various causes of the exception. In order to access this +argument, you must define the handler to accept two arguments, which +means you must cast it to a one-argument function type in order to +establish the handler. The GNU library does provide this extra +argument, but the value is meaningful only on operating systems that +provide the information (BSD systems and GNU systems). + +`FPE_INTOVF_TRAP' + Integer overflow (impossible in a C program unless you enable + overflow trapping in a hardware-specific fashion). + +`FPE_INTDIV_TRAP' + Integer division by zero. + +`FPE_SUBRNG_TRAP' + Subscript-range (something that C programs never check for). + +`FPE_FLTOVF_TRAP' + Floating overflow trap. + +`FPE_FLTDIV_TRAP' + Floating/decimal division by zero. + +`FPE_FLTUND_TRAP' + Floating underflow trap. (Trapping on floating underflow is not + normally enabled.) + +`FPE_DECOVF_TRAP' + Decimal overflow trap. (Only a few machines have decimal + arithmetic and C never uses it.) + + -- Macro: int SIGILL + The name of this signal is derived from "illegal instruction"; it + usually means your program is trying to execute garbage or a + privileged instruction. Since the C compiler generates only valid + instructions, `SIGILL' typically indicates that the executable + file is corrupted, or that you are trying to execute data. Some + common ways of getting into the latter situation are by passing an + invalid object where a pointer to a function was expected, or by + writing past the end of an automatic array (or similar problems + with pointers to automatic variables) and corrupting other data on + the stack such as the return address of a stack frame. + + `SIGILL' can also be generated when the stack overflows, or when + the system has trouble running the handler for a signal. + + -- Macro: int SIGSEGV + This signal is generated when a program tries to read or write + outside the memory that is allocated for it, or to write memory + that can only be read. (Actually, the signals only occur when the + program goes far enough outside to be detected by the system's + memory protection mechanism.) The name is an abbreviation for + "segmentation violation". + + Common ways of getting a `SIGSEGV' condition include dereferencing + a null or uninitialized pointer, or when you use a pointer to step + through an array, but fail to check for the end of the array. It + varies among systems whether dereferencing a null pointer generates + `SIGSEGV' or `SIGBUS'. + + -- Macro: int SIGBUS + This signal is generated when an invalid pointer is dereferenced. + Like `SIGSEGV', this signal is typically the result of + dereferencing an uninitialized pointer. The difference between + the two is that `SIGSEGV' indicates an invalid access to valid + memory, while `SIGBUS' indicates an access to an invalid address. + In particular, `SIGBUS' signals often result from dereferencing a + misaligned pointer, such as referring to a four-word integer at an + address not divisible by four. (Each kind of computer has its own + requirements for address alignment.) + + The name of this signal is an abbreviation for "bus error". + + -- Macro: int SIGABRT + This signal indicates an error detected by the program itself and + reported by calling `abort'. *Note Aborting a Program::. + + -- Macro: int SIGIOT + Generated by the PDP-11 "iot" instruction. On most machines, this + is just another name for `SIGABRT'. + + -- Macro: int SIGTRAP + Generated by the machine's breakpoint instruction, and possibly + other trap instructions. This signal is used by debuggers. Your + program will probably only see `SIGTRAP' if it is somehow + executing bad instructions. + + -- Macro: int SIGEMT + Emulator trap; this results from certain unimplemented instructions + which might be emulated in software, or the operating system's + failure to properly emulate them. + + -- Macro: int SIGSYS + Bad system call; that is to say, the instruction to trap to the + operating system was executed, but the code number for the system + call to perform was invalid. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Termination Signals, Next: Alarm Signals, Prev: Program Error Signals, Up: Standard Signals + +24.2.2 Termination Signals +-------------------------- + +These signals are all used to tell a process to terminate, in one way +or another. They have different names because they're used for slightly +different purposes, and programs might want to handle them differently. + + The reason for handling these signals is usually so your program can +tidy up as appropriate before actually terminating. For example, you +might want to save state information, delete temporary files, or restore +the previous terminal modes. Such a handler should end by specifying +the default action for the signal that happened and then reraising it; +this will cause the program to terminate with that signal, as if it had +not had a handler. (*Note Termination in Handler::.) + + The (obvious) default action for all of these signals is to cause the +process to terminate. + + -- Macro: int SIGTERM + The `SIGTERM' signal is a generic signal used to cause program + termination. Unlike `SIGKILL', this signal can be blocked, + handled, and ignored. It is the normal way to politely ask a + program to terminate. + + The shell command `kill' generates `SIGTERM' by default. + + -- Macro: int SIGINT + The `SIGINT' ("program interrupt") signal is sent when the user + types the INTR character (normally `C-c'). *Note Special + Characters::, for information about terminal driver support for + `C-c'. + + -- Macro: int SIGQUIT + The `SIGQUIT' signal is similar to `SIGINT', except that it's + controlled by a different key--the QUIT character, usually + `C-\'--and produces a core dump when it terminates the process, + just like a program error signal. You can think of this as a + program error condition "detected" by the user. + + *Note Program Error Signals::, for information about core dumps. + *Note Special Characters::, for information about terminal driver + support. + + Certain kinds of cleanups are best omitted in handling `SIGQUIT'. + For example, if the program creates temporary files, it should + handle the other termination requests by deleting the temporary + files. But it is better for `SIGQUIT' not to delete them, so that + the user can examine them in conjunction with the core dump. + + -- Macro: int SIGKILL + The `SIGKILL' signal is used to cause immediate program + termination. It cannot be handled or ignored, and is therefore + always fatal. It is also not possible to block this signal. + + This signal is usually generated only by explicit request. Since + it cannot be handled, you should generate it only as a last + resort, after first trying a less drastic method such as `C-c' or + `SIGTERM'. If a process does not respond to any other termination + signals, sending it a `SIGKILL' signal will almost always cause it + to go away. + + In fact, if `SIGKILL' fails to terminate a process, that by itself + constitutes an operating system bug which you should report. + + The system will generate `SIGKILL' for a process itself under some + unusual conditions where the program cannot possibly continue to + run (even to run a signal handler). + + -- Macro: int SIGHUP + The `SIGHUP' ("hang-up") signal is used to report that the user's + terminal is disconnected, perhaps because a network or telephone + connection was broken. For more information about this, see *note + Control Modes::. + + This signal is also used to report the termination of the + controlling process on a terminal to jobs associated with that + session; this termination effectively disconnects all processes in + the session from the controlling terminal. For more information, + see *note Termination Internals::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Alarm Signals, Next: Asynchronous I/O Signals, Prev: Termination Signals, Up: Standard Signals + +24.2.3 Alarm Signals +-------------------- + +These signals are used to indicate the expiration of timers. *Note +Setting an Alarm::, for information about functions that cause these +signals to be sent. + + The default behavior for these signals is to cause program +termination. This default is rarely useful, but no other default would +be useful; most of the ways of using these signals would require +handler functions in any case. + + -- Macro: int SIGALRM + This signal typically indicates expiration of a timer that + measures real or clock time. It is used by the `alarm' function, + for example. + + -- Macro: int SIGVTALRM + This signal typically indicates expiration of a timer that + measures CPU time used by the current process. The name is an + abbreviation for "virtual time alarm". + + -- Macro: int SIGPROF + This signal typically indicates expiration of a timer that measures + both CPU time used by the current process, and CPU time expended on + behalf of the process by the system. Such a timer is used to + implement code profiling facilities, hence the name of this signal. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Asynchronous I/O Signals, Next: Job Control Signals, Prev: Alarm Signals, Up: Standard Signals + +24.2.4 Asynchronous I/O Signals +------------------------------- + +The signals listed in this section are used in conjunction with +asynchronous I/O facilities. You have to take explicit action by +calling `fcntl' to enable a particular file descriptor to generate +these signals (*note Interrupt Input::). The default action for these +signals is to ignore them. + + -- Macro: int SIGIO + This signal is sent when a file descriptor is ready to perform + input or output. + + On most operating systems, terminals and sockets are the only + kinds of files that can generate `SIGIO'; other kinds, including + ordinary files, never generate `SIGIO' even if you ask them to. + + In the GNU system `SIGIO' will always be generated properly if you + successfully set asynchronous mode with `fcntl'. + + -- Macro: int SIGURG + This signal is sent when "urgent" or out-of-band data arrives on a + socket. *Note Out-of-Band Data::. + + -- Macro: int SIGPOLL + This is a System V signal name, more or less similar to `SIGIO'. + It is defined only for compatibility. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Job Control Signals, Next: Operation Error Signals, Prev: Asynchronous I/O Signals, Up: Standard Signals + +24.2.5 Job Control Signals +-------------------------- + +These signals are used to support job control. If your system doesn't +support job control, then these macros are defined but the signals +themselves can't be raised or handled. + + You should generally leave these signals alone unless you really +understand how job control works. *Note Job Control::. + + -- Macro: int SIGCHLD + This signal is sent to a parent process whenever one of its child + processes terminates or stops. + + The default action for this signal is to ignore it. If you + establish a handler for this signal while there are child + processes that have terminated but not reported their status via + `wait' or `waitpid' (*note Process Completion::), whether your new + handler applies to those processes or not depends on the + particular operating system. + + -- Macro: int SIGCLD + This is an obsolete name for `SIGCHLD'. + + -- Macro: int SIGCONT + You can send a `SIGCONT' signal to a process to make it continue. + This signal is special--it always makes the process continue if it + is stopped, before the signal is delivered. The default behavior + is to do nothing else. You cannot block this signal. You can set + a handler, but `SIGCONT' always makes the process continue + regardless. + + Most programs have no reason to handle `SIGCONT'; they simply + resume execution without realizing they were ever stopped. You + can use a handler for `SIGCONT' to make a program do something + special when it is stopped and continued--for example, to reprint + a prompt when it is suspended while waiting for input. + + -- Macro: int SIGSTOP + The `SIGSTOP' signal stops the process. It cannot be handled, + ignored, or blocked. + + -- Macro: int SIGTSTP + The `SIGTSTP' signal is an interactive stop signal. Unlike + `SIGSTOP', this signal can be handled and ignored. + + Your program should handle this signal if you have a special need + to leave files or system tables in a secure state when a process is + stopped. For example, programs that turn off echoing should handle + `SIGTSTP' so they can turn echoing back on before stopping. + + This signal is generated when the user types the SUSP character + (normally `C-z'). For more information about terminal driver + support, see *note Special Characters::. + + -- Macro: int SIGTTIN + A process cannot read from the user's terminal while it is running + as a background job. When any process in a background job tries to + read from the terminal, all of the processes in the job are sent a + `SIGTTIN' signal. The default action for this signal is to stop + the process. For more information about how this interacts with + the terminal driver, see *note Access to the Terminal::. + + -- Macro: int SIGTTOU + This is similar to `SIGTTIN', but is generated when a process in a + background job attempts to write to the terminal or set its modes. + Again, the default action is to stop the process. `SIGTTOU' is + only generated for an attempt to write to the terminal if the + `TOSTOP' output mode is set; *note Output Modes::. + + While a process is stopped, no more signals can be delivered to it +until it is continued, except `SIGKILL' signals and (obviously) +`SIGCONT' signals. The signals are marked as pending, but not +delivered until the process is continued. The `SIGKILL' signal always +causes termination of the process and can't be blocked, handled or +ignored. You can ignore `SIGCONT', but it always causes the process to +be continued anyway if it is stopped. Sending a `SIGCONT' signal to a +process causes any pending stop signals for that process to be +discarded. Likewise, any pending `SIGCONT' signals for a process are +discarded when it receives a stop signal. + + When a process in an orphaned process group (*note Orphaned Process +Groups::) receives a `SIGTSTP', `SIGTTIN', or `SIGTTOU' signal and does +not handle it, the process does not stop. Stopping the process would +probably not be very useful, since there is no shell program that will +notice it stop and allow the user to continue it. What happens instead +depends on the operating system you are using. Some systems may do +nothing; others may deliver another signal instead, such as `SIGKILL' +or `SIGHUP'. In the GNU system, the process dies with `SIGKILL'; this +avoids the problem of many stopped, orphaned processes lying around the +system. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Operation Error Signals, Next: Miscellaneous Signals, Prev: Job Control Signals, Up: Standard Signals + +24.2.6 Operation Error Signals +------------------------------ + +These signals are used to report various errors generated by an +operation done by the program. They do not necessarily indicate a +programming error in the program, but an error that prevents an +operating system call from completing. The default action for all of +them is to cause the process to terminate. + + -- Macro: int SIGPIPE + Broken pipe. If you use pipes or FIFOs, you have to design your + application so that one process opens the pipe for reading before + another starts writing. If the reading process never starts, or + terminates unexpectedly, writing to the pipe or FIFO raises a + `SIGPIPE' signal. If `SIGPIPE' is blocked, handled or ignored, + the offending call fails with `EPIPE' instead. + + Pipes and FIFO special files are discussed in more detail in *note + Pipes and FIFOs::. + + Another cause of `SIGPIPE' is when you try to output to a socket + that isn't connected. *Note Sending Data::. + + -- Macro: int SIGLOST + Resource lost. This signal is generated when you have an advisory + lock on an NFS file, and the NFS server reboots and forgets about + your lock. + + In the GNU system, `SIGLOST' is generated when any server program + dies unexpectedly. It is usually fine to ignore the signal; + whatever call was made to the server that died just returns an + error. + + -- Macro: int SIGXCPU + CPU time limit exceeded. This signal is generated when the process + exceeds its soft resource limit on CPU time. *Note Limits on + Resources::. + + -- Macro: int SIGXFSZ + File size limit exceeded. This signal is generated when the + process attempts to extend a file so it exceeds the process's soft + resource limit on file size. *Note Limits on Resources::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Miscellaneous Signals, Next: Signal Messages, Prev: Operation Error Signals, Up: Standard Signals + +24.2.7 Miscellaneous Signals +---------------------------- + +These signals are used for various other purposes. In general, they +will not affect your program unless it explicitly uses them for +something. + + -- Macro: int SIGUSR1 + -- Macro: int SIGUSR2 + The `SIGUSR1' and `SIGUSR2' signals are set aside for you to use + any way you want. They're useful for simple interprocess + communication, if you write a signal handler for them in the + program that receives the signal. + + There is an example showing the use of `SIGUSR1' and `SIGUSR2' in + *note Signaling Another Process::. + + The default action is to terminate the process. + + -- Macro: int SIGWINCH + Window size change. This is generated on some systems (including + GNU) when the terminal driver's record of the number of rows and + columns on the screen is changed. The default action is to ignore + it. + + If a program does full-screen display, it should handle `SIGWINCH'. + When the signal arrives, it should fetch the new screen size and + reformat its display accordingly. + + -- Macro: int SIGINFO + Information request. In 4.4 BSD and the GNU system, this signal + is sent to all the processes in the foreground process group of + the controlling terminal when the user types the STATUS character + in canonical mode; *note Signal Characters::. + + If the process is the leader of the process group, the default + action is to print some status information about the system and + what the process is doing. Otherwise the default is to do nothing. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Signal Messages, Prev: Miscellaneous Signals, Up: Standard Signals + +24.2.8 Signal Messages +---------------------- + +We mentioned above that the shell prints a message describing the signal +that terminated a child process. The clean way to print a message +describing a signal is to use the functions `strsignal' and `psignal'. +These functions use a signal number to specify which kind of signal to +describe. The signal number may come from the termination status of a +child process (*note Process Completion::) or it may come from a signal +handler in the same process. + + -- Function: char * strsignal (int SIGNUM) + This function returns a pointer to a statically-allocated string + containing a message describing the signal SIGNUM. You should not + modify the contents of this string; and, since it can be rewritten + on subsequent calls, you should save a copy of it if you need to + reference it later. + + This function is a GNU extension, declared in the header file + `string.h'. + + -- Function: void psignal (int SIGNUM, const char *MESSAGE) + This function prints a message describing the signal SIGNUM to the + standard error output stream `stderr'; see *note Standard + Streams::. + + If you call `psignal' with a MESSAGE that is either a null pointer + or an empty string, `psignal' just prints the message + corresponding to SIGNUM, adding a trailing newline. + + If you supply a non-null MESSAGE argument, then `psignal' prefixes + its output with this string. It adds a colon and a space + character to separate the MESSAGE from the string corresponding to + SIGNUM. + + This function is a BSD feature, declared in the header file + `signal.h'. + + There is also an array `sys_siglist' which contains the messages for +the various signal codes. This array exists on BSD systems, unlike +`strsignal'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Signal Actions, Next: Defining Handlers, Prev: Standard Signals, Up: Signal Handling + +24.3 Specifying Signal Actions +============================== + +The simplest way to change the action for a signal is to use the +`signal' function. You can specify a built-in action (such as to +ignore the signal), or you can "establish a handler". + + The GNU library also implements the more versatile `sigaction' +facility. This section describes both facilities and gives suggestions +on which to use when. + +* Menu: + +* Basic Signal Handling:: The simple `signal' function. +* Advanced Signal Handling:: The more powerful `sigaction' function. +* Signal and Sigaction:: How those two functions interact. +* Sigaction Function Example:: An example of using the sigaction function. +* Flags for Sigaction:: Specifying options for signal handling. +* Initial Signal Actions:: How programs inherit signal actions. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Basic Signal Handling, Next: Advanced Signal Handling, Up: Signal Actions + +24.3.1 Basic Signal Handling +---------------------------- + +The `signal' function provides a simple interface for establishing an +action for a particular signal. The function and associated macros are +declared in the header file `signal.h'. + + -- Data Type: sighandler_t + This is the type of signal handler functions. Signal handlers + take one integer argument specifying the signal number, and have + return type `void'. So, you should define handler functions like + this: + + void HANDLER (int `signum') { ... } + + The name `sighandler_t' for this data type is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: sighandler_t signal (int SIGNUM, sighandler_t ACTION) + The `signal' function establishes ACTION as the action for the + signal SIGNUM. + + The first argument, SIGNUM, identifies the signal whose behavior + you want to control, and should be a signal number. The proper + way to specify a signal number is with one of the symbolic signal + names (*note Standard Signals::)--don't use an explicit number, + because the numerical code for a given kind of signal may vary + from operating system to operating system. + + The second argument, ACTION, specifies the action to use for the + signal SIGNUM. This can be one of the following: + + `SIG_DFL' + `SIG_DFL' specifies the default action for the particular + signal. The default actions for various kinds of signals are + stated in *note Standard Signals::. + + `SIG_IGN' + `SIG_IGN' specifies that the signal should be ignored. + + Your program generally should not ignore signals that + represent serious events or that are normally used to request + termination. You cannot ignore the `SIGKILL' or `SIGSTOP' + signals at all. You can ignore program error signals like + `SIGSEGV', but ignoring the error won't enable the program to + continue executing meaningfully. Ignoring user requests such + as `SIGINT', `SIGQUIT', and `SIGTSTP' is unfriendly. + + When you do not wish signals to be delivered during a certain + part of the program, the thing to do is to block them, not + ignore them. *Note Blocking Signals::. + + `HANDLER' + Supply the address of a handler function in your program, to + specify running this handler as the way to deliver the signal. + + For more information about defining signal handler functions, + see *note Defining Handlers::. + + If you set the action for a signal to `SIG_IGN', or if you set it + to `SIG_DFL' and the default action is to ignore that signal, then + any pending signals of that type are discarded (even if they are + blocked). Discarding the pending signals means that they will + never be delivered, not even if you subsequently specify another + action and unblock this kind of signal. + + The `signal' function returns the action that was previously in + effect for the specified SIGNUM. You can save this value and + restore it later by calling `signal' again. + + If `signal' can't honor the request, it returns `SIG_ERR' instead. + The following `errno' error conditions are defined for this + function: + + `EINVAL' + You specified an invalid SIGNUM; or you tried to ignore or + provide a handler for `SIGKILL' or `SIGSTOP'. + + *Compatibility Note:* A problem encountered when working with the +`signal' function is that it has different semantics on BSD and SVID +systems. The difference is that on SVID systems the signal handler is +deinstalled after signal delivery. On BSD systems the handler must be +explicitly deinstalled. In the GNU C Library we use the BSD version by +default. To use the SVID version you can either use the function +`sysv_signal' (see below) or use the `_XOPEN_SOURCE' feature select +macro (*note Feature Test Macros::). In general, use of these +functions should be avoided because of compatibility problems. It is +better to use `sigaction' if it is available since the results are much +more reliable. + + Here is a simple example of setting up a handler to delete temporary +files when certain fatal signals happen: + + #include + + void + termination_handler (int signum) + { + struct temp_file *p; + + for (p = temp_file_list; p; p = p->next) + unlink (p->name); + } + + int + main (void) + { + ... + if (signal (SIGINT, termination_handler) == SIG_IGN) + signal (SIGINT, SIG_IGN); + if (signal (SIGHUP, termination_handler) == SIG_IGN) + signal (SIGHUP, SIG_IGN); + if (signal (SIGTERM, termination_handler) == SIG_IGN) + signal (SIGTERM, SIG_IGN); + ... + } + +Note that if a given signal was previously set to be ignored, this code +avoids altering that setting. This is because non-job-control shells +often ignore certain signals when starting children, and it is important +for the children to respect this. + + We do not handle `SIGQUIT' or the program error signals in this +example because these are designed to provide information for debugging +(a core dump), and the temporary files may give useful information. + + -- Function: sighandler_t sysv_signal (int SIGNUM, sighandler_t ACTION) + The `sysv_signal' implements the behavior of the standard `signal' + function as found on SVID systems. The difference to BSD systems + is that the handler is deinstalled after a delivery of a signal. + + *Compatibility Note:* As said above for `signal', this function + should be avoided when possible. `sigaction' is the preferred + method. + + -- Function: sighandler_t ssignal (int SIGNUM, sighandler_t ACTION) + The `ssignal' function does the same thing as `signal'; it is + provided only for compatibility with SVID. + + -- Macro: sighandler_t SIG_ERR + The value of this macro is used as the return value from `signal' + to indicate an error. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Advanced Signal Handling, Next: Signal and Sigaction, Prev: Basic Signal Handling, Up: Signal Actions + +24.3.2 Advanced Signal Handling +------------------------------- + +The `sigaction' function has the same basic effect as `signal': to +specify how a signal should be handled by the process. However, +`sigaction' offers more control, at the expense of more complexity. In +particular, `sigaction' allows you to specify additional flags to +control when the signal is generated and how the handler is invoked. + + The `sigaction' function is declared in `signal.h'. + + -- Data Type: struct sigaction + Structures of type `struct sigaction' are used in the `sigaction' + function to specify all the information about how to handle a + particular signal. This structure contains at least the following + members: + + `sighandler_t sa_handler' + This is used in the same way as the ACTION argument to the + `signal' function. The value can be `SIG_DFL', `SIG_IGN', or + a function pointer. *Note Basic Signal Handling::. + + `sigset_t sa_mask' + This specifies a set of signals to be blocked while the + handler runs. Blocking is explained in *note Blocking for + Handler::. Note that the signal that was delivered is + automatically blocked by default before its handler is + started; this is true regardless of the value in `sa_mask'. + If you want that signal not to be blocked within its handler, + you must write code in the handler to unblock it. + + `int sa_flags' + This specifies various flags which can affect the behavior of + the signal. These are described in more detail in *note + Flags for Sigaction::. + + -- Function: int sigaction (int SIGNUM, const struct sigaction + *restrict ACTION, struct sigaction *restrict OLD-ACTION) + The ACTION argument is used to set up a new action for the signal + SIGNUM, while the OLD-ACTION argument is used to return + information about the action previously associated with this + symbol. (In other words, OLD-ACTION has the same purpose as the + `signal' function's return value--you can check to see what the + old action in effect for the signal was, and restore it later if + you want.) + + Either ACTION or OLD-ACTION can be a null pointer. If OLD-ACTION + is a null pointer, this simply suppresses the return of + information about the old action. If ACTION is a null pointer, + the action associated with the signal SIGNUM is unchanged; this + allows you to inquire about how a signal is being handled without + changing that handling. + + The return value from `sigaction' is zero if it succeeds, and `-1' + on failure. The following `errno' error conditions are defined + for this function: + + `EINVAL' + The SIGNUM argument is not valid, or you are trying to trap + or ignore `SIGKILL' or `SIGSTOP'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Signal and Sigaction, Next: Sigaction Function Example, Prev: Advanced Signal Handling, Up: Signal Actions + +24.3.3 Interaction of `signal' and `sigaction' +---------------------------------------------- + +It's possible to use both the `signal' and `sigaction' functions within +a single program, but you have to be careful because they can interact +in slightly strange ways. + + The `sigaction' function specifies more information than the +`signal' function, so the return value from `signal' cannot express the +full range of `sigaction' possibilities. Therefore, if you use +`signal' to save and later reestablish an action, it may not be able to +reestablish properly a handler that was established with `sigaction'. + + To avoid having problems as a result, always use `sigaction' to save +and restore a handler if your program uses `sigaction' at all. Since +`sigaction' is more general, it can properly save and reestablish any +action, regardless of whether it was established originally with +`signal' or `sigaction'. + + On some systems if you establish an action with `signal' and then +examine it with `sigaction', the handler address that you get may not +be the same as what you specified with `signal'. It may not even be +suitable for use as an action argument with `signal'. But you can rely +on using it as an argument to `sigaction'. This problem never happens +on the GNU system. + + So, you're better off using one or the other of the mechanisms +consistently within a single program. + + *Portability Note:* The basic `signal' function is a feature of +ISO C, while `sigaction' is part of the POSIX.1 standard. If you are +concerned about portability to non-POSIX systems, then you should use +the `signal' function instead. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Sigaction Function Example, Next: Flags for Sigaction, Prev: Signal and Sigaction, Up: Signal Actions + +24.3.4 `sigaction' Function Example +----------------------------------- + +In *note Basic Signal Handling::, we gave an example of establishing a +simple handler for termination signals using `signal'. Here is an +equivalent example using `sigaction': + + #include + + void + termination_handler (int signum) + { + struct temp_file *p; + + for (p = temp_file_list; p; p = p->next) + unlink (p->name); + } + + int + main (void) + { + ... + struct sigaction new_action, old_action; + + /* Set up the structure to specify the new action. */ + new_action.sa_handler = termination_handler; + sigemptyset (&new_action.sa_mask); + new_action.sa_flags = 0; + + sigaction (SIGINT, NULL, &old_action); + if (old_action.sa_handler != SIG_IGN) + sigaction (SIGINT, &new_action, NULL); + sigaction (SIGHUP, NULL, &old_action); + if (old_action.sa_handler != SIG_IGN) + sigaction (SIGHUP, &new_action, NULL); + sigaction (SIGTERM, NULL, &old_action); + if (old_action.sa_handler != SIG_IGN) + sigaction (SIGTERM, &new_action, NULL); + ... + } + + The program just loads the `new_action' structure with the desired +parameters and passes it in the `sigaction' call. The usage of +`sigemptyset' is described later; see *note Blocking Signals::. + + As in the example using `signal', we avoid handling signals +previously set to be ignored. Here we can avoid altering the signal +handler even momentarily, by using the feature of `sigaction' that lets +us examine the current action without specifying a new one. + + Here is another example. It retrieves information about the current +action for `SIGINT' without changing that action. + + struct sigaction query_action; + + if (sigaction (SIGINT, NULL, &query_action) < 0) + /* `sigaction' returns -1 in case of error. */ + else if (query_action.sa_handler == SIG_DFL) + /* `SIGINT' is handled in the default, fatal manner. */ + else if (query_action.sa_handler == SIG_IGN) + /* `SIGINT' is ignored. */ + else + /* A programmer-defined signal handler is in effect. */ + + +File: libc.info, Node: Flags for Sigaction, Next: Initial Signal Actions, Prev: Sigaction Function Example, Up: Signal Actions + +24.3.5 Flags for `sigaction' +---------------------------- + +The `sa_flags' member of the `sigaction' structure is a catch-all for +special features. Most of the time, `SA_RESTART' is a good value to +use for this field. + + The value of `sa_flags' is interpreted as a bit mask. Thus, you +should choose the flags you want to set, OR those flags together, and +store the result in the `sa_flags' member of your `sigaction' structure. + + Each signal number has its own set of flags. Each call to +`sigaction' affects one particular signal number, and the flags that +you specify apply only to that particular signal. + + In the GNU C library, establishing a handler with `signal' sets all +the flags to zero except for `SA_RESTART', whose value depends on the +settings you have made with `siginterrupt'. *Note Interrupted +Primitives::, to see what this is about. + + These macros are defined in the header file `signal.h'. + + -- Macro: int SA_NOCLDSTOP + This flag is meaningful only for the `SIGCHLD' signal. When the + flag is set, the system delivers the signal for a terminated child + process but not for one that is stopped. By default, `SIGCHLD' is + delivered for both terminated children and stopped children. + + Setting this flag for a signal other than `SIGCHLD' has no effect. + + -- Macro: int SA_ONSTACK + If this flag is set for a particular signal number, the system + uses the signal stack when delivering that kind of signal. *Note + Signal Stack::. If a signal with this flag arrives and you have + not set a signal stack, the system terminates the program with + `SIGILL'. + + -- Macro: int SA_RESTART + This flag controls what happens when a signal is delivered during + certain primitives (such as `open', `read' or `write'), and the + signal handler returns normally. There are two alternatives: the + library function can resume, or it can return failure with error + code `EINTR'. + + The choice is controlled by the `SA_RESTART' flag for the + particular kind of signal that was delivered. If the flag is set, + returning from a handler resumes the library function. If the + flag is clear, returning from a handler makes the function fail. + *Note Interrupted Primitives::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Initial Signal Actions, Prev: Flags for Sigaction, Up: Signal Actions + +24.3.6 Initial Signal Actions +----------------------------- + +When a new process is created (*note Creating a Process::), it inherits +handling of signals from its parent process. However, when you load a +new process image using the `exec' function (*note Executing a File::), +any signals that you've defined your own handlers for revert to their +`SIG_DFL' handling. (If you think about it a little, this makes sense; +the handler functions from the old program are specific to that +program, and aren't even present in the address space of the new +program image.) Of course, the new program can establish its own +handlers. + + When a program is run by a shell, the shell normally sets the initial +actions for the child process to `SIG_DFL' or `SIG_IGN', as +appropriate. It's a good idea to check to make sure that the shell has +not set up an initial action of `SIG_IGN' before you establish your own +signal handlers. + + Here is an example of how to establish a handler for `SIGHUP', but +not if `SIGHUP' is currently ignored: + + ... + struct sigaction temp; + + sigaction (SIGHUP, NULL, &temp); + + if (temp.sa_handler != SIG_IGN) + { + temp.sa_handler = handle_sighup; + sigemptyset (&temp.sa_mask); + sigaction (SIGHUP, &temp, NULL); + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Defining Handlers, Next: Interrupted Primitives, Prev: Signal Actions, Up: Signal Handling + +24.4 Defining Signal Handlers +============================= + +This section describes how to write a signal handler function that can +be established with the `signal' or `sigaction' functions. + + A signal handler is just a function that you compile together with +the rest of the program. Instead of directly invoking the function, +you use `signal' or `sigaction' to tell the operating system to call it +when a signal arrives. This is known as "establishing" the handler. +*Note Signal Actions::. + + There are two basic strategies you can use in signal handler +functions: + + * You can have the handler function note that the signal arrived by + tweaking some global data structures, and then return normally. + + * You can have the handler function terminate the program or transfer + control to a point where it can recover from the situation that + caused the signal. + + You need to take special care in writing handler functions because +they can be called asynchronously. That is, a handler might be called +at any point in the program, unpredictably. If two signals arrive +during a very short interval, one handler can run within another. This +section describes what your handler should do, and what you should +avoid. + +* Menu: + +* Handler Returns:: Handlers that return normally, and what + this means. +* Termination in Handler:: How handler functions terminate a program. +* Longjmp in Handler:: Nonlocal transfer of control out of a + signal handler. +* Signals in Handler:: What happens when signals arrive while + the handler is already occupied. +* Merged Signals:: When a second signal arrives before the + first is handled. +* Nonreentrancy:: Do not call any functions unless you know they + are reentrant with respect to signals. +* Atomic Data Access:: A single handler can run in the middle of + reading or writing a single object. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Handler Returns, Next: Termination in Handler, Up: Defining Handlers + +24.4.1 Signal Handlers that Return +---------------------------------- + +Handlers which return normally are usually used for signals such as +`SIGALRM' and the I/O and interprocess communication signals. But a +handler for `SIGINT' might also return normally after setting a flag +that tells the program to exit at a convenient time. + + It is not safe to return normally from the handler for a program +error signal, because the behavior of the program when the handler +function returns is not defined after a program error. *Note Program +Error Signals::. + + Handlers that return normally must modify some global variable in +order to have any effect. Typically, the variable is one that is +examined periodically by the program during normal operation. Its data +type should be `sig_atomic_t' for reasons described in *note Atomic +Data Access::. + + Here is a simple example of such a program. It executes the body of +the loop until it has noticed that a `SIGALRM' signal has arrived. +This technique is useful because it allows the iteration in progress +when the signal arrives to complete before the loop exits. + + #include + #include + #include + + /* This flag controls termination of the main loop. */ + volatile sig_atomic_t keep_going = 1; + + /* The signal handler just clears the flag and re-enables itself. */ + void + catch_alarm (int sig) + { + keep_going = 0; + signal (sig, catch_alarm); + } + + void + do_stuff (void) + { + puts ("Doing stuff while waiting for alarm...."); + } + + int + main (void) + { + /* Establish a handler for SIGALRM signals. */ + signal (SIGALRM, catch_alarm); + + /* Set an alarm to go off in a little while. */ + alarm (2); + + /* Check the flag once in a while to see when to quit. */ + while (keep_going) + do_stuff (); + + return EXIT_SUCCESS; + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Termination in Handler, Next: Longjmp in Handler, Prev: Handler Returns, Up: Defining Handlers + +24.4.2 Handlers That Terminate the Process +------------------------------------------ + +Handler functions that terminate the program are typically used to cause +orderly cleanup or recovery from program error signals and interactive +interrupts. + + The cleanest way for a handler to terminate the process is to raise +the same signal that ran the handler in the first place. Here is how +to do this: + + volatile sig_atomic_t fatal_error_in_progress = 0; + + void + fatal_error_signal (int sig) + { + /* Since this handler is established for more than one kind of signal, + it might still get invoked recursively by delivery of some other kind + of signal. Use a static variable to keep track of that. */ + if (fatal_error_in_progress) + raise (sig); + fatal_error_in_progress = 1; + + /* Now do the clean up actions: + - reset terminal modes + - kill child processes + - remove lock files */ + ... + + /* Now reraise the signal. We reactivate the signal's + default handling, which is to terminate the process. + We could just call `exit' or `abort', + but reraising the signal sets the return status + from the process correctly. */ + signal (sig, SIG_DFL); + raise (sig); + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Longjmp in Handler, Next: Signals in Handler, Prev: Termination in Handler, Up: Defining Handlers + +24.4.3 Nonlocal Control Transfer in Handlers +-------------------------------------------- + +You can do a nonlocal transfer of control out of a signal handler using +the `setjmp' and `longjmp' facilities (*note Non-Local Exits::). + + When the handler does a nonlocal control transfer, the part of the +program that was running will not continue. If this part of the program +was in the middle of updating an important data structure, the data +structure will remain inconsistent. Since the program does not +terminate, the inconsistency is likely to be noticed later on. + + There are two ways to avoid this problem. One is to block the signal +for the parts of the program that update important data structures. +Blocking the signal delays its delivery until it is unblocked, once the +critical updating is finished. *Note Blocking Signals::. + + The other way to re-initialize the crucial data structures in the +signal handler, or make their values consistent. + + Here is a rather schematic example showing the reinitialization of +one global variable. + + #include + #include + + jmp_buf return_to_top_level; + + volatile sig_atomic_t waiting_for_input; + + void + handle_sigint (int signum) + { + /* We may have been waiting for input when the signal arrived, + but we are no longer waiting once we transfer control. */ + waiting_for_input = 0; + longjmp (return_to_top_level, 1); + } + + int + main (void) + { + ... + signal (SIGINT, sigint_handler); + ... + while (1) { + prepare_for_command (); + if (setjmp (return_to_top_level) == 0) + read_and_execute_command (); + } + } + + /* Imagine this is a subroutine used by various commands. */ + char * + read_data () + { + if (input_from_terminal) { + waiting_for_input = 1; + ... + waiting_for_input = 0; + } else { + ... + } + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Signals in Handler, Next: Merged Signals, Prev: Longjmp in Handler, Up: Defining Handlers + +24.4.4 Signals Arriving While a Handler Runs +-------------------------------------------- + +What happens if another signal arrives while your signal handler +function is running? + + When the handler for a particular signal is invoked, that signal is +automatically blocked until the handler returns. That means that if two +signals of the same kind arrive close together, the second one will be +held until the first has been handled. (The handler can explicitly +unblock the signal using `sigprocmask', if you want to allow more +signals of this type to arrive; see *note Process Signal Mask::.) + + However, your handler can still be interrupted by delivery of another +kind of signal. To avoid this, you can use the `sa_mask' member of the +action structure passed to `sigaction' to explicitly specify which +signals should be blocked while the signal handler runs. These signals +are in addition to the signal for which the handler was invoked, and +any other signals that are normally blocked by the process. *Note +Blocking for Handler::. + + When the handler returns, the set of blocked signals is restored to +the value it had before the handler ran. So using `sigprocmask' inside +the handler only affects what signals can arrive during the execution of +the handler itself, not what signals can arrive once the handler +returns. + + *Portability Note:* Always use `sigaction' to establish a handler +for a signal that you expect to receive asynchronously, if you want +your program to work properly on System V Unix. On this system, the +handling of a signal whose handler was established with `signal' +automatically sets the signal's action back to `SIG_DFL', and the +handler must re-establish itself each time it runs. This practice, +while inconvenient, does work when signals cannot arrive in succession. +However, if another signal can arrive right away, it may arrive before +the handler can re-establish itself. Then the second signal would +receive the default handling, which could terminate the process. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Merged Signals, Next: Nonreentrancy, Prev: Signals in Handler, Up: Defining Handlers + +24.4.5 Signals Close Together Merge into One +-------------------------------------------- + +If multiple signals of the same type are delivered to your process +before your signal handler has a chance to be invoked at all, the +handler may only be invoked once, as if only a single signal had +arrived. In effect, the signals merge into one. This situation can +arise when the signal is blocked, or in a multiprocessing environment +where the system is busy running some other processes while the signals +are delivered. This means, for example, that you cannot reliably use a +signal handler to count signals. The only distinction you can reliably +make is whether at least one signal has arrived since a given time in +the past. + + Here is an example of a handler for `SIGCHLD' that compensates for +the fact that the number of signals received may not equal the number of +child processes that generate them. It assumes that the program keeps +track of all the child processes with a chain of structures as follows: + + struct process + { + struct process *next; + /* The process ID of this child. */ + int pid; + /* The descriptor of the pipe or pseudo terminal + on which output comes from this child. */ + int input_descriptor; + /* Nonzero if this process has stopped or terminated. */ + sig_atomic_t have_status; + /* The status of this child; 0 if running, + otherwise a status value from `waitpid'. */ + int status; + }; + + struct process *process_list; + + This example also uses a flag to indicate whether signals have +arrived since some time in the past--whenever the program last cleared +it to zero. + + /* Nonzero means some child's status has changed + so look at `process_list' for the details. */ + int process_status_change; + + Here is the handler itself: + + void + sigchld_handler (int signo) + { + int old_errno = errno; + + while (1) { + register int pid; + int w; + struct process *p; + + /* Keep asking for a status until we get a definitive result. */ + do + { + errno = 0; + pid = waitpid (WAIT_ANY, &w, WNOHANG | WUNTRACED); + } + while (pid <= 0 && errno == EINTR); + + if (pid <= 0) { + /* A real failure means there are no more + stopped or terminated child processes, so return. */ + errno = old_errno; + return; + } + + /* Find the process that signaled us, and record its status. */ + + for (p = process_list; p; p = p->next) + if (p->pid == pid) { + p->status = w; + /* Indicate that the `status' field + has data to look at. We do this only after storing it. */ + p->have_status = 1; + + /* If process has terminated, stop waiting for its output. */ + if (WIFSIGNALED (w) || WIFEXITED (w)) + if (p->input_descriptor) + FD_CLR (p->input_descriptor, &input_wait_mask); + + /* The program should check this flag from time to time + to see if there is any news in `process_list'. */ + ++process_status_change; + } + + /* Loop around to handle all the processes + that have something to tell us. */ + } + } + + Here is the proper way to check the flag `process_status_change': + + if (process_status_change) { + struct process *p; + process_status_change = 0; + for (p = process_list; p; p = p->next) + if (p->have_status) { + ... Examine `p->status' ... + } + } + +It is vital to clear the flag before examining the list; otherwise, if a +signal were delivered just before the clearing of the flag, and after +the appropriate element of the process list had been checked, the status +change would go unnoticed until the next signal arrived to set the flag +again. You could, of course, avoid this problem by blocking the signal +while scanning the list, but it is much more elegant to guarantee +correctness by doing things in the right order. + + The loop which checks process status avoids examining `p->status' +until it sees that status has been validly stored. This is to make sure +that the status cannot change in the middle of accessing it. Once +`p->have_status' is set, it means that the child process is stopped or +terminated, and in either case, it cannot stop or terminate again until +the program has taken notice. *Note Atomic Usage::, for more +information about coping with interruptions during accesses of a +variable. + + Here is another way you can test whether the handler has run since +the last time you checked. This technique uses a counter which is never +changed outside the handler. Instead of clearing the count, the program +remembers the previous value and sees whether it has changed since the +previous check. The advantage of this method is that different parts of +the program can check independently, each part checking whether there +has been a signal since that part last checked. + + sig_atomic_t process_status_change; + + sig_atomic_t last_process_status_change; + + ... + { + sig_atomic_t prev = last_process_status_change; + last_process_status_change = process_status_change; + if (last_process_status_change != prev) { + struct process *p; + for (p = process_list; p; p = p->next) + if (p->have_status) { + ... Examine `p->status' ... + } + } + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Nonreentrancy, Next: Atomic Data Access, Prev: Merged Signals, Up: Defining Handlers + +24.4.6 Signal Handling and Nonreentrant Functions +------------------------------------------------- + +Handler functions usually don't do very much. The best practice is to +write a handler that does nothing but set an external variable that the +program checks regularly, and leave all serious work to the program. +This is best because the handler can be called asynchronously, at +unpredictable times--perhaps in the middle of a primitive function, or +even between the beginning and the end of a C operator that requires +multiple instructions. The data structures being manipulated might +therefore be in an inconsistent state when the handler function is +invoked. Even copying one `int' variable into another can take two +instructions on most machines. + + This means you have to be very careful about what you do in a signal +handler. + + * If your handler needs to access any global variables from your + program, declare those variables `volatile'. This tells the + compiler that the value of the variable might change + asynchronously, and inhibits certain optimizations that would be + invalidated by such modifications. + + * If you call a function in the handler, make sure it is "reentrant" + with respect to signals, or else make sure that the signal cannot + interrupt a call to a related function. + + A function can be non-reentrant if it uses memory that is not on the +stack. + + * If a function uses a static variable or a global variable, or a + dynamically-allocated object that it finds for itself, then it is + non-reentrant and any two calls to the function can interfere. + + For example, suppose that the signal handler uses `gethostbyname'. + This function returns its value in a static object, reusing the + same object each time. If the signal happens to arrive during a + call to `gethostbyname', or even after one (while the program is + still using the value), it will clobber the value that the program + asked for. + + However, if the program does not use `gethostbyname' or any other + function that returns information in the same object, or if it + always blocks signals around each use, then you are safe. + + There are a large number of library functions that return values + in a fixed object, always reusing the same object in this fashion, + and all of them cause the same problem. Function descriptions in + this manual always mention this behavior. + + * If a function uses and modifies an object that you supply, then it + is potentially non-reentrant; two calls can interfere if they use + the same object. + + This case arises when you do I/O using streams. Suppose that the + signal handler prints a message with `fprintf'. Suppose that the + program was in the middle of an `fprintf' call using the same + stream when the signal was delivered. Both the signal handler's + message and the program's data could be corrupted, because both + calls operate on the same data structure--the stream itself. + + However, if you know that the stream that the handler uses cannot + possibly be used by the program at a time when signals can arrive, + then you are safe. It is no problem if the program uses some + other stream. + + * On most systems, `malloc' and `free' are not reentrant, because + they use a static data structure which records what memory blocks + are free. As a result, no library functions that allocate or free + memory are reentrant. This includes functions that allocate space + to store a result. + + The best way to avoid the need to allocate memory in a handler is + to allocate in advance space for signal handlers to use. + + The best way to avoid freeing memory in a handler is to flag or + record the objects to be freed, and have the program check from + time to time whether anything is waiting to be freed. But this + must be done with care, because placing an object on a chain is + not atomic, and if it is interrupted by another signal handler + that does the same thing, you could "lose" one of the objects. + + * Any function that modifies `errno' is non-reentrant, but you can + correct for this: in the handler, save the original value of + `errno' and restore it before returning normally. This prevents + errors that occur within the signal handler from being confused + with errors from system calls at the point the program is + interrupted to run the handler. + + This technique is generally applicable; if you want to call in a + handler a function that modifies a particular object in memory, + you can make this safe by saving and restoring that object. + + * Merely reading from a memory object is safe provided that you can + deal with any of the values that might appear in the object at a + time when the signal can be delivered. Keep in mind that + assignment to some data types requires more than one instruction, + which means that the handler could run "in the middle of" an + assignment to the variable if its type is not atomic. *Note + Atomic Data Access::. + + * Merely writing into a memory object is safe as long as a sudden + change in the value, at any time when the handler might run, will + not disturb anything. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Atomic Data Access, Prev: Nonreentrancy, Up: Defining Handlers + +24.4.7 Atomic Data Access and Signal Handling +--------------------------------------------- + +Whether the data in your application concerns atoms, or mere text, you +have to be careful about the fact that access to a single datum is not +necessarily "atomic". This means that it can take more than one +instruction to read or write a single object. In such cases, a signal +handler might be invoked in the middle of reading or writing the object. + + There are three ways you can cope with this problem. You can use +data types that are always accessed atomically; you can carefully +arrange that nothing untoward happens if an access is interrupted, or +you can block all signals around any access that had better not be +interrupted (*note Blocking Signals::). + +* Menu: + +* Non-atomic Example:: A program illustrating interrupted access. +* Types: Atomic Types. Data types that guarantee no interruption. +* Usage: Atomic Usage. Proving that interruption is harmless. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Non-atomic Example, Next: Atomic Types, Up: Atomic Data Access + +24.4.7.1 Problems with Non-Atomic Access +........................................ + +Here is an example which shows what can happen if a signal handler runs +in the middle of modifying a variable. (Interrupting the reading of a +variable can also lead to paradoxical results, but here we only show +writing.) + + #include + #include + + volatile struct two_words { int a, b; } memory; + + void + handler(int signum) + { + printf ("%d,%d\n", memory.a, memory.b); + alarm (1); + } + + int + main (void) + { + static struct two_words zeros = { 0, 0 }, ones = { 1, 1 }; + signal (SIGALRM, handler); + memory = zeros; + alarm (1); + while (1) + { + memory = zeros; + memory = ones; + } + } + + This program fills `memory' with zeros, ones, zeros, ones, +alternating forever; meanwhile, once per second, the alarm signal +handler prints the current contents. (Calling `printf' in the handler +is safe in this program because it is certainly not being called outside +the handler when the signal happens.) + + Clearly, this program can print a pair of zeros or a pair of ones. +But that's not all it can do! On most machines, it takes several +instructions to store a new value in `memory', and the value is stored +one word at a time. If the signal is delivered in between these +instructions, the handler might find that `memory.a' is zero and +`memory.b' is one (or vice versa). + + On some machines it may be possible to store a new value in `memory' +with just one instruction that cannot be interrupted. On these +machines, the handler will always print two zeros or two ones. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Atomic Types, Next: Atomic Usage, Prev: Non-atomic Example, Up: Atomic Data Access + +24.4.7.2 Atomic Types +..................... + +To avoid uncertainty about interrupting access to a variable, you can +use a particular data type for which access is always atomic: +`sig_atomic_t'. Reading and writing this data type is guaranteed to +happen in a single instruction, so there's no way for a handler to run +"in the middle" of an access. + + The type `sig_atomic_t' is always an integer data type, but which +one it is, and how many bits it contains, may vary from machine to +machine. + + -- Data Type: sig_atomic_t + This is an integer data type. Objects of this type are always + accessed atomically. + + In practice, you can assume that `int' is atomic. You can also +assume that pointer types are atomic; that is very convenient. Both of +these assumptions are true on all of the machines that the GNU C +library supports and on all POSIX systems we know of. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Atomic Usage, Prev: Atomic Types, Up: Atomic Data Access + +24.4.7.3 Atomic Usage Patterns +.............................. + +Certain patterns of access avoid any problem even if an access is +interrupted. For example, a flag which is set by the handler, and +tested and cleared by the main program from time to time, is always safe +even if access actually requires two instructions. To show that this is +so, we must consider each access that could be interrupted, and show +that there is no problem if it is interrupted. + + An interrupt in the middle of testing the flag is safe because +either it's recognized to be nonzero, in which case the precise value +doesn't matter, or it will be seen to be nonzero the next time it's +tested. + + An interrupt in the middle of clearing the flag is no problem because +either the value ends up zero, which is what happens if a signal comes +in just before the flag is cleared, or the value ends up nonzero, and +subsequent events occur as if the signal had come in just after the flag +was cleared. As long as the code handles both of these cases properly, +it can also handle a signal in the middle of clearing the flag. (This +is an example of the sort of reasoning you need to do to figure out +whether non-atomic usage is safe.) + + Sometimes you can insure uninterrupted access to one object by +protecting its use with another object, perhaps one whose type +guarantees atomicity. *Note Merged Signals::, for an example. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Interrupted Primitives, Next: Generating Signals, Prev: Defining Handlers, Up: Signal Handling + +24.5 Primitives Interrupted by Signals +====================================== + +A signal can arrive and be handled while an I/O primitive such as +`open' or `read' is waiting for an I/O device. If the signal handler +returns, the system faces the question: what should happen next? + + POSIX specifies one approach: make the primitive fail right away. +The error code for this kind of failure is `EINTR'. This is flexible, +but usually inconvenient. Typically, POSIX applications that use signal +handlers must check for `EINTR' after each library function that can +return it, in order to try the call again. Often programmers forget to +check, which is a common source of error. + + The GNU library provides a convenient way to retry a call after a +temporary failure, with the macro `TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY': + + -- Macro: TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (EXPRESSION) + This macro evaluates EXPRESSION once, and examines its value as + type `long int'. If the value equals `-1', that indicates a + failure and `errno' should be set to show what kind of failure. + If it fails and reports error code `EINTR', `TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY' + evaluates it again, and over and over until the result is not a + temporary failure. + + The value returned by `TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY' is whatever value + EXPRESSION produced. + + BSD avoids `EINTR' entirely and provides a more convenient approach: +to restart the interrupted primitive, instead of making it fail. If +you choose this approach, you need not be concerned with `EINTR'. + + You can choose either approach with the GNU library. If you use +`sigaction' to establish a signal handler, you can specify how that +handler should behave. If you specify the `SA_RESTART' flag, return +from that handler will resume a primitive; otherwise, return from that +handler will cause `EINTR'. *Note Flags for Sigaction::. + + Another way to specify the choice is with the `siginterrupt' +function. *Note BSD Handler::. + + When you don't specify with `sigaction' or `siginterrupt' what a +particular handler should do, it uses a default choice. The default +choice in the GNU library depends on the feature test macros you have +defined. If you define `_BSD_SOURCE' or `_GNU_SOURCE' before calling +`signal', the default is to resume primitives; otherwise, the default +is to make them fail with `EINTR'. (The library contains alternate +versions of the `signal' function, and the feature test macros +determine which one you really call.) *Note Feature Test Macros::. + + The description of each primitive affected by this issue lists +`EINTR' among the error codes it can return. + + There is one situation where resumption never happens no matter which +choice you make: when a data-transfer function such as `read' or +`write' is interrupted by a signal after transferring part of the data. +In this case, the function returns the number of bytes already +transferred, indicating partial success. + + This might at first appear to cause unreliable behavior on +record-oriented devices (including datagram sockets; *note Datagrams::), +where splitting one `read' or `write' into two would read or write two +records. Actually, there is no problem, because interruption after a +partial transfer cannot happen on such devices; they always transfer an +entire record in one burst, with no waiting once data transfer has +started. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Generating Signals, Next: Blocking Signals, Prev: Interrupted Primitives, Up: Signal Handling + +24.6 Generating Signals +======================= + +Besides signals that are generated as a result of a hardware trap or +interrupt, your program can explicitly send signals to itself or to +another process. + +* Menu: + +* Signaling Yourself:: A process can send a signal to itself. +* Signaling Another Process:: Send a signal to another process. +* Permission for kill:: Permission for using `kill'. +* Kill Example:: Using `kill' for Communication. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Signaling Yourself, Next: Signaling Another Process, Up: Generating Signals + +24.6.1 Signaling Yourself +------------------------- + +A process can send itself a signal with the `raise' function. This +function is declared in `signal.h'. + + -- Function: int raise (int SIGNUM) + The `raise' function sends the signal SIGNUM to the calling + process. It returns zero if successful and a nonzero value if it + fails. About the only reason for failure would be if the value of + SIGNUM is invalid. + + -- Function: int gsignal (int SIGNUM) + The `gsignal' function does the same thing as `raise'; it is + provided only for compatibility with SVID. + + One convenient use for `raise' is to reproduce the default behavior +of a signal that you have trapped. For instance, suppose a user of your +program types the SUSP character (usually `C-z'; *note Special +Characters::) to send it an interactive stop signal (`SIGTSTP'), and +you want to clean up some internal data buffers before stopping. You +might set this up like this: + + #include + + /* When a stop signal arrives, set the action back to the default + and then resend the signal after doing cleanup actions. */ + + void + tstp_handler (int sig) + { + signal (SIGTSTP, SIG_DFL); + /* Do cleanup actions here. */ + ... + raise (SIGTSTP); + } + + /* When the process is continued again, restore the signal handler. */ + + void + cont_handler (int sig) + { + signal (SIGCONT, cont_handler); + signal (SIGTSTP, tstp_handler); + } + + /* Enable both handlers during program initialization. */ + + int + main (void) + { + signal (SIGCONT, cont_handler); + signal (SIGTSTP, tstp_handler); + ... + } + + *Portability note:* `raise' was invented by the ISO C committee. +Older systems may not support it, so using `kill' may be more portable. +*Note Signaling Another Process::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Signaling Another Process, Next: Permission for kill, Prev: Signaling Yourself, Up: Generating Signals + +24.6.2 Signaling Another Process +-------------------------------- + +The `kill' function can be used to send a signal to another process. +In spite of its name, it can be used for a lot of things other than +causing a process to terminate. Some examples of situations where you +might want to send signals between processes are: + + * A parent process starts a child to perform a task--perhaps having + the child running an infinite loop--and then terminates the child + when the task is no longer needed. + + * A process executes as part of a group, and needs to terminate or + notify the other processes in the group when an error or other + event occurs. + + * Two processes need to synchronize while working together. + + This section assumes that you know a little bit about how processes +work. For more information on this subject, see *note Processes::. + + The `kill' function is declared in `signal.h'. + + -- Function: int kill (pid_t PID, int SIGNUM) + The `kill' function sends the signal SIGNUM to the process or + process group specified by PID. Besides the signals listed in + *note Standard Signals::, SIGNUM can also have a value of zero to + check the validity of the PID. + + The PID specifies the process or process group to receive the + signal: + + `PID > 0' + The process whose identifier is PID. + + `PID == 0' + All processes in the same process group as the sender. + + `PID < -1' + The process group whose identifier is -PID. + + `PID == -1' + If the process is privileged, send the signal to all + processes except for some special system processes. + Otherwise, send the signal to all processes with the same + effective user ID. + + A process can send a signal to itself with a call like + `kill (getpid(), SIGNUM)'. If `kill' is used by a process to send + a signal to itself, and the signal is not blocked, then `kill' + delivers at least one signal (which might be some other pending + unblocked signal instead of the signal SIGNUM) to that process + before it returns. + + The return value from `kill' is zero if the signal can be sent + successfully. Otherwise, no signal is sent, and a value of `-1' is + returned. If PID specifies sending a signal to several processes, + `kill' succeeds if it can send the signal to at least one of them. + There's no way you can tell which of the processes got the signal + or whether all of them did. + + The following `errno' error conditions are defined for this + function: + + `EINVAL' + The SIGNUM argument is an invalid or unsupported number. + + `EPERM' + You do not have the privilege to send a signal to the process + or any of the processes in the process group named by PID. + + `ESRCH' + The PID argument does not refer to an existing process or + group. + + -- Function: int killpg (int PGID, int SIGNUM) + This is similar to `kill', but sends signal SIGNUM to the process + group PGID. This function is provided for compatibility with BSD; + using `kill' to do this is more portable. + + As a simple example of `kill', the call `kill (getpid (), SIG)' has +the same effect as `raise (SIG)'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Permission for kill, Next: Kill Example, Prev: Signaling Another Process, Up: Generating Signals + +24.6.3 Permission for using `kill' +---------------------------------- + +There are restrictions that prevent you from using `kill' to send +signals to any random process. These are intended to prevent antisocial +behavior such as arbitrarily killing off processes belonging to another +user. In typical use, `kill' is used to pass signals between parent, +child, and sibling processes, and in these situations you normally do +have permission to send signals. The only common exception is when you +run a setuid program in a child process; if the program changes its +real UID as well as its effective UID, you may not have permission to +send a signal. The `su' program does this. + + Whether a process has permission to send a signal to another process +is determined by the user IDs of the two processes. This concept is +discussed in detail in *note Process Persona::. + + Generally, for a process to be able to send a signal to another +process, either the sending process must belong to a privileged user +(like `root'), or the real or effective user ID of the sending process +must match the real or effective user ID of the receiving process. If +the receiving process has changed its effective user ID from the +set-user-ID mode bit on its process image file, then the owner of the +process image file is used in place of its current effective user ID. +In some implementations, a parent process might be able to send signals +to a child process even if the user ID's don't match, and other +implementations might enforce other restrictions. + + The `SIGCONT' signal is a special case. It can be sent if the +sender is part of the same session as the receiver, regardless of user +IDs. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Kill Example, Prev: Permission for kill, Up: Generating Signals + +24.6.4 Using `kill' for Communication +------------------------------------- + +Here is a longer example showing how signals can be used for +interprocess communication. This is what the `SIGUSR1' and `SIGUSR2' +signals are provided for. Since these signals are fatal by default, +the process that is supposed to receive them must trap them through +`signal' or `sigaction'. + + In this example, a parent process forks a child process and then +waits for the child to complete its initialization. The child process +tells the parent when it is ready by sending it a `SIGUSR1' signal, +using the `kill' function. + + #include + #include + #include + #include + + /* When a `SIGUSR1' signal arrives, set this variable. */ + volatile sig_atomic_t usr_interrupt = 0; + + void + synch_signal (int sig) + { + usr_interrupt = 1; + } + + /* The child process executes this function. */ + void + child_function (void) + { + /* Perform initialization. */ + printf ("I'm here!!! My pid is %d.\n", (int) getpid ()); + + /* Let parent know you're done. */ + kill (getppid (), SIGUSR1); + + /* Continue with execution. */ + puts ("Bye, now...."); + exit (0); + } + + int + main (void) + { + struct sigaction usr_action; + sigset_t block_mask; + pid_t child_id; + + /* Establish the signal handler. */ + sigfillset (&block_mask); + usr_action.sa_handler = synch_signal; + usr_action.sa_mask = block_mask; + usr_action.sa_flags = 0; + sigaction (SIGUSR1, &usr_action, NULL); + + /* Create the child process. */ + child_id = fork (); + if (child_id == 0) + child_function (); /* Does not return. */ + + /* Busy wait for the child to send a signal. */ + while (!usr_interrupt) + ; + + /* Now continue execution. */ + puts ("That's all, folks!"); + + return 0; + } + + This example uses a busy wait, which is bad, because it wastes CPU +cycles that other programs could otherwise use. It is better to ask the +system to wait until the signal arrives. See the example in *note +Waiting for a Signal::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Blocking Signals, Next: Waiting for a Signal, Prev: Generating Signals, Up: Signal Handling + +24.7 Blocking Signals +===================== + +Blocking a signal means telling the operating system to hold it and +deliver it later. Generally, a program does not block signals +indefinitely--it might as well ignore them by setting their actions to +`SIG_IGN'. But it is useful to block signals briefly, to prevent them +from interrupting sensitive operations. For instance: + + * You can use the `sigprocmask' function to block signals while you + modify global variables that are also modified by the handlers for + these signals. + + * You can set `sa_mask' in your `sigaction' call to block certain + signals while a particular signal handler runs. This way, the + signal handler can run without being interrupted itself by signals. + +* Menu: + +* Why Block:: The purpose of blocking signals. +* Signal Sets:: How to specify which signals to + block. +* Process Signal Mask:: Blocking delivery of signals to your + process during normal execution. +* Testing for Delivery:: Blocking to Test for Delivery of + a Signal. +* Blocking for Handler:: Blocking additional signals while a + handler is being run. +* Checking for Pending Signals:: Checking for Pending Signals +* Remembering a Signal:: How you can get almost the same + effect as blocking a signal, by + handling it and setting a flag + to be tested later. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Why Block, Next: Signal Sets, Up: Blocking Signals + +24.7.1 Why Blocking Signals is Useful +------------------------------------- + +Temporary blocking of signals with `sigprocmask' gives you a way to +prevent interrupts during critical parts of your code. If signals +arrive in that part of the program, they are delivered later, after you +unblock them. + + One example where this is useful is for sharing data between a signal +handler and the rest of the program. If the type of the data is not +`sig_atomic_t' (*note Atomic Data Access::), then the signal handler +could run when the rest of the program has only half finished reading +or writing the data. This would lead to confusing consequences. + + To make the program reliable, you can prevent the signal handler from +running while the rest of the program is examining or modifying that +data--by blocking the appropriate signal around the parts of the +program that touch the data. + + Blocking signals is also necessary when you want to perform a certain +action only if a signal has not arrived. Suppose that the handler for +the signal sets a flag of type `sig_atomic_t'; you would like to test +the flag and perform the action if the flag is not set. This is +unreliable. Suppose the signal is delivered immediately after you test +the flag, but before the consequent action: then the program will +perform the action even though the signal has arrived. + + The only way to test reliably for whether a signal has yet arrived +is to test while the signal is blocked. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Signal Sets, Next: Process Signal Mask, Prev: Why Block, Up: Blocking Signals + +24.7.2 Signal Sets +------------------ + +All of the signal blocking functions use a data structure called a +"signal set" to specify what signals are affected. Thus, every +activity involves two stages: creating the signal set, and then passing +it as an argument to a library function. + + These facilities are declared in the header file `signal.h'. + + -- Data Type: sigset_t + The `sigset_t' data type is used to represent a signal set. + Internally, it may be implemented as either an integer or structure + type. + + For portability, use only the functions described in this section + to initialize, change, and retrieve information from `sigset_t' + objects--don't try to manipulate them directly. + + There are two ways to initialize a signal set. You can initially +specify it to be empty with `sigemptyset' and then add specified +signals individually. Or you can specify it to be full with +`sigfillset' and then delete specified signals individually. + + You must always initialize the signal set with one of these two +functions before using it in any other way. Don't try to set all the +signals explicitly because the `sigset_t' object might include some +other information (like a version field) that needs to be initialized as +well. (In addition, it's not wise to put into your program an +assumption that the system has no signals aside from the ones you know +about.) + + -- Function: int sigemptyset (sigset_t *SET) + This function initializes the signal set SET to exclude all of the + defined signals. It always returns `0'. + + -- Function: int sigfillset (sigset_t *SET) + This function initializes the signal set SET to include all of the + defined signals. Again, the return value is `0'. + + -- Function: int sigaddset (sigset_t *SET, int SIGNUM) + This function adds the signal SIGNUM to the signal set SET. All + `sigaddset' does is modify SET; it does not block or unblock any + signals. + + The return value is `0' on success and `-1' on failure. The + following `errno' error condition is defined for this function: + + `EINVAL' + The SIGNUM argument doesn't specify a valid signal. + + -- Function: int sigdelset (sigset_t *SET, int SIGNUM) + This function removes the signal SIGNUM from the signal set SET. + All `sigdelset' does is modify SET; it does not block or unblock + any signals. The return value and error conditions are the same + as for `sigaddset'. + + Finally, there is a function to test what signals are in a signal +set: + + -- Function: int sigismember (const sigset_t *SET, int SIGNUM) + The `sigismember' function tests whether the signal SIGNUM is a + member of the signal set SET. It returns `1' if the signal is in + the set, `0' if not, and `-1' if there is an error. + + The following `errno' error condition is defined for this function: + + `EINVAL' + The SIGNUM argument doesn't specify a valid signal. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Process Signal Mask, Next: Testing for Delivery, Prev: Signal Sets, Up: Blocking Signals + +24.7.3 Process Signal Mask +-------------------------- + +The collection of signals that are currently blocked is called the +"signal mask". Each process has its own signal mask. When you create +a new process (*note Creating a Process::), it inherits its parent's +mask. You can block or unblock signals with total flexibility by +modifying the signal mask. + + The prototype for the `sigprocmask' function is in `signal.h'. + + Note that you must not use `sigprocmask' in multi-threaded processes, +because each thread has its own signal mask and there is no single +process signal mask. According to POSIX, the behavior of `sigprocmask' +in a multi-threaded process is "unspecified". Instead, use +`pthread_sigmask'. + + -- Function: int sigprocmask (int HOW, const sigset_t *restrict SET, + sigset_t *restrict OLDSET) + The `sigprocmask' function is used to examine or change the calling + process's signal mask. The HOW argument determines how the signal + mask is changed, and must be one of the following values: + + `SIG_BLOCK' + Block the signals in `set'--add them to the existing mask. In + other words, the new mask is the union of the existing mask + and SET. + + `SIG_UNBLOCK' + Unblock the signals in SET--remove them from the existing + mask. + + `SIG_SETMASK' + Use SET for the mask; ignore the previous value of the mask. + + The last argument, OLDSET, is used to return information about the + old process signal mask. If you just want to change the mask + without looking at it, pass a null pointer as the OLDSET argument. + Similarly, if you want to know what's in the mask without changing + it, pass a null pointer for SET (in this case the HOW argument is + not significant). The OLDSET argument is often used to remember + the previous signal mask in order to restore it later. (Since the + signal mask is inherited over `fork' and `exec' calls, you can't + predict what its contents are when your program starts running.) + + If invoking `sigprocmask' causes any pending signals to be + unblocked, at least one of those signals is delivered to the + process before `sigprocmask' returns. The order in which pending + signals are delivered is not specified, but you can control the + order explicitly by making multiple `sigprocmask' calls to unblock + various signals one at a time. + + The `sigprocmask' function returns `0' if successful, and `-1' to + indicate an error. The following `errno' error conditions are + defined for this function: + + `EINVAL' + The HOW argument is invalid. + + You can't block the `SIGKILL' and `SIGSTOP' signals, but if the + signal set includes these, `sigprocmask' just ignores them instead + of returning an error status. + + Remember, too, that blocking program error signals such as `SIGFPE' + leads to undesirable results for signals generated by an actual + program error (as opposed to signals sent with `raise' or `kill'). + This is because your program may be too broken to be able to + continue executing to a point where the signal is unblocked again. + *Note Program Error Signals::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Testing for Delivery, Next: Blocking for Handler, Prev: Process Signal Mask, Up: Blocking Signals + +24.7.4 Blocking to Test for Delivery of a Signal +------------------------------------------------ + +Now for a simple example. Suppose you establish a handler for +`SIGALRM' signals that sets a flag whenever a signal arrives, and your +main program checks this flag from time to time and then resets it. +You can prevent additional `SIGALRM' signals from arriving in the +meantime by wrapping the critical part of the code with calls to +`sigprocmask', like this: + + /* This variable is set by the SIGALRM signal handler. */ + volatile sig_atomic_t flag = 0; + + int + main (void) + { + sigset_t block_alarm; + + ... + + /* Initialize the signal mask. */ + sigemptyset (&block_alarm); + sigaddset (&block_alarm, SIGALRM); + + while (1) + { + /* Check if a signal has arrived; if so, reset the flag. */ + sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, &block_alarm, NULL); + if (flag) + { + ACTIONS-IF-NOT-ARRIVED + flag = 0; + } + sigprocmask (SIG_UNBLOCK, &block_alarm, NULL); + + ... + } + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Blocking for Handler, Next: Checking for Pending Signals, Prev: Testing for Delivery, Up: Blocking Signals + +24.7.5 Blocking Signals for a Handler +------------------------------------- + +When a signal handler is invoked, you usually want it to be able to +finish without being interrupted by another signal. From the moment the +handler starts until the moment it finishes, you must block signals that +might confuse it or corrupt its data. + + When a handler function is invoked on a signal, that signal is +automatically blocked (in addition to any other signals that are already +in the process's signal mask) during the time the handler is running. +If you set up a handler for `SIGTSTP', for instance, then the arrival +of that signal forces further `SIGTSTP' signals to wait during the +execution of the handler. + + However, by default, other kinds of signals are not blocked; they can +arrive during handler execution. + + The reliable way to block other kinds of signals during the +execution of the handler is to use the `sa_mask' member of the +`sigaction' structure. + + Here is an example: + + #include + #include + + void catch_stop (); + + void + install_handler (void) + { + struct sigaction setup_action; + sigset_t block_mask; + + sigemptyset (&block_mask); + /* Block other terminal-generated signals while handler runs. */ + sigaddset (&block_mask, SIGINT); + sigaddset (&block_mask, SIGQUIT); + setup_action.sa_handler = catch_stop; + setup_action.sa_mask = block_mask; + setup_action.sa_flags = 0; + sigaction (SIGTSTP, &setup_action, NULL); + } + + This is more reliable than blocking the other signals explicitly in +the code for the handler. If you block signals explicitly in the +handler, you can't avoid at least a short interval at the beginning of +the handler where they are not yet blocked. + + You cannot remove signals from the process's current mask using this +mechanism. However, you can make calls to `sigprocmask' within your +handler to block or unblock signals as you wish. + + In any case, when the handler returns, the system restores the mask +that was in place before the handler was entered. If any signals that +become unblocked by this restoration are pending, the process will +receive those signals immediately, before returning to the code that was +interrupted. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Checking for Pending Signals, Next: Remembering a Signal, Prev: Blocking for Handler, Up: Blocking Signals + +24.7.6 Checking for Pending Signals +----------------------------------- + +You can find out which signals are pending at any time by calling +`sigpending'. This function is declared in `signal.h'. + + -- Function: int sigpending (sigset_t *SET) + The `sigpending' function stores information about pending signals + in SET. If there is a pending signal that is blocked from + delivery, then that signal is a member of the returned set. (You + can test whether a particular signal is a member of this set using + `sigismember'; see *note Signal Sets::.) + + The return value is `0' if successful, and `-1' on failure. + + Testing whether a signal is pending is not often useful. Testing +when that signal is not blocked is almost certainly bad design. + + Here is an example. + + #include + #include + + sigset_t base_mask, waiting_mask; + + sigemptyset (&base_mask); + sigaddset (&base_mask, SIGINT); + sigaddset (&base_mask, SIGTSTP); + + /* Block user interrupts while doing other processing. */ + sigprocmask (SIG_SETMASK, &base_mask, NULL); + ... + + /* After a while, check to see whether any signals are pending. */ + sigpending (&waiting_mask); + if (sigismember (&waiting_mask, SIGINT)) { + /* User has tried to kill the process. */ + } + else if (sigismember (&waiting_mask, SIGTSTP)) { + /* User has tried to stop the process. */ + } + + Remember that if there is a particular signal pending for your +process, additional signals of that same type that arrive in the +meantime might be discarded. For example, if a `SIGINT' signal is +pending when another `SIGINT' signal arrives, your program will +probably only see one of them when you unblock this signal. + + *Portability Note:* The `sigpending' function is new in POSIX.1. +Older systems have no equivalent facility. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Remembering a Signal, Prev: Checking for Pending Signals, Up: Blocking Signals + +24.7.7 Remembering a Signal to Act On Later +------------------------------------------- + +Instead of blocking a signal using the library facilities, you can get +almost the same results by making the handler set a flag to be tested +later, when you "unblock". Here is an example: + + /* If this flag is nonzero, don't handle the signal right away. */ + volatile sig_atomic_t signal_pending; + + /* This is nonzero if a signal arrived and was not handled. */ + volatile sig_atomic_t defer_signal; + + void + handler (int signum) + { + if (defer_signal) + signal_pending = signum; + else + ... /* "Really" handle the signal. */ + } + + ... + + void + update_mumble (int frob) + { + /* Prevent signals from having immediate effect. */ + defer_signal++; + /* Now update `mumble', without worrying about interruption. */ + mumble.a = 1; + mumble.b = hack (); + mumble.c = frob; + /* We have updated `mumble'. Handle any signal that came in. */ + defer_signal--; + if (defer_signal == 0 && signal_pending != 0) + raise (signal_pending); + } + + Note how the particular signal that arrives is stored in +`signal_pending'. That way, we can handle several types of +inconvenient signals with the same mechanism. + + We increment and decrement `defer_signal' so that nested critical +sections will work properly; thus, if `update_mumble' were called with +`signal_pending' already nonzero, signals would be deferred not only +within `update_mumble', but also within the caller. This is also why +we do not check `signal_pending' if `defer_signal' is still nonzero. + + The incrementing and decrementing of `defer_signal' each require more +than one instruction; it is possible for a signal to happen in the +middle. But that does not cause any problem. If the signal happens +early enough to see the value from before the increment or decrement, +that is equivalent to a signal which came before the beginning of the +increment or decrement, which is a case that works properly. + + It is absolutely vital to decrement `defer_signal' before testing +`signal_pending', because this avoids a subtle bug. If we did these +things in the other order, like this, + + if (defer_signal == 1 && signal_pending != 0) + raise (signal_pending); + defer_signal--; + +then a signal arriving in between the `if' statement and the decrement +would be effectively "lost" for an indefinite amount of time. The +handler would merely set `defer_signal', but the program having already +tested this variable, it would not test the variable again. + + Bugs like these are called "timing errors". They are especially bad +because they happen only rarely and are nearly impossible to reproduce. +You can't expect to find them with a debugger as you would find a +reproducible bug. So it is worth being especially careful to avoid +them. + + (You would not be tempted to write the code in this order, given the +use of `defer_signal' as a counter which must be tested along with +`signal_pending'. After all, testing for zero is cleaner than testing +for one. But if you did not use `defer_signal' as a counter, and gave +it values of zero and one only, then either order might seem equally +simple. This is a further advantage of using a counter for +`defer_signal': it will reduce the chance you will write the code in +the wrong order and create a subtle bug.) + + +File: libc.info, Node: Waiting for a Signal, Next: Signal Stack, Prev: Blocking Signals, Up: Signal Handling + +24.8 Waiting for a Signal +========================= + +If your program is driven by external events, or uses signals for +synchronization, then when it has nothing to do it should probably wait +until a signal arrives. + +* Menu: + +* Using Pause:: The simple way, using `pause'. +* Pause Problems:: Why the simple way is often not very good. +* Sigsuspend:: Reliably waiting for a specific signal. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Using Pause, Next: Pause Problems, Up: Waiting for a Signal + +24.8.1 Using `pause' +-------------------- + +The simple way to wait until a signal arrives is to call `pause'. +Please read about its disadvantages, in the following section, before +you use it. + + -- Function: int pause () + The `pause' function suspends program execution until a signal + arrives whose action is either to execute a handler function, or to + terminate the process. + + If the signal causes a handler function to be executed, then + `pause' returns. This is considered an unsuccessful return (since + "successful" behavior would be to suspend the program forever), so + the return value is `-1'. Even if you specify that other + primitives should resume when a system handler returns (*note + Interrupted Primitives::), this has no effect on `pause'; it + always fails when a signal is handled. + + The following `errno' error conditions are defined for this + function: + + `EINTR' + The function was interrupted by delivery of a signal. + + If the signal causes program termination, `pause' doesn't return + (obviously). + + This function is a cancellation point in multithreaded programs. + This is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like + memory, file descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time + `pause' is called. If the thread gets cancelled these resources + stay allocated until the program ends. To avoid this calls to + `pause' should be protected using cancellation handlers. + + The `pause' function is declared in `unistd.h'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Pause Problems, Next: Sigsuspend, Prev: Using Pause, Up: Waiting for a Signal + +24.8.2 Problems with `pause' +---------------------------- + +The simplicity of `pause' can conceal serious timing errors that can +make a program hang mysteriously. + + It is safe to use `pause' if the real work of your program is done +by the signal handlers themselves, and the "main program" does nothing +but call `pause'. Each time a signal is delivered, the handler will do +the next batch of work that is to be done, and then return, so that the +main loop of the program can call `pause' again. + + You can't safely use `pause' to wait until one more signal arrives, +and then resume real work. Even if you arrange for the signal handler +to cooperate by setting a flag, you still can't use `pause' reliably. +Here is an example of this problem: + + /* `usr_interrupt' is set by the signal handler. */ + if (!usr_interrupt) + pause (); + + /* Do work once the signal arrives. */ + ... + +This has a bug: the signal could arrive after the variable +`usr_interrupt' is checked, but before the call to `pause'. If no +further signals arrive, the process would never wake up again. + + You can put an upper limit on the excess waiting by using `sleep' in +a loop, instead of using `pause'. (*Note Sleeping::, for more about +`sleep'.) Here is what this looks like: + + /* `usr_interrupt' is set by the signal handler. + while (!usr_interrupt) + sleep (1); + + /* Do work once the signal arrives. */ + ... + + For some purposes, that is good enough. But with a little more +complexity, you can wait reliably until a particular signal handler is +run, using `sigsuspend'. *Note Sigsuspend::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Sigsuspend, Prev: Pause Problems, Up: Waiting for a Signal + +24.8.3 Using `sigsuspend' +------------------------- + +The clean and reliable way to wait for a signal to arrive is to block it +and then use `sigsuspend'. By using `sigsuspend' in a loop, you can +wait for certain kinds of signals, while letting other kinds of signals +be handled by their handlers. + + -- Function: int sigsuspend (const sigset_t *SET) + This function replaces the process's signal mask with SET and then + suspends the process until a signal is delivered whose action is + either to terminate the process or invoke a signal handling + function. In other words, the program is effectively suspended + until one of the signals that is not a member of SET arrives. + + If the process is woken up by delivery of a signal that invokes a + handler function, and the handler function returns, then + `sigsuspend' also returns. + + The mask remains SET only as long as `sigsuspend' is waiting. The + function `sigsuspend' always restores the previous signal mask + when it returns. + + The return value and error conditions are the same as for `pause'. + + With `sigsuspend', you can replace the `pause' or `sleep' loop in +the previous section with something completely reliable: + + sigset_t mask, oldmask; + + ... + + /* Set up the mask of signals to temporarily block. */ + sigemptyset (&mask); + sigaddset (&mask, SIGUSR1); + + ... + + /* Wait for a signal to arrive. */ + sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, &mask, &oldmask); + while (!usr_interrupt) + sigsuspend (&oldmask); + sigprocmask (SIG_UNBLOCK, &mask, NULL); + + This last piece of code is a little tricky. The key point to +remember here is that when `sigsuspend' returns, it resets the process's +signal mask to the original value, the value from before the call to +`sigsuspend'--in this case, the `SIGUSR1' signal is once again blocked. +The second call to `sigprocmask' is necessary to explicitly unblock +this signal. + + One other point: you may be wondering why the `while' loop is +necessary at all, since the program is apparently only waiting for one +`SIGUSR1' signal. The answer is that the mask passed to `sigsuspend' +permits the process to be woken up by the delivery of other kinds of +signals, as well--for example, job control signals. If the process is +woken up by a signal that doesn't set `usr_interrupt', it just suspends +itself again until the "right" kind of signal eventually arrives. + + This technique takes a few more lines of preparation, but that is +needed just once for each kind of wait criterion you want to use. The +code that actually waits is just four lines. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Signal Stack, Next: BSD Signal Handling, Prev: Waiting for a Signal, Up: Signal Handling + +24.9 Using a Separate Signal Stack +================================== + +A signal stack is a special area of memory to be used as the execution +stack during signal handlers. It should be fairly large, to avoid any +danger that it will overflow in turn; the macro `SIGSTKSZ' is defined +to a canonical size for signal stacks. You can use `malloc' to +allocate the space for the stack. Then call `sigaltstack' or +`sigstack' to tell the system to use that space for the signal stack. + + You don't need to write signal handlers differently in order to use a +signal stack. Switching from one stack to the other happens +automatically. (Some non-GNU debuggers on some machines may get +confused if you examine a stack trace while a handler that uses the +signal stack is running.) + + There are two interfaces for telling the system to use a separate +signal stack. `sigstack' is the older interface, which comes from 4.2 +BSD. `sigaltstack' is the newer interface, and comes from 4.4 BSD. +The `sigaltstack' interface has the advantage that it does not require +your program to know which direction the stack grows, which depends on +the specific machine and operating system. + + -- Data Type: stack_t + This structure describes a signal stack. It contains the + following members: + + `void *ss_sp' + This points to the base of the signal stack. + + `size_t ss_size' + This is the size (in bytes) of the signal stack which `ss_sp' + points to. You should set this to however much space you + allocated for the stack. + + There are two macros defined in `signal.h' that you should + use in calculating this size: + + `SIGSTKSZ' + This is the canonical size for a signal stack. It is + judged to be sufficient for normal uses. + + `MINSIGSTKSZ' + This is the amount of signal stack space the operating + system needs just to implement signal delivery. The + size of a signal stack *must* be greater than this. + + For most cases, just using `SIGSTKSZ' for `ss_size' is + sufficient. But if you know how much stack space your + program's signal handlers will need, you may want to use + a different size. In this case, you should allocate + `MINSIGSTKSZ' additional bytes for the signal stack and + increase `ss_size' accordingly. + + `int ss_flags' + This field contains the bitwise OR of these flags: + + `SS_DISABLE' + This tells the system that it should not use the signal + stack. + + `SS_ONSTACK' + This is set by the system, and indicates that the signal + stack is currently in use. If this bit is not set, then + signals will be delivered on the normal user stack. + + -- Function: int sigaltstack (const stack_t *restrict STACK, stack_t + *restrict OLDSTACK) + The `sigaltstack' function specifies an alternate stack for use + during signal handling. When a signal is received by the process + and its action indicates that the signal stack is used, the system + arranges a switch to the currently installed signal stack while + the handler for that signal is executed. + + If OLDSTACK is not a null pointer, information about the currently + installed signal stack is returned in the location it points to. + If STACK is not a null pointer, then this is installed as the new + stack for use by signal handlers. + + The return value is `0' on success and `-1' on failure. If + `sigaltstack' fails, it sets `errno' to one of these values: + + `EINVAL' + You tried to disable a stack that was in fact currently in + use. + + `ENOMEM' + The size of the alternate stack was too small. It must be + greater than `MINSIGSTKSZ'. + + Here is the older `sigstack' interface. You should use +`sigaltstack' instead on systems that have it. + + -- Data Type: struct sigstack + This structure describes a signal stack. It contains the + following members: + + `void *ss_sp' + This is the stack pointer. If the stack grows downwards on + your machine, this should point to the top of the area you + allocated. If the stack grows upwards, it should point to + the bottom. + + `int ss_onstack' + This field is true if the process is currently using this + stack. + + -- Function: int sigstack (const struct sigstack *STACK, struct + sigstack *OLDSTACK) + The `sigstack' function specifies an alternate stack for use during + signal handling. When a signal is received by the process and its + action indicates that the signal stack is used, the system + arranges a switch to the currently installed signal stack while + the handler for that signal is executed. + + If OLDSTACK is not a null pointer, information about the currently + installed signal stack is returned in the location it points to. + If STACK is not a null pointer, then this is installed as the new + stack for use by signal handlers. + + The return value is `0' on success and `-1' on failure. + + +File: libc.info, Node: BSD Signal Handling, Prev: Signal Stack, Up: Signal Handling + +24.10 BSD Signal Handling +========================= + +This section describes alternative signal handling functions derived +from BSD Unix. These facilities were an advance, in their time; today, +they are mostly obsolete, and supported mainly for compatibility with +BSD Unix. + + There are many similarities between the BSD and POSIX signal handling +facilities, because the POSIX facilities were inspired by the BSD +facilities. Besides having different names for all the functions to +avoid conflicts, the main differences between the two are: + + * BSD Unix represents signal masks as an `int' bit mask, rather than + as a `sigset_t' object. + + * The BSD facilities use a different default for whether an + interrupted primitive should fail or resume. The POSIX facilities + make system calls fail unless you specify that they should resume. + With the BSD facility, the default is to make system calls resume + unless you say they should fail. *Note Interrupted Primitives::. + + The BSD facilities are declared in `signal.h'. + +* Menu: + +* BSD Handler:: BSD Function to Establish a Handler. +* Blocking in BSD:: BSD Functions for Blocking Signals. + + +File: libc.info, Node: BSD Handler, Next: Blocking in BSD, Up: BSD Signal Handling + +24.10.1 BSD Function to Establish a Handler +------------------------------------------- + + -- Data Type: struct sigvec + This data type is the BSD equivalent of `struct sigaction' (*note + Advanced Signal Handling::); it is used to specify signal actions + to the `sigvec' function. It contains the following members: + + `sighandler_t sv_handler' + This is the handler function. + + `int sv_mask' + This is the mask of additional signals to be blocked while + the handler function is being called. + + `int sv_flags' + This is a bit mask used to specify various flags which affect + the behavior of the signal. You can also refer to this field + as `sv_onstack'. + +These symbolic constants can be used to provide values for the +`sv_flags' field of a `sigvec' structure. This field is a bit mask +value, so you bitwise-OR the flags of interest to you together. + + -- Macro: int SV_ONSTACK + If this bit is set in the `sv_flags' field of a `sigvec' + structure, it means to use the signal stack when delivering the + signal. + + -- Macro: int SV_INTERRUPT + If this bit is set in the `sv_flags' field of a `sigvec' + structure, it means that system calls interrupted by this kind of + signal should not be restarted if the handler returns; instead, + the system calls should return with a `EINTR' error status. *Note + Interrupted Primitives::. + + -- Macro: int SV_RESETHAND + If this bit is set in the `sv_flags' field of a `sigvec' + structure, it means to reset the action for the signal back to + `SIG_DFL' when the signal is received. + + -- Function: int sigvec (int SIGNUM, const struct sigvec + *ACTION,struct sigvec *OLD-ACTION) + This function is the equivalent of `sigaction' (*note Advanced + Signal Handling::); it installs the action ACTION for the signal + SIGNUM, returning information about the previous action in effect + for that signal in OLD-ACTION. + + -- Function: int siginterrupt (int SIGNUM, int FAILFLAG) + This function specifies which approach to use when certain + primitives are interrupted by handling signal SIGNUM. If FAILFLAG + is false, signal SIGNUM restarts primitives. If FAILFLAG is true, + handling SIGNUM causes these primitives to fail with error code + `EINTR'. *Note Interrupted Primitives::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Blocking in BSD, Prev: BSD Handler, Up: BSD Signal Handling + +24.10.2 BSD Functions for Blocking Signals +------------------------------------------ + + -- Macro: int sigmask (int SIGNUM) + This macro returns a signal mask that has the bit for signal SIGNUM + set. You can bitwise-OR the results of several calls to `sigmask' + together to specify more than one signal. For example, + + (sigmask (SIGTSTP) | sigmask (SIGSTOP) + | sigmask (SIGTTIN) | sigmask (SIGTTOU)) + + specifies a mask that includes all the job-control stop signals. + + -- Function: int sigblock (int MASK) + This function is equivalent to `sigprocmask' (*note Process Signal + Mask::) with a HOW argument of `SIG_BLOCK': it adds the signals + specified by MASK to the calling process's set of blocked signals. + The return value is the previous set of blocked signals. + + -- Function: int sigsetmask (int MASK) + This function equivalent to `sigprocmask' (*note Process Signal + Mask::) with a HOW argument of `SIG_SETMASK': it sets the calling + process's signal mask to MASK. The return value is the previous + set of blocked signals. + + -- Function: int sigpause (int MASK) + This function is the equivalent of `sigsuspend' (*note Waiting for + a Signal::): it sets the calling process's signal mask to MASK, + and waits for a signal to arrive. On return the previous set of + blocked signals is restored. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Program Basics, Next: Processes, Prev: Signal Handling, Up: Top + +25 The Basic Program/System Interface +************************************* + +"Processes" are the primitive units for allocation of system resources. +Each process has its own address space and (usually) one thread of +control. A process executes a program; you can have multiple processes +executing the same program, but each process has its own copy of the +program within its own address space and executes it independently of +the other copies. Though it may have multiple threads of control +within the same program and a program may be composed of multiple +logically separate modules, a process always executes exactly one +program. + + Note that we are using a specific definition of "program" for the +purposes of this manual, which corresponds to a common definition in the +context of Unix system. In popular usage, "program" enjoys a much +broader definition; it can refer for example to a system's kernel, an +editor macro, a complex package of software, or a discrete section of +code executing within a process. + + Writing the program is what this manual is all about. This chapter +explains the most basic interface between your program and the system +that runs, or calls, it. This includes passing of parameters (arguments +and environment) from the system, requesting basic services from the +system, and telling the system the program is done. + + A program starts another program with the `exec' family of system +calls. This chapter looks at program startup from the execee's point +of view. To see the event from the execor's point of view, see *note +Executing a File::. + +* Menu: + +* Program Arguments:: Parsing your program's command-line arguments. +* Environment Variables:: Less direct parameters affecting your program +* System Calls:: Requesting service from the system +* Program Termination:: Telling the system you're done; return status + + +File: libc.info, Node: Program Arguments, Next: Environment Variables, Up: Program Basics + +25.1 Program Arguments +====================== + +The system starts a C program by calling the function `main'. It is up +to you to write a function named `main'--otherwise, you won't even be +able to link your program without errors. + + In ISO C you can define `main' either to take no arguments, or to +take two arguments that represent the command line arguments to the +program, like this: + + int main (int ARGC, char *ARGV[]) + + The command line arguments are the whitespace-separated tokens given +in the shell command used to invoke the program; thus, in `cat foo +bar', the arguments are `foo' and `bar'. The only way a program can +look at its command line arguments is via the arguments of `main'. If +`main' doesn't take arguments, then you cannot get at the command line. + + The value of the ARGC argument is the number of command line +arguments. The ARGV argument is a vector of C strings; its elements +are the individual command line argument strings. The file name of the +program being run is also included in the vector as the first element; +the value of ARGC counts this element. A null pointer always follows +the last element: `ARGV[ARGC]' is this null pointer. + + For the command `cat foo bar', ARGC is 3 and ARGV has three +elements, `"cat"', `"foo"' and `"bar"'. + + In Unix systems you can define `main' a third way, using three +arguments: + + int main (int ARGC, char *ARGV[], char *ENVP[]) + + The first two arguments are just the same. The third argument ENVP +gives the program's environment; it is the same as the value of +`environ'. *Note Environment Variables::. POSIX.1 does not allow this +three-argument form, so to be portable it is best to write `main' to +take two arguments, and use the value of `environ'. + +* Menu: + +* Argument Syntax:: By convention, options start with a hyphen. +* Parsing Program Arguments:: Ways to parse program options and arguments. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Argument Syntax, Next: Parsing Program Arguments, Up: Program Arguments + +25.1.1 Program Argument Syntax Conventions +------------------------------------------ + +POSIX recommends these conventions for command line arguments. +`getopt' (*note Getopt::) and `argp_parse' (*note Argp::) make it easy +to implement them. + + * Arguments are options if they begin with a hyphen delimiter (`-'). + + * Multiple options may follow a hyphen delimiter in a single token if + the options do not take arguments. Thus, `-abc' is equivalent to + `-a -b -c'. + + * Option names are single alphanumeric characters (as for `isalnum'; + *note Classification of Characters::). + + * Certain options require an argument. For example, the `-o' command + of the `ld' command requires an argument--an output file name. + + * An option and its argument may or may not appear as separate + tokens. (In other words, the whitespace separating them is + optional.) Thus, `-o foo' and `-ofoo' are equivalent. + + * Options typically precede other non-option arguments. + + The implementations of `getopt' and `argp_parse' in the GNU C + library normally make it appear as if all the option arguments were + specified before all the non-option arguments for the purposes of + parsing, even if the user of your program intermixed option and + non-option arguments. They do this by reordering the elements of + the ARGV array. This behavior is nonstandard; if you want to + suppress it, define the `_POSIX_OPTION_ORDER' environment variable. + *Note Standard Environment::. + + * The argument `--' terminates all options; any following arguments + are treated as non-option arguments, even if they begin with a + hyphen. + + * A token consisting of a single hyphen character is interpreted as + an ordinary non-option argument. By convention, it is used to + specify input from or output to the standard input and output + streams. + + * Options may be supplied in any order, or appear multiple times. + The interpretation is left up to the particular application + program. + + GNU adds "long options" to these conventions. Long options consist +of `--' followed by a name made of alphanumeric characters and dashes. +Option names are typically one to three words long, with hyphens to +separate words. Users can abbreviate the option names as long as the +abbreviations are unique. + + To specify an argument for a long option, write `--NAME=VALUE'. +This syntax enables a long option to accept an argument that is itself +optional. + + Eventually, the GNU system will provide completion for long option +names in the shell. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Parsing Program Arguments, Prev: Argument Syntax, Up: Program Arguments + +25.1.2 Parsing Program Arguments +-------------------------------- + +If the syntax for the command line arguments to your program is simple +enough, you can simply pick the arguments off from ARGV by hand. But +unless your program takes a fixed number of arguments, or all of the +arguments are interpreted in the same way (as file names, for example), +you are usually better off using `getopt' (*note Getopt::) or +`argp_parse' (*note Argp::) to do the parsing. + + `getopt' is more standard (the short-option only version of it is a +part of the POSIX standard), but using `argp_parse' is often easier, +both for very simple and very complex option structures, because it +does more of the dirty work for you. + +* Menu: + +* Getopt:: Parsing program options using `getopt'. +* Argp:: Parsing program options using `argp_parse'. +* Suboptions:: Some programs need more detailed options. +* Suboptions Example:: This shows how it could be done for `mount'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Getopt, Next: Argp, Up: Parsing Program Arguments + +25.2 Parsing program options using `getopt' +=========================================== + +The `getopt' and `getopt_long' functions automate some of the chore +involved in parsing typical unix command line options. + +* Menu: + +* Using Getopt:: Using the `getopt' function. +* Example of Getopt:: An example of parsing options with `getopt'. +* Getopt Long Options:: GNU suggests utilities accept long-named + options; here is one way to do. +* Getopt Long Option Example:: An example of using `getopt_long'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Using Getopt, Next: Example of Getopt, Up: Getopt + +25.2.1 Using the `getopt' function +---------------------------------- + +Here are the details about how to call the `getopt' function. To use +this facility, your program must include the header file `unistd.h'. + + -- Variable: int opterr + If the value of this variable is nonzero, then `getopt' prints an + error message to the standard error stream if it encounters an + unknown option character or an option with a missing required + argument. This is the default behavior. If you set this variable + to zero, `getopt' does not print any messages, but it still + returns the character `?' to indicate an error. + + -- Variable: int optopt + When `getopt' encounters an unknown option character or an option + with a missing required argument, it stores that option character + in this variable. You can use this for providing your own + diagnostic messages. + + -- Variable: int optind + This variable is set by `getopt' to the index of the next element + of the ARGV array to be processed. Once `getopt' has found all of + the option arguments, you can use this variable to determine where + the remaining non-option arguments begin. The initial value of + this variable is `1'. + + -- Variable: char * optarg + This variable is set by `getopt' to point at the value of the + option argument, for those options that accept arguments. + + -- Function: int getopt (int ARGC, char **ARGV, const char *OPTIONS) + The `getopt' function gets the next option argument from the + argument list specified by the ARGV and ARGC arguments. Normally + these values come directly from the arguments received by `main'. + + The OPTIONS argument is a string that specifies the option + characters that are valid for this program. An option character + in this string can be followed by a colon (`:') to indicate that + it takes a required argument. If an option character is followed + by two colons (`::'), its argument is optional; this is a GNU + extension. + + `getopt' has three ways to deal with options that follow + non-options ARGV elements. The special argument `--' forces in + all cases the end of option scanning. + + * The default is to permute the contents of ARGV while scanning + it so that eventually all the non-options are at the end. + This allows options to be given in any order, even with + programs that were not written to expect this. + + * If the OPTIONS argument string begins with a hyphen (`-'), + this is treated specially. It permits arguments that are not + options to be returned as if they were associated with option + character `\1'. + + * POSIX demands the following behavior: The first non-option + stops option processing. This mode is selected by either + setting the environment variable `POSIXLY_CORRECT' or + beginning the OPTIONS argument string with a plus sign (`+'). + + The `getopt' function returns the option character for the next + command line option. When no more option arguments are available, + it returns `-1'. There may still be more non-option arguments; you + must compare the external variable `optind' against the ARGC + parameter to check this. + + If the option has an argument, `getopt' returns the argument by + storing it in the variable OPTARG. You don't ordinarily need to + copy the `optarg' string, since it is a pointer into the original + ARGV array, not into a static area that might be overwritten. + + If `getopt' finds an option character in ARGV that was not + included in OPTIONS, or a missing option argument, it returns `?' + and sets the external variable `optopt' to the actual option + character. If the first character of OPTIONS is a colon (`:'), + then `getopt' returns `:' instead of `?' to indicate a missing + option argument. In addition, if the external variable `opterr' + is nonzero (which is the default), `getopt' prints an error + message. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Example of Getopt, Next: Getopt Long Options, Prev: Using Getopt, Up: Getopt + +25.2.2 Example of Parsing Arguments with `getopt' +------------------------------------------------- + +Here is an example showing how `getopt' is typically used. The key +points to notice are: + + * Normally, `getopt' is called in a loop. When `getopt' returns + `-1', indicating no more options are present, the loop terminates. + + * A `switch' statement is used to dispatch on the return value from + `getopt'. In typical use, each case just sets a variable that is + used later in the program. + + * A second loop is used to process the remaining non-option + arguments. + + #include + #include + #include + #include + + int + main (int argc, char **argv) + { + int aflag = 0; + int bflag = 0; + char *cvalue = NULL; + int index; + int c; + + opterr = 0; + + while ((c = getopt (argc, argv, "abc:")) != -1) + switch (c) + { + case 'a': + aflag = 1; + break; + case 'b': + bflag = 1; + break; + case 'c': + cvalue = optarg; + break; + case '?': + if (optopt == 'c') + fprintf (stderr, "Option -%c requires an argument.\n", optopt); + else if (isprint (optopt)) + fprintf (stderr, "Unknown option `-%c'.\n", optopt); + else + fprintf (stderr, + "Unknown option character `\\x%x'.\n", + optopt); + return 1; + default: + abort (); + } + + printf ("aflag = %d, bflag = %d, cvalue = %s\n", + aflag, bflag, cvalue); + + for (index = optind; index < argc; index++) + printf ("Non-option argument %s\n", argv[index]); + return 0; + } + + Here are some examples showing what this program prints with +different combinations of arguments: + + % testopt + aflag = 0, bflag = 0, cvalue = (null) + + % testopt -a -b + aflag = 1, bflag = 1, cvalue = (null) + + % testopt -ab + aflag = 1, bflag = 1, cvalue = (null) + + % testopt -c foo + aflag = 0, bflag = 0, cvalue = foo + + % testopt -cfoo + aflag = 0, bflag = 0, cvalue = foo + + % testopt arg1 + aflag = 0, bflag = 0, cvalue = (null) + Non-option argument arg1 + + % testopt -a arg1 + aflag = 1, bflag = 0, cvalue = (null) + Non-option argument arg1 + + % testopt -c foo arg1 + aflag = 0, bflag = 0, cvalue = foo + Non-option argument arg1 + + % testopt -a -- -b + aflag = 1, bflag = 0, cvalue = (null) + Non-option argument -b + + % testopt -a - + aflag = 1, bflag = 0, cvalue = (null) + Non-option argument - + + +File: libc.info, Node: Getopt Long Options, Next: Getopt Long Option Example, Prev: Example of Getopt, Up: Getopt + +25.2.3 Parsing Long Options with `getopt_long' +---------------------------------------------- + +To accept GNU-style long options as well as single-character options, +use `getopt_long' instead of `getopt'. This function is declared in +`getopt.h', not `unistd.h'. You should make every program accept long +options if it uses any options, for this takes little extra work and +helps beginners remember how to use the program. + + -- Data Type: struct option + This structure describes a single long option name for the sake of + `getopt_long'. The argument LONGOPTS must be an array of these + structures, one for each long option. Terminate the array with an + element containing all zeros. + + The `struct option' structure has these fields: + + `const char *name' + This field is the name of the option. It is a string. + + `int has_arg' + This field says whether the option takes an argument. It is + an integer, and there are three legitimate values: + `no_argument', `required_argument' and `optional_argument'. + + `int *flag' + `int val' + These fields control how to report or act on the option when + it occurs. + + If `flag' is a null pointer, then the `val' is a value which + identifies this option. Often these values are chosen to + uniquely identify particular long options. + + If `flag' is not a null pointer, it should be the address of + an `int' variable which is the flag for this option. The + value in `val' is the value to store in the flag to indicate + that the option was seen. + + -- Function: int getopt_long (int ARGC, char *const *ARGV, const char + *SHORTOPTS, const struct option *LONGOPTS, int *INDEXPTR) + Decode options from the vector ARGV (whose length is ARGC). The + argument SHORTOPTS describes the short options to accept, just as + it does in `getopt'. The argument LONGOPTS describes the long + options to accept (see above). + + When `getopt_long' encounters a short option, it does the same + thing that `getopt' would do: it returns the character code for the + option, and stores the options argument (if it has one) in + `optarg'. + + When `getopt_long' encounters a long option, it takes actions based + on the `flag' and `val' fields of the definition of that option. + + If `flag' is a null pointer, then `getopt_long' returns the + contents of `val' to indicate which option it found. You should + arrange distinct values in the `val' field for options with + different meanings, so you can decode these values after + `getopt_long' returns. If the long option is equivalent to a short + option, you can use the short option's character code in `val'. + + If `flag' is not a null pointer, that means this option should just + set a flag in the program. The flag is a variable of type `int' + that you define. Put the address of the flag in the `flag' field. + Put in the `val' field the value you would like this option to + store in the flag. In this case, `getopt_long' returns `0'. + + For any long option, `getopt_long' tells you the index in the array + LONGOPTS of the options definition, by storing it into + `*INDEXPTR'. You can get the name of the option with + `LONGOPTS[*INDEXPTR].name'. So you can distinguish among long + options either by the values in their `val' fields or by their + indices. You can also distinguish in this way among long options + that set flags. + + When a long option has an argument, `getopt_long' puts the argument + value in the variable `optarg' before returning. When the option + has no argument, the value in `optarg' is a null pointer. This is + how you can tell whether an optional argument was supplied. + + When `getopt_long' has no more options to handle, it returns `-1', + and leaves in the variable `optind' the index in ARGV of the next + remaining argument. + + Since long option names were used before before the `getopt_long' +options was invented there are program interfaces which require programs +to recognize options like `-option value' instead of `--option value'. +To enable these programs to use the GNU getopt functionality there is +one more function available. + + -- Function: int getopt_long_only (int ARGC, char *const *ARGV, const + char *SHORTOPTS, const struct option *LONGOPTS, int *INDEXPTR) + The `getopt_long_only' function is equivalent to the `getopt_long' + function but it allows to specify the user of the application to + pass long options with only `-' instead of `--'. The `--' prefix + is still recognized but instead of looking through the short + options if a `-' is seen it is first tried whether this parameter + names a long option. If not, it is parsed as a short option. + + Assuming `getopt_long_only' is used starting an application with + + app -foo + + the `getopt_long_only' will first look for a long option named + `foo'. If this is not found, the short options `f', `o', and + again `o' are recognized. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Getopt Long Option Example, Prev: Getopt Long Options, Up: Getopt + +25.2.4 Example of Parsing Long Options with `getopt_long' +--------------------------------------------------------- + + #include + #include + #include + + /* Flag set by `--verbose'. */ + static int verbose_flag; + + int + main (argc, argv) + int argc; + char **argv; + { + int c; + + while (1) + { + static struct option long_options[] = + { + /* These options set a flag. */ + {"verbose", no_argument, &verbose_flag, 1}, + {"brief", no_argument, &verbose_flag, 0}, + /* These options don't set a flag. + We distinguish them by their indices. */ + {"add", no_argument, 0, 'a'}, + {"append", no_argument, 0, 'b'}, + {"delete", required_argument, 0, 'd'}, + {"create", required_argument, 0, 'c'}, + {"file", required_argument, 0, 'f'}, + {0, 0, 0, 0} + }; + /* `getopt_long' stores the option index here. */ + int option_index = 0; + + c = getopt_long (argc, argv, "abc:d:f:", + long_options, &option_index); + + /* Detect the end of the options. */ + if (c == -1) + break; + + switch (c) + { + case 0: + /* If this option set a flag, do nothing else now. */ + if (long_options[option_index].flag != 0) + break; + printf ("option %s", long_options[option_index].name); + if (optarg) + printf (" with arg %s", optarg); + printf ("\n"); + break; + + case 'a': + puts ("option -a\n"); + break; + + case 'b': + puts ("option -b\n"); + break; + + case 'c': + printf ("option -c with value `%s'\n", optarg); + break; + + case 'd': + printf ("option -d with value `%s'\n", optarg); + break; + + case 'f': + printf ("option -f with value `%s'\n", optarg); + break; + + case '?': + /* `getopt_long' already printed an error message. */ + break; + + default: + abort (); + } + } + + /* Instead of reporting `--verbose' + and `--brief' as they are encountered, + we report the final status resulting from them. */ + if (verbose_flag) + puts ("verbose flag is set"); + + /* Print any remaining command line arguments (not options). */ + if (optind < argc) + { + printf ("non-option ARGV-elements: "); + while (optind < argc) + printf ("%s ", argv[optind++]); + putchar ('\n'); + } + + exit (0); + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Argp, Next: Suboptions, Prev: Getopt, Up: Parsing Program Arguments + +25.3 Parsing Program Options with Argp +====================================== + +"Argp" is an interface for parsing unix-style argument vectors. *Note +Program Arguments::. + + Argp provides features unavailable in the more commonly used +`getopt' interface. These features include automatically producing +output in response to the `--help' and `--version' options, as +described in the GNU coding standards. Using argp makes it less likely +that programmers will neglect to implement these additional options or +keep them up to date. + + Argp also provides the ability to merge several independently defined +option parsers into one, mediating conflicts between them and making the +result appear seamless. A library can export an argp option parser that +user programs might employ in conjunction with their own option parsers, +resulting in less work for the user programs. Some programs may use +only argument parsers exported by libraries, thereby achieving +consistent and efficient option-parsing for abstractions implemented by +the libraries. + + The header file `' should be included to use argp. + +25.3.1 The `argp_parse' Function +-------------------------------- + +The main interface to argp is the `argp_parse' function. In many +cases, calling `argp_parse' is the only argument-parsing code needed in +`main'. *Note Program Arguments::. + + -- Function: error_t argp_parse (const struct argp *ARGP, int ARGC, + char **ARGV, unsigned FLAGS, int *ARG_INDEX, void *INPUT) + The `argp_parse' function parses the arguments in ARGV, of length + ARGC, using the argp parser ARGP. *Note Argp Parsers::. + + A value of zero is the same as a `struct argp'containing all + zeros. FLAGS is a set of flag bits that modify the parsing + behavior. *Note Argp Flags::. INPUT is passed through to the argp + parser ARGP, and has meaning defined by ARGP. A typical usage is + to pass a pointer to a structure which is used for specifying + parameters to the parser and passing back the results. + + Unless the `ARGP_NO_EXIT' or `ARGP_NO_HELP' flags are included in + FLAGS, calling `argp_parse' may result in the program exiting. + This behavior is true if an error is detected, or when an unknown + option is encountered. *Note Program Termination::. + + If ARG_INDEX is non-null, the index of the first unparsed option + in ARGV is returned as a value. + + The return value is zero for successful parsing, or an error code + (*note Error Codes::) if an error is detected. Different argp + parsers may return arbitrary error codes, but the standard error + codes are: `ENOMEM' if a memory allocation error occurred, or + `EINVAL' if an unknown option or option argument is encountered. + +* Menu: + +* Globals: Argp Global Variables. Global argp parameters. +* Parsers: Argp Parsers. Defining parsers for use with `argp_parse'. +* Flags: Argp Flags. Flags that modify the behavior of `argp_parse'. +* Help: Argp Help. Printing help messages when not parsing. +* Examples: Argp Examples. Simple examples of programs using argp. +* Customization: Argp User Customization. + Users may control the `--help' output format. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Argp Global Variables, Next: Argp Parsers, Up: Argp + +25.3.2 Argp Global Variables +---------------------------- + +These variables make it easy for user programs to implement the +`--version' option and provide a bug-reporting address in the `--help' +output. These are implemented in argp by default. + + -- Variable: const char * argp_program_version + If defined or set by the user program to a non-zero value, then a + `--version' option is added when parsing with `argp_parse', which + will print the `--version' string followed by a newline and exit. + The exception to this is if the `ARGP_NO_EXIT' flag is used. + + -- Variable: const char * argp_program_bug_address + If defined or set by the user program to a non-zero value, + `argp_program_bug_address' should point to a string that will be + printed at the end of the standard output for the `--help' option, + embedded in a sentence that says `Report bugs to ADDRESS.'. + + -- Variable: argp_program_version_hook + If defined or set by the user program to a non-zero value, a + `--version' option is added when parsing with `arg_parse', which + prints the program version and exits with a status of zero. This + is not the case if the `ARGP_NO_HELP' flag is used. If the + `ARGP_NO_EXIT' flag is set, the exit behavior of the program is + suppressed or modified, as when the argp parser is going to be + used by other programs. + + It should point to a function with this type of signature: + + void PRINT-VERSION (FILE *STREAM, struct argp_state *STATE) + + *Note Argp Parsing State::, for an explanation of STATE. + + This variable takes precedence over `argp_program_version', and is + useful if a program has version information not easily expressed + in a simple string. + + -- Variable: error_t argp_err_exit_status + This is the exit status used when argp exits due to a parsing + error. If not defined or set by the user program, this defaults + to: `EX_USAGE' from `'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Argp Parsers, Next: Argp Flags, Prev: Argp Global Variables, Up: Argp + +25.3.3 Specifying Argp Parsers +------------------------------ + +The first argument to the `argp_parse' function is a pointer to a +`struct argp', which is known as an "argp parser": + + -- Data Type: struct argp + This structure specifies how to parse a given set of options and + arguments, perhaps in conjunction with other argp parsers. It has + the following fields: + + `const struct argp_option *options' + A pointer to a vector of `argp_option' structures specifying + which options this argp parser understands; it may be zero if + there are no options at all. *Note Argp Option Vectors::. + + `argp_parser_t parser' + A pointer to a function that defines actions for this parser; + it is called for each option parsed, and at other + well-defined points in the parsing process. A value of zero + is the same as a pointer to a function that always returns + `ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN'. *Note Argp Parser Functions::. + + `const char *args_doc' + If non-zero, a string describing what non-option arguments + are called by this parser. This is only used to print the + `Usage:' message. If it contains newlines, the strings + separated by them are considered alternative usage patterns + and printed on separate lines. Lines after the first are + prefixed by ` or: ' instead of `Usage:'. + + `const char *doc' + If non-zero, a string containing extra text to be printed + before and after the options in a long help message, with the + two sections separated by a vertical tab (`'\v'', `'\013'') + character. By convention, the documentation before the + options is just a short string explaining what the program + does. Documentation printed after the options describe + behavior in more detail. + + `const struct argp_child *children' + A pointer to a vector of `argp_children' structures. This + pointer specifies which additional argp parsers should be + combined with this one. *Note Argp Children::. + + `char *(*help_filter)(int KEY, const char *TEXT, void *INPUT)' + If non-zero, a pointer to a function that filters the output + of help messages. *Note Argp Help Filtering::. + + `const char *argp_domain' + If non-zero, the strings used in the argp library are + translated using the domain described by this string. If + zero, the current default domain is used. + + + Of the above group, `options', `parser', `args_doc', and the `doc' +fields are usually all that are needed. If an argp parser is defined +as an initialized C variable, only the fields used need be specified in +the initializer. The rest will default to zero due to the way C +structure initialization works. This design is exploited in most argp +structures; the most-used fields are grouped near the beginning, the +unused fields left unspecified. + +* Menu: + +* Options: Argp Option Vectors. Specifying options in an argp parser. +* Argp Parser Functions:: Defining actions for an argp parser. +* Children: Argp Children. Combining multiple argp parsers. +* Help Filtering: Argp Help Filtering. Customizing help output for an argp parser. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Argp Option Vectors, Next: Argp Parser Functions, Prev: Argp Parsers, Up: Argp Parsers + +25.3.4 Specifying Options in an Argp Parser +------------------------------------------- + +The `options' field in a `struct argp' points to a vector of `struct +argp_option' structures, each of which specifies an option that the +argp parser supports. Multiple entries may be used for a single option +provided it has multiple names. This should be terminated by an entry +with zero in all fields. Note that when using an initialized C array +for options, writing `{ 0 }' is enough to achieve this. + + -- Data Type: struct argp_option + This structure specifies a single option that an argp parser + understands, as well as how to parse and document that option. It + has the following fields: + + `const char *name' + The long name for this option, corresponding to the long + option `--NAME'; this field may be zero if this option _only_ + has a short name. To specify multiple names for an option, + additional entries may follow this one, with the + `OPTION_ALIAS' flag set. *Note Argp Option Flags::. + + `int key' + The integer key provided by the current option to the option + parser. If KEY has a value that is a printable ASCII + character (i.e., `isascii (KEY)' is true), it _also_ + specifies a short option `-CHAR', where CHAR is the ASCII + character with the code KEY. + + `const char *arg' + If non-zero, this is the name of an argument associated with + this option, which must be provided (e.g., with the + `--NAME=VALUE' or `-CHAR VALUE' syntaxes), unless the + `OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL' flag (*note Argp Option Flags::) is + set, in which case it _may_ be provided. + + `int flags' + Flags associated with this option, some of which are referred + to above. *Note Argp Option Flags::. + + `const char *doc' + A documentation string for this option, for printing in help + messages. + + If both the `name' and `key' fields are zero, this string + will be printed tabbed left from the normal option column, + making it useful as a group header. This will be the first + thing printed in its group. In this usage, it's conventional + to end the string with a `:' character. + + `int group' + Group identity for this option. + + In a long help message, options are sorted alphabetically + within each group, and the groups presented in the order 0, + 1, 2, ..., N, -M, ..., -2, -1. + + Every entry in an options array with this field 0 will + inherit the group number of the previous entry, or zero if + it's the first one. If it's a group header with `name' and + `key' fields both zero, the previous entry + 1 is the + default. Automagic options such as `--help' are put into + group -1. + + Note that because of C structure initialization rules, this + field often need not be specified, because 0 is the correct + value. + +* Menu: + +* Flags: Argp Option Flags. Flags for options. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Argp Option Flags, Up: Argp Option Vectors + +25.3.4.1 Flags for Argp Options +............................... + +The following flags may be or'd together in the `flags' field of a +`struct argp_option'. These flags control various aspects of how that +option is parsed or displayed in help messages: + +`OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL' + The argument associated with this option is optional. + +`OPTION_HIDDEN' + This option isn't displayed in any help messages. + +`OPTION_ALIAS' + This option is an alias for the closest previous non-alias option. + This means that it will be displayed in the same help entry, and + will inherit fields other than `name' and `key' from the option + being aliased. + +`OPTION_DOC' + This option isn't actually an option and should be ignored by the + actual option parser. It is an arbitrary section of documentation + that should be displayed in much the same manner as the options. + This is known as a "documentation option". + + If this flag is set, then the option `name' field is displayed + unmodified (e.g., no `--' prefix is added) at the left-margin where + a _short_ option would normally be displayed, and this + documentation string is left in it's usual place. For purposes of + sorting, any leading whitespace and punctuation is ignored, unless + the first non-whitespace character is `-'. This entry is displayed + after all options, after `OPTION_DOC' entries with a leading `-', + in the same group. + +`OPTION_NO_USAGE' + This option shouldn't be included in `long' usage messages, but + should still be included in other help messages. This is intended + for options that are completely documented in an argp's `args_doc' + field. *Note Argp Parsers::. Including this option in the + generic usage list would be redundant, and should be avoided. + + For instance, if `args_doc' is `"FOO BAR\n-x BLAH"', and the `-x' + option's purpose is to distinguish these two cases, `-x' should + probably be marked `OPTION_NO_USAGE'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Argp Parser Functions, Next: Argp Children, Prev: Argp Option Vectors, Up: Argp Parsers + +25.3.5 Argp Parser Functions +---------------------------- + +The function pointed to by the `parser' field in a `struct argp' (*note +Argp Parsers::) defines what actions take place in response to each +option or argument parsed. It is also used as a hook, allowing a +parser to perform tasks at certain other points during parsing. + + Argp parser functions have the following type signature: + + error_t PARSER (int KEY, char *ARG, struct argp_state *STATE) + +where the arguments are as follows: + +KEY + For each option that is parsed, PARSER is called with a value of + KEY from that option's `key' field in the option vector. *Note + Argp Option Vectors::. PARSER is also called at other times with + special reserved keys, such as `ARGP_KEY_ARG' for non-option + arguments. *Note Argp Special Keys::. + +ARG + If KEY is an option, ARG is its given value. This defaults to + zero if no value is specified. Only options that have a non-zero + `arg' field can ever have a value. These must _always_ have a + value unless the `OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL' flag is specified. If the + input being parsed specifies a value for an option that doesn't + allow one, an error results before PARSER ever gets called. + + If KEY is `ARGP_KEY_ARG', ARG is a non-option argument. Other + special keys always have a zero ARG. + +STATE + STATE points to a `struct argp_state', containing useful + information about the current parsing state for use by PARSER. + *Note Argp Parsing State::. + + When PARSER is called, it should perform whatever action is +appropriate for KEY, and return `0' for success, `ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN' if +the value of KEY is not handled by this parser function, or a unix +error code if a real error occurred. *Note Error Codes::. + + -- Macro: int ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN + Argp parser functions should return `ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN' for any KEY + value they do not recognize, or for non-option arguments (`KEY == + ARGP_KEY_ARG') that they are not equipped to handle. + + A typical parser function uses a switch statement on KEY: + + error_t + parse_opt (int key, char *arg, struct argp_state *state) + { + switch (key) + { + case OPTION_KEY: + ACTION + break; + ... + default: + return ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN; + } + return 0; + } + +* Menu: + +* Keys: Argp Special Keys. Special values for the KEY argument. +* State: Argp Parsing State. What the STATE argument refers to. +* Functions: Argp Helper Functions. Functions to help during argp parsing. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Argp Special Keys, Next: Argp Parsing State, Up: Argp Parser Functions + +25.3.5.1 Special Keys for Argp Parser Functions +............................................... + +In addition to key values corresponding to user options, the KEY +argument to argp parser functions may have a number of other special +values. In the following example ARG and STATE refer to parser +function arguments. *Note Argp Parser Functions::. + +`ARGP_KEY_ARG' + This is not an option at all, but rather a command line argument, + whose value is pointed to by ARG. + + When there are multiple parser functions in play due to argp + parsers being combined, it's impossible to know which one will + handle a specific argument. Each is called until one returns 0 or + an error other than `ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN'; if an argument is not + handled, `argp_parse' immediately returns success, without parsing + any more arguments. + + Once a parser function returns success for this key, that fact is + recorded, and the `ARGP_KEY_NO_ARGS' case won't be used. + _However_, if while processing the argument a parser function + decrements the `next' field of its STATE argument, the option + won't be considered processed; this is to allow you to actually + modify the argument, perhaps into an option, and have it processed + again. + +`ARGP_KEY_ARGS' + If a parser function returns `ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN' for + `ARGP_KEY_ARG', it is immediately called again with the key + `ARGP_KEY_ARGS', which has a similar meaning, but is slightly more + convenient for consuming all remaining arguments. ARG is 0, and + the tail of the argument vector may be found at `STATE->argv + + STATE->next'. If success is returned for this key, and + `STATE->next' is unchanged, all remaining arguments are considered + to have been consumed. Otherwise, the amount by which + `STATE->next' has been adjusted indicates how many were used. + Here's an example that uses both, for different args: + + ... + case ARGP_KEY_ARG: + if (STATE->arg_num == 0) + /* First argument */ + first_arg = ARG; + else + /* Let the next case parse it. */ + return ARGP_KEY_UNKNOWN; + break; + case ARGP_KEY_ARGS: + remaining_args = STATE->argv + STATE->next; + num_remaining_args = STATE->argc - STATE->next; + break; + +`ARGP_KEY_END' + This indicates that there are no more command line arguments. + Parser functions are called in a different order, children first. + This allows each parser to clean up its state for the parent. + +`ARGP_KEY_NO_ARGS' + Because it's common to do some special processing if there aren't + any non-option args, parser functions are called with this key if + they didn't successfully process any non-option arguments. This + is called just before `ARGP_KEY_END', where more general validity + checks on previously parsed arguments take place. + +`ARGP_KEY_INIT' + This is passed in before any parsing is done. Afterwards, the + values of each element of the `child_input' field of STATE, if + any, are copied to each child's state to be the initial value of + the `input' when _their_ parsers are called. + +`ARGP_KEY_SUCCESS' + Passed in when parsing has successfully been completed, even if + arguments remain. + +`ARGP_KEY_ERROR' + Passed in if an error has occurred and parsing is terminated. In + this case a call with a key of `ARGP_KEY_SUCCESS' is never made. + +`ARGP_KEY_FINI' + The final key ever seen by any parser, even after + `ARGP_KEY_SUCCESS' and `ARGP_KEY_ERROR'. Any resources allocated + by `ARGP_KEY_INIT' may be freed here. At times, certain resources + allocated are to be returned to the caller after a successful + parse. In that case, those particular resources can be freed in + the `ARGP_KEY_ERROR' case. + + In all cases, `ARGP_KEY_INIT' is the first key seen by parser +functions, and `ARGP_KEY_FINI' the last, unless an error was returned +by the parser for `ARGP_KEY_INIT'. Other keys can occur in one the +following orders. OPT refers to an arbitrary option key: + +OPT... `ARGP_KEY_NO_ARGS' `ARGP_KEY_END' `ARGP_KEY_SUCCESS' + The arguments being parsed did not contain any non-option + arguments. + +( OPT | `ARGP_KEY_ARG' )... `ARGP_KEY_END' `ARGP_KEY_SUCCESS' + All non-option arguments were successfully handled by a parser + function. There may be multiple parser functions if multiple argp + parsers were combined. + +( OPT | `ARGP_KEY_ARG' )... `ARGP_KEY_SUCCESS' + Some non-option argument went unrecognized. + + This occurs when every parser function returns `ARGP_KEY_UNKNOWN' + for an argument, in which case parsing stops at that argument if + ARG_INDEX is a null pointer. Otherwise an error occurs. + + In all cases, if a non-null value for ARG_INDEX gets passed to +`argp_parse', the index of the first unparsed command-line argument is +passed back in that value. + + If an error occurs and is either detected by argp or because a parser +function returned an error value, each parser is called with +`ARGP_KEY_ERROR'. No further calls are made, except the final call +with `ARGP_KEY_FINI'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Argp Helper Functions, Prev: Argp Parsing State, Up: Argp Parser Functions + +25.3.5.2 Functions For Use in Argp Parsers +.......................................... + +Argp provides a number of functions available to the user of argp +(*note Argp Parser Functions::), mostly for producing error messages. +These take as their first argument the STATE argument to the parser +function. *Note Argp Parsing State::. + + -- Function: void argp_usage (const struct argp_state *STATE) + Outputs the standard usage message for the argp parser referred to + by STATE to `STATE->err_stream' and terminate the program with + `exit (argp_err_exit_status)'. *Note Argp Global Variables::. + + -- Function: void argp_error (const struct argp_state *STATE, const + char *FMT, ...) + Prints the printf format string FMT and following args, preceded + by the program name and `:', and followed by a `Try ... --help' + message, and terminates the program with an exit status of + `argp_err_exit_status'. *Note Argp Global Variables::. + + -- Function: void argp_failure (const struct argp_state *STATE, int + STATUS, int ERRNUM, const char *FMT, ...) + Similar to the standard gnu error-reporting function `error', this + prints the program name and `:', the printf format string FMT, and + the appropriate following args. If it is non-zero, the standard + unix error text for ERRNUM is printed. If STATUS is non-zero, it + terminates the program with that value as its exit status. + + The difference between `argp_failure' and `argp_error' is that + `argp_error' is for _parsing errors_, whereas `argp_failure' is + for other problems that occur during parsing but don't reflect a + syntactic problem with the input, such as illegal values for + options, bad phase of the moon, etc. + + -- Function: void argp_state_help (const struct argp_state *STATE, + FILE *STREAM, unsigned FLAGS) + Outputs a help message for the argp parser referred to by STATE, + to STREAM. The FLAGS argument determines what sort of help + message is produced. *Note Argp Help Flags::. + + Error output is sent to `STATE->err_stream', and the program name +printed is `STATE->name'. + + The output or program termination behavior of these functions may be +suppressed if the `ARGP_NO_EXIT' or `ARGP_NO_ERRS' flags are passed to +`argp_parse'. *Note Argp Flags::. + + This behavior is useful if an argp parser is exported for use by +other programs (e.g., by a library), and may be used in a context where +it is not desirable to terminate the program in response to parsing +errors. In argp parsers intended for such general use, and for the +case where the program _doesn't_ terminate, calls to any of these +functions should be followed by code that returns the appropriate error +code: + + if (BAD ARGUMENT SYNTAX) + { + argp_usage (STATE); + return EINVAL; + } + +If a parser function will _only_ be used when `ARGP_NO_EXIT' is not +set, the return may be omitted. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Argp Parsing State, Next: Argp Helper Functions, Prev: Argp Special Keys, Up: Argp Parser Functions + +25.3.5.3 Argp Parsing State +........................... + +The third argument to argp parser functions (*note Argp Parser +Functions::) is a pointer to a `struct argp_state', which contains +information about the state of the option parsing. + + -- Data Type: struct argp_state + This structure has the following fields, which may be modified as + noted: + + `const struct argp *const root_argp' + The top level argp parser being parsed. Note that this is + often _not_ the same `struct argp' passed into `argp_parse' by + the invoking program. *Note Argp::. It is an internal argp + parser that contains options implemented by `argp_parse' + itself, such as `--help'. + + `int argc' + `char **argv' + The argument vector being parsed. This may be modified. + + `int next' + The index in `argv' of the next argument to be parsed. This + may be modified. + + One way to consume all remaining arguments in the input is to + set `STATE->next = STATE->argc', perhaps after recording the + value of the `next' field to find the consumed arguments. The + current option can be re-parsed immediately by decrementing + this field, then modifying `STATE->argv[STATE->next]' to + reflect the option that should be reexamined. + + `unsigned flags' + The flags supplied to `argp_parse'. These may be modified, + although some flags may only take effect when `argp_parse' is + first invoked. *Note Argp Flags::. + + `unsigned arg_num' + While calling a parsing function with the KEY argument + `ARGP_KEY_ARG', this represents the number of the current arg, + starting at 0. It is incremented after each `ARGP_KEY_ARG' + call returns. At all other times, this is the number of + `ARGP_KEY_ARG' arguments that have been processed. + + `int quoted' + If non-zero, the index in `argv' of the first argument + following a special `--' argument. This prevents anything + that follows from being interpreted as an option. It is only + set after argument parsing has proceeded past this point. + + `void *input' + An arbitrary pointer passed in from the caller of + `argp_parse', in the INPUT argument. + + `void **child_inputs' + These are values that will be passed to child parsers. This + vector will be the same length as the number of children in + the current parser. Each child parser will be given the + value of `STATE->child_inputs[I]' as _its_ `STATE->input' + field, where I is the index of the child in the this parser's + `children' field. *Note Argp Children::. + + `void *hook' + For the parser function's use. Initialized to 0, but + otherwise ignored by argp. + + `char *name' + The name used when printing messages. This is initialized to + `argv[0]', or `program_invocation_name' if `argv[0]' is + unavailable. + + `FILE *err_stream' + `FILE *out_stream' + The stdio streams used when argp prints. Error messages are + printed to `err_stream', all other output, such as `--help' + output) to `out_stream'. These are initialized to `stderr' + and `stdout' respectively. *Note Standard Streams::. + + `void *pstate' + Private, for use by the argp implementation. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Argp Children, Next: Argp Help Filtering, Prev: Argp Parser Functions, Up: Argp Parsers + +25.3.6 Combining Multiple Argp Parsers +-------------------------------------- + +The `children' field in a `struct argp' enables other argp parsers to +be combined with the referencing one for the parsing of a single set of +arguments. This field should point to a vector of `struct argp_child', +which is terminated by an entry having a value of zero in the `argp' +field. + + Where conflicts between combined parsers arise, as when two specify +an option with the same name, the parser conflicts are resolved in +favor of the parent argp parser(s), or the earlier of the argp parsers +in the list of children. + + -- Data Type: struct argp_child + An entry in the list of subsidiary argp parsers pointed to by the + `children' field in a `struct argp'. The fields are as follows: + + `const struct argp *argp' + The child argp parser, or zero to end of the list. + + `int flags' + Flags for this child. + + `const char *header' + If non-zero, this is an optional header to be printed within + help output before the child options. As a side-effect, a + non-zero value forces the child options to be grouped + together. To achieve this effect without actually printing a + header string, use a value of `""'. As with header strings + specified in an option entry, the conventional value of the + last character is `:'. *Note Argp Option Vectors::. + + `int group' + This is where the child options are grouped relative to the + other `consolidated' options in the parent argp parser. The + values are the same as the `group' field in `struct + argp_option'. *Note Argp Option Vectors::. All + child-groupings follow parent options at a particular group + level. If both this field and `header' are zero, then the + child's options aren't grouped together, they are merged with + parent options at the parent option group level. + + + +File: libc.info, Node: Argp Flags, Next: Argp Help, Prev: Argp Parsers, Up: Argp + +25.3.7 Flags for `argp_parse' +----------------------------- + +The default behavior of `argp_parse' is designed to be convenient for +the most common case of parsing program command line argument. To +modify these defaults, the following flags may be or'd together in the +FLAGS argument to `argp_parse': + +`ARGP_PARSE_ARGV0' + Don't ignore the first element of the ARGV argument to + `argp_parse'. Unless `ARGP_NO_ERRS' is set, the first element of + the argument vector is skipped for option parsing purposes, as it + corresponds to the program name in a command line. + +`ARGP_NO_ERRS' + Don't print error messages for unknown options to `stderr'; unless + this flag is set, `ARGP_PARSE_ARGV0' is ignored, as `argv[0]' is + used as the program name in the error messages. This flag implies + `ARGP_NO_EXIT'. This is based on the assumption that silent + exiting upon errors is bad behavior. + +`ARGP_NO_ARGS' + Don't parse any non-option args. Normally these are parsed by + calling the parse functions with a key of `ARGP_KEY_ARG', the + actual argument being the value. This flag needn't normally be + set, as the default behavior is to stop parsing as soon as an + argument fails to be parsed. *Note Argp Parser Functions::. + +`ARGP_IN_ORDER' + Parse options and arguments in the same order they occur on the + command line. Normally they're rearranged so that all options + come first. + +`ARGP_NO_HELP' + Don't provide the standard long option `--help', which ordinarily + causes usage and option help information to be output to `stdout' + and `exit (0)'. + +`ARGP_NO_EXIT' + Don't exit on errors, although they may still result in error + messages. + +`ARGP_LONG_ONLY' + Use the gnu getopt `long-only' rules for parsing arguments. This + allows long-options to be recognized with only a single `-' (i.e., + `-help'). This results in a less useful interface, and its use is + discouraged as it conflicts with the way most GNU programs work as + well as the GNU coding standards. + +`ARGP_SILENT' + Turns off any message-printing/exiting options, specifically + `ARGP_NO_EXIT', `ARGP_NO_ERRS', and `ARGP_NO_HELP'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Argp Help Filtering, Prev: Argp Children, Up: Argp Parsers + +25.3.8 Customizing Argp Help Output +----------------------------------- + +The `help_filter' field in a `struct argp' is a pointer to a function +that filters the text of help messages before displaying them. They +have a function signature like: + + char *HELP-FILTER (int KEY, const char *TEXT, void *INPUT) + +Where KEY is either a key from an option, in which case TEXT is that +option's help text. *Note Argp Option Vectors::. Alternately, one of +the special keys with names beginning with `ARGP_KEY_HELP_' might be +used, describing which other help text TEXT will contain. *Note Argp +Help Filter Keys::. + + The function should return either TEXT if it remains as-is, or a +replacement string allocated using `malloc'. This will be either be +freed by argp or zero, which prints nothing. The value of TEXT is +supplied _after_ any translation has been done, so if any of the +replacement text needs translation, it will be done by the filter +function. INPUT is either the input supplied to `argp_parse' or it is +zero, if `argp_help' was called directly by the user. + +* Menu: + +* Keys: Argp Help Filter Keys. Special KEY values for help filter functions. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Argp Help Filter Keys, Up: Argp Help Filtering + +25.3.8.1 Special Keys for Argp Help Filter Functions +.................................................... + +The following special values may be passed to an argp help filter +function as the first argument in addition to key values for user +options. They specify which help text the TEXT argument contains: + +`ARGP_KEY_HELP_PRE_DOC' + The help text preceding options. + +`ARGP_KEY_HELP_POST_DOC' + The help text following options. + +`ARGP_KEY_HELP_HEADER' + The option header string. + +`ARGP_KEY_HELP_EXTRA' + This is used after all other documentation; TEXT is zero for this + key. + +`ARGP_KEY_HELP_DUP_ARGS_NOTE' + The explanatory note printed when duplicate option arguments have + been suppressed. + +`ARGP_KEY_HELP_ARGS_DOC' + The argument doc string; formally the `args_doc' field from the + argp parser. *Note Argp Parsers::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Argp Help, Next: Argp Examples, Prev: Argp Flags, Up: Argp + +25.3.9 The `argp_help' Function +------------------------------- + +Normally programs using argp need not be written with particular +printing argument-usage-type help messages in mind as the standard +`--help' option is handled automatically by argp. Typical error cases +can be handled using `argp_usage' and `argp_error'. *Note Argp Helper +Functions::. However, if it's desirable to print a help message in +some context other than parsing the program options, argp offers the +`argp_help' interface. + + -- Function: void argp_help (const struct argp *ARGP, FILE *STREAM, + unsigned FLAGS, char *NAME) + This outputs a help message for the argp parser ARGP to STREAM. + The type of messages printed will be determined by FLAGS. + + Any options such as `--help' that are implemented automatically by + argp itself will _not_ be present in the help output; for this + reason it is best to use `argp_state_help' if calling from within + an argp parser function. *Note Argp Helper Functions::. + +* Menu: + +* Flags: Argp Help Flags. Specifying what sort of help message to print. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Argp Help Flags, Up: Argp Help + +25.3.10 Flags for the `argp_help' Function +------------------------------------------ + +When calling `argp_help' (*note Argp Help::) or `argp_state_help' +(*note Argp Helper Functions::) the exact output is determined by the +FLAGS argument. This should consist of any of the following flags, +or'd together: + +`ARGP_HELP_USAGE' + A unix `Usage:' message that explicitly lists all options. + +`ARGP_HELP_SHORT_USAGE' + A unix `Usage:' message that displays an appropriate placeholder to + indicate where the options go; useful for showing the non-option + argument syntax. + +`ARGP_HELP_SEE' + A `Try ... for more help' message; `...' contains the program name + and `--help'. + +`ARGP_HELP_LONG' + A verbose option help message that gives each option available + along with its documentation string. + +`ARGP_HELP_PRE_DOC' + The part of the argp parser doc string preceding the verbose + option help. + +`ARGP_HELP_POST_DOC' + The part of the argp parser doc string that following the verbose + option help. + +`ARGP_HELP_DOC' + `(ARGP_HELP_PRE_DOC | ARGP_HELP_POST_DOC)' + +`ARGP_HELP_BUG_ADDR' + A message that prints where to report bugs for this program, if the + `argp_program_bug_address' variable contains this information. + +`ARGP_HELP_LONG_ONLY' + This will modify any output to reflect the `ARGP_LONG_ONLY' mode. + + The following flags are only understood when used with +`argp_state_help'. They control whether the function returns after +printing its output, or terminates the program: + +`ARGP_HELP_EXIT_ERR' + This will terminate the program with `exit (argp_err_exit_status)'. + +`ARGP_HELP_EXIT_OK' + This will terminate the program with `exit (0)'. + + The following flags are combinations of the basic flags for printing +standard messages: + +`ARGP_HELP_STD_ERR' + Assuming that an error message for a parsing error has printed, + this prints a message on how to get help, and terminates the + program with an error. + +`ARGP_HELP_STD_USAGE' + This prints a standard usage message and terminates the program + with an error. This is used when no other specific error messages + are appropriate or available. + +`ARGP_HELP_STD_HELP' + This prints the standard response for a `--help' option, and + terminates the program successfully. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Argp Examples, Next: Argp User Customization, Prev: Argp Help, Up: Argp + +25.3.11 Argp Examples +--------------------- + +These example programs demonstrate the basic usage of argp. + +* Menu: + +* 1: Argp Example 1. A minimal program using argp. +* 2: Argp Example 2. A program using only default options. +* 3: Argp Example 3. A simple program with user options. +* 4: Argp Example 4. Combining multiple argp parsers. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Argp Example 1, Next: Argp Example 2, Up: Argp Examples + +25.3.11.1 A Minimal Program Using Argp +...................................... + +This is perhaps the smallest program possible that uses argp. It won't +do much except give an error messages and exit when there are any +arguments, and prints a rather pointless message for `--help'. + + /* Argp example #1 - a minimal program using argp */ + + /* This is (probably) the smallest possible program that + uses argp. It won't do much except give an error + messages and exit when there are any arguments, and print + a (rather pointless) messages for -help. */ + + #include + + int main (int argc, char **argv) + { + argp_parse (0, argc, argv, 0, 0, 0); + exit (0); + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Argp Example 2, Next: Argp Example 3, Prev: Argp Example 1, Up: Argp Examples + +25.3.11.2 A Program Using Argp with Only Default Options +........................................................ + +This program doesn't use any options or arguments, it uses argp to be +compliant with the GNU standard command line format. + + In addition to giving no arguments and implementing a `--help' +option, this example has a `--version' option, which will put the given +documentation string and bug address in the `--help' output, as per GNU +standards. + + The variable `argp' contains the argument parser specification. +Adding fields to this structure is the way most parameters are passed +to `argp_parse'. The first three fields are normally used, but they +are not in this small program. There are also two global variables +that argp can use defined here, `argp_program_version' and +`argp_program_bug_address'. They are considered global variables +because they will almost always be constant for a given program, even +if they use different argument parsers for various tasks. + + /* Argp example #2 - a pretty minimal program using argp */ + + /* This program doesn't use any options or arguments, but uses + argp to be compliant with the GNU standard command line + format. + + In addition to making sure no arguments are given, and + implementing a -help option, this example will have a + -version option, and will put the given documentation string + and bug address in the -help output, as per GNU standards. + + The variable ARGP contains the argument parser specification; + adding fields to this structure is the way most parameters are + passed to argp_parse (the first three fields are usually used, + but not in this small program). There are also two global + variables that argp knows about defined here, + ARGP_PROGRAM_VERSION and ARGP_PROGRAM_BUG_ADDRESS (they are + global variables because they will almost always be constant + for a given program, even if it uses different argument + parsers for various tasks). */ + + #include + + const char *argp_program_version = + "argp-ex2 1.0"; + const char *argp_program_bug_address = + ""; + + /* Program documentation. */ + static char doc[] = + "Argp example #2 -- a pretty minimal program using argp"; + + /* Our argument parser. The `options', `parser', and + `args_doc' fields are zero because we have neither options or + arguments; `doc' and `argp_program_bug_address' will be + used in the output for `--help', and the `--version' + option will print out `argp_program_version'. */ + static struct argp argp = { 0, 0, 0, doc }; + + int main (int argc, char **argv) + { + argp_parse (&argp, argc, argv, 0, 0, 0); + exit (0); + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Argp Example 3, Next: Argp Example 4, Prev: Argp Example 2, Up: Argp Examples + +25.3.11.3 A Program Using Argp with User Options +................................................ + +This program uses the same features as example 2, adding user options +and arguments. + + We now use the first four fields in `argp' (*note Argp Parsers::) +and specify `parse_opt' as the parser function. *Note Argp Parser +Functions::. + + Note that in this example, `main' uses a structure to communicate +with the `parse_opt' function, a pointer to which it passes in the +`input' argument to `argp_parse'. *Note Argp::. It is retrieved by +`parse_opt' through the `input' field in its `state' argument. *Note +Argp Parsing State::. Of course, it's also possible to use global +variables instead, but using a structure like this is somewhat more +flexible and clean. + + /* Argp example #3 - a program with options and arguments using argp */ + + /* This program uses the same features as example 2, and uses options and + arguments. + + We now use the first four fields in ARGP, so here's a description of them: + OPTIONS - A pointer to a vector of struct argp_option (see below) + PARSER - A function to parse a single option, called by argp + ARGS_DOC - A string describing how the non-option arguments should look + DOC - A descriptive string about this program; if it contains a + vertical tab character (\v), the part after it will be + printed *following* the options + + The function PARSER takes the following arguments: + KEY - An integer specifying which option this is (taken + from the KEY field in each struct argp_option), or + a special key specifying something else; the only + special keys we use here are ARGP_KEY_ARG, meaning + a non-option argument, and ARGP_KEY_END, meaning + that all arguments have been parsed + ARG - For an option KEY, the string value of its + argument, or NULL if it has none + STATE- A pointer to a struct argp_state, containing + various useful information about the parsing state; used here + are the INPUT field, which reflects the INPUT argument to + argp_parse, and the ARG_NUM field, which is the number of the + current non-option argument being parsed + It should return either 0, meaning success, ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN, meaning the + given KEY wasn't recognized, or an errno value indicating some other + error. + + Note that in this example, main uses a structure to communicate with the + parse_opt function, a pointer to which it passes in the INPUT argument to + argp_parse. Of course, it's also possible to use global variables + instead, but this is somewhat more flexible. + + The OPTIONS field contains a pointer to a vector of struct argp_option's; + that structure has the following fields (if you assign your option + structures using array initialization like this example, unspecified + fields will be defaulted to 0, and need not be specified): + NAME - The name of this option's long option (may be zero) + KEY - The KEY to pass to the PARSER function when parsing this option, + *and* the name of this option's short option, if it is a + printable ascii character + ARG - The name of this option's argument, if any + FLAGS - Flags describing this option; some of them are: + OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL - The argument to this option is optional + OPTION_ALIAS - This option is an alias for the + previous option + OPTION_HIDDEN - Don't show this option in -help output + DOC - A documentation string for this option, shown in -help output + + An options vector should be terminated by an option with all fields zero. */ + + #include + + const char *argp_program_version = + "argp-ex3 1.0"; + const char *argp_program_bug_address = + ""; + + /* Program documentation. */ + static char doc[] = + "Argp example #3 -- a program with options and arguments using argp"; + + /* A description of the arguments we accept. */ + static char args_doc[] = "ARG1 ARG2"; + + /* The options we understand. */ + static struct argp_option options[] = { + {"verbose", 'v', 0, 0, "Produce verbose output" }, + {"quiet", 'q', 0, 0, "Don't produce any output" }, + {"silent", 's', 0, OPTION_ALIAS }, + {"output", 'o', "FILE", 0, + "Output to FILE instead of standard output" }, + { 0 } + }; + + /* Used by `main' to communicate with `parse_opt'. */ + struct arguments + { + char *args[2]; /* ARG1 & ARG2 */ + int silent, verbose; + char *output_file; + }; + + /* Parse a single option. */ + static error_t + parse_opt (int key, char *arg, struct argp_state *state) + { + /* Get the INPUT argument from `argp_parse', which we + know is a pointer to our arguments structure. */ + struct arguments *arguments = state->input; + + switch (key) + { + case 'q': case 's': + arguments->silent = 1; + break; + case 'v': + arguments->verbose = 1; + break; + case 'o': + arguments->output_file = arg; + break; + + case ARGP_KEY_ARG: + if (state->arg_num >= 2) + /* Too many arguments. */ + argp_usage (state); + + arguments->args[state->arg_num] = arg; + + break; + + case ARGP_KEY_END: + if (state->arg_num < 2) + /* Not enough arguments. */ + argp_usage (state); + break; + + default: + return ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN; + } + return 0; + } + + /* Our argp parser. */ + static struct argp argp = { options, parse_opt, args_doc, doc }; + + int main (int argc, char **argv) + { + struct arguments arguments; + + /* Default values. */ + arguments.silent = 0; + arguments.verbose = 0; + arguments.output_file = "-"; + + /* Parse our arguments; every option seen by `parse_opt' will + be reflected in `arguments'. */ + argp_parse (&argp, argc, argv, 0, 0, &arguments); + + printf ("ARG1 = %s\nARG2 = %s\nOUTPUT_FILE = %s\n" + "VERBOSE = %s\nSILENT = %s\n", + arguments.args[0], arguments.args[1], + arguments.output_file, + arguments.verbose ? "yes" : "no", + arguments.silent ? "yes" : "no"); + + exit (0); + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Argp Example 4, Prev: Argp Example 3, Up: Argp Examples + +25.3.11.4 A Program Using Multiple Combined Argp Parsers +........................................................ + +This program uses the same features as example 3, but has more options, +and presents more structure in the `--help' output. It also +illustrates how you can `steal' the remainder of the input arguments +past a certain point for programs that accept a list of items. It also +illustrates the KEY value `ARGP_KEY_NO_ARGS', which is only given if no +non-option arguments were supplied to the program. *Note Argp Special +Keys::. + + For structuring help output, two features are used: _headers_ and a +two part option string. The _headers_ are entries in the options +vector. *Note Argp Option Vectors::. The first four fields are zero. +The two part documentation string are in the variable `doc', which +allows documentation both before and after the options. *Note Argp +Parsers::, the two parts of `doc' are separated by a vertical-tab +character (`'\v'', or `'\013''). By convention, the documentation +before the options is a short string stating what the program does, and +after any options it is longer, describing the behavior in more detail. +All documentation strings are automatically filled for output, although +newlines may be included to force a line break at a particular point. +In addition, documentation strings are passed to the `gettext' +function, for possible translation into the current locale. + + /* Argp example #4 - a program with somewhat more complicated options */ + + /* This program uses the same features as example 3, but has more + options, and somewhat more structure in the -help output. It + also shows how you can `steal' the remainder of the input + arguments past a certain point, for programs that accept a + list of items. It also shows the special argp KEY value + ARGP_KEY_NO_ARGS, which is only given if no non-option + arguments were supplied to the program. + + For structuring the help output, two features are used, + *headers* which are entries in the options vector with the + first four fields being zero, and a two part documentation + string (in the variable DOC), which allows documentation both + before and after the options; the two parts of DOC are + separated by a vertical-tab character ('\v', or '\013'). By + convention, the documentation before the options is just a + short string saying what the program does, and that afterwards + is longer, describing the behavior in more detail. All + documentation strings are automatically filled for output, + although newlines may be included to force a line break at a + particular point. All documentation strings are also passed to + the `gettext' function, for possible translation into the + current locale. */ + + #include + #include + #include + + const char *argp_program_version = + "argp-ex4 1.0"; + const char *argp_program_bug_address = + ""; + + /* Program documentation. */ + static char doc[] = + "Argp example #4 -- a program with somewhat more complicated\ + options\ + \vThis part of the documentation comes *after* the options;\ + note that the text is automatically filled, but it's possible\ + to force a line-break, e.g.\n<-- here."; + + /* A description of the arguments we accept. */ + static char args_doc[] = "ARG1 [STRING...]"; + + /* Keys for options without short-options. */ + #define OPT_ABORT 1 /* -abort */ + + /* The options we understand. */ + static struct argp_option options[] = { + {"verbose", 'v', 0, 0, "Produce verbose output" }, + {"quiet", 'q', 0, 0, "Don't produce any output" }, + {"silent", 's', 0, OPTION_ALIAS }, + {"output", 'o', "FILE", 0, + "Output to FILE instead of standard output" }, + + {0,0,0,0, "The following options should be grouped together:" }, + {"repeat", 'r', "COUNT", OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL, + "Repeat the output COUNT (default 10) times"}, + {"abort", OPT_ABORT, 0, 0, "Abort before showing any output"}, + + { 0 } + }; + + /* Used by `main' to communicate with `parse_opt'. */ + struct arguments + { + char *arg1; /* ARG1 */ + char **strings; /* [STRING...] */ + int silent, verbose, abort; /* `-s', `-v', `--abort' */ + char *output_file; /* FILE arg to `--output' */ + int repeat_count; /* COUNT arg to `--repeat' */ + }; + + /* Parse a single option. */ + static error_t + parse_opt (int key, char *arg, struct argp_state *state) + { + /* Get the `input' argument from `argp_parse', which we + know is a pointer to our arguments structure. */ + struct arguments *arguments = state->input; + + switch (key) + { + case 'q': case 's': + arguments->silent = 1; + break; + case 'v': + arguments->verbose = 1; + break; + case 'o': + arguments->output_file = arg; + break; + case 'r': + arguments->repeat_count = arg ? atoi (arg) : 10; + break; + case OPT_ABORT: + arguments->abort = 1; + break; + + case ARGP_KEY_NO_ARGS: + argp_usage (state); + + case ARGP_KEY_ARG: + /* Here we know that `state->arg_num == 0', since we + force argument parsing to end before any more arguments can + get here. */ + arguments->arg1 = arg; + + /* Now we consume all the rest of the arguments. + `state->next' is the index in `state->argv' of the + next argument to be parsed, which is the first STRING + we're interested in, so we can just use + `&state->argv[state->next]' as the value for + arguments->strings. + + _In addition_, by setting `state->next' to the end + of the arguments, we can force argp to stop parsing here and + return. */ + arguments->strings = &state->argv[state->next]; + state->next = state->argc; + + break; + + default: + return ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN; + } + return 0; + } + + /* Our argp parser. */ + static struct argp argp = { options, parse_opt, args_doc, doc }; + + int main (int argc, char **argv) + { + int i, j; + struct arguments arguments; + + /* Default values. */ + arguments.silent = 0; + arguments.verbose = 0; + arguments.output_file = "-"; + arguments.repeat_count = 1; + arguments.abort = 0; + + /* Parse our arguments; every option seen by `parse_opt' will be + reflected in `arguments'. */ + argp_parse (&argp, argc, argv, 0, 0, &arguments); + + if (arguments.abort) + error (10, 0, "ABORTED"); + + for (i = 0; i < arguments.repeat_count; i++) + { + printf ("ARG1 = %s\n", arguments.arg1); + printf ("STRINGS = "); + for (j = 0; arguments.strings[j]; j++) + printf (j == 0 ? "%s" : ", %s", arguments.strings[j]); + printf ("\n"); + printf ("OUTPUT_FILE = %s\nVERBOSE = %s\nSILENT = %s\n", + arguments.output_file, + arguments.verbose ? "yes" : "no", + arguments.silent ? "yes" : "no"); + } + + exit (0); + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Argp User Customization, Prev: Argp Examples, Up: Argp + +25.3.12 Argp User Customization +------------------------------- + +The formatting of argp `--help' output may be controlled to some extent +by a program's users, by setting the `ARGP_HELP_FMT' environment +variable to a comma-separated list of tokens. Whitespace is ignored: + +`dup-args' +`no-dup-args' + These turn "duplicate-argument-mode" on or off. In duplicate + argument mode, if an option that accepts an argument has multiple + names, the argument is shown for each name. Otherwise, it is only + shown for the first long option. A note is subsequently printed + so the user knows that it applies to other names as well. The + default is `no-dup-args', which is less consistent, but prettier. + +`dup-args-note' + +`no-dup-args-note' + These will enable or disable the note informing the user of + suppressed option argument duplication. The default is + `dup-args-note'. + +`short-opt-col=N' + This prints the first short option in column N. The default is 2. + +`long-opt-col=N' + This prints the first long option in column N. The default is 6. + +`doc-opt-col=N' + This prints `documentation options' (*note Argp Option Flags::) in + column N. The default is 2. + +`opt-doc-col=N' + This prints the documentation for options starting in column N. + The default is 29. + +`header-col=N' + This will indent the group headers that document groups of options + to column N. The default is 1. + +`usage-indent=N' + This will indent continuation lines in `Usage:' messages to column + N. The default is 12. + +`rmargin=N' + This will word wrap help output at or before column N. The default + is 79. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Suboptions, Next: Suboptions Example, Prev: Argp, Up: Parsing Program Arguments + +25.3.12.1 Parsing of Suboptions +............................... + +Having a single level of options is sometimes not enough. There might +be too many options which have to be available or a set of options is +closely related. + + For this case some programs use suboptions. One of the most +prominent programs is certainly `mount'(8). The `-o' option take one +argument which itself is a comma separated list of options. To ease the +programming of code like this the function `getsubopt' is available. + + -- Function: int getsubopt (char **OPTIONP, const char* const *TOKENS, + char **VALUEP) + The OPTIONP parameter must be a pointer to a variable containing + the address of the string to process. When the function returns + the reference is updated to point to the next suboption or to the + terminating `\0' character if there is no more suboption available. + + The TOKENS parameter references an array of strings containing the + known suboptions. All strings must be `\0' terminated and to mark + the end a null pointer must be stored. When `getsubopt' finds a + possible legal suboption it compares it with all strings available + in the TOKENS array and returns the index in the string as the + indicator. + + In case the suboption has an associated value introduced by a `=' + character, a pointer to the value is returned in VALUEP. The + string is `\0' terminated. If no argument is available VALUEP is + set to the null pointer. By doing this the caller can check + whether a necessary value is given or whether no unexpected value + is present. + + In case the next suboption in the string is not mentioned in the + TOKENS array the starting address of the suboption including a + possible value is returned in VALUEP and the return value of the + function is `-1'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Suboptions Example, Prev: Suboptions, Up: Parsing Program Arguments + +25.3.13 Parsing of Suboptions Example +------------------------------------- + +The code which might appear in the `mount'(8) program is a perfect +example of the use of `getsubopt': + + #include + #include + #include + + int do_all; + const char *type; + int read_size; + int write_size; + int read_only; + + enum + { + RO_OPTION = 0, + RW_OPTION, + READ_SIZE_OPTION, + WRITE_SIZE_OPTION, + THE_END + }; + + const char *mount_opts[] = + { + [RO_OPTION] = "ro", + [RW_OPTION] = "rw", + [READ_SIZE_OPTION] = "rsize", + [WRITE_SIZE_OPTION] = "wsize", + [THE_END] = NULL + }; + + int + main (int argc, char *argv[]) + { + char *subopts, *value; + int opt; + + while ((opt = getopt (argc, argv, "at:o:")) != -1) + switch (opt) + { + case 'a': + do_all = 1; + break; + case 't': + type = optarg; + break; + case 'o': + subopts = optarg; + while (*subopts != '\0') + switch (getsubopt (&subopts, mount_opts, &value)) + { + case RO_OPTION: + read_only = 1; + break; + case RW_OPTION: + read_only = 0; + break; + case READ_SIZE_OPTION: + if (value == NULL) + abort (); + read_size = atoi (value); + break; + case WRITE_SIZE_OPTION: + if (value == NULL) + abort (); + write_size = atoi (value); + break; + default: + /* Unknown suboption. */ + printf ("Unknown suboption `%s'\n", value); + break; + } + break; + default: + abort (); + } + + /* Do the real work. */ + + return 0; + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Environment Variables, Next: System Calls, Prev: Program Arguments, Up: Program Basics + +25.4 Environment Variables +========================== + +When a program is executed, it receives information about the context in +which it was invoked in two ways. The first mechanism uses the ARGV +and ARGC arguments to its `main' function, and is discussed in *note +Program Arguments::. The second mechanism uses "environment variables" +and is discussed in this section. + + The ARGV mechanism is typically used to pass command-line arguments +specific to the particular program being invoked. The environment, on +the other hand, keeps track of information that is shared by many +programs, changes infrequently, and that is less frequently used. + + The environment variables discussed in this section are the same +environment variables that you set using assignments and the `export' +command in the shell. Programs executed from the shell inherit all of +the environment variables from the shell. + + Standard environment variables are used for information about the +user's home directory, terminal type, current locale, and so on; you +can define additional variables for other purposes. The set of all +environment variables that have values is collectively known as the +"environment". + + Names of environment variables are case-sensitive and must not +contain the character `='. System-defined environment variables are +invariably uppercase. + + The values of environment variables can be anything that can be +represented as a string. A value must not contain an embedded null +character, since this is assumed to terminate the string. + +* Menu: + +* Environment Access:: How to get and set the values of + environment variables. +* Standard Environment:: These environment variables have + standard interpretations. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Environment Access, Next: Standard Environment, Up: Environment Variables + +25.4.1 Environment Access +------------------------- + +The value of an environment variable can be accessed with the `getenv' +function. This is declared in the header file `stdlib.h'. +Modifications of enviroment variables are not allowed in Multi-threaded +programs. The `getenv' function can be safely used in multi-threaded +programs + + -- Function: char * getenv (const char *NAME) + This function returns a string that is the value of the environment + variable NAME. You must not modify this string. In some non-Unix + systems not using the GNU library, it might be overwritten by + subsequent calls to `getenv' (but not by any other library + function). If the environment variable NAME is not defined, the + value is a null pointer. + + -- Function: int putenv (char *STRING) + The `putenv' function adds or removes definitions from the + environment. If the STRING is of the form `NAME=VALUE', the + definition is added to the environment. Otherwise, the STRING is + interpreted as the name of an environment variable, and any + definition for this variable in the environment is removed. + + The difference to the `setenv' function is that the exact string + given as the parameter STRING is put into the environment. If the + user should change the string after the `putenv' call this will + reflect in automatically in the environment. This also requires + that STRING is no automatic variable which scope is left before the + variable is removed from the environment. The same applies of + course to dynamically allocated variables which are freed later. + + This function is part of the extended Unix interface. Since it + was also available in old SVID libraries you should define either + _XOPEN_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE before including any header. + + -- Function: int setenv (const char *NAME, const char *VALUE, int + REPLACE) + The `setenv' function can be used to add a new definition to the + environment. The entry with the name NAME is replaced by the + value `NAME=VALUE'. Please note that this is also true if VALUE + is the empty string. To do this a new string is created and the + strings NAME and VALUE are copied. A null pointer for the VALUE + parameter is illegal. If the environment already contains an + entry with key NAME the REPLACE parameter controls the action. If + replace is zero, nothing happens. Otherwise the old entry is + replaced by the new one. + + Please note that you cannot remove an entry completely using this + function. + + This function was originally part of the BSD library but is now + part of the Unix standard. + + -- Function: int unsetenv (const char *NAME) + Using this function one can remove an entry completely from the + environment. If the environment contains an entry with the key + NAME this whole entry is removed. A call to this function is + equivalent to a call to `putenv' when the VALUE part of the string + is empty. + + The function return `-1' if NAME is a null pointer, points to an + empty string, or points to a string containing a `=' character. + It returns `0' if the call succeeded. + + This function was originally part of the BSD library but is now + part of the Unix standard. The BSD version had no return value, + though. + + There is one more function to modify the whole environment. This +function is said to be used in the POSIX.9 (POSIX bindings for Fortran +77) and so one should expect it did made it into POSIX.1. But this +never happened. But we still provide this function as a GNU extension +to enable writing standard compliant Fortran environments. + + -- Function: int clearenv (void) + The `clearenv' function removes all entries from the environment. + Using `putenv' and `setenv' new entries can be added again later. + + If the function is successful it returns `0'. Otherwise the return + value is nonzero. + + You can deal directly with the underlying representation of +environment objects to add more variables to the environment (for +example, to communicate with another program you are about to execute; +*note Executing a File::). + + -- Variable: char ** environ + The environment is represented as an array of strings. Each + string is of the format `NAME=VALUE'. The order in which strings + appear in the environment is not significant, but the same NAME + must not appear more than once. The last element of the array is + a null pointer. + + This variable is declared in the header file `unistd.h'. + + If you just want to get the value of an environment variable, use + `getenv'. + + Unix systems, and the GNU system, pass the initial value of +`environ' as the third argument to `main'. *Note Program Arguments::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Standard Environment, Prev: Environment Access, Up: Environment Variables + +25.4.2 Standard Environment Variables +------------------------------------- + +These environment variables have standard meanings. This doesn't mean +that they are always present in the environment; but if these variables +_are_ present, they have these meanings. You shouldn't try to use +these environment variable names for some other purpose. + +`HOME' + This is a string representing the user's "home directory", or + initial default working directory. + + The user can set `HOME' to any value. If you need to make sure to + obtain the proper home directory for a particular user, you should + not use `HOME'; instead, look up the user's name in the user + database (*note User Database::). + + For most purposes, it is better to use `HOME', precisely because + this lets the user specify the value. + +`LOGNAME' + This is the name that the user used to log in. Since the value in + the environment can be tweaked arbitrarily, this is not a reliable + way to identify the user who is running a program; a function like + `getlogin' (*note Who Logged In::) is better for that purpose. + + For most purposes, it is better to use `LOGNAME', precisely because + this lets the user specify the value. + +`PATH' + A "path" is a sequence of directory names which is used for + searching for a file. The variable `PATH' holds a path used for + searching for programs to be run. + + The `execlp' and `execvp' functions (*note Executing a File::) use + this environment variable, as do many shells and other utilities + which are implemented in terms of those functions. + + The syntax of a path is a sequence of directory names separated by + colons. An empty string instead of a directory name stands for the + current directory (*note Working Directory::). + + A typical value for this environment variable might be a string + like: + + :/bin:/etc:/usr/bin:/usr/new/X11:/usr/new:/usr/local/bin + + This means that if the user tries to execute a program named `foo', + the system will look for files named `foo', `/bin/foo', + `/etc/foo', and so on. The first of these files that exists is + the one that is executed. + +`TERM' + This specifies the kind of terminal that is receiving program + output. Some programs can make use of this information to take + advantage of special escape sequences or terminal modes supported + by particular kinds of terminals. Many programs which use the + termcap library (*note Find: (termcap)Finding a Terminal + Description.) use the `TERM' environment variable, for example. + +`TZ' + This specifies the time zone. *Note TZ Variable::, for + information about the format of this string and how it is used. + +`LANG' + This specifies the default locale to use for attribute categories + where neither `LC_ALL' nor the specific environment variable for + that category is set. *Note Locales::, for more information about + locales. + +`LC_ALL' + If this environment variable is set it overrides the selection for + all the locales done using the other `LC_*' environment variables. + The value of the other `LC_*' environment variables is simply + ignored in this case. + +`LC_COLLATE' + This specifies what locale to use for string sorting. + +`LC_CTYPE' + This specifies what locale to use for character sets and character + classification. + +`LC_MESSAGES' + This specifies what locale to use for printing messages and to + parse responses. + +`LC_MONETARY' + This specifies what locale to use for formatting monetary values. + +`LC_NUMERIC' + This specifies what locale to use for formatting numbers. + +`LC_TIME' + This specifies what locale to use for formatting date/time values. + +`NLSPATH' + This specifies the directories in which the `catopen' function + looks for message translation catalogs. + +`_POSIX_OPTION_ORDER' + If this environment variable is defined, it suppresses the usual + reordering of command line arguments by `getopt' and `argp_parse'. + *Note Argument Syntax::. + + + +File: libc.info, Node: System Calls, Next: Program Termination, Prev: Environment Variables, Up: Program Basics + +25.5 System Calls +================= + +A system call is a request for service that a program makes of the +kernel. The service is generally something that only the kernel has +the privilege to do, such as doing I/O. Programmers don't normally +need to be concerned with system calls because there are functions in +the GNU C library to do virtually everything that system calls do. +These functions work by making system calls themselves. For example, +there is a system call that changes the permissions of a file, but you +don't need to know about it because you can just use the GNU C +library's `chmod' function. + + System calls are sometimes called kernel calls. + + However, there are times when you want to make a system call +explicitly, and for that, the GNU C library provides the `syscall' +function. `syscall' is harder to use and less portable than functions +like `chmod', but easier and more portable than coding the system call +in assembler instructions. + + `syscall' is most useful when you are working with a system call +which is special to your system or is newer than the GNU C library you +are using. `syscall' is implemented in an entirely generic way; the +function does not know anything about what a particular system call +does or even if it is valid. + + The description of `syscall' in this section assumes a certain +protocol for system calls on the various platforms on which the GNU C +library runs. That protocol is not defined by any strong authority, but +we won't describe it here either because anyone who is coding `syscall' +probably won't accept anything less than kernel and C library source +code as a specification of the interface between them anyway. + + `syscall' is declared in `unistd.h'. + + -- Function: long int syscall (long int SYSNO, ...) + `syscall' performs a generic system call. + + SYSNO is the system call number. Each kind of system call is + identified by a number. Macros for all the possible system call + numbers are defined in `sys/syscall.h' + + The remaining arguments are the arguments for the system call, in + order, and their meanings depend on the kind of system call. Each + kind of system call has a definite number of arguments, from zero + to five. If you code more arguments than the system call takes, + the extra ones to the right are ignored. + + The return value is the return value from the system call, unless + the system call failed. In that case, `syscall' returns `-1' and + sets `errno' to an error code that the system call returned. Note + that system calls do not return `-1' when they succeed. + + If you specify an invalid SYSNO, `syscall' returns `-1' with + `errno' = `ENOSYS'. + + Example: + + + #include + #include + #include + + ... + + int rc; + + rc = syscall(SYS_chmod, "/etc/passwd", 0444); + + if (rc == -1) + fprintf(stderr, "chmod failed, errno = %d\n", errno); + + This, if all the compatibility stars are aligned, is equivalent to + the following preferable code: + + + #include + #include + #include + + ... + + int rc; + + rc = chmod("/etc/passwd", 0444); + if (rc == -1) + fprintf(stderr, "chmod failed, errno = %d\n", errno); + + + +File: libc.info, Node: Program Termination, Prev: System Calls, Up: Program Basics + +25.6 Program Termination +======================== + +The usual way for a program to terminate is simply for its `main' +function to return. The "exit status value" returned from the `main' +function is used to report information back to the process's parent +process or shell. + + A program can also terminate normally by calling the `exit' function. + + In addition, programs can be terminated by signals; this is +discussed in more detail in *note Signal Handling::. The `abort' +function causes a signal that kills the program. + +* Menu: + +* Normal Termination:: If a program calls `exit', a + process terminates normally. +* Exit Status:: The `exit status' provides information + about why the process terminated. +* Cleanups on Exit:: A process can run its own cleanup + functions upon normal termination. +* Aborting a Program:: The `abort' function causes + abnormal program termination. +* Termination Internals:: What happens when a process terminates. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Normal Termination, Next: Exit Status, Up: Program Termination + +25.6.1 Normal Termination +------------------------- + +A process terminates normally when its program signals it is done by +calling `exit'. Returning from `main' is equivalent to calling `exit', +and the value that `main' returns is used as the argument to `exit'. + + -- Function: void exit (int STATUS) + The `exit' function tells the system that the program is done, + which causes it to terminate the process. + + STATUS is the program's exit status, which becomes part of the + process' termination status. This function does not return. + + Normal termination causes the following actions: + + 1. Functions that were registered with the `atexit' or `on_exit' + functions are called in the reverse order of their registration. + This mechanism allows your application to specify its own + "cleanup" actions to be performed at program termination. + Typically, this is used to do things like saving program state + information in a file, or unlocking locks in shared data bases. + + 2. All open streams are closed, writing out any buffered output data. + See *note Closing Streams::. In addition, temporary files opened + with the `tmpfile' function are removed; see *note Temporary + Files::. + + 3. `_exit' is called, terminating the program. *Note Termination + Internals::. + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/sigusr.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/sigusr.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +@group +#include +#include +#include +#include +@end group + +/* @r{When a @code{SIGUSR1} signal arrives, set this variable.} */ +volatile sig_atomic_t usr_interrupt = 0; + +void +synch_signal (int sig) +@{ + usr_interrupt = 1; +@} + +/* @r{The child process executes this function.} */ +void +child_function (void) +@{ + /* @r{Perform initialization.} */ + printf ("I'm here!!! My pid is %d.\n", (int) getpid ()); + + /* @r{Let parent know you're done.} */ + kill (getppid (), SIGUSR1); + + /* @r{Continue with execution.} */ + puts ("Bye, now...."); + exit (0); +@} + +int +main (void) +@{ + struct sigaction usr_action; + sigset_t block_mask; + pid_t child_id; + + /* @r{Establish the signal handler.} */ + sigfillset (&block_mask); + usr_action.sa_handler = synch_signal; + usr_action.sa_mask = block_mask; + usr_action.sa_flags = 0; + sigaction (SIGUSR1, &usr_action, NULL); + + /* @r{Create the child process.} */ + child_id = fork (); + if (child_id == 0) + child_function (); /* @r{Does not return.} */ + +@group + /* @r{Busy wait for the child to send a signal.} */ + while (!usr_interrupt) + ; +@end group + + /* @r{Now continue execution.} */ + puts ("That's all, folks!"); + + return 0; +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/chapters.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/chapters.texi @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +@include intro.texi +@include errno.texi +@include memory.texi +@include ctype.texi +@include string.texi +@include charset.texi +@include locale.texi +@include message.texi +@include search.texi +@include pattern.texi +@include io.texi +@include stdio.texi +@include llio.texi +@include filesys.texi +@include pipe.texi +@include socket.texi +@include terminal.texi +@include syslog.texi +@include math.texi +@include arith.texi +@include time.texi +@include resource.texi +@include setjmp.texi +@include signal.texi +@include startup.texi +@include process.texi +@include job.texi +@include nss.texi +@include users.texi +@include sysinfo.texi +@include conf.texi +@include crypt.texi +@include debug.texi +@include lang.texi +@include header.texi +@include install.texi +@include maint.texi +@include contrib.texi --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/filecli.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/filecli.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#define SERVER "/tmp/serversocket" +#define CLIENT "/tmp/mysocket" +#define MAXMSG 512 +#define MESSAGE "Yow!!! Are we having fun yet?!?" + +int +main (void) +@{ + extern int make_named_socket (const char *name); + int sock; + char message[MAXMSG]; + struct sockaddr_un name; + size_t size; + int nbytes; + + /* @r{Make the socket.} */ + sock = make_named_socket (CLIENT); + + /* @r{Initialize the server socket address.} */ + name.sun_family = AF_LOCAL; + strcpy (name.sun_path, SERVER); + size = strlen (name.sun_path) + sizeof (name.sun_family); + + /* @r{Send the datagram.} */ + nbytes = sendto (sock, MESSAGE, strlen (MESSAGE) + 1, 0, + (struct sockaddr *) & name, size); + if (nbytes < 0) + @{ + perror ("sendto (client)"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + @} + + /* @r{Wait for a reply.} */ + nbytes = recvfrom (sock, message, MAXMSG, 0, NULL, 0); + if (nbytes < 0) + @{ + perror ("recfrom (client)"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + @} + + /* @r{Print a diagnostic message.} */ + fprintf (stderr, "Client: got message: %s\n", message); + + /* @r{Clean up.} */ + remove (CLIENT); + close (sock); +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/mkfsock.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/mkfsock.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +int +make_named_socket (const char *filename) +@{ + struct sockaddr_un name; + int sock; + size_t size; + + /* @r{Create the socket.} */ + sock = socket (PF_LOCAL, SOCK_DGRAM, 0); + if (sock < 0) + @{ + perror ("socket"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + @} + + /* @r{Bind a name to the socket.} */ + name.sun_family = AF_LOCAL; + strncpy (name.sun_path, filename, sizeof (name.sun_path)); + name.sun_path[sizeof (name.sun_path) - 1] = '\0'; + + /* @r{The size of the address is + the offset of the start of the filename, + plus its length, + plus one for the terminating null byte. + Alternatively you can just do: + size = SUN_LEN (&name); +} */ + size = (offsetof (struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + + strlen (name.sun_path) + 1); + + if (bind (sock, (struct sockaddr *) &name, size) < 0) + @{ + perror ("bind"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + @} + + return sock; +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc.info-9 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc.info-9 @@ -0,0 +1,10730 @@ +This is libc.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from libc.texinfo. + +INFO-DIR-SECTION Software libraries +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* Libc: (libc). C library. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + +INFO-DIR-SECTION GNU C library functions and macros +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* ALTWERASE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN: (libc)Argp Parser Functions. +* ARG_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* BC_BASE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_DIM_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_SCALE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_STRING_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BRKINT: (libc)Input Modes. +* BUFSIZ: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* CCTS_OFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CHILD_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* CIGNORE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLK_TCK: (libc)CPU Time. +* CLOCAL: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLOCKS_PER_SEC: (libc)CPU Time. +* COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* CPU_CLR: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ISSET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SETSIZE: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ZERO: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CREAD: (libc)Control Modes. +* CRTS_IFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS5: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS6: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS7: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS8: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSIZE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSTOPB: (libc)Control Modes. +* DES_FAILED: (libc)DES Encryption. +* DTTOIF: (libc)Directory Entries. +* E2BIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EACCES: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRINUSE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRNOTAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAGAIN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EALREADY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBACKGROUND: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADF: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADFD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRQC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADSLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBFONT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBUSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECANCELED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHILD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOCTL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOK: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOKE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHONL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOPRT: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECOMM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNABORTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNREFUSED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDESTADDRREQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDIED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOTDOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDQUOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EEXIST: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFAULT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFBIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGRATUITOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGREGIOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIDRM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EILSEQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINPROGRESS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINVAL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYEXPIRED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREJECTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREVOKED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2NSYNC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3RST: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBACC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBBAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBMAX: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBSCN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELNRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELOOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMEDIUMTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMSGSIZE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMULTIHOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAMETOOLONG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENEEDAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOANO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOBUFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOCSI: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODATA: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOENT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOKEY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEDIUM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENONET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPKG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPROTOOPT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSYS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTBLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTEMPTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTRECOVERABLE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSUP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTUNIQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENXIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* EOPNOTSUPP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOVERFLOW: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOWNERDEAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPERM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCLIM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTONOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTOTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EQUIV_CLASS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* ERANGE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMCHG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERESTART: (libc)Error Codes. +* EROFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERPCMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESHUTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESOCKTNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRMNT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTALE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTRPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIME: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIMEDOUT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETOOMANYREFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETXTBSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUCLEAN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUNATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUSERS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EWOULDBLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXDEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXFULL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXIT_FAILURE: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXIT_SUCCESS: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXPR_NEST_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* FD_CLOEXEC: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* FD_CLR: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ISSET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SETSIZE: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ZERO: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FILENAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* FLUSHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* FOPEN_MAX: (libc)Opening Streams. +* FP_ILOGB0: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* FP_ILOGBNAN: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* F_DUPFD: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* F_GETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_GETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_GETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_GETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* F_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* F_SETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_SETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_SETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETLKW: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* HUGE_VAL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALF: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUPCL: (libc)Control Modes. +* I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* ICANON: (libc)Local Modes. +* ICRNL: (libc)Input Modes. +* IEXTEN: (libc)Local Modes. +* IFNAMSIZ: (libc)Interface Naming. +* IFTODT: (libc)Directory Entries. +* IGNBRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNPAR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IMAXBEL: (libc)Input Modes. +* INADDR_ANY: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_BROADCAST: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_LOOPBACK: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_NONE: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INFINITY: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* INLCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* INPCK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IPPORT_RESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* IPPORT_USERRESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* ISIG: (libc)Local Modes. +* ISTRIP: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXANY: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXOFF: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXON: (libc)Input Modes. +* LINE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* LINK_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* L_ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* L_cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* L_tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* MAXNAMLEN: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAXSYMLINKS: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* MAX_CANON: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAX_INPUT: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MB_CUR_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MB_LEN_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MDMBUF: (libc)Control Modes. +* MSG_DONTROUTE: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_OOB: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_PEEK: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* NAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* NAN: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* NCCS: (libc)Mode Data Types. +* NGROUPS_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* NOFLSH: (libc)Local Modes. +* NOKERNINFO: (libc)Local Modes. +* NSIG: (libc)Standard Signals. +* NULL: (libc)Null Pointer Constant. +* ONLCR: (libc)Output Modes. +* ONOEOT: (libc)Output Modes. +* OPEN_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* OPOST: (libc)Output Modes. +* OXTABS: (libc)Output Modes. +* O_ACCMODE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_APPEND: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_ASYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_CREAT: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXCL: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXEC: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_EXLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_FSYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_IGNORE_CTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NDELAY: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOATIME: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOCTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NOLINK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOTRANS: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_RDONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_RDWR: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_READ: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_SHLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_SYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_TRUNC: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_WRITE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_WRONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* PARENB: (libc)Control Modes. +* PARMRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* PARODD: (libc)Control Modes. +* PATH_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* PA_FLAG_MASK: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* PENDIN: (libc)Local Modes. +* PF_FILE: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_INET6: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_INET: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_LOCAL: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_UNIX: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PIPE_BUF: (libc)Limits for Files. +* P_tmpdir: (libc)Temporary Files. +* RAND_MAX: (libc)ISO Random. +* RE_DUP_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* RLIM_INFINITY: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* R_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* SA_NOCLDSTOP: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_ONSTACK: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_RESTART: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SEEK_CUR: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_END: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_SET: (libc)File Positioning. +* SIGABRT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGBUS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGCHLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCONT: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGEMT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGFPE: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGHUP: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGILL: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGINFO: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGINT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGIO: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGIOT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGKILL: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGLOST: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPIPE: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPOLL: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGPROF: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGQUIT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGSEGV: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGSTOP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGSYS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTERM: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGTRAP: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTSTP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTIN: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTOU: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGURG: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGUSR1: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGUSR2: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGVTALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGWINCH: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGXCPU: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGXFSZ: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIG_ERR: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* SOCK_DGRAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RAW: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RDM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_SEQPACKET: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_STREAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOL_SOCKET: (libc)Socket-Level Options. +* SSIZE_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* STREAM_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* SUN_LEN: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* SV_INTERRUPT: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_ONSTACK: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_RESETHAND: (libc)BSD Handler. +* S_IFMT: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISBLK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISCHR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISDIR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISFIFO: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISLNK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISREG: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISSOCK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISMQ: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSEM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSHM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* TMP_MAX: (libc)Temporary Files. +* TOSTOP: (libc)Local Modes. +* TZNAME_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* VDISCARD: (libc)Other Special. +* VDSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VEOF: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL2: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VINTR: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VKILL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VLNEXT: (libc)Other Special. +* VMIN: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VQUIT: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VREPRINT: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VSTART: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSTATUS: (libc)Other Special. +* VSTOP: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VTIME: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VWERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* WCHAR_MAX: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCHAR_MIN: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCOREDUMP: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WEOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* WEOF: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WEXITSTATUS: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFEXITED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSIGNALED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSTOPPED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WSTOPSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WTERMSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* W_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* X_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* _Complex_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _Exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _IOFBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IOLBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IONBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _Imaginary_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _PATH_UTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _PATH_WTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _POSIX2_C_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_C_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* _POSIX2_FORT_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_FORT_RUN: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_LOCALEDEF: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_SW_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_NO_TRUNC: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_SAVED_IDS: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_VDISABLE: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* __fbufsize: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __flbf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpending: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpurge: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* __freadable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __freading: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fsetlocking: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* __fwritable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fwriting: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __gconv_end_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_init_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __va_copy: (libc)Argument Macros. +* _exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _flushlbf: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* _tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* _toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* a64l: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* abort: (libc)Aborting a Program. +* abs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* accept: (libc)Accepting Connections. +* access: (libc)Testing File Access. +* acos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* addmntent: (libc)mtab. +* addseverity: (libc)Adding Severity Classes. +* adjtime: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* adjtimex: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* aio_cancel64: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_cancel: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_error64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_error: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_init: (libc)Configuration of AIO. +* aio_read64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_read: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_return64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_return: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_write64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_write: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* alarm: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* alloca: (libc)Variable Size Automatic. +* alphasort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* alphasort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* argp_error: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_failure: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_help: (libc)Argp Help. +* argp_parse: (libc)Argp. +* argp_state_help: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_usage: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argz_add: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_add_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_append: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_count: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_delete: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_extract: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_insert: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_next: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_replace: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_stringify: (libc)Argz Functions. +* asctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asprintf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* assert: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* assert_perror: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* atan2: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2f: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2l: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atexit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* atof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* atoi: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* backtrace: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols_fd: (libc)Backtraces. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* bcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* bcopy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* bind: (libc)Setting Address. +* bind_textdomain_codeset: (libc)Charset conversion in gettext. +* bindtextdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* brk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* bsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* btowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* bzero: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* cabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cacos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* calloc: (libc)Allocating Cleared Space. +* canonicalize_file_name: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* carg: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* casin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catclose: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catgets: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catopen: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* cbc_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* cbrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ccos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ceil: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceilf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceill: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* cexp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cfgetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfgetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfmakeraw: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* cfree: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* cfsetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetspeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* chdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* chmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* chown: (libc)File Owner. +* cimag: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* clearenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* clearerr: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clearerr_unlocked: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clock: (libc)CPU Time. +* clog10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* close: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* closedir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* closelog: (libc)closelog. +* confstr: (libc)String Parameters. +* conj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* connect: (libc)Connecting. +* copysign: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* cos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cpow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cproj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creal: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* crealf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creall: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creat64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* creat: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* crypt: (libc)crypt. +* crypt_r: (libc)crypt. +* csin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ctan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* ctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* ctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* dcgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* dcngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* des_setparity: (libc)DES Encryption. +* dgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* difftime: (libc)Elapsed Time. +* dirfd: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* dirname: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* div: (libc)Integer Division. +* dngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* drand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* drand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* drem: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dremf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dreml: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dup2: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* dup: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* ecb_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* ecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* ecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* encrypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* encrypt_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* endfsent: (libc)fstab. +* endgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* endhostent: (libc)Host Names. +* endmntent: (libc)mtab. +* endnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* endnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* endprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* endpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* endservent: (libc)Services Database. +* endutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* endutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* envz_add: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_entry: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_get: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_merge: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_strip: (libc)Envz Functions. +* erand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* erand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* erf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfc: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcl: (libc)Special Functions. +* erff: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfl: (libc)Special Functions. +* err: (libc)Error Messages. +* errno: (libc)Checking for Errors. +* error: (libc)Error Messages. +* error_at_line: (libc)Error Messages. +* errx: (libc)Error Messages. +* execl: (libc)Executing a File. +* execle: (libc)Executing a File. +* execlp: (libc)Executing a File. +* execv: (libc)Executing a File. +* execve: (libc)Executing a File. +* execvp: (libc)Executing a File. +* exit: (libc)Normal Termination. +* exp10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* fabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fchdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* fchmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* fchown: (libc)File Owner. +* fclean: (libc)Cleaning Streams. +* fclose: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcloseall: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcntl: (libc)Control Operations. +* fcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fdatasync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* fdim: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdimf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdiml: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdopen: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fdopendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* feclearexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fedisableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feenableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fegetround: (libc)Rounding. +* feholdexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feof: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feof_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feraiseexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* ferror: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* ferror_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* fesetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fesetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fesetround: (libc)Rounding. +* fetestexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* feupdateenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fflush: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fflush_unlocked: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fgetc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgetpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgets: (libc)Line Input. +* fgets_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetwc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetws: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetws_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fileno: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fileno_unlocked: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* finite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitef: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitel: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* flockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* floor: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* fma: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmal: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmax: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmemopen: (libc)String Streams. +* fmin: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmod: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmtmsg: (libc)Printing Formatted Messages. +* fnmatch: (libc)Wildcard Matching. +* fopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopencookie: (libc)Streams and Cookies. +* fork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* forkpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* fpathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* fpclassify: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* fprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fputc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fread: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fread_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* free: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* freopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* freopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* frexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* fscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* fseek: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko64: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko: (libc)File Positioning. +* fsetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fsetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fsync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* ftell: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello64: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftruncate64: (libc)File Size. +* ftruncate: (libc)File Size. +* ftrylockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* ftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* funlockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* futimes: (libc)File Times. +* fwide: (libc)Streams and I18N. +* fwprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fwrite: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwrite_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* gamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* gcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* get_avphys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* get_current_dir_name: (libc)Working Directory. +* get_nprocs: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_nprocs_conf: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_phys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getc: (libc)Character Input. +* getc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* getcwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* getdate: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdate_r: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdelim: (libc)Line Input. +* getdomainnname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getegid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* geteuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getfsent: (libc)fstab. +* getfsfile: (libc)fstab. +* getfsspec: (libc)fstab. +* getgid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrgid: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrgid_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrouplist: (libc)Setting Groups. +* getgroups: (libc)Reading Persona. +* gethostbyaddr: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyaddr_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* gethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* getline: (libc)Line Input. +* getloadavg: (libc)Processor Resources. +* getlogin: (libc)Who Logged In. +* getmntent: (libc)mtab. +* getmntent_r: (libc)mtab. +* getnetbyaddr: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetbyname: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getnetgrent_r: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getopt: (libc)Using Getopt. +* getopt_long: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getopt_long_only: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getpagesize: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getpass: (libc)getpass. +* getpeername: (libc)Who is Connected. +* getpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getppid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* getprotobyname: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotobynumber: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getpt: (libc)Allocation. +* getpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwnam: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwnam_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrusage: (libc)Resource Usage. +* gets: (libc)Line Input. +* getservbyname: (libc)Services Database. +* getservbyport: (libc)Services Database. +* getservent: (libc)Services Database. +* getsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getsockname: (libc)Reading Address. +* getsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* getsubopt: (libc)Suboptions. +* gettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* gettimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* getuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getumask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* getutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutent_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutmp: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutmpx: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxid: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getw: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* glob64: (libc)Calling Glob. +* glob: (libc)Calling Glob. +* globfree64: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* globfree: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* gmtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* gmtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* grantpt: (libc)Allocation. +* gsignal: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* gtty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* hasmntopt: (libc)mtab. +* hcreate: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hcreate_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* htonl: (libc)Byte Order. +* htons: (libc)Byte Order. +* hypot: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* iconv: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_close: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_open: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* if_freenameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_indextoname: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nametoindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* ilogb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* imaxabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* imaxdiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* in6addr_any: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* in6addr_loopback: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* index: (libc)Search Functions. +* inet_addr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_aton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_lnaof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_makeaddr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_netof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_network: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntoa: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntop: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_pton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* initgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* initstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* initstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* innetgr: (libc)Netgroup Membership. +* int: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* ioctl: (libc)IOCTLs. +* isalnum: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isalpha: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isascii: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isatty: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* isblank: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iscntrl: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isfinite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isgraph: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isgreaterequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isinf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinff: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinfl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isless: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islower: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnormal: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isprint: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* ispunct: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isspace: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isunordered: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isupper: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iswalnum: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswalpha: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswblank: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswcntrl: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswgraph: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswlower: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswprint: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswpunct: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswspace: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswupper: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswxdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* isxdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* j0: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* jn: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnf: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnl: (libc)Special Functions. +* jrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* jrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* kill: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* killpg: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* l64a: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* labs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lcong48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lcong48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ldexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* lfind: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgamma_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* link: (libc)Hard Links. +* lio_listio64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* lio_listio: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* listen: (libc)Listening. +* llabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* llrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* localeconv: (libc)The Lame Way to Locale Data. +* localtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* localtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* log10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1p: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* login: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* login_tty: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logout: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logwtmp: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* longjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* lrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lseek64: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lseek: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lutimes: (libc)File Times. +* madvise: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* makecontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* mallinfo: (libc)Statistics of Malloc. +* malloc: (libc)Basic Allocation. +* mallopt: (libc)Malloc Tunable Parameters. +* mblen: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mbrlen: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbrtowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbsinit: (libc)Keeping the state. +* mbsnrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbsrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbstowcs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* mbtowc: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mcheck: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* memccpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* memcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memfrob: (libc)Trivial Encryption. +* memmem: (libc)Search Functions. +* memmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mkdir: (libc)Creating Directories. +* mkdtemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mkfifo: (libc)FIFO Special Files. +* mknod: (libc)Making Special Files. +* mkstemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* mlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mmap64: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* modf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modff: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modfl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* mount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* mprobe: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* mrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* mrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* mremap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* msync: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mtrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* munlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* muntrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* nan: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanosleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* nearbyint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nextafter: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttoward: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* nftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* nice: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* nl_langinfo: (libc)The Elegant and Fast Way. +* nrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* nrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ntohl: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntohs: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntp_adjtime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* ntp_gettime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* obstack_1grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_1grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_alignment_mask: (libc)Obstacks Data Alignment. +* obstack_alloc: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_base: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_blank: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_blank_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_chunk_size: (libc)Obstack Chunks. +* obstack_copy0: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_copy: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_finish: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_free: (libc)Freeing Obstack Objects. +* obstack_grow0: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_init: (libc)Preparing for Obstacks. +* obstack_int_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_int_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_next_free: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_printf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* obstack_ptr_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_ptr_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_room: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* offsetof: (libc)Structure Measurement. +* on_exit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* open64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open_memstream: (libc)String Streams. +* open_obstack_stream: (libc)Obstack Streams. +* opendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* openlog: (libc)openlog. +* openpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* parse_printf_format: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* pathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* pause: (libc)Using Pause. +* pclose: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* perror: (libc)Error Messages. +* pipe: (libc)Creating a Pipe. +* popen: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* posix_memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* pow10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pread64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pread: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* printf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* printf_size: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* printf_size_info: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* psignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* ptsname: (libc)Allocation. +* ptsname_r: (libc)Allocation. +* putc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* putpwent: (libc)Writing a User Entry. +* puts: (libc)Simple Output. +* pututline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* pututxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* putw: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* pwrite64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pwrite: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* qecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qgcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qsort: (libc)Array Sort Function. +* raise: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* rand: (libc)ISO Random. +* rand_r: (libc)ISO Random. +* random: (libc)BSD Random. +* random_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* rawmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* read: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* readdir64: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir64_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* readv: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* realloc: (libc)Changing Block Size. +* realpath: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* recv: (libc)Receiving Data. +* recvfrom: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* recvmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* regcomp: (libc)POSIX Regexp Compilation. +* regerror: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* regexec: (libc)Matching POSIX Regexps. +* regfree: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* register_printf_function: (libc)Registering New Conversions. +* remainder: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remove: (libc)Deleting Files. +* rename: (libc)Renaming Files. +* rewind: (libc)File Positioning. +* rewinddir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* rindex: (libc)Search Functions. +* rint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rmdir: (libc)Deleting Files. +* round: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rpmatch: (libc)Yes-or-No Questions. +* sbrk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* scalb: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbln: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbn: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scandir64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scandir: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* sched_get_priority_max: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_get_priority_min: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_getparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_rr_get_interval: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_setparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_yield: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* seed48: (libc)SVID Random. +* seed48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* seekdir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* select: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* send: (libc)Sending Data. +* sendmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* sendto: (libc)Sending Datagrams. +* setbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setbuffer: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* setdomainname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setegid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* seteuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setfsent: (libc)fstab. +* setgid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* setgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* sethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* sethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* sethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* setjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* setkey: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setkey_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setlinebuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setlocale: (libc)Setting the Locale. +* setlogmask: (libc)setlogmask. +* setmntent: (libc)mtab. +* setnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* setnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* setpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* setprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* setpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* setregid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setreuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setservent: (libc)Services Database. +* setsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* setstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* setstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* settimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* setuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* setutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* setvbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* shutdown: (libc)Closing a Socket. +* sigaction: (libc)Advanced Signal Handling. +* sigaddset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigaltstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigblock: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigdelset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigemptyset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigfillset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siginterrupt: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sigismember: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siglongjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* signbit: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* significand: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* sigpause: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigpending: (libc)Checking for Pending Signals. +* sigprocmask: (libc)Process Signal Mask. +* sigsetjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigsetmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigsuspend: (libc)Sigsuspend. +* sigvec: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* snprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* socket: (libc)Creating a Socket. +* socketpair: (libc)Socket Pairs. +* sprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* sqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* srand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand: (libc)ISO Random. +* srandom: (libc)BSD Random. +* srandom_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* sscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* ssignal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* stat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stime: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* stpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* stpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcasestr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strchrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* strcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strdupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strerror: (libc)Error Messages. +* strerror_r: (libc)Error Messages. +* strfmon: (libc)Formatting Numbers. +* strfry: (libc)strfry. +* strftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* strlen: (libc)String Length. +* strncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strnlen: (libc)String Length. +* strpbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* strptime: (libc)Low-Level Time String Parsing. +* strrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strsep: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strsignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* strspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strtod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtok_r: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strverscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* stty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* swapcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* swprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* swscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* symlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* sync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* syscall: (libc)System Calls. +* sysconf: (libc)Sysconf Definition. +* sysctl: (libc)System Parameters. +* syslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* system: (libc)Running a Command. +* sysv_signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* tan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tcdrain: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflow: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflush: (libc)Line Control. +* tcgetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcgetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcgetsid: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcsendbreak: (libc)Line Control. +* tcsetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcsetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tdelete: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tdestroy: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tempnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* textdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* tfind: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* time: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* timegm: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* timelocal: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* times: (libc)Processor Time. +* tmpfile64: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpfile: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam_r: (libc)Temporary Files. +* toascii: (libc)Case Conversion. +* tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* towctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towlower: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towupper: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* trunc: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncate64: (libc)File Size. +* truncate: (libc)File Size. +* truncf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* tsearch: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* ttyname: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* ttyname_r: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* twalk: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tzset: (libc)Time Zone Functions. +* ulimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* umask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* umount2: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* umount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* uname: (libc)Platform Type. +* ungetc: (libc)How Unread. +* ungetwc: (libc)How Unread. +* unlink: (libc)Deleting Files. +* unlockpt: (libc)Allocation. +* unsetenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* updwtmp: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utime: (libc)File Times. +* utimes: (libc)File Times. +* utmpname: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utmpxname: (libc)XPG Functions. +* va_arg: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_end: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Old Varargs. +* valloc: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* vasprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* verr: (libc)Error Messages. +* verrx: (libc)Error Messages. +* versionsort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* versionsort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* vfork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* vfprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vfwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsnprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vswprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vswscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsyslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* vtimes: (libc)Resource Usage. +* vwarn: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwarnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* wait3: (libc)BSD Wait Functions. +* wait4: (libc)Process Completion. +* wait: (libc)Process Completion. +* waitpid: (libc)Process Completion. +* warn: (libc)Error Messages. +* warnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* wcpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcrtomb: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wcscasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcschr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcschrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wcscpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcscspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* wcslen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsnlen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsnrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcspbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcsspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcstod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* wcstol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstombs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* wcstoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcswcs: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wctob: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wctomb: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* wctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* wctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* wmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wmemcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wmemcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wordexp: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wordfree: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* write: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* writev: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* wscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* y0: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* yn: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynf: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynl: (libc)Special Functions. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + This file documents the GNU C library. + + This is Edition 0.12, last updated 2007-10-27, of `The GNU C Library +Reference Manual', for version 2.8 (EGLIBC). + + Copyright (C) 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, +2003, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document +under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or +any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the +Invariant Sections being "Free Software Needs Free Documentation" and +"GNU Lesser General Public License", the Front-Cover texts being "A GNU +Manual", and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the +license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation +License". + + (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have the freedom to copy and +modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in +developing GNU and promoting software freedom." + + +File: libc.info, Node: Backtraces, Up: Debugging Support + +33.1 Backtraces +=============== + +A "backtrace" is a list of the function calls that are currently active +in a thread. The usual way to inspect a backtrace of a program is to +use an external debugger such as gdb. However, sometimes it is useful +to obtain a backtrace programmatically from within a program, e.g., for +the purposes of logging or diagnostics. + + The header file `execinfo.h' declares three functions that obtain +and manipulate backtraces of the current thread. + + -- Function: int backtrace (void **BUFFER, int SIZE) + The `backtrace' function obtains a backtrace for the current + thread, as a list of pointers, and places the information into + BUFFER. The argument SIZE should be the number of `void *' + elements that will fit into BUFFER. The return value is the + actual number of entries of BUFFER that are obtained, and is at + most SIZE. + + The pointers placed in BUFFER are actually return addresses + obtained by inspecting the stack, one return address per stack + frame. + + Note that certain compiler optimizations may interfere with + obtaining a valid backtrace. Function inlining causes the inlined + function to not have a stack frame; tail call optimization + replaces one stack frame with another; frame pointer elimination + will stop `backtrace' from interpreting the stack contents + correctly. + + -- Function: char ** backtrace_symbols (void *const *BUFFER, int SIZE) + The `backtrace_symbols' function translates the information + obtained from the `backtrace' function into an array of strings. + The argument BUFFER should be a pointer to an array of addresses + obtained via the `backtrace' function, and SIZE is the number of + entries in that array (the return value of `backtrace'). + + The return value is a pointer to an array of strings, which has + SIZE entries just like the array BUFFER. Each string contains a + printable representation of the corresponding element of BUFFER. + It includes the function name (if this can be determined), an + offset into the function, and the actual return address (in + hexadecimal). + + Currently, the function name and offset only be obtained on + systems that use the ELF binary format for programs and libraries. + On other systems, only the hexadecimal return address will be + present. Also, you may need to pass additional flags to the + linker to make the function names available to the program. (For + example, on systems using GNU ld, you must pass (`-rdynamic'.) + + The return value of `backtrace_symbols' is a pointer obtained via + the `malloc' function, and it is the responsibility of the caller + to `free' that pointer. Note that only the return value need be + freed, not the individual strings. + + The return value is `NULL' if sufficient memory for the strings + cannot be obtained. + + -- Function: void backtrace_symbols_fd (void *const *BUFFER, int SIZE, + int FD) + The `backtrace_symbols_fd' function performs the same translation + as the function `backtrace_symbols' function. Instead of returning + the strings to the caller, it writes the strings to the file + descriptor FD, one per line. It does not use the `malloc' + function, and can therefore be used in situations where that + function might fail. + + The following program illustrates the use of these functions. Note +that the array to contain the return addresses returned by `backtrace' +is allocated on the stack. Therefore code like this can be used in +situations where the memory handling via `malloc' does not work anymore +(in which case the `backtrace_symbols' has to be replaced by a +`backtrace_symbols_fd' call as well). The number of return addresses +is normally not very large. Even complicated programs rather seldom +have a nesting level of more than, say, 50 and with 200 possible +entries probably all programs should be covered. + + #include + #include + #include + + /* Obtain a backtrace and print it to `stdout'. */ + void + print_trace (void) + { + void *array[10]; + size_t size; + char **strings; + size_t i; + + size = backtrace (array, 10); + strings = backtrace_symbols (array, size); + + printf ("Obtained %zd stack frames.\n", size); + + for (i = 0; i < size; i++) + printf ("%s\n", strings[i]); + + free (strings); + } + + /* A dummy function to make the backtrace more interesting. */ + void + dummy_function (void) + { + print_trace (); + } + + int + main (void) + { + dummy_function (); + return 0; + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Language Features, Next: Library Summary, Prev: Debugging Support, Up: Top + +Appendix A C Language Facilities in the Library +*********************************************** + +Some of the facilities implemented by the C library really should be +thought of as parts of the C language itself. These facilities ought to +be documented in the C Language Manual, not in the library manual; but +since we don't have the language manual yet, and documentation for these +features has been written, we are publishing it here. + +* Menu: + +* Consistency Checking:: Using `assert' to abort if + something ``impossible'' happens. +* Variadic Functions:: Defining functions with varying numbers + of args. +* Null Pointer Constant:: The macro `NULL'. +* Important Data Types:: Data types for object sizes. +* Data Type Measurements:: Parameters of data type representations. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Consistency Checking, Next: Variadic Functions, Up: Language Features + +A.1 Explicitly Checking Internal Consistency +============================================ + +When you're writing a program, it's often a good idea to put in checks +at strategic places for "impossible" errors or violations of basic +assumptions. These kinds of checks are helpful in debugging problems +with the interfaces between different parts of the program, for example. + + The `assert' macro, defined in the header file `assert.h', provides +a convenient way to abort the program while printing a message about +where in the program the error was detected. + + Once you think your program is debugged, you can disable the error +checks performed by the `assert' macro by recompiling with the macro +`NDEBUG' defined. This means you don't actually have to change the +program source code to disable these checks. + + But disabling these consistency checks is undesirable unless they +make the program significantly slower. All else being equal, more error +checking is good no matter who is running the program. A wise user +would rather have a program crash, visibly, than have it return nonsense +without indicating anything might be wrong. + + -- Macro: void assert (int EXPRESSION) + Verify the programmer's belief that EXPRESSION is nonzero at this + point in the program. + + If `NDEBUG' is not defined, `assert' tests the value of + EXPRESSION. If it is false (zero), `assert' aborts the program + (*note Aborting a Program::) after printing a message of the form: + + `FILE':LINENUM: FUNCTION: Assertion `EXPRESSION' failed. + + on the standard error stream `stderr' (*note Standard Streams::). + The filename and line number are taken from the C preprocessor + macros `__FILE__' and `__LINE__' and specify where the call to + `assert' was made. When using the GNU C compiler, the name of the + function which calls `assert' is taken from the built-in variable + `__PRETTY_FUNCTION__'; with older compilers, the function name and + following colon are omitted. + + If the preprocessor macro `NDEBUG' is defined before `assert.h' is + included, the `assert' macro is defined to do absolutely nothing. + + *Warning:* Even the argument expression EXPRESSION is not + evaluated if `NDEBUG' is in effect. So never use `assert' with + arguments that involve side effects. For example, `assert (++i > + 0);' is a bad idea, because `i' will not be incremented if + `NDEBUG' is defined. + + Sometimes the "impossible" condition you want to check for is an +error return from an operating system function. Then it is useful to +display not only where the program crashes, but also what error was +returned. The `assert_perror' macro makes this easy. + + -- Macro: void assert_perror (int ERRNUM) + Similar to `assert', but verifies that ERRNUM is zero. + + If `NDEBUG' is not defined, `assert_perror' tests the value of + ERRNUM. If it is nonzero, `assert_perror' aborts the program + after printing a message of the form: + + `FILE':LINENUM: FUNCTION: ERROR TEXT + + on the standard error stream. The file name, line number, and + function name are as for `assert'. The error text is the result of + `strerror (ERRNUM)'. *Note Error Messages::. + + Like `assert', if `NDEBUG' is defined before `assert.h' is + included, the `assert_perror' macro does absolutely nothing. It + does not evaluate the argument, so ERRNUM should not have any side + effects. It is best for ERRNUM to be just a simple variable + reference; often it will be `errno'. + + This macro is a GNU extension. + + *Usage note:* The `assert' facility is designed for detecting +_internal inconsistency_; it is not suitable for reporting invalid +input or improper usage by the _user_ of the program. + + The information in the diagnostic messages printed by the `assert' +and `assert_perror' macro is intended to help you, the programmer, +track down the cause of a bug, but is not really useful for telling a +user of your program why his or her input was invalid or why a command +could not be carried out. What's more, your program should not abort +when given invalid input, as `assert' would do--it should exit with +nonzero status (*note Exit Status::) after printing its error messages, +or perhaps read another command or move on to the next input file. + + *Note Error Messages::, for information on printing error messages +for problems that _do not_ represent bugs in the program. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Variadic Functions, Next: Null Pointer Constant, Prev: Consistency Checking, Up: Language Features + +A.2 Variadic Functions +====================== + +ISO C defines a syntax for declaring a function to take a variable +number or type of arguments. (Such functions are referred to as +"varargs functions" or "variadic functions".) However, the language +itself provides no mechanism for such functions to access their +non-required arguments; instead, you use the variable arguments macros +defined in `stdarg.h'. + + This section describes how to declare variadic functions, how to +write them, and how to call them properly. + + *Compatibility Note:* Many older C dialects provide a similar, but +incompatible, mechanism for defining functions with variable numbers of +arguments, using `varargs.h'. + +* Menu: + +* Why Variadic:: Reasons for making functions take + variable arguments. +* How Variadic:: How to define and call variadic functions. +* Variadic Example:: A complete example. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Why Variadic, Next: How Variadic, Up: Variadic Functions + +A.2.1 Why Variadic Functions are Used +------------------------------------- + +Ordinary C functions take a fixed number of arguments. When you define +a function, you specify the data type for each argument. Every call to +the function should supply the expected number of arguments, with types +that can be converted to the specified ones. Thus, if the function +`foo' is declared with `int foo (int, char *);' then you must call it +with two arguments, a number (any kind will do) and a string pointer. + + But some functions perform operations that can meaningfully accept an +unlimited number of arguments. + + In some cases a function can handle any number of values by +operating on all of them as a block. For example, consider a function +that allocates a one-dimensional array with `malloc' to hold a +specified set of values. This operation makes sense for any number of +values, as long as the length of the array corresponds to that number. +Without facilities for variable arguments, you would have to define a +separate function for each possible array size. + + The library function `printf' (*note Formatted Output::) is an +example of another class of function where variable arguments are +useful. This function prints its arguments (which can vary in type as +well as number) under the control of a format template string. + + These are good reasons to define a "variadic" function which can +handle as many arguments as the caller chooses to pass. + + Some functions such as `open' take a fixed set of arguments, but +occasionally ignore the last few. Strict adherence to ISO C requires +these functions to be defined as variadic; in practice, however, the GNU +C compiler and most other C compilers let you define such a function to +take a fixed set of arguments--the most it can ever use--and then only +_declare_ the function as variadic (or not declare its arguments at +all!). + + +File: libc.info, Node: How Variadic, Next: Variadic Example, Prev: Why Variadic, Up: Variadic Functions + +A.2.2 How Variadic Functions are Defined and Used +------------------------------------------------- + +Defining and using a variadic function involves three steps: + + * _Define_ the function as variadic, using an ellipsis (`...') in + the argument list, and using special macros to access the variable + arguments. *Note Receiving Arguments::. + + * _Declare_ the function as variadic, using a prototype with an + ellipsis (`...'), in all the files which call it. *Note Variadic + Prototypes::. + + * _Call_ the function by writing the fixed arguments followed by the + additional variable arguments. *Note Calling Variadics::. + +* Menu: + +* Variadic Prototypes:: How to make a prototype for a function + with variable arguments. +* Receiving Arguments:: Steps you must follow to access the + optional argument values. +* How Many Arguments:: How to decide whether there are more arguments. +* Calling Variadics:: Things you need to know about calling + variable arguments functions. +* Argument Macros:: Detailed specification of the macros + for accessing variable arguments. +* Old Varargs:: The pre-ISO way of defining variadic functions. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Variadic Prototypes, Next: Receiving Arguments, Up: How Variadic + +A.2.2.1 Syntax for Variable Arguments +..................................... + +A function that accepts a variable number of arguments must be declared +with a prototype that says so. You write the fixed arguments as usual, +and then tack on `...' to indicate the possibility of additional +arguments. The syntax of ISO C requires at least one fixed argument +before the `...'. For example, + + int + func (const char *a, int b, ...) + { + ... + } + +defines a function `func' which returns an `int' and takes two required +arguments, a `const char *' and an `int'. These are followed by any +number of anonymous arguments. + + *Portability note:* For some C compilers, the last required argument +must not be declared `register' in the function definition. +Furthermore, this argument's type must be "self-promoting": that is, +the default promotions must not change its type. This rules out array +and function types, as well as `float', `char' (whether signed or not) +and `short int' (whether signed or not). This is actually an ISO C +requirement. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Receiving Arguments, Next: How Many Arguments, Prev: Variadic Prototypes, Up: How Variadic + +A.2.2.2 Receiving the Argument Values +..................................... + +Ordinary fixed arguments have individual names, and you can use these +names to access their values. But optional arguments have no +names--nothing but `...'. How can you access them? + + The only way to access them is sequentially, in the order they were +written, and you must use special macros from `stdarg.h' in the +following three step process: + + 1. You initialize an argument pointer variable of type `va_list' using + `va_start'. The argument pointer when initialized points to the + first optional argument. + + 2. You access the optional arguments by successive calls to `va_arg'. + The first call to `va_arg' gives you the first optional argument, + the next call gives you the second, and so on. + + You can stop at any time if you wish to ignore any remaining + optional arguments. It is perfectly all right for a function to + access fewer arguments than were supplied in the call, but you + will get garbage values if you try to access too many arguments. + + 3. You indicate that you are finished with the argument pointer + variable by calling `va_end'. + + (In practice, with most C compilers, calling `va_end' does nothing. + This is always true in the GNU C compiler. But you might as well + call `va_end' just in case your program is someday compiled with a + peculiar compiler.) + + *Note Argument Macros::, for the full definitions of `va_start', +`va_arg' and `va_end'. + + Steps 1 and 3 must be performed in the function that accepts the +optional arguments. However, you can pass the `va_list' variable as an +argument to another function and perform all or part of step 2 there. + + You can perform the entire sequence of three steps multiple times +within a single function invocation. If you want to ignore the optional +arguments, you can do these steps zero times. + + You can have more than one argument pointer variable if you like. +You can initialize each variable with `va_start' when you wish, and +then you can fetch arguments with each argument pointer as you wish. +Each argument pointer variable will sequence through the same set of +argument values, but at its own pace. + + *Portability note:* With some compilers, once you pass an argument +pointer value to a subroutine, you must not keep using the same +argument pointer value after that subroutine returns. For full +portability, you should just pass it to `va_end'. This is actually an +ISO C requirement, but most ANSI C compilers work happily regardless. + + +File: libc.info, Node: How Many Arguments, Next: Calling Variadics, Prev: Receiving Arguments, Up: How Variadic + +A.2.2.3 How Many Arguments Were Supplied +........................................ + +There is no general way for a function to determine the number and type +of the optional arguments it was called with. So whoever designs the +function typically designs a convention for the caller to specify the +number and type of arguments. It is up to you to define an appropriate +calling convention for each variadic function, and write all calls +accordingly. + + One kind of calling convention is to pass the number of optional +arguments as one of the fixed arguments. This convention works provided +all of the optional arguments are of the same type. + + A similar alternative is to have one of the required arguments be a +bit mask, with a bit for each possible purpose for which an optional +argument might be supplied. You would test the bits in a predefined +sequence; if the bit is set, fetch the value of the next argument, +otherwise use a default value. + + A required argument can be used as a pattern to specify both the +number and types of the optional arguments. The format string argument +to `printf' is one example of this (*note Formatted Output Functions::). + + Another possibility is to pass an "end marker" value as the last +optional argument. For example, for a function that manipulates an +arbitrary number of pointer arguments, a null pointer might indicate the +end of the argument list. (This assumes that a null pointer isn't +otherwise meaningful to the function.) The `execl' function works in +just this way; see *note Executing a File::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Calling Variadics, Next: Argument Macros, Prev: How Many Arguments, Up: How Variadic + +A.2.2.4 Calling Variadic Functions +.................................. + +You don't have to do anything special to call a variadic function. +Just put the arguments (required arguments, followed by optional ones) +inside parentheses, separated by commas, as usual. But you must declare +the function with a prototype and know how the argument values are +converted. + + In principle, functions that are _defined_ to be variadic must also +be _declared_ to be variadic using a function prototype whenever you +call them. (*Note Variadic Prototypes::, for how.) This is because +some C compilers use a different calling convention to pass the same set +of argument values to a function depending on whether that function +takes variable arguments or fixed arguments. + + In practice, the GNU C compiler always passes a given set of argument +types in the same way regardless of whether they are optional or +required. So, as long as the argument types are self-promoting, you can +safely omit declaring them. Usually it is a good idea to declare the +argument types for variadic functions, and indeed for all functions. +But there are a few functions which it is extremely convenient not to +have to declare as variadic--for example, `open' and `printf'. + + Since the prototype doesn't specify types for optional arguments, in +a call to a variadic function the "default argument promotions" are +performed on the optional argument values. This means the objects of +type `char' or `short int' (whether signed or not) are promoted to +either `int' or `unsigned int', as appropriate; and that objects of +type `float' are promoted to type `double'. So, if the caller passes a +`char' as an optional argument, it is promoted to an `int', and the +function can access it with `va_arg (AP, int)'. + + Conversion of the required arguments is controlled by the function +prototype in the usual way: the argument expression is converted to the +declared argument type as if it were being assigned to a variable of +that type. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Argument Macros, Next: Old Varargs, Prev: Calling Variadics, Up: How Variadic + +A.2.2.5 Argument Access Macros +.............................. + +Here are descriptions of the macros used to retrieve variable arguments. +These macros are defined in the header file `stdarg.h'. + + -- Data Type: va_list + The type `va_list' is used for argument pointer variables. + + -- Macro: void va_start (va_list AP, LAST-REQUIRED) + This macro initializes the argument pointer variable AP to point + to the first of the optional arguments of the current function; + LAST-REQUIRED must be the last required argument to the function. + + *Note Old Varargs::, for an alternate definition of `va_start' + found in the header file `varargs.h'. + + -- Macro: TYPE va_arg (va_list AP, TYPE) + The `va_arg' macro returns the value of the next optional argument, + and modifies the value of AP to point to the subsequent argument. + Thus, successive uses of `va_arg' return successive optional + arguments. + + The type of the value returned by `va_arg' is TYPE as specified in + the call. TYPE must be a self-promoting type (not `char' or + `short int' or `float') that matches the type of the actual + argument. + + -- Macro: void va_end (va_list AP) + This ends the use of AP. After a `va_end' call, further `va_arg' + calls with the same AP may not work. You should invoke `va_end' + before returning from the function in which `va_start' was invoked + with the same AP argument. + + In the GNU C library, `va_end' does nothing, and you need not ever + use it except for reasons of portability. + + + Sometimes it is necessary to parse the list of parameters more than +once or one wants to remember a certain position in the parameter list. +To do this, one will have to make a copy of the current value of the +argument. But `va_list' is an opaque type and one cannot necessarily +assign the value of one variable of type `va_list' to another variable +of the same type. + + -- Macro: void __va_copy (va_list DEST, va_list SRC) + The `__va_copy' macro allows copying of objects of type `va_list' + even if this is not an integral type. The argument pointer in + DEST is initialized to point to the same argument as the pointer + in SRC. + + This macro is a GNU extension but it will hopefully also be + available in the next update of the ISO C standard. + + If you want to use `__va_copy' you should always be prepared for the +possibility that this macro will not be available. On architectures +where a simple assignment is invalid, hopefully `__va_copy' _will_ be +available, so one should always write something like this: + + { + va_list ap, save; + ... + #ifdef __va_copy + __va_copy (save, ap); + #else + save = ap; + #endif + ... + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Variadic Example, Prev: How Variadic, Up: Variadic Functions + +A.2.3 Example of a Variadic Function +------------------------------------ + +Here is a complete sample function that accepts a variable number of +arguments. The first argument to the function is the count of remaining +arguments, which are added up and the result returned. While trivial, +this function is sufficient to illustrate how to use the variable +arguments facility. + + #include + #include + + int + add_em_up (int count,...) + { + va_list ap; + int i, sum; + + va_start (ap, count); /* Initialize the argument list. */ + + sum = 0; + for (i = 0; i < count; i++) + sum += va_arg (ap, int); /* Get the next argument value. */ + + va_end (ap); /* Clean up. */ + return sum; + } + + int + main (void) + { + /* This call prints 16. */ + printf ("%d\n", add_em_up (3, 5, 5, 6)); + + /* This call prints 55. */ + printf ("%d\n", add_em_up (10, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)); + + return 0; + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Old Varargs, Prev: Argument Macros, Up: How Variadic + +A.2.3.1 Old-Style Variadic Functions +.................................... + +Before ISO C, programmers used a slightly different facility for +writing variadic functions. The GNU C compiler still supports it; +currently, it is more portable than the ISO C facility, since support +for ISO C is still not universal. The header file which defines the +old-fashioned variadic facility is called `varargs.h'. + + Using `varargs.h' is almost the same as using `stdarg.h'. There is +no difference in how you call a variadic function; see *note Calling +Variadics::. The only difference is in how you define them. First of +all, you must use old-style non-prototype syntax, like this: + + tree + build (va_alist) + va_dcl + { + + Secondly, you must give `va_start' only one argument, like this: + + va_list p; + va_start (p); + + These are the special macros used for defining old-style variadic +functions: + + -- Macro: va_alist + This macro stands for the argument name list required in a variadic + function. + + -- Macro: va_dcl + This macro declares the implicit argument or arguments for a + variadic function. + + -- Macro: void va_start (va_list AP) + This macro, as defined in `varargs.h', initializes the argument + pointer variable AP to point to the first argument of the current + function. + + The other argument macros, `va_arg' and `va_end', are the same in +`varargs.h' as in `stdarg.h'; see *note Argument Macros::, for details. + + It does not work to include both `varargs.h' and `stdarg.h' in the +same compilation; they define `va_start' in conflicting ways. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Null Pointer Constant, Next: Important Data Types, Prev: Variadic Functions, Up: Language Features + +A.3 Null Pointer Constant +========================= + +The null pointer constant is guaranteed not to point to any real object. +You can assign it to any pointer variable since it has type `void *'. +The preferred way to write a null pointer constant is with `NULL'. + + -- Macro: void * NULL + This is a null pointer constant. + + You can also use `0' or `(void *)0' as a null pointer constant, but +using `NULL' is cleaner because it makes the purpose of the constant +more evident. + + If you use the null pointer constant as a function argument, then for +complete portability you should make sure that the function has a +prototype declaration. Otherwise, if the target machine has two +different pointer representations, the compiler won't know which +representation to use for that argument. You can avoid the problem by +explicitly casting the constant to the proper pointer type, but we +recommend instead adding a prototype for the function you are calling. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Important Data Types, Next: Data Type Measurements, Prev: Null Pointer Constant, Up: Language Features + +A.4 Important Data Types +======================== + +The result of subtracting two pointers in C is always an integer, but +the precise data type varies from C compiler to C compiler. Likewise, +the data type of the result of `sizeof' also varies between compilers. +ISO defines standard aliases for these two types, so you can refer to +them in a portable fashion. They are defined in the header file +`stddef.h'. + + -- Data Type: ptrdiff_t + This is the signed integer type of the result of subtracting two + pointers. For example, with the declaration `char *p1, *p2;', the + expression `p2 - p1' is of type `ptrdiff_t'. This will probably + be one of the standard signed integer types (`short int', `int' or + `long int'), but might be a nonstandard type that exists only for + this purpose. + + -- Data Type: size_t + This is an unsigned integer type used to represent the sizes of + objects. The result of the `sizeof' operator is of this type, and + functions such as `malloc' (*note Unconstrained Allocation::) and + `memcpy' (*note Copying and Concatenation::) accept arguments of + this type to specify object sizes. + + *Usage Note:* `size_t' is the preferred way to declare any + arguments or variables that hold the size of an object. + + In the GNU system `size_t' is equivalent to either `unsigned int' or +`unsigned long int'. These types have identical properties on the GNU +system and, for most purposes, you can use them interchangeably. +However, they are distinct as data types, which makes a difference in +certain contexts. + + For example, when you specify the type of a function argument in a +function prototype, it makes a difference which one you use. If the +system header files declare `malloc' with an argument of type `size_t' +and you declare `malloc' with an argument of type `unsigned int', you +will get a compilation error if `size_t' happens to be `unsigned long +int' on your system. To avoid any possibility of error, when a +function argument or value is supposed to have type `size_t', never +declare its type in any other way. + + *Compatibility Note:* Implementations of C before the advent of +ISO C generally used `unsigned int' for representing object sizes and +`int' for pointer subtraction results. They did not necessarily define +either `size_t' or `ptrdiff_t'. Unix systems did define `size_t', in +`sys/types.h', but the definition was usually a signed type. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Data Type Measurements, Prev: Important Data Types, Up: Language Features + +A.5 Data Type Measurements +========================== + +Most of the time, if you choose the proper C data type for each object +in your program, you need not be concerned with just how it is +represented or how many bits it uses. When you do need such +information, the C language itself does not provide a way to get it. +The header files `limits.h' and `float.h' contain macros which give you +this information in full detail. + +* Menu: + +* Width of Type:: How many bits does an integer type hold? +* Range of Type:: What are the largest and smallest values + that an integer type can hold? +* Floating Type Macros:: Parameters that measure the floating point types. +* Structure Measurement:: Getting measurements on structure types. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Width of Type, Next: Range of Type, Up: Data Type Measurements + +A.5.1 Computing the Width of an Integer Data Type +------------------------------------------------- + +The most common reason that a program needs to know how many bits are in +an integer type is for using an array of `long int' as a bit vector. +You can access the bit at index N with + + vector[N / LONGBITS] & (1 << (N % LONGBITS)) + +provided you define `LONGBITS' as the number of bits in a `long int'. + + There is no operator in the C language that can give you the number +of bits in an integer data type. But you can compute it from the macro +`CHAR_BIT', defined in the header file `limits.h'. + +`CHAR_BIT' + This is the number of bits in a `char'--eight, on most systems. + The value has type `int'. + + You can compute the number of bits in any data type TYPE like this: + + sizeof (TYPE) * CHAR_BIT + + +File: libc.info, Node: Range of Type, Next: Floating Type Macros, Prev: Width of Type, Up: Data Type Measurements + +A.5.2 Range of an Integer Type +------------------------------ + +Suppose you need to store an integer value which can range from zero to +one million. Which is the smallest type you can use? There is no +general rule; it depends on the C compiler and target machine. You can +use the `MIN' and `MAX' macros in `limits.h' to determine which type +will work. + + Each signed integer type has a pair of macros which give the smallest +and largest values that it can hold. Each unsigned integer type has one +such macro, for the maximum value; the minimum value is, of course, +zero. + + The values of these macros are all integer constant expressions. The +`MAX' and `MIN' macros for `char' and `short int' types have values of +type `int'. The `MAX' and `MIN' macros for the other types have values +of the same type described by the macro--thus, `ULONG_MAX' has type +`unsigned long int'. + +`SCHAR_MIN' + This is the minimum value that can be represented by a + `signed char'. + +`SCHAR_MAX' +`UCHAR_MAX' + These are the maximum values that can be represented by a + `signed char' and `unsigned char', respectively. + +`CHAR_MIN' + This is the minimum value that can be represented by a `char'. + It's equal to `SCHAR_MIN' if `char' is signed, or zero otherwise. + +`CHAR_MAX' + This is the maximum value that can be represented by a `char'. + It's equal to `SCHAR_MAX' if `char' is signed, or `UCHAR_MAX' + otherwise. + +`SHRT_MIN' + This is the minimum value that can be represented by a + `signed short int'. On most machines that the GNU C library runs + on, `short' integers are 16-bit quantities. + +`SHRT_MAX' +`USHRT_MAX' + These are the maximum values that can be represented by a + `signed short int' and `unsigned short int', respectively. + +`INT_MIN' + This is the minimum value that can be represented by a + `signed int'. On most machines that the GNU C system runs on, an + `int' is a 32-bit quantity. + +`INT_MAX' +`UINT_MAX' + These are the maximum values that can be represented by, + respectively, the type `signed int' and the type `unsigned int'. + +`LONG_MIN' + This is the minimum value that can be represented by a + `signed long int'. On most machines that the GNU C system runs + on, `long' integers are 32-bit quantities, the same size as `int'. + +`LONG_MAX' +`ULONG_MAX' + These are the maximum values that can be represented by a + `signed long int' and `unsigned long int', respectively. + +`LONG_LONG_MIN' + This is the minimum value that can be represented by a + `signed long long int'. On most machines that the GNU C system + runs on, `long long' integers are 64-bit quantities. + +`LONG_LONG_MAX' +`ULONG_LONG_MAX' + These are the maximum values that can be represented by a `signed + long long int' and `unsigned long long int', respectively. + +`WCHAR_MAX' + This is the maximum value that can be represented by a `wchar_t'. + *Note Extended Char Intro::. + + The header file `limits.h' also defines some additional constants +that parameterize various operating system and file system limits. +These constants are described in *note System Configuration::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Floating Type Macros, Next: Structure Measurement, Prev: Range of Type, Up: Data Type Measurements + +A.5.3 Floating Type Macros +-------------------------- + +The specific representation of floating point numbers varies from +machine to machine. Because floating point numbers are represented +internally as approximate quantities, algorithms for manipulating +floating point data often need to take account of the precise details of +the machine's floating point representation. + + Some of the functions in the C library itself need this information; +for example, the algorithms for printing and reading floating point +numbers (*note I/O on Streams::) and for calculating trigonometric and +irrational functions (*note Mathematics::) use it to avoid round-off +error and loss of accuracy. User programs that implement numerical +analysis techniques also often need this information in order to +minimize or compute error bounds. + + The header file `float.h' describes the format used by your machine. + +* Menu: + +* Floating Point Concepts:: Definitions of terminology. +* Floating Point Parameters:: Details of specific macros. +* IEEE Floating Point:: The measurements for one common + representation. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Floating Point Concepts, Next: Floating Point Parameters, Up: Floating Type Macros + +A.5.3.1 Floating Point Representation Concepts +.............................................. + +This section introduces the terminology for describing floating point +representations. + + You are probably already familiar with most of these concepts in +terms of scientific or exponential notation for floating point numbers. +For example, the number `123456.0' could be expressed in exponential +notation as `1.23456e+05', a shorthand notation indicating that the +mantissa `1.23456' is multiplied by the base `10' raised to power `5'. + + More formally, the internal representation of a floating point number +can be characterized in terms of the following parameters: + + * The "sign" is either `-1' or `1'. + + * The "base" or "radix" for exponentiation, an integer greater than + `1'. This is a constant for a particular representation. + + * The "exponent" to which the base is raised. The upper and lower + bounds of the exponent value are constants for a particular + representation. + + Sometimes, in the actual bits representing the floating point + number, the exponent is "biased" by adding a constant to it, to + make it always be represented as an unsigned quantity. This is + only important if you have some reason to pick apart the bit + fields making up the floating point number by hand, which is + something for which the GNU library provides no support. So this + is ignored in the discussion that follows. + + * The "mantissa" or "significand" is an unsigned integer which is a + part of each floating point number. + + * The "precision" of the mantissa. If the base of the representation + is B, then the precision is the number of base-B digits in the + mantissa. This is a constant for a particular representation. + + Many floating point representations have an implicit "hidden bit" + in the mantissa. This is a bit which is present virtually in the + mantissa, but not stored in memory because its value is always 1 + in a normalized number. The precision figure (see above) includes + any hidden bits. + + Again, the GNU library provides no facilities for dealing with such + low-level aspects of the representation. + + The mantissa of a floating point number represents an implicit +fraction whose denominator is the base raised to the power of the +precision. Since the largest representable mantissa is one less than +this denominator, the value of the fraction is always strictly less +than `1'. The mathematical value of a floating point number is then +the product of this fraction, the sign, and the base raised to the +exponent. + + We say that the floating point number is "normalized" if the +fraction is at least `1/B', where B is the base. In other words, the +mantissa would be too large to fit if it were multiplied by the base. +Non-normalized numbers are sometimes called "denormal"; they contain +less precision than the representation normally can hold. + + If the number is not normalized, then you can subtract `1' from the +exponent while multiplying the mantissa by the base, and get another +floating point number with the same value. "Normalization" consists of +doing this repeatedly until the number is normalized. Two distinct +normalized floating point numbers cannot be equal in value. + + (There is an exception to this rule: if the mantissa is zero, it is +considered normalized. Another exception happens on certain machines +where the exponent is as small as the representation can hold. Then it +is impossible to subtract `1' from the exponent, so a number may be +normalized even if its fraction is less than `1/B'.) + + +File: libc.info, Node: Floating Point Parameters, Next: IEEE Floating Point, Prev: Floating Point Concepts, Up: Floating Type Macros + +A.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters +................................. + +These macro definitions can be accessed by including the header file +`float.h' in your program. + + Macro names starting with `FLT_' refer to the `float' type, while +names beginning with `DBL_' refer to the `double' type and names +beginning with `LDBL_' refer to the `long double' type. (If GCC does +not support `long double' as a distinct data type on a target machine +then the values for the `LDBL_' constants are equal to the +corresponding constants for the `double' type.) + + Of these macros, only `FLT_RADIX' is guaranteed to be a constant +expression. The other macros listed here cannot be reliably used in +places that require constant expressions, such as `#if' preprocessing +directives or in the dimensions of static arrays. + + Although the ISO C standard specifies minimum and maximum values for +most of these parameters, the GNU C implementation uses whatever values +describe the floating point representation of the target machine. So in +principle GNU C actually satisfies the ISO C requirements only if the +target machine is suitable. In practice, all the machines currently +supported are suitable. + +`FLT_ROUNDS' + This value characterizes the rounding mode for floating point + addition. The following values indicate standard rounding modes: + + `-1' + The mode is indeterminable. + + `0' + Rounding is towards zero. + + `1' + Rounding is to the nearest number. + + `2' + Rounding is towards positive infinity. + + `3' + Rounding is towards negative infinity. + + Any other value represents a machine-dependent nonstandard rounding + mode. + + On most machines, the value is `1', in accordance with the IEEE + standard for floating point. + + Here is a table showing how certain values round for each possible + value of `FLT_ROUNDS', if the other aspects of the representation + match the IEEE single-precision standard. + + 0 1 2 3 + 1.00000003 1.0 1.0 1.00000012 1.0 + 1.00000007 1.0 1.00000012 1.00000012 1.0 + -1.00000003 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.00000012 + -1.00000007 -1.0 -1.00000012 -1.0 -1.00000012 + +`FLT_RADIX' + This is the value of the base, or radix, of the exponent + representation. This is guaranteed to be a constant expression, + unlike the other macros described in this section. The value is 2 + on all machines we know of except the IBM 360 and derivatives. + +`FLT_MANT_DIG' + This is the number of base-`FLT_RADIX' digits in the floating point + mantissa for the `float' data type. The following expression + yields `1.0' (even though mathematically it should not) due to the + limited number of mantissa digits: + + float radix = FLT_RADIX; + + 1.0f + 1.0f / radix / radix / ... / radix + + where `radix' appears `FLT_MANT_DIG' times. + +`DBL_MANT_DIG' +`LDBL_MANT_DIG' + This is the number of base-`FLT_RADIX' digits in the floating point + mantissa for the data types `double' and `long double', + respectively. + +`FLT_DIG' + This is the number of decimal digits of precision for the `float' + data type. Technically, if P and B are the precision and base + (respectively) for the representation, then the decimal precision + Q is the maximum number of decimal digits such that any floating + point number with Q base 10 digits can be rounded to a floating + point number with P base B digits and back again, without change + to the Q decimal digits. + + The value of this macro is supposed to be at least `6', to satisfy + ISO C. + +`DBL_DIG' +`LDBL_DIG' + These are similar to `FLT_DIG', but for the data types `double' + and `long double', respectively. The values of these macros are + supposed to be at least `10'. + +`FLT_MIN_EXP' + This is the smallest possible exponent value for type `float'. + More precisely, is the minimum negative integer such that the value + `FLT_RADIX' raised to this power minus 1 can be represented as a + normalized floating point number of type `float'. + +`DBL_MIN_EXP' +`LDBL_MIN_EXP' + These are similar to `FLT_MIN_EXP', but for the data types + `double' and `long double', respectively. + +`FLT_MIN_10_EXP' + This is the minimum negative integer such that `10' raised to this + power minus 1 can be represented as a normalized floating point + number of type `float'. This is supposed to be `-37' or even less. + +`DBL_MIN_10_EXP' +`LDBL_MIN_10_EXP' + These are similar to `FLT_MIN_10_EXP', but for the data types + `double' and `long double', respectively. + +`FLT_MAX_EXP' + This is the largest possible exponent value for type `float'. More + precisely, this is the maximum positive integer such that value + `FLT_RADIX' raised to this power minus 1 can be represented as a + floating point number of type `float'. + +`DBL_MAX_EXP' +`LDBL_MAX_EXP' + These are similar to `FLT_MAX_EXP', but for the data types + `double' and `long double', respectively. + +`FLT_MAX_10_EXP' + This is the maximum positive integer such that `10' raised to this + power minus 1 can be represented as a normalized floating point + number of type `float'. This is supposed to be at least `37'. + +`DBL_MAX_10_EXP' +`LDBL_MAX_10_EXP' + These are similar to `FLT_MAX_10_EXP', but for the data types + `double' and `long double', respectively. + +`FLT_MAX' + The value of this macro is the maximum number representable in type + `float'. It is supposed to be at least `1E+37'. The value has + type `float'. + + The smallest representable number is `- FLT_MAX'. + +`DBL_MAX' +`LDBL_MAX' + These are similar to `FLT_MAX', but for the data types `double' + and `long double', respectively. The type of the macro's value is + the same as the type it describes. + +`FLT_MIN' + The value of this macro is the minimum normalized positive floating + point number that is representable in type `float'. It is supposed + to be no more than `1E-37'. + +`DBL_MIN' +`LDBL_MIN' + These are similar to `FLT_MIN', but for the data types `double' + and `long double', respectively. The type of the macro's value is + the same as the type it describes. + +`FLT_EPSILON' + This is the minimum positive floating point number of type `float' + such that `1.0 + FLT_EPSILON != 1.0' is true. It's supposed to be + no greater than `1E-5'. + +`DBL_EPSILON' +`LDBL_EPSILON' + These are similar to `FLT_EPSILON', but for the data types + `double' and `long double', respectively. The type of the macro's + value is the same as the type it describes. The values are not + supposed to be greater than `1E-9'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: IEEE Floating Point, Prev: Floating Point Parameters, Up: Floating Type Macros + +A.5.3.3 IEEE Floating Point +........................... + +Here is an example showing how the floating type measurements come out +for the most common floating point representation, specified by the +`IEEE Standard for Binary Floating Point Arithmetic (ANSI/IEEE Std +754-1985)'. Nearly all computers designed since the 1980s use this +format. + + The IEEE single-precision float representation uses a base of 2. +There is a sign bit, a mantissa with 23 bits plus one hidden bit (so +the total precision is 24 base-2 digits), and an 8-bit exponent that +can represent values in the range -125 to 128, inclusive. + + So, for an implementation that uses this representation for the +`float' data type, appropriate values for the corresponding parameters +are: + + FLT_RADIX 2 + FLT_MANT_DIG 24 + FLT_DIG 6 + FLT_MIN_EXP -125 + FLT_MIN_10_EXP -37 + FLT_MAX_EXP 128 + FLT_MAX_10_EXP +38 + FLT_MIN 1.17549435E-38F + FLT_MAX 3.40282347E+38F + FLT_EPSILON 1.19209290E-07F + + Here are the values for the `double' data type: + + DBL_MANT_DIG 53 + DBL_DIG 15 + DBL_MIN_EXP -1021 + DBL_MIN_10_EXP -307 + DBL_MAX_EXP 1024 + DBL_MAX_10_EXP 308 + DBL_MAX 1.7976931348623157E+308 + DBL_MIN 2.2250738585072014E-308 + DBL_EPSILON 2.2204460492503131E-016 + + +File: libc.info, Node: Structure Measurement, Prev: Floating Type Macros, Up: Data Type Measurements + +A.5.4 Structure Field Offset Measurement +---------------------------------------- + +You can use `offsetof' to measure the location within a structure type +of a particular structure member. + + -- Macro: size_t offsetof (TYPE, MEMBER) + This expands to a integer constant expression that is the offset + of the structure member named MEMBER in the structure type TYPE. + For example, `offsetof (struct s, elem)' is the offset, in bytes, + of the member `elem' in a `struct s'. + + This macro won't work if MEMBER is a bit field; you get an error + from the C compiler in that case. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Library Summary, Next: Installation, Prev: Language Features, Up: Top + +Appendix B Summary of Library Facilities +**************************************** + +This appendix is a complete list of the facilities declared within the +header files supplied with the GNU C library. Each entry also lists the +standard or other source from which each facility is derived, and tells +you where in the manual you can find more information about how to use +it. + +`long int a64l (const char *STRING)' + `stdlib.h' (XPG): *note Encode Binary Data::. + +`void abort (void)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Aborting a Program::. + +`int abs (int NUMBER)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Absolute Value::. + +`int accept (int SOCKET, struct sockaddr *ADDR, socklen_t *LENGTH_PTR)' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Accepting Connections::. + +`int access (const char *FILENAME, int HOW)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Testing File Access::. + +`ACCOUNTING' + `utmp.h' (SVID): *note Manipulating the Database::. + +`double acos (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Inverse Trig Functions::. + +`float acosf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Inverse Trig Functions::. + +`double acosh (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`float acoshf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`long double acoshl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`long double acosl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Inverse Trig Functions::. + +`int addmntent (FILE *STREAM, const struct mntent *MNT)' + `mntent.h' (BSD): *note mtab::. + +`int adjtime (const struct timeval *DELTA, struct timeval *OLDDELTA)' + `sys/time.h' (BSD): *note High-Resolution Calendar::. + +`int adjtimex (struct timex *TIMEX)' + `sys/timex.h' (GNU): *note High-Resolution Calendar::. + +`AF_FILE' + `sys/socket.h' (GNU): *note Address Formats::. + +`AF_INET' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Address Formats::. + +`AF_INET6' + `sys/socket.h' (IPv6 Basic API): *note Address Formats::. + +`AF_LOCAL' + `sys/socket.h' (POSIX): *note Address Formats::. + +`AF_UNIX' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD, Unix98): *note Address Formats::. + +`AF_UNSPEC' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Address Formats::. + +`int aio_cancel (int FILDES, struct aiocb *AIOCBP)' + `aio.h' (POSIX.1b): *note Cancel AIO Operations::. + +`int aio_cancel64 (int FILDES, struct aiocb64 *AIOCBP)' + `aio.h' (Unix98): *note Cancel AIO Operations::. + +`int aio_error (const struct aiocb *AIOCBP)' + `aio.h' (POSIX.1b): *note Status of AIO Operations::. + +`int aio_error64 (const struct aiocb64 *AIOCBP)' + `aio.h' (Unix98): *note Status of AIO Operations::. + +`int aio_fsync (int OP, struct aiocb *AIOCBP)' + `aio.h' (POSIX.1b): *note Synchronizing AIO Operations::. + +`int aio_fsync64 (int OP, struct aiocb64 *AIOCBP)' + `aio.h' (Unix98): *note Synchronizing AIO Operations::. + +`void aio_init (const struct aioinit *INIT)' + `aio.h' (GNU): *note Configuration of AIO::. + +`int aio_read (struct aiocb *AIOCBP)' + `aio.h' (POSIX.1b): *note Asynchronous Reads/Writes::. + +`int aio_read64 (struct aiocb *AIOCBP)' + `aio.h' (Unix98): *note Asynchronous Reads/Writes::. + +`ssize_t aio_return (const struct aiocb *AIOCBP)' + `aio.h' (POSIX.1b): *note Status of AIO Operations::. + +`int aio_return64 (const struct aiocb64 *AIOCBP)' + `aio.h' (Unix98): *note Status of AIO Operations::. + +`int aio_suspend (const struct aiocb *const LIST[], int NENT, const struct timespec *TIMEOUT)' + `aio.h' (POSIX.1b): *note Synchronizing AIO Operations::. + +`int aio_suspend64 (const struct aiocb64 *const LIST[], int NENT, const struct timespec *TIMEOUT)' + `aio.h' (Unix98): *note Synchronizing AIO Operations::. + +`int aio_write (struct aiocb *AIOCBP)' + `aio.h' (POSIX.1b): *note Asynchronous Reads/Writes::. + +`int aio_write64 (struct aiocb *AIOCBP)' + `aio.h' (Unix98): *note Asynchronous Reads/Writes::. + +`unsigned int alarm (unsigned int SECONDS)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Setting an Alarm::. + +`void * alloca (size_t SIZE);' + `stdlib.h' (GNU, BSD): *note Variable Size Automatic::. + +`int alphasort (const void *A, const void *B)' + `dirent.h' (BSD/SVID): *note Scanning Directory Content::. + +`int alphasort64 (const void *A, const void *B)' + `dirent.h' (GNU): *note Scanning Directory Content::. + +`tcflag_t ALTWERASE' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Local Modes::. + +`int ARG_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note General Limits::. + +`error_t argp_err_exit_status' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Global Variables::. + +`void argp_error (const struct argp_state *STATE, const char *FMT, ...)' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Helper Functions::. + +`int ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Parser Functions::. + +`void argp_failure (const struct argp_state *STATE, int STATUS, int ERRNUM, const char *FMT, ...)' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Helper Functions::. + +`void argp_help (const struct argp *ARGP, FILE *STREAM, unsigned FLAGS, char *NAME)' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Help::. + +`ARGP_IN_ORDER' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Flags::. + +`ARGP_KEY_ARG' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Special Keys::. + +`ARGP_KEY_ARGS' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Special Keys::. + +`ARGP_KEY_END' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Special Keys::. + +`ARGP_KEY_ERROR' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Special Keys::. + +`ARGP_KEY_FINI' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Special Keys::. + +`ARGP_KEY_HELP_ARGS_DOC' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Help Filter Keys::. + +`ARGP_KEY_HELP_DUP_ARGS_NOTE' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Help Filter Keys::. + +`ARGP_KEY_HELP_EXTRA' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Help Filter Keys::. + +`ARGP_KEY_HELP_HEADER' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Help Filter Keys::. + +`ARGP_KEY_HELP_POST_DOC' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Help Filter Keys::. + +`ARGP_KEY_HELP_PRE_DOC' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Help Filter Keys::. + +`ARGP_KEY_INIT' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Special Keys::. + +`ARGP_KEY_NO_ARGS' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Special Keys::. + +`ARGP_KEY_SUCCESS' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Special Keys::. + +`ARGP_LONG_ONLY' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Flags::. + +`ARGP_NO_ARGS' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Flags::. + +`ARGP_NO_ERRS' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Flags::. + +`ARGP_NO_EXIT' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Flags::. + +`ARGP_NO_HELP' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Flags::. + +`error_t argp_parse (const struct argp *ARGP, int ARGC, char **ARGV, unsigned FLAGS, int *ARG_INDEX, void *INPUT)' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Suboptions: Argp. + +`ARGP_PARSE_ARGV0' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Flags::. + +`const char * argp_program_bug_address' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Global Variables::. + +`const char * argp_program_version' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Global Variables::. + +`argp_program_version_hook' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Global Variables::. + +`ARGP_SILENT' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Flags::. + +`void argp_state_help (const struct argp_state *STATE, FILE *STREAM, unsigned FLAGS)' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Helper Functions::. + +`void argp_usage (const struct argp_state *STATE)' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Helper Functions::. + +`error_t argz_add (char **ARGZ, size_t *ARGZ_LEN, const char *STR)' + `argz.h' (GNU): *note Argz Functions::. + +`error_t argz_add_sep (char **ARGZ, size_t *ARGZ_LEN, const char *STR, int DELIM)' + `argz.h' (GNU): *note Argz Functions::. + +`error_t argz_append (char **ARGZ, size_t *ARGZ_LEN, const char *BUF, size_t BUF_LEN)' + `argz.h' (GNU): *note Argz Functions::. + +`size_t argz_count (const char *ARGZ, size_t ARG_LEN)' + `argz.h' (GNU): *note Argz Functions::. + +`error_t argz_create (char *const ARGV[], char **ARGZ, size_t *ARGZ_LEN)' + `argz.h' (GNU): *note Argz Functions::. + +`error_t argz_create_sep (const char *STRING, int SEP, char **ARGZ, size_t *ARGZ_LEN)' + `argz.h' (GNU): *note Argz Functions::. + +`void argz_delete (char **ARGZ, size_t *ARGZ_LEN, char *ENTRY)' + `argz.h' (GNU): *note Argz Functions::. + +`void argz_extract (char *ARGZ, size_t ARGZ_LEN, char **ARGV)' + `argz.h' (GNU): *note Argz Functions::. + +`error_t argz_insert (char **ARGZ, size_t *ARGZ_LEN, char *BEFORE, const char *ENTRY)' + `argz.h' (GNU): *note Argz Functions::. + +`char * argz_next (char *ARGZ, size_t ARGZ_LEN, const char *ENTRY)' + `argz.h' (GNU): *note Argz Functions::. + +`error_t argz_replace (char **ARGZ, size_t *ARGZ_LEN, const char *STR, const char *WITH, unsigned *REPLACE_COUNT)' + `argz.h' (GNU): *note Argz Functions::. + +`void argz_stringify (char *ARGZ, size_t LEN, int SEP)' + `argz.h' (GNU): *note Argz Functions::. + +`char * asctime (const struct tm *BROKENTIME)' + `time.h' (ISO): *note Formatting Calendar Time::. + +`char * asctime_r (const struct tm *BROKENTIME, char *BUFFER)' + `time.h' (POSIX.1c): *note Formatting Calendar Time::. + +`double asin (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Inverse Trig Functions::. + +`float asinf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Inverse Trig Functions::. + +`double asinh (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`float asinhf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`long double asinhl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`long double asinl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Inverse Trig Functions::. + +`int asprintf (char **PTR, const char *TEMPLATE, ...)' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note Dynamic Output::. + +`void assert (int EXPRESSION)' + `assert.h' (ISO): *note Consistency Checking::. + +`void assert_perror (int ERRNUM)' + `assert.h' (GNU): *note Consistency Checking::. + +`double atan (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Inverse Trig Functions::. + +`double atan2 (double Y, double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Inverse Trig Functions::. + +`float atan2f (float Y, float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Inverse Trig Functions::. + +`long double atan2l (long double Y, long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Inverse Trig Functions::. + +`float atanf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Inverse Trig Functions::. + +`double atanh (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`float atanhf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`long double atanhl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`long double atanl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Inverse Trig Functions::. + +`int atexit (void (*FUNCTION) (void))' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Cleanups on Exit::. + +`double atof (const char *STRING)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Parsing of Floats::. + +`int atoi (const char *STRING)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Parsing of Integers::. + +`long int atol (const char *STRING)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Parsing of Integers::. + +`long long int atoll (const char *STRING)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Parsing of Integers::. + +`B0' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Line Speed::. + +`B110' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Line Speed::. + +`B115200' + `termios.h' (GNU): *note Line Speed::. + +`B1200' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Line Speed::. + +`B134' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Line Speed::. + +`B150' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Line Speed::. + +`B1800' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Line Speed::. + +`B19200' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Line Speed::. + +`B200' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Line Speed::. + +`B230400' + `termios.h' (GNU): *note Line Speed::. + +`B2400' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Line Speed::. + +`B300' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Line Speed::. + +`B38400' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Line Speed::. + +`B460800' + `termios.h' (GNU): *note Line Speed::. + +`B4800' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Line Speed::. + +`B50' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Line Speed::. + +`B57600' + `termios.h' (GNU): *note Line Speed::. + +`B600' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Line Speed::. + +`B75' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Line Speed::. + +`B9600' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Line Speed::. + +`int backtrace (void **BUFFER, int SIZE)' + `execinfo.h' (GNU): *note Backtraces::. + +`char ** backtrace_symbols (void *const *BUFFER, int SIZE)' + `execinfo.h' (GNU): *note Backtraces::. + +`void backtrace_symbols_fd (void *const *BUFFER, int SIZE, int FD)' + `execinfo.h' (GNU): *note Backtraces::. + +`char * basename (char *PATH)' + `libgen.h' (XPG): *note Finding Tokens in a String::. + +`char * basename (const char *FILENAME)' + `string.h' (GNU): *note Finding Tokens in a String::. + +`int BC_BASE_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.2): *note Utility Limits::. + +`int BC_DIM_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.2): *note Utility Limits::. + +`int bcmp (const void *A1, const void *A2, size_t SIZE)' + `string.h' (BSD): *note String/Array Comparison::. + +`void bcopy (const void *FROM, void *TO, size_t SIZE)' + `string.h' (BSD): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`int BC_SCALE_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.2): *note Utility Limits::. + +`int BC_STRING_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.2): *note Utility Limits::. + +`int bind (int SOCKET, struct sockaddr *ADDR, socklen_t LENGTH)' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Setting Address::. + +`char * bindtextdomain (const char *DOMAINNAME, const char *DIRNAME)' + `libintl.h' (GNU): *note Locating gettext catalog::. + +`char * bind_textdomain_codeset (const char *DOMAINNAME, const char *CODESET)' + `libintl.h' (GNU): *note Charset conversion in gettext::. + +`blkcnt64_t' + `sys/types.h' (Unix98): *note Attribute Meanings::. + +`blkcnt_t' + `sys/types.h' (Unix98): *note Attribute Meanings::. + +`BOOT_TIME' + `utmp.h' (SVID): *note Manipulating the Database::. + +`BOOT_TIME' + `utmpx.h' (XPG4.2): *note XPG Functions::. + +`int brk (void *ADDR)' + `unistd.h' (BSD): *note Resizing the Data Segment::. + +`tcflag_t BRKINT' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Input Modes::. + +`_BSD_SOURCE' + (GNU): *note Feature Test Macros::. + +`void * bsearch (const void *KEY, const void *ARRAY, size_t COUNT, size_t SIZE, comparison_fn_t COMPARE)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Array Search Function::. + +`wint_t btowc (int C)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Converting a Character::. + +`int BUFSIZ' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Controlling Buffering::. + +`void bzero (void *BLOCK, size_t SIZE)' + `string.h' (BSD): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`double cabs (complex double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Absolute Value::. + +`float cabsf (complex float Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Absolute Value::. + +`long double cabsl (complex long double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Absolute Value::. + +`complex double cacos (complex double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Inverse Trig Functions::. + +`complex float cacosf (complex float Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Inverse Trig Functions::. + +`complex double cacosh (complex double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`complex float cacoshf (complex float Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`complex long double cacoshl (complex long double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`complex long double cacosl (complex long double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Inverse Trig Functions::. + +`void * calloc (size_t COUNT, size_t ELTSIZE)' + `malloc.h', `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Allocating Cleared Space::. + +`char * canonicalize_file_name (const char *NAME)' + `stdlib.h' (GNU): *note Symbolic Links::. + +`double carg (complex double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Operations on Complex::. + +`float cargf (complex float Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Operations on Complex::. + +`long double cargl (complex long double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Operations on Complex::. + +`complex double casin (complex double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Inverse Trig Functions::. + +`complex float casinf (complex float Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Inverse Trig Functions::. + +`complex double casinh (complex double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`complex float casinhf (complex float Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`complex long double casinhl (complex long double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`complex long double casinl (complex long double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Inverse Trig Functions::. + +`complex double catan (complex double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Inverse Trig Functions::. + +`complex float catanf (complex float Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Inverse Trig Functions::. + +`complex double catanh (complex double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`complex float catanhf (complex float Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`complex long double catanhl (complex long double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`complex long double catanl (complex long double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Inverse Trig Functions::. + +`nl_catd catopen (const char *CAT_NAME, int FLAG)' + `nl_types.h' (X/Open): *note The catgets Functions::. + +`int cbc_crypt (char *KEY, char *BLOCKS, unsigned LEN, unsigned MODE, char *IVEC)' + `rpc/des_crypt.h' (SUNRPC): *note DES Encryption::. + +`double cbrt (double X)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`float cbrtf (float X)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`long double cbrtl (long double X)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`complex double ccos (complex double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Trig Functions::. + +`complex float ccosf (complex float Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Trig Functions::. + +`complex double ccosh (complex double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`complex float ccoshf (complex float Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`complex long double ccoshl (complex long double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`complex long double ccosl (complex long double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Trig Functions::. + +`cc_t' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Mode Data Types::. + +`tcflag_t CCTS_OFLOW' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Control Modes::. + +`double ceil (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`float ceilf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`long double ceill (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`complex double cexp (complex double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`complex float cexpf (complex float Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`complex long double cexpl (complex long double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`speed_t cfgetispeed (const struct termios *TERMIOS-P)' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Line Speed::. + +`speed_t cfgetospeed (const struct termios *TERMIOS-P)' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Line Speed::. + +`void cfmakeraw (struct termios *TERMIOS-P)' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Noncanonical Input::. + +`void cfree (void *PTR)' + `stdlib.h' (Sun): *note Freeing after Malloc::. + +`int cfsetispeed (struct termios *TERMIOS-P, speed_t SPEED)' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Line Speed::. + +`int cfsetospeed (struct termios *TERMIOS-P, speed_t SPEED)' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Line Speed::. + +`int cfsetspeed (struct termios *TERMIOS-P, speed_t SPEED)' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Line Speed::. + +`CHAR_BIT' + `limits.h' (ISO): *note Width of Type::. + +`CHAR_MAX' + `limits.h' (ISO): *note Range of Type::. + +`CHAR_MIN' + `limits.h' (ISO): *note Range of Type::. + +`int chdir (const char *FILENAME)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Working Directory::. + +`int CHILD_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note General Limits::. + +`int chmod (const char *FILENAME, mode_t MODE)' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX.1): *note Setting Permissions::. + +`int chown (const char *FILENAME, uid_t OWNER, gid_t GROUP)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note File Owner::. + +`tcflag_t CIGNORE' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Control Modes::. + +`double cimag (complex double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Operations on Complex::. + +`float cimagf (complex float Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Operations on Complex::. + +`long double cimagl (complex long double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Operations on Complex::. + +`int clearenv (void)' + `stdlib.h' (GNU): *note Environment Access::. + +`void clearerr (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Error Recovery::. + +`void clearerr_unlocked (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note Error Recovery::. + +`int CLK_TCK' + `time.h' (POSIX.1): *note CPU Time::. + +`tcflag_t CLOCAL' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Control Modes::. + +`clock_t clock (void)' + `time.h' (ISO): *note CPU Time::. + +`int CLOCKS_PER_SEC' + `time.h' (ISO): *note CPU Time::. + +`clock_t' + `time.h' (ISO): *note CPU Time::. + +`complex double clog (complex double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`complex double clog10 (complex double Z)' + `complex.h' (GNU): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`complex float clog10f (complex float Z)' + `complex.h' (GNU): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`complex long double clog10l (complex long double Z)' + `complex.h' (GNU): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`complex float clogf (complex float Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`complex long double clogl (complex long double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`int close (int FILEDES)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Opening and Closing Files::. + +`int closedir (DIR *DIRSTREAM)' + `dirent.h' (POSIX.1): *note Reading/Closing Directory::. + +`void closelog (void)' + `syslog.h' (BSD): *note closelog::. + +`int COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.2): *note Utility Limits::. + +`size_t confstr (int PARAMETER, char *BUF, size_t LEN)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note String Parameters::. + +`complex double conj (complex double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Operations on Complex::. + +`complex float conjf (complex float Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Operations on Complex::. + +`complex long double conjl (complex long double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Operations on Complex::. + +`int connect (int SOCKET, struct sockaddr *ADDR, socklen_t LENGTH)' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Connecting::. + +`cookie_close_function' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note Hook Functions::. + +`cookie_io_functions_t' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note Streams and Cookies::. + +`cookie_read_function' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note Hook Functions::. + +`cookie_seek_function' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note Hook Functions::. + +`cookie_write_function' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note Hook Functions::. + +`double copysign (double X, double Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note FP Bit Twiddling::. + +`float copysignf (float X, float Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note FP Bit Twiddling::. + +`long double copysignl (long double X, long double Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note FP Bit Twiddling::. + +`double cos (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Trig Functions::. + +`float cosf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Trig Functions::. + +`double cosh (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`float coshf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`long double coshl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`long double cosl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Trig Functions::. + +`complex double cpow (complex double BASE, complex double POWER)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`complex float cpowf (complex float BASE, complex float POWER)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`complex long double cpowl (complex long double BASE, complex long double POWER)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`complex double cproj (complex double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Operations on Complex::. + +`complex float cprojf (complex float Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Operations on Complex::. + +`complex long double cprojl (complex long double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Operations on Complex::. + +`void CPU_CLR (int CPU, cpu_set_t *SET)' + `sched.h' (GNU): *note CPU Affinity::. + +`int CPU_ISSET (int CPU, const cpu_set_t *SET)' + `sched.h' (GNU): *note CPU Affinity::. + +`void CPU_SET (int CPU, cpu_set_t *SET)' + `sched.h' (GNU): *note CPU Affinity::. + +`int CPU_SETSIZE' + `sched.h' (GNU): *note CPU Affinity::. + +`cpu_set_t' + `sched.h' (GNU): *note CPU Affinity::. + +`void CPU_ZERO (cpu_set_t *SET)' + `sched.h' (GNU): *note CPU Affinity::. + +`tcflag_t CREAD' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Control Modes::. + +`double creal (complex double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Operations on Complex::. + +`float crealf (complex float Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Operations on Complex::. + +`long double creall (complex long double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Operations on Complex::. + +`int creat (const char *FILENAME, mode_t MODE)' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note Opening and Closing Files::. + +`int creat64 (const char *FILENAME, mode_t MODE)' + `fcntl.h' (Unix98): *note Opening and Closing Files::. + +`tcflag_t CRTS_IFLOW' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Control Modes::. + +`char * crypt (const char *KEY, const char *SALT)' + `crypt.h' (BSD, SVID): *note crypt::. + +`char * crypt_r (const char *KEY, const char *SALT, struct crypt_data * DATA)' + `crypt.h' (GNU): *note crypt::. + +`tcflag_t CS5' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Control Modes::. + +`tcflag_t CS6' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Control Modes::. + +`tcflag_t CS7' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Control Modes::. + +`tcflag_t CS8' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Control Modes::. + +`complex double csin (complex double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Trig Functions::. + +`complex float csinf (complex float Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Trig Functions::. + +`complex double csinh (complex double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`complex float csinhf (complex float Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`complex long double csinhl (complex long double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`complex long double csinl (complex long double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Trig Functions::. + +`tcflag_t CSIZE' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Control Modes::. + +`_CS_LFS64_CFLAGS' + `unistd.h' (Unix98): *note String Parameters::. + +`_CS_LFS64_LDFLAGS' + `unistd.h' (Unix98): *note String Parameters::. + +`_CS_LFS64_LIBS' + `unistd.h' (Unix98): *note String Parameters::. + +`_CS_LFS64_LINTFLAGS' + `unistd.h' (Unix98): *note String Parameters::. + +`_CS_LFS_CFLAGS' + `unistd.h' (Unix98): *note String Parameters::. + +`_CS_LFS_LDFLAGS' + `unistd.h' (Unix98): *note String Parameters::. + +`_CS_LFS_LIBS' + `unistd.h' (Unix98): *note String Parameters::. + +`_CS_LFS_LINTFLAGS' + `unistd.h' (Unix98): *note String Parameters::. + +`_CS_PATH' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note String Parameters::. + +`complex double csqrt (complex double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`complex float csqrtf (complex float Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`complex long double csqrtl (complex long double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`tcflag_t CSTOPB' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Control Modes::. + +`complex double ctan (complex double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Trig Functions::. + +`complex float ctanf (complex float Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Trig Functions::. + +`complex double ctanh (complex double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`complex float ctanhf (complex float Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`complex long double ctanhl (complex long double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`complex long double ctanl (complex long double Z)' + `complex.h' (ISO): *note Trig Functions::. + +`char * ctermid (char *STRING)' + `stdio.h' (POSIX.1): *note Identifying the Terminal::. + +`char * ctime (const time_t *TIME)' + `time.h' (ISO): *note Formatting Calendar Time::. + +`char * ctime_r (const time_t *TIME, char *BUFFER)' + `time.h' (POSIX.1c): *note Formatting Calendar Time::. + +`char * cuserid (char *STRING)' + `stdio.h' (POSIX.1): *note Who Logged In::. + +`int daylight' + `time.h' (SVID): *note Time Zone Functions::. + +`DBL_DIG' + `float.h' (ISO): *note Floating Point Parameters::. + +`DBL_EPSILON' + `float.h' (ISO): *note Floating Point Parameters::. + +`DBL_MANT_DIG' + `float.h' (ISO): *note Floating Point Parameters::. + +`DBL_MAX' + `float.h' (ISO): *note Floating Point Parameters::. + +`DBL_MAX_10_EXP' + `float.h' (ISO): *note Floating Point Parameters::. + +`DBL_MAX_EXP' + `float.h' (ISO): *note Floating Point Parameters::. + +`DBL_MIN' + `float.h' (ISO): *note Floating Point Parameters::. + +`DBL_MIN_10_EXP' + `float.h' (ISO): *note Floating Point Parameters::. + +`DBL_MIN_EXP' + `float.h' (ISO): *note Floating Point Parameters::. + +`char * dcgettext (const char *DOMAINNAME, const char *MSGID, int CATEGORY)' + `libintl.h' (GNU): *note Translation with gettext::. + +`char * dcngettext (const char *DOMAIN, const char *MSGID1, const char *MSGID2, unsigned long int N, int CATEGORY)' + `libintl.h' (GNU): *note Advanced gettext functions::. + +`DEAD_PROCESS' + `utmp.h' (SVID): *note Manipulating the Database::. + +`DEAD_PROCESS' + `utmpx.h' (XPG4.2): *note XPG Functions::. + +`DES_DECRYPT' + `rpc/des_crypt.h' (SUNRPC): *note DES Encryption::. + +`DES_ENCRYPT' + `rpc/des_crypt.h' (SUNRPC): *note DES Encryption::. + +`DESERR_BADPARAM' + `rpc/des_crypt.h' (SUNRPC): *note DES Encryption::. + +`DESERR_HWERROR' + `rpc/des_crypt.h' (SUNRPC): *note DES Encryption::. + +`DESERR_NOHWDEVICE' + `rpc/des_crypt.h' (SUNRPC): *note DES Encryption::. + +`DESERR_NONE' + `rpc/des_crypt.h' (SUNRPC): *note DES Encryption::. + +`int DES_FAILED (int ERR)' + `rpc/des_crypt.h' (SUNRPC): *note DES Encryption::. + +`DES_HW' + `rpc/des_crypt.h' (SUNRPC): *note DES Encryption::. + +`void des_setparity (char *KEY)' + `rpc/des_crypt.h' (SUNRPC): *note DES Encryption::. + +`DES_SW' + `rpc/des_crypt.h' (SUNRPC): *note DES Encryption::. + +`dev_t' + `sys/types.h' (POSIX.1): *note Attribute Meanings::. + +`char * dgettext (const char *DOMAINNAME, const char *MSGID)' + `libintl.h' (GNU): *note Translation with gettext::. + +`double difftime (time_t TIME1, time_t TIME0)' + `time.h' (ISO): *note Elapsed Time::. + +`DIR' + `dirent.h' (POSIX.1): *note Opening a Directory::. + +`int dirfd (DIR *DIRSTREAM)' + `dirent.h' (GNU): *note Opening a Directory::. + +`char * dirname (char *PATH)' + `libgen.h' (XPG): *note Finding Tokens in a String::. + +`div_t div (int NUMERATOR, int DENOMINATOR)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Integer Division::. + +`div_t' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Integer Division::. + +`char * dngettext (const char *DOMAIN, const char *MSGID1, const char *MSGID2, unsigned long int N)' + `libintl.h' (GNU): *note Advanced gettext functions::. + +`double drand48 (void)' + `stdlib.h' (SVID): *note SVID Random::. + +`int drand48_r (struct drand48_data *BUFFER, double *RESULT)' + `stdlib.h' (GNU): *note SVID Random::. + +`double drem (double NUMERATOR, double DENOMINATOR)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Remainder Functions::. + +`float dremf (float NUMERATOR, float DENOMINATOR)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Remainder Functions::. + +`long double dreml (long double NUMERATOR, long double DENOMINATOR)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Remainder Functions::. + +`mode_t DTTOIF (int DTYPE)' + `dirent.h' (BSD): *note Directory Entries::. + +`int dup (int OLD)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Duplicating Descriptors::. + +`int dup2 (int OLD, int NEW)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Duplicating Descriptors::. + +`int E2BIG' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Argument list too long): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EACCES' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Permission denied): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EADDRINUSE' + `errno.h' (BSD: Address already in use): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EADDRNOTAVAIL' + `errno.h' (BSD: Cannot assign requested address): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int EADV' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Advertise error): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EAFNOSUPPORT' + `errno.h' (BSD: Address family not supported by protocol): *note + Error Codes::. + +`int EAGAIN' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Resource temporarily unavailable): *note + Error Codes::. + +`int EALREADY' + `errno.h' (BSD: Operation already in progress): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int EAUTH' + `errno.h' (BSD: Authentication error): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EBACKGROUND' + `errno.h' (GNU: Inappropriate operation for background process): + *note Error Codes::. + +`int EBADE' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Invalid exchange): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EBADF' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Bad file descriptor): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EBADFD' + `errno.h' (Linux???: File descriptor in bad state): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int EBADMSG' + `errno.h' (XOPEN: Bad message): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EBADR' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Invalid request descriptor): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int EBADRPC' + `errno.h' (BSD: RPC struct is bad): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EBADRQC' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Invalid request code): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EBADSLT' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Invalid slot): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EBFONT' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Bad font file format): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EBUSY' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Device or resource busy): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ECANCELED' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Operation canceled): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ecb_crypt (char *KEY, char *BLOCKS, unsigned LEN, unsigned MODE)' + `rpc/des_crypt.h' (SUNRPC): *note DES Encryption::. + +`int ECHILD' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: No child processes): *note Error Codes::. + +`tcflag_t ECHO' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Local Modes::. + +`tcflag_t ECHOCTL' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Local Modes::. + +`tcflag_t ECHOE' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Local Modes::. + +`tcflag_t ECHOK' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Local Modes::. + +`tcflag_t ECHOKE' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Local Modes::. + +`tcflag_t ECHONL' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Local Modes::. + +`tcflag_t ECHOPRT' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Local Modes::. + +`int ECHRNG' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Channel number out of range): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int ECOMM' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Communication error on send): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int ECONNABORTED' + `errno.h' (BSD: Software caused connection abort): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int ECONNREFUSED' + `errno.h' (BSD: Connection refused): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ECONNRESET' + `errno.h' (BSD: Connection reset by peer): *note Error Codes::. + +`char * ecvt (double VALUE, int NDIGIT, int *DECPT, int *NEG)' + `stdlib.h' (SVID, Unix98): *note System V Number Conversion::. + +`int ecvt_r (double VALUE, int NDIGIT, int *DECPT, int *NEG, char *BUF, size_t LEN)' + `stdlib.h' (GNU): *note System V Number Conversion::. + +`int ED' + `errno.h' (GNU: ?): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EDEADLK' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Resource deadlock avoided): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int EDEADLOCK' + `errno.h' (Linux???: File locking deadlock error): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int EDESTADDRREQ' + `errno.h' (BSD: Destination address required): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int EDIED' + `errno.h' (GNU: Translator died): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EDOM' + `errno.h' (ISO: Numerical argument out of domain): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int EDOTDOT' + `errno.h' (Linux???: RFS specific error): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EDQUOT' + `errno.h' (BSD: Disk quota exceeded): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EEXIST' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: File exists): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EFAULT' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Bad address): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EFBIG' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: File too large): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EFTYPE' + `errno.h' (BSD: Inappropriate file type or format): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int EGRATUITOUS' + `errno.h' (GNU: Gratuitous error): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EGREGIOUS' + `errno.h' (GNU: You really blew it this time): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int EHOSTDOWN' + `errno.h' (BSD: Host is down): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EHOSTUNREACH' + `errno.h' (BSD: No route to host): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EIDRM' + `errno.h' (XOPEN: Identifier removed): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EIEIO' + `errno.h' (GNU: Computer bought the farm): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EILSEQ' + `errno.h' (ISO: Invalid or incomplete multibyte or wide + character): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EINPROGRESS' + `errno.h' (BSD: Operation now in progress): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EINTR' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Interrupted system call): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EINVAL' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Invalid argument): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EIO' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Input/output error): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EISCONN' + `errno.h' (BSD: Transport endpoint is already connected): *note + Error Codes::. + +`int EISDIR' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Is a directory): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EISNAM' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Is a named type file): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EKEYEXPIRED' + `errno.h' (Linux: Key has expired): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EKEYREJECTED' + `errno.h' (Linux: Key was rejected by service): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int EKEYREVOKED' + `errno.h' (Linux: Key has been revoked): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EL2HLT' + `errno.h' (Obsolete: Level 2 halted): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EL2NSYNC' + `errno.h' (Obsolete: Level 2 not synchronized): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int EL3HLT' + `errno.h' (Obsolete: Level 3 halted): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EL3RST' + `errno.h' (Obsolete: Level 3 reset): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ELIBACC' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Can not access a needed shared library): + *note Error Codes::. + +`int ELIBBAD' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Accessing a corrupted shared library): *note + Error Codes::. + +`int ELIBEXEC' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Cannot exec a shared library directly): + *note Error Codes::. + +`int ELIBMAX' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Attempting to link in too many shared + libraries): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ELIBSCN' + `errno.h' (Linux???: .lib section in a.out corrupted): *note + Error Codes::. + +`int ELNRNG' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Link number out of range): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int ELOOP' + `errno.h' (BSD: Too many levels of symbolic links): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int EMEDIUMTYPE' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Wrong medium type): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EMFILE' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Too many open files): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EMLINK' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Too many links): *note Error Codes::. + +`EMPTY' + `utmp.h' (SVID): *note Manipulating the Database::. + +`EMPTY' + `utmpx.h' (XPG4.2): *note XPG Functions::. + +`int EMSGSIZE' + `errno.h' (BSD: Message too long): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EMULTIHOP' + `errno.h' (XOPEN: Multihop attempted): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ENAMETOOLONG' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: File name too long): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ENAVAIL' + `errno.h' (Linux???: No XENIX semaphores available): *note Error + Codes::. + +`void encrypt (char *BLOCK, int EDFLAG)' + `crypt.h' (BSD, SVID): *note DES Encryption::. + +`void encrypt_r (char *BLOCK, int EDFLAG, struct crypt_data * DATA)' + `crypt.h' (GNU): *note DES Encryption::. + +`void endfsent (void)' + `fstab.h' (BSD): *note fstab::. + +`void endgrent (void)' + `grp.h' (SVID, BSD): *note Scanning All Groups::. + +`void endhostent (void)' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Host Names::. + +`int endmntent (FILE *STREAM)' + `mntent.h' (BSD): *note mtab::. + +`void endnetent (void)' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Networks Database::. + +`void endnetgrent (void)' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Lookup Netgroup::. + +`void endprotoent (void)' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Protocols Database::. + +`void endpwent (void)' + `pwd.h' (SVID, BSD): *note Scanning All Users::. + +`void endservent (void)' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Services Database::. + +`void endutent (void)' + `utmp.h' (SVID): *note Manipulating the Database::. + +`void endutxent (void)' + `utmpx.h' (XPG4.2): *note XPG Functions::. + +`int ENEEDAUTH' + `errno.h' (BSD: Need authenticator): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ENETDOWN' + `errno.h' (BSD: Network is down): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ENETRESET' + `errno.h' (BSD: Network dropped connection on reset): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int ENETUNREACH' + `errno.h' (BSD: Network is unreachable): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ENFILE' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Too many open files in system): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int ENOANO' + `errno.h' (Linux???: No anode): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ENOBUFS' + `errno.h' (BSD: No buffer space available): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ENOCSI' + `errno.h' (Linux???: No CSI structure available): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int ENODATA' + `errno.h' (XOPEN: No data available): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ENODEV' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: No such device): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ENOENT' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: No such file or directory): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int ENOEXEC' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Exec format error): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ENOKEY' + `errno.h' (Linux: Required key not available): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int ENOLCK' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: No locks available): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ENOLINK' + `errno.h' (XOPEN: Link has been severed): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ENOMEDIUM' + `errno.h' (Linux???: No medium found): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ENOMEM' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Cannot allocate memory): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ENOMSG' + `errno.h' (XOPEN: No message of desired type): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int ENONET' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Machine is not on the network): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int ENOPKG' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Package not installed): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ENOPROTOOPT' + `errno.h' (BSD: Protocol not available): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ENOSPC' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: No space left on device): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ENOSR' + `errno.h' (XOPEN: Out of streams resources): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ENOSTR' + `errno.h' (XOPEN: Device not a stream): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ENOSYS' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Function not implemented): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int ENOTBLK' + `errno.h' (BSD: Block device required): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ENOTCONN' + `errno.h' (BSD: Transport endpoint is not connected): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int ENOTDIR' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Not a directory): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ENOTEMPTY' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Directory not empty): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ENOTNAM' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Not a XENIX named type file): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int ENOTRECOVERABLE' + `errno.h' (Linux: State not recoverable): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ENOTSOCK' + `errno.h' (BSD: Socket operation on non-socket): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int ENOTSUP' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Not supported): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ENOTTY' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Inappropriate ioctl for device): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int ENOTUNIQ' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Name not unique on network): *note Error + Codes::. + +`char ** environ' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Environment Access::. + +`error_t envz_add (char **ENVZ, size_t *ENVZ_LEN, const char *NAME, const char *VALUE)' + `envz.h' (GNU): *note Envz Functions::. + +`char * envz_entry (const char *ENVZ, size_t ENVZ_LEN, const char *NAME)' + `envz.h' (GNU): *note Envz Functions::. + +`char * envz_get (const char *ENVZ, size_t ENVZ_LEN, const char *NAME)' + `envz.h' (GNU): *note Envz Functions::. + +`error_t envz_merge (char **ENVZ, size_t *ENVZ_LEN, const char *ENVZ2, size_t ENVZ2_LEN, int OVERRIDE)' + `envz.h' (GNU): *note Envz Functions::. + +`void envz_strip (char **ENVZ, size_t *ENVZ_LEN)' + `envz.h' (GNU): *note Envz Functions::. + +`int ENXIO' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: No such device or address): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int EOF' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note EOF and Errors::. + +`int EOPNOTSUPP' + `errno.h' (BSD: Operation not supported): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EOVERFLOW' + `errno.h' (XOPEN: Value too large for defined data type): *note + Error Codes::. + +`int EOWNERDEAD' + `errno.h' (Linux: Owner died): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EPERM' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Operation not permitted): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EPFNOSUPPORT' + `errno.h' (BSD: Protocol family not supported): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int EPIPE' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Broken pipe): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EPROCLIM' + `errno.h' (BSD: Too many processes): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EPROCUNAVAIL' + `errno.h' (BSD: RPC bad procedure for program): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int EPROGMISMATCH' + `errno.h' (BSD: RPC program version wrong): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EPROGUNAVAIL' + `errno.h' (BSD: RPC program not available): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EPROTO' + `errno.h' (XOPEN: Protocol error): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EPROTONOSUPPORT' + `errno.h' (BSD: Protocol not supported): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EPROTOTYPE' + `errno.h' (BSD: Protocol wrong type for socket): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int EQUIV_CLASS_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.2): *note Utility Limits::. + +`double erand48 (unsigned short int XSUBI[3])' + `stdlib.h' (SVID): *note SVID Random::. + +`int erand48_r (unsigned short int XSUBI[3], struct drand48_data *BUFFER, double *RESULT)' + `stdlib.h' (GNU): *note SVID Random::. + +`int ERANGE' + `errno.h' (ISO: Numerical result out of range): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int EREMCHG' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Remote address changed): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EREMOTE' + `errno.h' (BSD: Object is remote): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EREMOTEIO' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Remote I/O error): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ERESTART' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Interrupted system call should be restarted): + *note Error Codes::. + +`double erf (double X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`double erfc (double X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`float erfcf (float X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`long double erfcl (long double X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`float erff (float X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`long double erfl (long double X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`int EROFS' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Read-only file system): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ERPCMISMATCH' + `errno.h' (BSD: RPC version wrong): *note Error Codes::. + +`void err (int STATUS, const char *FORMAT, ...)' + `err.h' (BSD): *note Error Messages::. + +`volatile int errno' + `errno.h' (ISO): *note Checking for Errors::. + +`void error (int STATUS, int ERRNUM, const char *FORMAT, ...)' + `error.h' (GNU): *note Error Messages::. + +`void error_at_line (int STATUS, int ERRNUM, const char *FNAME, unsigned int LINENO, const char *FORMAT, ...)' + `error.h' (GNU): *note Error Messages::. + +`unsigned int error_message_count' + `error.h' (GNU): *note Error Messages::. + +`int error_one_per_line' + `error.h' (GNU): *note Error Messages::. + +`void errx (int STATUS, const char *FORMAT, ...)' + `err.h' (BSD): *note Error Messages::. + +`int ESHUTDOWN' + `errno.h' (BSD: Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown): + *note Error Codes::. + +`int ESOCKTNOSUPPORT' + `errno.h' (BSD: Socket type not supported): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ESPIPE' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Illegal seek): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ESRCH' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: No such process): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ESRMNT' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Srmount error): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ESTALE' + `errno.h' (BSD: Stale NFS file handle): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ESTRPIPE' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Streams pipe error): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ETIME' + `errno.h' (XOPEN: Timer expired): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ETIMEDOUT' + `errno.h' (BSD: Connection timed out): *note Error Codes::. + +`int ETOOMANYREFS' + `errno.h' (BSD: Too many references: cannot splice): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int ETXTBSY' + `errno.h' (BSD: Text file busy): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EUCLEAN' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Structure needs cleaning): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int EUNATCH' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Protocol driver not attached): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int EUSERS' + `errno.h' (BSD: Too many users): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EWOULDBLOCK' + `errno.h' (BSD: Operation would block): *note Error Codes::. + +`int EXDEV' + `errno.h' (POSIX.1: Invalid cross-device link): *note Error + Codes::. + +`int execl (const char *FILENAME, const char *ARG0, ...)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Executing a File::. + +`int execle (const char *FILENAME, const char *ARG0, char *const ENV[], ...)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Executing a File::. + +`int execlp (const char *FILENAME, const char *ARG0, ...)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Executing a File::. + +`int execv (const char *FILENAME, char *const ARGV[])' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Executing a File::. + +`int execve (const char *FILENAME, char *const ARGV[], char *const ENV[])' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Executing a File::. + +`int execvp (const char *FILENAME, char *const ARGV[])' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Executing a File::. + +`int EXFULL' + `errno.h' (Linux???: Exchange full): *note Error Codes::. + +`void _Exit (int STATUS)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Termination Internals::. + +`void _exit (int STATUS)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Termination Internals::. + +`void exit (int STATUS)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Normal Termination::. + +`int EXIT_FAILURE' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Exit Status::. + +`int EXIT_SUCCESS' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Exit Status::. + +`double exp (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`double exp10 (double X)' + `math.h' (GNU): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`float exp10f (float X)' + `math.h' (GNU): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`long double exp10l (long double X)' + `math.h' (GNU): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`double exp2 (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`float exp2f (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`long double exp2l (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`float expf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`long double expl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`double expm1 (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`float expm1f (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`long double expm1l (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`int EXPR_NEST_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.2): *note Utility Limits::. + +`double fabs (double NUMBER)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Absolute Value::. + +`float fabsf (float NUMBER)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Absolute Value::. + +`long double fabsl (long double NUMBER)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Absolute Value::. + +`size_t __fbufsize (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio_ext.h' (GNU): *note Controlling Buffering::. + +`int fchdir (int FILEDES)' + `unistd.h' (XPG): *note Working Directory::. + +`int fchmod (int FILEDES, int MODE)' + `sys/stat.h' (BSD): *note Setting Permissions::. + +`int fchown (int FILEDES, int OWNER, int GROUP)' + `unistd.h' (BSD): *note File Owner::. + +`int fclean (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note Cleaning Streams::. + +`int fclose (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Closing Streams::. + +`int fcloseall (void)' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note Closing Streams::. + +`int fcntl (int FILEDES, int COMMAND, ...)' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note Control Operations::. + +`char * fcvt (double VALUE, int NDIGIT, int *DECPT, int *NEG)' + `stdlib.h' (SVID, Unix98): *note System V Number Conversion::. + +`int fcvt_r (double VALUE, int NDIGIT, int *DECPT, int *NEG, char *BUF, size_t LEN)' + `stdlib.h' (SVID, Unix98): *note System V Number Conversion::. + +`int fdatasync (int FILDES)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX): *note Synchronizing I/O::. + +`int FD_CLOEXEC' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note Descriptor Flags::. + +`void FD_CLR (int FILEDES, fd_set *SET)' + `sys/types.h' (BSD): *note Waiting for I/O::. + +`double fdim (double X, double Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Misc FP Arithmetic::. + +`float fdimf (float X, float Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Misc FP Arithmetic::. + +`long double fdiml (long double X, long double Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Misc FP Arithmetic::. + +`int FD_ISSET (int FILEDES, const fd_set *SET)' + `sys/types.h' (BSD): *note Waiting for I/O::. + +`FILE * fdopen (int FILEDES, const char *OPENTYPE)' + `stdio.h' (POSIX.1): *note Descriptors and Streams::. + +`DIR * fdopendir (int FD)' + `dirent.h' (GNU): *note Opening a Directory::. + +`void FD_SET (int FILEDES, fd_set *SET)' + `sys/types.h' (BSD): *note Waiting for I/O::. + +`fd_set' + `sys/types.h' (BSD): *note Waiting for I/O::. + +`int FD_SETSIZE' + `sys/types.h' (BSD): *note Waiting for I/O::. + +`int F_DUPFD' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note Duplicating Descriptors::. + +`void FD_ZERO (fd_set *SET)' + `sys/types.h' (BSD): *note Waiting for I/O::. + +`int feclearexcept (int EXCEPTS)' + `fenv.h' (ISO): *note Status bit operations::. + +`int fedisableexcept (int EXCEPTS)' + `fenv.h' (GNU): *note Control Functions::. + +`FE_DIVBYZERO' + `fenv.h' (ISO): *note Status bit operations::. + +`FE_DOWNWARD' + `fenv.h' (ISO): *note Rounding::. + +`int feenableexcept (int EXCEPTS)' + `fenv.h' (GNU): *note Control Functions::. + +`int fegetenv (fenv_t *ENVP)' + `fenv.h' (ISO): *note Control Functions::. + +`int fegetexcept (int EXCEPTS)' + `fenv.h' (GNU): *note Control Functions::. + +`int fegetexceptflag (fexcept_t *FLAGP, int EXCEPTS)' + `fenv.h' (ISO): *note Status bit operations::. + +`int fegetround (void)' + `fenv.h' (ISO): *note Rounding::. + +`int feholdexcept (fenv_t *ENVP)' + `fenv.h' (ISO): *note Control Functions::. + +`FE_INEXACT' + `fenv.h' (ISO): *note Status bit operations::. + +`FE_INVALID' + `fenv.h' (ISO): *note Status bit operations::. + +`int feof (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note EOF and Errors::. + +`int feof_unlocked (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note EOF and Errors::. + +`FE_OVERFLOW' + `fenv.h' (ISO): *note Status bit operations::. + +`int feraiseexcept (int EXCEPTS)' + `fenv.h' (ISO): *note Status bit operations::. + +`int ferror (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note EOF and Errors::. + +`int ferror_unlocked (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note EOF and Errors::. + +`int fesetenv (const fenv_t *ENVP)' + `fenv.h' (ISO): *note Control Functions::. + +`int fesetexceptflag (const fexcept_t *FLAGP, int EXCEPTS)' + `fenv.h' (ISO): *note Status bit operations::. + +`int fesetround (int ROUND)' + `fenv.h' (ISO): *note Rounding::. + +`int fetestexcept (int EXCEPTS)' + `fenv.h' (ISO): *note Status bit operations::. + +`FE_TONEAREST' + `fenv.h' (ISO): *note Rounding::. + +`FE_TOWARDZERO' + `fenv.h' (ISO): *note Rounding::. + +`FE_UNDERFLOW' + `fenv.h' (ISO): *note Status bit operations::. + +`int feupdateenv (const fenv_t *ENVP)' + `fenv.h' (ISO): *note Control Functions::. + +`FE_UPWARD' + `fenv.h' (ISO): *note Rounding::. + +`int fflush (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Flushing Buffers::. + +`int fflush_unlocked (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (POSIX): *note Flushing Buffers::. + +`int fgetc (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Character Input::. + +`int fgetc_unlocked (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (POSIX): *note Character Input::. + +`int F_GETFD' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note Descriptor Flags::. + +`int F_GETFL' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note Getting File Status Flags::. + +`struct group * fgetgrent (FILE *STREAM)' + `grp.h' (SVID): *note Scanning All Groups::. + +`int fgetgrent_r (FILE *STREAM, struct group *RESULT_BUF, char *BUFFER, size_t BUFLEN, struct group **RESULT)' + `grp.h' (GNU): *note Scanning All Groups::. + +`int F_GETLK' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note File Locks::. + +`int F_GETOWN' + `fcntl.h' (BSD): *note Interrupt Input::. + +`int fgetpos (FILE *STREAM, fpos_t *POSITION)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Portable Positioning::. + +`int fgetpos64 (FILE *STREAM, fpos64_t *POSITION)' + `stdio.h' (Unix98): *note Portable Positioning::. + +`struct passwd * fgetpwent (FILE *STREAM)' + `pwd.h' (SVID): *note Scanning All Users::. + +`int fgetpwent_r (FILE *STREAM, struct passwd *RESULT_BUF, char *BUFFER, size_t BUFLEN, struct passwd **RESULT)' + `pwd.h' (GNU): *note Scanning All Users::. + +`char * fgets (char *S, int COUNT, FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Line Input::. + +`char * fgets_unlocked (char *S, int COUNT, FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note Line Input::. + +`wint_t fgetwc (FILE *STREAM)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Character Input::. + +`wint_t fgetwc_unlocked (FILE *STREAM)' + `wchar.h' (GNU): *note Character Input::. + +`wchar_t * fgetws (wchar_t *WS, int COUNT, FILE *STREAM)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Line Input::. + +`wchar_t * fgetws_unlocked (wchar_t *WS, int COUNT, FILE *STREAM)' + `wchar.h' (GNU): *note Line Input::. + +`FILE' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Streams::. + +`int FILENAME_MAX' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Limits for Files::. + +`int fileno (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (POSIX.1): *note Descriptors and Streams::. + +`int fileno_unlocked (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note Descriptors and Streams::. + +`int finite (double X)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Floating Point Classes::. + +`int finitef (float X)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Floating Point Classes::. + +`int finitel (long double X)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Floating Point Classes::. + +`int __flbf (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio_ext.h' (GNU): *note Controlling Buffering::. + +`void flockfile (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (POSIX): *note Streams and Threads::. + +`double floor (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`float floorf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`long double floorl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`FLT_DIG' + `float.h' (ISO): *note Floating Point Parameters::. + +`FLT_EPSILON' + `float.h' (ISO): *note Floating Point Parameters::. + +`FLT_MANT_DIG' + `float.h' (ISO): *note Floating Point Parameters::. + +`FLT_MAX' + `float.h' (ISO): *note Floating Point Parameters::. + +`FLT_MAX_10_EXP' + `float.h' (ISO): *note Floating Point Parameters::. + +`FLT_MAX_EXP' + `float.h' (ISO): *note Floating Point Parameters::. + +`FLT_MIN' + `float.h' (ISO): *note Floating Point Parameters::. + +`FLT_MIN_10_EXP' + `float.h' (ISO): *note Floating Point Parameters::. + +`FLT_MIN_EXP' + `float.h' (ISO): *note Floating Point Parameters::. + +`FLT_RADIX' + `float.h' (ISO): *note Floating Point Parameters::. + +`FLT_ROUNDS' + `float.h' (ISO): *note Floating Point Parameters::. + +`void _flushlbf (void)' + `stdio_ext.h' (GNU): *note Flushing Buffers::. + +`tcflag_t FLUSHO' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Local Modes::. + +`double fma (double X, double Y, double Z)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Misc FP Arithmetic::. + +`float fmaf (float X, float Y, float Z)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Misc FP Arithmetic::. + +`long double fmal (long double X, long double Y, long double Z)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Misc FP Arithmetic::. + +`double fmax (double X, double Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Misc FP Arithmetic::. + +`float fmaxf (float X, float Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Misc FP Arithmetic::. + +`long double fmaxl (long double X, long double Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Misc FP Arithmetic::. + +`FILE * fmemopen (void *BUF, size_t SIZE, const char *OPENTYPE)' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note String Streams::. + +`double fmin (double X, double Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Misc FP Arithmetic::. + +`float fminf (float X, float Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Misc FP Arithmetic::. + +`long double fminl (long double X, long double Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Misc FP Arithmetic::. + +`double fmod (double NUMERATOR, double DENOMINATOR)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Remainder Functions::. + +`float fmodf (float NUMERATOR, float DENOMINATOR)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Remainder Functions::. + +`long double fmodl (long double NUMERATOR, long double DENOMINATOR)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Remainder Functions::. + +`int fmtmsg (long int CLASSIFICATION, const char *LABEL, int SEVERITY, const char *TEXT, const char *ACTION, const char *TAG)' + `fmtmsg.h' (XPG): *note Printing Formatted Messages::. + +`int fnmatch (const char *PATTERN, const char *STRING, int FLAGS)' + `fnmatch.h' (POSIX.2): *note Wildcard Matching::. + +`FNM_CASEFOLD' + `fnmatch.h' (GNU): *note Wildcard Matching::. + +`FNM_EXTMATCH' + `fnmatch.h' (GNU): *note Wildcard Matching::. + +`FNM_FILE_NAME' + `fnmatch.h' (GNU): *note Wildcard Matching::. + +`FNM_LEADING_DIR' + `fnmatch.h' (GNU): *note Wildcard Matching::. + +`FNM_NOESCAPE' + `fnmatch.h' (POSIX.2): *note Wildcard Matching::. + +`FNM_PATHNAME' + `fnmatch.h' (POSIX.2): *note Wildcard Matching::. + +`FNM_PERIOD' + `fnmatch.h' (POSIX.2): *note Wildcard Matching::. + +`int F_OK' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Testing File Access::. + +`FILE * fopen (const char *FILENAME, const char *OPENTYPE)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Opening Streams::. + +`FILE * fopen64 (const char *FILENAME, const char *OPENTYPE)' + `stdio.h' (Unix98): *note Opening Streams::. + +`FILE * fopencookie (void *COOKIE, const char *OPENTYPE, cookie_io_functions_t IO-FUNCTIONS)' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note Streams and Cookies::. + +`int FOPEN_MAX' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Opening Streams::. + +`pid_t fork (void)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Creating a Process::. + +`int forkpty (int *AMASTER, char *NAME, const struct termios *TERMP, const struct winsize *WINP)' + `pty.h' (BSD): *note Pseudo-Terminal Pairs::. + +`long int fpathconf (int FILEDES, int PARAMETER)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Pathconf::. + +`int fpclassify (_float-type_ X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Floating Point Classes::. + +`FPE_DECOVF_TRAP' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Program Error Signals::. + +`FPE_FLTDIV_FAULT' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Program Error Signals::. + +`FPE_FLTDIV_TRAP' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Program Error Signals::. + +`FPE_FLTOVF_FAULT' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Program Error Signals::. + +`FPE_FLTOVF_TRAP' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Program Error Signals::. + +`FPE_FLTUND_FAULT' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Program Error Signals::. + +`FPE_FLTUND_TRAP' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Program Error Signals::. + +`FPE_INTDIV_TRAP' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Program Error Signals::. + +`FPE_INTOVF_TRAP' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Program Error Signals::. + +`size_t __fpending (FILE *STREAM) The `__fpending'' + `stdio_ext.h' (GNU): *note Controlling Buffering::. + +`FPE_SUBRNG_TRAP' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Program Error Signals::. + +`int FP_ILOGB0' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`int FP_ILOGBNAN' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`fpos64_t' + `stdio.h' (Unix98): *note Portable Positioning::. + +`fpos_t' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Portable Positioning::. + +`int fprintf (FILE *STREAM, const char *TEMPLATE, ...)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Formatted Output Functions::. + +`void __fpurge (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio_ext.h' (GNU): *note Flushing Buffers::. + +`int fputc (int C, FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Simple Output::. + +`int fputc_unlocked (int C, FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (POSIX): *note Simple Output::. + +`int fputs (const char *S, FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Simple Output::. + +`int fputs_unlocked (const char *S, FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note Simple Output::. + +`wint_t fputwc (wchar_t WC, FILE *STREAM)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Simple Output::. + +`wint_t fputwc_unlocked (wint_t WC, FILE *STREAM)' + `wchar.h' (POSIX): *note Simple Output::. + +`int fputws (const wchar_t *WS, FILE *STREAM)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Simple Output::. + +`int fputws_unlocked (const wchar_t *WS, FILE *STREAM)' + `wchar.h' (GNU): *note Simple Output::. + +`F_RDLCK' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note File Locks::. + +`size_t fread (void *DATA, size_t SIZE, size_t COUNT, FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Block Input/Output::. + +`int __freadable (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio_ext.h' (GNU): *note Opening Streams::. + +`int __freading (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio_ext.h' (GNU): *note Opening Streams::. + +`size_t fread_unlocked (void *DATA, size_t SIZE, size_t COUNT, FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note Block Input/Output::. + +`void free (void *PTR)' + `malloc.h', `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Freeing after Malloc::. + +`__free_hook' + `malloc.h' (GNU): *note Hooks for Malloc::. + +`FILE * freopen (const char *FILENAME, const char *OPENTYPE, FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Opening Streams::. + +`FILE * freopen64 (const char *FILENAME, const char *OPENTYPE, FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (Unix98): *note Opening Streams::. + +`double frexp (double VALUE, int *EXPONENT)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Normalization Functions::. + +`float frexpf (float VALUE, int *EXPONENT)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Normalization Functions::. + +`long double frexpl (long double VALUE, int *EXPONENT)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Normalization Functions::. + +`int fscanf (FILE *STREAM, const char *TEMPLATE, ...)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Formatted Input Functions::. + +`int fseek (FILE *STREAM, long int OFFSET, int WHENCE)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note File Positioning::. + +`int fseeko (FILE *STREAM, off_t OFFSET, int WHENCE)' + `stdio.h' (Unix98): *note File Positioning::. + +`int fseeko64 (FILE *STREAM, off64_t OFFSET, int WHENCE)' + `stdio.h' (Unix98): *note File Positioning::. + +`int F_SETFD' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note Descriptor Flags::. + +`int F_SETFL' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note Getting File Status Flags::. + +`int F_SETLK' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note File Locks::. + +`int F_SETLKW' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note File Locks::. + +`int __fsetlocking (FILE *STREAM, int TYPE)' + `stdio_ext.h' (GNU): *note Streams and Threads::. + +`int F_SETOWN' + `fcntl.h' (BSD): *note Interrupt Input::. + +`int fsetpos (FILE *STREAM, const fpos_t *POSITION)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Portable Positioning::. + +`int fsetpos64 (FILE *STREAM, const fpos64_t *POSITION)' + `stdio.h' (Unix98): *note Portable Positioning::. + +`int fstat (int FILEDES, struct stat *BUF)' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX.1): *note Reading Attributes::. + +`int fstat64 (int FILEDES, struct stat64 *BUF)' + `sys/stat.h' (Unix98): *note Reading Attributes::. + +`int fsync (int FILDES)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX): *note Synchronizing I/O::. + +`long int ftell (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note File Positioning::. + +`off_t ftello (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (Unix98): *note File Positioning::. + +`off64_t ftello64 (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (Unix98): *note File Positioning::. + +`int ftruncate (int FD, off_t LENGTH)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX): *note File Size::. + +`int ftruncate64 (int ID, off64_t LENGTH)' + `unistd.h' (Unix98): *note File Size::. + +`int ftrylockfile (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (POSIX): *note Streams and Threads::. + +`int ftw (const char *FILENAME, __ftw_func_t FUNC, int DESCRIPTORS)' + `ftw.h' (SVID): *note Working with Directory Trees::. + +`int ftw64 (const char *FILENAME, __ftw64_func_t FUNC, int DESCRIPTORS)' + `ftw.h' (Unix98): *note Working with Directory Trees::. + +`__ftw64_func_t' + `ftw.h' (GNU): *note Working with Directory Trees::. + +`__ftw_func_t' + `ftw.h' (GNU): *note Working with Directory Trees::. + +`F_UNLCK' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note File Locks::. + +`void funlockfile (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (POSIX): *note Streams and Threads::. + +`int futimes (int FD, struct timeval TVP[2])' + `sys/time.h' (BSD): *note File Times::. + +`int fwide (FILE *STREAM, int MODE)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Streams and I18N::. + +`int fwprintf (FILE *STREAM, const wchar_t *TEMPLATE, ...)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Formatted Output Functions::. + +`int __fwritable (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio_ext.h' (GNU): *note Opening Streams::. + +`size_t fwrite (const void *DATA, size_t SIZE, size_t COUNT, FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Block Input/Output::. + +`size_t fwrite_unlocked (const void *DATA, size_t SIZE, size_t COUNT, FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note Block Input/Output::. + +`int __fwriting (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio_ext.h' (GNU): *note Opening Streams::. + +`F_WRLCK' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note File Locks::. + +`int fwscanf (FILE *STREAM, const wchar_t *TEMPLATE, ...)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Formatted Input Functions::. + +`double gamma (double X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`float gammaf (float X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`long double gammal (long double X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`void (*__gconv_end_fct) (struct gconv_step *)' + `gconv.h' (GNU): *note glibc iconv Implementation::. + +`int (*__gconv_fct) (struct __gconv_step *, struct __gconv_step_data *, const char **, const char *, size_t *, int)' + `gconv.h' (GNU): *note glibc iconv Implementation::. + +`int (*__gconv_init_fct) (struct __gconv_step *)' + `gconv.h' (GNU): *note glibc iconv Implementation::. + +`char * gcvt (double VALUE, int NDIGIT, char *BUF)' + `stdlib.h' (SVID, Unix98): *note System V Number Conversion::. + +`long int get_avphys_pages (void)' + `sys/sysinfo.h' (GNU): *note Query Memory Parameters::. + +`int getc (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Character Input::. + +`int getchar (void)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Character Input::. + +`int getchar_unlocked (void)' + `stdio.h' (POSIX): *note Character Input::. + +`int getcontext (ucontext_t *UCP)' + `ucontext.h' (SVID): *note System V contexts::. + +`int getc_unlocked (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (POSIX): *note Character Input::. + +`char * get_current_dir_name (void)' + `unistd.h' (GNU): *note Working Directory::. + +`char * getcwd (char *BUFFER, size_t SIZE)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Working Directory::. + +`struct tm * getdate (const char *STRING)' + `time.h' (Unix98): *note General Time String Parsing::. + +`getdate_err' + `time.h' (Unix98): *note General Time String Parsing::. + +`int getdate_r (const char *STRING, struct tm *TP)' + `time.h' (GNU): *note General Time String Parsing::. + +`ssize_t getdelim (char **LINEPTR, size_t *N, int DELIMITER, FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note Line Input::. + +`int getdomainnname (char *NAME, size_t LENGTH)' + `unistd.h' (???): *note Host Identification::. + +`gid_t getegid (void)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Reading Persona::. + +`char * getenv (const char *NAME)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Environment Access::. + +`uid_t geteuid (void)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Reading Persona::. + +`struct fstab * getfsent (void)' + `fstab.h' (BSD): *note fstab::. + +`struct fstab * getfsfile (const char *NAME)' + `fstab.h' (BSD): *note fstab::. + +`struct fstab * getfsspec (const char *NAME)' + `fstab.h' (BSD): *note fstab::. + +`gid_t getgid (void)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Reading Persona::. + +`struct group * getgrent (void)' + `grp.h' (SVID, BSD): *note Scanning All Groups::. + +`int getgrent_r (struct group *RESULT_BUF, char *BUFFER, size_t BUFLEN, struct group **RESULT)' + `grp.h' (GNU): *note Scanning All Groups::. + +`struct group * getgrgid (gid_t GID)' + `grp.h' (POSIX.1): *note Lookup Group::. + +`int getgrgid_r (gid_t GID, struct group *RESULT_BUF, char *BUFFER, size_t BUFLEN, struct group **RESULT)' + `grp.h' (POSIX.1c): *note Lookup Group::. + +`struct group * getgrnam (const char *NAME)' + `grp.h' (SVID, BSD): *note Lookup Group::. + +`int getgrnam_r (const char *NAME, struct group *RESULT_BUF, char *BUFFER, size_t BUFLEN, struct group **RESULT)' + `grp.h' (POSIX.1c): *note Lookup Group::. + +`int getgrouplist (const char *USER, gid_t GROUP, gid_t *GROUPS, int *NGROUPS)' + `grp.h' (BSD): *note Setting Groups::. + +`int getgroups (int COUNT, gid_t *GROUPS)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Reading Persona::. + +`struct hostent * gethostbyaddr (const char *ADDR, size_t LENGTH, int FORMAT)' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Host Names::. + +`int gethostbyaddr_r (const char *ADDR, size_t LENGTH, int FORMAT, struct hostent *restrict RESULT_BUF, char *restrict BUF, size_t BUFLEN, struct hostent **restrict RESULT, int *restrict H_ERRNOP)' + `netdb.h' (GNU): *note Host Names::. + +`struct hostent * gethostbyname (const char *NAME)' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Host Names::. + +`struct hostent * gethostbyname2 (const char *NAME, int AF)' + `netdb.h' (IPv6 Basic API): *note Host Names::. + +`int gethostbyname2_r (const char *NAME, int AF, struct hostent *restrict RESULT_BUF, char *restrict BUF, size_t BUFLEN, struct hostent **restrict RESULT, int *restrict H_ERRNOP)' + `netdb.h' (GNU): *note Host Names::. + +`int gethostbyname_r (const char *restrict NAME, struct hostent *restrict RESULT_BUF, char *restrict BUF, size_t BUFLEN, struct hostent **restrict RESULT, int *restrict H_ERRNOP)' + `netdb.h' (GNU): *note Host Names::. + +`struct hostent * gethostent (void)' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Host Names::. + +`long int gethostid (void)' + `unistd.h' (BSD): *note Host Identification::. + +`int gethostname (char *NAME, size_t SIZE)' + `unistd.h' (BSD): *note Host Identification::. + +`int getitimer (int WHICH, struct itimerval *OLD)' + `sys/time.h' (BSD): *note Setting an Alarm::. + +`ssize_t getline (char **LINEPTR, size_t *N, FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note Line Input::. + +`int getloadavg (double LOADAVG[], int NELEM)' + `stdlib.h' (BSD): *note Processor Resources::. + +`char * getlogin (void)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Who Logged In::. + +`struct mntent * getmntent (FILE *STREAM)' + `mntent.h' (BSD): *note mtab::. + +`struct mntent * getmntent_r (FILE *STREAM, struct mentent *RESULT, char *BUFFER, int BUFSIZE)' + `mntent.h' (BSD): *note mtab::. + +`struct netent * getnetbyaddr (unsigned long int NET, int TYPE)' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Networks Database::. + +`struct netent * getnetbyname (const char *NAME)' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Networks Database::. + +`struct netent * getnetent (void)' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Networks Database::. + +`int getnetgrent (char **HOSTP, char **USERP, char **DOMAINP)' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Lookup Netgroup::. + +`int getnetgrent_r (char **HOSTP, char **USERP, char **DOMAINP, char *BUFFER, int BUFLEN)' + `netdb.h' (GNU): *note Lookup Netgroup::. + +`int get_nprocs (void)' + `sys/sysinfo.h' (GNU): *note Processor Resources::. + +`int get_nprocs_conf (void)' + `sys/sysinfo.h' (GNU): *note Processor Resources::. + +`int getopt (int ARGC, char **ARGV, const char *OPTIONS)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note Using Getopt::. + +`int getopt_long (int ARGC, char *const *ARGV, const char *SHORTOPTS, const struct option *LONGOPTS, int *INDEXPTR)' + `getopt.h' (GNU): *note Getopt Long Options::. + +`int getopt_long_only (int ARGC, char *const *ARGV, const char *SHORTOPTS, const struct option *LONGOPTS, int *INDEXPTR)' + `getopt.h' (GNU): *note Getopt Long Options::. + +`int getpagesize (void)' + `unistd.h' (BSD): *note Query Memory Parameters::. + +`char * getpass (const char *PROMPT)' + `unistd.h' (BSD): *note getpass::. + +`int getpeername (int SOCKET, struct sockaddr *ADDR, socklen_t *LENGTH-PTR)' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Who is Connected::. + +`int getpgid (pid_t PID)' + `unistd.h' (SVID): *note Process Group Functions::. + +`pid_t getpgrp (pid_t PID)' + `unistd.h' (BSD): *note Process Group Functions::. + +`pid_t getpgrp (void)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Process Group Functions::. + +`long int get_phys_pages (void)' + `sys/sysinfo.h' (GNU): *note Query Memory Parameters::. + +`pid_t getpid (void)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Process Identification::. + +`pid_t getppid (void)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Process Identification::. + +`int getpriority (int CLASS, int ID)' + `sys/resource.h' (BSD,POSIX): *note Traditional Scheduling + Functions::. + +`struct protoent * getprotobyname (const char *NAME)' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Protocols Database::. + +`struct protoent * getprotobynumber (int PROTOCOL)' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Protocols Database::. + +`struct protoent * getprotoent (void)' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Protocols Database::. + +`int getpt (void)' + `stdlib.h' (GNU): *note Allocation::. + +`struct passwd * getpwent (void)' + `pwd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Scanning All Users::. + +`int getpwent_r (struct passwd *RESULT_BUF, char *BUFFER, int BUFLEN, struct passwd **RESULT)' + `pwd.h' (GNU): *note Scanning All Users::. + +`struct passwd * getpwnam (const char *NAME)' + `pwd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Lookup User::. + +`int getpwnam_r (const char *NAME, struct passwd *RESULT_BUF, char *BUFFER, size_t BUFLEN, struct passwd **RESULT)' + `pwd.h' (POSIX.1c): *note Lookup User::. + +`struct passwd * getpwuid (uid_t UID)' + `pwd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Lookup User::. + +`int getpwuid_r (uid_t UID, struct passwd *RESULT_BUF, char *BUFFER, size_t BUFLEN, struct passwd **RESULT)' + `pwd.h' (POSIX.1c): *note Lookup User::. + +`int getrlimit (int RESOURCE, struct rlimit *RLP)' + `sys/resource.h' (BSD): *note Limits on Resources::. + +`int getrlimit64 (int RESOURCE, struct rlimit64 *RLP)' + `sys/resource.h' (Unix98): *note Limits on Resources::. + +`int getrusage (int PROCESSES, struct rusage *RUSAGE)' + `sys/resource.h' (BSD): *note Resource Usage::. + +`char * gets (char *S)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Line Input::. + +`struct servent * getservbyname (const char *NAME, const char *PROTO)' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Services Database::. + +`struct servent * getservbyport (int PORT, const char *PROTO)' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Services Database::. + +`struct servent * getservent (void)' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Services Database::. + +`pid_t getsid (pid_t PID)' + `unistd.h' (SVID): *note Process Group Functions::. + +`int getsockname (int SOCKET, struct sockaddr *ADDR, socklen_t *LENGTH-PTR)' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Reading Address::. + +`int getsockopt (int SOCKET, int LEVEL, int OPTNAME, void *OPTVAL, socklen_t *OPTLEN-PTR)' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Socket Option Functions::. + +`int getsubopt (char **OPTIONP, const char* const *TOKENS, char **VALUEP)' + `stdlib.h' (stdlib.h): *note Suboptions Example: Suboptions. + +`char * gettext (const char *MSGID)' + `libintl.h' (GNU): *note Translation with gettext::. + +`int gettimeofday (struct timeval *TP, struct timezone *TZP)' + `sys/time.h' (BSD): *note High-Resolution Calendar::. + +`uid_t getuid (void)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Reading Persona::. + +`mode_t getumask (void)' + `sys/stat.h' (GNU): *note Setting Permissions::. + +`struct utmp * getutent (void)' + `utmp.h' (SVID): *note Manipulating the Database::. + +`int getutent_r (struct utmp *BUFFER, struct utmp **RESULT)' + `utmp.h' (GNU): *note Manipulating the Database::. + +`struct utmp * getutid (const struct utmp *ID)' + `utmp.h' (SVID): *note Manipulating the Database::. + +`int getutid_r (const struct utmp *ID, struct utmp *BUFFER, struct utmp **RESULT)' + `utmp.h' (GNU): *note Manipulating the Database::. + +`struct utmp * getutline (const struct utmp *LINE)' + `utmp.h' (SVID): *note Manipulating the Database::. + +`int getutline_r (const struct utmp *LINE, struct utmp *BUFFER, struct utmp **RESULT)' + `utmp.h' (GNU): *note Manipulating the Database::. + +`int getutmp (const struct utmpx *utmpx, struct utmp *utmp)' + `utmp.h' (GNU): *note XPG Functions::. + +`int getutmpx (const struct utmp *utmp, struct utmpx *utmpx)' + `utmp.h' (GNU): *note XPG Functions::. + +`struct utmpx * getutxent (void)' + `utmpx.h' (XPG4.2): *note XPG Functions::. + +`struct utmpx * getutxid (const struct utmpx *ID)' + `utmpx.h' (XPG4.2): *note XPG Functions::. + +`struct utmpx * getutxline (const struct utmpx *LINE)' + `utmpx.h' (XPG4.2): *note XPG Functions::. + +`int getw (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (SVID): *note Character Input::. + +`wint_t getwc (FILE *STREAM)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Character Input::. + +`wint_t getwchar (void)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Character Input::. + +`wint_t getwchar_unlocked (void)' + `wchar.h' (GNU): *note Character Input::. + +`wint_t getwc_unlocked (FILE *STREAM)' + `wchar.h' (GNU): *note Character Input::. + +`char * getwd (char *BUFFER)' + `unistd.h' (BSD): *note Working Directory::. + +`gid_t' + `sys/types.h' (POSIX.1): *note Reading Persona::. + +`int glob (const char *PATTERN, int FLAGS, int (*ERRFUNC) (const char *FILENAME, int ERROR-CODE), glob_t *VECTOR-PTR)' + `glob.h' (POSIX.2): *note Calling Glob::. + +`int glob64 (const char *PATTERN, int FLAGS, int (*ERRFUNC) (const char *FILENAME, int ERROR-CODE), glob64_t *VECTOR-PTR)' + `glob.h' (GNU): *note Calling Glob::. + +`glob64_t' + `glob.h' (GNU): *note Calling Glob::. + +`GLOB_ABORTED' + `glob.h' (POSIX.2): *note Calling Glob::. + +`GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC' + `glob.h' (GNU): *note More Flags for Globbing::. + +`GLOB_APPEND' + `glob.h' (POSIX.2): *note Flags for Globbing::. + +`GLOB_BRACE' + `glob.h' (GNU): *note More Flags for Globbing::. + +`GLOB_DOOFFS' + `glob.h' (POSIX.2): *note Flags for Globbing::. + +`GLOB_ERR' + `glob.h' (POSIX.2): *note Flags for Globbing::. + +`void globfree (glob_t *PGLOB)' + `glob.h' (POSIX.2): *note More Flags for Globbing::. + +`void globfree64 (glob64_t *PGLOB)' + `glob.h' (GNU): *note More Flags for Globbing::. + +`GLOB_MAGCHAR' + `glob.h' (GNU): *note More Flags for Globbing::. + +`GLOB_MARK' + `glob.h' (POSIX.2): *note Flags for Globbing::. + +`GLOB_NOCHECK' + `glob.h' (POSIX.2): *note Flags for Globbing::. + +`GLOB_NOESCAPE' + `glob.h' (POSIX.2): *note Flags for Globbing::. + +`GLOB_NOMAGIC' + `glob.h' (GNU): *note More Flags for Globbing::. + +`GLOB_NOMATCH' + `glob.h' (POSIX.2): *note Calling Glob::. + +`GLOB_NOSORT' + `glob.h' (POSIX.2): *note Flags for Globbing::. + +`GLOB_NOSPACE' + `glob.h' (POSIX.2): *note Calling Glob::. + +`GLOB_ONLYDIR' + `glob.h' (GNU): *note More Flags for Globbing::. + +`GLOB_PERIOD' + `glob.h' (GNU): *note More Flags for Globbing::. + +`glob_t' + `glob.h' (POSIX.2): *note Calling Glob::. + +`GLOB_TILDE' + `glob.h' (GNU): *note More Flags for Globbing::. + +`GLOB_TILDE_CHECK' + `glob.h' (GNU): *note More Flags for Globbing::. + +`struct tm * gmtime (const time_t *TIME)' + `time.h' (ISO): *note Broken-down Time::. + +`struct tm * gmtime_r (const time_t *TIME, struct tm *RESULTP)' + `time.h' (POSIX.1c): *note Broken-down Time::. + +`_GNU_SOURCE' + (GNU): *note Feature Test Macros::. + +`int grantpt (int FILEDES)' + `stdlib.h' (SVID, XPG4.2): *note Allocation::. + +`int gsignal (int SIGNUM)' + `signal.h' (SVID): *note Signaling Yourself::. + +`int gtty (int FILEDES, struct sgttyb *ATTRIBUTES)' + `sgtty.h' (BSD): *note BSD Terminal Modes::. + +`char * hasmntopt (const struct mntent *MNT, const char *OPT)' + `mntent.h' (BSD): *note mtab::. + +`int hcreate (size_t NEL)' + `search.h' (SVID): *note Hash Search Function::. + +`int hcreate_r (size_t NEL, struct hsearch_data *HTAB)' + `search.h' (GNU): *note Hash Search Function::. + +`void hdestroy (void)' + `search.h' (SVID): *note Hash Search Function::. + +`void hdestroy_r (struct hsearch_data *HTAB)' + `search.h' (GNU): *note Hash Search Function::. + +`HOST_NOT_FOUND' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Host Names::. + +`ENTRY * hsearch (ENTRY ITEM, ACTION ACTION)' + `search.h' (SVID): *note Hash Search Function::. + +`int hsearch_r (ENTRY ITEM, ACTION ACTION, ENTRY **RETVAL, struct hsearch_data *HTAB)' + `search.h' (GNU): *note Hash Search Function::. + +`uint32_t htonl (uint32_t HOSTLONG)' + `netinet/in.h' (BSD): *note Byte Order::. + +`uint16_t htons (uint16_t HOSTSHORT)' + `netinet/in.h' (BSD): *note Byte Order::. + +`double HUGE_VAL' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Math Error Reporting::. + +`float HUGE_VALF' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Math Error Reporting::. + +`long double HUGE_VALL' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Math Error Reporting::. + +`tcflag_t HUPCL' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Control Modes::. + +`double hypot (double X, double Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`float hypotf (float X, float Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`long double hypotl (long double X, long double Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`tcflag_t ICANON' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Local Modes::. + +`size_t iconv (iconv_t CD, char **INBUF, size_t *INBYTESLEFT, char **OUTBUF, size_t *OUTBYTESLEFT)' + `iconv.h' (XPG2): *note Generic Conversion Interface::. + +`int iconv_close (iconv_t CD)' + `iconv.h' (XPG2): *note Generic Conversion Interface::. + +`iconv_t iconv_open (const char *TOCODE, const char *FROMCODE)' + `iconv.h' (XPG2): *note Generic Conversion Interface::. + +`iconv_t' + `iconv.h' (XPG2): *note Generic Conversion Interface::. + +`tcflag_t ICRNL' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Input Modes::. + +`tcflag_t IEXTEN' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Local Modes::. + +`void if_freenameindex (struct if_nameindex *ptr)' + `net/if.h' (IPv6 basic API): *note Interface Naming::. + +`char * if_indextoname (unsigned int ifindex, char *ifname)' + `net/if.h' (IPv6 basic API): *note Interface Naming::. + +`struct if_nameindex * if_nameindex (void)' + `net/if.h' (IPv6 basic API): *note Interface Naming::. + +`unsigned int if_nametoindex (const char *ifname)' + `net/if.h' (IPv6 basic API): *note Interface Naming::. + +`size_t IFNAMSIZ' + `net/if.h' (net/if.h): *note Interface Naming::. + +`int IFTODT (mode_t MODE)' + `dirent.h' (BSD): *note Directory Entries::. + +`tcflag_t IGNBRK' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Input Modes::. + +`tcflag_t IGNCR' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Input Modes::. + +`tcflag_t IGNPAR' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Input Modes::. + +`int ilogb (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`int ilogbf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`int ilogbl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`intmax_t imaxabs (intmax_t NUMBER)' + `inttypes.h' (ISO): *note Absolute Value::. + +`tcflag_t IMAXBEL' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Input Modes::. + +`imaxdiv_t imaxdiv (intmax_t NUMERATOR, intmax_t DENOMINATOR)' + `inttypes.h' (ISO): *note Integer Division::. + +`imaxdiv_t' + `inttypes.h' (ISO): *note Integer Division::. + +`struct in6_addr in6addr_any' + `netinet/in.h' (IPv6 basic API): *note Host Address Data Type::. + +`struct in6_addr in6addr_loopback' + `netinet/in.h' (IPv6 basic API): *note Host Address Data Type::. + +`uint32_t INADDR_ANY' + `netinet/in.h' (BSD): *note Host Address Data Type::. + +`uint32_t INADDR_BROADCAST' + `netinet/in.h' (BSD): *note Host Address Data Type::. + +`uint32_t INADDR_LOOPBACK' + `netinet/in.h' (BSD): *note Host Address Data Type::. + +`uint32_t INADDR_NONE' + `netinet/in.h' (BSD): *note Host Address Data Type::. + +`char * index (const char *STRING, int C)' + `string.h' (BSD): *note Search Functions::. + +`uint32_t inet_addr (const char *NAME)' + `arpa/inet.h' (BSD): *note Host Address Functions::. + +`int inet_aton (const char *NAME, struct in_addr *ADDR)' + `arpa/inet.h' (BSD): *note Host Address Functions::. + +`uint32_t inet_lnaof (struct in_addr ADDR)' + `arpa/inet.h' (BSD): *note Host Address Functions::. + +`struct in_addr inet_makeaddr (uint32_t NET, uint32_t LOCAL)' + `arpa/inet.h' (BSD): *note Host Address Functions::. + +`uint32_t inet_netof (struct in_addr ADDR)' + `arpa/inet.h' (BSD): *note Host Address Functions::. + +`uint32_t inet_network (const char *NAME)' + `arpa/inet.h' (BSD): *note Host Address Functions::. + +`char * inet_ntoa (struct in_addr ADDR)' + `arpa/inet.h' (BSD): *note Host Address Functions::. + +`const char * inet_ntop (int AF, const void *CP, char *BUF, size_t LEN)' + `arpa/inet.h' (IPv6 basic API): *note Host Address Functions::. + +`int inet_pton (int AF, const char *CP, void *BUF)' + `arpa/inet.h' (IPv6 basic API): *note Host Address Functions::. + +`float INFINITY' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Infinity and NaN::. + +`int initgroups (const char *USER, gid_t GROUP)' + `grp.h' (BSD): *note Setting Groups::. + +`INIT_PROCESS' + `utmp.h' (SVID): *note Manipulating the Database::. + +`INIT_PROCESS' + `utmpx.h' (XPG4.2): *note XPG Functions::. + +`void * initstate (unsigned int SEED, void *STATE, size_t SIZE)' + `stdlib.h' (BSD): *note BSD Random::. + +`int initstate_r (unsigned int SEED, char *restrict STATEBUF, size_t STATELEN, struct random_data *restrict BUF)' + `stdlib.h' (GNU): *note BSD Random::. + +`tcflag_t INLCR' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Input Modes::. + +`int innetgr (const char *NETGROUP, const char *HOST, const char *USER, const char *DOMAIN)' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Netgroup Membership::. + +`ino64_t' + `sys/types.h' (Unix98): *note Attribute Meanings::. + +`ino_t' + `sys/types.h' (POSIX.1): *note Attribute Meanings::. + +`tcflag_t INPCK' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Input Modes::. + +`long int telldir (DIR *DIRSTREAM)' + `dirent.h' (BSD): *note Random Access Directory::. + +`INT_MAX' + `limits.h' (ISO): *note Range of Type::. + +`INT_MIN' + `limits.h' (ISO): *note Range of Type::. + +`int ioctl (int FILEDES, int COMMAND, ...)' + `sys/ioctl.h' (BSD): *note IOCTLs::. + +`int _IOFBF' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Controlling Buffering::. + +`int _IOLBF' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Controlling Buffering::. + +`int _IONBF' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Controlling Buffering::. + +`int IPPORT_RESERVED' + `netinet/in.h' (BSD): *note Ports::. + +`int IPPORT_USERRESERVED' + `netinet/in.h' (BSD): *note Ports::. + +`int isalnum (int C)' + `ctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Characters::. + +`int isalpha (int C)' + `ctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Characters::. + +`int isascii (int C)' + `ctype.h' (SVID, BSD): *note Classification of Characters::. + +`int isatty (int FILEDES)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Is It a Terminal::. + +`int isblank (int C)' + `ctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Characters::. + +`int iscntrl (int C)' + `ctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Characters::. + +`int isdigit (int C)' + `ctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Characters::. + +`int isfinite (_float-type_ X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Floating Point Classes::. + +`int isgraph (int C)' + `ctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Characters::. + +`int isgreater (_real-floating_ X, _real-floating_ Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note FP Comparison Functions::. + +`int isgreaterequal (_real-floating_ X, _real-floating_ Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note FP Comparison Functions::. + +`tcflag_t ISIG' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Local Modes::. + +`int isinf (double X)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Floating Point Classes::. + +`int isinff (float X)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Floating Point Classes::. + +`int isinfl (long double X)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Floating Point Classes::. + +`int isless (_real-floating_ X, _real-floating_ Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note FP Comparison Functions::. + +`int islessequal (_real-floating_ X, _real-floating_ Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note FP Comparison Functions::. + +`int islessgreater (_real-floating_ X, _real-floating_ Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note FP Comparison Functions::. + +`int islower (int C)' + `ctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Characters::. + +`int isnan (_float-type_ X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Floating Point Classes::. + +`int isnan (double X)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Floating Point Classes::. + +`int isnanf (float X)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Floating Point Classes::. + +`int isnanl (long double X)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Floating Point Classes::. + +`int isnormal (_float-type_ X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Floating Point Classes::. + +`_ISOC99_SOURCE' + (GNU): *note Feature Test Macros::. + +`int isprint (int C)' + `ctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Characters::. + +`int ispunct (int C)' + `ctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Characters::. + +`int isspace (int C)' + `ctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Characters::. + +`tcflag_t ISTRIP' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Input Modes::. + +`int isunordered (_real-floating_ X, _real-floating_ Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note FP Comparison Functions::. + +`int isupper (int C)' + `ctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Characters::. + +`int iswalnum (wint_t WC)' + `wctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Wide Characters::. + +`int iswalpha (wint_t WC)' + `wctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Wide Characters::. + +`int iswblank (wint_t WC)' + `wctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Wide Characters::. + +`int iswcntrl (wint_t WC)' + `wctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Wide Characters::. + +`int iswctype (wint_t WC, wctype_t DESC)' + `wctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Wide Characters::. + +`int iswdigit (wint_t WC)' + `wctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Wide Characters::. + +`int iswgraph (wint_t WC)' + `wctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Wide Characters::. + +`int iswlower (wint_t WC)' + `ctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Wide Characters::. + +`int iswprint (wint_t WC)' + `wctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Wide Characters::. + +`int iswpunct (wint_t WC)' + `wctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Wide Characters::. + +`int iswspace (wint_t WC)' + `wctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Wide Characters::. + +`int iswupper (wint_t WC)' + `wctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Wide Characters::. + +`int iswxdigit (wint_t WC)' + `wctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Wide Characters::. + +`int isxdigit (int C)' + `ctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Characters::. + +`ITIMER_PROF' + `sys/time.h' (BSD): *note Setting an Alarm::. + +`ITIMER_REAL' + `sys/time.h' (BSD): *note Setting an Alarm::. + +`ITIMER_VIRTUAL' + `sys/time.h' (BSD): *note Setting an Alarm::. + +`tcflag_t IXANY' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Input Modes::. + +`tcflag_t IXOFF' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Input Modes::. + +`tcflag_t IXON' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Input Modes::. + +`double j0 (double X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`float j0f (float X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`long double j0l (long double X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`double j1 (double X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`float j1f (float X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`long double j1l (long double X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`jmp_buf' + `setjmp.h' (ISO): *note Non-Local Details::. + +`double jn (int n, double X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`float jnf (int n, float X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`long double jnl (int n, long double X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`long int jrand48 (unsigned short int XSUBI[3])' + `stdlib.h' (SVID): *note SVID Random::. + +`int jrand48_r (unsigned short int XSUBI[3], struct drand48_data *BUFFER, long int *RESULT)' + `stdlib.h' (GNU): *note SVID Random::. + +`int kill (pid_t PID, int SIGNUM)' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Signaling Another Process::. + +`int killpg (int PGID, int SIGNUM)' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Signaling Another Process::. + +`char * l64a (long int N)' + `stdlib.h' (XPG): *note Encode Binary Data::. + +`long int labs (long int NUMBER)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Absolute Value::. + +`LANG' + `locale.h' (ISO): *note Locale Categories::. + +`LC_ALL' + `locale.h' (ISO): *note Locale Categories::. + +`LC_COLLATE' + `locale.h' (ISO): *note Locale Categories::. + +`LC_CTYPE' + `locale.h' (ISO): *note Locale Categories::. + +`LC_MESSAGES' + `locale.h' (XOPEN): *note Locale Categories::. + +`LC_MONETARY' + `locale.h' (ISO): *note Locale Categories::. + +`LC_NUMERIC' + `locale.h' (ISO): *note Locale Categories::. + +`void lcong48 (unsigned short int PARAM[7])' + `stdlib.h' (SVID): *note SVID Random::. + +`int lcong48_r (unsigned short int PARAM[7], struct drand48_data *BUFFER)' + `stdlib.h' (GNU): *note SVID Random::. + +`int L_ctermid' + `stdio.h' (POSIX.1): *note Identifying the Terminal::. + +`LC_TIME' + `locale.h' (ISO): *note Locale Categories::. + +`int L_cuserid' + `stdio.h' (POSIX.1): *note Who Logged In::. + +`double ldexp (double VALUE, int EXPONENT)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Normalization Functions::. + +`float ldexpf (float VALUE, int EXPONENT)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Normalization Functions::. + +`long double ldexpl (long double VALUE, int EXPONENT)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Normalization Functions::. + +`ldiv_t ldiv (long int NUMERATOR, long int DENOMINATOR)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Integer Division::. + +`ldiv_t' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Integer Division::. + +`void * lfind (const void *KEY, void *BASE, size_t *NMEMB, size_t SIZE, comparison_fn_t COMPAR)' + `search.h' (SVID): *note Array Search Function::. + +`double lgamma (double X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`float lgammaf (float X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`float lgammaf_r (float X, int *SIGNP)' + `math.h' (XPG): *note Special Functions::. + +`long double lgammal (long double X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`long double lgammal_r (long double X, int *SIGNP)' + `math.h' (XPG): *note Special Functions::. + +`double lgamma_r (double X, int *SIGNP)' + `math.h' (XPG): *note Special Functions::. + +`L_INCR' + `sys/file.h' (BSD): *note File Positioning::. + +`int LINE_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.2): *note Utility Limits::. + +`int link (const char *OLDNAME, const char *NEWNAME)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Hard Links::. + +`int LINK_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note Limits for Files::. + +`int lio_listio (int MODE, struct aiocb *const LIST[], int NENT, struct sigevent *SIG)' + `aio.h' (POSIX.1b): *note Asynchronous Reads/Writes::. + +`int lio_listio64 (int MODE, struct aiocb *const LIST, int NENT, struct sigevent *SIG)' + `aio.h' (Unix98): *note Asynchronous Reads/Writes::. + +`int listen (int SOCKET, int N)' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Listening::. + +`long long int llabs (long long int NUMBER)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Absolute Value::. + +`lldiv_t lldiv (long long int NUMERATOR, long long int DENOMINATOR)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Integer Division::. + +`lldiv_t' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Integer Division::. + +`long long int llrint (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`long long int llrintf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`long long int llrintl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`long long int llround (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`long long int llroundf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`long long int llroundl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`struct lconv * localeconv (void)' + `locale.h' (ISO): *note The Lame Way to Locale Data::. + +`struct tm * localtime (const time_t *TIME)' + `time.h' (ISO): *note Broken-down Time::. + +`struct tm * localtime_r (const time_t *TIME, struct tm *RESULTP)' + `time.h' (POSIX.1c): *note Broken-down Time::. + +`double log (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`double log10 (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`float log10f (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`long double log10l (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`double log1p (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`float log1pf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`long double log1pl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`double log2 (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`float log2f (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`long double log2l (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`double logb (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`float logbf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`long double logbl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`float logf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`void login (const struct utmp *ENTRY)' + `utmp.h' (BSD): *note Logging In and Out::. + +`LOGIN_PROCESS' + `utmp.h' (SVID): *note Manipulating the Database::. + +`LOGIN_PROCESS' + `utmpx.h' (XPG4.2): *note XPG Functions::. + +`int login_tty (int FILEDES)' + `utmp.h' (BSD): *note Logging In and Out::. + +`long double logl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`int logout (const char *UT_LINE)' + `utmp.h' (BSD): *note Logging In and Out::. + +`void logwtmp (const char *UT_LINE, const char *UT_NAME, const char *UT_HOST)' + `utmp.h' (BSD): *note Logging In and Out::. + +`void longjmp (jmp_buf STATE, int VALUE)' + `setjmp.h' (ISO): *note Non-Local Details::. + +`LONG_LONG_MAX' + `limits.h' (GNU): *note Range of Type::. + +`LONG_LONG_MIN' + `limits.h' (GNU): *note Range of Type::. + +`LONG_MAX' + `limits.h' (ISO): *note Range of Type::. + +`LONG_MIN' + `limits.h' (ISO): *note Range of Type::. + +`long int lrand48 (void)' + `stdlib.h' (SVID): *note SVID Random::. + +`int lrand48_r (struct drand48_data *BUFFER, double *RESULT)' + `stdlib.h' (GNU): *note SVID Random::. + +`long int lrint (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`long int lrintf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`long int lrintl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`long int lround (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`long int lroundf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`long int lroundl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`void * lsearch (const void *KEY, void *BASE, size_t *NMEMB, size_t SIZE, comparison_fn_t COMPAR)' + `search.h' (SVID): *note Array Search Function::. + +`off_t lseek (int FILEDES, off_t OFFSET, int WHENCE)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note File Position Primitive::. + +`off64_t lseek64 (int FILEDES, off64_t OFFSET, int WHENCE)' + `unistd.h' (Unix98): *note File Position Primitive::. + +`L_SET' + `sys/file.h' (BSD): *note File Positioning::. + +`int lstat (const char *FILENAME, struct stat *BUF)' + `sys/stat.h' (BSD): *note Reading Attributes::. + +`int lstat64 (const char *FILENAME, struct stat64 *BUF)' + `sys/stat.h' (Unix98): *note Reading Attributes::. + +`int L_tmpnam' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Temporary Files::. + +`int lutimes (const char *FILENAME, struct timeval TVP[2])' + `sys/time.h' (BSD): *note File Times::. + +`L_XTND' + `sys/file.h' (BSD): *note File Positioning::. + +`int madvise (void *ADDR, size_t LENGTH, int ADVICE)' + `sys/mman.h' (POSIX): *note Memory-mapped I/O::. + +`void makecontext (ucontext_t *UCP, void (*FUNC) (void), int ARGC, ...)' + `ucontext.h' (SVID): *note System V contexts::. + +`struct mallinfo mallinfo (void)' + `malloc.h' (SVID): *note Statistics of Malloc::. + +`void * malloc (size_t SIZE)' + `malloc.h', `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Basic Allocation::. + +`__malloc_hook' + `malloc.h' (GNU): *note Hooks for Malloc::. + +`__malloc_initialize_hook' + `malloc.h' (GNU): *note Hooks for Malloc::. + +`int MAX_CANON' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note Limits for Files::. + +`int MAX_INPUT' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note Limits for Files::. + +`int MAXNAMLEN' + `dirent.h' (BSD): *note Limits for Files::. + +`int MAXSYMLINKS' + `sys/param.h' (BSD): *note Symbolic Links::. + +`int MB_CUR_MAX' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Selecting the Conversion::. + +`int mblen (const char *STRING, size_t SIZE)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Non-reentrant Character Conversion::. + +`int MB_LEN_MAX' + `limits.h' (ISO): *note Selecting the Conversion::. + +`size_t mbrlen (const char *restrict S, size_t N, mbstate_t *PS)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Converting a Character::. + +`size_t mbrtowc (wchar_t *restrict PWC, const char *restrict S, size_t N, mbstate_t *restrict PS)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Converting a Character::. + +`int mbsinit (const mbstate_t *PS)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Keeping the state::. + +`size_t mbsnrtowcs (wchar_t *restrict DST, const char **restrict SRC, size_t NMC, size_t LEN, mbstate_t *restrict PS)' + `wchar.h' (GNU): *note Converting Strings::. + +`size_t mbsrtowcs (wchar_t *restrict DST, const char **restrict SRC, size_t LEN, mbstate_t *restrict PS)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Converting Strings::. + +`mbstate_t' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Keeping the state::. + +`size_t mbstowcs (wchar_t *WSTRING, const char *STRING, size_t SIZE)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Non-reentrant String Conversion::. + +`int mbtowc (wchar_t *restrict RESULT, const char *restrict STRING, size_t SIZE)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Non-reentrant Character Conversion::. + +`int mcheck (void (*ABORTFN) (enum mcheck_status STATUS))' + `mcheck.h' (GNU): *note Heap Consistency Checking::. + +`tcflag_t MDMBUF' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Control Modes::. + +`void * memalign (size_t BOUNDARY, size_t SIZE)' + `malloc.h' (BSD): *note Aligned Memory Blocks::. + +`__memalign_hook' + `malloc.h' (GNU): *note Hooks for Malloc::. + +`void * memccpy (void *restrict TO, const void *restrict FROM, int C, size_t SIZE)' + `string.h' (SVID): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`void * memchr (const void *BLOCK, int C, size_t SIZE)' + `string.h' (ISO): *note Search Functions::. + +`int memcmp (const void *A1, const void *A2, size_t SIZE)' + `string.h' (ISO): *note String/Array Comparison::. + +`void * memcpy (void *restrict TO, const void *restrict FROM, size_t SIZE)' + `string.h' (ISO): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`void * memfrob (void *MEM, size_t LENGTH)' + `string.h' (GNU): *note Trivial Encryption::. + +`void * memmem (const void *HAYSTACK, size_t HAYSTACK-LEN, + const void *NEEDLE, size_t NEEDLE-LEN)' + `string.h' (GNU): *note Search Functions::. + +`void * memmove (void *TO, const void *FROM, size_t SIZE)' + `string.h' (ISO): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`void * mempcpy (void *restrict TO, const void *restrict FROM, size_t SIZE)' + `string.h' (GNU): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`void * memrchr (const void *BLOCK, int C, size_t SIZE)' + `string.h' (GNU): *note Search Functions::. + +`void * memset (void *BLOCK, int C, size_t SIZE)' + `string.h' (ISO): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`int mkdir (const char *FILENAME, mode_t MODE)' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX.1): *note Creating Directories::. + +`char * mkdtemp (char *TEMPLATE)' + `stdlib.h' (BSD): *note Temporary Files::. + +`int mkfifo (const char *FILENAME, mode_t MODE)' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX.1): *note FIFO Special Files::. + +`int mknod (const char *FILENAME, int MODE, int DEV)' + `sys/stat.h' (BSD): *note Making Special Files::. + +`int mkstemp (char *TEMPLATE)' + `stdlib.h' (BSD): *note Temporary Files::. + +`char * mktemp (char *TEMPLATE)' + `stdlib.h' (Unix): *note Temporary Files::. + +`time_t mktime (struct tm *BROKENTIME)' + `time.h' (ISO): *note Broken-down Time::. + +`int mlock (const void *ADDR, size_t LEN)' + `sys/mman.h' (POSIX.1b): *note Page Lock Functions::. + +`int mlockall (int FLAGS)' + `sys/mman.h' (POSIX.1b): *note Page Lock Functions::. + +`void * mmap (void *ADDRESS, size_t LENGTH,int PROTECT, int FLAGS, int FILEDES, off_t OFFSET)' + `sys/mman.h' (POSIX): *note Memory-mapped I/O::. + +`void * mmap64 (void *ADDRESS, size_t LENGTH,int PROTECT, int FLAGS, int FILEDES, off64_t OFFSET)' + `sys/mman.h' (LFS): *note Memory-mapped I/O::. + +`mode_t' + `sys/types.h' (POSIX.1): *note Attribute Meanings::. + +`double modf (double VALUE, double *INTEGER-PART)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`float modff (float VALUE, float *INTEGER-PART)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`long double modfl (long double VALUE, long double *INTEGER-PART)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`int mount (const char *SPECIAL_FILE, const char *DIR, const char *FSTYPE, unsigned long int OPTIONS, const void *DATA)' + `sys/mount.h' (SVID, BSD): *note Mount-Unmount-Remount::. + +`long int mrand48 (void)' + `stdlib.h' (SVID): *note SVID Random::. + +`int mrand48_r (struct drand48_data *BUFFER, double *RESULT)' + `stdlib.h' (GNU): *note SVID Random::. + +`void * mremap (void *ADDRESS, size_t LENGTH, size_t NEW_LENGTH, int FLAG)' + `sys/mman.h' (GNU): *note Memory-mapped I/O::. + +`int MSG_DONTROUTE' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Socket Data Options::. + +`int MSG_OOB' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Socket Data Options::. + +`int MSG_PEEK' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Socket Data Options::. + +`int msync (void *ADDRESS, size_t LENGTH, int FLAGS)' + `sys/mman.h' (POSIX): *note Memory-mapped I/O::. + +`void mtrace (void)' + `mcheck.h' (GNU): *note Tracing malloc::. + +`int munlock (const void *ADDR, size_t LEN)' + `sys/mman.h' (POSIX.1b): *note Page Lock Functions::. + +`int munlockall (void)' + `sys/mman.h' (POSIX.1b): *note Page Lock Functions::. + +`int munmap (void *ADDR, size_t LENGTH)' + `sys/mman.h' (POSIX): *note Memory-mapped I/O::. + +`void muntrace (void)' + `mcheck.h' (GNU): *note Tracing malloc::. + +`int NAME_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note Limits for Files::. + +`float NAN' + `math.h' (GNU): *note Infinity and NaN::. + +`double nan (const char *TAGP)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note FP Bit Twiddling::. + +`float nanf (const char *TAGP)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note FP Bit Twiddling::. + +`long double nanl (const char *TAGP)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note FP Bit Twiddling::. + +`int nanosleep (const struct timespec *REQUESTED_TIME, struct timespec *REMAINING)' + `time.h' (POSIX.1): *note Sleeping::. + +`int NCCS' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Mode Data Types::. + +`double nearbyint (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`float nearbyintf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`long double nearbyintl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`NEW_TIME' + `utmp.h' (SVID): *note Manipulating the Database::. + +`NEW_TIME' + `utmpx.h' (XPG4.2): *note XPG Functions::. + +`double nextafter (double X, double Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note FP Bit Twiddling::. + +`float nextafterf (float X, float Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note FP Bit Twiddling::. + +`long double nextafterl (long double X, long double Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note FP Bit Twiddling::. + +`double nexttoward (double X, long double Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note FP Bit Twiddling::. + +`float nexttowardf (float X, long double Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note FP Bit Twiddling::. + +`long double nexttowardl (long double X, long double Y)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note FP Bit Twiddling::. + +`int nftw (const char *FILENAME, __nftw_func_t FUNC, int DESCRIPTORS, int FLAG)' + `ftw.h' (XPG4.2): *note Working with Directory Trees::. + +`int nftw64 (const char *FILENAME, __nftw64_func_t FUNC, int DESCRIPTORS, int FLAG)' + `ftw.h' (Unix98): *note Working with Directory Trees::. + +`__nftw64_func_t' + `ftw.h' (GNU): *note Working with Directory Trees::. + +`__nftw_func_t' + `ftw.h' (GNU): *note Working with Directory Trees::. + +`char * ngettext (const char *MSGID1, const char *MSGID2, unsigned long int N)' + `libintl.h' (GNU): *note Advanced gettext functions::. + +`int NGROUPS_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note General Limits::. + +`int nice (int INCREMENT)' + `unistd.h' (BSD): *note Traditional Scheduling Functions::. + +`nlink_t' + `sys/types.h' (POSIX.1): *note Attribute Meanings::. + +`char * nl_langinfo (nl_item ITEM)' + `langinfo.h' (XOPEN): *note The Elegant and Fast Way::. + +`NO_ADDRESS' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Host Names::. + +`tcflag_t NOFLSH' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Local Modes::. + +`tcflag_t NOKERNINFO' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Local Modes::. + +`NO_RECOVERY' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Host Names::. + +`long int nrand48 (unsigned short int XSUBI[3])' + `stdlib.h' (SVID): *note SVID Random::. + +`int nrand48_r (unsigned short int XSUBI[3], struct drand48_data *BUFFER, long int *RESULT)' + `stdlib.h' (GNU): *note SVID Random::. + +`int NSIG' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Standard Signals::. + +`uint32_t ntohl (uint32_t NETLONG)' + `netinet/in.h' (BSD): *note Byte Order::. + +`uint16_t ntohs (uint16_t NETSHORT)' + `netinet/in.h' (BSD): *note Byte Order::. + +`int ntp_adjtime (struct timex *TPTR)' + `sys/timex.h' (GNU): *note High Accuracy Clock::. + +`int ntp_gettime (struct ntptimeval *TPTR)' + `sys/timex.h' (GNU): *note High Accuracy Clock::. + +`void * NULL' + `stddef.h' (ISO): *note Null Pointer Constant::. + +`int O_ACCMODE' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note Access Modes::. + +`int O_APPEND' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note Operating Modes::. + +`int O_ASYNC' + `fcntl.h' (BSD): *note Operating Modes::. + +`void obstack_1grow (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, char C)' + `obstack.h' (GNU): *note Growing Objects::. + +`void obstack_1grow_fast (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, char C)' + `obstack.h' (GNU): *note Extra Fast Growing::. + +`int obstack_alignment_mask (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR)' + `obstack.h' (GNU): *note Obstacks Data Alignment::. + +`void * obstack_alloc (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, int SIZE)' + `obstack.h' (GNU): *note Allocation in an Obstack::. + +`obstack_alloc_failed_handler' + `obstack.h' (GNU): *note Preparing for Obstacks::. + +`void * obstack_base (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR)' + `obstack.h' (GNU): *note Status of an Obstack::. + +`void obstack_blank (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, int SIZE)' + `obstack.h' (GNU): *note Growing Objects::. + +`void obstack_blank_fast (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, int SIZE)' + `obstack.h' (GNU): *note Extra Fast Growing::. + +`int obstack_chunk_size (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR)' + `obstack.h' (GNU): *note Obstack Chunks::. + +`void * obstack_copy (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, void *ADDRESS, int SIZE)' + `obstack.h' (GNU): *note Allocation in an Obstack::. + +`void * obstack_copy0 (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, void *ADDRESS, int SIZE)' + `obstack.h' (GNU): *note Allocation in an Obstack::. + +`void * obstack_finish (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR)' + `obstack.h' (GNU): *note Growing Objects::. + +`void obstack_free (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, void *OBJECT)' + `obstack.h' (GNU): *note Freeing Obstack Objects::. + +`void obstack_grow (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, void *DATA, int SIZE)' + `obstack.h' (GNU): *note Growing Objects::. + +`void obstack_grow0 (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, void *DATA, int SIZE)' + `obstack.h' (GNU): *note Growing Objects::. + +`int obstack_init (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR)' + `obstack.h' (GNU): *note Preparing for Obstacks::. + +`void obstack_int_grow (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, int DATA)' + `obstack.h' (GNU): *note Growing Objects::. + +`void obstack_int_grow_fast (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, int DATA)' + `obstack.h' (GNU): *note Extra Fast Growing::. + +`void * obstack_next_free (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR)' + `obstack.h' (GNU): *note Status of an Obstack::. + +`int obstack_object_size (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR)' + `obstack.h' (GNU): *note Growing Objects::. + +`int obstack_object_size (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR)' + `obstack.h' (GNU): *note Status of an Obstack::. + +`int obstack_printf (struct obstack *OBSTACK, const char *TEMPLATE, ...)' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note Dynamic Output::. + +`void obstack_ptr_grow (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, void *DATA)' + `obstack.h' (GNU): *note Growing Objects::. + +`void obstack_ptr_grow_fast (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR, void *DATA)' + `obstack.h' (GNU): *note Extra Fast Growing::. + +`int obstack_room (struct obstack *OBSTACK-PTR)' + `obstack.h' (GNU): *note Extra Fast Growing::. + +`int obstack_vprintf (struct obstack *OBSTACK, const char *TEMPLATE, va_list AP)' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note Variable Arguments Output::. + +`int O_CREAT' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note Open-time Flags::. + +`int O_EXCL' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note Open-time Flags::. + +`int O_EXEC' + `fcntl.h' (GNU): *note Access Modes::. + +`int O_EXLOCK' + `fcntl.h' (BSD): *note Open-time Flags::. + +`off64_t' + `sys/types.h' (Unix98): *note File Position Primitive::. + +`size_t offsetof (TYPE, MEMBER)' + `stddef.h' (ISO): *note Structure Measurement::. + +`off_t' + `sys/types.h' (POSIX.1): *note File Position Primitive::. + +`int O_FSYNC' + `fcntl.h' (BSD): *note Operating Modes::. + +`int O_IGNORE_CTTY' + `fcntl.h' (GNU): *note Open-time Flags::. + +`OLD_TIME' + `utmp.h' (SVID): *note Manipulating the Database::. + +`OLD_TIME' + `utmpx.h' (XPG4.2): *note XPG Functions::. + +`int O_NDELAY' + `fcntl.h' (BSD): *note Operating Modes::. + +`int on_exit (void (*FUNCTION)(int STATUS, void *ARG), void *ARG)' + `stdlib.h' (SunOS): *note Cleanups on Exit::. + +`tcflag_t ONLCR' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Output Modes::. + +`int O_NOATIME' + `fcntl.h' (GNU): *note Operating Modes::. + +`int O_NOCTTY' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note Open-time Flags::. + +`tcflag_t ONOEOT' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Output Modes::. + +`int O_NOLINK' + `fcntl.h' (GNU): *note Open-time Flags::. + +`int O_NONBLOCK' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note Open-time Flags::. + +`int O_NONBLOCK' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note Operating Modes::. + +`int O_NOTRANS' + `fcntl.h' (GNU): *note Open-time Flags::. + +`int open (const char *FILENAME, int FLAGS[, mode_t MODE])' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note Opening and Closing Files::. + +`int open64 (const char *FILENAME, int FLAGS[, mode_t MODE])' + `fcntl.h' (Unix98): *note Opening and Closing Files::. + +`DIR * opendir (const char *DIRNAME)' + `dirent.h' (POSIX.1): *note Opening a Directory::. + +`void openlog (const char *IDENT, int OPTION, int FACILITY)' + `syslog.h' (BSD): *note openlog::. + +`int OPEN_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note General Limits::. + +`FILE * open_memstream (char **PTR, size_t *SIZELOC)' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note String Streams::. + +`FILE * open_obstack_stream (struct obstack *OBSTACK)' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note Obstack Streams::. + +`int openpty (int *AMASTER, int *ASLAVE, char *NAME, const struct termios *TERMP, const struct winsize *WINP)' + `pty.h' (BSD): *note Pseudo-Terminal Pairs::. + +`tcflag_t OPOST' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Output Modes::. + +`char * optarg' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note Using Getopt::. + +`int opterr' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note Using Getopt::. + +`int optind' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note Using Getopt::. + +`OPTION_ALIAS' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Option Flags::. + +`OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Option Flags::. + +`OPTION_DOC' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Option Flags::. + +`OPTION_HIDDEN' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Option Flags::. + +`OPTION_NO_USAGE' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Option Flags::. + +`int optopt' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note Using Getopt::. + +`int O_RDONLY' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note Access Modes::. + +`int O_RDWR' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note Access Modes::. + +`int O_READ' + `fcntl.h' (GNU): *note Access Modes::. + +`int O_SHLOCK' + `fcntl.h' (BSD): *note Open-time Flags::. + +`int O_SYNC' + `fcntl.h' (BSD): *note Operating Modes::. + +`int O_TRUNC' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note Open-time Flags::. + +`int O_WRITE' + `fcntl.h' (GNU): *note Access Modes::. + +`int O_WRONLY' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note Access Modes::. + +`tcflag_t OXTABS' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Output Modes::. + +`PA_CHAR' + `printf.h' (GNU): *note Parsing a Template String::. + +`PA_DOUBLE' + `printf.h' (GNU): *note Parsing a Template String::. + +`PA_FLAG_LONG' + `printf.h' (GNU): *note Parsing a Template String::. + +`PA_FLAG_LONG_DOUBLE' + `printf.h' (GNU): *note Parsing a Template String::. + +`PA_FLAG_LONG_LONG' + `printf.h' (GNU): *note Parsing a Template String::. + +`int PA_FLAG_MASK' + `printf.h' (GNU): *note Parsing a Template String::. + +`PA_FLAG_PTR' + `printf.h' (GNU): *note Parsing a Template String::. + +`PA_FLAG_SHORT' + `printf.h' (GNU): *note Parsing a Template String::. + +`PA_FLOAT' + `printf.h' (GNU): *note Parsing a Template String::. + +`PA_INT' + `printf.h' (GNU): *note Parsing a Template String::. + +`PA_LAST' + `printf.h' (GNU): *note Parsing a Template String::. + +`PA_POINTER' + `printf.h' (GNU): *note Parsing a Template String::. + +`tcflag_t PARENB' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Control Modes::. + +`tcflag_t PARMRK' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Input Modes::. + +`tcflag_t PARODD' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Control Modes::. + +`size_t parse_printf_format (const char *TEMPLATE, size_t N, int *ARGTYPES)' + `printf.h' (GNU): *note Parsing a Template String::. + +`PA_STRING' + `printf.h' (GNU): *note Parsing a Template String::. + +`long int pathconf (const char *FILENAME, int PARAMETER)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Pathconf::. + +`int PATH_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note Limits for Files::. + +`int pause ()' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Using Pause::. + +`_PC_ASYNC_IO' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Pathconf::. + +`_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Pathconf::. + +`_PC_FILESIZEBITS' + `unistd.h' (LFS): *note Pathconf::. + +`_PC_LINK_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Pathconf::. + +`int pclose (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (POSIX.2, SVID, BSD): *note Pipe to a Subprocess::. + +`_PC_MAX_CANON' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Pathconf::. + +`_PC_MAX_INPUT' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Pathconf::. + +`_PC_NAME_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Pathconf::. + +`_PC_NO_TRUNC' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Pathconf::. + +`_PC_PATH_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Pathconf::. + +`_PC_PIPE_BUF' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Pathconf::. + +`_PC_PRIO_IO' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Pathconf::. + +`_PC_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Pathconf::. + +`_PC_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Pathconf::. + +`_PC_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Pathconf::. + +`_PC_REC_XFER_ALIGN' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Pathconf::. + +`_PC_SYNC_IO' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Pathconf::. + +`_PC_VDISABLE' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Pathconf::. + +`tcflag_t PENDIN' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Local Modes::. + +`void perror (const char *MESSAGE)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Error Messages::. + +`int PF_FILE' + `sys/socket.h' (GNU): *note Local Namespace Details::. + +`int PF_INET' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Internet Namespace::. + +`int PF_INET6' + `sys/socket.h' (X/Open): *note Internet Namespace::. + +`int PF_LOCAL' + `sys/socket.h' (POSIX): *note Local Namespace Details::. + +`int PF_UNIX' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Local Namespace Details::. + +`pid_t' + `sys/types.h' (POSIX.1): *note Process Identification::. + +`int pipe (int FILEDES[2])' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Creating a Pipe::. + +`int PIPE_BUF' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note Limits for Files::. + +`FILE * popen (const char *COMMAND, const char *MODE)' + `stdio.h' (POSIX.2, SVID, BSD): *note Pipe to a Subprocess::. + +`_POSIX2_BC_BASE_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.2): *note Utility Minimums::. + +`_POSIX2_BC_DIM_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.2): *note Utility Minimums::. + +`_POSIX2_BC_SCALE_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.2): *note Utility Minimums::. + +`_POSIX2_BC_STRING_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.2): *note Utility Minimums::. + +`int _POSIX2_C_DEV' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note System Options::. + +`_POSIX2_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.2): *note Utility Minimums::. + +`long int _POSIX2_C_VERSION' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note Version Supported::. + +`_POSIX2_EQUIV_CLASS_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.2): *note Utility Minimums::. + +`_POSIX2_EXPR_NEST_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.2): *note Utility Minimums::. + +`int _POSIX2_FORT_DEV' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note System Options::. + +`int _POSIX2_FORT_RUN' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note System Options::. + +`_POSIX2_LINE_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.2): *note Utility Minimums::. + +`int _POSIX2_LOCALEDEF' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note System Options::. + +`_POSIX2_RE_DUP_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.2): *note Minimums::. + +`int _POSIX2_SW_DEV' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note System Options::. + +`_POSIX_AIO_LISTIO_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note Minimums::. + +`_POSIX_AIO_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note Minimums::. + +`_POSIX_ARG_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note Minimums::. + +`_POSIX_CHILD_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note Minimums::. + +`int _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Options for Files::. + +`_POSIX_C_SOURCE' + (POSIX.2): *note Feature Test Macros::. + +`int _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note System Options::. + +`_POSIX_LINK_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note File Minimums::. + +`_POSIX_MAX_CANON' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note File Minimums::. + +`_POSIX_MAX_INPUT' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note File Minimums::. + +`int posix_memalign (void **MEMPTR, size_t ALIGNMENT, size_t SIZE)' + `stdlib.h' (POSIX): *note Aligned Memory Blocks::. + +`_POSIX_NAME_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note File Minimums::. + +`_POSIX_NGROUPS_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note Minimums::. + +`int _POSIX_NO_TRUNC' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Options for Files::. + +`_POSIX_OPEN_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note Minimums::. + +`_POSIX_PATH_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note File Minimums::. + +`_POSIX_PIPE_BUF' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note File Minimums::. + +`POSIX_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note File Minimums::. + +`POSIX_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note File Minimums::. + +`POSIX_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note File Minimums::. + +`POSIX_REC_XFER_ALIGN' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note File Minimums::. + +`int _POSIX_SAVED_IDS' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note System Options::. + +`_POSIX_SOURCE' + (POSIX.1): *note Feature Test Macros::. + +`_POSIX_SSIZE_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note Minimums::. + +`_POSIX_STREAM_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note Minimums::. + +`_POSIX_TZNAME_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note Minimums::. + +`unsigned char _POSIX_VDISABLE' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Options for Files::. + +`long int _POSIX_VERSION' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Version Supported::. + +`double pow (double BASE, double POWER)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`double pow10 (double X)' + `math.h' (GNU): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`float pow10f (float X)' + `math.h' (GNU): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`long double pow10l (long double X)' + `math.h' (GNU): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`float powf (float BASE, float POWER)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`long double powl (long double BASE, long double POWER)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`ssize_t pread (int FILEDES, void *BUFFER, size_t SIZE, off_t OFFSET)' + `unistd.h' (Unix98): *note I/O Primitives::. + +`ssize_t pread64 (int FILEDES, void *BUFFER, size_t SIZE, off64_t OFFSET)' + `unistd.h' (Unix98): *note I/O Primitives::. + +`int printf (const char *TEMPLATE, ...)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Formatted Output Functions::. + +`printf_arginfo_function' + `printf.h' (GNU): *note Defining the Output Handler::. + +`printf_function' + `printf.h' (GNU): *note Defining the Output Handler::. + +`int printf_size (FILE *FP, const struct printf_info *INFO, const void *const *ARGS)' + `printf.h' (GNU): *note Predefined Printf Handlers::. + +`int printf_size_info (const struct printf_info *INFO, size_t N, int *ARGTYPES)' + `printf.h' (GNU): *note Predefined Printf Handlers::. + +`PRIO_MAX' + `sys/resource.h' (BSD): *note Traditional Scheduling Functions::. + +`PRIO_MIN' + `sys/resource.h' (BSD): *note Traditional Scheduling Functions::. + +`PRIO_PGRP' + `sys/resource.h' (BSD): *note Traditional Scheduling Functions::. + +`PRIO_PROCESS' + `sys/resource.h' (BSD): *note Traditional Scheduling Functions::. + +`PRIO_USER' + `sys/resource.h' (BSD): *note Traditional Scheduling Functions::. + +`char * program_invocation_name' + `errno.h' (GNU): *note Error Messages::. + +`char * program_invocation_short_name' + `errno.h' (GNU): *note Error Messages::. + +`void psignal (int SIGNUM, const char *MESSAGE)' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Signal Messages::. + +`char * P_tmpdir' + `stdio.h' (SVID): *note Temporary Files::. + +`ptrdiff_t' + `stddef.h' (ISO): *note Important Data Types::. + +`char * ptsname (int FILEDES)' + `stdlib.h' (SVID, XPG4.2): *note Allocation::. + +`int ptsname_r (int FILEDES, char *BUF, size_t LEN)' + `stdlib.h' (GNU): *note Allocation::. + +`int putc (int C, FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Simple Output::. + +`int putchar (int C)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Simple Output::. + +`int putchar_unlocked (int C)' + `stdio.h' (POSIX): *note Simple Output::. + +`int putc_unlocked (int C, FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (POSIX): *note Simple Output::. + +`int putenv (char *STRING)' + `stdlib.h' (SVID): *note Environment Access::. + +`int putpwent (const struct passwd *P, FILE *STREAM)' + `pwd.h' (SVID): *note Writing a User Entry::. + +`int puts (const char *S)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Simple Output::. + +`struct utmp * pututline (const struct utmp *UTMP)' + `utmp.h' (SVID): *note Manipulating the Database::. + +`struct utmpx * pututxline (const struct utmpx *UTMP)' + `utmpx.h' (XPG4.2): *note XPG Functions::. + +`int putw (int W, FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (SVID): *note Simple Output::. + +`wint_t putwc (wchar_t WC, FILE *STREAM)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Simple Output::. + +`wint_t putwchar (wchar_t WC)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Simple Output::. + +`wint_t putwchar_unlocked (wchar_t WC)' + `wchar.h' (GNU): *note Simple Output::. + +`wint_t putwc_unlocked (wchar_t WC, FILE *STREAM)' + `wchar.h' (GNU): *note Simple Output::. + +`ssize_t pwrite (int FILEDES, const void *BUFFER, size_t SIZE, off_t OFFSET)' + `unistd.h' (Unix98): *note I/O Primitives::. + +`ssize_t pwrite64 (int FILEDES, const void *BUFFER, size_t SIZE, off64_t OFFSET)' + `unistd.h' (Unix98): *note I/O Primitives::. + +`char * qecvt (long double VALUE, int NDIGIT, int *DECPT, int *NEG)' + `stdlib.h' (GNU): *note System V Number Conversion::. + +`int qecvt_r (long double VALUE, int NDIGIT, int *DECPT, int *NEG, char *BUF, size_t LEN)' + `stdlib.h' (GNU): *note System V Number Conversion::. + +`char * qfcvt (long double VALUE, int NDIGIT, int *DECPT, int *NEG)' + `stdlib.h' (GNU): *note System V Number Conversion::. + +`int qfcvt_r (long double VALUE, int NDIGIT, int *DECPT, int *NEG, char *BUF, size_t LEN)' + `stdlib.h' (GNU): *note System V Number Conversion::. + +`char * qgcvt (long double VALUE, int NDIGIT, char *BUF)' + `stdlib.h' (GNU): *note System V Number Conversion::. + +`void qsort (void *ARRAY, size_t COUNT, size_t SIZE, comparison_fn_t COMPARE)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Array Sort Function::. + +`int raise (int SIGNUM)' + `signal.h' (ISO): *note Signaling Yourself::. + +`int rand (void)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note ISO Random::. + +`int RAND_MAX' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note ISO Random::. + +`long int random (void)' + `stdlib.h' (BSD): *note BSD Random::. + +`int random_r (struct random_data *restrict BUF, int32_t *restrict RESULT)' + `stdlib.h' (GNU): *note BSD Random::. + +`int rand_r (unsigned int *SEED)' + `stdlib.h' (POSIX.1): *note ISO Random::. + +`void * rawmemchr (const void *BLOCK, int C)' + `string.h' (GNU): *note Search Functions::. + +`ssize_t read (int FILEDES, void *BUFFER, size_t SIZE)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note I/O Primitives::. + +`struct dirent * readdir (DIR *DIRSTREAM)' + `dirent.h' (POSIX.1): *note Reading/Closing Directory::. + +`struct dirent64 * readdir64 (DIR *DIRSTREAM)' + `dirent.h' (LFS): *note Reading/Closing Directory::. + +`int readdir64_r (DIR *DIRSTREAM, struct dirent64 *ENTRY, struct dirent64 **RESULT)' + `dirent.h' (LFS): *note Reading/Closing Directory::. + +`int readdir_r (DIR *DIRSTREAM, struct dirent *ENTRY, struct dirent **RESULT)' + `dirent.h' (GNU): *note Reading/Closing Directory::. + +`int readlink (const char *FILENAME, char *BUFFER, size_t SIZE)' + `unistd.h' (BSD): *note Symbolic Links::. + +`ssize_t readv (int FILEDES, const struct iovec *VECTOR, int COUNT)' + `sys/uio.h' (BSD): *note Scatter-Gather::. + +`void * realloc (void *PTR, size_t NEWSIZE)' + `malloc.h', `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Changing Block Size::. + +`__realloc_hook' + `malloc.h' (GNU): *note Hooks for Malloc::. + +`char * realpath (const char *restrict NAME, char *restrict RESOLVED)' + `stdlib.h' (XPG): *note Symbolic Links::. + +`int recv (int SOCKET, void *BUFFER, size_t SIZE, int FLAGS)' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Receiving Data::. + +`int recvfrom (int SOCKET, void *BUFFER, size_t SIZE, int FLAGS, struct sockaddr *ADDR, socklen_t *LENGTH-PTR)' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Receiving Datagrams::. + +`int recvmsg (int SOCKET, struct msghdr *MESSAGE, int FLAGS)' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Receiving Datagrams::. + +`int RE_DUP_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.2): *note General Limits::. + +`_REENTRANT' + (GNU): *note Feature Test Macros::. + +`REG_BADBR' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note POSIX Regexp Compilation::. + +`REG_BADPAT' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note POSIX Regexp Compilation::. + +`REG_BADRPT' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note POSIX Regexp Compilation::. + +`int regcomp (regex_t *restrict COMPILED, const char *restrict PATTERN, int CFLAGS)' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note POSIX Regexp Compilation::. + +`REG_EBRACE' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note POSIX Regexp Compilation::. + +`REG_EBRACK' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note POSIX Regexp Compilation::. + +`REG_ECOLLATE' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note POSIX Regexp Compilation::. + +`REG_ECTYPE' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note POSIX Regexp Compilation::. + +`REG_EESCAPE' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note POSIX Regexp Compilation::. + +`REG_EPAREN' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note POSIX Regexp Compilation::. + +`REG_ERANGE' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note POSIX Regexp Compilation::. + +`size_t regerror (int ERRCODE, const regex_t *restrict COMPILED, char *restrict BUFFER, size_t LENGTH)' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note Regexp Cleanup::. + +`REG_ESPACE' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note Matching POSIX Regexps::. + +`REG_ESPACE' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note POSIX Regexp Compilation::. + +`REG_ESUBREG' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note POSIX Regexp Compilation::. + +`int regexec (const regex_t *restrict COMPILED, const char *restrict STRING, size_t NMATCH, regmatch_t MATCHPTR[restrict], int EFLAGS)' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note Matching POSIX Regexps::. + +`regex_t' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note POSIX Regexp Compilation::. + +`REG_EXTENDED' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note Flags for POSIX Regexps::. + +`void regfree (regex_t *COMPILED)' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note Regexp Cleanup::. + +`REG_ICASE' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note Flags for POSIX Regexps::. + +`int register_printf_function (int SPEC, printf_function HANDLER-FUNCTION, printf_arginfo_function ARGINFO-FUNCTION)' + `printf.h' (GNU): *note Registering New Conversions::. + +`regmatch_t' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note Regexp Subexpressions::. + +`REG_NEWLINE' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note Flags for POSIX Regexps::. + +`REG_NOMATCH' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note Matching POSIX Regexps::. + +`REG_NOSUB' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note Flags for POSIX Regexps::. + +`REG_NOTBOL' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note Matching POSIX Regexps::. + +`REG_NOTEOL' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note Matching POSIX Regexps::. + +`regoff_t' + `regex.h' (POSIX.2): *note Regexp Subexpressions::. + +`double remainder (double NUMERATOR, double DENOMINATOR)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Remainder Functions::. + +`float remainderf (float NUMERATOR, float DENOMINATOR)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Remainder Functions::. + +`long double remainderl (long double NUMERATOR, long double DENOMINATOR)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Remainder Functions::. + +`int remove (const char *FILENAME)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Deleting Files::. + +`int rename (const char *OLDNAME, const char *NEWNAME)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Renaming Files::. + +`void rewind (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note File Positioning::. + +`void rewinddir (DIR *DIRSTREAM)' + `dirent.h' (POSIX.1): *note Random Access Directory::. + +`char * rindex (const char *STRING, int C)' + `string.h' (BSD): *note Search Functions::. + +`double rint (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`float rintf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`long double rintl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`int RLIM_INFINITY' + `sys/resource.h' (BSD): *note Limits on Resources::. + +`RLIMIT_AS' + `sys/resource.h' (Unix98): *note Limits on Resources::. + +`RLIMIT_CORE' + `sys/resource.h' (BSD): *note Limits on Resources::. + +`RLIMIT_CPU' + `sys/resource.h' (BSD): *note Limits on Resources::. + +`RLIMIT_DATA' + `sys/resource.h' (BSD): *note Limits on Resources::. + +`RLIMIT_FSIZE' + `sys/resource.h' (BSD): *note Limits on Resources::. + +`RLIMIT_MEMLOCK' + `sys/resource.h' (BSD): *note Limits on Resources::. + +`RLIMIT_NOFILE' + `sys/resource.h' (BSD): *note Limits on Resources::. + +`RLIMIT_NPROC' + `sys/resource.h' (BSD): *note Limits on Resources::. + +`RLIMIT_RSS' + `sys/resource.h' (BSD): *note Limits on Resources::. + +`RLIMIT_STACK' + `sys/resource.h' (BSD): *note Limits on Resources::. + +`RLIM_NLIMITS' + `sys/resource.h' (BSD): *note Limits on Resources::. + +`int rmdir (const char *FILENAME)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Deleting Files::. + +`int R_OK' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Testing File Access::. + +`double round (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`float roundf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`long double roundl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`int rpmatch (const char *RESPONSE)' + `stdlib.h' (stdlib.h): *note Yes-or-No Questions::. + +`RUN_LVL' + `utmp.h' (SVID): *note Manipulating the Database::. + +`RUN_LVL' + `utmpx.h' (XPG4.2): *note XPG Functions::. + +`RUSAGE_CHILDREN' + `sys/resource.h' (BSD): *note Resource Usage::. + +`RUSAGE_SELF' + `sys/resource.h' (BSD): *note Resource Usage::. + +`int SA_NOCLDSTOP' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Flags for Sigaction::. + +`int SA_ONSTACK' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Flags for Sigaction::. + +`int SA_RESTART' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Flags for Sigaction::. + +`void *sbrk (ptrdiff_t DELTA)' + `unistd.h' (BSD): *note Resizing the Data Segment::. + +`_SC_2_C_DEV' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_2_FORT_DEV' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_2_FORT_RUN' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_2_LOCALEDEF' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_2_SW_DEV' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_2_VERSION' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_AIO_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`double scalb (double VALUE, int EXPONENT)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Normalization Functions::. + +`float scalbf (float VALUE, int EXPONENT)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Normalization Functions::. + +`long double scalbl (long double VALUE, int EXPONENT)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Normalization Functions::. + +`long long int scalbln (double X, long int n)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Normalization Functions::. + +`long long int scalblnf (float X, long int n)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Normalization Functions::. + +`long long int scalblnl (long double X, long int n)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Normalization Functions::. + +`long long int scalbn (double X, int n)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Normalization Functions::. + +`long long int scalbnf (float X, int n)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Normalization Functions::. + +`long long int scalbnl (long double X, int n)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Normalization Functions::. + +`int scandir (const char *DIR, struct dirent ***NAMELIST, int (*SELECTOR) (const struct dirent *), int (*CMP) (const void *, const void *))' + `dirent.h' (BSD/SVID): *note Scanning Directory Content::. + +`int scandir64 (const char *DIR, struct dirent64 ***NAMELIST, int (*SELECTOR) (const struct dirent64 *), int (*CMP) (const void *, const void *))' + `dirent.h' (GNU): *note Scanning Directory Content::. + +`int scanf (const char *TEMPLATE, ...)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Formatted Input Functions::. + +`_SC_ARG_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_ATEXIT_MAX' + `unistd.h' (GNU): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_AVPHYS_PAGES' + `unistd.h' (GNU): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_BC_BASE_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_BC_DIM_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_BC_SCALE_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_BC_STRING_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_CHAR_BIT' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_CHARCLASS_NAME_MAX' + `unistd.h' (GNU): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_CHAR_MAX' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_CHAR_MIN' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_CHILD_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_CLK_TCK' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_EQUIV_CLASS_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_FSYNC' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`SCHAR_MAX' + `limits.h' (ISO): *note Range of Type::. + +`SCHAR_MIN' + `limits.h' (ISO): *note Range of Type::. + +`int sched_getaffinity (pid_t PID, size_t CPUSETSIZE, cpu_set_t *CPUSET)' + `sched.h' (GNU): *note CPU Affinity::. + +`int sched_getparam (pid_t PID, const struct sched_param *PARAM)' + `sched.h' (POSIX): *note Basic Scheduling Functions::. + +`int sched_get_priority_max (int *POLICY);' + `sched.h' (POSIX): *note Basic Scheduling Functions::. + +`int sched_get_priority_min (int *POLICY);' + `sched.h' (POSIX): *note Basic Scheduling Functions::. + +`int sched_getscheduler (pid_t PID)' + `sched.h' (POSIX): *note Basic Scheduling Functions::. + +`int sched_rr_get_interval (pid_t PID, struct timespec *INTERVAL)' + `sched.h' (POSIX): *note Basic Scheduling Functions::. + +`int sched_setaffinity (pid_t PID, size_t CPUSETSIZE, const cpu_set_t *CPUSET)' + `sched.h' (GNU): *note CPU Affinity::. + +`int sched_setparam (pid_t PID, const struct sched_param *PARAM)' + `sched.h' (POSIX): *note Basic Scheduling Functions::. + +`int sched_setscheduler (pid_t PID, int POLICY, const struct sched_param *PARAM)' + `sched.h' (POSIX): *note Basic Scheduling Functions::. + +`int sched_yield (void)' + `sched.h' (POSIX): *note Basic Scheduling Functions::. + +`_SC_INT_MAX' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_INT_MIN' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_JOB_CONTROL' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_LINE_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_LONG_BIT' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_MAPPED_FILES' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_MB_LEN_MAX' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_MEMLOCK' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_MESSAGE_PASSING' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_NGROUPS_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_NL_ARGMAX' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_NL_LANGMAX' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_NL_MSGMAX' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_NL_NMAX' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_NL_SETMAX' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_NL_TEXTMAX' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF' + `unistd.h' (GNU): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN' + `unistd.h' (GNU): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_NZERO' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_OPEN_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_PAGESIZE' + `unistd.h' (GNU): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_PHYS_PAGES' + `unistd.h' (GNU): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_PII' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1g): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_PII_INTERNET' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1g): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_PII_INTERNET_DGRAM' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1g): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_PII_INTERNET_STREAM' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1g): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_PII_OSI' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1g): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_PII_OSI_CLTS' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1g): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_PII_OSI_COTS' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1g): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_PII_OSI_M' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1g): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_PII_SOCKET' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1g): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_PII_XTI' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1g): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_PRIORITIZED_IO' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS' + `unistdh.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_RTSIG_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_SAVED_IDS' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_SCHAR_MAX' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_SCHAR_MIN' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_SELECT' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1g): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_SEMAPHORES' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_SHRT_MAX' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_SHRT_MIN' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`SC_SSIZE_MAX' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_STREAM_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_THREADS' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_TIMER_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_TIMERS' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_T_IOV_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1g): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_TTY_NAME_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_TZNAME_MAX' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_UCHAR_MAX' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_UINT_MAX' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_UIO_MAXIOV' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1g): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_ULONG_MAX' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_USHRT_MAX' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_VERSION' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_VERSION' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.2): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_WORD_BIT' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_XOPEN_CRYPT' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_XOPEN_LEGACY' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_XOPEN_REALTIME' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_XOPEN_SHM' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_XOPEN_UNIX' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_XOPEN_VERSION' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_XOPEN_XCU_VERSION' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_XOPEN_XPG2' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_XOPEN_XPG3' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`_SC_XOPEN_XPG4' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Constants for Sysconf::. + +`unsigned short int * seed48 (unsigned short int SEED16V[3])' + `stdlib.h' (SVID): *note SVID Random::. + +`int seed48_r (unsigned short int SEED16V[3], struct drand48_data *BUFFER)' + `stdlib.h' (GNU): *note SVID Random::. + +`int SEEK_CUR' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note File Positioning::. + +`void seekdir (DIR *DIRSTREAM, long int POS)' + `dirent.h' (BSD): *note Random Access Directory::. + +`int SEEK_END' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note File Positioning::. + +`int SEEK_SET' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note File Positioning::. + +`int select (int NFDS, fd_set *READ-FDS, fd_set *WRITE-FDS, fd_set *EXCEPT-FDS, struct timeval *TIMEOUT)' + `sys/types.h' (BSD): *note Waiting for I/O::. + +`int send (int SOCKET, void *BUFFER, size_t SIZE, int FLAGS)' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Sending Data::. + +`int sendmsg (int SOCKET, const struct msghdr *MESSAGE, int FLAGS)' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Receiving Datagrams::. + +`int sendto (int SOCKET, void *BUFFER. size_t SIZE, int FLAGS, struct sockaddr *ADDR, socklen_t LENGTH)' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Sending Datagrams::. + +`void setbuf (FILE *STREAM, char *BUF)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Controlling Buffering::. + +`void setbuffer (FILE *STREAM, char *BUF, size_t SIZE)' + `stdio.h' (BSD): *note Controlling Buffering::. + +`int setcontext (const ucontext_t *UCP)' + `ucontext.h' (SVID): *note System V contexts::. + +`int setdomainname (const char *NAME, size_t LENGTH)' + `unistd.h' (???): *note Host Identification::. + +`int setegid (gid_t NEWGID)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Setting Groups::. + +`int setenv (const char *NAME, const char *VALUE, int REPLACE)' + `stdlib.h' (BSD): *note Environment Access::. + +`int seteuid (uid_t NEWEUID)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Setting User ID::. + +`int setfsent (void)' + `fstab.h' (BSD): *note fstab::. + +`int setgid (gid_t NEWGID)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Setting Groups::. + +`void setgrent (void)' + `grp.h' (SVID, BSD): *note Scanning All Groups::. + +`int setgroups (size_t COUNT, gid_t *GROUPS)' + `grp.h' (BSD): *note Setting Groups::. + +`void sethostent (int STAYOPEN)' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Host Names::. + +`int sethostid (long int ID)' + `unistd.h' (BSD): *note Host Identification::. + +`int sethostname (const char *NAME, size_t LENGTH)' + `unistd.h' (BSD): *note Host Identification::. + +`int setitimer (int WHICH, struct itimerval *NEW, struct itimerval *OLD)' + `sys/time.h' (BSD): *note Setting an Alarm::. + +`int setjmp (jmp_buf STATE)' + `setjmp.h' (ISO): *note Non-Local Details::. + +`void setkey (const char *KEY)' + `crypt.h' (BSD, SVID): *note DES Encryption::. + +`void setkey_r (const char *KEY, struct crypt_data * DATA)' + `crypt.h' (GNU): *note DES Encryption::. + +`void setlinebuf (FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (BSD): *note Controlling Buffering::. + +`char * setlocale (int CATEGORY, const char *LOCALE)' + `locale.h' (ISO): *note Setting the Locale::. + +`int setlogmask (int MASK)' + `syslog.h' (BSD): *note setlogmask::. + +`FILE * setmntent (const char *FILE, const char *MODE)' + `mntent.h' (BSD): *note mtab::. + +`void setnetent (int STAYOPEN)' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Networks Database::. + +`int setnetgrent (const char *NETGROUP)' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Lookup Netgroup::. + +`int setpgid (pid_t PID, pid_t PGID)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Process Group Functions::. + +`int setpgrp (pid_t PID, pid_t PGID)' + `unistd.h' (BSD): *note Process Group Functions::. + +`int setpriority (int CLASS, int ID, int NICEVAL)' + `sys/resource.h' (BSD,POSIX): *note Traditional Scheduling + Functions::. + +`void setprotoent (int STAYOPEN)' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Protocols Database::. + +`void setpwent (void)' + `pwd.h' (SVID, BSD): *note Scanning All Users::. + +`int setregid (gid_t RGID, gid_t EGID)' + `unistd.h' (BSD): *note Setting Groups::. + +`int setreuid (uid_t RUID, uid_t EUID)' + `unistd.h' (BSD): *note Setting User ID::. + +`int setrlimit (int RESOURCE, const struct rlimit *RLP)' + `sys/resource.h' (BSD): *note Limits on Resources::. + +`int setrlimit64 (int RESOURCE, const struct rlimit64 *RLP)' + `sys/resource.h' (Unix98): *note Limits on Resources::. + +`void setservent (int STAYOPEN)' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Services Database::. + +`pid_t setsid (void)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Process Group Functions::. + +`int setsockopt (int SOCKET, int LEVEL, int OPTNAME, void *OPTVAL, socklen_t OPTLEN)' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Socket Option Functions::. + +`void * setstate (void *STATE)' + `stdlib.h' (BSD): *note BSD Random::. + +`int setstate_r (char *restrict STATEBUF, struct random_data *restrict BUF)' + `stdlib.h' (GNU): *note BSD Random::. + +`int settimeofday (const struct timeval *TP, const struct timezone *TZP)' + `sys/time.h' (BSD): *note High-Resolution Calendar::. + +`int setuid (uid_t NEWUID)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Setting User ID::. + +`void setutent (void)' + `utmp.h' (SVID): *note Manipulating the Database::. + +`void setutxent (void)' + `utmpx.h' (XPG4.2): *note XPG Functions::. + +`int setvbuf (FILE *STREAM, char *BUF, int MODE, size_t SIZE)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Controlling Buffering::. + +`SHRT_MAX' + `limits.h' (ISO): *note Range of Type::. + +`SHRT_MIN' + `limits.h' (ISO): *note Range of Type::. + +`int shutdown (int SOCKET, int HOW)' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Closing a Socket::. + +`S_IEXEC' + `sys/stat.h' (BSD): *note Permission Bits::. + +`S_IFBLK' + `sys/stat.h' (BSD): *note Testing File Type::. + +`S_IFCHR' + `sys/stat.h' (BSD): *note Testing File Type::. + +`S_IFDIR' + `sys/stat.h' (BSD): *note Testing File Type::. + +`S_IFIFO' + `sys/stat.h' (BSD): *note Testing File Type::. + +`S_IFLNK' + `sys/stat.h' (BSD): *note Testing File Type::. + +`int S_IFMT' + `sys/stat.h' (BSD): *note Testing File Type::. + +`S_IFREG' + `sys/stat.h' (BSD): *note Testing File Type::. + +`S_IFSOCK' + `sys/stat.h' (BSD): *note Testing File Type::. + +`int SIGABRT' + `signal.h' (ISO): *note Program Error Signals::. + +`int sigaction (int SIGNUM, const struct sigaction *restrict ACTION, struct sigaction *restrict OLD-ACTION)' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Advanced Signal Handling::. + +`int sigaddset (sigset_t *SET, int SIGNUM)' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Signal Sets::. + +`int SIGALRM' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Alarm Signals::. + +`int sigaltstack (const stack_t *restrict STACK, stack_t *restrict OLDSTACK)' + `signal.h' (XPG): *note Signal Stack::. + +`sig_atomic_t' + `signal.h' (ISO): *note Atomic Types::. + +`SIG_BLOCK' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Process Signal Mask::. + +`int sigblock (int MASK)' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Blocking in BSD::. + +`int SIGBUS' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Program Error Signals::. + +`int SIGCHLD' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Job Control Signals::. + +`int SIGCLD' + `signal.h' (SVID): *note Job Control Signals::. + +`int SIGCONT' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Job Control Signals::. + +`int sigdelset (sigset_t *SET, int SIGNUM)' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Signal Sets::. + +`int sigemptyset (sigset_t *SET)' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Signal Sets::. + +`int SIGEMT' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Program Error Signals::. + +`sighandler_t SIG_ERR' + `signal.h' (ISO): *note Basic Signal Handling::. + +`int sigfillset (sigset_t *SET)' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Signal Sets::. + +`int SIGFPE' + `signal.h' (ISO): *note Program Error Signals::. + +`sighandler_t' + `signal.h' (GNU): *note Basic Signal Handling::. + +`int SIGHUP' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Termination Signals::. + +`int SIGILL' + `signal.h' (ISO): *note Program Error Signals::. + +`int SIGINFO' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Miscellaneous Signals::. + +`int SIGINT' + `signal.h' (ISO): *note Termination Signals::. + +`int siginterrupt (int SIGNUM, int FAILFLAG)' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note BSD Handler::. + +`int SIGIO' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Asynchronous I/O Signals::. + +`int SIGIOT' + `signal.h' (Unix): *note Program Error Signals::. + +`int sigismember (const sigset_t *SET, int SIGNUM)' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Signal Sets::. + +`sigjmp_buf' + `setjmp.h' (POSIX.1): *note Non-Local Exits and Signals::. + +`int SIGKILL' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Termination Signals::. + +`void siglongjmp (sigjmp_buf STATE, int VALUE)' + `setjmp.h' (POSIX.1): *note Non-Local Exits and Signals::. + +`int SIGLOST' + `signal.h' (GNU): *note Operation Error Signals::. + +`int sigmask (int SIGNUM)' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Blocking in BSD::. + +`sighandler_t signal (int SIGNUM, sighandler_t ACTION)' + `signal.h' (ISO): *note Basic Signal Handling::. + +`int signbit (_float-type_ X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note FP Bit Twiddling::. + +`long long int significand (double X)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Normalization Functions::. + +`long long int significandf (float X)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Normalization Functions::. + +`long long int significandl (long double X)' + `math.h' (BSD): *note Normalization Functions::. + +`int sigpause (int MASK)' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Blocking in BSD::. + +`int sigpending (sigset_t *SET)' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Checking for Pending Signals::. + +`int SIGPIPE' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Operation Error Signals::. + +`int SIGPOLL' + `signal.h' (SVID): *note Asynchronous I/O Signals::. + +`int sigprocmask (int HOW, const sigset_t *restrict SET, sigset_t *restrict OLDSET)' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Process Signal Mask::. + +`int SIGPROF' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Alarm Signals::. + +`int SIGQUIT' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Termination Signals::. + +`int SIGSEGV' + `signal.h' (ISO): *note Program Error Signals::. + +`int sigsetjmp (sigjmp_buf STATE, int SAVESIGS)' + `setjmp.h' (POSIX.1): *note Non-Local Exits and Signals::. + +`SIG_SETMASK' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Process Signal Mask::. + +`int sigsetmask (int MASK)' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Blocking in BSD::. + +`sigset_t' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Signal Sets::. + +`int sigstack (const struct sigstack *STACK, struct sigstack *OLDSTACK)' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Signal Stack::. + +`int SIGSTOP' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Job Control Signals::. + +`int sigsuspend (const sigset_t *SET)' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Sigsuspend::. + +`int SIGSYS' + `signal.h' (Unix): *note Program Error Signals::. + +`int SIGTERM' + `signal.h' (ISO): *note Termination Signals::. + +`int SIGTRAP' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Program Error Signals::. + +`int SIGTSTP' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Job Control Signals::. + +`int SIGTTIN' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Job Control Signals::. + +`int SIGTTOU' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Job Control Signals::. + +`SIG_UNBLOCK' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Process Signal Mask::. + +`int SIGURG' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Asynchronous I/O Signals::. + +`int SIGUSR1' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Miscellaneous Signals::. + +`int SIGUSR2' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Miscellaneous Signals::. + +`int sigvec (int SIGNUM, const struct sigvec *ACTION,struct sigvec *OLD-ACTION)' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note BSD Handler::. + +`int SIGVTALRM' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Alarm Signals::. + +`int SIGWINCH' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Miscellaneous Signals::. + +`int SIGXCPU' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Operation Error Signals::. + +`int SIGXFSZ' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Operation Error Signals::. + +`double sin (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Trig Functions::. + +`void sincos (double X, double *SINX, double *COSX)' + `math.h' (GNU): *note Trig Functions::. + +`void sincosf (float X, float *SINX, float *COSX)' + `math.h' (GNU): *note Trig Functions::. + +`void sincosl (long double X, long double *SINX, long double *COSX)' + `math.h' (GNU): *note Trig Functions::. + +`float sinf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Trig Functions::. + +`double sinh (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`float sinhf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`long double sinhl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`long double sinl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Trig Functions::. + +`S_IREAD' + `sys/stat.h' (BSD): *note Permission Bits::. + +`S_IRGRP' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX.1): *note Permission Bits::. + +`S_IROTH' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX.1): *note Permission Bits::. + +`S_IRUSR' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX.1): *note Permission Bits::. + +`S_IRWXG' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX.1): *note Permission Bits::. + +`S_IRWXO' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX.1): *note Permission Bits::. + +`S_IRWXU' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX.1): *note Permission Bits::. + +`int S_ISBLK (mode_t M)' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX): *note Testing File Type::. + +`int S_ISCHR (mode_t M)' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX): *note Testing File Type::. + +`int S_ISDIR (mode_t M)' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX): *note Testing File Type::. + +`int S_ISFIFO (mode_t M)' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX): *note Testing File Type::. + +`S_ISGID' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX): *note Permission Bits::. + +`int S_ISLNK (mode_t M)' + `sys/stat.h' (GNU): *note Testing File Type::. + +`int S_ISREG (mode_t M)' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX): *note Testing File Type::. + +`int S_ISSOCK (mode_t M)' + `sys/stat.h' (GNU): *note Testing File Type::. + +`S_ISUID' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX): *note Permission Bits::. + +`S_ISVTX' + `sys/stat.h' (BSD): *note Permission Bits::. + +`S_IWGRP' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX.1): *note Permission Bits::. + +`S_IWOTH' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX.1): *note Permission Bits::. + +`S_IWRITE' + `sys/stat.h' (BSD): *note Permission Bits::. + +`S_IWUSR' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX.1): *note Permission Bits::. + +`S_IXGRP' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX.1): *note Permission Bits::. + +`S_IXOTH' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX.1): *note Permission Bits::. + +`S_IXUSR' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX.1): *note Permission Bits::. + +`size_t' + `stddef.h' (ISO): *note Important Data Types::. + +`unsigned int sleep (unsigned int SECONDS)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Sleeping::. + +`int snprintf (char *S, size_t SIZE, const char *TEMPLATE, ...)' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note Formatted Output Functions::. + +`SO_BROADCAST' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Socket-Level Options::. + +`int SOCK_DGRAM' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Communication Styles::. + +`int socket (int NAMESPACE, int STYLE, int PROTOCOL)' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Creating a Socket::. + +`int socketpair (int NAMESPACE, int STYLE, int PROTOCOL, int FILEDES[2])' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Socket Pairs::. + +`int SOCK_RAW' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Communication Styles::. + +`int SOCK_RDM' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Communication Styles::. + +`int SOCK_SEQPACKET' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Communication Styles::. + +`int SOCK_STREAM' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Communication Styles::. + +`SO_DEBUG' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Socket-Level Options::. + +`SO_DONTROUTE' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Socket-Level Options::. + +`SO_ERROR' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Socket-Level Options::. + +`SO_KEEPALIVE' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Socket-Level Options::. + +`SO_LINGER' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Socket-Level Options::. + +`int SOL_SOCKET' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Socket-Level Options::. + +`SO_OOBINLINE' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Socket-Level Options::. + +`SO_RCVBUF' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Socket-Level Options::. + +`SO_REUSEADDR' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Socket-Level Options::. + +`SO_SNDBUF' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Socket-Level Options::. + +`SO_STYLE' + `sys/socket.h' (GNU): *note Socket-Level Options::. + +`SO_TYPE' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Socket-Level Options::. + +`speed_t' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Line Speed::. + +`int sprintf (char *S, const char *TEMPLATE, ...)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Formatted Output Functions::. + +`double sqrt (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`float sqrtf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`long double sqrtl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Exponents and Logarithms::. + +`void srand (unsigned int SEED)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note ISO Random::. + +`void srand48 (long int SEEDVAL)' + `stdlib.h' (SVID): *note SVID Random::. + +`int srand48_r (long int SEEDVAL, struct drand48_data *BUFFER)' + `stdlib.h' (GNU): *note SVID Random::. + +`void srandom (unsigned int SEED)' + `stdlib.h' (BSD): *note BSD Random::. + +`int srandom_r (unsigned int SEED, struct random_data *BUF)' + `stdlib.h' (GNU): *note BSD Random::. + +`int sscanf (const char *S, const char *TEMPLATE, ...)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Formatted Input Functions::. + +`sighandler_t ssignal (int SIGNUM, sighandler_t ACTION)' + `signal.h' (SVID): *note Basic Signal Handling::. + +`int SSIZE_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note General Limits::. + +`ssize_t' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note I/O Primitives::. + +`stack_t' + `signal.h' (XPG): *note Signal Stack::. + +`int stat (const char *FILENAME, struct stat *BUF)' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX.1): *note Reading Attributes::. + +`int stat64 (const char *FILENAME, struct stat64 *BUF)' + `sys/stat.h' (Unix98): *note Reading Attributes::. + +`FILE * stderr' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Standard Streams::. + +`STDERR_FILENO' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Descriptors and Streams::. + +`FILE * stdin' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Standard Streams::. + +`STDIN_FILENO' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Descriptors and Streams::. + +`FILE * stdout' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Standard Streams::. + +`STDOUT_FILENO' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Descriptors and Streams::. + +`int stime (time_t *NEWTIME)' + `time.h' (SVID, XPG): *note Simple Calendar Time::. + +`char * stpcpy (char *restrict TO, const char *restrict FROM)' + `string.h' (Unknown origin): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`char * stpncpy (char *restrict TO, const char *restrict FROM, size_t SIZE)' + `string.h' (GNU): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`int strcasecmp (const char *S1, const char *S2)' + `string.h' (BSD): *note String/Array Comparison::. + +`char * strcasestr (const char *HAYSTACK, const char *NEEDLE)' + `string.h' (GNU): *note Search Functions::. + +`char * strcat (char *restrict TO, const char *restrict FROM)' + `string.h' (ISO): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`char * strchr (const char *STRING, int C)' + `string.h' (ISO): *note Search Functions::. + +`char * strchrnul (const char *STRING, int C)' + `string.h' (GNU): *note Search Functions::. + +`int strcmp (const char *S1, const char *S2)' + `string.h' (ISO): *note String/Array Comparison::. + +`int strcoll (const char *S1, const char *S2)' + `string.h' (ISO): *note Collation Functions::. + +`char * strcpy (char *restrict TO, const char *restrict FROM)' + `string.h' (ISO): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`size_t strcspn (const char *STRING, const char *STOPSET)' + `string.h' (ISO): *note Search Functions::. + +`char * strdup (const char *S)' + `string.h' (SVID): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`char * strdupa (const char *S)' + `string.h' (GNU): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`int STREAM_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note General Limits::. + +`char * strerror (int ERRNUM)' + `string.h' (ISO): *note Error Messages::. + +`char * strerror_r (int ERRNUM, char *BUF, size_t N)' + `string.h' (GNU): *note Error Messages::. + +`char * strfry (char *STRING)' + `string.h' (GNU): *note strfry::. + +`size_t strftime (char *S, size_t SIZE, const char *TEMPLATE, const struct tm *BROKENTIME)' + `time.h' (ISO): *note Formatting Calendar Time::. + +`size_t strlen (const char *S)' + `string.h' (ISO): *note String Length::. + +`int strncasecmp (const char *S1, const char *S2, size_t N)' + `string.h' (BSD): *note String/Array Comparison::. + +`char * strncat (char *restrict TO, const char *restrict FROM, size_t SIZE)' + `string.h' (ISO): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`int strncmp (const char *S1, const char *S2, size_t SIZE)' + `string.h' (ISO): *note String/Array Comparison::. + +`char * strncpy (char *restrict TO, const char *restrict FROM, size_t SIZE)' + `string.h' (ISO): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`char * strndup (const char *S, size_t SIZE)' + `string.h' (GNU): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`char * strndupa (const char *S, size_t SIZE)' + `string.h' (GNU): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`size_t strnlen (const char *S, size_t MAXLEN)' + `string.h' (GNU): *note String Length::. + +`char * strpbrk (const char *STRING, const char *STOPSET)' + `string.h' (ISO): *note Search Functions::. + +`char * strptime (const char *S, const char *FMT, struct tm *TP)' + `time.h' (XPG4): *note Low-Level Time String Parsing::. + +`char * strrchr (const char *STRING, int C)' + `string.h' (ISO): *note Search Functions::. + +`char * strsep (char **STRING_PTR, const char *DELIMITER)' + `string.h' (BSD): *note Finding Tokens in a String::. + +`char * strsignal (int SIGNUM)' + `string.h' (GNU): *note Signal Messages::. + +`size_t strspn (const char *STRING, const char *SKIPSET)' + `string.h' (ISO): *note Search Functions::. + +`char * strstr (const char *HAYSTACK, const char *NEEDLE)' + `string.h' (ISO): *note Search Functions::. + +`double strtod (const char *restrict STRING, char **restrict TAILPTR)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Parsing of Floats::. + +`float strtof (const char *STRING, char **TAILPTR)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Parsing of Floats::. + +`intmax_t strtoimax (const char *restrict STRING, char **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)' + `inttypes.h' (ISO): *note Parsing of Integers::. + +`char * strtok (char *restrict NEWSTRING, const char *restrict DELIMITERS)' + `string.h' (ISO): *note Finding Tokens in a String::. + +`char * strtok_r (char *NEWSTRING, const char *DELIMITERS, char **SAVE_PTR)' + `string.h' (POSIX): *note Finding Tokens in a String::. + +`long int strtol (const char *restrict STRING, char **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Parsing of Integers::. + +`long double strtold (const char *STRING, char **TAILPTR)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Parsing of Floats::. + +`long long int strtoll (const char *restrict STRING, char **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Parsing of Integers::. + +`long long int strtoq (const char *restrict STRING, char **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)' + `stdlib.h' (BSD): *note Parsing of Integers::. + +`unsigned long int strtoul (const char *retrict STRING, char **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Parsing of Integers::. + +`unsigned long long int strtoull (const char *restrict STRING, char **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Parsing of Integers::. + +`uintmax_t strtoumax (const char *restrict STRING, char **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)' + `inttypes.h' (ISO): *note Parsing of Integers::. + +`unsigned long long int strtouq (const char *restrict STRING, char **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)' + `stdlib.h' (BSD): *note Parsing of Integers::. + +`struct aiocb' + `aio.h' (POSIX.1b): *note Asynchronous I/O::. + +`struct aiocb64' + `aio.h' (POSIX.1b): *note Asynchronous I/O::. + +`struct aioinit' + `aio.h' (GNU): *note Configuration of AIO::. + +`struct argp' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Parsers::. + +`struct argp_child' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Children::. + +`struct argp_option' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Option Vectors::. + +`struct argp_state' + `argp.h' (GNU): *note Argp Parsing State::. + +`struct dirent' + `dirent.h' (POSIX.1): *note Directory Entries::. + +`struct exit_status' + `utmp.h' (SVID): *note Manipulating the Database::. + +`struct flock' + `fcntl.h' (POSIX.1): *note File Locks::. + +`struct fstab' + `fstab.h' (BSD): *note fstab::. + +`struct FTW' + `ftw.h' (XPG4.2): *note Working with Directory Trees::. + +`struct __gconv_step' + `gconv.h' (GNU): *note glibc iconv Implementation::. + +`struct __gconv_step_data' + `gconv.h' (GNU): *note glibc iconv Implementation::. + +`struct group' + `grp.h' (POSIX.1): *note Group Data Structure::. + +`struct hostent' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Host Names::. + +`struct if_nameindex' + `net/if.h' (IPv6 basic API): *note Interface Naming::. + +`struct in6_addr' + `netinet/in.h' (IPv6 basic API): *note Host Address Data Type::. + +`struct in_addr' + `netinet/in.h' (BSD): *note Host Address Data Type::. + +`struct iovec' + `sys/uio.h' (BSD): *note Scatter-Gather::. + +`struct itimerval' + `sys/time.h' (BSD): *note Setting an Alarm::. + +`struct lconv' + `locale.h' (ISO): *note The Lame Way to Locale Data::. + +`struct linger' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Socket-Level Options::. + +`struct mallinfo' + `malloc.h' (GNU): *note Statistics of Malloc::. + +`struct mntent' + `mntent.h' (BSD): *note mtab::. + +`struct msghdr' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Receiving Datagrams::. + +`struct netent' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Networks Database::. + +`struct obstack' + `obstack.h' (GNU): *note Creating Obstacks::. + +`struct option' + `getopt.h' (GNU): *note Getopt Long Options::. + +`struct passwd' + `pwd.h' (POSIX.1): *note User Data Structure::. + +`struct printf_info' + `printf.h' (GNU): *note Conversion Specifier Options::. + +`struct protoent' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Protocols Database::. + +`struct random_data' + `stdlib.h' (GNU): *note BSD Random::. + +`struct rlimit' + `sys/resource.h' (BSD): *note Limits on Resources::. + +`struct rlimit64' + `sys/resource.h' (Unix98): *note Limits on Resources::. + +`struct rusage' + `sys/resource.h' (BSD): *note Resource Usage::. + +`struct sched_param' + `sched.h' (POSIX): *note Basic Scheduling Functions::. + +`struct servent' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Services Database::. + +`struct sgttyb' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note BSD Terminal Modes::. + +`struct sigaction' + `signal.h' (POSIX.1): *note Advanced Signal Handling::. + +`struct sigstack' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note Signal Stack::. + +`struct sigvec' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note BSD Handler::. + +`struct sockaddr' + `sys/socket.h' (BSD): *note Address Formats::. + +`struct sockaddr_in' + `netinet/in.h' (BSD): *note Internet Address Formats::. + +`struct sockaddr_un' + `sys/un.h' (BSD): *note Local Namespace Details::. + +`struct stat' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX.1): *note Attribute Meanings::. + +`struct stat64' + `sys/stat.h' (LFS): *note Attribute Meanings::. + +`struct termios' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Mode Data Types::. + +`struct timespec' + `sys/time.h' (POSIX.1): *note Elapsed Time::. + +`struct timeval' + `sys/time.h' (BSD): *note Elapsed Time::. + +`struct timezone' + `sys/time.h' (BSD): *note High-Resolution Calendar::. + +`struct tm' + `time.h' (ISO): *note Broken-down Time::. + +`struct tms' + `sys/times.h' (POSIX.1): *note Processor Time::. + +`struct utimbuf' + `time.h' (POSIX.1): *note File Times::. + +`struct utsname' + `sys/utsname.h' (POSIX.1): *note Platform Type::. + +`int strverscmp (const char *S1, const char *S2)' + `string.h' (GNU): *note String/Array Comparison::. + +`size_t strxfrm (char *restrict TO, const char *restrict FROM, size_t SIZE)' + `string.h' (ISO): *note Collation Functions::. + +`int stty (int FILEDES, struct sgttyb * attributes)' + `sgtty.h' (BSD): *note BSD Terminal Modes::. + +`int S_TYPEISMQ (struct stat *S)' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX): *note Testing File Type::. + +`int S_TYPEISSEM (struct stat *S)' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX): *note Testing File Type::. + +`int S_TYPEISSHM (struct stat *S)' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX): *note Testing File Type::. + +`int SUN_LEN (_struct sockaddr_un *_ PTR)' + `sys/un.h' (BSD): *note Local Namespace Details::. + +`_SVID_SOURCE' + (GNU): *note Feature Test Macros::. + +`int SV_INTERRUPT' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note BSD Handler::. + +`int SV_ONSTACK' + `signal.h' (BSD): *note BSD Handler::. + +`int SV_RESETHAND' + `signal.h' (Sun): *note BSD Handler::. + +`int swapcontext (ucontext_t *restrict OUCP, const ucontext_t *restrict UCP)' + `ucontext.h' (SVID): *note System V contexts::. + +`int swprintf (wchar_t *S, size_t SIZE, const wchar_t *TEMPLATE, ...)' + `wchar.h' (GNU): *note Formatted Output Functions::. + +`int swscanf (const wchar_t *WS, const char *TEMPLATE, ...)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Formatted Input Functions::. + +`int symlink (const char *OLDNAME, const char *NEWNAME)' + `unistd.h' (BSD): *note Symbolic Links::. + +`SYMLINK_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note File Minimums::. + +`int sync (void)' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note Synchronizing I/O::. + +`long int syscall (long int SYSNO, ...)' + `unistd.h' (???): *note System Calls::. + +`long int sysconf (int PARAMETER)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Sysconf Definition::. + +`int sysctl (int *NAMES, int NLEN, void *OLDVAL, size_t *OLDLENP, void *NEWVAL, size_t NEWLEN)' + `sysctl.h' (BSD): *note System Parameters::. + +`void syslog (int FACILITY_PRIORITY, char *FORMAT, ...)' + `syslog.h' (BSD): *note syslog; vsyslog::. + +`int system (const char *COMMAND)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Running a Command::. + +`sighandler_t sysv_signal (int SIGNUM, sighandler_t ACTION)' + `signal.h' (GNU): *note Basic Signal Handling::. + +`double tan (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Trig Functions::. + +`float tanf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Trig Functions::. + +`double tanh (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`float tanhf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`long double tanhl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Hyperbolic Functions::. + +`long double tanl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Trig Functions::. + +`int tcdrain (int FILEDES)' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Line Control::. + +`tcflag_t' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Mode Data Types::. + +`int tcflow (int FILEDES, int ACTION)' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Line Control::. + +`int tcflush (int FILEDES, int QUEUE)' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Line Control::. + +`int tcgetattr (int FILEDES, struct termios *TERMIOS-P)' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Mode Functions::. + +`pid_t tcgetpgrp (int FILEDES)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Terminal Access Functions::. + +`pid_t tcgetsid (int FILDES)' + `termios.h' (Unix98): *note Terminal Access Functions::. + +`TCSADRAIN' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Mode Functions::. + +`TCSAFLUSH' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Mode Functions::. + +`TCSANOW' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Mode Functions::. + +`TCSASOFT' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Mode Functions::. + +`int tcsendbreak (int FILEDES, int DURATION)' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Line Control::. + +`int tcsetattr (int FILEDES, int WHEN, const struct termios *TERMIOS-P)' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Mode Functions::. + +`int tcsetpgrp (int FILEDES, pid_t PGID)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Terminal Access Functions::. + +`void * tdelete (const void *KEY, void **ROOTP, comparison_fn_t COMPAR)' + `search.h' (SVID): *note Tree Search Function::. + +`void tdestroy (void *VROOT, __free_fn_t FREEFCT)' + `search.h' (GNU): *note Tree Search Function::. + +`TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (EXPRESSION)' + `unistd.h' (GNU): *note Interrupted Primitives::. + +`char * tempnam (const char *DIR, const char *PREFIX)' + `stdio.h' (SVID): *note Temporary Files::. + +`char * textdomain (const char *DOMAINNAME)' + `libintl.h' (GNU): *note Locating gettext catalog::. + +`void * tfind (const void *KEY, void *const *ROOTP, comparison_fn_t COMPAR)' + `search.h' (SVID): *note Tree Search Function::. + +`double tgamma (double X)' + `math.h' (XPG, ISO): *note Special Functions::. + +`float tgammaf (float X)' + `math.h' (XPG, ISO): *note Special Functions::. + +`long double tgammal (long double X)' + `math.h' (XPG, ISO): *note Special Functions::. + +`time_t time (time_t *RESULT)' + `time.h' (ISO): *note Simple Calendar Time::. + +`time_t timegm (struct tm *BROKENTIME)' + `time.h' (???): *note Broken-down Time::. + +`time_t timelocal (struct tm *BROKENTIME)' + `time.h' (???): *note Broken-down Time::. + +`clock_t times (struct tms *BUFFER)' + `sys/times.h' (POSIX.1): *note Processor Time::. + +`time_t' + `time.h' (ISO): *note Simple Calendar Time::. + +`long int timezone' + `time.h' (SVID): *note Time Zone Functions::. + +`FILE * tmpfile (void)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Temporary Files::. + +`FILE * tmpfile64 (void)' + `stdio.h' (Unix98): *note Temporary Files::. + +`int TMP_MAX' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Temporary Files::. + +`char * tmpnam (char *RESULT)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Temporary Files::. + +`char * tmpnam_r (char *RESULT)' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note Temporary Files::. + +`int toascii (int C)' + `ctype.h' (SVID, BSD): *note Case Conversion::. + +`int _tolower (int C)' + `ctype.h' (SVID): *note Case Conversion::. + +`int tolower (int C)' + `ctype.h' (ISO): *note Case Conversion::. + +`tcflag_t TOSTOP' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Local Modes::. + +`int _toupper (int C)' + `ctype.h' (SVID): *note Case Conversion::. + +`int toupper (int C)' + `ctype.h' (ISO): *note Case Conversion::. + +`wint_t towctrans (wint_t WC, wctrans_t DESC)' + `wctype.h' (ISO): *note Wide Character Case Conversion::. + +`wint_t towlower (wint_t WC)' + `wctype.h' (ISO): *note Wide Character Case Conversion::. + +`wint_t towupper (wint_t WC)' + `wctype.h' (ISO): *note Wide Character Case Conversion::. + +`double trunc (double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`int truncate (const char *FILENAME, off_t LENGTH)' + `unistd.h' (X/Open): *note File Size::. + +`int truncate64 (const char *NAME, off64_t LENGTH)' + `unistd.h' (Unix98): *note File Size::. + +`float truncf (float X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`long double truncl (long double X)' + `math.h' (ISO): *note Rounding Functions::. + +`TRY_AGAIN' + `netdb.h' (BSD): *note Host Names::. + +`void * tsearch (const void *KEY, void **ROOTP, comparison_fn_t COMPAR)' + `search.h' (SVID): *note Tree Search Function::. + +`char * ttyname (int FILEDES)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Is It a Terminal::. + +`int ttyname_r (int FILEDES, char *BUF, size_t LEN)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Is It a Terminal::. + +`void twalk (const void *ROOT, __action_fn_t ACTION)' + `search.h' (SVID): *note Tree Search Function::. + +`char * tzname [2]' + `time.h' (POSIX.1): *note Time Zone Functions::. + +`int TZNAME_MAX' + `limits.h' (POSIX.1): *note General Limits::. + +`void tzset (void)' + `time.h' (POSIX.1): *note Time Zone Functions::. + +`UCHAR_MAX' + `limits.h' (ISO): *note Range of Type::. + +`ucontext_t' + `ucontext.h' (SVID): *note System V contexts::. + +`uid_t' + `sys/types.h' (POSIX.1): *note Reading Persona::. + +`UINT_MAX' + `limits.h' (ISO): *note Range of Type::. + +`int ulimit (int CMD, ...)' + `ulimit.h' (BSD): *note Limits on Resources::. + +`ULONG_LONG_MAX' + `limits.h' (ISO): *note Range of Type::. + +`ULONG_MAX' + `limits.h' (ISO): *note Range of Type::. + +`mode_t umask (mode_t MASK)' + `sys/stat.h' (POSIX.1): *note Setting Permissions::. + +`int umount (const char *FILE)' + `sys/mount.h' (SVID, GNU): *note Mount-Unmount-Remount::. + +`int umount2 (const char *FILE, int FLAGS)' + `sys/mount.h' (GNU): *note Mount-Unmount-Remount::. + +`int uname (struct utsname *INFO)' + `sys/utsname.h' (POSIX.1): *note Platform Type::. + +`int ungetc (int C, FILE *STREAM)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note How Unread::. + +`wint_t ungetwc (wint_t WC, FILE *STREAM)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note How Unread::. + +`union wait' + `sys/wait.h' (BSD): *note BSD Wait Functions::. + +`int unlink (const char *FILENAME)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Deleting Files::. + +`int unlockpt (int FILEDES)' + `stdlib.h' (SVID, XPG4.2): *note Allocation::. + +`int unsetenv (const char *NAME)' + `stdlib.h' (BSD): *note Environment Access::. + +`void updwtmp (const char *WTMP_FILE, const struct utmp *UTMP)' + `utmp.h' (SVID): *note Manipulating the Database::. + +`USER_PROCESS' + `utmp.h' (SVID): *note Manipulating the Database::. + +`USER_PROCESS' + `utmpx.h' (XPG4.2): *note XPG Functions::. + +`USHRT_MAX' + `limits.h' (ISO): *note Range of Type::. + +`int utime (const char *FILENAME, const struct utimbuf *TIMES)' + `time.h' (POSIX.1): *note File Times::. + +`int utimes (const char *FILENAME, struct timeval TVP[2])' + `sys/time.h' (BSD): *note File Times::. + +`int utmpname (const char *FILE)' + `utmp.h' (SVID): *note Manipulating the Database::. + +`int utmpxname (const char *FILE)' + `utmpx.h' (XPG4.2): *note XPG Functions::. + +`va_alist' + `varargs.h' (Unix): *note Old Varargs::. + +`TYPE va_arg (va_list AP, TYPE)' + `stdarg.h' (ISO): *note Argument Macros::. + +`void __va_copy (va_list DEST, va_list SRC)' + `stdarg.h' (GNU): *note Argument Macros::. + +`va_dcl' + `varargs.h' (Unix): *note Old Varargs::. + +`void va_end (va_list AP)' + `stdarg.h' (ISO): *note Argument Macros::. + +`va_list' + `stdarg.h' (ISO): *note Argument Macros::. + +`void * valloc (size_t SIZE)' + `malloc.h', `stdlib.h' (BSD): *note Aligned Memory Blocks::. + +`int vasprintf (char **PTR, const char *TEMPLATE, va_list AP)' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note Variable Arguments Output::. + +`void va_start (va_list AP)' + `varargs.h' (Unix): *note Old Varargs::. + +`void va_start (va_list AP, LAST-REQUIRED)' + `stdarg.h' (ISO): *note Argument Macros::. + +`int VDISCARD' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Other Special::. + +`int VDSUSP' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Signal Characters::. + +`int VEOF' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Editing Characters::. + +`int VEOL' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Editing Characters::. + +`int VEOL2' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Editing Characters::. + +`int VERASE' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Editing Characters::. + +`void verr (int STATUS, const char *FORMAT, va_list)' + `err.h' (BSD): *note Error Messages::. + +`void verrx (int STATUS, const char *FORMAT, va_list)' + `err.h' (BSD): *note Error Messages::. + +`int versionsort (const void *A, const void *B)' + `dirent.h' (GNU): *note Scanning Directory Content::. + +`int versionsort64 (const void *A, const void *B)' + `dirent.h' (GNU): *note Scanning Directory Content::. + +`pid_t vfork (void)' + `unistd.h' (BSD): *note Creating a Process::. + +`int vfprintf (FILE *STREAM, const char *TEMPLATE, va_list AP)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Variable Arguments Output::. + +`int vfscanf (FILE *STREAM, const char *TEMPLATE, va_list AP)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Variable Arguments Input::. + +`int vfwprintf (FILE *STREAM, const wchar_t *TEMPLATE, va_list AP)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Variable Arguments Output::. + +`int vfwscanf (FILE *STREAM, const wchar_t *TEMPLATE, va_list AP)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Variable Arguments Input::. + +`int VINTR' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Signal Characters::. + +`int VKILL' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Editing Characters::. + +`int vlimit (int RESOURCE, int LIMIT)' + `sys/vlimit.h' (BSD): *note Limits on Resources::. + +`int VLNEXT' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Other Special::. + +`int VMIN' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Noncanonical Input::. + +`void (*) error_print_progname (void)' + `error.h' (GNU): *note Error Messages::. + +`int vprintf (const char *TEMPLATE, va_list AP)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Variable Arguments Output::. + +`int VQUIT' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Signal Characters::. + +`int VREPRINT' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Editing Characters::. + +`int vscanf (const char *TEMPLATE, va_list AP)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Variable Arguments Input::. + +`int vsnprintf (char *S, size_t SIZE, const char *TEMPLATE, va_list AP)' + `stdio.h' (GNU): *note Variable Arguments Output::. + +`int vsprintf (char *S, const char *TEMPLATE, va_list AP)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Variable Arguments Output::. + +`int vsscanf (const char *S, const char *TEMPLATE, va_list AP)' + `stdio.h' (ISO): *note Variable Arguments Input::. + +`int VSTART' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Start/Stop Characters::. + +`int VSTATUS' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Other Special::. + +`int VSTOP' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Start/Stop Characters::. + +`int VSUSP' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Signal Characters::. + +`int vswprintf (wchar_t *S, size_t SIZE, const wchar_t *TEMPLATE, va_list AP)' + `wchar.h' (GNU): *note Variable Arguments Output::. + +`int vswscanf (const wchar_t *S, const wchar_t *TEMPLATE, va_list AP)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Variable Arguments Input::. + +`void vsyslog (int FACILITY_PRIORITY, char *FORMAT, va_list arglist)' + `syslog.h' (BSD): *note syslog; vsyslog::. + +`int VTIME' + `termios.h' (POSIX.1): *note Noncanonical Input::. + +`int vtimes (struct vtimes CURRENT, struct vtimes CHILD)' + `vtimes.h' (vtimes.h): *note Resource Usage::. + +`void vwarn (const char *FORMAT, va_list)' + `err.h' (BSD): *note Error Messages::. + +`void vwarnx (const char *FORMAT, va_list)' + `err.h' (BSD): *note Error Messages::. + +`int VWERASE' + `termios.h' (BSD): *note Editing Characters::. + +`int vwprintf (const wchar_t *TEMPLATE, va_list AP)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Variable Arguments Output::. + +`int vwscanf (const wchar_t *TEMPLATE, va_list AP)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Variable Arguments Input::. + +`pid_t wait (int *STATUS-PTR)' + `sys/wait.h' (POSIX.1): *note Process Completion::. + +`pid_t wait3 (union wait *STATUS-PTR, int OPTIONS, struct rusage *USAGE)' + `sys/wait.h' (BSD): *note BSD Wait Functions::. + +`pid_t wait4 (pid_t PID, int *STATUS-PTR, int OPTIONS, struct rusage *USAGE)' + `sys/wait.h' (BSD): *note Process Completion::. + +`pid_t waitpid (pid_t PID, int *STATUS-PTR, int OPTIONS)' + `sys/wait.h' (POSIX.1): *note Process Completion::. + +`void warn (const char *FORMAT, ...)' + `err.h' (BSD): *note Error Messages::. + +`void warnx (const char *FORMAT, ...)' + `err.h' (BSD): *note Error Messages::. + +`WCHAR_MAX' + `limits.h' (GNU): *note Range of Type::. + +`wint_t WCHAR_MAX' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Extended Char Intro::. + +`wint_t WCHAR_MIN' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Extended Char Intro::. + +`wchar_t' + `stddef.h' (ISO): *note Extended Char Intro::. + +`int WCOREDUMP (int STATUS)' + `sys/wait.h' (BSD): *note Process Completion Status::. + +`wchar_t * wcpcpy (wchar_t *restrict WTO, const wchar_t *restrict WFROM)' + `wchar.h' (GNU): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`wchar_t * wcpncpy (wchar_t *restrict WTO, const wchar_t *restrict WFROM, size_t SIZE)' + `wchar.h' (GNU): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`size_t wcrtomb (char *restrict S, wchar_t WC, mbstate_t *restrict PS)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Converting a Character::. + +`int wcscasecmp (const wchar_t *WS1, const wchar_T *WS2)' + `wchar.h' (GNU): *note String/Array Comparison::. + +`wchar_t * wcscat (wchar_t *restrict WTO, const wchar_t *restrict WFROM)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`wchar_t * wcschr (const wchar_t *WSTRING, int WC)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Search Functions::. + +`wchar_t * wcschrnul (const wchar_t *WSTRING, wchar_t WC)' + `wchar.h' (GNU): *note Search Functions::. + +`int wcscmp (const wchar_t *WS1, const wchar_t *WS2)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note String/Array Comparison::. + +`int wcscoll (const wchar_t *WS1, const wchar_t *WS2)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Collation Functions::. + +`wchar_t * wcscpy (wchar_t *restrict WTO, const wchar_t *restrict WFROM)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`size_t wcscspn (const wchar_t *WSTRING, const wchar_t *STOPSET)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Search Functions::. + +`wchar_t * wcsdup (const wchar_t *WS)' + `wchar.h' (GNU): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`size_t wcsftime (wchar_t *S, size_t SIZE, const wchar_t *TEMPLATE, const struct tm *BROKENTIME)' + `time.h' (ISO/Amend1): *note Formatting Calendar Time::. + +`size_t wcslen (const wchar_t *WS)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note String Length::. + +`int wcsncasecmp (const wchar_t *WS1, const wchar_t *S2, size_t N)' + `wchar.h' (GNU): *note String/Array Comparison::. + +`wchar_t * wcsncat (wchar_t *restrict WTO, const wchar_t *restrict WFROM, size_t SIZE)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`int wcsncmp (const wchar_t *WS1, const wchar_t *WS2, size_t SIZE)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note String/Array Comparison::. + +`wchar_t * wcsncpy (wchar_t *restrict WTO, const wchar_t *restrict WFROM, size_t SIZE)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`size_t wcsnlen (const wchar_t *WS, size_t MAXLEN)' + `wchar.h' (GNU): *note String Length::. + +`size_t wcsnrtombs (char *restrict DST, const wchar_t **restrict SRC, size_t NWC, size_t LEN, mbstate_t *restrict PS)' + `wchar.h' (GNU): *note Converting Strings::. + +`wchar_t * wcspbrk (const wchar_t *WSTRING, const wchar_t *STOPSET)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Search Functions::. + +`wchar_t * wcsrchr (const wchar_t *WSTRING, wchar_t C)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Search Functions::. + +`size_t wcsrtombs (char *restrict DST, const wchar_t **restrict SRC, size_t LEN, mbstate_t *restrict PS)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Converting Strings::. + +`size_t wcsspn (const wchar_t *WSTRING, const wchar_t *SKIPSET)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Search Functions::. + +`wchar_t * wcsstr (const wchar_t *HAYSTACK, const wchar_t *NEEDLE)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Search Functions::. + +`double wcstod (const wchar_t *restrict STRING, wchar_t **restrict TAILPTR)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Parsing of Floats::. + +`float wcstof (const wchar_t *STRING, wchar_t **TAILPTR)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Parsing of Floats::. + +`intmax_t wcstoimax (const wchar_t *restrict STRING, wchar_t **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Parsing of Integers::. + +`wchar_t * wcstok (wchar_t *NEWSTRING, const char *DELIMITERS)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Finding Tokens in a String::. + +`long int wcstol (const wchar_t *restrict STRING, wchar_t **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Parsing of Integers::. + +`long double wcstold (const wchar_t *STRING, wchar_t **TAILPTR)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Parsing of Floats::. + +`long long int wcstoll (const wchar_t *restrict STRING, wchar_t **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Parsing of Integers::. + +`size_t wcstombs (char *STRING, const wchar_t *WSTRING, size_t SIZE)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Non-reentrant String Conversion::. + +`long long int wcstoq (const wchar_t *restrict STRING, wchar_t **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)' + `wchar.h' (GNU): *note Parsing of Integers::. + +`unsigned long int wcstoul (const wchar_t *restrict STRING, wchar_t **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Parsing of Integers::. + +`unsigned long long int wcstoull (const wchar_t *restrict STRING, wchar_t **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Parsing of Integers::. + +`uintmax_t wcstoumax (const wchar_t *restrict STRING, wchar_t **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Parsing of Integers::. + +`unsigned long long int wcstouq (const wchar_t *restrict STRING, wchar_t **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)' + `wchar.h' (GNU): *note Parsing of Integers::. + +`wchar_t * wcswcs (const wchar_t *HAYSTACK, const wchar_t *NEEDLE)' + `wchar.h' (XPG): *note Search Functions::. + +`size_t wcsxfrm (wchar_t *restrict WTO, const wchar_t *WFROM, size_t SIZE)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Collation Functions::. + +`int wctob (wint_t C)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Converting a Character::. + +`int wctomb (char *STRING, wchar_t WCHAR)' + `stdlib.h' (ISO): *note Non-reentrant Character Conversion::. + +`wctrans_t wctrans (const char *PROPERTY)' + `wctype.h' (ISO): *note Wide Character Case Conversion::. + +`wctrans_t' + `wctype.h' (ISO): *note Wide Character Case Conversion::. + +`wctype_t wctype (const char *PROPERTY)' + `wctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Wide Characters::. + +`wctype_t' + `wctype.h' (ISO): *note Classification of Wide Characters::. + +`int WEOF' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note EOF and Errors::. + +`wint_t WEOF' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Extended Char Intro::. + +`int WEXITSTATUS (int STATUS)' + `sys/wait.h' (POSIX.1): *note Process Completion Status::. + +`int WIFEXITED (int STATUS)' + `sys/wait.h' (POSIX.1): *note Process Completion Status::. + +`int WIFSIGNALED (int STATUS)' + `sys/wait.h' (POSIX.1): *note Process Completion Status::. + +`int WIFSTOPPED (int STATUS)' + `sys/wait.h' (POSIX.1): *note Process Completion Status::. + +`wint_t' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Extended Char Intro::. + +`wchar_t * wmemchr (const wchar_t *BLOCK, wchar_t WC, size_t SIZE)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Search Functions::. + +`int wmemcmp (const wchar_t *A1, const wchar_t *A2, size_t SIZE)' + `wcjar.h' (ISO): *note String/Array Comparison::. + +`wchar_t * wmemcpy (wchar_t *restrict WTO, const wchar_t *restrict WFROM, size_t SIZE)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`wchar_t * wmemmove (wchar *WTO, const wchar_t *WFROM, size_t SIZE)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`wchar_t * wmempcpy (wchar_t *restrict WTO, const wchar_t *restrict WFROM, size_t SIZE)' + `wchar.h' (GNU): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`wchar_t * wmemset (wchar_t *BLOCK, wchar_t WC, size_t SIZE)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Copying and Concatenation::. + +`int W_OK' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Testing File Access::. + +`int wordexp (const char *WORDS, wordexp_t *WORD-VECTOR-PTR, int FLAGS)' + `wordexp.h' (POSIX.2): *note Calling Wordexp::. + +`wordexp_t' + `wordexp.h' (POSIX.2): *note Calling Wordexp::. + +`void wordfree (wordexp_t *WORD-VECTOR-PTR)' + `wordexp.h' (POSIX.2): *note Calling Wordexp::. + +`int wprintf (const wchar_t *TEMPLATE, ...)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Formatted Output Functions::. + +`WRDE_APPEND' + `wordexp.h' (POSIX.2): *note Flags for Wordexp::. + +`WRDE_BADCHAR' + `wordexp.h' (POSIX.2): *note Calling Wordexp::. + +`WRDE_BADVAL' + `wordexp.h' (POSIX.2): *note Calling Wordexp::. + +`WRDE_CMDSUB' + `wordexp.h' (POSIX.2): *note Calling Wordexp::. + +`WRDE_DOOFFS' + `wordexp.h' (POSIX.2): *note Flags for Wordexp::. + +`WRDE_NOCMD' + `wordexp.h' (POSIX.2): *note Flags for Wordexp::. + +`WRDE_NOSPACE' + `wordexp.h' (POSIX.2): *note Calling Wordexp::. + +`WRDE_REUSE' + `wordexp.h' (POSIX.2): *note Flags for Wordexp::. + +`WRDE_SHOWERR' + `wordexp.h' (POSIX.2): *note Flags for Wordexp::. + +`WRDE_SYNTAX' + `wordexp.h' (POSIX.2): *note Calling Wordexp::. + +`WRDE_UNDEF' + `wordexp.h' (POSIX.2): *note Flags for Wordexp::. + +`ssize_t write (int FILEDES, const void *BUFFER, size_t SIZE)' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note I/O Primitives::. + +`ssize_t writev (int FILEDES, const struct iovec *VECTOR, int COUNT)' + `sys/uio.h' (BSD): *note Scatter-Gather::. + +`int wscanf (const wchar_t *TEMPLATE, ...)' + `wchar.h' (ISO): *note Formatted Input Functions::. + +`int WSTOPSIG (int STATUS)' + `sys/wait.h' (POSIX.1): *note Process Completion Status::. + +`int WTERMSIG (int STATUS)' + `sys/wait.h' (POSIX.1): *note Process Completion Status::. + +`int X_OK' + `unistd.h' (POSIX.1): *note Testing File Access::. + +`_XOPEN_SOURCE' + (X/Open): *note Feature Test Macros::. + +`_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED' + (X/Open): *note Feature Test Macros::. + +`double y0 (double X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`float y0f (float X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`long double y0l (long double X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`double y1 (double X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`float y1f (float X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`long double y1l (long double X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`double yn (int n, double X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`float ynf (int n, float X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + +`long double ynl (int n, long double X)' + `math.h' (SVID): *note Special Functions::. + + + +File: libc.info, Node: Installation, Next: Maintenance, Prev: Library Summary, Up: Top + +Appendix C Installing the GNU C Library +*************************************** + +Before you do anything else, you should read the file `FAQ' located at +the top level of the source tree. This file answers common questions +and describes problems you may experience with compilation and +installation. It is updated more frequently than this manual. + + Features can be added to GNU Libc via "add-on" bundles. These are +separate tar files, which you unpack into the top level of the source +tree. Then you give `configure' the `--enable-add-ons' option to +activate them, and they will be compiled into the library. + + You will need recent versions of several GNU tools: definitely GCC +and GNU Make, and possibly others. *Note Tools for Compilation::, +below. + +* Menu: + +* Configuring and compiling:: How to compile and test GNU libc. +* Running make install:: How to install it once you've got it + compiled. +* Tools for Compilation:: You'll need these first. +* Linux:: Specific advice for GNU/Linux systems. +* Reporting Bugs:: So they'll get fixed. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Configuring and compiling, Next: Running make install, Up: Installation + +C.1 Configuring and compiling GNU Libc +====================================== + +GNU libc cannot be compiled in the source directory. You must build it +in a separate build directory. For example, if you have unpacked the +glibc sources in `/src/gnu/glibc-2.4', create a directory +`/src/gnu/glibc-build' to put the object files in. This allows +removing the whole build directory in case an error occurs, which is +the safest way to get a fresh start and should always be done. + + From your object directory, run the shell script `configure' located +at the top level of the source tree. In the scenario above, you'd type + + $ ../glibc-2.4/configure ARGS... + + Please note that even though you're building in a separate build +directory, the compilation needs to modify a few files in the source +directory, especially some files in the manual subdirectory. + +`configure' takes many options, but the only one that is usually +mandatory is `--prefix'. This option tells `configure' where you want +glibc installed. This defaults to `/usr/local', but the normal setting +to install as the standard system library is `--prefix=/usr' for +GNU/Linux systems and `--prefix=' (an empty prefix) for GNU/Hurd +systems. + + It may also be useful to set the CC and CFLAGS variables in the +environment when running `configure'. CC selects the C compiler that +will be used, and CFLAGS sets optimization options for the compiler. + + The following list describes all of the available options for +`configure': + +`--prefix=DIRECTORY' + Install machine-independent data files in subdirectories of + `DIRECTORY'. The default is to install in `/usr/local'. + +`--exec-prefix=DIRECTORY' + Install the library and other machine-dependent files in + subdirectories of `DIRECTORY'. The default is to the `--prefix' + directory if that option is specified, or `/usr/local' otherwise. + +`--with-headers=DIRECTORY' + Look for kernel header files in DIRECTORY, not `/usr/include'. + Glibc needs information from the kernel's private header files. + Glibc will normally look in `/usr/include' for them, but if you + specify this option, it will look in DIRECTORY instead. + + This option is primarily of use on a system where the headers in + `/usr/include' come from an older version of glibc. Conflicts can + occasionally happen in this case. Note that Linux libc5 qualifies + as an older version of glibc. You can also use this option if you + want to compile glibc with a newer set of kernel headers than the + ones found in `/usr/include'. + +`--enable-add-ons[=LIST]' + Specify add-on packages to include in the build. If this option is + specified with no list, it enables all the add-on packages it + finds in the main source directory; this is the default behavior. + You may specify an explicit list of add-ons to use in LIST, + separated by spaces or commas (if you use spaces, remember to + quote them from the shell). Each add-on in LIST can be an + absolute directory name or can be a directory name relative to the + main source directory, or relative to the build directory (that + is, the current working directory). For example, + `--enable-add-ons=nptl,../glibc-libidn-2.4'. + +`--enable-kernel=VERSION' + This option is currently only useful on GNU/Linux systems. The + VERSION parameter should have the form X.Y.Z and describes the + smallest version of the Linux kernel the generated library is + expected to support. The higher the VERSION number is, the less + compatibility code is added, and the faster the code gets. + +`--with-binutils=DIRECTORY' + Use the binutils (assembler and linker) in `DIRECTORY', not the + ones the C compiler would default to. You can use this option if + the default binutils on your system cannot deal with all the + constructs in the GNU C library. In that case, `configure' will + detect the problem and suppress these constructs, so that the + library will still be usable, but functionality may be lost--for + example, you can't build a shared libc with old binutils. + +`--without-fp' + Use this option if your computer lacks hardware floating-point + support and your operating system does not emulate an FPU. + + these + +`--disable-shared' + Don't build shared libraries even if it is possible. Not all + systems support shared libraries; you need ELF support and + (currently) the GNU linker. + +`--disable-profile' + Don't build libraries with profiling information. You may want to + use this option if you don't plan to do profiling. + +`--enable-omitfp' + Use maximum optimization for the normal (static and shared) + libraries, and compile separate static libraries with debugging + information and no optimization. We recommend not doing this. + The extra optimization doesn't gain you much, it may provoke + compiler bugs, and you won't be able to trace bugs through the C + library. + +`--disable-versioning' + Don't compile the shared libraries with symbol version information. + Doing this will make the resulting library incompatible with old + binaries, so it's not recommended. + +`--enable-static-nss' + Compile static versions of the NSS (Name Service Switch) libraries. + This is not recommended because it defeats the purpose of NSS; a + program linked statically with the NSS libraries cannot be + dynamically reconfigured to use a different name database. + +`--without-tls' + By default the C library is built with support for thread-local + storage if the used tools support it. By using `--without-tls' + this can be prevented though there generally is no reason since it + creates compatibility problems. + +`--build=BUILD-SYSTEM' +`--host=HOST-SYSTEM' + These options are for cross-compiling. If you specify both + options and BUILD-SYSTEM is different from HOST-SYSTEM, `configure' + will prepare to cross-compile glibc from BUILD-SYSTEM to be used + on HOST-SYSTEM. You'll probably need the `--with-headers' option + too, and you may have to override CONFIGURE's selection of the + compiler and/or binutils. + + If you only specify `--host', `configure' will prepare for a + native compile but use what you specify instead of guessing what + your system is. This is most useful to change the CPU submodel. + For example, if `configure' guesses your machine as + `i586-pc-linux-gnu' but you want to compile a library for 386es, + give `--host=i386-pc-linux-gnu' or just `--host=i386-linux' and add + the appropriate compiler flags (`-mcpu=i386' will do the trick) to + CFLAGS. + + If you specify just `--build', `configure' will get confused. + + To build the library and related programs, type `make'. This will +produce a lot of output, some of which may look like errors from `make' +but isn't. Look for error messages from `make' containing `***'. +Those indicate that something is seriously wrong. + + The compilation process can take a long time, depending on the +configuration and the speed of your machine. Some complex modules may +take a very long time to compile, as much as several minutes on slower +machines. Do not panic if the compiler appears to hang. + + If you want to run a parallel make, simply pass the `-j' option with +an appropriate numeric parameter to `make'. You need a recent GNU +`make' version, though. + + To build and run test programs which exercise some of the library +facilities, type `make check'. If it does not complete successfully, +do not use the built library, and report a bug after verifying that the +problem is not already known. *Note Reporting Bugs::, for instructions +on reporting bugs. Note that some of the tests assume they are not +being run by `root'. We recommend you compile and test glibc as an +unprivileged user. + + Before reporting bugs make sure there is no problem with your system. +The tests (and later installation) use some pre-existing files of the +system such as `/etc/passwd', `/etc/nsswitch.conf' and others. These +files must all contain correct and sensible content. + + To format the `GNU C Library Reference Manual' for printing, type +`make dvi'. You need a working TeX installation to do this. The +distribution already includes the on-line formatted version of the +manual, as Info files. You can regenerate those with `make info', but +it shouldn't be necessary. + + The library has a number of special-purpose configuration parameters +which you can find in `Makeconfig'. These can be overwritten with the +file `configparms'. To change them, create a `configparms' in your +build directory and add values as appropriate for your system. The +file is included and parsed by `make' and has to follow the conventions +for makefiles. + + It is easy to configure the GNU C library for cross-compilation by +setting a few variables in `configparms'. Set `CC' to the +cross-compiler for the target you configured the library for; it is +important to use this same `CC' value when running `configure', like +this: `CC=TARGET-gcc configure TARGET'. Set `BUILD_CC' to the compiler +to use for programs run on the build system as part of compiling the +library. You may need to set `AR' and `RANLIB' to cross-compiling +versions of `ar' and `ranlib' if the native tools are not configured to +work with object files for the target you configured for. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Running make install, Next: Tools for Compilation, Prev: Configuring and compiling, Up: Installation + +C.2 Installing the C Library +============================ + +To install the library and its header files, and the Info files of the +manual, type `env LANGUAGE=C LC_ALL=C make install'. This will build +things, if necessary, before installing them; however, you should still +compile everything first. If you are installing glibc as your primary +C library, we recommend that you shut the system down to single-user +mode first, and reboot afterward. This minimizes the risk of breaking +things when the library changes out from underneath. + + If you're upgrading from Linux libc5 or some other C library, you +need to replace the `/usr/include' with a fresh directory before +installing it. The new `/usr/include' should contain the Linux +headers, but nothing else. + + You must first build the library (`make'), optionally check it +(`make check'), switch the include directories and then install (`make +install'). The steps must be done in this order. Not moving the +directory before install will result in an unusable mixture of header +files from both libraries, but configuring, building, and checking the +library requires the ability to compile and run programs against the old +library. + + If you are upgrading from a previous installation of glibc 2.0 or +2.1, `make install' will do the entire job. You do not need to remove +the old includes - if you want to do so anyway you must then follow the +order given above. + + You may also need to reconfigure GCC to work with the new library. +The easiest way to do that is to figure out the compiler switches to +make it work again (`-Wl,--dynamic-linker=/lib/ld-linux.so.2' should +work on GNU/Linux systems) and use them to recompile gcc. You can also +edit the specs file (`/usr/lib/gcc-lib/TARGET/VERSION/specs'), but that +is a bit of a black art. + + You can install glibc somewhere other than where you configured it +to go by setting the `install_root' variable on the command line for +`make install'. The value of this variable is prepended to all the +paths for installation. This is useful when setting up a chroot +environment or preparing a binary distribution. The directory should be +specified with an absolute file name. + + Glibc 2.2 includes a daemon called `nscd', which you may or may not +want to run. `nscd' caches name service lookups; it can dramatically +improve performance with NIS+, and may help with DNS as well. + + One auxiliary program, `/usr/libexec/pt_chown', is installed setuid +`root'. This program is invoked by the `grantpt' function; it sets the +permissions on a pseudoterminal so it can be used by the calling +process. This means programs like `xterm' and `screen' do not have to +be setuid to get a pty. (There may be other reasons why they need +privileges.) If you are using a 2.1 or newer Linux kernel with the +`devptsfs' or `devfs' filesystems providing pty slaves, you don't need +this program; otherwise you do. The source for `pt_chown' is in +`login/programs/pt_chown.c'. + + After installation you might want to configure the timezone and +locale installation of your system. The GNU C library comes with a +locale database which gets configured with `localedef'. For example, to +set up a German locale with name `de_DE', simply issue the command +`localedef -i de_DE -f ISO-8859-1 de_DE'. To configure all locales +that are supported by glibc, you can issue from your build directory the +command `make localedata/install-locales'. + + To configure the locally used timezone, set the `TZ' environment +variable. The script `tzselect' helps you to select the right value. +As an example, for Germany, `tzselect' would tell you to use +`TZ='Europe/Berlin''. For a system wide installation (the given paths +are for an installation with `--prefix=/usr'), link the timezone file +which is in `/usr/share/zoneinfo' to the file `/etc/localtime'. For +Germany, you might execute `ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Berlin +/etc/localtime'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Tools for Compilation, Next: Linux, Prev: Running make install, Up: Installation + +C.3 Recommended Tools for Compilation +===================================== + +We recommend installing the following GNU tools before attempting to +build the GNU C library: + + * GNU `make' 3.79 or newer + + You need the latest version of GNU `make'. Modifying the GNU C + Library to work with other `make' programs would be so difficult + that we recommend you port GNU `make' instead. *Really.* We + recommend GNU `make' version 3.79. All earlier versions have + severe bugs or lack features. + + * GCC 3.4 or newer, GCC 4.1 recommended + + The GNU C library can only be compiled with the GNU C compiler + family. For the 2.3 releases, GCC 3.2 or higher is required; GCC + 3.4 is the compiler we advise to use for 2.3 versions. For the + 2.4 release, GCC 3.4 or higher is required; as of this writing, + GCC 4.1 is the compiler we advise to use for current versions. On + certain machines including `powerpc64', compilers prior to GCC 4.0 + have bugs that prevent them compiling the C library code in the + 2.4 release. On other machines, GCC 4.1 is required to build the C + library with support for the correct `long double' type format; + these include `powerpc' (32 bit), `s390' and `s390x'. + + You can use whatever compiler you like to compile programs that + use GNU libc, but be aware that both GCC 2.7 and 2.8 have bugs in + their floating-point support that may be triggered by the math + library. + + Check the FAQ for any special compiler issues on particular + platforms. + + * GNU `binutils' 2.15 or later + + You must use GNU `binutils' (as and ld) to build the GNU C library. + No other assembler or linker has the necessary functionality at the + moment. + + * GNU `texinfo' 3.12f + + To correctly translate and install the Texinfo documentation you + need this version of the `texinfo' package. Earlier versions do + not understand all the tags used in the document, and the + installation mechanism for the info files is not present or works + differently. + + * GNU `awk' 3.0, or higher + + `Awk' is used in several places to generate files. `gawk' 3.0 is + known to work. + + * Perl 5 + + Perl is not required, but it is used if present to test the + installation. We may decide to use it elsewhere in the future. + + * GNU `sed' 3.02 or newer + + `Sed' is used in several places to generate files. Most scripts + work with any version of `sed'. The known exception is the script + `po2test.sed' in the `intl' subdirectory which is used to generate + `msgs.h' for the test suite. This script works correctly only + with GNU `sed' 3.02. If you like to run the test suite, you + should definitely upgrade `sed'. + + +If you change any of the `configure.in' files you will also need + + * GNU `autoconf' 2.53 or higher + +and if you change any of the message translation files you will need + + * GNU `gettext' 0.10.36 or later + +You may also need these packages if you upgrade your source tree using +patches, although we try to avoid this. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Linux, Next: Reporting Bugs, Prev: Tools for Compilation, Up: Installation + +C.4 Specific advice for GNU/Linux systems +========================================= + +If you are installing GNU libc on a GNU/Linux system, you need to have +the header files from a 2.2 or newer kernel around for reference. For +some architectures, like ia64, sh and hppa, you need at least headers +from kernel 2.3.99 (sh and hppa) or 2.4.0 (ia64). You do not need to +use that kernel, just have its headers where glibc can access at them. +The easiest way to do this is to unpack it in a directory such as +`/usr/src/linux-2.2.1'. In that directory, run `make config' and +accept all the defaults. Then run `make include/linux/version.h'. +Finally, configure glibc with the option +`--with-headers=/usr/src/linux-2.2.1/include'. Use the most recent +kernel you can get your hands on. + + An alternate tactic is to unpack the 2.2 kernel and run `make +config' as above; then, rename or delete `/usr/include', create a new +`/usr/include', and make symbolic links of `/usr/include/linux' and +`/usr/include/asm' into the kernel sources. You can then configure +glibc with no special options. This tactic is recommended if you are +upgrading from libc5, since you need to get rid of the old header files +anyway. + + After installing GNU libc, you may need to remove or rename +`/usr/include/linux' and `/usr/include/asm', and replace them with +copies of `include/linux' and `include/asm-$ARCHITECTURE' taken from +the Linux source package which supplied kernel headers for building the +library. ARCHITECTURE will be the machine architecture for which the +library was built, such as `i386' or `alpha'. You do not need to do +this if you did not specify an alternate kernel header source using +`--with-headers'. The intent here is that these directories should be +copies of, *not* symlinks to, the kernel headers used to build the +library. + + Note that `/usr/include/net' and `/usr/include/scsi' should *not* be +symlinks into the kernel sources. GNU libc provides its own versions +of these files. + + GNU/Linux expects some components of the libc installation to be in +`/lib' and some in `/usr/lib'. This is handled automatically if you +configure glibc with `--prefix=/usr'. If you set some other prefix or +allow it to default to `/usr/local', then all the components are +installed there. + + If you are upgrading from libc5, you need to recompile every shared +library on your system against the new library for the sake of new code, +but keep the old libraries around for old binaries to use. This is +complicated and difficult. Consult the Glibc2 HOWTO at +`http://www.imaxx.net/~thrytis/glibc' for details. + + You cannot use `nscd' with 2.0 kernels, due to bugs in the +kernel-side thread support. `nscd' happens to hit these bugs +particularly hard, but you might have problems with any threaded +program. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Reporting Bugs, Prev: Linux, Up: Installation + +C.5 Reporting Bugs +================== + +There are probably bugs in the GNU C library. There are certainly +errors and omissions in this manual. If you report them, they will get +fixed. If you don't, no one will ever know about them and they will +remain unfixed for all eternity, if not longer. + + It is a good idea to verify that the problem has not already been +reported. Bugs are documented in two places: The file `BUGS' describes +a number of well known bugs and the upstream GNU C library bug tracking +system has a WWW interface at `http://sources.redhat.com/bugzilla/'. +The WWW interface gives you access to open and closed reports. A +closed report normally includes a patch or a hint on solving the +problem. + + To report a bug, first you must find it. With any luck, this will +be the hard part. Once you've found a bug, make sure it's really a +bug. A good way to do this is to see if the GNU C library behaves the +same way some other C library does. If so, probably you are wrong and +the libraries are right (but not necessarily). If not, one of the +libraries is probably wrong. It might not be the GNU library. Many +historical Unix C libraries permit things that we don't, such as +closing a file twice. + + If you think you have found some way in which the GNU C library does +not conform to the ISO and POSIX standards (*note Standards and +Portability::), that is definitely a bug. Report it! + + Once you're sure you've found a bug, try to narrow it down to the +smallest test case that reproduces the problem. In the case of a C +library, you really only need to narrow it down to one library function +call, if possible. This should not be too difficult. + + The final step when you have a simple test case is to report the bug. +Do this at . + + If you are not sure how a function should behave, and this manual +doesn't tell you, that's a bug in the manual. Report that too! If the +function's behavior disagrees with the manual, then either the library +or the manual has a bug, so report the disagreement. If you find any +errors or omissions in this manual, please report them to the bug +database. If you refer to specific sections of the manual, please +include the section names for easier identification. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Maintenance, Next: Contributors, Prev: Installation, Up: Top + +Appendix D Library Maintenance +****************************** + +* Menu: + +* Source Layout:: How to add new functions or header files + to the GNU C library. +* Porting:: How to port the GNU C library to + a new machine or operating system. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Source Layout, Next: Porting, Up: Maintenance + +D.1 Adding New Functions +======================== + +The process of building the library is driven by the makefiles, which +make heavy use of special features of GNU `make'. The makefiles are +very complex, and you probably don't want to try to understand them. +But what they do is fairly straightforward, and only requires that you +define a few variables in the right places. + + The library sources are divided into subdirectories, grouped by +topic. + + The `string' subdirectory has all the string-manipulation functions, +`math' has all the mathematical functions, etc. + + Each subdirectory contains a simple makefile, called `Makefile', +which defines a few `make' variables and then includes the global +makefile `Rules' with a line like: + + include ../Rules + +The basic variables that a subdirectory makefile defines are: + +`subdir' + The name of the subdirectory, for example `stdio'. This variable + *must* be defined. + +`headers' + The names of the header files in this section of the library, such + as `stdio.h'. + +`routines' +`aux' + The names of the modules (source files) in this section of the + library. These should be simple names, such as `strlen' (rather + than complete file names, such as `strlen.c'). Use `routines' for + modules that define functions in the library, and `aux' for + auxiliary modules containing things like data definitions. But the + values of `routines' and `aux' are just concatenated, so there + really is no practical difference. + +`tests' + The names of test programs for this section of the library. These + should be simple names, such as `tester' (rather than complete file + names, such as `tester.c'). `make tests' will build and run all + the test programs. If a test program needs input, put the test + data in a file called `TEST-PROGRAM.input'; it will be given to + the test program on its standard input. If a test program wants + to be run with arguments, put the arguments (all on a single line) + in a file called `TEST-PROGRAM.args'. Test programs should exit + with zero status when the test passes, and nonzero status when the + test indicates a bug in the library or error in building. + +`others' + The names of "other" programs associated with this section of the + library. These are programs which are not tests per se, but are + other small programs included with the library. They are built by + `make others'. + +`install-lib' +`install-data' +`install' + Files to be installed by `make install'. Files listed in + `install-lib' are installed in the directory specified by `libdir' + in `configparms' or `Makeconfig' (*note Installation::). Files + listed in `install-data' are installed in the directory specified + by `datadir' in `configparms' or `Makeconfig'. Files listed in + `install' are installed in the directory specified by `bindir' in + `configparms' or `Makeconfig'. + +`distribute' + Other files from this subdirectory which should be put into a + distribution tar file. You need not list here the makefile itself + or the source and header files listed in the other standard + variables. Only define `distribute' if there are files used in an + unusual way that should go into the distribution. + +`generated' + Files which are generated by `Makefile' in this subdirectory. + These files will be removed by `make clean', and they will never + go into a distribution. + +`extra-objs' + Extra object files which are built by `Makefile' in this + subdirectory. This should be a list of file names like `foo.o'; + the files will actually be found in whatever directory object + files are being built in. These files will be removed by + `make clean'. This variable is used for secondary object files + needed to build `others' or `tests'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Porting, Prev: Source Layout, Up: Maintenance + +D.2 Porting the GNU C Library +============================= + +The GNU C library is written to be easily portable to a variety of +machines and operating systems. Machine- and operating system-dependent +functions are well separated to make it easy to add implementations for +new machines or operating systems. This section describes the layout of +the library source tree and explains the mechanisms used to select +machine-dependent code to use. + + All the machine-dependent and operating system-dependent files in the +library are in the subdirectory `sysdeps' under the top-level library +source directory. This directory contains a hierarchy of +subdirectories (*note Hierarchy Conventions::). + + Each subdirectory of `sysdeps' contains source files for a +particular machine or operating system, or for a class of machine or +operating system (for example, systems by a particular vendor, or all +machines that use IEEE 754 floating-point format). A configuration +specifies an ordered list of these subdirectories. Each subdirectory +implicitly appends its parent directory to the list. For example, +specifying the list `unix/bsd/vax' is equivalent to specifying the list +`unix/bsd/vax unix/bsd unix'. A subdirectory can also specify that it +implies other subdirectories which are not directly above it in the +directory hierarchy. If the file `Implies' exists in a subdirectory, +it lists other subdirectories of `sysdeps' which are appended to the +list, appearing after the subdirectory containing the `Implies' file. +Lines in an `Implies' file that begin with a `#' character are ignored +as comments. For example, `unix/bsd/Implies' contains: + # BSD has Internet-related things. + unix/inet + and `unix/Implies' contains: + posix + +So the final list is `unix/bsd/vax unix/bsd unix/inet unix posix'. + + `sysdeps' has a "special" subdirectory called `generic'. It is +always implicitly appended to the list of subdirectories, so you +needn't put it in an `Implies' file, and you should not create any +subdirectories under it intended to be new specific categories. +`generic' serves two purposes. First, the makefiles do not bother to +look for a system-dependent version of a file that's not in `generic'. +This means that any system-dependent source file must have an analogue +in `generic', even if the routines defined by that file are not +implemented on other platforms. Second, the `generic' version of a +system-dependent file is used if the makefiles do not find a version +specific to the system you're compiling for. + + If it is possible to implement the routines in a `generic' file in +machine-independent C, using only other machine-independent functions in +the C library, then you should do so. Otherwise, make them stubs. A +"stub" function is a function which cannot be implemented on a +particular machine or operating system. Stub functions always return an +error, and set `errno' to `ENOSYS' (Function not implemented). *Note +Error Reporting::. If you define a stub function, you must place the +statement `stub_warning(FUNCTION)', where FUNCTION is the name of your +function, after its definition; also, you must include the file +`' into your file. This causes the function to be listed +in the installed `', and makes GNU ld warn when the +function is used. + + Some rare functions are only useful on specific systems and aren't +defined at all on others; these do not appear anywhere in the +system-independent source code or makefiles (including the `generic' +directory), only in the system-dependent `Makefile' in the specific +system's subdirectory. + + If you come across a file that is in one of the main source +directories (`string', `stdio', etc.), and you want to write a machine- +or operating system-dependent version of it, move the file into +`sysdeps/generic' and write your new implementation in the appropriate +system-specific subdirectory. Note that if a file is to be +system-dependent, it *must not* appear in one of the main source +directories. + + There are a few special files that may exist in each subdirectory of +`sysdeps': + +`Makefile' + A makefile for this machine or operating system, or class of + machine or operating system. This file is included by the library + makefile `Makerules', which is used by the top-level makefile and + the subdirectory makefiles. It can change the variables set in the + including makefile or add new rules. It can use GNU `make' + conditional directives based on the variable `subdir' (see above) + to select different sets of variables and rules for different + sections of the library. It can also set the `make' variable + `sysdep-routines', to specify extra modules to be included in the + library. You should use `sysdep-routines' rather than adding + modules to `routines' because the latter is used in determining + what to distribute for each subdirectory of the main source tree. + + Each makefile in a subdirectory in the ordered list of + subdirectories to be searched is included in order. Since several + system-dependent makefiles may be included, each should append to + `sysdep-routines' rather than simply setting it: + + sysdep-routines := $(sysdep-routines) foo bar + +`Subdirs' + This file contains the names of new whole subdirectories under the + top-level library source tree that should be included for this + system. These subdirectories are treated just like the + system-independent subdirectories in the library source tree, such + as `stdio' and `math'. + + Use this when there are completely new sets of functions and header + files that should go into the library for the system this + subdirectory of `sysdeps' implements. For example, + `sysdeps/unix/inet/Subdirs' contains `inet'; the `inet' directory + contains various network-oriented operations which only make sense + to put in the library on systems that support the Internet. + +`configure' + This file is a shell script fragment to be run at configuration + time. The top-level `configure' script uses the shell `.' command + to read the `configure' file in each system-dependent directory + chosen, in order. The `configure' files are often generated from + `configure.in' files using Autoconf. + + A system-dependent `configure' script will usually add things to + the shell variables `DEFS' and `config_vars'; see the top-level + `configure' script for details. The script can check for + `--with-PACKAGE' options that were passed to the top-level + `configure'. For an option `--with-PACKAGE=VALUE' `configure' + sets the shell variable `with_PACKAGE' (with any dashes in PACKAGE + converted to underscores) to VALUE; if the option is just + `--with-PACKAGE' (no argument), then it sets `with_PACKAGE' to + `yes'. + +`configure.in' + This file is an Autoconf input fragment to be processed into the + file `configure' in this subdirectory. *Note Introduction: + (autoconf.info)Introduction, for a description of Autoconf. You + should write either `configure' or `configure.in', but not both. + The first line of `configure.in' should invoke the `m4' macro + `GLIBC_PROVIDES'. This macro does several `AC_PROVIDE' calls for + Autoconf macros which are used by the top-level `configure' + script; without this, those macros might be invoked again + unnecessarily by Autoconf. + + That is the general system for how system-dependencies are isolated. + +* Menu: + +* Hierarchy Conventions:: The layout of the `sysdeps' hierarchy. +* Porting to Unix:: Porting the library to an average + Unix-like system. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Hierarchy Conventions, Next: Porting to Unix, Up: Porting + +D.2.1 Layout of the `sysdeps' Directory Hierarchy +------------------------------------------------- + +A GNU configuration name has three parts: the CPU type, the +manufacturer's name, and the operating system. `configure' uses these +to pick the list of system-dependent directories to look for. If the +`--nfp' option is _not_ passed to `configure', the directory +`MACHINE/fpu' is also used. The operating system often has a "base +operating system"; for example, if the operating system is `Linux', the +base operating system is `unix/sysv'. The algorithm used to pick the +list of directories is simple: `configure' makes a list of the base +operating system, manufacturer, CPU type, and operating system, in that +order. It then concatenates all these together with slashes in +between, to produce a directory name; for example, the configuration +`i686-linux-gnu' results in `unix/sysv/linux/i386/i686'. `configure' +then tries removing each element of the list in turn, so +`unix/sysv/linux' and `unix/sysv' are also tried, among others. Since +the precise version number of the operating system is often not +important, and it would be very inconvenient, for example, to have +identical `irix6.2' and `irix6.3' directories, `configure' tries +successively less specific operating system names by removing trailing +suffixes starting with a period. + + As an example, here is the complete list of directories that would be +tried for the configuration `i686-linux-gnu' (with the `crypt' and +`linuxthreads' add-on): + + sysdeps/i386/elf + crypt/sysdeps/unix + linuxthreads/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux + linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread + linuxthreads/sysdeps/unix/sysv + linuxthreads/sysdeps/unix + linuxthreads/sysdeps/i386/i686 + linuxthreads/sysdeps/i386 + linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/no-cmpxchg + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/i386 + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux + sysdeps/gnu + sysdeps/unix/common + sysdeps/unix/mman + sysdeps/unix/inet + sysdeps/unix/sysv/i386/i686 + sysdeps/unix/sysv/i386 + sysdeps/unix/sysv + sysdeps/unix/i386 + sysdeps/unix + sysdeps/posix + sysdeps/i386/i686 + sysdeps/i386/i486 + sysdeps/libm-i387/i686 + sysdeps/i386/fpu + sysdeps/libm-i387 + sysdeps/i386 + sysdeps/wordsize-32 + sysdeps/ieee754 + sysdeps/libm-ieee754 + sysdeps/generic + + Different machine architectures are conventionally subdirectories at +the top level of the `sysdeps' directory tree. For example, +`sysdeps/sparc' and `sysdeps/m68k'. These contain files specific to +those machine architectures, but not specific to any particular +operating system. There might be subdirectories for specializations of +those architectures, such as `sysdeps/m68k/68020'. Code which is +specific to the floating-point coprocessor used with a particular +machine should go in `sysdeps/MACHINE/fpu'. + + There are a few directories at the top level of the `sysdeps' +hierarchy that are not for particular machine architectures. + +`generic' + As described above (*note Porting::), this is the subdirectory + that every configuration implicitly uses after all others. + +`ieee754' + This directory is for code using the IEEE 754 floating-point + format, where the C type `float' is IEEE 754 single-precision + format, and `double' is IEEE 754 double-precision format. Usually + this directory is referred to in the `Implies' file in a machine + architecture-specific directory, such as `m68k/Implies'. + +`libm-ieee754' + This directory contains an implementation of a mathematical library + usable on platforms which use IEEE 754 conformant floating-point + arithmetic. + +`libm-i387' + This is a special case. Ideally the code should be in + `sysdeps/i386/fpu' but for various reasons it is kept aside. + +`posix' + This directory contains implementations of things in the library in + terms of POSIX.1 functions. This includes some of the POSIX.1 + functions themselves. Of course, POSIX.1 cannot be completely + implemented in terms of itself, so a configuration using just + `posix' cannot be complete. + +`unix' + This is the directory for Unix-like things. *Note Porting to + Unix::. `unix' implies `posix'. There are some special-purpose + subdirectories of `unix': + + `unix/common' + This directory is for things common to both BSD and System V + release 4. Both `unix/bsd' and `unix/sysv/sysv4' imply + `unix/common'. + + `unix/inet' + This directory is for `socket' and related functions on Unix + systems. `unix/inet/Subdirs' enables the `inet' top-level + subdirectory. `unix/common' implies `unix/inet'. + +`mach' + This is the directory for things based on the Mach microkernel + from CMU (including the GNU operating system). Other basic + operating systems (VMS, for example) would have their own + directories at the top level of the `sysdeps' hierarchy, parallel + to `unix' and `mach'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Porting to Unix, Prev: Hierarchy Conventions, Up: Porting + +D.2.2 Porting the GNU C Library to Unix Systems +----------------------------------------------- + +Most Unix systems are fundamentally very similar. There are variations +between different machines, and variations in what facilities are +provided by the kernel. But the interface to the operating system +facilities is, for the most part, pretty uniform and simple. + + The code for Unix systems is in the directory `unix', at the top +level of the `sysdeps' hierarchy. This directory contains +subdirectories (and subdirectory trees) for various Unix variants. + + The functions which are system calls in most Unix systems are +implemented in assembly code, which is generated automatically from +specifications in files named `syscalls.list'. There are several such +files, one in `sysdeps/unix' and others in its subdirectories. Some +special system calls are implemented in files that are named with a +suffix of `.S'; for example, `_exit.S'. Files ending in `.S' are run +through the C preprocessor before being fed to the assembler. + + These files all use a set of macros that should be defined in +`sysdep.h'. The `sysdep.h' file in `sysdeps/unix' partially defines +them; a `sysdep.h' file in another directory must finish defining them +for the particular machine and operating system variant. See +`sysdeps/unix/sysdep.h' and the machine-specific `sysdep.h' +implementations to see what these macros are and what they should do. + + The system-specific makefile for the `unix' directory +(`sysdeps/unix/Makefile') gives rules to generate several files from +the Unix system you are building the library on (which is assumed to be +the target system you are building the library _for_). All the +generated files are put in the directory where the object files are +kept; they should not affect the source tree itself. The files +generated are `ioctls.h', `errnos.h', `sys/param.h', and `errlist.c' +(for the `stdio' section of the library). + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/add.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/add.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +#include +#include + +int +add_em_up (int count,...) +@{ + va_list ap; + int i, sum; + + va_start (ap, count); /* @r{Initialize the argument list.} */ + + sum = 0; + for (i = 0; i < count; i++) + sum += va_arg (ap, int); /* @r{Get the next argument value.} */ + + va_end (ap); /* @r{Clean up.} */ + return sum; +@} + +int +main (void) +@{ + /* @r{This call prints 16.} */ + printf ("%d\n", add_em_up (3, 5, 5, 6)); + + /* @r{This call prints 55.} */ + printf ("%d\n", add_em_up (10, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)); + + return 0; +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/termios.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/termios.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +#include +#include +#include +#include + +/* @r{Use this variable to remember original terminal attributes.} */ + +struct termios saved_attributes; + +void +reset_input_mode (void) +@{ + tcsetattr (STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &saved_attributes); +@} + +void +set_input_mode (void) +@{ + struct termios tattr; + char *name; + + /* @r{Make sure stdin is a terminal.} */ + if (!isatty (STDIN_FILENO)) + @{ + fprintf (stderr, "Not a terminal.\n"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + @} + + /* @r{Save the terminal attributes so we can restore them later.} */ + tcgetattr (STDIN_FILENO, &saved_attributes); + atexit (reset_input_mode); + +@group + /* @r{Set the funny terminal modes.} */ + tcgetattr (STDIN_FILENO, &tattr); + tattr.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON|ECHO); /* @r{Clear ICANON and ECHO.} */ + tattr.c_cc[VMIN] = 1; + tattr.c_cc[VTIME] = 0; + tcsetattr (STDIN_FILENO, TCSAFLUSH, &tattr); +@} +@end group + +int +main (void) +@{ + char c; + + set_input_mode (); + + while (1) + @{ + read (STDIN_FILENO, &c, 1); + if (c == '\004') /* @r{@kbd{C-d}} */ + break; + else + putchar (c); + @} + + return EXIT_SUCCESS; +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc.info-8 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc.info-8 @@ -0,0 +1,9038 @@ +This is libc.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from libc.texinfo. + +INFO-DIR-SECTION Software libraries +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* Libc: (libc). C library. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + +INFO-DIR-SECTION GNU C library functions and macros +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* ALTWERASE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN: (libc)Argp Parser Functions. +* ARG_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* BC_BASE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_DIM_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_SCALE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BC_STRING_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* BRKINT: (libc)Input Modes. +* BUFSIZ: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* CCTS_OFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CHILD_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* CIGNORE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLK_TCK: (libc)CPU Time. +* CLOCAL: (libc)Control Modes. +* CLOCKS_PER_SEC: (libc)CPU Time. +* COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* CPU_CLR: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ISSET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SET: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_SETSIZE: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CPU_ZERO: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* CREAD: (libc)Control Modes. +* CRTS_IFLOW: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS5: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS6: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS7: (libc)Control Modes. +* CS8: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSIZE: (libc)Control Modes. +* CSTOPB: (libc)Control Modes. +* DES_FAILED: (libc)DES Encryption. +* DTTOIF: (libc)Directory Entries. +* E2BIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EACCES: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRINUSE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADDRNOTAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EADV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAGAIN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EALREADY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBACKGROUND: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADF: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADFD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADRQC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBADSLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBFONT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EBUSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECANCELED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHILD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOCTL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOK: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOKE: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHONL: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHOPRT: (libc)Local Modes. +* ECHRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECOMM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNABORTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNREFUSED: (libc)Error Codes. +* ECONNRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDEADLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDESTADDRREQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDIED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDOTDOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EDQUOT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EEXIST: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFAULT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFBIG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EFTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGRATUITOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EGREGIOUS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EHOSTUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIDRM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EILSEQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINPROGRESS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EINVAL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* EISNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYEXPIRED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREJECTED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EKEYREVOKED: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL2NSYNC: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3HLT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EL3RST: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBACC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBBAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBMAX: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELIBSCN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELNRNG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ELOOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMEDIUMTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMSGSIZE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EMULTIHOP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAMETOOLONG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENEEDAUTH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETRESET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENETUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENFILE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOANO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOBUFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOCSI: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODATA: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENODEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOENT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOEXEC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOKEY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOLINK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEDIUM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMEM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOMSG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENONET: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPKG: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOPROTOOPT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSPC: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSTR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOSYS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTBLK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTCONN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTDIR: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTEMPTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTNAM: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTRECOVERABLE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTSUP: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTTY: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENOTUNIQ: (libc)Error Codes. +* ENXIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* EOPNOTSUPP: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOVERFLOW: (libc)Error Codes. +* EOWNERDEAD: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPERM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCLIM: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROCUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROGUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTO: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTONOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* EPROTOTYPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EQUIV_CLASS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* ERANGE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMCHG: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTE: (libc)Error Codes. +* EREMOTEIO: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERESTART: (libc)Error Codes. +* EROFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ERPCMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESHUTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESOCKTNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESRMNT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTALE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ESTRPIPE: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIME: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETIMEDOUT: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETOOMANYREFS: (libc)Error Codes. +* ETXTBSY: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUCLEAN: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUNATCH: (libc)Error Codes. +* EUSERS: (libc)Error Codes. +* EWOULDBLOCK: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXDEV: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXFULL: (libc)Error Codes. +* EXIT_FAILURE: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXIT_SUCCESS: (libc)Exit Status. +* EXPR_NEST_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* FD_CLOEXEC: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* FD_CLR: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ISSET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SET: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_SETSIZE: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FD_ZERO: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* FILENAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* FLUSHO: (libc)Local Modes. +* FOPEN_MAX: (libc)Opening Streams. +* FP_ILOGB0: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* FP_ILOGBNAN: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* F_DUPFD: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* F_GETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_GETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_GETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_GETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* F_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* F_SETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags. +* F_SETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags. +* F_SETLK: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETLKW: (libc)File Locks. +* F_SETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input. +* HUGE_VAL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALF: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUGE_VALL: (libc)Math Error Reporting. +* HUPCL: (libc)Control Modes. +* I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* ICANON: (libc)Local Modes. +* ICRNL: (libc)Input Modes. +* IEXTEN: (libc)Local Modes. +* IFNAMSIZ: (libc)Interface Naming. +* IFTODT: (libc)Directory Entries. +* IGNBRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IGNPAR: (libc)Input Modes. +* IMAXBEL: (libc)Input Modes. +* INADDR_ANY: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_BROADCAST: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_LOOPBACK: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INADDR_NONE: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* INFINITY: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* INLCR: (libc)Input Modes. +* INPCK: (libc)Input Modes. +* IPPORT_RESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* IPPORT_USERRESERVED: (libc)Ports. +* ISIG: (libc)Local Modes. +* ISTRIP: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXANY: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXOFF: (libc)Input Modes. +* IXON: (libc)Input Modes. +* LINE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits. +* LINK_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* L_ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* L_cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* L_tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* MAXNAMLEN: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAXSYMLINKS: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* MAX_CANON: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MAX_INPUT: (libc)Limits for Files. +* MB_CUR_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MB_LEN_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion. +* MDMBUF: (libc)Control Modes. +* MSG_DONTROUTE: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_OOB: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* MSG_PEEK: (libc)Socket Data Options. +* NAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* NAN: (libc)Infinity and NaN. +* NCCS: (libc)Mode Data Types. +* NGROUPS_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* NOFLSH: (libc)Local Modes. +* NOKERNINFO: (libc)Local Modes. +* NSIG: (libc)Standard Signals. +* NULL: (libc)Null Pointer Constant. +* ONLCR: (libc)Output Modes. +* ONOEOT: (libc)Output Modes. +* OPEN_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* OPOST: (libc)Output Modes. +* OXTABS: (libc)Output Modes. +* O_ACCMODE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_APPEND: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_ASYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_CREAT: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXCL: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_EXEC: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_EXLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_FSYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_IGNORE_CTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NDELAY: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOATIME: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOCTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NOLINK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_NOTRANS: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_RDONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_RDWR: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_READ: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_SHLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_SYNC: (libc)Operating Modes. +* O_TRUNC: (libc)Open-time Flags. +* O_WRITE: (libc)Access Modes. +* O_WRONLY: (libc)Access Modes. +* PARENB: (libc)Control Modes. +* PARMRK: (libc)Input Modes. +* PARODD: (libc)Control Modes. +* PATH_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files. +* PA_FLAG_MASK: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* PENDIN: (libc)Local Modes. +* PF_FILE: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_INET6: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_INET: (libc)Internet Namespace. +* PF_LOCAL: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PF_UNIX: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* PIPE_BUF: (libc)Limits for Files. +* P_tmpdir: (libc)Temporary Files. +* RAND_MAX: (libc)ISO Random. +* RE_DUP_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* RLIM_INFINITY: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* R_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* SA_NOCLDSTOP: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_ONSTACK: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SA_RESTART: (libc)Flags for Sigaction. +* SEEK_CUR: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_END: (libc)File Positioning. +* SEEK_SET: (libc)File Positioning. +* SIGABRT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGBUS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGCHLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCLD: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGCONT: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGEMT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGFPE: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGHUP: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGILL: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGINFO: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGINT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGIO: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGIOT: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGKILL: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGLOST: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPIPE: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGPOLL: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGPROF: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGQUIT: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGSEGV: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGSTOP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGSYS: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTERM: (libc)Termination Signals. +* SIGTRAP: (libc)Program Error Signals. +* SIGTSTP: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTIN: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGTTOU: (libc)Job Control Signals. +* SIGURG: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals. +* SIGUSR1: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGUSR2: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGVTALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals. +* SIGWINCH: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals. +* SIGXCPU: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIGXFSZ: (libc)Operation Error Signals. +* SIG_ERR: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* SOCK_DGRAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RAW: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_RDM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_SEQPACKET: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOCK_STREAM: (libc)Communication Styles. +* SOL_SOCKET: (libc)Socket-Level Options. +* SSIZE_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* STREAM_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* SUN_LEN: (libc)Local Namespace Details. +* SV_INTERRUPT: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_ONSTACK: (libc)BSD Handler. +* SV_RESETHAND: (libc)BSD Handler. +* S_IFMT: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISBLK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISCHR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISDIR: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISFIFO: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISLNK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISREG: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_ISSOCK: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISMQ: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSEM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* S_TYPEISSHM: (libc)Testing File Type. +* TMP_MAX: (libc)Temporary Files. +* TOSTOP: (libc)Local Modes. +* TZNAME_MAX: (libc)General Limits. +* VDISCARD: (libc)Other Special. +* VDSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VEOF: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL2: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VEOL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VINTR: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VKILL: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VLNEXT: (libc)Other Special. +* VMIN: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VQUIT: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VREPRINT: (libc)Editing Characters. +* VSTART: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSTATUS: (libc)Other Special. +* VSTOP: (libc)Start/Stop Characters. +* VSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters. +* VTIME: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* VWERASE: (libc)Editing Characters. +* WCHAR_MAX: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCHAR_MIN: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WCOREDUMP: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WEOF: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* WEOF: (libc)Extended Char Intro. +* WEXITSTATUS: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFEXITED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSIGNALED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WIFSTOPPED: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WSTOPSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* WTERMSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status. +* W_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* X_OK: (libc)Testing File Access. +* _Complex_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _Exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _IOFBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IOLBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _IONBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* _Imaginary_I: (libc)Complex Numbers. +* _PATH_UTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _PATH_WTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* _POSIX2_C_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_C_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* _POSIX2_FORT_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_FORT_RUN: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_LOCALEDEF: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX2_SW_DEV: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_NO_TRUNC: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_SAVED_IDS: (libc)System Options. +* _POSIX_VDISABLE: (libc)Options for Files. +* _POSIX_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported. +* __fbufsize: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __flbf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpending: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* __fpurge: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* __freadable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __freading: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fsetlocking: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* __fwritable: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __fwriting: (libc)Opening Streams. +* __gconv_end_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __gconv_init_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation. +* __va_copy: (libc)Argument Macros. +* _exit: (libc)Termination Internals. +* _flushlbf: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* _tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* _toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* a64l: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* abort: (libc)Aborting a Program. +* abs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* accept: (libc)Accepting Connections. +* access: (libc)Testing File Access. +* acos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* acosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* acosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* addmntent: (libc)mtab. +* addseverity: (libc)Adding Severity Classes. +* adjtime: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* adjtimex: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* aio_cancel64: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_cancel: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations. +* aio_error64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_error: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_fsync: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_init: (libc)Configuration of AIO. +* aio_read64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_read: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_return64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_return: (libc)Status of AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_suspend: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations. +* aio_write64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* aio_write: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* alarm: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* alloca: (libc)Variable Size Automatic. +* alphasort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* alphasort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* argp_error: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_failure: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_help: (libc)Argp Help. +* argp_parse: (libc)Argp. +* argp_state_help: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argp_usage: (libc)Argp Helper Functions. +* argz_add: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_add_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_append: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_count: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_create_sep: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_delete: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_extract: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_insert: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_next: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_replace: (libc)Argz Functions. +* argz_stringify: (libc)Argz Functions. +* asctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* asin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* asinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* asprintf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* assert: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* assert_perror: (libc)Consistency Checking. +* atan2: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2f: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan2l: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* atanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* atexit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* atof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* atoi: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* atoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* backtrace: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols: (libc)Backtraces. +* backtrace_symbols_fd: (libc)Backtraces. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* bcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* bcopy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* bind: (libc)Setting Address. +* bind_textdomain_codeset: (libc)Charset conversion in gettext. +* bindtextdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* brk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* bsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* btowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* bzero: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* cabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* cacos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* cacosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cacosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* calloc: (libc)Allocating Cleared Space. +* canonicalize_file_name: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* carg: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cargl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* casin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* casinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* casinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* catanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions. +* catclose: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catgets: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* catopen: (libc)The catgets Functions. +* cbc_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* cbrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cbrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ccos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ccosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ccosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ceil: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceilf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* ceill: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* cexp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cexpl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cfgetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfgetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfmakeraw: (libc)Noncanonical Input. +* cfree: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* cfsetispeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetospeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* cfsetspeed: (libc)Line Speed. +* chdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* chmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* chown: (libc)File Owner. +* cimag: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cimagl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* clearenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* clearerr: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clearerr_unlocked: (libc)Error Recovery. +* clock: (libc)CPU Time. +* clog10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clog: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* clogl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* close: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* closedir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* closelog: (libc)closelog. +* confstr: (libc)String Parameters. +* conj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* conjl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* connect: (libc)Connecting. +* copysign: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* copysignl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* cos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* coshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* cosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* cpow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cpowl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* cproj: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* cprojl: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creal: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* crealf: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creall: (libc)Operations on Complex. +* creat64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* creat: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* crypt: (libc)crypt. +* crypt_r: (libc)crypt. +* csin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* csinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* csqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* csqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ctan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* ctanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal. +* ctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* ctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In. +* dcgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* dcngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* des_setparity: (libc)DES Encryption. +* dgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* difftime: (libc)Elapsed Time. +* dirfd: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* dirname: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* div: (libc)Integer Division. +* dngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* drand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* drand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* drem: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dremf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dreml: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* dup2: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* dup: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors. +* ecb_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* ecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* ecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* encrypt: (libc)DES Encryption. +* encrypt_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* endfsent: (libc)fstab. +* endgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* endhostent: (libc)Host Names. +* endmntent: (libc)mtab. +* endnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* endnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* endprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* endpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* endservent: (libc)Services Database. +* endutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* endutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* envz_add: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_entry: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_get: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_merge: (libc)Envz Functions. +* envz_strip: (libc)Envz Functions. +* erand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* erand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* erf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfc: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcf: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfcl: (libc)Special Functions. +* erff: (libc)Special Functions. +* erfl: (libc)Special Functions. +* err: (libc)Error Messages. +* errno: (libc)Checking for Errors. +* error: (libc)Error Messages. +* error_at_line: (libc)Error Messages. +* errx: (libc)Error Messages. +* execl: (libc)Executing a File. +* execle: (libc)Executing a File. +* execlp: (libc)Executing a File. +* execv: (libc)Executing a File. +* execve: (libc)Executing a File. +* execvp: (libc)Executing a File. +* exit: (libc)Normal Termination. +* exp10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* exp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* expm1l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* fabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsf: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fabsl: (libc)Absolute Value. +* fchdir: (libc)Working Directory. +* fchmod: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* fchown: (libc)File Owner. +* fclean: (libc)Cleaning Streams. +* fclose: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcloseall: (libc)Closing Streams. +* fcntl: (libc)Control Operations. +* fcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* fdatasync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* fdim: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdimf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdiml: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fdopen: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fdopendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* feclearexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fedisableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feenableexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* fegetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fegetround: (libc)Rounding. +* feholdexcept: (libc)Control Functions. +* feof: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feof_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* feraiseexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* ferror: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* ferror_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors. +* fesetenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fesetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations. +* fesetround: (libc)Rounding. +* fetestexcept: (libc)Status bit operations. +* feupdateenv: (libc)Control Functions. +* fflush: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fflush_unlocked: (libc)Flushing Buffers. +* fgetc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* fgetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fgetpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgetpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* fgets: (libc)Line Input. +* fgets_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetwc: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* fgetws: (libc)Line Input. +* fgetws_unlocked: (libc)Line Input. +* fileno: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* fileno_unlocked: (libc)Descriptors and Streams. +* finite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitef: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* finitel: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* flockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* floor: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* floorl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* fma: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmal: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmax: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmaxl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmemopen: (libc)String Streams. +* fmin: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fminl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic. +* fmod: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmodl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* fmtmsg: (libc)Printing Formatted Messages. +* fnmatch: (libc)Wildcard Matching. +* fopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* fopencookie: (libc)Streams and Cookies. +* fork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* forkpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* fpathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* fpclassify: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* fprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fputc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputs_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws: (libc)Simple Output. +* fputws_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* fread: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fread_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* free: (libc)Freeing after Malloc. +* freopen64: (libc)Opening Streams. +* freopen: (libc)Opening Streams. +* frexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* frexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* fscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* fseek: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko64: (libc)File Positioning. +* fseeko: (libc)File Positioning. +* fsetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fsetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning. +* fstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* fsync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* ftell: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello64: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftello: (libc)File Positioning. +* ftruncate64: (libc)File Size. +* ftruncate: (libc)File Size. +* ftrylockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* ftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* funlockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads. +* futimes: (libc)File Times. +* fwide: (libc)Streams and I18N. +* fwprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* fwrite: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwrite_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output. +* fwscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* gamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* gammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* gcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* get_avphys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* get_current_dir_name: (libc)Working Directory. +* get_nprocs: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_nprocs_conf: (libc)Processor Resources. +* get_phys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getc: (libc)Character Input. +* getc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* getcwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* getdate: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdate_r: (libc)General Time String Parsing. +* getdelim: (libc)Line Input. +* getdomainnname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getegid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* geteuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getfsent: (libc)fstab. +* getfsfile: (libc)fstab. +* getfsspec: (libc)fstab. +* getgid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* getgrgid: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrgid_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrnam_r: (libc)Lookup Group. +* getgrouplist: (libc)Setting Groups. +* getgroups: (libc)Reading Persona. +* gethostbyaddr: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyaddr_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname2_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostbyname_r: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* gethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* gethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* getitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* getline: (libc)Line Input. +* getloadavg: (libc)Processor Resources. +* getlogin: (libc)Who Logged In. +* getmntent: (libc)mtab. +* getmntent_r: (libc)mtab. +* getnetbyaddr: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetbyname: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* getnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getnetgrent_r: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* getopt: (libc)Using Getopt. +* getopt_long: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getopt_long_only: (libc)Getopt Long Options. +* getpagesize: (libc)Query Memory Parameters. +* getpass: (libc)getpass. +* getpeername: (libc)Who is Connected. +* getpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getpid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getppid: (libc)Process Identification. +* getpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* getprotobyname: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotobynumber: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* getpt: (libc)Allocation. +* getpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* getpwnam: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwnam_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid: (libc)Lookup User. +* getpwuid_r: (libc)Lookup User. +* getrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* getrusage: (libc)Resource Usage. +* gets: (libc)Line Input. +* getservbyname: (libc)Services Database. +* getservbyport: (libc)Services Database. +* getservent: (libc)Services Database. +* getsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* getsockname: (libc)Reading Address. +* getsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* getsubopt: (libc)Suboptions. +* gettext: (libc)Translation with gettext. +* gettimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* getuid: (libc)Reading Persona. +* getumask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* getutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutent_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutid_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutline_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* getutmp: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutmpx: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxid: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getutxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* getw: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc: (libc)Character Input. +* getwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar: (libc)Character Input. +* getwchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input. +* getwd: (libc)Working Directory. +* glob64: (libc)Calling Glob. +* glob: (libc)Calling Glob. +* globfree64: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* globfree: (libc)More Flags for Globbing. +* gmtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* gmtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* grantpt: (libc)Allocation. +* gsignal: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* gtty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* hasmntopt: (libc)mtab. +* hcreate: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hcreate_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hdestroy_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* hsearch_r: (libc)Hash Search Function. +* htonl: (libc)Byte Order. +* htons: (libc)Byte Order. +* hypot: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* hypotl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* iconv: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_close: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* iconv_open: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface. +* if_freenameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_indextoname: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nameindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* if_nametoindex: (libc)Interface Naming. +* ilogb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* ilogbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* imaxabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* imaxdiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* in6addr_any: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* in6addr_loopback: (libc)Host Address Data Type. +* index: (libc)Search Functions. +* inet_addr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_aton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_lnaof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_makeaddr: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_netof: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_network: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntoa: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_ntop: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* inet_pton: (libc)Host Address Functions. +* initgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* initstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* initstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* innetgr: (libc)Netgroup Membership. +* int: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* ioctl: (libc)IOCTLs. +* isalnum: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isalpha: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isascii: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isatty: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* isblank: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iscntrl: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isfinite: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isgraph: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isgreaterequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isinf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinff: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isinfl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isless: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islessgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* islower: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanf: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnanl: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isnormal: (libc)Floating Point Classes. +* isprint: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* ispunct: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isspace: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* isunordered: (libc)FP Comparison Functions. +* isupper: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* iswalnum: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswalpha: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswblank: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswcntrl: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswgraph: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswlower: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswprint: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswpunct: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswspace: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswupper: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* iswxdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* isxdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters. +* j0: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* j1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* jn: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnf: (libc)Special Functions. +* jnl: (libc)Special Functions. +* jrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* jrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* kill: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* killpg: (libc)Signaling Another Process. +* l64a: (libc)Encode Binary Data. +* labs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lcong48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lcong48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ldexp: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* ldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* lfind: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgamma_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammaf_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* lgammal_r: (libc)Special Functions. +* link: (libc)Hard Links. +* lio_listio64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* lio_listio: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes. +* listen: (libc)Listening. +* llabs: (libc)Absolute Value. +* lldiv: (libc)Integer Division. +* llrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* llroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* localeconv: (libc)The Lame Way to Locale Data. +* localtime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* localtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* log10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1p: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log1pl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* log: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* login: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* login_tty: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* logout: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* logwtmp: (libc)Logging In and Out. +* longjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* lrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* lrint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lround: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* lsearch: (libc)Array Search Function. +* lseek64: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lseek: (libc)File Position Primitive. +* lstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lstat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* lutimes: (libc)File Times. +* madvise: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* makecontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* mallinfo: (libc)Statistics of Malloc. +* malloc: (libc)Basic Allocation. +* mallopt: (libc)Malloc Tunable Parameters. +* mblen: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mbrlen: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbrtowc: (libc)Converting a Character. +* mbsinit: (libc)Keeping the state. +* mbsnrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbsrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* mbstowcs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* mbtowc: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* mcheck: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* memccpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* memcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memfrob: (libc)Trivial Encryption. +* memmem: (libc)Search Functions. +* memmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* memrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* memset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* mkdir: (libc)Creating Directories. +* mkdtemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mkfifo: (libc)FIFO Special Files. +* mknod: (libc)Making Special Files. +* mkstemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktemp: (libc)Temporary Files. +* mktime: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* mlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* mmap64: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* modf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modff: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* modfl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* mount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* mprobe: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking. +* mrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* mrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* mremap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* msync: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* mtrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* munlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions. +* munmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O. +* muntrace: (libc)Tracing malloc. +* nan: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nanosleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* nearbyint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nearbyintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* nextafter: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nextafterl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttoward: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nexttowardl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* nftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* nftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees. +* ngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions. +* nice: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* nl_langinfo: (libc)The Elegant and Fast Way. +* nrand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* nrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* ntohl: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntohs: (libc)Byte Order. +* ntp_adjtime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* ntp_gettime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock. +* obstack_1grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_1grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_alignment_mask: (libc)Obstacks Data Alignment. +* obstack_alloc: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_base: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_blank: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_blank_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_chunk_size: (libc)Obstack Chunks. +* obstack_copy0: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_copy: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack. +* obstack_finish: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_free: (libc)Freeing Obstack Objects. +* obstack_grow0: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_init: (libc)Preparing for Obstacks. +* obstack_int_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_int_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_next_free: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_object_size: (libc)Status of an Obstack. +* obstack_printf: (libc)Dynamic Output. +* obstack_ptr_grow: (libc)Growing Objects. +* obstack_ptr_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_room: (libc)Extra Fast Growing. +* obstack_vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* offsetof: (libc)Structure Measurement. +* on_exit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit. +* open64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open: (libc)Opening and Closing Files. +* open_memstream: (libc)String Streams. +* open_obstack_stream: (libc)Obstack Streams. +* opendir: (libc)Opening a Directory. +* openlog: (libc)openlog. +* openpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs. +* parse_printf_format: (libc)Parsing a Template String. +* pathconf: (libc)Pathconf. +* pause: (libc)Using Pause. +* pclose: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* perror: (libc)Error Messages. +* pipe: (libc)Creating a Pipe. +* popen: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess. +* posix_memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* pow10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* powl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* pread64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pread: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* printf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* printf_size: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* printf_size_info: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers. +* psignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* ptsname: (libc)Allocation. +* ptsname_r: (libc)Allocation. +* putc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* putpwent: (libc)Writing a User Entry. +* puts: (libc)Simple Output. +* pututline: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* pututxline: (libc)XPG Functions. +* putw: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar: (libc)Simple Output. +* putwchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output. +* pwrite64: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* pwrite: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* qecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qfcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qgcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion. +* qsort: (libc)Array Sort Function. +* raise: (libc)Signaling Yourself. +* rand: (libc)ISO Random. +* rand_r: (libc)ISO Random. +* random: (libc)BSD Random. +* random_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* rawmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* read: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* readdir64: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir64_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readdir_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory. +* readlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* readv: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* realloc: (libc)Changing Block Size. +* realpath: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* recv: (libc)Receiving Data. +* recvfrom: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* recvmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* regcomp: (libc)POSIX Regexp Compilation. +* regerror: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* regexec: (libc)Matching POSIX Regexps. +* regfree: (libc)Regexp Cleanup. +* register_printf_function: (libc)Registering New Conversions. +* remainder: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderf: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remainderl: (libc)Remainder Functions. +* remove: (libc)Deleting Files. +* rename: (libc)Renaming Files. +* rewind: (libc)File Positioning. +* rewinddir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* rindex: (libc)Search Functions. +* rint: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rintl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rmdir: (libc)Deleting Files. +* round: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* roundl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* rpmatch: (libc)Yes-or-No Questions. +* sbrk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment. +* scalb: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbln: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalblnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbn: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scalbnl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* scandir64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scandir: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* scanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* sched_get_priority_max: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_get_priority_min: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_getparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_getscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_rr_get_interval: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity. +* sched_setparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_setscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* sched_yield: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions. +* seed48: (libc)SVID Random. +* seed48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* seekdir: (libc)Random Access Directory. +* select: (libc)Waiting for I/O. +* send: (libc)Sending Data. +* sendmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams. +* sendto: (libc)Sending Datagrams. +* setbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setbuffer: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* setdomainname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setegid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* seteuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setfsent: (libc)fstab. +* setgid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups. +* setgroups: (libc)Setting Groups. +* sethostent: (libc)Host Names. +* sethostid: (libc)Host Identification. +* sethostname: (libc)Host Identification. +* setitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm. +* setjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details. +* setkey: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setkey_r: (libc)DES Encryption. +* setlinebuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* setlocale: (libc)Setting the Locale. +* setlogmask: (libc)setlogmask. +* setmntent: (libc)mtab. +* setnetent: (libc)Networks Database. +* setnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup. +* setpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions. +* setprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database. +* setpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users. +* setregid: (libc)Setting Groups. +* setreuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* setservent: (libc)Services Database. +* setsid: (libc)Process Group Functions. +* setsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions. +* setstate: (libc)BSD Random. +* setstate_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* settimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar. +* setuid: (libc)Setting User ID. +* setutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* setutxent: (libc)XPG Functions. +* setvbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering. +* shutdown: (libc)Closing a Socket. +* sigaction: (libc)Advanced Signal Handling. +* sigaddset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigaltstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigblock: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigdelset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigemptyset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* sigfillset: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siginterrupt: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sigismember: (libc)Signal Sets. +* siglongjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* signbit: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling. +* significand: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandf: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* significandl: (libc)Normalization Functions. +* sigpause: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigpending: (libc)Checking for Pending Signals. +* sigprocmask: (libc)Process Signal Mask. +* sigsetjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals. +* sigsetmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD. +* sigstack: (libc)Signal Stack. +* sigsuspend: (libc)Sigsuspend. +* sigvec: (libc)BSD Handler. +* sin: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincos: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sincosl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* sinl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* sleep: (libc)Sleeping. +* snprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* socket: (libc)Creating a Socket. +* socketpair: (libc)Socket Pairs. +* sprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* sqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* sqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms. +* srand48: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand48_r: (libc)SVID Random. +* srand: (libc)ISO Random. +* srandom: (libc)BSD Random. +* srandom_r: (libc)BSD Random. +* sscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* ssignal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* stat64: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stat: (libc)Reading Attributes. +* stime: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* stpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* stpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcasestr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strchrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* strcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strcoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* strcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strcspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strdupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strerror: (libc)Error Messages. +* strerror_r: (libc)Error Messages. +* strfmon: (libc)Formatting Numbers. +* strfry: (libc)strfry. +* strftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* strlen: (libc)String Length. +* strncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strndupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* strnlen: (libc)String Length. +* strpbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* strptime: (libc)Low-Level Time String Parsing. +* strrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strsep: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strsignal: (libc)Signal Messages. +* strspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* strstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* strtod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtok_r: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* strtol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* strtoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strtouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* strverscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* strxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* stty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes. +* swapcontext: (libc)System V contexts. +* swprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* swscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* symlink: (libc)Symbolic Links. +* sync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O. +* syscall: (libc)System Calls. +* sysconf: (libc)Sysconf Definition. +* sysctl: (libc)System Parameters. +* syslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* system: (libc)Running a Command. +* sysv_signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling. +* tan: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanf: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions. +* tanl: (libc)Trig Functions. +* tcdrain: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflow: (libc)Line Control. +* tcflush: (libc)Line Control. +* tcgetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcgetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcgetsid: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tcsendbreak: (libc)Line Control. +* tcsetattr: (libc)Mode Functions. +* tcsetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions. +* tdelete: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tdestroy: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tempnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* textdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog. +* tfind: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tgamma: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammaf: (libc)Special Functions. +* tgammal: (libc)Special Functions. +* time: (libc)Simple Calendar Time. +* timegm: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* timelocal: (libc)Broken-down Time. +* times: (libc)Processor Time. +* tmpfile64: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpfile: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files. +* tmpnam_r: (libc)Temporary Files. +* toascii: (libc)Case Conversion. +* tolower: (libc)Case Conversion. +* toupper: (libc)Case Conversion. +* towctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towlower: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* towupper: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* trunc: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncate64: (libc)File Size. +* truncate: (libc)File Size. +* truncf: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* truncl: (libc)Rounding Functions. +* tsearch: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* ttyname: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* ttyname_r: (libc)Is It a Terminal. +* twalk: (libc)Tree Search Function. +* tzset: (libc)Time Zone Functions. +* ulimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* umask: (libc)Setting Permissions. +* umount2: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* umount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount. +* uname: (libc)Platform Type. +* ungetc: (libc)How Unread. +* ungetwc: (libc)How Unread. +* unlink: (libc)Deleting Files. +* unlockpt: (libc)Allocation. +* unsetenv: (libc)Environment Access. +* updwtmp: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utime: (libc)File Times. +* utimes: (libc)File Times. +* utmpname: (libc)Manipulating the Database. +* utmpxname: (libc)XPG Functions. +* va_arg: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_end: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Argument Macros. +* va_start: (libc)Old Varargs. +* valloc: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks. +* vasprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* verr: (libc)Error Messages. +* verrx: (libc)Error Messages. +* versionsort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* versionsort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content. +* vfork: (libc)Creating a Process. +* vfprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vfwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vfwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources. +* vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsnprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vsscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vswprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vswscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* vsyslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog. +* vtimes: (libc)Resource Usage. +* vwarn: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwarnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* vwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output. +* vwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input. +* wait3: (libc)BSD Wait Functions. +* wait4: (libc)Process Completion. +* wait: (libc)Process Completion. +* waitpid: (libc)Process Completion. +* warn: (libc)Error Messages. +* warnx: (libc)Error Messages. +* wcpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcrtomb: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wcscasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcschr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcschrnul: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcscoll: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wcscpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcscspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time. +* wcslen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wcsncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wcsnlen: (libc)String Length. +* wcsnrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcspbrk: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings. +* wcsspn: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsstr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcstod: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstof: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String. +* wcstol: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstold: (libc)Parsing of Floats. +* wcstoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstombs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion. +* wcstoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcstouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers. +* wcswcs: (libc)Search Functions. +* wcsxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions. +* wctob: (libc)Converting a Character. +* wctomb: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion. +* wctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion. +* wctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters. +* wmemchr: (libc)Search Functions. +* wmemcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison. +* wmemcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wmemset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation. +* wordexp: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wordfree: (libc)Calling Wordexp. +* wprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions. +* write: (libc)I/O Primitives. +* writev: (libc)Scatter-Gather. +* wscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions. +* y0: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y0l: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1f: (libc)Special Functions. +* y1l: (libc)Special Functions. +* yn: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynf: (libc)Special Functions. +* ynl: (libc)Special Functions. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + This file documents the GNU C library. + + This is Edition 0.12, last updated 2007-10-27, of `The GNU C Library +Reference Manual', for version 2.8 (EGLIBC). + + Copyright (C) 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, +2003, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document +under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or +any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the +Invariant Sections being "Free Software Needs Free Documentation" and +"GNU Lesser General Public License", the Front-Cover texts being "A GNU +Manual", and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the +license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation +License". + + (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have the freedom to copy and +modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in +developing GNU and promoting software freedom." + + +File: libc.info, Node: Exit Status, Next: Cleanups on Exit, Prev: Normal Termination, Up: Program Termination + +25.6.2 Exit Status +------------------ + +When a program exits, it can return to the parent process a small +amount of information about the cause of termination, using the "exit +status". This is a value between 0 and 255 that the exiting process +passes as an argument to `exit'. + + Normally you should use the exit status to report very broad +information about success or failure. You can't provide a lot of +detail about the reasons for the failure, and most parent processes +would not want much detail anyway. + + There are conventions for what sorts of status values certain +programs should return. The most common convention is simply 0 for +success and 1 for failure. Programs that perform comparison use a +different convention: they use status 1 to indicate a mismatch, and +status 2 to indicate an inability to compare. Your program should +follow an existing convention if an existing convention makes sense for +it. + + A general convention reserves status values 128 and up for special +purposes. In particular, the value 128 is used to indicate failure to +execute another program in a subprocess. This convention is not +universally obeyed, but it is a good idea to follow it in your programs. + + *Warning:* Don't try to use the number of errors as the exit status. +This is actually not very useful; a parent process would generally not +care how many errors occurred. Worse than that, it does not work, +because the status value is truncated to eight bits. Thus, if the +program tried to report 256 errors, the parent would receive a report +of 0 errors--that is, success. + + For the same reason, it does not work to use the value of `errno' as +the exit status--these can exceed 255. + + *Portability note:* Some non-POSIX systems use different conventions +for exit status values. For greater portability, you can use the +macros `EXIT_SUCCESS' and `EXIT_FAILURE' for the conventional status +value for success and failure, respectively. They are declared in the +file `stdlib.h'. + + -- Macro: int EXIT_SUCCESS + This macro can be used with the `exit' function to indicate + successful program completion. + + On POSIX systems, the value of this macro is `0'. On other + systems, the value might be some other (possibly non-constant) + integer expression. + + -- Macro: int EXIT_FAILURE + This macro can be used with the `exit' function to indicate + unsuccessful program completion in a general sense. + + On POSIX systems, the value of this macro is `1'. On other + systems, the value might be some other (possibly non-constant) + integer expression. Other nonzero status values also indicate + failures. Certain programs use different nonzero status values to + indicate particular kinds of "non-success". For example, `diff' + uses status value `1' to mean that the files are different, and + `2' or more to mean that there was difficulty in opening the files. + + Don't confuse a program's exit status with a process' termination +status. There are lots of ways a process can terminate besides having +it's program finish. In the event that the process termination _is_ +caused by program termination (i.e., `exit'), though, the program's +exit status becomes part of the process' termination status. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Cleanups on Exit, Next: Aborting a Program, Prev: Exit Status, Up: Program Termination + +25.6.3 Cleanups on Exit +----------------------- + +Your program can arrange to run its own cleanup functions if normal +termination happens. If you are writing a library for use in various +application programs, then it is unreliable to insist that all +applications call the library's cleanup functions explicitly before +exiting. It is much more robust to make the cleanup invisible to the +application, by setting up a cleanup function in the library itself +using `atexit' or `on_exit'. + + -- Function: int atexit (void (*FUNCTION) (void)) + The `atexit' function registers the function FUNCTION to be called + at normal program termination. The FUNCTION is called with no + arguments. + + The return value from `atexit' is zero on success and nonzero if + the function cannot be registered. + + -- Function: int on_exit (void (*FUNCTION)(int STATUS, void *ARG), + void *ARG) + This function is a somewhat more powerful variant of `atexit'. It + accepts two arguments, a function FUNCTION and an arbitrary + pointer ARG. At normal program termination, the FUNCTION is + called with two arguments: the STATUS value passed to `exit', and + the ARG. + + This function is included in the GNU C library only for + compatibility for SunOS, and may not be supported by other + implementations. + + Here's a trivial program that illustrates the use of `exit' and +`atexit': + + #include + #include + + void + bye (void) + { + puts ("Goodbye, cruel world...."); + } + + int + main (void) + { + atexit (bye); + exit (EXIT_SUCCESS); + } + +When this program is executed, it just prints the message and exits. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Aborting a Program, Next: Termination Internals, Prev: Cleanups on Exit, Up: Program Termination + +25.6.4 Aborting a Program +------------------------- + +You can abort your program using the `abort' function. The prototype +for this function is in `stdlib.h'. + + -- Function: void abort (void) + The `abort' function causes abnormal program termination. This + does not execute cleanup functions registered with `atexit' or + `on_exit'. + + This function actually terminates the process by raising a + `SIGABRT' signal, and your program can include a handler to + intercept this signal; see *note Signal Handling::. + + *Future Change Warning:* Proposed Federal censorship regulations may +prohibit us from giving you information about the possibility of +calling this function. We would be required to say that this is not an +acceptable way of terminating a program. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Termination Internals, Prev: Aborting a Program, Up: Program Termination + +25.6.5 Termination Internals +---------------------------- + +The `_exit' function is the primitive used for process termination by +`exit'. It is declared in the header file `unistd.h'. + + -- Function: void _exit (int STATUS) + The `_exit' function is the primitive for causing a process to + terminate with status STATUS. Calling this function does not + execute cleanup functions registered with `atexit' or `on_exit'. + + -- Function: void _Exit (int STATUS) + The `_Exit' function is the ISO C equivalent to `_exit'. The + ISO C committee members were not sure whether the definitions of + `_exit' and `_Exit' were compatible so they have not used the + POSIX name. + + This function was introduced in ISO C99 and is declared in + `stdlib.h'. + + When a process terminates for any reason--either because the program +terminates, or as a result of a signal--the following things happen: + + * All open file descriptors in the process are closed. *Note + Low-Level I/O::. Note that streams are not flushed automatically + when the process terminates; see *note I/O on Streams::. + + * A process exit status is saved to be reported back to the parent + process via `wait' or `waitpid'; see *note Process Completion::. + If the program exited, this status includes as its low-order 8 + bits the program exit status. + + * Any child processes of the process being terminated are assigned a + new parent process. (On most systems, including GNU, this is the + `init' process, with process ID 1.) + + * A `SIGCHLD' signal is sent to the parent process. + + * If the process is a session leader that has a controlling + terminal, then a `SIGHUP' signal is sent to each process in the + foreground job, and the controlling terminal is disassociated from + that session. *Note Job Control::. + + * If termination of a process causes a process group to become + orphaned, and any member of that process group is stopped, then a + `SIGHUP' signal and a `SIGCONT' signal are sent to each process in + the group. *Note Job Control::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Processes, Next: Job Control, Prev: Program Basics, Up: Top + +26 Processes +************ + +"Processes" are the primitive units for allocation of system resources. +Each process has its own address space and (usually) one thread of +control. A process executes a program; you can have multiple processes +executing the same program, but each process has its own copy of the +program within its own address space and executes it independently of +the other copies. + + Processes are organized hierarchically. Each process has a "parent +process" which explicitly arranged to create it. The processes created +by a given parent are called its "child processes". A child inherits +many of its attributes from the parent process. + + This chapter describes how a program can create, terminate, and +control child processes. Actually, there are three distinct operations +involved: creating a new child process, causing the new process to +execute a program, and coordinating the completion of the child process +with the original program. + + The `system' function provides a simple, portable mechanism for +running another program; it does all three steps automatically. If you +need more control over the details of how this is done, you can use the +primitive functions to do each step individually instead. + +* Menu: + +* Running a Command:: The easy way to run another program. +* Process Creation Concepts:: An overview of the hard way to do it. +* Process Identification:: How to get the process ID of a process. +* Creating a Process:: How to fork a child process. +* Executing a File:: How to make a process execute another program. +* Process Completion:: How to tell when a child process has completed. +* Process Completion Status:: How to interpret the status value + returned from a child process. +* BSD Wait Functions:: More functions, for backward compatibility. +* Process Creation Example:: A complete example program. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Running a Command, Next: Process Creation Concepts, Up: Processes + +26.1 Running a Command +====================== + +The easy way to run another program is to use the `system' function. +This function does all the work of running a subprogram, but it doesn't +give you much control over the details: you have to wait until the +subprogram terminates before you can do anything else. + + -- Function: int system (const char *COMMAND) + This function executes COMMAND as a shell command. In the GNU C + library, it always uses the default shell `sh' to run the command. + In particular, it searches the directories in `PATH' to find + programs to execute. The return value is `-1' if it wasn't + possible to create the shell process, and otherwise is the status + of the shell process. *Note Process Completion::, for details on + how this status code can be interpreted. + + If the COMMAND argument is a null pointer, a return value of zero + indicates that no command processor is available. + + This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs. + This is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like + memory, file descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time + `system' is called. If the thread gets canceled these resources + stay allocated until the program ends. To avoid this calls to + `system' should be protected using cancellation handlers. + + The `system' function is declared in the header file `stdlib.h'. + + *Portability Note:* Some C implementations may not have any notion +of a command processor that can execute other programs. You can +determine whether a command processor exists by executing +`system (NULL)'; if the return value is nonzero, a command processor is +available. + + The `popen' and `pclose' functions (*note Pipe to a Subprocess::) +are closely related to the `system' function. They allow the parent +process to communicate with the standard input and output channels of +the command being executed. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Process Creation Concepts, Next: Process Identification, Prev: Running a Command, Up: Processes + +26.2 Process Creation Concepts +============================== + +This section gives an overview of processes and of the steps involved in +creating a process and making it run another program. + + Each process is named by a "process ID" number. A unique process ID +is allocated to each process when it is created. The "lifetime" of a +process ends when its termination is reported to its parent process; at +that time, all of the process resources, including its process ID, are +freed. + + Processes are created with the `fork' system call (so the operation +of creating a new process is sometimes called "forking" a process). +The "child process" created by `fork' is a copy of the original "parent +process", except that it has its own process ID. + + After forking a child process, both the parent and child processes +continue to execute normally. If you want your program to wait for a +child process to finish executing before continuing, you must do this +explicitly after the fork operation, by calling `wait' or `waitpid' +(*note Process Completion::). These functions give you limited +information about why the child terminated--for example, its exit +status code. + + A newly forked child process continues to execute the same program as +its parent process, at the point where the `fork' call returns. You +can use the return value from `fork' to tell whether the program is +running in the parent process or the child. + + Having several processes run the same program is only occasionally +useful. But the child can execute another program using one of the +`exec' functions; see *note Executing a File::. The program that the +process is executing is called its "process image". Starting execution +of a new program causes the process to forget all about its previous +process image; when the new program exits, the process exits too, +instead of returning to the previous process image. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Process Identification, Next: Creating a Process, Prev: Process Creation Concepts, Up: Processes + +26.3 Process Identification +=========================== + +The `pid_t' data type represents process IDs. You can get the process +ID of a process by calling `getpid'. The function `getppid' returns +the process ID of the parent of the current process (this is also known +as the "parent process ID"). Your program should include the header +files `unistd.h' and `sys/types.h' to use these functions. + + -- Data Type: pid_t + The `pid_t' data type is a signed integer type which is capable of + representing a process ID. In the GNU library, this is an `int'. + + -- Function: pid_t getpid (void) + The `getpid' function returns the process ID of the current + process. + + -- Function: pid_t getppid (void) + The `getppid' function returns the process ID of the parent of the + current process. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Creating a Process, Next: Executing a File, Prev: Process Identification, Up: Processes + +26.4 Creating a Process +======================= + +The `fork' function is the primitive for creating a process. It is +declared in the header file `unistd.h'. + + -- Function: pid_t fork (void) + The `fork' function creates a new process. + + If the operation is successful, there are then both parent and + child processes and both see `fork' return, but with different + values: it returns a value of `0' in the child process and returns + the child's process ID in the parent process. + + If process creation failed, `fork' returns a value of `-1' in the + parent process. The following `errno' error conditions are + defined for `fork': + + `EAGAIN' + There aren't enough system resources to create another + process, or the user already has too many processes running. + This means exceeding the `RLIMIT_NPROC' resource limit, which + can usually be increased; *note Limits on Resources::. + + `ENOMEM' + The process requires more space than the system can supply. + + The specific attributes of the child process that differ from the +parent process are: + + * The child process has its own unique process ID. + + * The parent process ID of the child process is the process ID of its + parent process. + + * The child process gets its own copies of the parent process's open + file descriptors. Subsequently changing attributes of the file + descriptors in the parent process won't affect the file + descriptors in the child, and vice versa. *Note Control + Operations::. However, the file position associated with each + descriptor is shared by both processes; *note File Position::. + + * The elapsed processor times for the child process are set to zero; + see *note Processor Time::. + + * The child doesn't inherit file locks set by the parent process. + *Note Control Operations::. + + * The child doesn't inherit alarms set by the parent process. *Note + Setting an Alarm::. + + * The set of pending signals (*note Delivery of Signal::) for the + child process is cleared. (The child process inherits its mask of + blocked signals and signal actions from the parent process.) + + -- Function: pid_t vfork (void) + The `vfork' function is similar to `fork' but on some systems it + is more efficient; however, there are restrictions you must follow + to use it safely. + + While `fork' makes a complete copy of the calling process's address + space and allows both the parent and child to execute + independently, `vfork' does not make this copy. Instead, the + child process created with `vfork' shares its parent's address + space until it calls `_exit' or one of the `exec' functions. In + the meantime, the parent process suspends execution. + + You must be very careful not to allow the child process created + with `vfork' to modify any global data or even local variables + shared with the parent. Furthermore, the child process cannot + return from (or do a long jump out of) the function that called + `vfork'! This would leave the parent process's control + information very confused. If in doubt, use `fork' instead. + + Some operating systems don't really implement `vfork'. The GNU C + library permits you to use `vfork' on all systems, but actually + executes `fork' if `vfork' isn't available. If you follow the + proper precautions for using `vfork', your program will still work + even if the system uses `fork' instead. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Executing a File, Next: Process Completion, Prev: Creating a Process, Up: Processes + +26.5 Executing a File +===================== + +This section describes the `exec' family of functions, for executing a +file as a process image. You can use these functions to make a child +process execute a new program after it has been forked. + + To see the effects of `exec' from the point of view of the called +program, see *note Program Basics::. + + The functions in this family differ in how you specify the arguments, +but otherwise they all do the same thing. They are declared in the +header file `unistd.h'. + + -- Function: int execv (const char *FILENAME, char *const ARGV[]) + The `execv' function executes the file named by FILENAME as a new + process image. + + The ARGV argument is an array of null-terminated strings that is + used to provide a value for the `argv' argument to the `main' + function of the program to be executed. The last element of this + array must be a null pointer. By convention, the first element of + this array is the file name of the program sans directory names. + *Note Program Arguments::, for full details on how programs can + access these arguments. + + The environment for the new process image is taken from the + `environ' variable of the current process image; see *note + Environment Variables::, for information about environments. + + -- Function: int execl (const char *FILENAME, const char *ARG0, ...) + This is similar to `execv', but the ARGV strings are specified + individually instead of as an array. A null pointer must be + passed as the last such argument. + + -- Function: int execve (const char *FILENAME, char *const ARGV[], + char *const ENV[]) + This is similar to `execv', but permits you to specify the + environment for the new program explicitly as the ENV argument. + This should be an array of strings in the same format as for the + `environ' variable; see *note Environment Access::. + + -- Function: int execle (const char *FILENAME, const char *ARG0, char + *const ENV[], ...) + This is similar to `execl', but permits you to specify the + environment for the new program explicitly. The environment + argument is passed following the null pointer that marks the last + ARGV argument, and should be an array of strings in the same + format as for the `environ' variable. + + -- Function: int execvp (const char *FILENAME, char *const ARGV[]) + The `execvp' function is similar to `execv', except that it + searches the directories listed in the `PATH' environment variable + (*note Standard Environment::) to find the full file name of a + file from FILENAME if FILENAME does not contain a slash. + + This function is useful for executing system utility programs, + because it looks for them in the places that the user has chosen. + Shells use it to run the commands that users type. + + -- Function: int execlp (const char *FILENAME, const char *ARG0, ...) + This function is like `execl', except that it performs the same + file name searching as the `execvp' function. + + The size of the argument list and environment list taken together +must not be greater than `ARG_MAX' bytes. *Note General Limits::. In +the GNU system, the size (which compares against `ARG_MAX') includes, +for each string, the number of characters in the string, plus the size +of a `char *', plus one, rounded up to a multiple of the size of a +`char *'. Other systems may have somewhat different rules for counting. + + These functions normally don't return, since execution of a new +program causes the currently executing program to go away completely. +A value of `-1' is returned in the event of a failure. In addition to +the usual file name errors (*note File Name Errors::), the following +`errno' error conditions are defined for these functions: + +`E2BIG' + The combined size of the new program's argument list and + environment list is larger than `ARG_MAX' bytes. The GNU system + has no specific limit on the argument list size, so this error + code cannot result, but you may get `ENOMEM' instead if the + arguments are too big for available memory. + +`ENOEXEC' + The specified file can't be executed because it isn't in the right + format. + +`ENOMEM' + Executing the specified file requires more storage than is + available. + + If execution of the new file succeeds, it updates the access time +field of the file as if the file had been read. *Note File Times::, +for more details about access times of files. + + The point at which the file is closed again is not specified, but is +at some point before the process exits or before another process image +is executed. + + Executing a new process image completely changes the contents of +memory, copying only the argument and environment strings to new +locations. But many other attributes of the process are unchanged: + + * The process ID and the parent process ID. *Note Process Creation + Concepts::. + + * Session and process group membership. *Note Concepts of Job + Control::. + + * Real user ID and group ID, and supplementary group IDs. *Note + Process Persona::. + + * Pending alarms. *Note Setting an Alarm::. + + * Current working directory and root directory. *Note Working + Directory::. In the GNU system, the root directory is not copied + when executing a setuid program; instead the system default root + directory is used for the new program. + + * File mode creation mask. *Note Setting Permissions::. + + * Process signal mask; see *note Process Signal Mask::. + + * Pending signals; see *note Blocking Signals::. + + * Elapsed processor time associated with the process; see *note + Processor Time::. + + If the set-user-ID and set-group-ID mode bits of the process image +file are set, this affects the effective user ID and effective group ID +(respectively) of the process. These concepts are discussed in detail +in *note Process Persona::. + + Signals that are set to be ignored in the existing process image are +also set to be ignored in the new process image. All other signals are +set to the default action in the new process image. For more +information about signals, see *note Signal Handling::. + + File descriptors open in the existing process image remain open in +the new process image, unless they have the `FD_CLOEXEC' +(close-on-exec) flag set. The files that remain open inherit all +attributes of the open file description from the existing process image, +including file locks. File descriptors are discussed in *note +Low-Level I/O::. + + Streams, by contrast, cannot survive through `exec' functions, +because they are located in the memory of the process itself. The new +process image has no streams except those it creates afresh. Each of +the streams in the pre-`exec' process image has a descriptor inside it, +and these descriptors do survive through `exec' (provided that they do +not have `FD_CLOEXEC' set). The new process image can reconnect these +to new streams using `fdopen' (*note Descriptors and Streams::). + + +File: libc.info, Node: Process Completion, Next: Process Completion Status, Prev: Executing a File, Up: Processes + +26.6 Process Completion +======================= + +The functions described in this section are used to wait for a child +process to terminate or stop, and determine its status. These functions +are declared in the header file `sys/wait.h'. + + -- Function: pid_t waitpid (pid_t PID, int *STATUS-PTR, int OPTIONS) + The `waitpid' function is used to request status information from a + child process whose process ID is PID. Normally, the calling + process is suspended until the child process makes status + information available by terminating. + + Other values for the PID argument have special interpretations. A + value of `-1' or `WAIT_ANY' requests status information for any + child process; a value of `0' or `WAIT_MYPGRP' requests + information for any child process in the same process group as the + calling process; and any other negative value - PGID requests + information for any child process whose process group ID is PGID. + + If status information for a child process is available + immediately, this function returns immediately without waiting. + If more than one eligible child process has status information + available, one of them is chosen randomly, and its status is + returned immediately. To get the status from the other eligible + child processes, you need to call `waitpid' again. + + The OPTIONS argument is a bit mask. Its value should be the + bitwise OR (that is, the `|' operator) of zero or more of the + `WNOHANG' and `WUNTRACED' flags. You can use the `WNOHANG' flag + to indicate that the parent process shouldn't wait; and the + `WUNTRACED' flag to request status information from stopped + processes as well as processes that have terminated. + + The status information from the child process is stored in the + object that STATUS-PTR points to, unless STATUS-PTR is a null + pointer. + + This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs. + This is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like + memory, file descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time + `waitpid' is called. If the thread gets canceled these resources + stay allocated until the program ends. To avoid this calls to + `waitpid' should be protected using cancellation handlers. + + The return value is normally the process ID of the child process + whose status is reported. If there are child processes but none + of them is waiting to be noticed, `waitpid' will block until one + is. However, if the `WNOHANG' option was specified, `waitpid' + will return zero instead of blocking. + + If a specific PID to wait for was given to `waitpid', it will + ignore all other children (if any). Therefore if there are + children waiting to be noticed but the child whose PID was + specified is not one of them, `waitpid' will block or return zero + as described above. + + A value of `-1' is returned in case of error. The following + `errno' error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EINTR' + The function was interrupted by delivery of a signal to the + calling process. *Note Interrupted Primitives::. + + `ECHILD' + There are no child processes to wait for, or the specified PID + is not a child of the calling process. + + `EINVAL' + An invalid value was provided for the OPTIONS argument. + + These symbolic constants are defined as values for the PID argument +to the `waitpid' function. + +`WAIT_ANY' + This constant macro (whose value is `-1') specifies that `waitpid' + should return status information about any child process. + +`WAIT_MYPGRP' + This constant (with value `0') specifies that `waitpid' should + return status information about any child process in the same + process group as the calling process. + + These symbolic constants are defined as flags for the OPTIONS +argument to the `waitpid' function. You can bitwise-OR the flags +together to obtain a value to use as the argument. + +`WNOHANG' + This flag specifies that `waitpid' should return immediately + instead of waiting, if there is no child process ready to be + noticed. + +`WUNTRACED' + This flag specifies that `waitpid' should report the status of any + child processes that have been stopped as well as those that have + terminated. + + -- Function: pid_t wait (int *STATUS-PTR) + This is a simplified version of `waitpid', and is used to wait + until any one child process terminates. The call: + + wait (&status) + + is exactly equivalent to: + + waitpid (-1, &status, 0) + + This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs. + This is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like + memory, file descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time + `wait' is called. If the thread gets canceled these resources + stay allocated until the program ends. To avoid this calls to + `wait' should be protected using cancellation handlers. + + -- Function: pid_t wait4 (pid_t PID, int *STATUS-PTR, int OPTIONS, + struct rusage *USAGE) + If USAGE is a null pointer, `wait4' is equivalent to `waitpid + (PID, STATUS-PTR, OPTIONS)'. + + If USAGE is not null, `wait4' stores usage figures for the child + process in `*RUSAGE' (but only if the child has terminated, not if + it has stopped). *Note Resource Usage::. + + This function is a BSD extension. + + Here's an example of how to use `waitpid' to get the status from all +child processes that have terminated, without ever waiting. This +function is designed to be a handler for `SIGCHLD', the signal that +indicates that at least one child process has terminated. + + void + sigchld_handler (int signum) + { + int pid, status, serrno; + serrno = errno; + while (1) + { + pid = waitpid (WAIT_ANY, &status, WNOHANG); + if (pid < 0) + { + perror ("waitpid"); + break; + } + if (pid == 0) + break; + notice_termination (pid, status); + } + errno = serrno; + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Process Completion Status, Next: BSD Wait Functions, Prev: Process Completion, Up: Processes + +26.7 Process Completion Status +============================== + +If the exit status value (*note Program Termination::) of the child +process is zero, then the status value reported by `waitpid' or `wait' +is also zero. You can test for other kinds of information encoded in +the returned status value using the following macros. These macros are +defined in the header file `sys/wait.h'. + + -- Macro: int WIFEXITED (int STATUS) + This macro returns a nonzero value if the child process terminated + normally with `exit' or `_exit'. + + -- Macro: int WEXITSTATUS (int STATUS) + If `WIFEXITED' is true of STATUS, this macro returns the low-order + 8 bits of the exit status value from the child process. *Note + Exit Status::. + + -- Macro: int WIFSIGNALED (int STATUS) + This macro returns a nonzero value if the child process terminated + because it received a signal that was not handled. *Note Signal + Handling::. + + -- Macro: int WTERMSIG (int STATUS) + If `WIFSIGNALED' is true of STATUS, this macro returns the signal + number of the signal that terminated the child process. + + -- Macro: int WCOREDUMP (int STATUS) + This macro returns a nonzero value if the child process terminated + and produced a core dump. + + -- Macro: int WIFSTOPPED (int STATUS) + This macro returns a nonzero value if the child process is stopped. + + -- Macro: int WSTOPSIG (int STATUS) + If `WIFSTOPPED' is true of STATUS, this macro returns the signal + number of the signal that caused the child process to stop. + + +File: libc.info, Node: BSD Wait Functions, Next: Process Creation Example, Prev: Process Completion Status, Up: Processes + +26.8 BSD Process Wait Functions +=============================== + +The GNU library also provides these related facilities for compatibility +with BSD Unix. BSD uses the `union wait' data type to represent status +values rather than an `int'. The two representations are actually +interchangeable; they describe the same bit patterns. The GNU C +Library defines macros such as `WEXITSTATUS' so that they will work on +either kind of object, and the `wait' function is defined to accept +either type of pointer as its STATUS-PTR argument. + + These functions are declared in `sys/wait.h'. + + -- Data Type: union wait + This data type represents program termination status values. It + has the following members: + + `int w_termsig' + The value of this member is the same as that of the + `WTERMSIG' macro. + + `int w_coredump' + The value of this member is the same as that of the + `WCOREDUMP' macro. + + `int w_retcode' + The value of this member is the same as that of the + `WEXITSTATUS' macro. + + `int w_stopsig' + The value of this member is the same as that of the + `WSTOPSIG' macro. + + Instead of accessing these members directly, you should use the + equivalent macros. + + The `wait3' function is the predecessor to `wait4', which is more +flexible. `wait3' is now obsolete. + + -- Function: pid_t wait3 (union wait *STATUS-PTR, int OPTIONS, struct + rusage *USAGE) + If USAGE is a null pointer, `wait3' is equivalent to `waitpid (-1, + STATUS-PTR, OPTIONS)'. + + If USAGE is not null, `wait3' stores usage figures for the child + process in `*RUSAGE' (but only if the child has terminated, not if + it has stopped). *Note Resource Usage::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Process Creation Example, Prev: BSD Wait Functions, Up: Processes + +26.9 Process Creation Example +============================= + +Here is an example program showing how you might write a function +similar to the built-in `system'. It executes its COMMAND argument +using the equivalent of `sh -c COMMAND'. + + #include + #include + #include + #include + #include + + /* Execute the command using this shell program. */ + #define SHELL "/bin/sh" + + int + my_system (const char *command) + { + int status; + pid_t pid; + + pid = fork (); + if (pid == 0) + { + /* This is the child process. Execute the shell command. */ + execl (SHELL, SHELL, "-c", command, NULL); + _exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + } + else if (pid < 0) + /* The fork failed. Report failure. */ + status = -1; + else + /* This is the parent process. Wait for the child to complete. */ + if (waitpid (pid, &status, 0) != pid) + status = -1; + return status; + } + + There are a couple of things you should pay attention to in this +example. + + Remember that the first `argv' argument supplied to the program +represents the name of the program being executed. That is why, in the +call to `execl', `SHELL' is supplied once to name the program to +execute and a second time to supply a value for `argv[0]'. + + The `execl' call in the child process doesn't return if it is +successful. If it fails, you must do something to make the child +process terminate. Just returning a bad status code with `return' +would leave two processes running the original program. Instead, the +right behavior is for the child process to report failure to its parent +process. + + Call `_exit' to accomplish this. The reason for using `_exit' +instead of `exit' is to avoid flushing fully buffered streams such as +`stdout'. The buffers of these streams probably contain data that was +copied from the parent process by the `fork', data that will be output +eventually by the parent process. Calling `exit' in the child would +output the data twice. *Note Termination Internals::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Job Control, Next: Name Service Switch, Prev: Processes, Up: Top + +27 Job Control +************** + +"Job control" refers to the protocol for allowing a user to move +between multiple "process groups" (or "jobs") within a single "login +session". The job control facilities are set up so that appropriate +behavior for most programs happens automatically and they need not do +anything special about job control. So you can probably ignore the +material in this chapter unless you are writing a shell or login +program. + + You need to be familiar with concepts relating to process creation +(*note Process Creation Concepts::) and signal handling (*note Signal +Handling::) in order to understand this material presented in this +chapter. + +* Menu: + +* Concepts of Job Control:: Jobs can be controlled by a shell. +* Job Control is Optional:: Not all POSIX systems support job control. +* Controlling Terminal:: How a process gets its controlling terminal. +* Access to the Terminal:: How processes share the controlling terminal. +* Orphaned Process Groups:: Jobs left after the user logs out. +* Implementing a Shell:: What a shell must do to implement job control. +* Functions for Job Control:: Functions to control process groups. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Concepts of Job Control, Next: Job Control is Optional, Up: Job Control + +27.1 Concepts of Job Control +============================ + +The fundamental purpose of an interactive shell is to read commands +from the user's terminal and create processes to execute the programs +specified by those commands. It can do this using the `fork' (*note +Creating a Process::) and `exec' (*note Executing a File::) functions. + + A single command may run just one process--but often one command uses +several processes. If you use the `|' operator in a shell command, you +explicitly request several programs in their own processes. But even +if you run just one program, it can use multiple processes internally. +For example, a single compilation command such as `cc -c foo.c' +typically uses four processes (though normally only two at any given +time). If you run `make', its job is to run other programs in separate +processes. + + The processes belonging to a single command are called a "process +group" or "job". This is so that you can operate on all of them at +once. For example, typing `C-c' sends the signal `SIGINT' to terminate +all the processes in the foreground process group. + + A "session" is a larger group of processes. Normally all the +processes that stem from a single login belong to the same session. + + Every process belongs to a process group. When a process is +created, it becomes a member of the same process group and session as +its parent process. You can put it in another process group using the +`setpgid' function, provided the process group belongs to the same +session. + + The only way to put a process in a different session is to make it +the initial process of a new session, or a "session leader", using the +`setsid' function. This also puts the session leader into a new +process group, and you can't move it out of that process group again. + + Usually, new sessions are created by the system login program, and +the session leader is the process running the user's login shell. + + A shell that supports job control must arrange to control which job +can use the terminal at any time. Otherwise there might be multiple +jobs trying to read from the terminal at once, and confusion about which +process should receive the input typed by the user. To prevent this, +the shell must cooperate with the terminal driver using the protocol +described in this chapter. + + The shell can give unlimited access to the controlling terminal to +only one process group at a time. This is called the "foreground job" +on that controlling terminal. Other process groups managed by the shell +that are executing without such access to the terminal are called +"background jobs". + + If a background job needs to read from its controlling terminal, it +is "stopped" by the terminal driver; if the `TOSTOP' mode is set, +likewise for writing. The user can stop a foreground job by typing the +SUSP character (*note Special Characters::) and a program can stop any +job by sending it a `SIGSTOP' signal. It's the responsibility of the +shell to notice when jobs stop, to notify the user about them, and to +provide mechanisms for allowing the user to interactively continue +stopped jobs and switch jobs between foreground and background. + + *Note Access to the Terminal::, for more information about I/O to the +controlling terminal, + + +File: libc.info, Node: Job Control is Optional, Next: Controlling Terminal, Prev: Concepts of Job Control, Up: Job Control + +27.2 Job Control is Optional +============================ + +Not all operating systems support job control. The GNU system does +support job control, but if you are using the GNU library on some other +system, that system may not support job control itself. + + You can use the `_POSIX_JOB_CONTROL' macro to test at compile-time +whether the system supports job control. *Note System Options::. + + If job control is not supported, then there can be only one process +group per session, which behaves as if it were always in the foreground. +The functions for creating additional process groups simply fail with +the error code `ENOSYS'. + + The macros naming the various job control signals (*note Job Control +Signals::) are defined even if job control is not supported. However, +the system never generates these signals, and attempts to send a job +control signal or examine or specify their actions report errors or do +nothing. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Controlling Terminal, Next: Access to the Terminal, Prev: Job Control is Optional, Up: Job Control + +27.3 Controlling Terminal of a Process +====================================== + +One of the attributes of a process is its controlling terminal. Child +processes created with `fork' inherit the controlling terminal from +their parent process. In this way, all the processes in a session +inherit the controlling terminal from the session leader. A session +leader that has control of a terminal is called the "controlling +process" of that terminal. + + You generally do not need to worry about the exact mechanism used to +allocate a controlling terminal to a session, since it is done for you +by the system when you log in. + + An individual process disconnects from its controlling terminal when +it calls `setsid' to become the leader of a new session. *Note Process +Group Functions::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Access to the Terminal, Next: Orphaned Process Groups, Prev: Controlling Terminal, Up: Job Control + +27.4 Access to the Controlling Terminal +======================================= + +Processes in the foreground job of a controlling terminal have +unrestricted access to that terminal; background processes do not. This +section describes in more detail what happens when a process in a +background job tries to access its controlling terminal. + + When a process in a background job tries to read from its controlling +terminal, the process group is usually sent a `SIGTTIN' signal. This +normally causes all of the processes in that group to stop (unless they +handle the signal and don't stop themselves). However, if the reading +process is ignoring or blocking this signal, then `read' fails with an +`EIO' error instead. + + Similarly, when a process in a background job tries to write to its +controlling terminal, the default behavior is to send a `SIGTTOU' +signal to the process group. However, the behavior is modified by the +`TOSTOP' bit of the local modes flags (*note Local Modes::). If this +bit is not set (which is the default), then writing to the controlling +terminal is always permitted without sending a signal. Writing is also +permitted if the `SIGTTOU' signal is being ignored or blocked by the +writing process. + + Most other terminal operations that a program can do are treated as +reading or as writing. (The description of each operation should say +which.) + + For more information about the primitive `read' and `write' +functions, see *note I/O Primitives::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Orphaned Process Groups, Next: Implementing a Shell, Prev: Access to the Terminal, Up: Job Control + +27.5 Orphaned Process Groups +============================ + +When a controlling process terminates, its terminal becomes free and a +new session can be established on it. (In fact, another user could log +in on the terminal.) This could cause a problem if any processes from +the old session are still trying to use that terminal. + + To prevent problems, process groups that continue running even after +the session leader has terminated are marked as "orphaned process +groups". + + When a process group becomes an orphan, its processes are sent a +`SIGHUP' signal. Ordinarily, this causes the processes to terminate. +However, if a program ignores this signal or establishes a handler for +it (*note Signal Handling::), it can continue running as in the orphan +process group even after its controlling process terminates; but it +still cannot access the terminal any more. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Implementing a Shell, Next: Functions for Job Control, Prev: Orphaned Process Groups, Up: Job Control + +27.6 Implementing a Job Control Shell +===================================== + +This section describes what a shell must do to implement job control, by +presenting an extensive sample program to illustrate the concepts +involved. + +* Menu: + +* Data Structures:: Introduction to the sample shell. +* Initializing the Shell:: What the shell must do to take + responsibility for job control. +* Launching Jobs:: Creating jobs to execute commands. +* Foreground and Background:: Putting a job in foreground of background. +* Stopped and Terminated Jobs:: Reporting job status. +* Continuing Stopped Jobs:: How to continue a stopped job in + the foreground or background. +* Missing Pieces:: Other parts of the shell. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Data Structures, Next: Initializing the Shell, Up: Implementing a Shell + +27.6.1 Data Structures for the Shell +------------------------------------ + +All of the program examples included in this chapter are part of a +simple shell program. This section presents data structures and +utility functions which are used throughout the example. + + The sample shell deals mainly with two data structures. The `job' +type contains information about a job, which is a set of subprocesses +linked together with pipes. The `process' type holds information about +a single subprocess. Here are the relevant data structure declarations: + + /* A process is a single process. */ + typedef struct process + { + struct process *next; /* next process in pipeline */ + char **argv; /* for exec */ + pid_t pid; /* process ID */ + char completed; /* true if process has completed */ + char stopped; /* true if process has stopped */ + int status; /* reported status value */ + } process; + + /* A job is a pipeline of processes. */ + typedef struct job + { + struct job *next; /* next active job */ + char *command; /* command line, used for messages */ + process *first_process; /* list of processes in this job */ + pid_t pgid; /* process group ID */ + char notified; /* true if user told about stopped job */ + struct termios tmodes; /* saved terminal modes */ + int stdin, stdout, stderr; /* standard i/o channels */ + } job; + + /* The active jobs are linked into a list. This is its head. */ + job *first_job = NULL; + + Here are some utility functions that are used for operating on `job' +objects. + + /* Find the active job with the indicated PGID. */ + job * + find_job (pid_t pgid) + { + job *j; + + for (j = first_job; j; j = j->next) + if (j->pgid == pgid) + return j; + return NULL; + } + + /* Return true if all processes in the job have stopped or completed. */ + int + job_is_stopped (job *j) + { + process *p; + + for (p = j->first_process; p; p = p->next) + if (!p->completed && !p->stopped) + return 0; + return 1; + } + + /* Return true if all processes in the job have completed. */ + int + job_is_completed (job *j) + { + process *p; + + for (p = j->first_process; p; p = p->next) + if (!p->completed) + return 0; + return 1; + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Initializing the Shell, Next: Launching Jobs, Prev: Data Structures, Up: Implementing a Shell + +27.6.2 Initializing the Shell +----------------------------- + +When a shell program that normally performs job control is started, it +has to be careful in case it has been invoked from another shell that is +already doing its own job control. + + A subshell that runs interactively has to ensure that it has been +placed in the foreground by its parent shell before it can enable job +control itself. It does this by getting its initial process group ID +with the `getpgrp' function, and comparing it to the process group ID +of the current foreground job associated with its controlling terminal +(which can be retrieved using the `tcgetpgrp' function). + + If the subshell is not running as a foreground job, it must stop +itself by sending a `SIGTTIN' signal to its own process group. It may +not arbitrarily put itself into the foreground; it must wait for the +user to tell the parent shell to do this. If the subshell is continued +again, it should repeat the check and stop itself again if it is still +not in the foreground. + + Once the subshell has been placed into the foreground by its parent +shell, it can enable its own job control. It does this by calling +`setpgid' to put itself into its own process group, and then calling +`tcsetpgrp' to place this process group into the foreground. + + When a shell enables job control, it should set itself to ignore all +the job control stop signals so that it doesn't accidentally stop +itself. You can do this by setting the action for all the stop signals +to `SIG_IGN'. + + A subshell that runs non-interactively cannot and should not support +job control. It must leave all processes it creates in the same process +group as the shell itself; this allows the non-interactive shell and its +child processes to be treated as a single job by the parent shell. This +is easy to do--just don't use any of the job control primitives--but +you must remember to make the shell do it. + + Here is the initialization code for the sample shell that shows how +to do all of this. + + /* Keep track of attributes of the shell. */ + + #include + #include + #include + + pid_t shell_pgid; + struct termios shell_tmodes; + int shell_terminal; + int shell_is_interactive; + + + /* Make sure the shell is running interactively as the foreground job + before proceeding. */ + + void + init_shell () + { + + /* See if we are running interactively. */ + shell_terminal = STDIN_FILENO; + shell_is_interactive = isatty (shell_terminal); + + if (shell_is_interactive) + { + /* Loop until we are in the foreground. */ + while (tcgetpgrp (shell_terminal) != (shell_pgid = getpgrp ())) + kill (- shell_pgid, SIGTTIN); + + /* Ignore interactive and job-control signals. */ + signal (SIGINT, SIG_IGN); + signal (SIGQUIT, SIG_IGN); + signal (SIGTSTP, SIG_IGN); + signal (SIGTTIN, SIG_IGN); + signal (SIGTTOU, SIG_IGN); + signal (SIGCHLD, SIG_IGN); + + /* Put ourselves in our own process group. */ + shell_pgid = getpid (); + if (setpgid (shell_pgid, shell_pgid) < 0) + { + perror ("Couldn't put the shell in its own process group"); + exit (1); + } + + /* Grab control of the terminal. */ + tcsetpgrp (shell_terminal, shell_pgid); + + /* Save default terminal attributes for shell. */ + tcgetattr (shell_terminal, &shell_tmodes); + } + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Launching Jobs, Next: Foreground and Background, Prev: Initializing the Shell, Up: Implementing a Shell + +27.6.3 Launching Jobs +--------------------- + +Once the shell has taken responsibility for performing job control on +its controlling terminal, it can launch jobs in response to commands +typed by the user. + + To create the processes in a process group, you use the same `fork' +and `exec' functions described in *note Process Creation Concepts::. +Since there are multiple child processes involved, though, things are a +little more complicated and you must be careful to do things in the +right order. Otherwise, nasty race conditions can result. + + You have two choices for how to structure the tree of parent-child +relationships among the processes. You can either make all the +processes in the process group be children of the shell process, or you +can make one process in group be the ancestor of all the other processes +in that group. The sample shell program presented in this chapter uses +the first approach because it makes bookkeeping somewhat simpler. + + As each process is forked, it should put itself in the new process +group by calling `setpgid'; see *note Process Group Functions::. The +first process in the new group becomes its "process group leader", and +its process ID becomes the "process group ID" for the group. + + The shell should also call `setpgid' to put each of its child +processes into the new process group. This is because there is a +potential timing problem: each child process must be put in the process +group before it begins executing a new program, and the shell depends on +having all the child processes in the group before it continues +executing. If both the child processes and the shell call `setpgid', +this ensures that the right things happen no matter which process gets +to it first. + + If the job is being launched as a foreground job, the new process +group also needs to be put into the foreground on the controlling +terminal using `tcsetpgrp'. Again, this should be done by the shell as +well as by each of its child processes, to avoid race conditions. + + The next thing each child process should do is to reset its signal +actions. + + During initialization, the shell process set itself to ignore job +control signals; see *note Initializing the Shell::. As a result, any +child processes it creates also ignore these signals by inheritance. +This is definitely undesirable, so each child process should explicitly +set the actions for these signals back to `SIG_DFL' just after it is +forked. + + Since shells follow this convention, applications can assume that +they inherit the correct handling of these signals from the parent +process. But every application has a responsibility not to mess up the +handling of stop signals. Applications that disable the normal +interpretation of the SUSP character should provide some other +mechanism for the user to stop the job. When the user invokes this +mechanism, the program should send a `SIGTSTP' signal to the process +group of the process, not just to the process itself. *Note Signaling +Another Process::. + + Finally, each child process should call `exec' in the normal way. +This is also the point at which redirection of the standard input and +output channels should be handled. *Note Duplicating Descriptors::, +for an explanation of how to do this. + + Here is the function from the sample shell program that is +responsible for launching a program. The function is executed by each +child process immediately after it has been forked by the shell, and +never returns. + + void + launch_process (process *p, pid_t pgid, + int infile, int outfile, int errfile, + int foreground) + { + pid_t pid; + + if (shell_is_interactive) + { + /* Put the process into the process group and give the process group + the terminal, if appropriate. + This has to be done both by the shell and in the individual + child processes because of potential race conditions. */ + pid = getpid (); + if (pgid == 0) pgid = pid; + setpgid (pid, pgid); + if (foreground) + tcsetpgrp (shell_terminal, pgid); + + /* Set the handling for job control signals back to the default. */ + signal (SIGINT, SIG_DFL); + signal (SIGQUIT, SIG_DFL); + signal (SIGTSTP, SIG_DFL); + signal (SIGTTIN, SIG_DFL); + signal (SIGTTOU, SIG_DFL); + signal (SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL); + } + + /* Set the standard input/output channels of the new process. */ + if (infile != STDIN_FILENO) + { + dup2 (infile, STDIN_FILENO); + close (infile); + } + if (outfile != STDOUT_FILENO) + { + dup2 (outfile, STDOUT_FILENO); + close (outfile); + } + if (errfile != STDERR_FILENO) + { + dup2 (errfile, STDERR_FILENO); + close (errfile); + } + + /* Exec the new process. Make sure we exit. */ + execvp (p->argv[0], p->argv); + perror ("execvp"); + exit (1); + } + + If the shell is not running interactively, this function does not do +anything with process groups or signals. Remember that a shell not +performing job control must keep all of its subprocesses in the same +process group as the shell itself. + + Next, here is the function that actually launches a complete job. +After creating the child processes, this function calls some other +functions to put the newly created job into the foreground or +background; these are discussed in *note Foreground and Background::. + + void + launch_job (job *j, int foreground) + { + process *p; + pid_t pid; + int mypipe[2], infile, outfile; + + infile = j->stdin; + for (p = j->first_process; p; p = p->next) + { + /* Set up pipes, if necessary. */ + if (p->next) + { + if (pipe (mypipe) < 0) + { + perror ("pipe"); + exit (1); + } + outfile = mypipe[1]; + } + else + outfile = j->stdout; + + /* Fork the child processes. */ + pid = fork (); + if (pid == 0) + /* This is the child process. */ + launch_process (p, j->pgid, infile, + outfile, j->stderr, foreground); + else if (pid < 0) + { + /* The fork failed. */ + perror ("fork"); + exit (1); + } + else + { + /* This is the parent process. */ + p->pid = pid; + if (shell_is_interactive) + { + if (!j->pgid) + j->pgid = pid; + setpgid (pid, j->pgid); + } + } + + /* Clean up after pipes. */ + if (infile != j->stdin) + close (infile); + if (outfile != j->stdout) + close (outfile); + infile = mypipe[0]; + } + + format_job_info (j, "launched"); + + if (!shell_is_interactive) + wait_for_job (j); + else if (foreground) + put_job_in_foreground (j, 0); + else + put_job_in_background (j, 0); + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Foreground and Background, Next: Stopped and Terminated Jobs, Prev: Launching Jobs, Up: Implementing a Shell + +27.6.4 Foreground and Background +-------------------------------- + +Now let's consider what actions must be taken by the shell when it +launches a job into the foreground, and how this differs from what must +be done when a background job is launched. + + When a foreground job is launched, the shell must first give it +access to the controlling terminal by calling `tcsetpgrp'. Then, the +shell should wait for processes in that process group to terminate or +stop. This is discussed in more detail in *note Stopped and Terminated +Jobs::. + + When all of the processes in the group have either completed or +stopped, the shell should regain control of the terminal for its own +process group by calling `tcsetpgrp' again. Since stop signals caused +by I/O from a background process or a SUSP character typed by the user +are sent to the process group, normally all the processes in the job +stop together. + + The foreground job may have left the terminal in a strange state, so +the shell should restore its own saved terminal modes before +continuing. In case the job is merely stopped, the shell should first +save the current terminal modes so that it can restore them later if +the job is continued. The functions for dealing with terminal modes are +`tcgetattr' and `tcsetattr'; these are described in *note Terminal +Modes::. + + Here is the sample shell's function for doing all of this. + + /* Put job J in the foreground. If CONT is nonzero, + restore the saved terminal modes and send the process group a + `SIGCONT' signal to wake it up before we block. */ + + void + put_job_in_foreground (job *j, int cont) + { + /* Put the job into the foreground. */ + tcsetpgrp (shell_terminal, j->pgid); + + /* Send the job a continue signal, if necessary. */ + if (cont) + { + tcsetattr (shell_terminal, TCSADRAIN, &j->tmodes); + if (kill (- j->pgid, SIGCONT) < 0) + perror ("kill (SIGCONT)"); + } + + /* Wait for it to report. */ + wait_for_job (j); + + /* Put the shell back in the foreground. */ + tcsetpgrp (shell_terminal, shell_pgid); + + /* Restore the shell's terminal modes. */ + tcgetattr (shell_terminal, &j->tmodes); + tcsetattr (shell_terminal, TCSADRAIN, &shell_tmodes); + } + + If the process group is launched as a background job, the shell +should remain in the foreground itself and continue to read commands +from the terminal. + + In the sample shell, there is not much that needs to be done to put +a job into the background. Here is the function it uses: + + /* Put a job in the background. If the cont argument is true, send + the process group a `SIGCONT' signal to wake it up. */ + + void + put_job_in_background (job *j, int cont) + { + /* Send the job a continue signal, if necessary. */ + if (cont) + if (kill (-j->pgid, SIGCONT) < 0) + perror ("kill (SIGCONT)"); + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Stopped and Terminated Jobs, Next: Continuing Stopped Jobs, Prev: Foreground and Background, Up: Implementing a Shell + +27.6.5 Stopped and Terminated Jobs +---------------------------------- + +When a foreground process is launched, the shell must block until all of +the processes in that job have either terminated or stopped. It can do +this by calling the `waitpid' function; see *note Process Completion::. +Use the `WUNTRACED' option so that status is reported for processes +that stop as well as processes that terminate. + + The shell must also check on the status of background jobs so that it +can report terminated and stopped jobs to the user; this can be done by +calling `waitpid' with the `WNOHANG' option. A good place to put a +such a check for terminated and stopped jobs is just before prompting +for a new command. + + The shell can also receive asynchronous notification that there is +status information available for a child process by establishing a +handler for `SIGCHLD' signals. *Note Signal Handling::. + + In the sample shell program, the `SIGCHLD' signal is normally +ignored. This is to avoid reentrancy problems involving the global data +structures the shell manipulates. But at specific times when the shell +is not using these data structures--such as when it is waiting for +input on the terminal--it makes sense to enable a handler for +`SIGCHLD'. The same function that is used to do the synchronous status +checks (`do_job_notification', in this case) can also be called from +within this handler. + + Here are the parts of the sample shell program that deal with +checking the status of jobs and reporting the information to the user. + + /* Store the status of the process PID that was returned by waitpid. + Return 0 if all went well, nonzero otherwise. */ + + int + mark_process_status (pid_t pid, int status) + { + job *j; + process *p; + + if (pid > 0) + { + /* Update the record for the process. */ + for (j = first_job; j; j = j->next) + for (p = j->first_process; p; p = p->next) + if (p->pid == pid) + { + p->status = status; + if (WIFSTOPPED (status)) + p->stopped = 1; + else + { + p->completed = 1; + if (WIFSIGNALED (status)) + fprintf (stderr, "%d: Terminated by signal %d.\n", + (int) pid, WTERMSIG (p->status)); + } + return 0; + } + fprintf (stderr, "No child process %d.\n", pid); + return -1; + } + else if (pid == 0 || errno == ECHILD) + /* No processes ready to report. */ + return -1; + else { + /* Other weird errors. */ + perror ("waitpid"); + return -1; + } + } + + /* Check for processes that have status information available, + without blocking. */ + + void + update_status (void) + { + int status; + pid_t pid; + + do + pid = waitpid (WAIT_ANY, &status, WUNTRACED|WNOHANG); + while (!mark_process_status (pid, status)); + } + + /* Check for processes that have status information available, + blocking until all processes in the given job have reported. */ + + void + wait_for_job (job *j) + { + int status; + pid_t pid; + + do + pid = waitpid (WAIT_ANY, &status, WUNTRACED); + while (!mark_process_status (pid, status) + && !job_is_stopped (j) + && !job_is_completed (j)); + } + + /* Format information about job status for the user to look at. */ + + void + format_job_info (job *j, const char *status) + { + fprintf (stderr, "%ld (%s): %s\n", (long)j->pgid, status, j->command); + } + + /* Notify the user about stopped or terminated jobs. + Delete terminated jobs from the active job list. */ + + void + do_job_notification (void) + { + job *j, *jlast, *jnext; + process *p; + + /* Update status information for child processes. */ + update_status (); + + jlast = NULL; + for (j = first_job; j; j = jnext) + { + jnext = j->next; + + /* If all processes have completed, tell the user the job has + completed and delete it from the list of active jobs. */ + if (job_is_completed (j)) { + format_job_info (j, "completed"); + if (jlast) + jlast->next = jnext; + else + first_job = jnext; + free_job (j); + } + + /* Notify the user about stopped jobs, + marking them so that we won't do this more than once. */ + else if (job_is_stopped (j) && !j->notified) { + format_job_info (j, "stopped"); + j->notified = 1; + jlast = j; + } + + /* Don't say anything about jobs that are still running. */ + else + jlast = j; + } + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Continuing Stopped Jobs, Next: Missing Pieces, Prev: Stopped and Terminated Jobs, Up: Implementing a Shell + +27.6.6 Continuing Stopped Jobs +------------------------------ + +The shell can continue a stopped job by sending a `SIGCONT' signal to +its process group. If the job is being continued in the foreground, +the shell should first invoke `tcsetpgrp' to give the job access to the +terminal, and restore the saved terminal settings. After continuing a +job in the foreground, the shell should wait for the job to stop or +complete, as if the job had just been launched in the foreground. + + The sample shell program handles both newly created and continued +jobs with the same pair of functions, `put_job_in_foreground' and +`put_job_in_background'. The definitions of these functions were given +in *note Foreground and Background::. When continuing a stopped job, a +nonzero value is passed as the CONT argument to ensure that the +`SIGCONT' signal is sent and the terminal modes reset, as appropriate. + + This leaves only a function for updating the shell's internal +bookkeeping about the job being continued: + + /* Mark a stopped job J as being running again. */ + + void + mark_job_as_running (job *j) + { + Process *p; + + for (p = j->first_process; p; p = p->next) + p->stopped = 0; + j->notified = 0; + } + + /* Continue the job J. */ + + void + continue_job (job *j, int foreground) + { + mark_job_as_running (j); + if (foreground) + put_job_in_foreground (j, 1); + else + put_job_in_background (j, 1); + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Missing Pieces, Prev: Continuing Stopped Jobs, Up: Implementing a Shell + +27.6.7 The Missing Pieces +------------------------- + +The code extracts for the sample shell included in this chapter are only +a part of the entire shell program. In particular, nothing at all has +been said about how `job' and `program' data structures are allocated +and initialized. + + Most real shells provide a complex user interface that has support +for a command language; variables; abbreviations, substitutions, and +pattern matching on file names; and the like. All of this is far too +complicated to explain here! Instead, we have concentrated on showing +how to implement the core process creation and job control functions +that can be called from such a shell. + + Here is a table summarizing the major entry points we have presented: + +`void init_shell (void)' + Initialize the shell's internal state. *Note Initializing the + Shell::. + +`void launch_job (job *J, int FOREGROUND)' + Launch the job J as either a foreground or background job. *Note + Launching Jobs::. + +`void do_job_notification (void)' + Check for and report any jobs that have terminated or stopped. + Can be called synchronously or within a handler for `SIGCHLD' + signals. *Note Stopped and Terminated Jobs::. + +`void continue_job (job *J, int FOREGROUND)' + Continue the job J. *Note Continuing Stopped Jobs::. + + Of course, a real shell would also want to provide other functions +for managing jobs. For example, it would be useful to have commands to +list all active jobs or to send a signal (such as `SIGKILL') to a job. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Functions for Job Control, Prev: Implementing a Shell, Up: Job Control + +27.7 Functions for Job Control +============================== + +This section contains detailed descriptions of the functions relating +to job control. + +* Menu: + +* Identifying the Terminal:: Determining the controlling terminal's name. +* Process Group Functions:: Functions for manipulating process groups. +* Terminal Access Functions:: Functions for controlling terminal access. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Identifying the Terminal, Next: Process Group Functions, Up: Functions for Job Control + +27.7.1 Identifying the Controlling Terminal +------------------------------------------- + +You can use the `ctermid' function to get a file name that you can use +to open the controlling terminal. In the GNU library, it returns the +same string all the time: `"/dev/tty"'. That is a special "magic" file +name that refers to the controlling terminal of the current process (if +it has one). To find the name of the specific terminal device, use +`ttyname'; *note Is It a Terminal::. + + The function `ctermid' is declared in the header file `stdio.h'. + + -- Function: char * ctermid (char *STRING) + The `ctermid' function returns a string containing the file name of + the controlling terminal for the current process. If STRING is + not a null pointer, it should be an array that can hold at least + `L_ctermid' characters; the string is returned in this array. + Otherwise, a pointer to a string in a static area is returned, + which might get overwritten on subsequent calls to this function. + + An empty string is returned if the file name cannot be determined + for any reason. Even if a file name is returned, access to the + file it represents is not guaranteed. + + -- Macro: int L_ctermid + The value of this macro is an integer constant expression that + represents the size of a string large enough to hold the file name + returned by `ctermid'. + + See also the `isatty' and `ttyname' functions, in *note Is It a +Terminal::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Process Group Functions, Next: Terminal Access Functions, Prev: Identifying the Terminal, Up: Functions for Job Control + +27.7.2 Process Group Functions +------------------------------ + +Here are descriptions of the functions for manipulating process groups. +Your program should include the header files `sys/types.h' and +`unistd.h' to use these functions. + + -- Function: pid_t setsid (void) + The `setsid' function creates a new session. The calling process + becomes the session leader, and is put in a new process group whose + process group ID is the same as the process ID of that process. + There are initially no other processes in the new process group, + and no other process groups in the new session. + + This function also makes the calling process have no controlling + terminal. + + The `setsid' function returns the new process group ID of the + calling process if successful. A return value of `-1' indicates an + error. The following `errno' error conditions are defined for this + function: + + `EPERM' + The calling process is already a process group leader, or + there is already another process group around that has the + same process group ID. + + -- Function: pid_t getsid (pid_t PID) + The `getsid' function returns the process group ID of the session + leader of the specified process. If a PID is `0', the process + group ID of the session leader of the current process is returned. + + In case of error `-1' is returned and `errno' is set. The + following `errno' error conditions are defined for this function: + + `ESRCH' + There is no process with the given process ID PID. + + `EPERM' + The calling process and the process specified by PID are in + different sessions, and the implementation doesn't allow to + access the process group ID of the session leader of the + process with ID PID from the calling process. + + The `getpgrp' function has two definitions: one derived from BSD +Unix, and one from the POSIX.1 standard. The feature test macros you +have selected (*note Feature Test Macros::) determine which definition +you get. Specifically, you get the BSD version if you define +`_BSD_SOURCE'; otherwise, you get the POSIX version if you define +`_POSIX_SOURCE' or `_GNU_SOURCE'. Programs written for old BSD systems +will not include `unistd.h', which defines `getpgrp' specially under +`_BSD_SOURCE'. You must link such programs with the `-lbsd-compat' +option to get the BSD definition. + + -- POSIX.1 Function: pid_t getpgrp (void) + The POSIX.1 definition of `getpgrp' returns the process group ID of + the calling process. + + -- BSD Function: pid_t getpgrp (pid_t PID) + The BSD definition of `getpgrp' returns the process group ID of the + process PID. You can supply a value of `0' for the PID argument + to get information about the calling process. + + -- System V Function: int getpgid (pid_t PID) + `getpgid' is the same as the BSD function `getpgrp'. It returns + the process group ID of the process PID. You can supply a value + of `0' for the PID argument to get information about the calling + process. + + In case of error `-1' is returned and `errno' is set. The + following `errno' error conditions are defined for this function: + + `ESRCH' + There is no process with the given process ID PID. The + calling process and the process specified by PID are in + different sessions, and the implementation doesn't allow to + access the process group ID of the process with ID PID from + the calling process. + + -- Function: int setpgid (pid_t PID, pid_t PGID) + The `setpgid' function puts the process PID into the process group + PGID. As a special case, either PID or PGID can be zero to + indicate the process ID of the calling process. + + This function fails on a system that does not support job control. + *Note Job Control is Optional::, for more information. + + If the operation is successful, `setpgid' returns zero. Otherwise + it returns `-1'. The following `errno' error conditions are + defined for this function: + + `EACCES' + The child process named by PID has executed an `exec' + function since it was forked. + + `EINVAL' + The value of the PGID is not valid. + + `ENOSYS' + The system doesn't support job control. + + `EPERM' + The process indicated by the PID argument is a session leader, + or is not in the same session as the calling process, or the + value of the PGID argument doesn't match a process group ID + in the same session as the calling process. + + `ESRCH' + The process indicated by the PID argument is not the calling + process or a child of the calling process. + + -- Function: int setpgrp (pid_t PID, pid_t PGID) + This is the BSD Unix name for `setpgid'. Both functions do exactly + the same thing. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Terminal Access Functions, Prev: Process Group Functions, Up: Functions for Job Control + +27.7.3 Functions for Controlling Terminal Access +------------------------------------------------ + +These are the functions for reading or setting the foreground process +group of a terminal. You should include the header files `sys/types.h' +and `unistd.h' in your application to use these functions. + + Although these functions take a file descriptor argument to specify +the terminal device, the foreground job is associated with the terminal +file itself and not a particular open file descriptor. + + -- Function: pid_t tcgetpgrp (int FILEDES) + This function returns the process group ID of the foreground + process group associated with the terminal open on descriptor + FILEDES. + + If there is no foreground process group, the return value is a + number greater than `1' that does not match the process group ID + of any existing process group. This can happen if all of the + processes in the job that was formerly the foreground job have + terminated, and no other job has yet been moved into the + foreground. + + In case of an error, a value of `-1' is returned. The following + `errno' error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES argument is not a valid file descriptor. + + `ENOSYS' + The system doesn't support job control. + + `ENOTTY' + The terminal file associated with the FILEDES argument isn't + the controlling terminal of the calling process. + + -- Function: int tcsetpgrp (int FILEDES, pid_t PGID) + This function is used to set a terminal's foreground process group + ID. The argument FILEDES is a descriptor which specifies the + terminal; PGID specifies the process group. The calling process + must be a member of the same session as PGID and must have the same + controlling terminal. + + For terminal access purposes, this function is treated as output. + If it is called from a background process on its controlling + terminal, normally all processes in the process group are sent a + `SIGTTOU' signal. The exception is if the calling process itself + is ignoring or blocking `SIGTTOU' signals, in which case the + operation is performed and no signal is sent. + + If successful, `tcsetpgrp' returns `0'. A return value of `-1' + indicates an error. The following `errno' error conditions are + defined for this function: + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES argument is not a valid file descriptor. + + `EINVAL' + The PGID argument is not valid. + + `ENOSYS' + The system doesn't support job control. + + `ENOTTY' + The FILEDES isn't the controlling terminal of the calling + process. + + `EPERM' + The PGID isn't a process group in the same session as the + calling process. + + -- Function: pid_t tcgetsid (int FILDES) + This function is used to obtain the process group ID of the session + for which the terminal specified by FILDES is the controlling + terminal. If the call is successful the group ID is returned. + Otherwise the return value is `(pid_t) -1' and the global variable + ERRNO is set to the following value: + `EBADF' + The FILEDES argument is not a valid file descriptor. + + `ENOTTY' + The calling process does not have a controlling terminal, or + the file is not the controlling terminal. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Name Service Switch, Next: Users and Groups, Prev: Job Control, Up: Top + +28 System Databases and Name Service Switch +******************************************* + +Various functions in the C Library need to be configured to work +correctly in the local environment. Traditionally, this was done by +using files (e.g., `/etc/passwd'), but other nameservices (like the +Network Information Service (NIS) and the Domain Name Service (DNS)) +became popular, and were hacked into the C library, usually with a fixed +search order (*note frobnicate: (jargon)frobnicate.). + + The GNU C Library contains a cleaner solution of this problem. It is +designed after a method used by Sun Microsystems in the C library of +Solaris 2. GNU C Library follows their name and calls this scheme +"Name Service Switch" (NSS). + + Though the interface might be similar to Sun's version there is no +common code. We never saw any source code of Sun's implementation and +so the internal interface is incompatible. This also manifests in the +file names we use as we will see later. + +* Menu: + +* NSS Basics:: What is this NSS good for. +* NSS Configuration File:: Configuring NSS. +* NSS Module Internals:: How does it work internally. +* Extending NSS:: What to do to add services or databases. + + +File: libc.info, Node: NSS Basics, Next: NSS Configuration File, Prev: Name Service Switch, Up: Name Service Switch + +28.1 NSS Basics +=============== + +The basic idea is to put the implementation of the different services +offered to access the databases in separate modules. This has some +advantages: + + 1. Contributors can add new services without adding them to GNU C + Library. + + 2. The modules can be updated separately. + + 3. The C library image is smaller. + + To fulfill the first goal above the ABI of the modules will be +described below. For getting the implementation of a new service right +it is important to understand how the functions in the modules get +called. They are in no way designed to be used by the programmer +directly. Instead the programmer should only use the documented and +standardized functions to access the databases. + +The databases available in the NSS are + +`aliases' + Mail aliases + +`ethers' + Ethernet numbers, + +`group' + Groups of users, *note Group Database::. + +`hosts' + Host names and numbers, *note Host Names::. + +`netgroup' + Network wide list of host and users, *note Netgroup Database::. + +`networks' + Network names and numbers, *note Networks Database::. + +`protocols' + Network protocols, *note Protocols Database::. + +`passwd' + User passwords, *note User Database::. + +`rpc' + Remote procedure call names and numbers, + +`services' + Network services, *note Services Database::. + +`shadow' + Shadow user passwords, + +There will be some more added later (`automount', `bootparams', +`netmasks', and `publickey'). + + +File: libc.info, Node: NSS Configuration File, Next: NSS Module Internals, Prev: NSS Basics, Up: Name Service Switch + +28.2 The NSS Configuration File +=============================== + +Somehow the NSS code must be told about the wishes of the user. For +this reason there is the file `/etc/nsswitch.conf'. For each database +this file contain a specification how the lookup process should work. +The file could look like this: + + # /etc/nsswitch.conf + # + # Name Service Switch configuration file. + # + + passwd: db files nis + shadow: files + group: db files nis + + hosts: files nisplus nis dns + networks: nisplus [NOTFOUND=return] files + + ethers: nisplus [NOTFOUND=return] db files + protocols: nisplus [NOTFOUND=return] db files + rpc: nisplus [NOTFOUND=return] db files + services: nisplus [NOTFOUND=return] db files + + The first column is the database as you can guess from the table +above. The rest of the line specifies how the lookup process works. +Please note that you specify the way it works for each database +individually. This cannot be done with the old way of a monolithic +implementation. + + The configuration specification for each database can contain two +different items: + + * the service specification like `files', `db', or `nis'. + + * the reaction on lookup result like `[NOTFOUND=return]'. + +* Menu: + +* Services in the NSS configuration:: Service names in the NSS configuration. +* Actions in the NSS configuration:: React appropriately to the lookup result. +* Notes on NSS Configuration File:: Things to take care about while + configuring NSS. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Services in the NSS configuration, Next: Actions in the NSS configuration, Prev: NSS Configuration File, Up: NSS Configuration File + +28.2.1 Services in the NSS configuration File +--------------------------------------------- + +The above example file mentions four different services: `files', `db', +`nis', and `nisplus'. This does not mean these services are available +on all sites and it does also not mean these are all the services which +will ever be available. + + In fact, these names are simply strings which the NSS code uses to +find the implicitly addressed functions. The internal interface will be +described later. Visible to the user are the modules which implement an +individual service. + + Assume the service NAME shall be used for a lookup. The code for +this service is implemented in a module called `libnss_NAME'. On a +system supporting shared libraries this is in fact a shared library +with the name (for example) `libnss_NAME.so.2'. The number at the end +is the currently used version of the interface which will not change +frequently. Normally the user should not have to be cognizant of these +files since they should be placed in a directory where they are found +automatically. Only the names of all available services are important. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Actions in the NSS configuration, Next: Notes on NSS Configuration File, Prev: Services in the NSS configuration, Up: NSS Configuration File + +28.2.2 Actions in the NSS configuration +--------------------------------------- + +The second item in the specification gives the user much finer control +on the lookup process. Action items are placed between two service +names and are written within brackets. The general form is + + `[' ( `!'? STATUS `=' ACTION )+ `]' + +where + + STATUS => success | notfound | unavail | tryagain + ACTION => return | continue + + The case of the keywords is insignificant. The STATUS values are +the results of a call to a lookup function of a specific service. They +mean + +`success' + No error occurred and the wanted entry is returned. The default + action for this is `return'. + +`notfound' + The lookup process works ok but the needed value was not found. + The default action is `continue'. + +`unavail' + The service is permanently unavailable. This can either mean the + needed file is not available, or, for DNS, the server is not + available or does not allow queries. The default action is + `continue'. + +`tryagain' + The service is temporarily unavailable. This could mean a file is + locked or a server currently cannot accept more connections. The + default action is `continue'. + +If we have a line like + + ethers: nisplus [NOTFOUND=return] db files + +this is equivalent to + + ethers: nisplus [SUCCESS=return NOTFOUND=return UNAVAIL=continue + TRYAGAIN=continue] + db [SUCCESS=return NOTFOUND=continue UNAVAIL=continue + TRYAGAIN=continue] + files + +(except that it would have to be written on one line). The default +value for the actions are normally what you want, and only need to be +changed in exceptional cases. + + If the optional `!' is placed before the STATUS this means the +following action is used for all statuses but STATUS itself. I.e., `!' +is negation as in the C language (and others). + + Before we explain the exception which makes this action item +necessary one more remark: obviously it makes no sense to add another +action item after the `files' service. Since there is no other service +following the action _always_ is `return'. + + Now, why is this `[NOTFOUND=return]' action useful? To understand +this we should know that the `nisplus' service is often complete; i.e., +if an entry is not available in the NIS+ tables it is not available +anywhere else. This is what is expressed by this action item: it is +useless to examine further services since they will not give us a +result. + + The situation would be different if the NIS+ service is not available +because the machine is booting. In this case the return value of the +lookup function is not `notfound' but instead `unavail'. And as you +can see in the complete form above: in this situation the `db' and +`files' services are used. Neat, isn't it? The system administrator +need not pay special care for the time the system is not completely +ready to work (while booting or shutdown or network problems). + + +File: libc.info, Node: Notes on NSS Configuration File, Prev: Actions in the NSS configuration, Up: NSS Configuration File + +28.2.3 Notes on the NSS Configuration File +------------------------------------------ + +Finally a few more hints. The NSS implementation is not completely +helpless if `/etc/nsswitch.conf' does not exist. For all supported +databases there is a default value so it should normally be possible to +get the system running even if the file is corrupted or missing. + + For the `hosts' and `networks' databases the default value is `dns +[!UNAVAIL=return] files'. I.e., the system is prepared for the DNS +service not to be available but if it is available the answer it +returns is definitive. + + The `passwd', `group', and `shadow' databases are traditionally +handled in a special way. The appropriate files in the `/etc' +directory are read but if an entry with a name starting with a `+' +character is found NIS is used. This kind of lookup remains possible +by using the special lookup service `compat' and the default value for +the three databases above is `compat [NOTFOUND=return] files'. + + For all other databases the default value is `nis [NOTFOUND=return] +files'. This solution give the best chance to be correct since NIS and +file based lookup is used. + + A second point is that the user should try to optimize the lookup +process. The different service have different response times. A +simple file look up on a local file could be fast, but if the file is +long and the needed entry is near the end of the file this may take +quite some time. In this case it might be better to use the `db' +service which allows fast local access to large data sets. + + Often the situation is that some global information like NIS must be +used. So it is unavoidable to use service entries like `nis' etc. But +one should avoid slow services like this if possible. + + +File: libc.info, Node: NSS Module Internals, Next: Extending NSS, Prev: NSS Configuration File, Up: Name Service Switch + +28.3 NSS Module Internals +========================= + +Now it is time to describe what the modules look like. The functions +contained in a module are identified by their names. I.e., there is no +jump table or the like. How this is done is of no interest here; those +interested in this topic should read about Dynamic Linking. + +* Menu: + +* NSS Module Names:: Construction of the interface function of + the NSS modules. +* NSS Modules Interface:: Programming interface in the NSS module + functions. + + +File: libc.info, Node: NSS Module Names, Next: NSS Modules Interface, Prev: NSS Module Internals, Up: NSS Module Internals + +28.3.1 The Naming Scheme of the NSS Modules +------------------------------------------- + +The name of each function consist of various parts: + + _nss_SERVICE_FUNCTION + + SERVICE of course corresponds to the name of the module this +function is found in.(1) The FUNCTION part is derived from the +interface function in the C library itself. If the user calls the +function `gethostbyname' and the service used is `files' the function + + _nss_files_gethostbyname_r + +in the module + + libnss_files.so.2 + +is used. You see, what is explained above in not the whole truth. In +fact the NSS modules only contain reentrant versions of the lookup +functions. I.e., if the user would call the `gethostbyname_r' function +this also would end in the above function. For all user interface +functions the C library maps this call to a call to the reentrant +function. For reentrant functions this is trivial since the interface +is (nearly) the same. For the non-reentrant version The library keeps +internal buffers which are used to replace the user supplied buffer. + + I.e., the reentrant functions _can_ have counterparts. No service +module is forced to have functions for all databases and all kinds to +access them. If a function is not available it is simply treated as if +the function would return `unavail' (*note Actions in the NSS +configuration::). + + The file name `libnss_files.so.2' would be on a Solaris 2 system +`nss_files.so.2'. This is the difference mentioned above. Sun's NSS +modules are usable as modules which get indirectly loaded only. + + The NSS modules in the GNU C Library are prepared to be used as +normal libraries themselves. This is _not_ true at the moment, though. +However, the organization of the name space in the modules does not +make it impossible like it is for Solaris. Now you can see why the +modules are still libraries.(2) + + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) Now you might ask why this information is duplicated. The +answer is that we want to make it possible to link directly with these +shared objects. + + (2) There is a second explanation: we were too lazy to change the +Makefiles to allow the generation of shared objects not starting with +`lib' but don't tell this to anybody. + + +File: libc.info, Node: NSS Modules Interface, Prev: NSS Module Names, Up: NSS Module Internals + +28.3.2 The Interface of the Function in NSS Modules +--------------------------------------------------- + +Now we know about the functions contained in the modules. It is now +time to describe the types. When we mentioned the reentrant versions of +the functions above, this means there are some additional arguments +(compared with the standard, non-reentrant version). The prototypes for +the non-reentrant and reentrant versions of our function above are: + + struct hostent *gethostbyname (const char *name) + + int gethostbyname_r (const char *name, struct hostent *result_buf, + char *buf, size_t buflen, struct hostent **result, + int *h_errnop) + +The actual prototype of the function in the NSS modules in this case is + + enum nss_status _nss_files_gethostbyname_r (const char *name, + struct hostent *result_buf, + char *buf, size_t buflen, + int *errnop, int *h_errnop) + + I.e., the interface function is in fact the reentrant function with +the change of the return value and the omission of the RESULT +parameter. While the user-level function returns a pointer to the +result the reentrant function return an `enum nss_status' value: + +`NSS_STATUS_TRYAGAIN' + numeric value `-2' + +`NSS_STATUS_UNAVAIL' + numeric value `-1' + +`NSS_STATUS_NOTFOUND' + numeric value `0' + +`NSS_STATUS_SUCCESS' + numeric value `1' + +Now you see where the action items of the `/etc/nsswitch.conf' file are +used. + + If you study the source code you will find there is a fifth value: +`NSS_STATUS_RETURN'. This is an internal use only value, used by a few +functions in places where none of the above value can be used. If +necessary the source code should be examined to learn about the details. + + In case the interface function has to return an error it is important +that the correct error code is stored in `*ERRNOP'. Some return status +value have only one associated error code, others have more. + +`NSS_STATUS_TRYAGAIN' `EAGAIN' One of the functions used ran + temporarily out of resources or a + service is currently not available. + `ERANGE' The provided buffer is not large + enough. The function should be + called again with a larger buffer. +`NSS_STATUS_UNAVAIL' `ENOENT' A necessary input file cannot be + found. +`NSS_STATUS_NOTFOUND' `ENOENT' The requested entry is not + available. + + These are proposed values. There can be other error codes and the +described error codes can have different meaning. *With one +exception:* when returning `NSS_STATUS_TRYAGAIN' the error code +`ERANGE' _must_ mean that the user provided buffer is too small. +Everything is non-critical. + + The above function has something special which is missing for almost +all the other module functions. There is an argument H_ERRNOP. This +points to a variable which will be filled with the error code in case +the execution of the function fails for some reason. The reentrant +function cannot use the global variable H_ERRNO; `gethostbyname' calls +`gethostbyname_r' with the last argument set to `&h_errno'. + + The `getXXXbyYYY' functions are the most important functions in the +NSS modules. But there are others which implement the other ways to +access system databases (say for the password database, there are +`setpwent', `getpwent', and `endpwent'). These will be described in +more detail later. Here we give a general way to determine the +signature of the module function: + + * the return value is `int'; + + * the name is as explained in *note NSS Module Names::; + + * the first arguments are identical to the arguments of the + non-reentrant function; + + * the next three arguments are: + + `STRUCT_TYPE *result_buf' + pointer to buffer where the result is stored. `STRUCT_TYPE' + is normally a struct which corresponds to the database. + + `char *buffer' + pointer to a buffer where the function can store additional + data for the result etc. + + `size_t buflen' + length of the buffer pointed to by BUFFER. + + * possibly a last argument H_ERRNOP, for the host name and network + name lookup functions. + +This table is correct for all functions but the `set...ent' and +`end...ent' functions. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Extending NSS, Prev: NSS Module Internals, Up: Name Service Switch + +28.4 Extending NSS +================== + +One of the advantages of NSS mentioned above is that it can be extended +quite easily. There are two ways in which the extension can happen: +adding another database or adding another service. The former is +normally done only by the C library developers. It is here only +important to remember that adding another database is independent from +adding another service because a service need not support all databases +or lookup functions. + + A designer/implementor of a new service is therefore free to choose +the databases s/he is interested in and leave the rest for later (or +completely aside). + +* Menu: + +* Adding another Service to NSS:: What is to do to add a new service. +* NSS Module Function Internals:: Guidelines for writing new NSS + service functions. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Adding another Service to NSS, Next: NSS Module Function Internals, Prev: Extending NSS, Up: Extending NSS + +28.4.1 Adding another Service to NSS +------------------------------------ + +The sources for a new service need not (and should not) be part of the +GNU C Library itself. The developer retains complete control over the +sources and its development. The links between the C library and the +new service module consists solely of the interface functions. + + Each module is designed following a specific interface specification. +For now the version is 2 (the interface in version 1 was not adequate) +and this manifests in the version number of the shared library object of +the NSS modules: they have the extension `.2'. If the interface +changes again in an incompatible way, this number will be increased. +Modules using the old interface will still be usable. + + Developers of a new service will have to make sure that their module +is created using the correct interface number. This means the file +itself must have the correct name and on ELF systems the "soname" +(Shared Object Name) must also have this number. Building a module +from a bunch of object files on an ELF system using GNU CC could be +done like this: + + gcc -shared -o libnss_NAME.so.2 -Wl,-soname,libnss_NAME.so.2 OBJECTS + +*note Options for Linking: (gcc)Link Options, to learn more about this +command line. + + To use the new module the library must be able to find it. This can +be achieved by using options for the dynamic linker so that it will +search the directory where the binary is placed. For an ELF system +this could be done by adding the wanted directory to the value of +`LD_LIBRARY_PATH'. + + But this is not always possible since some programs (those which run +under IDs which do not belong to the user) ignore this variable. +Therefore the stable version of the module should be placed into a +directory which is searched by the dynamic linker. Normally this should +be the directory `$prefix/lib', where `$prefix' corresponds to the +value given to configure using the `--prefix' option. But be careful: +this should only be done if it is clear the module does not cause any +harm. System administrators should be careful. + + +File: libc.info, Node: NSS Module Function Internals, Prev: Adding another Service to NSS, Up: Extending NSS + +28.4.2 Internals of the NSS Module Functions +-------------------------------------------- + +Until now we only provided the syntactic interface for the functions in +the NSS module. In fact there is not much more we can say since the +implementation obviously is different for each function. But a few +general rules must be followed by all functions. + + In fact there are four kinds of different functions which may appear +in the interface. All derive from the traditional ones for system +databases. DB in the following table is normally an abbreviation for +the database (e.g., it is `pw' for the password database). + +`enum nss_status _nss_DATABASE_setDBent (void)' + This function prepares the service for following operations. For a + simple file based lookup this means files could be opened, for + other services this function simply is a noop. + + One special case for this function is that it takes an additional + argument for some DATABASEs (i.e., the interface is `int setDBent + (int)'). *note Host Names::, which describes the `sethostent' + function. + + The return value should be NSS_STATUS_SUCCESS or according to the + table above in case of an error (*note NSS Modules Interface::). + +`enum nss_status _nss_DATABASE_endDBent (void)' + This function simply closes all files which are still open or + removes buffer caches. If there are no files or buffers to remove + this is again a simple noop. + + There normally is no return value different to NSS_STATUS_SUCCESS. + +`enum nss_status _nss_DATABASE_getDBent_r (STRUCTURE *result, char *buffer, size_t buflen, int *errnop)' + Since this function will be called several times in a row to + retrieve one entry after the other it must keep some kind of + state. But this also means the functions are not really + reentrant. They are reentrant only in that simultaneous calls to + this function will not try to write the retrieved data in the same + place (as it would be the case for the non-reentrant functions); + instead, it writes to the structure pointed to by the RESULT + parameter. But the calls share a common state and in the case of + a file access this means they return neighboring entries in the + file. + + The buffer of length BUFLEN pointed to by BUFFER can be used for + storing some additional data for the result. It is _not_ + guaranteed that the same buffer will be passed for the next call + of this function. Therefore one must not misuse this buffer to + save some state information from one call to another. + + Before the function returns the implementation should store the + value of the local ERRNO variable in the variable pointed to be + ERRNOP. This is important to guarantee the module working in + statically linked programs. + + As explained above this function could also have an additional last + argument. This depends on the database used; it happens only for + `host' and `networks'. + + The function shall return `NSS_STATUS_SUCCESS' as long as there are + more entries. When the last entry was read it should return + `NSS_STATUS_NOTFOUND'. When the buffer given as an argument is too + small for the data to be returned `NSS_STATUS_TRYAGAIN' should be + returned. When the service was not formerly initialized by a call + to `_nss_DATABASE_setDBent' all return value allowed for this + function can also be returned here. + +`enum nss_status _nss_DATABASE_getDBbyXX_r (PARAMS, STRUCTURE *result, char *buffer, size_t buflen, int *errnop)' + This function shall return the entry from the database which is + addressed by the PARAMS. The type and number of these arguments + vary. It must be individually determined by looking to the + user-level interface functions. All arguments given to the + non-reentrant version are here described by PARAMS. + + The result must be stored in the structure pointed to by RESULT. + If there is additional data to return (say strings, where the + RESULT structure only contains pointers) the function must use the + BUFFER or length BUFLEN. There must not be any references to + non-constant global data. + + The implementation of this function should honor the STAYOPEN flag + set by the `setDBent' function whenever this makes sense. + + Before the function returns the implementation should store the + value of the local ERRNO variable in the variable pointed to be + ERRNOP. This is important to guarantee the module working in + statically linked programs. + + Again, this function takes an additional last argument for the + `host' and `networks' database. + + The return value should as always follow the rules given above + (*note NSS Modules Interface::). + + + +File: libc.info, Node: Users and Groups, Next: System Management, Prev: Name Service Switch, Up: Top + +29 Users and Groups +******************* + +Every user who can log in on the system is identified by a unique number +called the "user ID". Each process has an effective user ID which says +which user's access permissions it has. + + Users are classified into "groups" for access control purposes. Each +process has one or more "group ID values" which say which groups the +process can use for access to files. + + The effective user and group IDs of a process collectively form its +"persona". This determines which files the process can access. +Normally, a process inherits its persona from the parent process, but +under special circumstances a process can change its persona and thus +change its access permissions. + + Each file in the system also has a user ID and a group ID. Access +control works by comparing the user and group IDs of the file with those +of the running process. + + The system keeps a database of all the registered users, and another +database of all the defined groups. There are library functions you +can use to examine these databases. + +* Menu: + +* User and Group IDs:: Each user has a unique numeric ID; + likewise for groups. +* Process Persona:: The user IDs and group IDs of a process. +* Why Change Persona:: Why a program might need to change + its user and/or group IDs. +* How Change Persona:: Changing the user and group IDs. +* Reading Persona:: How to examine the user and group IDs. + +* Setting User ID:: Functions for setting the user ID. +* Setting Groups:: Functions for setting the group IDs. + +* Enable/Disable Setuid:: Turning setuid access on and off. +* Setuid Program Example:: The pertinent parts of one sample program. +* Tips for Setuid:: How to avoid granting unlimited access. + +* Who Logged In:: Getting the name of the user who logged in, + or of the real user ID of the current process. + +* User Accounting Database:: Keeping information about users and various + actions in databases. + +* User Database:: Functions and data structures for + accessing the user database. +* Group Database:: Functions and data structures for + accessing the group database. +* Database Example:: Example program showing the use of database + inquiry functions. +* Netgroup Database:: Functions for accessing the netgroup database. + + +File: libc.info, Node: User and Group IDs, Next: Process Persona, Up: Users and Groups + +29.1 User and Group IDs +======================= + +Each user account on a computer system is identified by a "user name" +(or "login name") and "user ID". Normally, each user name has a unique +user ID, but it is possible for several login names to have the same +user ID. The user names and corresponding user IDs are stored in a +data base which you can access as described in *note User Database::. + + Users are classified in "groups". Each user name belongs to one +"default group" and may also belong to any number of "supplementary +groups". Users who are members of the same group can share resources +(such as files) that are not accessible to users who are not a member +of that group. Each group has a "group name" and "group ID". *Note +Group Database::, for how to find information about a group ID or group +name. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Process Persona, Next: Why Change Persona, Prev: User and Group IDs, Up: Users and Groups + +29.2 The Persona of a Process +============================= + +At any time, each process has an "effective user ID", a "effective +group ID", and a set of "supplementary group IDs". These IDs determine +the privileges of the process. They are collectively called the +"persona" of the process, because they determine "who it is" for +purposes of access control. + + Your login shell starts out with a persona which consists of your +user ID, your default group ID, and your supplementary group IDs (if +you are in more than one group). In normal circumstances, all your +other processes inherit these values. + + A process also has a "real user ID" which identifies the user who +created the process, and a "real group ID" which identifies that user's +default group. These values do not play a role in access control, so +we do not consider them part of the persona. But they are also +important. + + Both the real and effective user ID can be changed during the +lifetime of a process. *Note Why Change Persona::. + + For details on how a process's effective user ID and group IDs affect +its permission to access files, see *note Access Permission::. + + The effective user ID of a process also controls permissions for +sending signals using the `kill' function. *Note Signaling Another +Process::. + + Finally, there are many operations which can only be performed by a +process whose effective user ID is zero. A process with this user ID is +a "privileged process". Commonly the user name `root' is associated +with user ID 0, but there may be other user names with this ID. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Why Change Persona, Next: How Change Persona, Prev: Process Persona, Up: Users and Groups + +29.3 Why Change the Persona of a Process? +========================================= + +The most obvious situation where it is necessary for a process to change +its user and/or group IDs is the `login' program. When `login' starts +running, its user ID is `root'. Its job is to start a shell whose user +and group IDs are those of the user who is logging in. (To accomplish +this fully, `login' must set the real user and group IDs as well as its +persona. But this is a special case.) + + The more common case of changing persona is when an ordinary user +program needs access to a resource that wouldn't ordinarily be +accessible to the user actually running it. + + For example, you may have a file that is controlled by your program +but that shouldn't be read or modified directly by other users, either +because it implements some kind of locking protocol, or because you want +to preserve the integrity or privacy of the information it contains. +This kind of restricted access can be implemented by having the program +change its effective user or group ID to match that of the resource. + + Thus, imagine a game program that saves scores in a file. The game +program itself needs to be able to update this file no matter who is +running it, but if users can write the file without going through the +game, they can give themselves any scores they like. Some people +consider this undesirable, or even reprehensible. It can be prevented +by creating a new user ID and login name (say, `games') to own the +scores file, and make the file writable only by this user. Then, when +the game program wants to update this file, it can change its effective +user ID to be that for `games'. In effect, the program must adopt the +persona of `games' so it can write the scores file. + + +File: libc.info, Node: How Change Persona, Next: Reading Persona, Prev: Why Change Persona, Up: Users and Groups + +29.4 How an Application Can Change Persona +========================================== + +The ability to change the persona of a process can be a source of +unintentional privacy violations, or even intentional abuse. Because of +the potential for problems, changing persona is restricted to special +circumstances. + + You can't arbitrarily set your user ID or group ID to anything you +want; only privileged processes can do that. Instead, the normal way +for a program to change its persona is that it has been set up in +advance to change to a particular user or group. This is the function +of the setuid and setgid bits of a file's access mode. *Note +Permission Bits::. + + When the setuid bit of an executable file is on, executing that file +gives the process a third user ID: the "file user ID". This ID is set +to the owner ID of the file. The system then changes the effective +user ID to the file user ID. The real user ID remains as it was. +Likewise, if the setgid bit is on, the process is given a "file group +ID" equal to the group ID of the file, and its effective group ID is +changed to the file group ID. + + If a process has a file ID (user or group), then it can at any time +change its effective ID to its real ID and back to its file ID. +Programs use this feature to relinquish their special privileges except +when they actually need them. This makes it less likely that they can +be tricked into doing something inappropriate with their privileges. + + *Portability Note:* Older systems do not have file IDs. To +determine if a system has this feature, you can test the compiler +define `_POSIX_SAVED_IDS'. (In the POSIX standard, file IDs are known +as saved IDs.) + + *Note File Attributes::, for a more general discussion of file modes +and accessibility. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Reading Persona, Next: Setting User ID, Prev: How Change Persona, Up: Users and Groups + +29.5 Reading the Persona of a Process +===================================== + +Here are detailed descriptions of the functions for reading the user and +group IDs of a process, both real and effective. To use these +facilities, you must include the header files `sys/types.h' and +`unistd.h'. + + -- Data Type: uid_t + This is an integer data type used to represent user IDs. In the + GNU library, this is an alias for `unsigned int'. + + -- Data Type: gid_t + This is an integer data type used to represent group IDs. In the + GNU library, this is an alias for `unsigned int'. + + -- Function: uid_t getuid (void) + The `getuid' function returns the real user ID of the process. + + -- Function: gid_t getgid (void) + The `getgid' function returns the real group ID of the process. + + -- Function: uid_t geteuid (void) + The `geteuid' function returns the effective user ID of the + process. + + -- Function: gid_t getegid (void) + The `getegid' function returns the effective group ID of the + process. + + -- Function: int getgroups (int COUNT, gid_t *GROUPS) + The `getgroups' function is used to inquire about the supplementary + group IDs of the process. Up to COUNT of these group IDs are + stored in the array GROUPS; the return value from the function is + the number of group IDs actually stored. If COUNT is smaller than + the total number of supplementary group IDs, then `getgroups' + returns a value of `-1' and `errno' is set to `EINVAL'. + + If COUNT is zero, then `getgroups' just returns the total number + of supplementary group IDs. On systems that do not support + supplementary groups, this will always be zero. + + Here's how to use `getgroups' to read all the supplementary group + IDs: + + gid_t * + read_all_groups (void) + { + int ngroups = getgroups (0, NULL); + gid_t *groups + = (gid_t *) xmalloc (ngroups * sizeof (gid_t)); + int val = getgroups (ngroups, groups); + if (val < 0) + { + free (groups); + return NULL; + } + return groups; + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Setting User ID, Next: Setting Groups, Prev: Reading Persona, Up: Users and Groups + +29.6 Setting the User ID +======================== + +This section describes the functions for altering the user ID (real +and/or effective) of a process. To use these facilities, you must +include the header files `sys/types.h' and `unistd.h'. + + -- Function: int seteuid (uid_t NEWEUID) + This function sets the effective user ID of a process to NEWUID, + provided that the process is allowed to change its effective user + ID. A privileged process (effective user ID zero) can change its + effective user ID to any legal value. An unprivileged process + with a file user ID can change its effective user ID to its real + user ID or to its file user ID. Otherwise, a process may not + change its effective user ID at all. + + The `seteuid' function returns a value of `0' to indicate + successful completion, and a value of `-1' to indicate an error. + The following `errno' error conditions are defined for this + function: + + `EINVAL' + The value of the NEWUID argument is invalid. + + `EPERM' + The process may not change to the specified ID. + + Older systems (those without the `_POSIX_SAVED_IDS' feature) do not + have this function. + + -- Function: int setuid (uid_t NEWUID) + If the calling process is privileged, this function sets both the + real and effective user ID of the process to NEWUID. It also + deletes the file user ID of the process, if any. NEWUID may be any + legal value. (Once this has been done, there is no way to recover + the old effective user ID.) + + If the process is not privileged, and the system supports the + `_POSIX_SAVED_IDS' feature, then this function behaves like + `seteuid'. + + The return values and error conditions are the same as for + `seteuid'. + + -- Function: int setreuid (uid_t RUID, uid_t EUID) + This function sets the real user ID of the process to RUID and the + effective user ID to EUID. If RUID is `-1', it means not to + change the real user ID; likewise if EUID is `-1', it means not to + change the effective user ID. + + The `setreuid' function exists for compatibility with 4.3 BSD Unix, + which does not support file IDs. You can use this function to + swap the effective and real user IDs of the process. (Privileged + processes are not limited to this particular usage.) If file IDs + are supported, you should use that feature instead of this + function. *Note Enable/Disable Setuid::. + + The return value is `0' on success and `-1' on failure. The + following `errno' error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EPERM' + The process does not have the appropriate privileges; you do + not have permission to change to the specified ID. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Setting Groups, Next: Enable/Disable Setuid, Prev: Setting User ID, Up: Users and Groups + +29.7 Setting the Group IDs +========================== + +This section describes the functions for altering the group IDs (real +and effective) of a process. To use these facilities, you must include +the header files `sys/types.h' and `unistd.h'. + + -- Function: int setegid (gid_t NEWGID) + This function sets the effective group ID of the process to + NEWGID, provided that the process is allowed to change its group + ID. Just as with `seteuid', if the process is privileged it may + change its effective group ID to any value; if it isn't, but it + has a file group ID, then it may change to its real group ID or + file group ID; otherwise it may not change its effective group ID. + + Note that a process is only privileged if its effective _user_ ID + is zero. The effective group ID only affects access permissions. + + The return values and error conditions for `setegid' are the same + as those for `seteuid'. + + This function is only present if `_POSIX_SAVED_IDS' is defined. + + -- Function: int setgid (gid_t NEWGID) + This function sets both the real and effective group ID of the + process to NEWGID, provided that the process is privileged. It + also deletes the file group ID, if any. + + If the process is not privileged, then `setgid' behaves like + `setegid'. + + The return values and error conditions for `setgid' are the same + as those for `seteuid'. + + -- Function: int setregid (gid_t RGID, gid_t EGID) + This function sets the real group ID of the process to RGID and + the effective group ID to EGID. If RGID is `-1', it means not to + change the real group ID; likewise if EGID is `-1', it means not + to change the effective group ID. + + The `setregid' function is provided for compatibility with 4.3 BSD + Unix, which does not support file IDs. You can use this function + to swap the effective and real group IDs of the process. + (Privileged processes are not limited to this usage.) If file IDs + are supported, you should use that feature instead of using this + function. *Note Enable/Disable Setuid::. + + The return values and error conditions for `setregid' are the same + as those for `setreuid'. + + `setuid' and `setgid' behave differently depending on whether the +effective user ID at the time is zero. If it is not zero, they behave +like `seteuid' and `setegid'. If it is, they change both effective and +real IDs and delete the file ID. To avoid confusion, we recommend you +always use `seteuid' and `setegid' except when you know the effective +user ID is zero and your intent is to change the persona permanently. +This case is rare--most of the programs that need it, such as `login' +and `su', have already been written. + + Note that if your program is setuid to some user other than `root', +there is no way to drop privileges permanently. + + The system also lets privileged processes change their supplementary +group IDs. To use `setgroups' or `initgroups', your programs should +include the header file `grp.h'. + + -- Function: int setgroups (size_t COUNT, gid_t *GROUPS) + This function sets the process's supplementary group IDs. It can + only be called from privileged processes. The COUNT argument + specifies the number of group IDs in the array GROUPS. + + This function returns `0' if successful and `-1' on error. The + following `errno' error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EPERM' + The calling process is not privileged. + + -- Function: int initgroups (const char *USER, gid_t GROUP) + The `initgroups' function sets the process's supplementary group + IDs to be the normal default for the user name USER. The group + GROUP is automatically included. + + This function works by scanning the group database for all the + groups USER belongs to. It then calls `setgroups' with the list it + has constructed. + + The return values and error conditions are the same as for + `setgroups'. + + If you are interested in the groups a particular user belongs to, +but do not want to change the process's supplementary group IDs, you +can use `getgrouplist'. To use `getgrouplist', your programs should +include the header file `grp.h'. + + -- Function: int getgrouplist (const char *USER, gid_t GROUP, gid_t + *GROUPS, int *NGROUPS) + The `getgrouplist' function scans the group database for all the + groups USER belongs to. Up to *NGROUPS group IDs corresponding to + these groups are stored in the array GROUPS; the return value from + the function is the number of group IDs actually stored. If + *NGROUPS is smaller than the total number of groups found, then + `getgrouplist' returns a value of `-1' and stores the actual + number of groups in *NGROUPS. The group GROUP is automatically + included in the list of groups returned by `getgrouplist'. + + Here's how to use `getgrouplist' to read all supplementary groups + for USER: + + gid_t * + supplementary_groups (char *user) + { + int ngroups = 16; + gid_t *groups + = (gid_t *) xmalloc (ngroups * sizeof (gid_t)); + struct passwd *pw = getpwnam (user); + + if (pw == NULL) + return NULL; + + if (getgrouplist (pw->pw_name, pw->pw_gid, groups, &ngroups) < 0) + { + groups = xrealloc (ngroups * sizeof (gid_t)); + getgrouplist (pw->pw_name, pw->pw_gid, groups, &ngroups); + } + return groups; + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Enable/Disable Setuid, Next: Setuid Program Example, Prev: Setting Groups, Up: Users and Groups + +29.8 Enabling and Disabling Setuid Access +========================================= + +A typical setuid program does not need its special access all of the +time. It's a good idea to turn off this access when it isn't needed, +so it can't possibly give unintended access. + + If the system supports the `_POSIX_SAVED_IDS' feature, you can +accomplish this with `seteuid'. When the game program starts, its real +user ID is `jdoe', its effective user ID is `games', and its saved user +ID is also `games'. The program should record both user ID values once +at the beginning, like this: + + user_user_id = getuid (); + game_user_id = geteuid (); + + Then it can turn off game file access with + + seteuid (user_user_id); + +and turn it on with + + seteuid (game_user_id); + +Throughout this process, the real user ID remains `jdoe' and the file +user ID remains `games', so the program can always set its effective +user ID to either one. + + On other systems that don't support file user IDs, you can turn +setuid access on and off by using `setreuid' to swap the real and +effective user IDs of the process, as follows: + + setreuid (geteuid (), getuid ()); + +This special case is always allowed--it cannot fail. + + Why does this have the effect of toggling the setuid access? +Suppose a game program has just started, and its real user ID is `jdoe' +while its effective user ID is `games'. In this state, the game can +write the scores file. If it swaps the two uids, the real becomes +`games' and the effective becomes `jdoe'; now the program has only +`jdoe' access. Another swap brings `games' back to the effective user +ID and restores access to the scores file. + + In order to handle both kinds of systems, test for the saved user ID +feature with a preprocessor conditional, like this: + + #ifdef _POSIX_SAVED_IDS + seteuid (user_user_id); + #else + setreuid (geteuid (), getuid ()); + #endif + + +File: libc.info, Node: Setuid Program Example, Next: Tips for Setuid, Prev: Enable/Disable Setuid, Up: Users and Groups + +29.9 Setuid Program Example +=========================== + +Here's an example showing how to set up a program that changes its +effective user ID. + + This is part of a game program called `caber-toss' that manipulates +a file `scores' that should be writable only by the game program +itself. The program assumes that its executable file will be installed +with the setuid bit set and owned by the same user as the `scores' +file. Typically, a system administrator will set up an account like +`games' for this purpose. + + The executable file is given mode `4755', so that doing an `ls -l' +on it produces output like: + + -rwsr-xr-x 1 games 184422 Jul 30 15:17 caber-toss + +The setuid bit shows up in the file modes as the `s'. + + The scores file is given mode `644', and doing an `ls -l' on it +shows: + + -rw-r--r-- 1 games 0 Jul 31 15:33 scores + + Here are the parts of the program that show how to set up the changed +user ID. This program is conditionalized so that it makes use of the +file IDs feature if it is supported, and otherwise uses `setreuid' to +swap the effective and real user IDs. + + #include + #include + #include + #include + + + /* Remember the effective and real UIDs. */ + + static uid_t euid, ruid; + + + /* Restore the effective UID to its original value. */ + + void + do_setuid (void) + { + int status; + + #ifdef _POSIX_SAVED_IDS + status = seteuid (euid); + #else + status = setreuid (ruid, euid); + #endif + if (status < 0) { + fprintf (stderr, "Couldn't set uid.\n"); + exit (status); + } + } + + + /* Set the effective UID to the real UID. */ + + void + undo_setuid (void) + { + int status; + + #ifdef _POSIX_SAVED_IDS + status = seteuid (ruid); + #else + status = setreuid (euid, ruid); + #endif + if (status < 0) { + fprintf (stderr, "Couldn't set uid.\n"); + exit (status); + } + } + + /* Main program. */ + + int + main (void) + { + /* Remember the real and effective user IDs. */ + ruid = getuid (); + euid = geteuid (); + undo_setuid (); + + /* Do the game and record the score. */ + ... + } + + Notice how the first thing the `main' function does is to set the +effective user ID back to the real user ID. This is so that any other +file accesses that are performed while the user is playing the game use +the real user ID for determining permissions. Only when the program +needs to open the scores file does it switch back to the file user ID, +like this: + + /* Record the score. */ + + int + record_score (int score) + { + FILE *stream; + char *myname; + + /* Open the scores file. */ + do_setuid (); + stream = fopen (SCORES_FILE, "a"); + undo_setuid (); + + /* Write the score to the file. */ + if (stream) + { + myname = cuserid (NULL); + if (score < 0) + fprintf (stream, "%10s: Couldn't lift the caber.\n", myname); + else + fprintf (stream, "%10s: %d feet.\n", myname, score); + fclose (stream); + return 0; + } + else + return -1; + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Tips for Setuid, Next: Who Logged In, Prev: Setuid Program Example, Up: Users and Groups + +29.10 Tips for Writing Setuid Programs +====================================== + +It is easy for setuid programs to give the user access that isn't +intended--in fact, if you want to avoid this, you need to be careful. +Here are some guidelines for preventing unintended access and +minimizing its consequences when it does occur: + + * Don't have `setuid' programs with privileged user IDs such as + `root' unless it is absolutely necessary. If the resource is + specific to your particular program, it's better to define a new, + nonprivileged user ID or group ID just to manage that resource. + It's better if you can write your program to use a special group + than a special user. + + * Be cautious about using the `exec' functions in combination with + changing the effective user ID. Don't let users of your program + execute arbitrary programs under a changed user ID. Executing a + shell is especially bad news. Less obviously, the `execlp' and + `execvp' functions are a potential risk (since the program they + execute depends on the user's `PATH' environment variable). + + If you must `exec' another program under a changed ID, specify an + absolute file name (*note File Name Resolution::) for the + executable, and make sure that the protections on that executable + and _all_ containing directories are such that ordinary users + cannot replace it with some other program. + + You should also check the arguments passed to the program to make + sure they do not have unexpected effects. Likewise, you should + examine the environment variables. Decide which arguments and + variables are safe, and reject all others. + + You should never use `system' in a privileged program, because it + invokes a shell. + + * Only use the user ID controlling the resource in the part of the + program that actually uses that resource. When you're finished + with it, restore the effective user ID back to the actual user's + user ID. *Note Enable/Disable Setuid::. + + * If the `setuid' part of your program needs to access other files + besides the controlled resource, it should verify that the real + user would ordinarily have permission to access those files. You + can use the `access' function (*note Access Permission::) to check + this; it uses the real user and group IDs, rather than the + effective IDs. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Who Logged In, Next: User Accounting Database, Prev: Tips for Setuid, Up: Users and Groups + +29.11 Identifying Who Logged In +=============================== + +You can use the functions listed in this section to determine the login +name of the user who is running a process, and the name of the user who +logged in the current session. See also the function `getuid' and +friends (*note Reading Persona::). How this information is collected by +the system and how to control/add/remove information from the background +storage is described in *note User Accounting Database::. + + The `getlogin' function is declared in `unistd.h', while `cuserid' +and `L_cuserid' are declared in `stdio.h'. + + -- Function: char * getlogin (void) + The `getlogin' function returns a pointer to a string containing + the name of the user logged in on the controlling terminal of the + process, or a null pointer if this information cannot be + determined. The string is statically allocated and might be + overwritten on subsequent calls to this function or to `cuserid'. + + -- Function: char * cuserid (char *STRING) + The `cuserid' function returns a pointer to a string containing a + user name associated with the effective ID of the process. If + STRING is not a null pointer, it should be an array that can hold + at least `L_cuserid' characters; the string is returned in this + array. Otherwise, a pointer to a string in a static area is + returned. This string is statically allocated and might be + overwritten on subsequent calls to this function or to `getlogin'. + + The use of this function is deprecated since it is marked to be + withdrawn in XPG4.2 and has already been removed from newer + revisions of POSIX.1. + + -- Macro: int L_cuserid + An integer constant that indicates how long an array you might + need to store a user name. + + These functions let your program identify positively the user who is +running or the user who logged in this session. (These can differ when +setuid programs are involved; see *note Process Persona::.) The user +cannot do anything to fool these functions. + + For most purposes, it is more useful to use the environment variable +`LOGNAME' to find out who the user is. This is more flexible precisely +because the user can set `LOGNAME' arbitrarily. *Note Standard +Environment::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: User Accounting Database, Next: User Database, Prev: Who Logged In, Up: Users and Groups + +29.12 The User Accounting Database +================================== + +Most Unix-like operating systems keep track of logged in users by +maintaining a user accounting database. This user accounting database +stores for each terminal, who has logged on, at what time, the process +ID of the user's login shell, etc., etc., but also stores information +about the run level of the system, the time of the last system reboot, +and possibly more. + + The user accounting database typically lives in `/etc/utmp', +`/var/adm/utmp' or `/var/run/utmp'. However, these files should +*never* be accessed directly. For reading information from and writing +information to the user accounting database, the functions described in +this section should be used. + +* Menu: + +* Manipulating the Database:: Scanning and modifying the user + accounting database. +* XPG Functions:: A standardized way for doing the same thing. +* Logging In and Out:: Functions from BSD that modify the user + accounting database. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Manipulating the Database, Next: XPG Functions, Up: User Accounting Database + +29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database +------------------------------------------------- + +These functions and the corresponding data structures are declared in +the header file `utmp.h'. + + -- Data Type: struct exit_status + The `exit_status' data structure is used to hold information about + the exit status of processes marked as `DEAD_PROCESS' in the user + accounting database. + + `short int e_termination' + The exit status of the process. + + `short int e_exit' + The exit status of the process. + + -- Data Type: struct utmp + The `utmp' data structure is used to hold information about entries + in the user accounting database. On the GNU system it has the + following members: + + `short int ut_type' + Specifies the type of login; one of `EMPTY', `RUN_LVL', + `BOOT_TIME', `OLD_TIME', `NEW_TIME', `INIT_PROCESS', + `LOGIN_PROCESS', `USER_PROCESS', `DEAD_PROCESS' or + `ACCOUNTING'. + + `pid_t ut_pid' + The process ID number of the login process. + + `char ut_line[]' + The device name of the tty (without `/dev/'). + + `char ut_id[]' + The inittab ID of the process. + + `char ut_user[]' + The user's login name. + + `char ut_host[]' + The name of the host from which the user logged in. + + `struct exit_status ut_exit' + The exit status of a process marked as `DEAD_PROCESS'. + + `long ut_session' + The Session ID, used for windowing. + + `struct timeval ut_tv' + Time the entry was made. For entries of type `OLD_TIME' this + is the time when the system clock changed, and for entries of + type `NEW_TIME' this is the time the system clock was set to. + + `int32_t ut_addr_v6[4]' + The Internet address of a remote host. + + The `ut_type', `ut_pid', `ut_id', `ut_tv', and `ut_host' fields are +not available on all systems. Portable applications therefore should +be prepared for these situations. To help doing this the `utmp.h' +header provides macros `_HAVE_UT_TYPE', `_HAVE_UT_PID', `_HAVE_UT_ID', +`_HAVE_UT_TV', and `_HAVE_UT_HOST' if the respective field is +available. The programmer can handle the situations by using `#ifdef' +in the program code. + + The following macros are defined for use as values for the `ut_type' +member of the `utmp' structure. The values are integer constants. + +`EMPTY' + This macro is used to indicate that the entry contains no valid + user accounting information. + +`RUN_LVL' + This macro is used to identify the systems runlevel. + +`BOOT_TIME' + This macro is used to identify the time of system boot. + +`OLD_TIME' + This macro is used to identify the time when the system clock + changed. + +`NEW_TIME' + This macro is used to identify the time after the system changed. + +`INIT_PROCESS' + This macro is used to identify a process spawned by the init + process. + +`LOGIN_PROCESS' + This macro is used to identify the session leader of a logged in + user. + +`USER_PROCESS' + This macro is used to identify a user process. + +`DEAD_PROCESS' + This macro is used to identify a terminated process. + +`ACCOUNTING' + ??? + + The size of the `ut_line', `ut_id', `ut_user' and `ut_host' arrays +can be found using the `sizeof' operator. + + Many older systems have, instead of an `ut_tv' member, an `ut_time' +member, usually of type `time_t', for representing the time associated +with the entry. Therefore, for backwards compatibility only, `utmp.h' +defines `ut_time' as an alias for `ut_tv.tv_sec'. + + -- Function: void setutent (void) + This function opens the user accounting database to begin scanning + it. You can then call `getutent', `getutid' or `getutline' to + read entries and `pututline' to write entries. + + If the database is already open, it resets the input to the + beginning of the database. + + -- Function: struct utmp * getutent (void) + The `getutent' function reads the next entry from the user + accounting database. It returns a pointer to the entry, which is + statically allocated and may be overwritten by subsequent calls to + `getutent'. You must copy the contents of the structure if you + wish to save the information or you can use the `getutent_r' + function which stores the data in a user-provided buffer. + + A null pointer is returned in case no further entry is available. + + -- Function: void endutent (void) + This function closes the user accounting database. + + -- Function: struct utmp * getutid (const struct utmp *ID) + This function searches forward from the current point in the + database for an entry that matches ID. If the `ut_type' member of + the ID structure is one of `RUN_LVL', `BOOT_TIME', `OLD_TIME' or + `NEW_TIME' the entries match if the `ut_type' members are + identical. If the `ut_type' member of the ID structure is + `INIT_PROCESS', `LOGIN_PROCESS', `USER_PROCESS' or `DEAD_PROCESS', + the entries match if the `ut_type' member of the entry read from + the database is one of these four, and the `ut_id' members match. + However if the `ut_id' member of either the ID structure or the + entry read from the database is empty it checks if the `ut_line' + members match instead. If a matching entry is found, `getutid' + returns a pointer to the entry, which is statically allocated, and + may be overwritten by a subsequent call to `getutent', `getutid' + or `getutline'. You must copy the contents of the structure if + you wish to save the information. + + A null pointer is returned in case the end of the database is + reached without a match. + + The `getutid' function may cache the last read entry. Therefore, + if you are using `getutid' to search for multiple occurrences, it + is necessary to zero out the static data after each call. + Otherwise `getutid' could just return a pointer to the same entry + over and over again. + + -- Function: struct utmp * getutline (const struct utmp *LINE) + This function searches forward from the current point in the + database until it finds an entry whose `ut_type' value is + `LOGIN_PROCESS' or `USER_PROCESS', and whose `ut_line' member + matches the `ut_line' member of the LINE structure. If it finds + such an entry, it returns a pointer to the entry which is + statically allocated, and may be overwritten by a subsequent call + to `getutent', `getutid' or `getutline'. You must copy the + contents of the structure if you wish to save the information. + + A null pointer is returned in case the end of the database is + reached without a match. + + The `getutline' function may cache the last read entry. Therefore + if you are using `getutline' to search for multiple occurrences, it + is necessary to zero out the static data after each call. + Otherwise `getutline' could just return a pointer to the same + entry over and over again. + + -- Function: struct utmp * pututline (const struct utmp *UTMP) + The `pututline' function inserts the entry `*UTMP' at the + appropriate place in the user accounting database. If it finds + that it is not already at the correct place in the database, it + uses `getutid' to search for the position to insert the entry, + however this will not modify the static structure returned by + `getutent', `getutid' and `getutline'. If this search fails, the + entry is appended to the database. + + The `pututline' function returns a pointer to a copy of the entry + inserted in the user accounting database, or a null pointer if the + entry could not be added. The following `errno' error conditions + are defined for this function: + + `EPERM' + The process does not have the appropriate privileges; you + cannot modify the user accounting database. + + All the `get*' functions mentioned before store the information they +return in a static buffer. This can be a problem in multi-threaded +programs since the data returned for the request is overwritten by the +return value data in another thread. Therefore the GNU C Library +provides as extensions three more functions which return the data in a +user-provided buffer. + + -- Function: int getutent_r (struct utmp *BUFFER, struct utmp **RESULT) + The `getutent_r' is equivalent to the `getutent' function. It + returns the next entry from the database. But instead of storing + the information in a static buffer it stores it in the buffer + pointed to by the parameter BUFFER. + + If the call was successful, the function returns `0' and the + pointer variable pointed to by the parameter RESULT contains a + pointer to the buffer which contains the result (this is most + probably the same value as BUFFER). If something went wrong + during the execution of `getutent_r' the function returns `-1'. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: int getutid_r (const struct utmp *ID, struct utmp + *BUFFER, struct utmp **RESULT) + This function retrieves just like `getutid' the next entry matching + the information stored in ID. But the result is stored in the + buffer pointed to by the parameter BUFFER. + + If successful the function returns `0' and the pointer variable + pointed to by the parameter RESULT contains a pointer to the + buffer with the result (probably the same as RESULT. If not + successful the function return `-1'. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + -- Function: int getutline_r (const struct utmp *LINE, struct utmp + *BUFFER, struct utmp **RESULT) + This function retrieves just like `getutline' the next entry + matching the information stored in LINE. But the result is stored + in the buffer pointed to by the parameter BUFFER. + + If successful the function returns `0' and the pointer variable + pointed to by the parameter RESULT contains a pointer to the + buffer with the result (probably the same as RESULT. If not + successful the function return `-1'. + + This function is a GNU extension. + + In addition to the user accounting database, most systems keep a +number of similar databases. For example most systems keep a log file +with all previous logins (usually in `/etc/wtmp' or `/var/log/wtmp'). + + For specifying which database to examine, the following function +should be used. + + -- Function: int utmpname (const char *FILE) + The `utmpname' function changes the name of the database to be + examined to FILE, and closes any previously opened database. By + default `getutent', `getutid', `getutline' and `pututline' read + from and write to the user accounting database. + + The following macros are defined for use as the FILE argument: + + -- Macro: char * _PATH_UTMP + This macro is used to specify the user accounting database. + + -- Macro: char * _PATH_WTMP + This macro is used to specify the user accounting log file. + + The `utmpname' function returns a value of `0' if the new name was + successfully stored, and a value of `-1' to indicate an error. + Note that `utmpname' does not try to open the database, and that + therefore the return value does not say anything about whether the + database can be successfully opened. + + Specially for maintaining log-like databases the GNU C Library +provides the following function: + + -- Function: void updwtmp (const char *WTMP_FILE, const struct utmp + *UTMP) + The `updwtmp' function appends the entry *UTMP to the database + specified by WTMP_FILE. For possible values for the WTMP_FILE + argument see the `utmpname' function. + + *Portability Note:* Although many operating systems provide a subset +of these functions, they are not standardized. There are often subtle +differences in the return types, and there are considerable differences +between the various definitions of `struct utmp'. When programming for +the GNU system, it is probably best to stick with the functions +described in this section. If however, you want your program to be +portable, consider using the XPG functions described in *note XPG +Functions::, or take a look at the BSD compatible functions in *note +Logging In and Out::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: XPG Functions, Next: Logging In and Out, Prev: Manipulating the Database, Up: User Accounting Database + +29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions +---------------------------------------------- + +These functions, described in the X/Open Portability Guide, are declared +in the header file `utmpx.h'. + + -- Data Type: struct utmpx + The `utmpx' data structure contains at least the following members: + + `short int ut_type' + Specifies the type of login; one of `EMPTY', `RUN_LVL', + `BOOT_TIME', `OLD_TIME', `NEW_TIME', `INIT_PROCESS', + `LOGIN_PROCESS', `USER_PROCESS' or `DEAD_PROCESS'. + + `pid_t ut_pid' + The process ID number of the login process. + + `char ut_line[]' + The device name of the tty (without `/dev/'). + + `char ut_id[]' + The inittab ID of the process. + + `char ut_user[]' + The user's login name. + + `struct timeval ut_tv' + Time the entry was made. For entries of type `OLD_TIME' this + is the time when the system clock changed, and for entries of + type `NEW_TIME' this is the time the system clock was set to. + On the GNU system, `struct utmpx' is identical to `struct utmp' + except for the fact that including `utmpx.h' does not make visible + the declaration of `struct exit_status'. + + The following macros are defined for use as values for the `ut_type' +member of the `utmpx' structure. The values are integer constants and +are, on the GNU system, identical to the definitions in `utmp.h'. + +`EMPTY' + This macro is used to indicate that the entry contains no valid + user accounting information. + +`RUN_LVL' + This macro is used to identify the systems runlevel. + +`BOOT_TIME' + This macro is used to identify the time of system boot. + +`OLD_TIME' + This macro is used to identify the time when the system clock + changed. + +`NEW_TIME' + This macro is used to identify the time after the system changed. + +`INIT_PROCESS' + This macro is used to identify a process spawned by the init + process. + +`LOGIN_PROCESS' + This macro is used to identify the session leader of a logged in + user. + +`USER_PROCESS' + This macro is used to identify a user process. + +`DEAD_PROCESS' + This macro is used to identify a terminated process. + + The size of the `ut_line', `ut_id' and `ut_user' arrays can be found +using the `sizeof' operator. + + -- Function: void setutxent (void) + This function is similar to `setutent'. On the GNU system it is + simply an alias for `setutent'. + + -- Function: struct utmpx * getutxent (void) + The `getutxent' function is similar to `getutent', but returns a + pointer to a `struct utmpx' instead of `struct utmp'. On the GNU + system it simply is an alias for `getutent'. + + -- Function: void endutxent (void) + This function is similar to `endutent'. On the GNU system it is + simply an alias for `endutent'. + + -- Function: struct utmpx * getutxid (const struct utmpx *ID) + This function is similar to `getutid', but uses `struct utmpx' + instead of `struct utmp'. On the GNU system it is simply an alias + for `getutid'. + + -- Function: struct utmpx * getutxline (const struct utmpx *LINE) + This function is similar to `getutid', but uses `struct utmpx' + instead of `struct utmp'. On the GNU system it is simply an alias + for `getutline'. + + -- Function: struct utmpx * pututxline (const struct utmpx *UTMP) + The `pututxline' function is functionally identical to + `pututline', but uses `struct utmpx' instead of `struct utmp'. On + the GNU system, `pututxline' is simply an alias for `pututline'. + + -- Function: int utmpxname (const char *FILE) + The `utmpxname' function is functionally identical to `utmpname'. + On the GNU system, `utmpxname' is simply an alias for `utmpname'. + + You can translate between a traditional `struct utmp' and an XPG +`struct utmpx' with the following functions. On the GNU system, these +functions are merely copies, since the two structures are identical. + + -- Function: int getutmp (const struct utmpx *utmpx, struct utmp *utmp) + `getutmp' copies the information, insofar as the structures are + compatible, from UTMPX to UTMP. + + -- Function: int getutmpx (const struct utmp *utmp, struct utmpx + *utmpx) + `getutmpx' copies the information, insofar as the structures are + compatible, from UTMP to UTMPX. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Logging In and Out, Prev: XPG Functions, Up: User Accounting Database + +29.12.3 Logging In and Out +-------------------------- + +These functions, derived from BSD, are available in the separate +`libutil' library, and declared in `utmp.h'. + + Note that the `ut_user' member of `struct utmp' is called `ut_name' +in BSD. Therefore, `ut_name' is defined as an alias for `ut_user' in +`utmp.h'. + + -- Function: int login_tty (int FILEDES) + This function makes FILEDES the controlling terminal of the + current process, redirects standard input, standard output and + standard error output to this terminal, and closes FILEDES. + + This function returns `0' on successful completion, and `-1' on + error. + + -- Function: void login (const struct utmp *ENTRY) + The `login' functions inserts an entry into the user accounting + database. The `ut_line' member is set to the name of the terminal + on standard input. If standard input is not a terminal `login' + uses standard output or standard error output to determine the + name of the terminal. If `struct utmp' has a `ut_type' member, + `login' sets it to `USER_PROCESS', and if there is an `ut_pid' + member, it will be set to the process ID of the current process. + The remaining entries are copied from ENTRY. + + A copy of the entry is written to the user accounting log file. + + -- Function: int logout (const char *UT_LINE) + This function modifies the user accounting database to indicate + that the user on UT_LINE has logged out. + + The `logout' function returns `1' if the entry was successfully + written to the database, or `0' on error. + + -- Function: void logwtmp (const char *UT_LINE, const char *UT_NAME, + const char *UT_HOST) + The `logwtmp' function appends an entry to the user accounting log + file, for the current time and the information provided in the + UT_LINE, UT_NAME and UT_HOST arguments. + + *Portability Note:* The BSD `struct utmp' only has the `ut_line', +`ut_name', `ut_host' and `ut_time' members. Older systems do not even +have the `ut_host' member. + + +File: libc.info, Node: User Database, Next: Group Database, Prev: User Accounting Database, Up: Users and Groups + +29.13 User Database +=================== + +This section describes how to search and scan the database of registered +users. The database itself is kept in the file `/etc/passwd' on most +systems, but on some systems a special network server gives access to +it. + +* Menu: + +* User Data Structure:: What each user record contains. +* Lookup User:: How to look for a particular user. +* Scanning All Users:: Scanning the list of all users, one by one. +* Writing a User Entry:: How a program can rewrite a user's record. + + +File: libc.info, Node: User Data Structure, Next: Lookup User, Up: User Database + +29.13.1 The Data Structure that Describes a User +------------------------------------------------ + +The functions and data structures for accessing the system user database +are declared in the header file `pwd.h'. + + -- Data Type: struct passwd + The `passwd' data structure is used to hold information about + entries in the system user data base. It has at least the + following members: + + `char *pw_name' + The user's login name. + + `char *pw_passwd.' + The encrypted password string. + + `uid_t pw_uid' + The user ID number. + + `gid_t pw_gid' + The user's default group ID number. + + `char *pw_gecos' + A string typically containing the user's real name, and + possibly other information such as a phone number. + + `char *pw_dir' + The user's home directory, or initial working directory. + This might be a null pointer, in which case the + interpretation is system-dependent. + + `char *pw_shell' + The user's default shell, or the initial program run when the + user logs in. This might be a null pointer, indicating that + the system default should be used. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Lookup User, Next: Scanning All Users, Prev: User Data Structure, Up: User Database + +29.13.2 Looking Up One User +--------------------------- + +You can search the system user database for information about a +specific user using `getpwuid' or `getpwnam'. These functions are +declared in `pwd.h'. + + -- Function: struct passwd * getpwuid (uid_t UID) + This function returns a pointer to a statically-allocated structure + containing information about the user whose user ID is UID. This + structure may be overwritten on subsequent calls to `getpwuid'. + + A null pointer value indicates there is no user in the data base + with user ID UID. + + -- Function: int getpwuid_r (uid_t UID, struct passwd *RESULT_BUF, + char *BUFFER, size_t BUFLEN, struct passwd **RESULT) + This function is similar to `getpwuid' in that it returns + information about the user whose user ID is UID. However, it + fills the user supplied structure pointed to by RESULT_BUF with + the information instead of using a static buffer. The first + BUFLEN bytes of the additional buffer pointed to by BUFFER are + used to contain additional information, normally strings which are + pointed to by the elements of the result structure. + + If a user with ID UID is found, the pointer returned in RESULT + points to the record which contains the wanted data (i.e., RESULT + contains the value RESULT_BUF). If no user is found or if an + error occurred, the pointer returned in RESULT is a null pointer. + The function returns zero or an error code. If the buffer BUFFER + is too small to contain all the needed information, the error code + `ERANGE' is returned and ERRNO is set to `ERANGE'. + + -- Function: struct passwd * getpwnam (const char *NAME) + This function returns a pointer to a statically-allocated structure + containing information about the user whose user name is NAME. + This structure may be overwritten on subsequent calls to + `getpwnam'. + + A null pointer return indicates there is no user named NAME. + + -- Function: int getpwnam_r (const char *NAME, struct passwd + *RESULT_BUF, char *BUFFER, size_t BUFLEN, struct passwd + **RESULT) + This function is similar to `getpwnam' in that is returns + information about the user whose user name is NAME. However, like + `getpwuid_r', it fills the user supplied buffers in RESULT_BUF and + BUFFER with the information instead of using a static buffer. + + The return values are the same as for `getpwuid_r'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Scanning All Users, Next: Writing a User Entry, Prev: Lookup User, Up: User Database + +29.13.3 Scanning the List of All Users +-------------------------------------- + +This section explains how a program can read the list of all users in +the system, one user at a time. The functions described here are +declared in `pwd.h'. + + You can use the `fgetpwent' function to read user entries from a +particular file. + + -- Function: struct passwd * fgetpwent (FILE *STREAM) + This function reads the next user entry from STREAM and returns a + pointer to the entry. The structure is statically allocated and is + rewritten on subsequent calls to `fgetpwent'. You must copy the + contents of the structure if you wish to save the information. + + The stream must correspond to a file in the same format as the + standard password database file. + + -- Function: int fgetpwent_r (FILE *STREAM, struct passwd *RESULT_BUF, + char *BUFFER, size_t BUFLEN, struct passwd **RESULT) + This function is similar to `fgetpwent' in that it reads the next + user entry from STREAM. But the result is returned in the + structure pointed to by RESULT_BUF. The first BUFLEN bytes of the + additional buffer pointed to by BUFFER are used to contain + additional information, normally strings which are pointed to by + the elements of the result structure. + + The stream must correspond to a file in the same format as the + standard password database file. + + If the function returns zero RESULT points to the structure with + the wanted data (normally this is in RESULT_BUF). If errors + occurred the return value is nonzero and RESULT contains a null + pointer. + + The way to scan all the entries in the user database is with +`setpwent', `getpwent', and `endpwent'. + + -- Function: void setpwent (void) + This function initializes a stream which `getpwent' and + `getpwent_r' use to read the user database. + + -- Function: struct passwd * getpwent (void) + The `getpwent' function reads the next entry from the stream + initialized by `setpwent'. It returns a pointer to the entry. The + structure is statically allocated and is rewritten on subsequent + calls to `getpwent'. You must copy the contents of the structure + if you wish to save the information. + + A null pointer is returned when no more entries are available. + + -- Function: int getpwent_r (struct passwd *RESULT_BUF, char *BUFFER, + int BUFLEN, struct passwd **RESULT) + This function is similar to `getpwent' in that it returns the next + entry from the stream initialized by `setpwent'. Like + `fgetpwent_r', it uses the user-supplied buffers in RESULT_BUF and + BUFFER to return the information requested. + + The return values are the same as for `fgetpwent_r'. + + + -- Function: void endpwent (void) + This function closes the internal stream used by `getpwent' or + `getpwent_r'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Writing a User Entry, Prev: Scanning All Users, Up: User Database + +29.13.4 Writing a User Entry +---------------------------- + + -- Function: int putpwent (const struct passwd *P, FILE *STREAM) + This function writes the user entry `*P' to the stream STREAM, in + the format used for the standard user database file. The return + value is zero on success and nonzero on failure. + + This function exists for compatibility with SVID. We recommend + that you avoid using it, because it makes sense only on the + assumption that the `struct passwd' structure has no members + except the standard ones; on a system which merges the traditional + Unix data base with other extended information about users, adding + an entry using this function would inevitably leave out much of + the important information. + + The group and user ID fields are left empty if the group or user + name starts with a - or +. + + The function `putpwent' is declared in `pwd.h'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Group Database, Next: Database Example, Prev: User Database, Up: Users and Groups + +29.14 Group Database +==================== + +This section describes how to search and scan the database of +registered groups. The database itself is kept in the file +`/etc/group' on most systems, but on some systems a special network +service provides access to it. + +* Menu: + +* Group Data Structure:: What each group record contains. +* Lookup Group:: How to look for a particular group. +* Scanning All Groups:: Scanning the list of all groups. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Group Data Structure, Next: Lookup Group, Up: Group Database + +29.14.1 The Data Structure for a Group +-------------------------------------- + +The functions and data structures for accessing the system group +database are declared in the header file `grp.h'. + + -- Data Type: struct group + The `group' structure is used to hold information about an entry in + the system group database. It has at least the following members: + + `char *gr_name' + The name of the group. + + `gid_t gr_gid' + The group ID of the group. + + `char **gr_mem' + A vector of pointers to the names of users in the group. + Each user name is a null-terminated string, and the vector + itself is terminated by a null pointer. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Lookup Group, Next: Scanning All Groups, Prev: Group Data Structure, Up: Group Database + +29.14.2 Looking Up One Group +---------------------------- + +You can search the group database for information about a specific +group using `getgrgid' or `getgrnam'. These functions are declared in +`grp.h'. + + -- Function: struct group * getgrgid (gid_t GID) + This function returns a pointer to a statically-allocated structure + containing information about the group whose group ID is GID. + This structure may be overwritten by subsequent calls to + `getgrgid'. + + A null pointer indicates there is no group with ID GID. + + -- Function: int getgrgid_r (gid_t GID, struct group *RESULT_BUF, char + *BUFFER, size_t BUFLEN, struct group **RESULT) + This function is similar to `getgrgid' in that it returns + information about the group whose group ID is GID. However, it + fills the user supplied structure pointed to by RESULT_BUF with + the information instead of using a static buffer. The first + BUFLEN bytes of the additional buffer pointed to by BUFFER are + used to contain additional information, normally strings which are + pointed to by the elements of the result structure. + + If a group with ID GID is found, the pointer returned in RESULT + points to the record which contains the wanted data (i.e., RESULT + contains the value RESULT_BUF). If no group is found or if an + error occurred, the pointer returned in RESULT is a null pointer. + The function returns zero or an error code. If the buffer BUFFER + is too small to contain all the needed information, the error code + `ERANGE' is returned and ERRNO is set to `ERANGE'. + + -- Function: struct group * getgrnam (const char *NAME) + This function returns a pointer to a statically-allocated structure + containing information about the group whose group name is NAME. + This structure may be overwritten by subsequent calls to + `getgrnam'. + + A null pointer indicates there is no group named NAME. + + -- Function: int getgrnam_r (const char *NAME, struct group + *RESULT_BUF, char *BUFFER, size_t BUFLEN, struct group + **RESULT) + This function is similar to `getgrnam' in that is returns + information about the group whose group name is NAME. Like + `getgrgid_r', it uses the user supplied buffers in RESULT_BUF and + BUFFER, not a static buffer. + + The return values are the same as for `getgrgid_r' `ERANGE'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Scanning All Groups, Prev: Lookup Group, Up: Group Database + +29.14.3 Scanning the List of All Groups +--------------------------------------- + +This section explains how a program can read the list of all groups in +the system, one group at a time. The functions described here are +declared in `grp.h'. + + You can use the `fgetgrent' function to read group entries from a +particular file. + + -- Function: struct group * fgetgrent (FILE *STREAM) + The `fgetgrent' function reads the next entry from STREAM. It + returns a pointer to the entry. The structure is statically + allocated and is overwritten on subsequent calls to `fgetgrent'. + You must copy the contents of the structure if you wish to save the + information. + + The stream must correspond to a file in the same format as the + standard group database file. + + -- Function: int fgetgrent_r (FILE *STREAM, struct group *RESULT_BUF, + char *BUFFER, size_t BUFLEN, struct group **RESULT) + This function is similar to `fgetgrent' in that it reads the next + user entry from STREAM. But the result is returned in the + structure pointed to by RESULT_BUF. The first BUFLEN bytes of the + additional buffer pointed to by BUFFER are used to contain + additional information, normally strings which are pointed to by + the elements of the result structure. + + This stream must correspond to a file in the same format as the + standard group database file. + + If the function returns zero RESULT points to the structure with + the wanted data (normally this is in RESULT_BUF). If errors + occurred the return value is non-zero and RESULT contains a null + pointer. + + The way to scan all the entries in the group database is with +`setgrent', `getgrent', and `endgrent'. + + -- Function: void setgrent (void) + This function initializes a stream for reading from the group data + base. You use this stream by calling `getgrent' or `getgrent_r'. + + -- Function: struct group * getgrent (void) + The `getgrent' function reads the next entry from the stream + initialized by `setgrent'. It returns a pointer to the entry. The + structure is statically allocated and is overwritten on subsequent + calls to `getgrent'. You must copy the contents of the structure + if you wish to save the information. + + -- Function: int getgrent_r (struct group *RESULT_BUF, char *BUFFER, + size_t BUFLEN, struct group **RESULT) + This function is similar to `getgrent' in that it returns the next + entry from the stream initialized by `setgrent'. Like + `fgetgrent_r', it places the result in user-supplied buffers + pointed to RESULT_BUF and BUFFER. + + If the function returns zero RESULT contains a pointer to the data + (normally equal to RESULT_BUF). If errors occurred the return + value is non-zero and RESULT contains a null pointer. + + -- Function: void endgrent (void) + This function closes the internal stream used by `getgrent' or + `getgrent_r'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Database Example, Next: Netgroup Database, Prev: Group Database, Up: Users and Groups + +29.15 User and Group Database Example +===================================== + +Here is an example program showing the use of the system database +inquiry functions. The program prints some information about the user +running the program. + + #include + #include + #include + #include + #include + + int + main (void) + { + uid_t me; + struct passwd *my_passwd; + struct group *my_group; + char **members; + + /* Get information about the user ID. */ + me = getuid (); + my_passwd = getpwuid (me); + if (!my_passwd) + { + printf ("Couldn't find out about user %d.\n", (int) me); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + /* Print the information. */ + printf ("I am %s.\n", my_passwd->pw_gecos); + printf ("My login name is %s.\n", my_passwd->pw_name); + printf ("My uid is %d.\n", (int) (my_passwd->pw_uid)); + printf ("My home directory is %s.\n", my_passwd->pw_dir); + printf ("My default shell is %s.\n", my_passwd->pw_shell); + + /* Get information about the default group ID. */ + my_group = getgrgid (my_passwd->pw_gid); + if (!my_group) + { + printf ("Couldn't find out about group %d.\n", + (int) my_passwd->pw_gid); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + /* Print the information. */ + printf ("My default group is %s (%d).\n", + my_group->gr_name, (int) (my_passwd->pw_gid)); + printf ("The members of this group are:\n"); + members = my_group->gr_mem; + while (*members) + { + printf (" %s\n", *(members)); + members++; + } + + return EXIT_SUCCESS; + } + + Here is some output from this program: + + I am Throckmorton Snurd. + My login name is snurd. + My uid is 31093. + My home directory is /home/fsg/snurd. + My default shell is /bin/sh. + My default group is guest (12). + The members of this group are: + friedman + tami + + +File: libc.info, Node: Netgroup Database, Prev: Database Example, Up: Users and Groups + +29.16 Netgroup Database +======================= + +* Menu: + +* Netgroup Data:: Data in the Netgroup database and where + it comes from. +* Lookup Netgroup:: How to look for a particular netgroup. +* Netgroup Membership:: How to test for netgroup membership. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Netgroup Data, Next: Lookup Netgroup, Up: Netgroup Database + +29.16.1 Netgroup Data +--------------------- + +Sometimes it is useful to group users according to other criteria +(*note Group Database::). E.g., it is useful to associate a certain +group of users with a certain machine. On the other hand grouping of +host names is not supported so far. + + In Sun Microsystems SunOS appeared a new kind of database, the +netgroup database. It allows grouping hosts, users, and domains +freely, giving them individual names. To be more concrete, a netgroup +is a list of triples consisting of a host name, a user name, and a +domain name where any of the entries can be a wildcard entry matching +all inputs. A last possibility is that names of other netgroups can +also be given in the list specifying a netgroup. So one can construct +arbitrary hierarchies without loops. + + Sun's implementation allows netgroups only for the `nis' or +`nisplus' service, *note Services in the NSS configuration::. The +implementation in the GNU C library has no such restriction. An entry +in either of the input services must have the following form: + + GROUPNAME ( GROUPNAME | `('HOSTNAME`,'USERNAME`,'`domainname'`)' )+ + + Any of the fields in the triple can be empty which means anything +matches. While describing the functions we will see that the opposite +case is useful as well. I.e., there may be entries which will not +match any input. For entries like this, a name consisting of the single +character `-' shall be used. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Lookup Netgroup, Next: Netgroup Membership, Prev: Netgroup Data, Up: Netgroup Database + +29.16.2 Looking up one Netgroup +------------------------------- + +The lookup functions for netgroups are a bit different to all other +system database handling functions. Since a single netgroup can contain +many entries a two-step process is needed. First a single netgroup is +selected and then one can iterate over all entries in this netgroup. +These functions are declared in `netdb.h'. + + -- Function: int setnetgrent (const char *NETGROUP) + A call to this function initializes the internal state of the + library to allow following calls of the `getnetgrent' to iterate + over all entries in the netgroup with name NETGROUP. + + When the call is successful (i.e., when a netgroup with this name + exists) the return value is `1'. When the return value is `0' no + netgroup of this name is known or some other error occurred. + + It is important to remember that there is only one single state for +iterating the netgroups. Even if the programmer uses the +`getnetgrent_r' function the result is not really reentrant since +always only one single netgroup at a time can be processed. If the +program needs to process more than one netgroup simultaneously she must +protect this by using external locking. This problem was introduced in +the original netgroups implementation in SunOS and since we must stay +compatible it is not possible to change this. + + Some other functions also use the netgroups state. Currently these +are the `innetgr' function and parts of the implementation of the +`compat' service part of the NSS implementation. + + -- Function: int getnetgrent (char **HOSTP, char **USERP, char + **DOMAINP) + This function returns the next unprocessed entry of the currently + selected netgroup. The string pointers, in which addresses are + passed in the arguments HOSTP, USERP, and DOMAINP, will contain + after a successful call pointers to appropriate strings. If the + string in the next entry is empty the pointer has the value `NULL'. + The returned string pointers are only valid if none of the netgroup + related functions are called. + + The return value is `1' if the next entry was successfully read. A + value of `0' means no further entries exist or internal errors + occurred. + + -- Function: int getnetgrent_r (char **HOSTP, char **USERP, char + **DOMAINP, char *BUFFER, int BUFLEN) + This function is similar to `getnetgrent' with only one exception: + the strings the three string pointers HOSTP, USERP, and DOMAINP + point to, are placed in the buffer of BUFLEN bytes starting at + BUFFER. This means the returned values are valid even after other + netgroup related functions are called. + + The return value is `1' if the next entry was successfully read and + the buffer contains enough room to place the strings in it. `0' is + returned in case no more entries are found, the buffer is too + small, or internal errors occurred. + + This function is a GNU extension. The original implementation in + the SunOS libc does not provide this function. + + -- Function: void endnetgrent (void) + This function frees all buffers which were allocated to process + the last selected netgroup. As a result all string pointers + returned by calls to `getnetgrent' are invalid afterwards. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Netgroup Membership, Prev: Lookup Netgroup, Up: Netgroup Database + +29.16.3 Testing for Netgroup Membership +--------------------------------------- + +It is often not necessary to scan the whole netgroup since often the +only interesting question is whether a given entry is part of the +selected netgroup. + + -- Function: int innetgr (const char *NETGROUP, const char *HOST, + const char *USER, const char *DOMAIN) + This function tests whether the triple specified by the parameters + HOSTP, USERP, and DOMAINP is part of the netgroup NETGROUP. Using + this function has the advantage that + + 1. no other netgroup function can use the global netgroup state + since internal locking is used and + + 2. the function is implemented more efficiently than successive + calls to the other `set'/`get'/`endnetgrent' functions. + + Any of the pointers HOSTP, USERP, and DOMAINP can be `NULL' which + means any value is accepted in this position. This is also true + for the name `-' which should not match any other string otherwise. + + The return value is `1' if an entry matching the given triple is + found in the netgroup. The return value is `0' if the netgroup + itself is not found, the netgroup does not contain the triple or + internal errors occurred. + + +File: libc.info, Node: System Management, Next: System Configuration, Prev: Users and Groups, Up: Top + +30 System Management +******************** + +This chapter describes facilities for controlling the system that +underlies a process (including the operating system and hardware) and +for getting information about it. Anyone can generally use the +informational facilities, but usually only a properly privileged process +can make changes. + +* Menu: + +* Host Identification:: Determining the name of the machine. +* Platform Type:: Determining operating system and basic + machine type +* Filesystem Handling:: Controlling/querying mounts +* System Parameters:: Getting and setting various system parameters + + To get information on parameters of the system that are built into +the system, such as the maximum length of a filename, *note System +Configuration::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Host Identification, Next: Platform Type, Up: System Management + +30.1 Host Identification +======================== + +This section explains how to identify the particular system on which +your program is running. First, let's review the various ways computer +systems are named, which is a little complicated because of the history +of the development of the Internet. + + Every Unix system (also known as a host) has a host name, whether +it's connected to a network or not. In its simplest form, as used +before computer networks were an issue, it's just a word like `chicken'. + + But any system attached to the Internet or any network like it +conforms to a more rigorous naming convention as part of the Domain +Name System (DNS). In DNS, every host name is composed of two parts: + + 1. hostname + + 2. domain name + + You will note that "hostname" looks a lot like "host name", but is +not the same thing, and that people often incorrectly refer to entire +host names as "domain names." + + In DNS, the full host name is properly called the FQDN (Fully +Qualified Domain Name) and consists of the hostname, then a period, +then the domain name. The domain name itself usually has multiple +components separated by periods. So for example, a system's hostname +may be `chicken' and its domain name might be `ai.mit.edu', so its FQDN +(which is its host name) is `chicken.ai.mit.edu'. + + Adding to the confusion, though, is that DNS is not the only name +space in which a computer needs to be known. Another name space is the +NIS (aka YP) name space. For NIS purposes, there is another domain +name, which is called the NIS domain name or the YP domain name. It +need not have anything to do with the DNS domain name. + + Confusing things even more is the fact that in DNS, it is possible +for multiple FQDNs to refer to the same system. However, there is +always exactly one of them that is the true host name, and it is called +the canonical FQDN. + + In some contexts, the host name is called a "node name." + + For more information on DNS host naming, see *note Host Names::. + + Prototypes for these functions appear in `unistd.h'. + + The programs `hostname', `hostid', and `domainname' work by calling +these functions. + + -- Function: int gethostname (char *NAME, size_t SIZE) + This function returns the host name of the system on which it is + called, in the array NAME. The SIZE argument specifies the size of + this array, in bytes. Note that this is _not_ the DNS hostname. + If the system participates in DNS, this is the FQDN (see above). + + The return value is `0' on success and `-1' on failure. In the + GNU C library, `gethostname' fails if SIZE is not large enough; + then you can try again with a larger array. The following `errno' + error condition is defined for this function: + + `ENAMETOOLONG' + The SIZE argument is less than the size of the host name plus + one. + + On some systems, there is a symbol for the maximum possible host + name length: `MAXHOSTNAMELEN'. It is defined in `sys/param.h'. + But you can't count on this to exist, so it is cleaner to handle + failure and try again. + + `gethostname' stores the beginning of the host name in NAME even + if the host name won't entirely fit. For some purposes, a + truncated host name is good enough. If it is, you can ignore the + error code. + + -- Function: int sethostname (const char *NAME, size_t LENGTH) + The `sethostname' function sets the host name of the system that + calls it to NAME, a string with length LENGTH. Only privileged + processes are permitted to do this. + + Usually `sethostname' gets called just once, at system boot time. + Often, the program that calls it sets it to the value it finds in + the file `/etc/hostname'. + + Be sure to set the host name to the full host name, not just the + DNS hostname (see above). + + The return value is `0' on success and `-1' on failure. The + following `errno' error condition is defined for this function: + + `EPERM' + This process cannot set the host name because it is not + privileged. + + -- Function: int getdomainnname (char *NAME, size_t LENGTH) + `getdomainname' returns the NIS (aka YP) domain name of the system + on which it is called. Note that this is not the more popular DNS + domain name. Get that with `gethostname'. + + The specifics of this function are analogous to `gethostname', + above. + + + -- Function: int setdomainname (const char *NAME, size_t LENGTH) + `getdomainname' sets the NIS (aka YP) domain name of the system on + which it is called. Note that this is not the more popular DNS + domain name. Set that with `sethostname'. + + The specifics of this function are analogous to `sethostname', + above. + + + -- Function: long int gethostid (void) + This function returns the "host ID" of the machine the program is + running on. By convention, this is usually the primary Internet + IP address of that machine, converted to a `long int'. However, + on some systems it is a meaningless but unique number which is + hard-coded for each machine. + + This is not widely used. It arose in BSD 4.2, but was dropped in + BSD 4.4. It is not required by POSIX. + + The proper way to query the IP address is to use `gethostbyname' + on the results of `gethostname'. For more information on IP + addresses, *Note Host Addresses::. + + -- Function: int sethostid (long int ID) + The `sethostid' function sets the "host ID" of the host machine to + ID. Only privileged processes are permitted to do this. Usually + it happens just once, at system boot time. + + The proper way to establish the primary IP address of a system is + to configure the IP address resolver to associate that IP address + with the system's host name as returned by `gethostname'. For + example, put a record for the system in `/etc/hosts'. + + See `gethostid' above for more information on host ids. + + The return value is `0' on success and `-1' on failure. The + following `errno' error conditions are defined for this function: + + `EPERM' + This process cannot set the host name because it is not + privileged. + + `ENOSYS' + The operating system does not support setting the host ID. + On some systems, the host ID is a meaningless but unique + number hard-coded for each machine. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Platform Type, Next: Filesystem Handling, Prev: Host Identification, Up: System Management + +30.2 Platform Type Identification +================================= + +You can use the `uname' function to find out some information about the +type of computer your program is running on. This function and the +associated data type are declared in the header file `sys/utsname.h'. + + As a bonus, `uname' also gives some information identifying the +particular system your program is running on. This is the same +information which you can get with functions targetted to this purpose +described in *note Host Identification::. + + -- Data Type: struct utsname + The `utsname' structure is used to hold information returned by + the `uname' function. It has the following members: + + `char sysname[]' + This is the name of the operating system in use. + + `char release[]' + This is the current release level of the operating system + implementation. + + `char version[]' + This is the current version level within the release of the + operating system. + + `char machine[]' + This is a description of the type of hardware that is in use. + + Some systems provide a mechanism to interrogate the kernel + directly for this information. On systems without such a + mechanism, the GNU C library fills in this field based on the + configuration name that was specified when building and + installing the library. + + GNU uses a three-part name to describe a system + configuration; the three parts are CPU, MANUFACTURER and + SYSTEM-TYPE, and they are separated with dashes. Any + possible combination of three names is potentially + meaningful, but most such combinations are meaningless in + practice and even the meaningful ones are not necessarily + supported by any particular GNU program. + + Since the value in `machine' is supposed to describe just the + hardware, it consists of the first two parts of the + configuration name: `CPU-MANUFACTURER'. For example, it + might be one of these: + + `"sparc-sun"', `"i386-ANYTHING"', `"m68k-hp"', + `"m68k-sony"', `"m68k-sun"', `"mips-dec"' + + `char nodename[]' + This is the host name of this particular computer. In the + GNU C library, the value is the same as that returned by + `gethostname'; see *note Host Identification::. + + gethostname() is implemented with a call to uname(). + + `char domainname[]' + This is the NIS or YP domain name. It is the same value + returned by `getdomainname'; see *note Host Identification::. + This element is a relatively recent invention and use of it + is not as portable as use of the rest of the structure. + + + -- Function: int uname (struct utsname *INFO) + The `uname' function fills in the structure pointed to by INFO + with information about the operating system and host machine. A + non-negative value indicates that the data was successfully stored. + + `-1' as the value indicates an error. The only error possible is + `EFAULT', which we normally don't mention as it is always a + possibility. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Filesystem Handling, Next: System Parameters, Prev: Platform Type, Up: System Management + +30.3 Controlling and Querying Mounts +==================================== + +All files are in filesystems, and before you can access any file, its +filesystem must be mounted. Because of Unix's concept of _Everything +is a file_, mounting of filesystems is central to doing almost +anything. This section explains how to find out what filesystems are +currently mounted and what filesystems are available for mounting, and +how to change what is mounted. + + The classic filesystem is the contents of a disk drive. The concept +is considerably more abstract, though, and lots of things other than +disk drives can be mounted. + + Some block devices don't correspond to traditional devices like disk +drives. For example, a loop device is a block device whose driver uses +a regular file in another filesystem as its medium. So if that regular +file contains appropriate data for a filesystem, you can by mounting the +loop device essentially mount a regular file. + + Some filesystems aren't based on a device of any kind. The "proc" +filesystem, for example, contains files whose data is made up by the +filesystem driver on the fly whenever you ask for it. And when you +write to it, the data you write causes changes in the system. No data +gets stored. + +* Menu: + +* Mount Information:: What is or could be mounted? +* Mount-Unmount-Remount:: Controlling what is mounted and how + + +File: libc.info, Node: Mount Information, Next: Mount-Unmount-Remount, Up: Filesystem Handling + +30.3.1 Mount Information +------------------------ + +For some programs it is desirable and necessary to access information +about whether a certain filesystem is mounted and, if it is, where, or +simply to get lists of all the available filesystems. The GNU libc +provides some functions to retrieve this information portably. + + Traditionally Unix systems have a file named `/etc/fstab' which +describes all possibly mounted filesystems. The `mount' program uses +this file to mount at startup time of the system all the necessary +filesystems. The information about all the filesystems actually +mounted is normally kept in a file named either `/var/run/mtab' or +`/etc/mtab'. Both files share the same syntax and it is crucial that +this syntax is followed all the time. Therefore it is best to never +directly write the files. The functions described in this section can +do this and they also provide the functionality to convert the external +textual representation to the internal representation. + + Note that the `fstab' and `mtab' files are maintained on a system by +_convention_. It is possible for the files not to exist or not to be +consistent with what is really mounted or available to mount, if the +system's administration policy allows it. But programs that mount and +unmount filesystems typically maintain and use these files as described +herein. + + The filenames given above should never be used directly. The +portable way to handle these file is to use the macro `_PATH_FSTAB', +defined in `fstab.h', or `_PATH_MNTTAB', defined in `mntent.h' and +`paths.h', for `fstab'; and the macro `_PATH_MOUNTED', also defined in +`mntent.h' and `paths.h', for `mtab'. There are also two alternate +macro names `FSTAB', `MNTTAB', and `MOUNTED' defined but these names +are deprecated and kept only for backward compatibility. The names +`_PATH_MNTTAB' and `_PATH_MOUNTED' should always be used. + +* Menu: + +* fstab:: The `fstab' file +* mtab:: The `mtab' file +* Other Mount Information:: Other (non-libc) sources of mount information + + +File: libc.info, Node: fstab, Next: mtab, Up: Mount Information + +30.3.1.1 The `fstab' file +......................... + +The internal representation for entries of the file is `struct fstab', +defined in `fstab.h'. + + -- Data Type: struct fstab + This structure is used with the `getfsent', `getfsspec', and + `getfsfile' functions. + + `char *fs_spec' + This element describes the device from which the filesystem + is mounted. Normally this is the name of a special device, + such as a hard disk partition, but it could also be a more or + less generic string. For "NFS" it would be a hostname and + directory name combination. + + Even though the element is not declared `const' it shouldn't + be modified. The missing `const' has historic reasons, since + this function predates ISO C. The same is true for the other + string elements of this structure. + + `char *fs_file' + This describes the mount point on the local system. I.e., + accessing any file in this filesystem has implicitly or + explicitly this string as a prefix. + + `char *fs_vfstype' + This is the type of the filesystem. Depending on what the + underlying kernel understands it can be any string. + + `char *fs_mntops' + This is a string containing options passed to the kernel with + the `mount' call. Again, this can be almost anything. There + can be more than one option, separated from the others by a + comma. Each option consists of a name and an optional value + part, introduced by an `=' character. + + If the value of this element must be processed it should + ideally be done using the `getsubopt' function; see *note + Suboptions::. + + `const char *fs_type' + This name is poorly chosen. This element points to a string + (possibly in the `fs_mntops' string) which describes the + modes with which the filesystem is mounted. `fstab' defines + five macros to describe the possible values: + + `FSTAB_RW' + The filesystems gets mounted with read and write enabled. + + `FSTAB_RQ' + The filesystems gets mounted with read and write + enabled. Write access is restricted by quotas. + + `FSTAB_RO' + The filesystem gets mounted read-only. + + `FSTAB_SW' + This is not a real filesystem, it is a swap device. + + `FSTAB_XX' + This entry from the `fstab' file is totally ignored. + + Testing for equality with these value must happen using + `strcmp' since these are all strings. Comparing the pointer + will probably always fail. + + `int fs_freq' + This element describes the dump frequency in days. + + `int fs_passno' + This element describes the pass number on parallel dumps. It + is closely related to the `dump' utility used on Unix systems. + + To read the entire content of the of the `fstab' file the GNU libc +contains a set of three functions which are designed in the usual way. + + -- Function: int setfsent (void) + This function makes sure that the internal read pointer for the + `fstab' file is at the beginning of the file. This is done by + either opening the file or resetting the read pointer. + + Since the file handle is internal to the libc this function is not + thread-safe. + + This function returns a non-zero value if the operation was + successful and the `getfs*' functions can be used to read the + entries of the file. + + -- Function: void endfsent (void) + This function makes sure that all resources acquired by a prior + call to `setfsent' (explicitly or implicitly by calling + `getfsent') are freed. + + -- Function: struct fstab * getfsent (void) + This function returns the next entry of the `fstab' file. If this + is the first call to any of the functions handling `fstab' since + program start or the last call of `endfsent', the file will be + opened. + + The function returns a pointer to a variable of type `struct + fstab'. This variable is shared by all threads and therefore this + function is not thread-safe. If an error occurred `getfsent' + returns a `NULL' pointer. + + -- Function: struct fstab * getfsspec (const char *NAME) + This function returns the next entry of the `fstab' file which has + a string equal to NAME pointed to by the `fs_spec' element. Since + there is normally exactly one entry for each special device it + makes no sense to call this function more than once for the same + argument. If this is the first call to any of the functions + handling `fstab' since program start or the last call of + `endfsent', the file will be opened. + + The function returns a pointer to a variable of type `struct + fstab'. This variable is shared by all threads and therefore this + function is not thread-safe. If an error occurred `getfsent' + returns a `NULL' pointer. + + -- Function: struct fstab * getfsfile (const char *NAME) + This function returns the next entry of the `fstab' file which has + a string equal to NAME pointed to by the `fs_file' element. Since + there is normally exactly one entry for each mount point it makes + no sense to call this function more than once for the same + argument. If this is the first call to any of the functions + handling `fstab' since program start or the last call of + `endfsent', the file will be opened. + + The function returns a pointer to a variable of type `struct + fstab'. This variable is shared by all threads and therefore this + function is not thread-safe. If an error occurred `getfsent' + returns a `NULL' pointer. + + +File: libc.info, Node: mtab, Next: Other Mount Information, Prev: fstab, Up: Mount Information + +30.3.1.2 The `mtab' file +........................ + +The following functions and data structure access the `mtab' file. + + -- Data Type: struct mntent + This structure is used with the `getmntent', `getmntent_t', + `addmntent', and `hasmntopt' functions. + + `char *mnt_fsname' + This element contains a pointer to a string describing the + name of the special device from which the filesystem is + mounted. It corresponds to the `fs_spec' element in `struct + fstab'. + + `char *mnt_dir' + This element points to a string describing the mount point of + the filesystem. It corresponds to the `fs_file' element in + `struct fstab'. + + `char *mnt_type' + `mnt_type' describes the filesystem type and is therefore + equivalent to `fs_vfstype' in `struct fstab'. `mntent.h' + defines a few symbolic names for some of the values this + string can have. But since the kernel can support arbitrary + filesystems it does not make much sense to give them symbolic + names. If one knows the symbol name one also knows the + filesystem name. Nevertheless here follows the list of the + symbols provided in `mntent.h'. + + `MNTTYPE_IGNORE' + This symbol expands to `"ignore"'. The value is + sometime used in `fstab' files to make sure entries are + not used without removing them. + + `MNTTYPE_NFS' + Expands to `"nfs"'. Using this macro sometimes could + make sense since it names the default NFS + implementation, in case both version 2 and 3 are + supported. + + `MNTTYPE_SWAP' + This symbol expands to `"swap"'. It names the special + `fstab' entry which names one of the possibly multiple + swap partitions. + + `char *mnt_opts' + The element contains a string describing the options used + while mounting the filesystem. As for the equivalent element + `fs_mntops' of `struct fstab' it is best to use the function + `getsubopt' (*note Suboptions::) to access the parts of this + string. + + The `mntent.h' file defines a number of macros with string + values which correspond to some of the options understood by + the kernel. There might be many more options which are + possible so it doesn't make much sense to rely on these + macros but to be consistent here is the list: + + `MNTOPT_DEFAULTS' + Expands to `"defaults"'. This option should be used + alone since it indicates all values for the customizable + values are chosen to be the default. + + `MNTOPT_RO' + Expands to `"ro"'. See the `FSTAB_RO' value, it means + the filesystem is mounted read-only. + + `MNTOPT_RW' + Expand to `"rw"'. See the `FSTAB_RW' value, it means the + filesystem is mounted with read and write permissions. + + `MNTOPT_SUID' + Expands to `"suid"'. This means that the SUID bit + (*note How Change Persona::) is respected when a program + from the filesystem is started. + + `MNTOPT_NOSUID' + Expands to `"nosuid"'. This is the opposite of + `MNTOPT_SUID', the SUID bit for all files from the + filesystem is ignored. + + `MNTOPT_NOAUTO' + Expands to `"noauto"'. At startup time the `mount' + program will ignore this entry if it is started with the + `-a' option to mount all filesystems mentioned in the + `fstab' file. + + As for the `FSTAB_*' entries introduced above it is important + to use `strcmp' to check for equality. + + `mnt_freq' + This elements corresponds to `fs_freq' and also specifies the + frequency in days in which dumps are made. + + `mnt_passno' + This element is equivalent to `fs_passno' with the same + meaning which is uninteresting for all programs beside `dump'. + + For accessing the `mtab' file there is again a set of three +functions to access all entries in a row. Unlike the functions to +handle `fstab' these functions do not access a fixed file and there is +even a thread safe variant of the get function. Beside this the GNU +libc contains functions to alter the file and test for specific options. + + -- Function: FILE * setmntent (const char *FILE, const char *MODE) + The `setmntent' function prepares the file named FILE which must + be in the format of a `fstab' and `mtab' file for the upcoming + processing through the other functions of the family. The MODE + parameter can be chosen in the way the OPENTYPE parameter for + `fopen' (*note Opening Streams::) can be chosen. If the file is + opened for writing the file is also allowed to be empty. + + If the file was successfully opened `setmntent' returns a file + descriptor for future use. Otherwise the return value is `NULL' + and `errno' is set accordingly. + + -- Function: int endmntent (FILE *STREAM) + This function takes for the STREAM parameter a file handle which + previously was returned from the `setmntent' call. `endmntent' + closes the stream and frees all resources. + + The return value is 1 unless an error occurred in which case it is + 0. + + -- Function: struct mntent * getmntent (FILE *STREAM) + The `getmntent' function takes as the parameter a file handle + previously returned by successful call to `setmntent'. It returns + a pointer to a static variable of type `struct mntent' which is + filled with the information from the next entry from the file + currently read. + + The file format used prescribes the use of spaces or tab + characters to separate the fields. This makes it harder to use + name containing one of these characters (e.g., mount points using + spaces). Therefore these characters are encoded in the files and + the `getmntent' function takes care of the decoding while reading + the entries back in. `'\040'' is used to encode a space + character, `'\011'' to encode a tab character, `'\012'' to encode + a newline character, and `'\\'' to encode a backslash. + + If there was an error or the end of the file is reached the return + value is `NULL'. + + This function is not thread-safe since all calls to this function + return a pointer to the same static variable. `getmntent_r' + should be used in situations where multiple threads access the + file. + + -- Function: struct mntent * getmntent_r (FILE *STREAM, struct mentent + *RESULT, char *BUFFER, int BUFSIZE) + The `getmntent_r' function is the reentrant variant of + `getmntent'. It also returns the next entry from the file and + returns a pointer. The actual variable the values are stored in + is not static, though. Instead the function stores the values in + the variable pointed to by the RESULT parameter. Additional + information (e.g., the strings pointed to by the elements of the + result) are kept in the buffer of size BUFSIZE pointed to by + BUFFER. + + Escaped characters (space, tab, backslash) are converted back in + the same way as it happens for `getmentent'. + + The function returns a `NULL' pointer in error cases. Errors + could be: + * error while reading the file, + + * end of file reached, + + * BUFSIZE is too small for reading a complete new entry. + + -- Function: int addmntent (FILE *STREAM, const struct mntent *MNT) + The `addmntent' function allows adding a new entry to the file + previously opened with `setmntent'. The new entries are always + appended. I.e., even if the position of the file descriptor is + not at the end of the file this function does not overwrite an + existing entry following the current position. + + The implication of this is that to remove an entry from a file one + has to create a new file while leaving out the entry to be removed + and after closing the file remove the old one and rename the new + file to the chosen name. + + This function takes care of spaces and tab characters in the names + to be written to the file. It converts them and the backslash + character into the format describe in the `getmntent' description + above. + + This function returns 0 in case the operation was successful. + Otherwise the return value is 1 and `errno' is set appropriately. + + -- Function: char * hasmntopt (const struct mntent *MNT, const char + *OPT) + This function can be used to check whether the string pointed to + by the `mnt_opts' element of the variable pointed to by MNT + contains the option OPT. If this is true a pointer to the + beginning of the option in the `mnt_opts' element is returned. If + no such option exists the function returns `NULL'. + + This function is useful to test whether a specific option is + present but when all options have to be processed one is better + off with using the `getsubopt' function to iterate over all + options in the string. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Other Mount Information, Prev: mtab, Up: Mount Information + +30.3.1.3 Other (Non-libc) Sources of Mount Information +...................................................... + +On a system with a Linux kernel and the `proc' filesystem, you can get +information on currently mounted filesystems from the file `mounts' in +the `proc' filesystem. Its format is similar to that of the `mtab' +file, but represents what is truly mounted without relying on +facilities outside the kernel to keep `mtab' up to date. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Mount-Unmount-Remount, Prev: Mount Information, Up: Filesystem Handling + +30.3.2 Mount, Unmount, Remount +------------------------------ + +This section describes the functions for mounting, unmounting, and +remounting filesystems. + + Only the superuser can mount, unmount, or remount a filesystem. + + These functions do not access the `fstab' and `mtab' files. You +should maintain and use these separately. *Note Mount Information::. + + The symbols in this section are declared in `sys/mount.h'. + + -- Function: int mount (const char *SPECIAL_FILE, const char *DIR, + const char *FSTYPE, unsigned long int OPTIONS, const void + *DATA) + `mount' mounts or remounts a filesystem. The two operations are + quite different and are merged rather unnaturally into this one + function. The `MS_REMOUNT' option, explained below, determines + whether `mount' mounts or remounts. + + For a mount, the filesystem on the block device represented by the + device special file named SPECIAL_FILE gets mounted over the mount + point DIR. This means that the directory DIR (along with any + files in it) is no longer visible; in its place (and still with + the name DIR) is the root directory of the filesystem on the + device. + + As an exception, if the filesystem type (see below) is one which + is not based on a device (e.g. "proc"), `mount' instantiates a + filesystem and mounts it over DIR and ignores SPECIAL_FILE. + + For a remount, DIR specifies the mount point where the filesystem + to be remounted is (and remains) mounted and SPECIAL_FILE is + ignored. Remounting a filesystem means changing the options that + control operations on the filesystem while it is mounted. It does + not mean unmounting and mounting again. + + For a mount, you must identify the type of the filesystem as + FSTYPE. This type tells the kernel how to access the filesystem + and can be thought of as the name of a filesystem driver. The + acceptable values are system dependent. On a system with a Linux + kernel and the `proc' filesystem, the list of possible values is + in the file `filesystems' in the `proc' filesystem (e.g. type `cat + /proc/filesystems' to see the list). With a Linux kernel, the + types of filesystems that `mount' can mount, and their type names, + depends on what filesystem drivers are configured into the kernel + or loaded as loadable kernel modules. An example of a common + value for FSTYPE is `ext2'. + + For a remount, `mount' ignores FSTYPE. + + OPTIONS specifies a variety of options that apply until the + filesystem is unmounted or remounted. The precise meaning of an + option depends on the filesystem and with some filesystems, an + option may have no effect at all. Furthermore, for some + filesystems, some of these options (but never `MS_RDONLY') can be + overridden for individual file accesses via `ioctl'. + + OPTIONS is a bit string with bit fields defined using the + following mask and masked value macros: + + `MS_MGC_MASK' + This multibit field contains a magic number. If it does not + have the value `MS_MGC_VAL', `mount' assumes all the + following bits are zero and the DATA argument is a null + string, regardless of their actual values. + + `MS_REMOUNT' + This bit on means to remount the filesystem. Off means to + mount it. + + `MS_RDONLY' + This bit on specifies that no writing to the filesystem shall + be allowed while it is mounted. This cannot be overridden by + `ioctl'. This option is available on nearly all filesystems. + + `S_IMMUTABLE' + This bit on specifies that no writing to the files in the + filesystem shall be allowed while it is mounted. This can be + overridden for a particular file access by a properly + privileged call to `ioctl'. This option is a relatively new + invention and is not available on many filesystems. + + `S_APPEND' + This bit on specifies that the only file writing that shall + be allowed while the filesystem is mounted is appending. + Some filesystems allow this to be overridden for a particular + process by a properly privileged call to `ioctl'. This is a + relatively new invention and is not available on many + filesystems. + + `MS_NOSUID' + This bit on specifies that Setuid and Setgid permissions on + files in the filesystem shall be ignored while it is mounted. + + `MS_NOEXEC' + This bit on specifies that no files in the filesystem shall + be executed while the filesystem is mounted. + + `MS_NODEV' + This bit on specifies that no device special files in the + filesystem shall be accessible while the filesystem is + mounted. + + `MS_SYNCHRONOUS' + This bit on specifies that all writes to the filesystem while + it is mounted shall be synchronous; i.e., data shall be + synced before each write completes rather than held in the + buffer cache. + + `MS_MANDLOCK' + This bit on specifies that mandatory locks on files shall be + permitted while the filesystem is mounted. + + `MS_NOATIME' + This bit on specifies that access times of files shall not be + updated when the files are accessed while the filesystem is + mounted. + + `MS_NODIRATIME' + This bit on specifies that access times of directories shall + not be updated when the directories are accessed while the + filesystem in mounted. + + + Any bits not covered by the above masks should be set off; + otherwise, results are undefined. + + The meaning of DATA depends on the filesystem type and is + controlled entirely by the filesystem driver in the kernel. + + Example: + + #include + + mount("/dev/hdb", "/cdrom", MS_MGC_VAL | MS_RDONLY | MS_NOSUID, ""); + + mount("/dev/hda2", "/mnt", MS_MGC_VAL | MS_REMOUNT, ""); + + Appropriate arguments for `mount' are conventionally recorded in + the `fstab' table. *Note Mount Information::. + + The return value is zero if the mount or remount is successful. + Otherwise, it is `-1' and `errno' is set appropriately. The + values of `errno' are filesystem dependent, but here is a general + list: + + `EPERM' + The process is not superuser. + + `ENODEV' + The file system type FSTYPE is not known to the kernel. + + `ENOTBLK' + The file DEV is not a block device special file. + + `EBUSY' + * The device is already mounted. + + * The mount point is busy. (E.g. it is some process' + working directory or has a filesystem mounted on it + already). + + * The request is to remount read-only, but there are files + open for write. + + `EINVAL' + * A remount was attempted, but there is no filesystem + mounted over the specified mount point. + + * The supposed filesystem has an invalid superblock. + + + `EACCES' + * The filesystem is inherently read-only (possibly due to + a switch on the device) and the process attempted to + mount it read/write (by setting the `MS_RDONLY' bit off). + + * SPECIAL_FILE or DIR is not accessible due to file + permissions. + + * SPECIAL_FILE is not accessible because it is in a + filesystem that is mounted with the `MS_NODEV' option. + + + `EM_FILE' + The table of dummy devices is full. `mount' needs to create a + dummy device (aka "unnamed" device) if the filesystem being + mounted is not one that uses a device. + + + + -- Function: int umount2 (const char *FILE, int FLAGS) + `umount2' unmounts a filesystem. + + You can identify the filesystem to unmount either by the device + special file that contains the filesystem or by the mount point. + The effect is the same. Specify either as the string FILE. + + FLAGS contains the one-bit field identified by the following mask + macro: + + `MNT_FORCE' + This bit on means to force the unmounting even if the + filesystem is busy, by making it unbusy first. If the bit is + off and the filesystem is busy, `umount2' fails with `errno' + = `EBUSY'. Depending on the filesystem, this may override + all, some, or no busy conditions. + + + All other bits in FLAGS should be set to zero; otherwise, the + result is undefined. + + Example: + + #include + + umount2("/mnt", MNT_FORCE); + + umount2("/dev/hdd1", 0); + + After the filesystem is unmounted, the directory that was the + mount point is visible, as are any files in it. + + As part of unmounting, `umount2' syncs the filesystem. + + If the unmounting is successful, the return value is zero. + Otherwise, it is `-1' and `errno' is set accordingly: + + `EPERM' + The process is not superuser. + + `EBUSY' + The filesystem cannot be unmounted because it is busy. E.g. + it contains a directory that is some process's working + directory or a file that some process has open. With some + filesystems in some cases, you can avoid this failure with + the `MNT_FORCE' option. + + `EINVAL' + FILE validly refers to a file, but that file is neither a + mount point nor a device special file of a currently mounted + filesystem. + + + This function is not available on all systems. + + -- Function: int umount (const char *FILE) + `umount' does the same thing as `umount2' with FLAGS set to + zeroes. It is more widely available than `umount2' but since it + lacks the possibility to forcefully unmount a filesystem is + deprecated when `umount2' is also available. + + +File: libc.info, Node: System Parameters, Prev: Filesystem Handling, Up: System Management + +30.4 System Parameters +====================== + +This section describes the `sysctl' function, which gets and sets a +variety of system parameters. + + The symbols used in this section are declared in the file `sysctl.h'. + + -- Function: int sysctl (int *NAMES, int NLEN, void *OLDVAL, size_t + *OLDLENP, void *NEWVAL, size_t NEWLEN) + `sysctl' gets or sets a specified system parameter. There are so + many of these parameters that it is not practical to list them all + here, but here are some examples: + + * network domain name + + * paging parameters + + * network Address Resolution Protocol timeout time + + * maximum number of files that may be open + + * root filesystem device + + * when kernel was built + + The set of available parameters depends on the kernel + configuration and can change while the system is running, + particularly when you load and unload loadable kernel modules. + + The system parameters with which `syslog' is concerned are arranged + in a hierarchical structure like a hierarchical filesystem. To + identify a particular parameter, you specify a path through the + structure in a way analogous to specifying the pathname of a file. + Each component of the path is specified by an integer and each of + these integers has a macro defined for it by `sysctl.h'. NAMES is + the path, in the form of an array of integers. Each component of + the path is one element of the array, in order. NLEN is the + number of components in the path. + + For example, the first component of the path for all the paging + parameters is the value `CTL_VM'. For the free page thresholds, + the second component of the path is `VM_FREEPG'. So to get the + free page threshold values, make NAMES an array containing the two + elements `CTL_VM' and `VM_FREEPG' and make NLEN = 2. + + The format of the value of a parameter depends on the parameter. + Sometimes it is an integer; sometimes it is an ASCII string; + sometimes it is an elaborate structure. In the case of the free + page thresholds used in the example above, the parameter value is + a structure containing several integers. + + In any case, you identify a place to return the parameter's value + with OLDVAL and specify the amount of storage available at that + location as *OLDLENP. *OLDLENP does double duty because it is + also the output location that contains the actual length of the + returned value. + + If you don't want the parameter value returned, specify a null + pointer for OLDVAL. + + To set the parameter, specify the address and length of the new + value as NEWVAL and NEWLEN. If you don't want to set the + parameter, specify a null pointer as NEWVAL. + + If you get and set a parameter in the same `sysctl' call, the value + returned is the value of the parameter before it was set. + + Each system parameter has a set of permissions similar to the + permissions for a file (including the permissions on directories + in its path) that determine whether you may get or set it. For + the purposes of these permissions, every parameter is considered + to be owned by the superuser and Group 0 so processes with that + effective uid or gid may have more access to system parameters. + Unlike with files, the superuser does not invariably have full + permission to all system parameters, because some of them are + designed not to be changed ever. + + `sysctl' returns a zero return value if it succeeds. Otherwise, it + returns `-1' and sets `errno' appropriately. Besides the failures + that apply to all system calls, the following are the `errno' + codes for all possible failures: + + `EPERM' + The process is not permitted to access one of the components + of the path of the system parameter or is not permitted to + access the system parameter itself in the way (read or write) + that it requested. + + `ENOTDIR' + There is no system parameter corresponding to NAME. + + `EFAULT' + OLDVAL is not null, which means the process wanted to read + the parameter, but *OLDLENP is zero, so there is no place to + return it. + + `EINVAL' + * The process attempted to set a system parameter to a + value that is not valid for that parameter. + + * The space provided for the return of the system + parameter is not the right size for that parameter. + + `ENOMEM' + This value may be returned instead of the more correct + `EINVAL' in some cases where the space provided for the + return of the system parameter is too small. + + + + If you have a Linux kernel with the `proc' filesystem, you can get +and set most of the same parameters by reading and writing to files in +the `sys' directory of the `proc' filesystem. In the `sys' directory, +the directory structure represents the hierarchical structure of the +parameters. E.g. you can display the free page thresholds with + cat /proc/sys/vm/freepages + + Some more traditional and more widely available, though less general, +GNU C library functions for getting and setting some of the same system +parameters are: + + * `getdomainname', `setdomainname' + + * `gethostname', `sethostname' (*Note Host Identification::.) + + * `uname' (*Note Platform Type::.) + + * `bdflush' + + +File: libc.info, Node: System Configuration, Next: Cryptographic Functions, Prev: System Management, Up: Top + +31 System Configuration Parameters +********************************** + +The functions and macros listed in this chapter give information about +configuration parameters of the operating system--for example, capacity +limits, presence of optional POSIX features, and the default path for +executable files (*note String Parameters::). + +* Menu: + +* General Limits:: Constants and functions that describe + various process-related limits that have + one uniform value for any given machine. +* System Options:: Optional POSIX features. +* Version Supported:: Version numbers of POSIX.1 and POSIX.2. +* Sysconf:: Getting specific configuration values + of general limits and system options. +* Minimums:: Minimum values for general limits. + +* Limits for Files:: Size limitations that pertain to individual files. + These can vary between file systems + or even from file to file. +* Options for Files:: Optional features that some files may support. +* File Minimums:: Minimum values for file limits. +* Pathconf:: Getting the limit values for a particular file. + +* Utility Limits:: Capacity limits of some POSIX.2 utility programs. +* Utility Minimums:: Minimum allowable values of those limits. + +* String Parameters:: Getting the default search path. + + +File: libc.info, Node: General Limits, Next: System Options, Up: System Configuration + +31.1 General Capacity Limits +============================ + +The POSIX.1 and POSIX.2 standards specify a number of parameters that +describe capacity limitations of the system. These limits can be fixed +constants for a given operating system, or they can vary from machine to +machine. For example, some limit values may be configurable by the +system administrator, either at run time or by rebuilding the kernel, +and this should not require recompiling application programs. + + Each of the following limit parameters has a macro that is defined in +`limits.h' only if the system has a fixed, uniform limit for the +parameter in question. If the system allows different file systems or +files to have different limits, then the macro is undefined; use +`sysconf' to find out the limit that applies at a particular time on a +particular machine. *Note Sysconf::. + + Each of these parameters also has another macro, with a name starting +with `_POSIX', which gives the lowest value that the limit is allowed +to have on _any_ POSIX system. *Note Minimums::. + + -- Macro: int ARG_MAX + If defined, the unvarying maximum combined length of the ARGV and + ENVIRON arguments that can be passed to the `exec' functions. + + -- Macro: int CHILD_MAX + If defined, the unvarying maximum number of processes that can + exist with the same real user ID at any one time. In BSD and GNU, + this is controlled by the `RLIMIT_NPROC' resource limit; *note + Limits on Resources::. + + -- Macro: int OPEN_MAX + If defined, the unvarying maximum number of files that a single + process can have open simultaneously. In BSD and GNU, this is + controlled by the `RLIMIT_NOFILE' resource limit; *note Limits on + Resources::. + + -- Macro: int STREAM_MAX + If defined, the unvarying maximum number of streams that a single + process can have open simultaneously. *Note Opening Streams::. + + -- Macro: int TZNAME_MAX + If defined, the unvarying maximum length of a time zone name. + *Note Time Zone Functions::. + + These limit macros are always defined in `limits.h'. + + -- Macro: int NGROUPS_MAX + The maximum number of supplementary group IDs that one process can + have. + + The value of this macro is actually a lower bound for the maximum. + That is, you can count on being able to have that many + supplementary group IDs, but a particular machine might let you + have even more. You can use `sysconf' to see whether a particular + machine will let you have more (*note Sysconf::). + + -- Macro: int SSIZE_MAX + The largest value that can fit in an object of type `ssize_t'. + Effectively, this is the limit on the number of bytes that can be + read or written in a single operation. + + This macro is defined in all POSIX systems because this limit is + never configurable. + + -- Macro: int RE_DUP_MAX + The largest number of repetitions you are guaranteed is allowed in + the construct `\{MIN,MAX\}' in a regular expression. + + The value of this macro is actually a lower bound for the maximum. + That is, you can count on being able to have that many + repetitions, but a particular machine might let you have even + more. You can use `sysconf' to see whether a particular machine + will let you have more (*note Sysconf::). And even the value that + `sysconf' tells you is just a lower bound--larger values might + work. + + This macro is defined in all POSIX.2 systems, because POSIX.2 says + it should always be defined even if there is no specific imposed + limit. + + +File: libc.info, Node: System Options, Next: Version Supported, Prev: General Limits, Up: System Configuration + +31.2 Overall System Options +=========================== + +POSIX defines certain system-specific options that not all POSIX systems +support. Since these options are provided in the kernel, not in the +library, simply using the GNU C library does not guarantee any of these +features is supported; it depends on the system you are using. + + You can test for the availability of a given option using the macros +in this section, together with the function `sysconf'. The macros are +defined only if you include `unistd.h'. + + For the following macros, if the macro is defined in `unistd.h', +then the option is supported. Otherwise, the option may or may not be +supported; use `sysconf' to find out. *Note Sysconf::. + + -- Macro: int _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL + If this symbol is defined, it indicates that the system supports + job control. Otherwise, the implementation behaves as if all + processes within a session belong to a single process group. + *Note Job Control::. + + -- Macro: int _POSIX_SAVED_IDS + If this symbol is defined, it indicates that the system remembers + the effective user and group IDs of a process before it executes an + executable file with the set-user-ID or set-group-ID bits set, and + that explicitly changing the effective user or group IDs back to + these values is permitted. If this option is not defined, then if + a nonprivileged process changes its effective user or group ID to + the real user or group ID of the process, it can't change it back + again. *Note Enable/Disable Setuid::. + + For the following macros, if the macro is defined in `unistd.h', +then its value indicates whether the option is supported. A value of +`-1' means no, and any other value means yes. If the macro is not +defined, then the option may or may not be supported; use `sysconf' to +find out. *Note Sysconf::. + + -- Macro: int _POSIX2_C_DEV + If this symbol is defined, it indicates that the system has the + POSIX.2 C compiler command, `c89'. The GNU C library always + defines this as `1', on the assumption that you would not have + installed it if you didn't have a C compiler. + + -- Macro: int _POSIX2_FORT_DEV + If this symbol is defined, it indicates that the system has the + POSIX.2 Fortran compiler command, `fort77'. The GNU C library + never defines this, because we don't know what the system has. + + -- Macro: int _POSIX2_FORT_RUN + If this symbol is defined, it indicates that the system has the + POSIX.2 `asa' command to interpret Fortran carriage control. The + GNU C library never defines this, because we don't know what the + system has. + + -- Macro: int _POSIX2_LOCALEDEF + If this symbol is defined, it indicates that the system has the + POSIX.2 `localedef' command. The GNU C library never defines + this, because we don't know what the system has. + + -- Macro: int _POSIX2_SW_DEV + If this symbol is defined, it indicates that the system has the + POSIX.2 commands `ar', `make', and `strip'. The GNU C library + always defines this as `1', on the assumption that you had to have + `ar' and `make' to install the library, and it's unlikely that + `strip' would be absent when those are present. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Version Supported, Next: Sysconf, Prev: System Options, Up: System Configuration + +31.3 Which Version of POSIX is Supported +======================================== + + -- Macro: long int _POSIX_VERSION + This constant represents the version of the POSIX.1 standard to + which the implementation conforms. For an implementation + conforming to the 1995 POSIX.1 standard, the value is the integer + `199506L'. + + `_POSIX_VERSION' is always defined (in `unistd.h') in any POSIX + system. + + *Usage Note:* Don't try to test whether the system supports POSIX + by including `unistd.h' and then checking whether `_POSIX_VERSION' + is defined. On a non-POSIX system, this will probably fail + because there is no `unistd.h'. We do not know of _any_ way you + can reliably test at compilation time whether your target system + supports POSIX or whether `unistd.h' exists. + + The GNU C compiler predefines the symbol `__POSIX__' if the target + system is a POSIX system. Provided you do not use any other + compilers on POSIX systems, testing `defined (__POSIX__)' will + reliably detect such systems. + + -- Macro: long int _POSIX2_C_VERSION + This constant represents the version of the POSIX.2 standard which + the library and system kernel support. We don't know what value + this will be for the first version of the POSIX.2 standard, + because the value is based on the year and month in which the + standard is officially adopted. + + The value of this symbol says nothing about the utilities + installed on the system. + + *Usage Note:* You can use this macro to tell whether a POSIX.1 + system library supports POSIX.2 as well. Any POSIX.1 system + contains `unistd.h', so include that file and then test `defined + (_POSIX2_C_VERSION)'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Sysconf, Next: Minimums, Prev: Version Supported, Up: System Configuration + +31.4 Using `sysconf' +==================== + +When your system has configurable system limits, you can use the +`sysconf' function to find out the value that applies to any particular +machine. The function and the associated PARAMETER constants are +declared in the header file `unistd.h'. + +* Menu: + +* Sysconf Definition:: Detailed specifications of `sysconf'. +* Constants for Sysconf:: The list of parameters `sysconf' can read. +* Examples of Sysconf:: How to use `sysconf' and the parameter + macros properly together. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Sysconf Definition, Next: Constants for Sysconf, Up: Sysconf + +31.4.1 Definition of `sysconf' +------------------------------ + + -- Function: long int sysconf (int PARAMETER) + This function is used to inquire about runtime system parameters. + The PARAMETER argument should be one of the `_SC_' symbols listed + below. + + The normal return value from `sysconf' is the value you requested. + A value of `-1' is returned both if the implementation does not + impose a limit, and in case of an error. + + The following `errno' error conditions are defined for this + function: + + `EINVAL' + The value of the PARAMETER is invalid. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Constants for Sysconf, Next: Examples of Sysconf, Prev: Sysconf Definition, Up: Sysconf + +31.4.2 Constants for `sysconf' Parameters +----------------------------------------- + +Here are the symbolic constants for use as the PARAMETER argument to +`sysconf'. The values are all integer constants (more specifically, +enumeration type values). + +`_SC_ARG_MAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `ARG_MAX'. + +`_SC_CHILD_MAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `CHILD_MAX'. + +`_SC_OPEN_MAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `OPEN_MAX'. + +`_SC_STREAM_MAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `STREAM_MAX'. + +`_SC_TZNAME_MAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `TZNAME_MAX'. + +`_SC_NGROUPS_MAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `NGROUPS_MAX'. + +`_SC_JOB_CONTROL' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_JOB_CONTROL'. + +`_SC_SAVED_IDS' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_SAVED_IDS'. + +`_SC_VERSION' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_VERSION'. + +`_SC_CLK_TCK' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `CLOCKS_PER_SEC'; + *note CPU Time::. + +`_SC_CHARCLASS_NAME_MAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to maximal length + allowed for a character class name in an extended locale + specification. These extensions are not yet standardized and so + this option is not standardized as well. + +`_SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS'. + +`_SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING'. + +`_SC_TIMERS' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_TIMERS'. + +`_SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO'. + +`_SC_PRIORITIZED_IO' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_PRIORITIZED_IO'. + +`_SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO'. + +`_SC_FSYNC' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_FSYNC'. + +`_SC_MAPPED_FILES' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_MAPPED_FILES'. + +`_SC_MEMLOCK' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_MEMLOCK'. + +`_SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE'. + +`_SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION'. + +`_SC_MESSAGE_PASSING' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_MESSAGE_PASSING'. + +`_SC_SEMAPHORES' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_SEMAPHORES'. + +`_SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS'. + +`_SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_AIO_LISTIO_MAX'. + +`_SC_AIO_MAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_AIO_MAX'. + +`_SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX' + Inquire the value by which a process can decrease its asynchronous + I/O priority level from its own scheduling priority. This + corresponds to the run-time invariant value `AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX'. + +`_SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_DELAYTIMER_MAX'. + +`_SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_MQ_OPEN_MAX'. + +`_SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_MQ_PRIO_MAX'. + +`_SC_RTSIG_MAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_RTSIG_MAX'. + +`_SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_SEM_NSEMS_MAX'. + +`_SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_SEM_VALUE_MAX'. + +`_SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_SIGQUEUE_MAX'. + +`_SC_TIMER_MAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_TIMER_MAX'. + +`_SC_PII' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_PII'. + +`_SC_PII_XTI' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_PII_XTI'. + +`_SC_PII_SOCKET' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_PII_SOCKET'. + +`_SC_PII_INTERNET' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_PII_INTERNET'. + +`_SC_PII_OSI' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_PII_OSI'. + +`_SC_SELECT' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_SELECT'. + +`_SC_UIO_MAXIOV' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_UIO_MAXIOV'. + +`_SC_PII_INTERNET_STREAM' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_PII_INTERNET_STREAM'. + +`_SC_PII_INTERNET_DGRAM' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_PII_INTERNET_DGRAM'. + +`_SC_PII_OSI_COTS' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_PII_OSI_COTS'. + +`_SC_PII_OSI_CLTS' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_PII_OSI_CLTS'. + +`_SC_PII_OSI_M' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_PII_OSI_M'. + +`_SC_T_IOV_MAX' + Inquire the value of the value associated with the `T_IOV_MAX' + variable. + +`_SC_THREADS' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_THREADS'. + +`_SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS'. + +`_SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX'. + +`_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX'. + +`_SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_LOGIN_NAME_MAX'. + +`_SC_TTY_NAME_MAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_POSIX_TTY_NAME_MAX'. + +`_SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS'. + +`_SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_THREAD_KEYS_MAX'. + +`_SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_THREAD_STACK_MIN'. + +`_SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_THREAD_THREADS_MAX'. + +`_SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + a `_POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR'. + +`_SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE'. + +`_SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING'. + +`_SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT'. + +`_SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT'. + +`_SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED'. + +`_SC_2_C_DEV' + Inquire about whether the system has the POSIX.2 C compiler + command, `c89'. + +`_SC_2_FORT_DEV' + Inquire about whether the system has the POSIX.2 Fortran compiler + command, `fort77'. + +`_SC_2_FORT_RUN' + Inquire about whether the system has the POSIX.2 `asa' command to + interpret Fortran carriage control. + +`_SC_2_LOCALEDEF' + Inquire about whether the system has the POSIX.2 `localedef' + command. + +`_SC_2_SW_DEV' + Inquire about whether the system has the POSIX.2 commands `ar', + `make', and `strip'. + +`_SC_BC_BASE_MAX' + Inquire about the maximum value of `obase' in the `bc' utility. + +`_SC_BC_DIM_MAX' + Inquire about the maximum size of an array in the `bc' utility. + +`_SC_BC_SCALE_MAX' + Inquire about the maximum value of `scale' in the `bc' utility. + +`_SC_BC_STRING_MAX' + Inquire about the maximum size of a string constant in the `bc' + utility. + +`_SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX' + Inquire about the maximum number of weights that can necessarily + be used in defining the collating sequence for a locale. + +`_SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX' + Inquire about the maximum number of expressions nested within + parentheses when using the `expr' utility. + +`_SC_LINE_MAX' + Inquire about the maximum size of a text line that the POSIX.2 text + utilities can handle. + +`_SC_EQUIV_CLASS_MAX' + Inquire about the maximum number of weights that can be assigned + to an entry of the `LC_COLLATE' category `order' keyword in a + locale definition. The GNU C library does not presently support + locale definitions. + +`_SC_VERSION' + Inquire about the version number of POSIX.1 that the library and + kernel support. + +`_SC_2_VERSION' + Inquire about the version number of POSIX.2 that the system + utilities support. + +`_SC_PAGESIZE' + Inquire about the virtual memory page size of the machine. + `getpagesize' returns the same value (*note Query Memory + Parameters::). + +`_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF' + Inquire about the number of configured processors. + +`_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN' + Inquire about the number of processors online. + +`_SC_PHYS_PAGES' + Inquire about the number of physical pages in the system. + +`_SC_AVPHYS_PAGES' + Inquire about the number of available physical pages in the system. + +`_SC_ATEXIT_MAX' + Inquire about the number of functions which can be registered as + termination functions for `atexit'; *note Cleanups on Exit::. + +`_SC_XOPEN_VERSION' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_XOPEN_VERSION'. + +`_SC_XOPEN_XCU_VERSION' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_XOPEN_XCU_VERSION'. + +`_SC_XOPEN_UNIX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_XOPEN_UNIX'. + +`_SC_XOPEN_REALTIME' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_XOPEN_REALTIME'. + +`_SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to + `_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS'. + +`_SC_XOPEN_LEGACY' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_XOPEN_LEGACY'. + +`_SC_XOPEN_CRYPT' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_XOPEN_CRYPT'. + +`_SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_XOPEN_ENH_I18N'. + +`_SC_XOPEN_SHM' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_XOPEN_SHM'. + +`_SC_XOPEN_XPG2' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_XOPEN_XPG2'. + +`_SC_XOPEN_XPG3' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_XOPEN_XPG3'. + +`_SC_XOPEN_XPG4' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `_XOPEN_XPG4'. + +`_SC_CHAR_BIT' + Inquire about the number of bits in a variable of type `char'. + +`_SC_CHAR_MAX' + Inquire about the maximum value which can be stored in a variable + of type `char'. + +`_SC_CHAR_MIN' + Inquire about the minimum value which can be stored in a variable + of type `char'. + +`_SC_INT_MAX' + Inquire about the maximum value which can be stored in a variable + of type `int'. + +`_SC_INT_MIN' + Inquire about the minimum value which can be stored in a variable + of type `int'. + +`_SC_LONG_BIT' + Inquire about the number of bits in a variable of type `long int'. + +`_SC_WORD_BIT' + Inquire about the number of bits in a variable of a register word. + +`_SC_MB_LEN_MAX' + Inquire the maximum length of a multi-byte representation of a wide + character value. + +`_SC_NZERO' + Inquire about the value used to internally represent the zero + priority level for the process execution. + +`SC_SSIZE_MAX' + Inquire about the maximum value which can be stored in a variable + of type `ssize_t'. + +`_SC_SCHAR_MAX' + Inquire about the maximum value which can be stored in a variable + of type `signed char'. + +`_SC_SCHAR_MIN' + Inquire about the minimum value which can be stored in a variable + of type `signed char'. + +`_SC_SHRT_MAX' + Inquire about the maximum value which can be stored in a variable + of type `short int'. + +`_SC_SHRT_MIN' + Inquire about the minimum value which can be stored in a variable + of type `short int'. + +`_SC_UCHAR_MAX' + Inquire about the maximum value which can be stored in a variable + of type `unsigned char'. + +`_SC_UINT_MAX' + Inquire about the maximum value which can be stored in a variable + of type `unsigned int'. + +`_SC_ULONG_MAX' + Inquire about the maximum value which can be stored in a variable + of type `unsigned long int'. + +`_SC_USHRT_MAX' + Inquire about the maximum value which can be stored in a variable + of type `unsigned short int'. + +`_SC_NL_ARGMAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `NL_ARGMAX'. + +`_SC_NL_LANGMAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `NL_LANGMAX'. + +`_SC_NL_MSGMAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `NL_MSGMAX'. + +`_SC_NL_NMAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `NL_NMAX'. + +`_SC_NL_SETMAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `NL_SETMAX'. + +`_SC_NL_TEXTMAX' + Inquire about the parameter corresponding to `NL_TEXTMAX'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Examples of Sysconf, Prev: Constants for Sysconf, Up: Sysconf + +31.4.3 Examples of `sysconf' +---------------------------- + +We recommend that you first test for a macro definition for the +parameter you are interested in, and call `sysconf' only if the macro +is not defined. For example, here is how to test whether job control +is supported: + + int + have_job_control (void) + { + #ifdef _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL + return 1; + #else + int value = sysconf (_SC_JOB_CONTROL); + if (value < 0) + /* If the system is that badly wedged, + there's no use trying to go on. */ + fatal (strerror (errno)); + return value; + #endif + } + + Here is how to get the value of a numeric limit: + + int + get_child_max () + { + #ifdef CHILD_MAX + return CHILD_MAX; + #else + int value = sysconf (_SC_CHILD_MAX); + if (value < 0) + fatal (strerror (errno)); + return value; + #endif + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Minimums, Next: Limits for Files, Prev: Sysconf, Up: System Configuration + +31.5 Minimum Values for General Capacity Limits +=============================================== + +Here are the names for the POSIX minimum upper bounds for the system +limit parameters. The significance of these values is that you can +safely push to these limits without checking whether the particular +system you are using can go that far. + +`_POSIX_AIO_LISTIO_MAX' + The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX for the maximum + number of I/O operations that can be specified in a list I/O call. + The value of this constant is `2'; thus you can add up to two new + entries of the list of outstanding operations. + +`_POSIX_AIO_MAX' + The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX for the maximum + number of outstanding asynchronous I/O operations. The value of + this constant is `1'. So you cannot expect that you can issue + more than one operation and immediately continue with the normal + work, receiving the notifications asynchronously. + +`_POSIX_ARG_MAX' + The value of this macro is the most restrictive limit permitted by + POSIX for the maximum combined length of the ARGV and ENVIRON + arguments that can be passed to the `exec' functions. Its value + is `4096'. + +`_POSIX_CHILD_MAX' + The value of this macro is the most restrictive limit permitted by + POSIX for the maximum number of simultaneous processes per real + user ID. Its value is `6'. + +`_POSIX_NGROUPS_MAX' + The value of this macro is the most restrictive limit permitted by + POSIX for the maximum number of supplementary group IDs per + process. Its value is `0'. + +`_POSIX_OPEN_MAX' + The value of this macro is the most restrictive limit permitted by + POSIX for the maximum number of files that a single process can + have open simultaneously. Its value is `16'. + +`_POSIX_SSIZE_MAX' + The value of this macro is the most restrictive limit permitted by + POSIX for the maximum value that can be stored in an object of type + `ssize_t'. Its value is `32767'. + +`_POSIX_STREAM_MAX' + The value of this macro is the most restrictive limit permitted by + POSIX for the maximum number of streams that a single process can + have open simultaneously. Its value is `8'. + +`_POSIX_TZNAME_MAX' + The value of this macro is the most restrictive limit permitted by + POSIX for the maximum length of a time zone name. Its value is + `3'. + +`_POSIX2_RE_DUP_MAX' + The value of this macro is the most restrictive limit permitted by + POSIX for the numbers used in the `\{MIN,MAX\}' construct in a + regular expression. Its value is `255'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Limits for Files, Next: Options for Files, Prev: Minimums, Up: System Configuration + +31.6 Limits on File System Capacity +=================================== + +The POSIX.1 standard specifies a number of parameters that describe the +limitations of the file system. It's possible for the system to have a +fixed, uniform limit for a parameter, but this isn't the usual case. On +most systems, it's possible for different file systems (and, for some +parameters, even different files) to have different maximum limits. For +example, this is very likely if you use NFS to mount some of the file +systems from other machines. + + Each of the following macros is defined in `limits.h' only if the +system has a fixed, uniform limit for the parameter in question. If the +system allows different file systems or files to have different limits, +then the macro is undefined; use `pathconf' or `fpathconf' to find out +the limit that applies to a particular file. *Note Pathconf::. + + Each parameter also has another macro, with a name starting with +`_POSIX', which gives the lowest value that the limit is allowed to +have on _any_ POSIX system. *Note File Minimums::. + + -- Macro: int LINK_MAX + The uniform system limit (if any) for the number of names for a + given file. *Note Hard Links::. + + -- Macro: int MAX_CANON + The uniform system limit (if any) for the amount of text in a line + of input when input editing is enabled. *Note Canonical or Not::. + + -- Macro: int MAX_INPUT + The uniform system limit (if any) for the total number of + characters typed ahead as input. *Note I/O Queues::. + + -- Macro: int NAME_MAX + The uniform system limit (if any) for the length of a file name + component. + + -- Macro: int PATH_MAX + The uniform system limit (if any) for the length of an entire file + name (that is, the argument given to system calls such as `open'). + + -- Macro: int PIPE_BUF + The uniform system limit (if any) for the number of bytes that can + be written atomically to a pipe. If multiple processes are + writing to the same pipe simultaneously, output from different + processes might be interleaved in chunks of this size. *Note + Pipes and FIFOs::. + + These are alternative macro names for some of the same information. + + -- Macro: int MAXNAMLEN + This is the BSD name for `NAME_MAX'. It is defined in `dirent.h'. + + -- Macro: int FILENAME_MAX + The value of this macro is an integer constant expression that + represents the maximum length of a file name string. It is + defined in `stdio.h'. + + Unlike `PATH_MAX', this macro is defined even if there is no actual + limit imposed. In such a case, its value is typically a very large + number. *This is always the case on the GNU system.* + + *Usage Note:* Don't use `FILENAME_MAX' as the size of an array in + which to store a file name! You can't possibly make an array that + big! Use dynamic allocation (*note Memory Allocation::) instead. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Options for Files, Next: File Minimums, Prev: Limits for Files, Up: System Configuration + +31.7 Optional Features in File Support +====================================== + +POSIX defines certain system-specific options in the system calls for +operating on files. Some systems support these options and others do +not. Since these options are provided in the kernel, not in the +library, simply using the GNU C library does not guarantee that any of +these features is supported; it depends on the system you are using. +They can also vary between file systems on a single machine. + + This section describes the macros you can test to determine whether a +particular option is supported on your machine. If a given macro is +defined in `unistd.h', then its value says whether the corresponding +feature is supported. (A value of `-1' indicates no; any other value +indicates yes.) If the macro is undefined, it means particular files +may or may not support the feature. + + Since all the machines that support the GNU C library also support +NFS, one can never make a general statement about whether all file +systems support the `_POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED' and `_POSIX_NO_TRUNC' +features. So these names are never defined as macros in the GNU C +library. + + -- Macro: int _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED + If this option is in effect, the `chown' function is restricted so + that the only changes permitted to nonprivileged processes is to + change the group owner of a file to either be the effective group + ID of the process, or one of its supplementary group IDs. *Note + File Owner::. + + -- Macro: int _POSIX_NO_TRUNC + If this option is in effect, file name components longer than + `NAME_MAX' generate an `ENAMETOOLONG' error. Otherwise, file name + components that are too long are silently truncated. + + -- Macro: unsigned char _POSIX_VDISABLE + This option is only meaningful for files that are terminal devices. + If it is enabled, then handling for special control characters can + be disabled individually. *Note Special Characters::. + + If one of these macros is undefined, that means that the option +might be in effect for some files and not for others. To inquire about +a particular file, call `pathconf' or `fpathconf'. *Note Pathconf::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: File Minimums, Next: Pathconf, Prev: Options for Files, Up: System Configuration + +31.8 Minimum Values for File System Limits +========================================== + +Here are the names for the POSIX minimum upper bounds for some of the +above parameters. The significance of these values is that you can +safely push to these limits without checking whether the particular +system you are using can go that far. In most cases GNU systems do not +have these strict limitations. The actual limit should be requested if +necessary. + +`_POSIX_LINK_MAX' + The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX for the maximum + value of a file's link count. The value of this constant is `8'; + thus, you can always make up to eight names for a file without + running into a system limit. + +`_POSIX_MAX_CANON' + The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX for the maximum + number of bytes in a canonical input line from a terminal device. + The value of this constant is `255'. + +`_POSIX_MAX_INPUT' + The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX for the maximum + number of bytes in a terminal device input queue (or typeahead + buffer). *Note Input Modes::. The value of this constant is + `255'. + +`_POSIX_NAME_MAX' + The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX for the maximum + number of bytes in a file name component. The value of this + constant is `14'. + +`_POSIX_PATH_MAX' + The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX for the maximum + number of bytes in a file name. The value of this constant is + `256'. + +`_POSIX_PIPE_BUF' + The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX for the maximum + number of bytes that can be written atomically to a pipe. The + value of this constant is `512'. + +`SYMLINK_MAX' + Maximum number of bytes in a symbolic link. + +`POSIX_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE' + Recommended increment for file transfer sizes between the + `POSIX_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE' and `POSIX_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE' values. + +`POSIX_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE' + Maximum recommended file transfer size. + +`POSIX_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE' + Minimum recommended file transfer size. + +`POSIX_REC_XFER_ALIGN' + Recommended file transfer buffer alignment. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Pathconf, Next: Utility Limits, Prev: File Minimums, Up: System Configuration + +31.9 Using `pathconf' +===================== + +When your machine allows different files to have different values for a +file system parameter, you can use the functions in this section to find +out the value that applies to any particular file. + + These functions and the associated constants for the PARAMETER +argument are declared in the header file `unistd.h'. + + -- Function: long int pathconf (const char *FILENAME, int PARAMETER) + This function is used to inquire about the limits that apply to + the file named FILENAME. + + The PARAMETER argument should be one of the `_PC_' constants + listed below. + + The normal return value from `pathconf' is the value you requested. + A value of `-1' is returned both if the implementation does not + impose a limit, and in case of an error. In the former case, + `errno' is not set, while in the latter case, `errno' is set to + indicate the cause of the problem. So the only way to use this + function robustly is to store `0' into `errno' just before calling + it. + + Besides the usual file name errors (*note File Name Errors::), the + following error condition is defined for this function: + + `EINVAL' + The value of PARAMETER is invalid, or the implementation + doesn't support the PARAMETER for the specific file. + + -- Function: long int fpathconf (int FILEDES, int PARAMETER) + This is just like `pathconf' except that an open file descriptor + is used to specify the file for which information is requested, + instead of a file name. + + The following `errno' error conditions are defined for this + function: + + `EBADF' + The FILEDES argument is not a valid file descriptor. + + `EINVAL' + The value of PARAMETER is invalid, or the implementation + doesn't support the PARAMETER for the specific file. + + Here are the symbolic constants that you can use as the PARAMETER +argument to `pathconf' and `fpathconf'. The values are all integer +constants. + +`_PC_LINK_MAX' + Inquire about the value of `LINK_MAX'. + +`_PC_MAX_CANON' + Inquire about the value of `MAX_CANON'. + +`_PC_MAX_INPUT' + Inquire about the value of `MAX_INPUT'. + +`_PC_NAME_MAX' + Inquire about the value of `NAME_MAX'. + +`_PC_PATH_MAX' + Inquire about the value of `PATH_MAX'. + +`_PC_PIPE_BUF' + Inquire about the value of `PIPE_BUF'. + +`_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED' + Inquire about the value of `_POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED'. + +`_PC_NO_TRUNC' + Inquire about the value of `_POSIX_NO_TRUNC'. + +`_PC_VDISABLE' + Inquire about the value of `_POSIX_VDISABLE'. + +`_PC_SYNC_IO' + Inquire about the value of `_POSIX_SYNC_IO'. + +`_PC_ASYNC_IO' + Inquire about the value of `_POSIX_ASYNC_IO'. + +`_PC_PRIO_IO' + Inquire about the value of `_POSIX_PRIO_IO'. + +`_PC_FILESIZEBITS' + Inquire about the availability of large files on the filesystem. + +`_PC_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE' + Inquire about the value of `POSIX_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE'. + +`_PC_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE' + Inquire about the value of `POSIX_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE'. + +`_PC_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE' + Inquire about the value of `POSIX_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE'. + +`_PC_REC_XFER_ALIGN' + Inquire about the value of `POSIX_REC_XFER_ALIGN'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Utility Limits, Next: Utility Minimums, Prev: Pathconf, Up: System Configuration + +31.10 Utility Program Capacity Limits +===================================== + +The POSIX.2 standard specifies certain system limits that you can access +through `sysconf' that apply to utility behavior rather than the +behavior of the library or the operating system. + + The GNU C library defines macros for these limits, and `sysconf' +returns values for them if you ask; but these values convey no +meaningful information. They are simply the smallest values that +POSIX.2 permits. + + -- Macro: int BC_BASE_MAX + The largest value of `obase' that the `bc' utility is guaranteed + to support. + + -- Macro: int BC_DIM_MAX + The largest number of elements in one array that the `bc' utility + is guaranteed to support. + + -- Macro: int BC_SCALE_MAX + The largest value of `scale' that the `bc' utility is guaranteed + to support. + + -- Macro: int BC_STRING_MAX + The largest number of characters in one string constant that the + `bc' utility is guaranteed to support. + + -- Macro: int COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX + The largest number of weights that can necessarily be used in + defining the collating sequence for a locale. + + -- Macro: int EXPR_NEST_MAX + The maximum number of expressions that can be nested within + parenthesis by the `expr' utility. + + -- Macro: int LINE_MAX + The largest text line that the text-oriented POSIX.2 utilities can + support. (If you are using the GNU versions of these utilities, + then there is no actual limit except that imposed by the available + virtual memory, but there is no way that the library can tell you + this.) + + -- Macro: int EQUIV_CLASS_MAX + The maximum number of weights that can be assigned to an entry of + the `LC_COLLATE' category `order' keyword in a locale definition. + The GNU C library does not presently support locale definitions. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Utility Minimums, Next: String Parameters, Prev: Utility Limits, Up: System Configuration + +31.11 Minimum Values for Utility Limits +======================================= + +`_POSIX2_BC_BASE_MAX' + The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX.2 for the maximum + value of `obase' in the `bc' utility. Its value is `99'. + +`_POSIX2_BC_DIM_MAX' + The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX.2 for the maximum + size of an array in the `bc' utility. Its value is `2048'. + +`_POSIX2_BC_SCALE_MAX' + The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX.2 for the maximum + value of `scale' in the `bc' utility. Its value is `99'. + +`_POSIX2_BC_STRING_MAX' + The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX.2 for the maximum + size of a string constant in the `bc' utility. Its value is + `1000'. + +`_POSIX2_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX' + The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX.2 for the maximum + number of weights that can necessarily be used in defining the + collating sequence for a locale. Its value is `2'. + +`_POSIX2_EXPR_NEST_MAX' + The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX.2 for the maximum + number of expressions nested within parenthesis when using the + `expr' utility. Its value is `32'. + +`_POSIX2_LINE_MAX' + The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX.2 for the maximum + size of a text line that the text utilities can handle. Its value + is `2048'. + +`_POSIX2_EQUIV_CLASS_MAX' + The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX.2 for the maximum + number of weights that can be assigned to an entry of the + `LC_COLLATE' category `order' keyword in a locale definition. Its + value is `2'. The GNU C library does not presently support locale + definitions. + + +File: libc.info, Node: String Parameters, Prev: Utility Minimums, Up: System Configuration + +31.12 String-Valued Parameters +============================== + +POSIX.2 defines a way to get string-valued parameters from the operating +system with the function `confstr': + + -- Function: size_t confstr (int PARAMETER, char *BUF, size_t LEN) + This function reads the value of a string-valued system parameter, + storing the string into LEN bytes of memory space starting at BUF. + The PARAMETER argument should be one of the `_CS_' symbols listed + below. + + The normal return value from `confstr' is the length of the string + value that you asked for. If you supply a null pointer for BUF, + then `confstr' does not try to store the string; it just returns + its length. A value of `0' indicates an error. + + If the string you asked for is too long for the buffer (that is, + longer than `LEN - 1'), then `confstr' stores just that much + (leaving room for the terminating null character). You can tell + that this has happened because `confstr' returns a value greater + than or equal to LEN. + + The following `errno' error conditions are defined for this + function: + + `EINVAL' + The value of the PARAMETER is invalid. + + Currently there is just one parameter you can read with `confstr': + +`_CS_PATH' + This parameter's value is the recommended default path for + searching for executable files. This is the path that a user has + by default just after logging in. + +`_CS_LFS_CFLAGS' + The returned string specifies which additional flags must be given + to the C compiler if a source is compiled using the + `_LARGEFILE_SOURCE' feature select macro; *note Feature Test + Macros::. + +`_CS_LFS_LDFLAGS' + The returned string specifies which additional flags must be given + to the linker if a source is compiled using the + `_LARGEFILE_SOURCE' feature select macro; *note Feature Test + Macros::. + +`_CS_LFS_LIBS' + The returned string specifies which additional libraries must be + linked to the application if a source is compiled using the + `_LARGEFILE_SOURCE' feature select macro; *note Feature Test + Macros::. + +`_CS_LFS_LINTFLAGS' + The returned string specifies which additional flags must be given + to the lint tool if a source is compiled using the + `_LARGEFILE_SOURCE' feature select macro; *note Feature Test + Macros::. + +`_CS_LFS64_CFLAGS' + The returned string specifies which additional flags must be given + to the C compiler if a source is compiled using the + `_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE' feature select macro; *note Feature Test + Macros::. + +`_CS_LFS64_LDFLAGS' + The returned string specifies which additional flags must be given + to the linker if a source is compiled using the + `_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE' feature select macro; *note Feature Test + Macros::. + +`_CS_LFS64_LIBS' + The returned string specifies which additional libraries must be + linked to the application if a source is compiled using the + `_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE' feature select macro; *note Feature Test + Macros::. + +`_CS_LFS64_LINTFLAGS' + The returned string specifies which additional flags must be given + to the lint tool if a source is compiled using the + `_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE' feature select macro; *note Feature Test + Macros::. + + The way to use `confstr' without any arbitrary limit on string size +is to call it twice: first call it to get the length, allocate the +buffer accordingly, and then call `confstr' again to fill the buffer, +like this: + + char * + get_default_path (void) + { + size_t len = confstr (_CS_PATH, NULL, 0); + char *buffer = (char *) xmalloc (len); + + if (confstr (_CS_PATH, buf, len + 1) == 0) + { + free (buffer); + return NULL; + } + + return buffer; + } + + +File: libc.info, Node: Cryptographic Functions, Next: Debugging Support, Prev: System Configuration, Up: Top + +32 DES Encryption and Password Handling +*************************************** + +On many systems, it is unnecessary to have any kind of user +authentication; for instance, a workstation which is not connected to a +network probably does not need any user authentication, because to use +the machine an intruder must have physical access. + + Sometimes, however, it is necessary to be sure that a user is +authorized to use some service a machine provides--for instance, to log +in as a particular user id (*note Users and Groups::). One traditional +way of doing this is for each user to choose a secret "password"; then, +the system can ask someone claiming to be a user what the user's +password is, and if the person gives the correct password then the +system can grant the appropriate privileges. + + If all the passwords are just stored in a file somewhere, then this +file has to be very carefully protected. To avoid this, passwords are +run through a "one-way function", a function which makes it difficult to +work out what its input was by looking at its output, before storing in +the file. + + The GNU C library provides a one-way function that is compatible with +the behavior of the `crypt' function introduced in FreeBSD 2.0. It +supports two one-way algorithms: one based on the MD5 message-digest +algorithm that is compatible with modern BSD systems, and the other +based on the Data Encryption Standard (DES) that is compatible with +Unix systems. + + It also provides support for Secure RPC, and some library functions +that can be used to perform normal DES encryption. + +* Menu: + +* Legal Problems:: This software can get you locked up, or worse. +* getpass:: Prompting the user for a password. +* crypt:: A one-way function for passwords. +* DES Encryption:: Routines for DES encryption. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Legal Problems, Next: getpass, Up: Cryptographic Functions + +32.1 Legal Problems +=================== + +Because of the continuously changing state of the law, it's not possible +to provide a definitive survey of the laws affecting cryptography. +Instead, this section warns you of some of the known trouble spots; this +may help you when you try to find out what the laws of your country are. + + Some countries require that you have a licence to use, possess, or +import cryptography. These countries are believed to include +Byelorussia, Burma, India, Indonesia, Israel, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, +Russia, and Saudi Arabia. + + Some countries restrict the transmission of encrypted messages by +radio; some telecommunications carriers restrict the transmission of +encrypted messages over their network. + + Many countries have some form of export control for encryption +software. The Wassenaar Arrangement is a multilateral agreement +between 33 countries (Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, +Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, +Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New +Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Republic of Korea, Romania, the +Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, +Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States) which +restricts some kinds of encryption exports. Different countries apply +the arrangement in different ways; some do not allow the exception for +certain kinds of "public domain" software (which would include this +library), some only restrict the export of software in tangible form, +and others impose significant additional restrictions. + + The United States has additional rules. This software would +generally be exportable under 15 CFR 740.13(e), which permits exports of +"encryption source code" which is "publicly available" and which is +"not subject to an express agreement for the payment of a licensing fee +or royalty for commercial production or sale of any product developed +with the source code" to most countries. + + The rules in this area are continuously changing. If you know of any +information in this manual that is out-of-date, please report it to the +bug database. *Note Reporting Bugs::. + + +File: libc.info, Node: getpass, Next: crypt, Prev: Legal Problems, Up: Cryptographic Functions + +32.2 Reading Passwords +====================== + +When reading in a password, it is desirable to avoid displaying it on +the screen, to help keep it secret. The following function handles this +in a convenient way. + + -- Function: char * getpass (const char *PROMPT) + `getpass' outputs PROMPT, then reads a string in from the terminal + without echoing it. It tries to connect to the real terminal, + `/dev/tty', if possible, to encourage users not to put plaintext + passwords in files; otherwise, it uses `stdin' and `stderr'. + `getpass' also disables the INTR, QUIT, and SUSP characters on the + terminal using the `ISIG' terminal attribute (*note Local Modes::). + The terminal is flushed before and after `getpass', so that + characters of a mistyped password are not accidentally visible. + + In other C libraries, `getpass' may only return the first + `PASS_MAX' bytes of a password. The GNU C library has no limit, so + `PASS_MAX' is undefined. + + The prototype for this function is in `unistd.h'. `PASS_MAX' + would be defined in `limits.h'. + + This precise set of operations may not suit all possible situations. +In this case, it is recommended that users write their own `getpass' +substitute. For instance, a very simple substitute is as follows: + + #include + #include + + ssize_t + my_getpass (char **lineptr, size_t *n, FILE *stream) + { + struct termios old, new; + int nread; + + /* Turn echoing off and fail if we can't. */ + if (tcgetattr (fileno (stream), &old) != 0) + return -1; + new = old; + new.c_lflag &= ~ECHO; + if (tcsetattr (fileno (stream), TCSAFLUSH, &new) != 0) + return -1; + + /* Read the password. */ + nread = getline (lineptr, n, stream); + + /* Restore terminal. */ + (void) tcsetattr (fileno (stream), TCSAFLUSH, &old); + + return nread; + } + + The substitute takes the same parameters as `getline' (*note Line +Input::); the user must print any prompt desired. + + +File: libc.info, Node: crypt, Next: DES Encryption, Prev: getpass, Up: Cryptographic Functions + +32.3 Encrypting Passwords +========================= + + -- Function: char * crypt (const char *KEY, const char *SALT) + The `crypt' function takes a password, KEY, as a string, and a + SALT character array which is described below, and returns a + printable ASCII string which starts with another salt. It is + believed that, given the output of the function, the best way to + find a KEY that will produce that output is to guess values of KEY + until the original value of KEY is found. + + The SALT parameter does two things. Firstly, it selects which + algorithm is used, the MD5-based one or the DES-based one. + Secondly, it makes life harder for someone trying to guess + passwords against a file containing many passwords; without a + SALT, an intruder can make a guess, run `crypt' on it once, and + compare the result with all the passwords. With a SALT, the + intruder must run `crypt' once for each different salt. + + For the MD5-based algorithm, the SALT should consist of the string + `$1$', followed by up to 8 characters, terminated by either + another `$' or the end of the string. The result of `crypt' will + be the SALT, followed by a `$' if the salt didn't end with one, + followed by 22 characters from the alphabet `./0-9A-Za-z', up to + 34 characters total. Every character in the KEY is significant. + + For the DES-based algorithm, the SALT should consist of two + characters from the alphabet `./0-9A-Za-z', and the result of + `crypt' will be those two characters followed by 11 more from the + same alphabet, 13 in total. Only the first 8 characters in the + KEY are significant. + + The MD5-based algorithm has no limit on the useful length of the + password used, and is slightly more secure. It is therefore + preferred over the DES-based algorithm. + + When the user enters their password for the first time, the SALT + should be set to a new string which is reasonably random. To + verify a password against the result of a previous call to + `crypt', pass the result of the previous call as the SALT. + + The following short program is an example of how to use `crypt' the +first time a password is entered. Note that the SALT generation is +just barely acceptable; in particular, it is not unique between +machines, and in many applications it would not be acceptable to let an +attacker know what time the user's password was last set. + + #include + #include + #include + #include + + int + main(void) + { + unsigned long seed[2]; + char salt[] = "$1$........"; + const char *const seedchars = + "./0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRST" + "UVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"; + char *password; + int i; + + /* Generate a (not very) random seed. + You should do it better than this... */ + seed[0] = time(NULL); + seed[1] = getpid() ^ (seed[0] >> 14 & 0x30000); + + /* Turn it into printable characters from `seedchars'. */ + for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) + salt[3+i] = seedchars[(seed[i/5] >> (i%5)*6) & 0x3f]; + + /* Read in the user's password and encrypt it. */ + password = crypt(getpass("Password:"), salt); + + /* Print the results. */ + puts(password); + return 0; + } + + The next program shows how to verify a password. It prompts the user +for a password and prints "Access granted." if the user types `GNU libc +manual'. + + #include + #include + #include + #include + + int + main(void) + { + /* Hashed form of "GNU libc manual". */ + const char *const pass = "$1$/iSaq7rB$EoUw5jJPPvAPECNaaWzMK/"; + + char *result; + int ok; + + /* Read in the user's password and encrypt it, + passing the expected password in as the salt. */ + result = crypt(getpass("Password:"), pass); + + /* Test the result. */ + ok = strcmp (result, pass) == 0; + + puts(ok ? "Access granted." : "Access denied."); + return ok ? 0 : 1; + } + + -- Function: char * crypt_r (const char *KEY, const char *SALT, struct + crypt_data * DATA) + The `crypt_r' function does the same thing as `crypt', but takes + an extra parameter which includes space for its result (among + other things), so it can be reentrant. `data->initialized' must be + cleared to zero before the first time `crypt_r' is called. + + The `crypt_r' function is a GNU extension. + + The `crypt' and `crypt_r' functions are prototyped in the header +`crypt.h'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: DES Encryption, Prev: crypt, Up: Cryptographic Functions + +32.4 DES Encryption +=================== + +The Data Encryption Standard is described in the US Government Federal +Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 46-3 published by the National +Institute of Standards and Technology. The DES has been very thoroughly +analyzed since it was developed in the late 1970s, and no new +significant flaws have been found. + + However, the DES uses only a 56-bit key (plus 8 parity bits), and a +machine has been built in 1998 which can search through all possible +keys in about 6 days, which cost about US$200000; faster searches would +be possible with more money. This makes simple DES insecure for most +purposes, and NIST no longer permits new US government systems to use +simple DES. + + For serious encryption functionality, it is recommended that one of +the many free encryption libraries be used instead of these routines. + + The DES is a reversible operation which takes a 64-bit block and a +64-bit key, and produces another 64-bit block. Usually the bits are +numbered so that the most-significant bit, the first bit, of each block +is numbered 1. + + Under that numbering, every 8th bit of the key (the 8th, 16th, and so +on) is not used by the encryption algorithm itself. But the key must +have odd parity; that is, out of bits 1 through 8, and 9 through 16, and +so on, there must be an odd number of `1' bits, and this completely +specifies the unused bits. + + -- Function: void setkey (const char *KEY) + The `setkey' function sets an internal data structure to be an + expanded form of KEY. KEY is specified as an array of 64 bits + each stored in a `char', the first bit is `key[0]' and the 64th + bit is `key[63]'. The KEY should have the correct parity. + + -- Function: void encrypt (char *BLOCK, int EDFLAG) + The `encrypt' function encrypts BLOCK if EDFLAG is 0, otherwise it + decrypts BLOCK, using a key previously set by `setkey'. The + result is placed in BLOCK. + + Like `setkey', BLOCK is specified as an array of 64 bits each + stored in a `char', but there are no parity bits in BLOCK. + + -- Function: void setkey_r (const char *KEY, struct crypt_data * DATA) + -- Function: void encrypt_r (char *BLOCK, int EDFLAG, struct + crypt_data * DATA) + These are reentrant versions of `setkey' and `encrypt'. The only + difference is the extra parameter, which stores the expanded + version of KEY. Before calling `setkey_r' the first time, + `data->initialized' must be cleared to zero. + + The `setkey_r' and `encrypt_r' functions are GNU extensions. +`setkey', `encrypt', `setkey_r', and `encrypt_r' are defined in +`crypt.h'. + + -- Function: int ecb_crypt (char *KEY, char *BLOCKS, unsigned LEN, + unsigned MODE) + The function `ecb_crypt' encrypts or decrypts one or more blocks + using DES. Each block is encrypted independently. + + The BLOCKS and the KEY are stored packed in 8-bit bytes, so that + the first bit of the key is the most-significant bit of `key[0]' + and the 63rd bit of the key is stored as the least-significant bit + of `key[7]'. The KEY should have the correct parity. + + LEN is the number of bytes in BLOCKS. It should be a multiple of + 8 (so that there is a whole number of blocks to encrypt). LEN is + limited to a maximum of `DES_MAXDATA' bytes. + + The result of the encryption replaces the input in BLOCKS. + + The MODE parameter is the bitwise OR of two of the following: + + `DES_ENCRYPT' + This constant, used in the MODE parameter, specifies that + BLOCKS is to be encrypted. + + `DES_DECRYPT' + This constant, used in the MODE parameter, specifies that + BLOCKS is to be decrypted. + + `DES_HW' + This constant, used in the MODE parameter, asks to use a + hardware device. If no hardware device is available, + encryption happens anyway, but in software. + + `DES_SW' + This constant, used in the MODE parameter, specifies that no + hardware device is to be used. + + The result of the function will be one of these values: + + `DESERR_NONE' + The encryption succeeded. + + `DESERR_NOHWDEVICE' + The encryption succeeded, but there was no hardware device + available. + + `DESERR_HWERROR' + The encryption failed because of a hardware problem. + + `DESERR_BADPARAM' + The encryption failed because of a bad parameter, for + instance LEN is not a multiple of 8 or LEN is larger than + `DES_MAXDATA'. + + -- Function: int DES_FAILED (int ERR) + This macro returns 1 if ERR is a `success' result code from + `ecb_crypt' or `cbc_crypt', and 0 otherwise. + + -- Function: int cbc_crypt (char *KEY, char *BLOCKS, unsigned LEN, + unsigned MODE, char *IVEC) + The function `cbc_crypt' encrypts or decrypts one or more blocks + using DES in Cipher Block Chaining mode. + + For encryption in CBC mode, each block is exclusive-ored with IVEC + before being encrypted, then IVEC is replaced with the result of + the encryption, then the next block is processed. Decryption is + the reverse of this process. + + This has the advantage that blocks which are the same before being + encrypted are very unlikely to be the same after being encrypted, + making it much harder to detect patterns in the data. + + Usually, IVEC is set to 8 random bytes before encryption starts. + Then the 8 random bytes are transmitted along with the encrypted + data (without themselves being encrypted), and passed back in as + IVEC for decryption. Another possibility is to set IVEC to 8 + zeroes initially, and have the first the block encrypted consist + of 8 random bytes. + + Otherwise, all the parameters are similar to those for `ecb_crypt'. + + -- Function: void des_setparity (char *KEY) + The function `des_setparity' changes the 64-bit KEY, stored packed + in 8-bit bytes, to have odd parity by altering the low bits of + each byte. + + The `ecb_crypt', `cbc_crypt', and `des_setparity' functions and +their accompanying macros are all defined in the header +`rpc/des_crypt.h'. + + +File: libc.info, Node: Debugging Support, Next: Language Features, Prev: Cryptographic Functions, Up: Top + +33 Debugging support +******************** + +Applications are usually debugged using dedicated debugger programs. +But sometimes this is not possible and, in any case, it is useful to +provide the developer with as much information as possible at the time +the problems are experienced. For this reason a few functions are +provided which a program can use to help the developer more easily +locate the problem. + +* Menu: + +* Backtraces:: Obtaining and printing a back trace of the + current stack. + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/execinfo.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/execinfo.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +#include +#include +#include + +/* @r{Obtain a backtrace and print it to @code{stdout}.} */ +void +print_trace (void) +@{ + void *array[10]; + size_t size; + char **strings; + size_t i; + + size = backtrace (array, 10); + strings = backtrace_symbols (array, size); + + printf ("Obtained %zd stack frames.\n", size); + + for (i = 0; i < size; i++) + printf ("%s\n", strings[i]); + + free (strings); +@} + +/* @r{A dummy function to make the backtrace more interesting.} */ +void +dummy_function (void) +@{ + print_trace (); +@} + +int +main (void) +@{ + dummy_function (); + return 0; +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/atexit.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/atexit.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +#include +#include + +void +bye (void) +@{ + puts ("Goodbye, cruel world...."); +@} + +int +main (void) +@{ + atexit (bye); + exit (EXIT_SUCCESS); +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/search.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/search.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +#include +#include +#include + +/* @r{Define an array of critters to sort.} */ + +struct critter + @{ + const char *name; + const char *species; + @}; + +struct critter muppets[] = + @{ + @{"Kermit", "frog"@}, + @{"Piggy", "pig"@}, + @{"Gonzo", "whatever"@}, + @{"Fozzie", "bear"@}, + @{"Sam", "eagle"@}, + @{"Robin", "frog"@}, + @{"Animal", "animal"@}, + @{"Camilla", "chicken"@}, + @{"Sweetums", "monster"@}, + @{"Dr. Strangepork", "pig"@}, + @{"Link Hogthrob", "pig"@}, + @{"Zoot", "human"@}, + @{"Dr. Bunsen Honeydew", "human"@}, + @{"Beaker", "human"@}, + @{"Swedish Chef", "human"@} + @}; + +int count = sizeof (muppets) / sizeof (struct critter); + + + +/* @r{This is the comparison function used for sorting and searching.} */ + +int +critter_cmp (const struct critter *c1, const struct critter *c2) +@{ + return strcmp (c1->name, c2->name); +@} + + +/* @r{Print information about a critter.} */ + +void +print_critter (const struct critter *c) +@{ + printf ("%s, the %s\n", c->name, c->species); +@} + + +@group +/* @r{Do the lookup into the sorted array.} */ + +void +find_critter (const char *name) +@{ + struct critter target, *result; + target.name = name; + result = bsearch (&target, muppets, count, sizeof (struct critter), + critter_cmp); + if (result) + print_critter (result); + else + printf ("Couldn't find %s.\n", name); +@} +@end group + +/* @r{Main program.} */ + +int +main (void) +@{ + int i; + + for (i = 0; i < count; i++) + print_critter (&muppets[i]); + printf ("\n"); + + qsort (muppets, count, sizeof (struct critter), critter_cmp); + + for (i = 0; i < count; i++) + print_critter (&muppets[i]); + printf ("\n"); + + find_critter ("Kermit"); + find_critter ("Gonzo"); + find_critter ("Janice"); + + return 0; +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/stpcpy.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/stpcpy.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +#include +#include + +int +main (void) +@{ + char buffer[10]; + char *to = buffer; + to = stpcpy (to, "foo"); + to = stpcpy (to, "bar"); + puts (buffer); + return 0; +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/argp-ex4.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/argp-ex4.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,167 @@ +/* @r{Argp example #4 -- a program with somewhat more complicated options} */ + +/* @r{This program uses the same features as example 3, but has more + options, and somewhat more structure in the -help output. It + also shows how you can `steal' the remainder of the input + arguments past a certain point, for programs that accept a + list of items. It also shows the special argp KEY value + ARGP_KEY_NO_ARGS, which is only given if no non-option + arguments were supplied to the program. + + For structuring the help output, two features are used, + *headers* which are entries in the options vector with the + first four fields being zero, and a two part documentation + string (in the variable DOC), which allows documentation both + before and after the options; the two parts of DOC are + separated by a vertical-tab character ('\v', or '\013'). By + convention, the documentation before the options is just a + short string saying what the program does, and that afterwards + is longer, describing the behavior in more detail. All + documentation strings are automatically filled for output, + although newlines may be included to force a line break at a + particular point. All documentation strings are also passed to + the `gettext' function, for possible translation into the + current locale.} */ + +#include +#include +#include + +const char *argp_program_version = + "argp-ex4 1.0"; +const char *argp_program_bug_address = + ""; + +/* @r{Program documentation.} */ +static char doc[] = + "Argp example #4 -- a program with somewhat more complicated\ +options\ +\vThis part of the documentation comes *after* the options;\ + note that the text is automatically filled, but it's possible\ + to force a line-break, e.g.\n<-- here."; + +/* @r{A description of the arguments we accept.} */ +static char args_doc[] = "ARG1 [STRING...]"; + +/* @r{Keys for options without short-options.} */ +#define OPT_ABORT 1 /* @r{--abort} */ + +/* @r{The options we understand.} */ +static struct argp_option options[] = @{ + @{"verbose", 'v', 0, 0, "Produce verbose output" @}, + @{"quiet", 'q', 0, 0, "Don't produce any output" @}, + @{"silent", 's', 0, OPTION_ALIAS @}, + @{"output", 'o', "FILE", 0, + "Output to FILE instead of standard output" @}, + + @{0,0,0,0, "The following options should be grouped together:" @}, + @{"repeat", 'r', "COUNT", OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL, + "Repeat the output COUNT (default 10) times"@}, + @{"abort", OPT_ABORT, 0, 0, "Abort before showing any output"@}, + + @{ 0 @} +@}; + +/* @r{Used by @code{main} to communicate with @code{parse_opt}.} */ +struct arguments +@{ + char *arg1; /* @r{@var{arg1}} */ + char **strings; /* @r{[@var{string}@dots{}]} */ + int silent, verbose, abort; /* @r{@samp{-s}, @samp{-v}, @samp{--abort}} */ + char *output_file; /* @r{@var{file} arg to @samp{--output}} */ + int repeat_count; /* @r{@var{count} arg to @samp{--repeat}} */ +@}; + +/* @r{Parse a single option.} */ +static error_t +parse_opt (int key, char *arg, struct argp_state *state) +@{ + /* @r{Get the @code{input} argument from @code{argp_parse}, which we + know is a pointer to our arguments structure.} */ + struct arguments *arguments = state->input; + + switch (key) + @{ + case 'q': case 's': + arguments->silent = 1; + break; + case 'v': + arguments->verbose = 1; + break; + case 'o': + arguments->output_file = arg; + break; + case 'r': + arguments->repeat_count = arg ? atoi (arg) : 10; + break; + case OPT_ABORT: + arguments->abort = 1; + break; + + case ARGP_KEY_NO_ARGS: + argp_usage (state); + + case ARGP_KEY_ARG: + /* @r{Here we know that @code{state->arg_num == 0}, since we + force argument parsing to end before any more arguments can + get here.} */ + arguments->arg1 = arg; + + /* @r{Now we consume all the rest of the arguments. + @code{state->next} is the index in @code{state->argv} of the + next argument to be parsed, which is the first @var{string} + we're interested in, so we can just use + @code{&state->argv[state->next]} as the value for + arguments->strings. + + @emph{In addition}, by setting @code{state->next} to the end + of the arguments, we can force argp to stop parsing here and + return.} */ + arguments->strings = &state->argv[state->next]; + state->next = state->argc; + + break; + + default: + return ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN; + @} + return 0; +@} + +/* @r{Our argp parser.} */ +static struct argp argp = @{ options, parse_opt, args_doc, doc @}; + +int main (int argc, char **argv) +@{ + int i, j; + struct arguments arguments; + + /* @r{Default values.} */ + arguments.silent = 0; + arguments.verbose = 0; + arguments.output_file = "-"; + arguments.repeat_count = 1; + arguments.abort = 0; + + /* @r{Parse our arguments; every option seen by @code{parse_opt} will be + reflected in @code{arguments}.} */ + argp_parse (&argp, argc, argv, 0, 0, &arguments); + + if (arguments.abort) + error (10, 0, "ABORTED"); + + for (i = 0; i < arguments.repeat_count; i++) + @{ + printf ("ARG1 = %s\n", arguments.arg1); + printf ("STRINGS = "); + for (j = 0; arguments.strings[j]; j++) + printf (j == 0 ? "%s" : ", %s", arguments.strings[j]); + printf ("\n"); + printf ("OUTPUT_FILE = %s\nVERBOSE = %s\nSILENT = %s\n", + arguments.output_file, + arguments.verbose ? "yes" : "no", + arguments.silent ? "yes" : "no"); + @} + + exit (0); +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/filesrv.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/filesrv.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#define SERVER "/tmp/serversocket" +#define MAXMSG 512 + +int +main (void) +@{ + int sock; + char message[MAXMSG]; + struct sockaddr_un name; + size_t size; + int nbytes; + + /* @r{Remove the filename first, it's ok if the call fails} */ + unlink (SERVER); + + /* @r{Make the socket, then loop endlessly.} */ + sock = make_named_socket (SERVER); + while (1) + @{ + /* @r{Wait for a datagram.} */ + size = sizeof (name); + nbytes = recvfrom (sock, message, MAXMSG, 0, + (struct sockaddr *) & name, &size); + if (nbytes < 0) + @{ + perror ("recfrom (server)"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + @} + + /* @r{Give a diagnostic message.} */ + fprintf (stderr, "Server: got message: %s\n", message); + + /* @r{Bounce the message back to the sender.} */ + nbytes = sendto (sock, message, nbytes, 0, + (struct sockaddr *) & name, size); + if (nbytes < 0) + @{ + perror ("sendto (server)"); + exit (EXIT_FAILURE); + @} + @} +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/memopen.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/memopen.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +#include + +static char buffer[] = "foobar"; + +int +main (void) +@{ + int ch; + FILE *stream; + + stream = fmemopen (buffer, strlen (buffer), "r"); + while ((ch = fgetc (stream)) != EOF) + printf ("Got %c\n", ch); + fclose (stream); + + return 0; +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/strdupa.c.texi +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/strdupa.c.texi @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +#include +#include +#include + +const char path[] = _PATH_STDPATH; + +int +main (void) +@{ + char *wr_path = strdupa (path); + char *cp = strtok (wr_path, ":"); + + while (cp != NULL) + @{ + puts (cp); + cp = strtok (NULL, ":"); + @} + return 0; +@} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_68.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_68.html @@ -0,0 +1,335 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Variable and Constant Macro Index: S – T + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

Variable and Constant Macro Index: S – T

+
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Index Entry Section
S
S_IEXEC14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission
S_IFBLK14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File
S_IFCHR14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File
S_IFDIR14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File
S_IFIFO14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File
S_IFLNK14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File
S_IFMT14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File
S_IFREG14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File
S_IFSOCK14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File
S_IREAD14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission
S_IRGRP14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission
S_IROTH14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission
S_IRUSR14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission
S_IRWXG14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission
S_IRWXO14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission
S_IRWXU14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission
S_ISGID14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission
S_ISUID14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission
S_ISVTX14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission
S_IWGRP14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission
S_IWOTH14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission
S_IWRITE14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission
S_IWUSR14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission
S_IXGRP14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission
S_IXOTH14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission
S_IXUSR14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission
SA_NOCLDSTOP24.3.5 Flags for sigaction
SA_ONSTACK24.3.5 Flags for sigaction
SA_RESTART24.3.5 Flags for sigaction
SC_SSIZE_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
SCHAR_MAXA.5.2 Range of an Integer Type
SCHAR_MINA.5.2 Range of an Integer Type
SEEK_CUR12.18 File Positioning
SEEK_END12.18 File Positioning
SEEK_SET12.18 File Positioning
services28.1 NSS Basics
shadow28.1 NSS Basics
SHRT_MAXA.5.2 Range of an Integer Type
SHRT_MINA.5.2 Range of an Integer Type
SIG_BLOCK24.7.3 Process Signal Mask
SIG_DFL24.3.1 Basic Signal Handling
SIG_ERR24.3.1 Basic Signal Handling
SIG_IGN24.3.1 Basic Signal Handling
SIG_SETMASK24.7.3 Process Signal Mask
SIG_UNBLOCK24.7.3 Process Signal Mask
SIGABRT24.2.1 Program Error Signals
SIGALRM24.2.3 Alarm Signals
SIGBUS24.2.1 Program Error Signals
SIGCHLD24.2.5 Job Control Signals
SIGCLD24.2.5 Job Control Signals
SIGCONT24.2.5 Job Control Signals
SIGEMT24.2.1 Program Error Signals
SIGFPE24.2.1 Program Error Signals
SIGHUP24.2.2 Termination Signals
SIGILL24.2.1 Program Error Signals
SIGINFO24.2.7 Miscellaneous Signals
SIGINT24.2.2 Termination Signals
SIGIO24.2.4 Asynchronous I/O Signals
SIGIOT24.2.1 Program Error Signals
SIGKILL24.2.2 Termination Signals
SIGLOST24.2.6 Operation Error Signals
signgam19.6 Special Functions
SIGPIPE24.2.6 Operation Error Signals
SIGPOLL24.2.4 Asynchronous I/O Signals
SIGPROF24.2.3 Alarm Signals
SIGQUIT24.2.2 Termination Signals
SIGSEGV24.2.1 Program Error Signals
SIGSTKSZ24.9 Using a Separate Signal Stack
SIGSTOP24.2.5 Job Control Signals
SIGSYS24.2.1 Program Error Signals
SIGTERM24.2.2 Termination Signals
SIGTRAP24.2.1 Program Error Signals
SIGTSTP24.2.5 Job Control Signals
SIGTTIN24.2.5 Job Control Signals
SIGTTOU24.2.5 Job Control Signals
SIGURG24.2.4 Asynchronous I/O Signals
SIGUSR124.2.7 Miscellaneous Signals
SIGUSR224.2.7 Miscellaneous Signals
SIGVTALRM24.2.3 Alarm Signals
SIGWINCH24.2.7 Miscellaneous Signals
SIGXCPU24.2.6 Operation Error Signals
SIGXFSZ24.2.6 Operation Error Signals
SOCK_DGRAM16.2 Communication Styles
SOCK_RAW16.2 Communication Styles
SOCK_STREAM16.2 Communication Styles
SOL_SOCKET16.12.2 Socket-Level Options
SS_DISABLE24.9 Using a Separate Signal Stack
SS_ONSTACK24.9 Using a Separate Signal Stack
SSIZE_MAX31.1 General Capacity Limits
stderr12.2 Standard Streams
STDERR_FILENO13.4 Descriptors and Streams
stdin12.2 Standard Streams
STDIN_FILENO13.4 Descriptors and Streams
stdout12.2 Standard Streams
STDOUT_FILENO13.4 Descriptors and Streams
STREAM_MAX31.1 General Capacity Limits
SV_INTERRUPT24.10.1 BSD Function to Establish a Handler
SV_ONSTACK24.10.1 BSD Function to Establish a Handler
SV_RESETHAND24.10.1 BSD Function to Establish a Handler
sys_siglist24.2.8 Signal Messages
T
T_FMT7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
T_FMT_AMPM7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
TCIFLUSH17.6 Line Control Functions
TCIOFF17.6 Line Control Functions
TCIOFLUSH17.6 Line Control Functions
TCION17.6 Line Control Functions
TCOFLUSH17.6 Line Control Functions
TCOOFF17.6 Line Control Functions
TCOON17.6 Line Control Functions
TCSADRAIN17.4.2 Terminal Mode Functions
TCSAFLUSH17.4.2 Terminal Mode Functions
TCSANOW17.4.2 Terminal Mode Functions
TCSASOFT17.4.2 Terminal Mode Functions
THOUSANDS_SEP7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
THOUSEP7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
timezone21.4.8 Functions and Variables for Time Zones
TMP_MAX14.11 Temporary Files
TOSTOP17.4.7 Local Modes
TRY_AGAIN16.6.2.4 Host Names
tzname21.4.8 Functions and Variables for Time Zones
TZNAME_MAX31.1 General Capacity Limits
+
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_24.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_24.html @@ -0,0 +1,4494 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 24. Signal Handling + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24. Signal Handling

+ +

A signal is a software interrupt delivered to a process. The +operating system uses signals to report exceptional situations to an +executing program. Some signals report errors such as references to +invalid memory addresses; others report asynchronous events, such as +disconnection of a phone line. +

+

The GNU C library defines a variety of signal types, each for a +particular kind of event. Some kinds of events make it inadvisable or +impossible for the program to proceed as usual, and the corresponding +signals normally abort the program. Other kinds of signals that report +harmless events are ignored by default. +

+

If you anticipate an event that causes signals, you can define a handler +function and tell the operating system to run it when that particular +type of signal arrives. +

+

Finally, one process can send a signal to another process; this allows a +parent process to abort a child, or two related processes to communicate +and synchronize. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + +
24.1 Basic Concepts of Signals   Introduction to the signal facilities. +
24.2 Standard Signals   Particular kinds of signals with + standard names and meanings. +
24.3 Specifying Signal Actions   Specifying what happens when a + particular signal is delivered. +
24.4 Defining Signal Handlers   How to write a signal handler function. +
24.5 Primitives Interrupted by Signals   Signal handlers affect use of open, + read, write and other functions. +
24.6 Generating Signals   How to send a signal to a process. +
24.7 Blocking Signals   Making the system hold signals temporarily. +
24.8 Waiting for a Signal   Suspending your program until a signal + arrives. +
24.9 Using a Separate Signal Stack  
24.10 BSD Signal Handling   Additional functions for backward + compatibility with BSD. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.1 Basic Concepts of Signals

+ +

This section explains basic concepts of how signals are generated, what +happens after a signal is delivered, and how programs can handle +signals. +

+ + + + +
24.1.1 Some Kinds of Signals   Some examples of what can cause a signal. +
24.1.2 Concepts of Signal Generation   Concepts of why and how signals occur. +
24.1.3 How Signals Are Delivered   Concepts of what a signal does to the + process. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.1.1 Some Kinds of Signals

+ +

A signal reports the occurrence of an exceptional event. These are some +of the events that can cause (or generate, or raise) a +signal: +

+
    +
  • +A program error such as dividing by zero or issuing an address outside +the valid range. + +
  • +A user request to interrupt or terminate the program. Most environments +are set up to let a user suspend the program by typing C-z, or +terminate it with C-c. Whatever key sequence is used, the +operating system sends the proper signal to interrupt the process. + +
  • +The termination of a child process. + +
  • +Expiration of a timer or alarm. + +
  • +A call to kill or raise by the same process. + +
  • +A call to kill from another process. Signals are a limited but +useful form of interprocess communication. + +
  • +An attempt to perform an I/O operation that cannot be done. Examples +are reading from a pipe that has no writer (see section Pipes and FIFOs), +and reading or writing to a terminal in certain situations (see section Job Control). +
+ +

Each of these kinds of events (excepting explicit calls to kill +and raise) generates its own particular kind of signal. The +various kinds of signals are listed and described in detail in +Standard Signals. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.1.2 Concepts of Signal Generation

+ +

In general, the events that generate signals fall into three major +categories: errors, external events, and explicit requests. +

+

An error means that a program has done something invalid and cannot +continue execution. But not all kinds of errors generate signals—in +fact, most do not. For example, opening a nonexistent file is an error, +but it does not raise a signal; instead, open returns -1. +In general, errors that are necessarily associated with certain library +functions are reported by returning a value that indicates an error. +The errors which raise signals are those which can happen anywhere in +the program, not just in library calls. These include division by zero +and invalid memory addresses. +

+

An external event generally has to do with I/O or other processes. +These include the arrival of input, the expiration of a timer, and the +termination of a child process. +

+

An explicit request means the use of a library function such as +kill whose purpose is specifically to generate a signal. +

+

Signals may be generated synchronously or asynchronously. A +synchronous signal pertains to a specific action in the program, and is +delivered (unless blocked) during that action. Most errors generate +signals synchronously, and so do explicit requests by a process to +generate a signal for that same process. On some machines, certain +kinds of hardware errors (usually floating-point exceptions) are not +reported completely synchronously, but may arrive a few instructions +later. +

+

Asynchronous signals are generated by events outside the control of the +process that receives them. These signals arrive at unpredictable times +during execution. External events generate signals asynchronously, and +so do explicit requests that apply to some other process. +

+

A given type of signal is either typically synchronous or typically +asynchronous. For example, signals for errors are typically synchronous +because errors generate signals synchronously. But any type of signal +can be generated synchronously or asynchronously with an explicit +request. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.1.3 How Signals Are Delivered

+ +

When a signal is generated, it becomes pending. Normally it +remains pending for just a short period of time and then is +delivered to the process that was signaled. However, if that kind +of signal is currently blocked, it may remain pending +indefinitely—until signals of that kind are unblocked. Once +unblocked, it will be delivered immediately. See section Blocking Signals. +

+ + + + +

When the signal is delivered, whether right away or after a long delay, +the specified action for that signal is taken. For certain +signals, such as SIGKILL and SIGSTOP, the action is fixed, +but for most signals, the program has a choice: ignore the signal, +specify a handler function, or accept the default action for +that kind of signal. The program specifies its choice using functions +such as signal or sigaction (see section Specifying Signal Actions). We +sometimes say that a handler catches the signal. While the +handler is running, that particular signal is normally blocked. +

+

If the specified action for a kind of signal is to ignore it, then any +such signal which is generated is discarded immediately. This happens +even if the signal is also blocked at the time. A signal discarded in +this way will never be delivered, not even if the program subsequently +specifies a different action for that kind of signal and then unblocks +it. +

+

If a signal arrives which the program has neither handled nor ignored, +its default action takes place. Each kind of signal has its own +default action, documented below (see section Standard Signals). For most kinds +of signals, the default action is to terminate the process. For certain +kinds of signals that represent “harmless” events, the default action +is to do nothing. +

+

When a signal terminates a process, its parent process can determine the +cause of termination by examining the termination status code reported +by the wait or waitpid functions. (This is discussed in +more detail in Process Completion.) The information it can get +includes the fact that termination was due to a signal and the kind of +signal involved. If a program you run from a shell is terminated by a +signal, the shell typically prints some kind of error message. +

+

The signals that normally represent program errors have a special +property: when one of these signals terminates the process, it also +writes a core dump file which records the state of the process at +the time of termination. You can examine the core dump with a debugger +to investigate what caused the error. +

+

If you raise a “program error” signal by explicit request, and this +terminates the process, it makes a core dump file just as if the signal +had been due directly to an error. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.2 Standard Signals

+ +

This section lists the names for various standard kinds of signals and +describes what kind of event they mean. Each signal name is a macro +which stands for a positive integer—the signal number for that +kind of signal. Your programs should never make assumptions about the +numeric code for a particular kind of signal, but rather refer to them +always by the names defined here. This is because the number for a +given kind of signal can vary from system to system, but the meanings of +the names are standardized and fairly uniform. +

+

The signal names are defined in the header file ‘signal.h’. +

+
+
Macro: int NSIG + +
+

The value of this symbolic constant is the total number of signals +defined. Since the signal numbers are allocated consecutively, +NSIG is also one greater than the largest defined signal number. +

+ + + + + + + + + + +
24.2.1 Program Error Signals   Used to report serious program errors. +
24.2.2 Termination Signals   Used to interrupt and/or terminate the + program. +
24.2.3 Alarm Signals   Used to indicate expiration of timers. +
24.2.4 Asynchronous I/O Signals   Used to indicate input is available. +
24.2.5 Job Control Signals   Signals used to support job control. +
24.2.6 Operation Error Signals   Used to report operational system errors. +
24.2.7 Miscellaneous Signals  
24.2.8 Signal Messages   Printing a message describing a signal. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.2.1 Program Error Signals

+ +

The following signals are generated when a serious program error is +detected by the operating system or the computer itself. In general, +all of these signals are indications that your program is seriously +broken in some way, and there's usually no way to continue the +computation which encountered the error. +

+

Some programs handle program error signals in order to tidy up before +terminating; for example, programs that turn off echoing of terminal +input should handle program error signals in order to turn echoing back +on. The handler should end by specifying the default action for the +signal that happened and then reraising it; this will cause the program +to terminate with that signal, as if it had not had a handler. +(See section Handlers That Terminate the Process.) +

+

Termination is the sensible ultimate outcome from a program error in +most programs. However, programming systems such as Lisp that can load +compiled user programs might need to keep executing even if a user +program incurs an error. These programs have handlers which use +longjmp to return control to the command level. +

+

The default action for all of these signals is to cause the process to +terminate. If you block or ignore these signals or establish handlers +for them that return normally, your program will probably break horribly +when such signals happen, unless they are generated by raise or +kill instead of a real error. +

+ +

When one of these program error signals terminates a process, it also +writes a core dump file which records the state of the process at +the time of termination. The core dump file is named ‘core’ and is +written in whichever directory is current in the process at the time. +(On the GNU system, you can specify the file name for core dumps with +the environment variable COREFILE.) The purpose of core dump +files is so that you can examine them with a debugger to investigate +what caused the error. +

+
+
Macro: int SIGFPE + +
+

The SIGFPE signal reports a fatal arithmetic error. Although the +name is derived from “floating-point exception”, this signal actually +covers all arithmetic errors, including division by zero and overflow. +If a program stores integer data in a location which is then used in a +floating-point operation, this often causes an “invalid operation” +exception, because the processor cannot recognize the data as a +floating-point number. + + +

+

Actual floating-point exceptions are a complicated subject because there +are many types of exceptions with subtly different meanings, and the +SIGFPE signal doesn't distinguish between them. The IEEE +Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic (ANSI/IEEE Std 754-1985 +and ANSI/IEEE Std 854-1987) +defines various floating-point exceptions and requires conforming +computer systems to report their occurrences. However, this standard +does not specify how the exceptions are reported, or what kinds of +handling and control the operating system can offer to the programmer. +

+ +

BSD systems provide the SIGFPE handler with an extra argument +that distinguishes various causes of the exception. In order to access +this argument, you must define the handler to accept two arguments, +which means you must cast it to a one-argument function type in order to +establish the handler. The GNU library does provide this extra +argument, but the value is meaningful only on operating systems that +provide the information (BSD systems and GNU systems). +

+
+
FPE_INTOVF_TRAP
+
+

Integer overflow (impossible in a C program unless you enable overflow +trapping in a hardware-specific fashion). +

+
FPE_INTDIV_TRAP
+
+

Integer division by zero. +

+
FPE_SUBRNG_TRAP
+
+

Subscript-range (something that C programs never check for). +

+
FPE_FLTOVF_TRAP
+
+

Floating overflow trap. +

+
FPE_FLTDIV_TRAP
+
+

Floating/decimal division by zero. +

+
FPE_FLTUND_TRAP
+
+

Floating underflow trap. (Trapping on floating underflow is not +normally enabled.) +

+
FPE_DECOVF_TRAP
+
+

Decimal overflow trap. (Only a few machines have decimal arithmetic and +C never uses it.) +

+
+ +
+
Macro: int SIGILL + +
+

The name of this signal is derived from “illegal instruction”; it +usually means your program is trying to execute garbage or a privileged +instruction. Since the C compiler generates only valid instructions, +SIGILL typically indicates that the executable file is corrupted, +or that you are trying to execute data. Some common ways of getting +into the latter situation are by passing an invalid object where a +pointer to a function was expected, or by writing past the end of an +automatic array (or similar problems with pointers to automatic +variables) and corrupting other data on the stack such as the return +address of a stack frame. +

+

SIGILL can also be generated when the stack overflows, or when +the system has trouble running the handler for a signal. +

+ + +
+
Macro: int SIGSEGV + +
+
+

This signal is generated when a program tries to read or write outside +the memory that is allocated for it, or to write memory that can only be +read. (Actually, the signals only occur when the program goes far +enough outside to be detected by the system's memory protection +mechanism.) The name is an abbreviation for “segmentation violation”. +

+

Common ways of getting a SIGSEGV condition include dereferencing +a null or uninitialized pointer, or when you use a pointer to step +through an array, but fail to check for the end of the array. It varies +among systems whether dereferencing a null pointer generates +SIGSEGV or SIGBUS. +

+ +
+
Macro: int SIGBUS + +
+

This signal is generated when an invalid pointer is dereferenced. Like +SIGSEGV, this signal is typically the result of dereferencing an +uninitialized pointer. The difference between the two is that +SIGSEGV indicates an invalid access to valid memory, while +SIGBUS indicates an access to an invalid address. In particular, +SIGBUS signals often result from dereferencing a misaligned +pointer, such as referring to a four-word integer at an address not +divisible by four. (Each kind of computer has its own requirements for +address alignment.) +

+

The name of this signal is an abbreviation for “bus error”. +

+ + +
+
Macro: int SIGABRT + +
+
+

This signal indicates an error detected by the program itself and +reported by calling abort. See section Aborting a Program. +

+ +
+
Macro: int SIGIOT + +
+

Generated by the PDP-11 “iot” instruction. On most machines, this is +just another name for SIGABRT. +

+ +
+
Macro: int SIGTRAP + +
+

Generated by the machine's breakpoint instruction, and possibly other +trap instructions. This signal is used by debuggers. Your program will +probably only see SIGTRAP if it is somehow executing bad +instructions. +

+ +
+
Macro: int SIGEMT + +
+

Emulator trap; this results from certain unimplemented instructions +which might be emulated in software, or the operating system's +failure to properly emulate them. +

+ +
+
Macro: int SIGSYS + +
+

Bad system call; that is to say, the instruction to trap to the +operating system was executed, but the code number for the system call +to perform was invalid. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.2.2 Termination Signals

+ +

These signals are all used to tell a process to terminate, in one way +or another. They have different names because they're used for slightly +different purposes, and programs might want to handle them differently. +

+

The reason for handling these signals is usually so your program can +tidy up as appropriate before actually terminating. For example, you +might want to save state information, delete temporary files, or restore +the previous terminal modes. Such a handler should end by specifying +the default action for the signal that happened and then reraising it; +this will cause the program to terminate with that signal, as if it had +not had a handler. (See section Handlers That Terminate the Process.) +

+

The (obvious) default action for all of these signals is to cause the +process to terminate. +

+
+
Macro: int SIGTERM + +
+
+

The SIGTERM signal is a generic signal used to cause program +termination. Unlike SIGKILL, this signal can be blocked, +handled, and ignored. It is the normal way to politely ask a program to +terminate. +

+

The shell command kill generates SIGTERM by default. + +

+ +
+
Macro: int SIGINT + +
+
+

The SIGINT (“program interrupt”) signal is sent when the user +types the INTR character (normally C-c). See section Special Characters, for information about terminal driver support for +C-c. +

+ +
+
Macro: int SIGQUIT + +
+
+ +

The SIGQUIT signal is similar to SIGINT, except that it's +controlled by a different key—the QUIT character, usually +C-\—and produces a core dump when it terminates the process, +just like a program error signal. You can think of this as a +program error condition “detected” by the user. +

+

See section Program Error Signals, for information about core dumps. +See section Special Characters, for information about terminal driver +support. +

+

Certain kinds of cleanups are best omitted in handling SIGQUIT. +For example, if the program creates temporary files, it should handle +the other termination requests by deleting the temporary files. But it +is better for SIGQUIT not to delete them, so that the user can +examine them in conjunction with the core dump. +

+ +
+
Macro: int SIGKILL + +
+

The SIGKILL signal is used to cause immediate program termination. +It cannot be handled or ignored, and is therefore always fatal. It is +also not possible to block this signal. +

+

This signal is usually generated only by explicit request. Since it +cannot be handled, you should generate it only as a last resort, after +first trying a less drastic method such as C-c or SIGTERM. +If a process does not respond to any other termination signals, sending +it a SIGKILL signal will almost always cause it to go away. +

+

In fact, if SIGKILL fails to terminate a process, that by itself +constitutes an operating system bug which you should report. +

+

The system will generate SIGKILL for a process itself under some +unusual conditions where the program cannot possibly continue to run +(even to run a signal handler). +

+ + +
+
Macro: int SIGHUP + +
+
+

The SIGHUP (“hang-up”) signal is used to report that the user's +terminal is disconnected, perhaps because a network or telephone +connection was broken. For more information about this, see Control Modes. +

+

This signal is also used to report the termination of the controlling +process on a terminal to jobs associated with that session; this +termination effectively disconnects all processes in the session from +the controlling terminal. For more information, see Termination Internals. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.2.3 Alarm Signals

+ +

These signals are used to indicate the expiration of timers. +See section Setting an Alarm, for information about functions that cause +these signals to be sent. +

+

The default behavior for these signals is to cause program termination. +This default is rarely useful, but no other default would be useful; +most of the ways of using these signals would require handler functions +in any case. +

+
+
Macro: int SIGALRM + +
+

This signal typically indicates expiration of a timer that measures real +or clock time. It is used by the alarm function, for example. +

+ + +
+
Macro: int SIGVTALRM + +
+

This signal typically indicates expiration of a timer that measures CPU +time used by the current process. The name is an abbreviation for +“virtual time alarm”. +

+ + +
+
Macro: int SIGPROF + +
+

This signal typically indicates expiration of a timer that measures +both CPU time used by the current process, and CPU time expended on +behalf of the process by the system. Such a timer is used to implement +code profiling facilities, hence the name of this signal. +

+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.2.4 Asynchronous I/O Signals

+ +

The signals listed in this section are used in conjunction with +asynchronous I/O facilities. You have to take explicit action by +calling fcntl to enable a particular file descriptor to generate +these signals (see section Interrupt-Driven Input). The default action for these +signals is to ignore them. +

+
+
Macro: int SIGIO + +
+
+ +

This signal is sent when a file descriptor is ready to perform input +or output. +

+

On most operating systems, terminals and sockets are the only kinds of +files that can generate SIGIO; other kinds, including ordinary +files, never generate SIGIO even if you ask them to. +

+

In the GNU system SIGIO will always be generated properly +if you successfully set asynchronous mode with fcntl. +

+ +
+
Macro: int SIGURG + +
+
+

This signal is sent when “urgent” or out-of-band data arrives on a +socket. See section Out-of-Band Data. +

+ +
+
Macro: int SIGPOLL + +
+

This is a System V signal name, more or less similar to SIGIO. +It is defined only for compatibility. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.2.5 Job Control Signals

+ +

These signals are used to support job control. If your system +doesn't support job control, then these macros are defined but the +signals themselves can't be raised or handled. +

+

You should generally leave these signals alone unless you really +understand how job control works. See section Job Control. +

+
+
Macro: int SIGCHLD + +
+
+

This signal is sent to a parent process whenever one of its child +processes terminates or stops. +

+

The default action for this signal is to ignore it. If you establish a +handler for this signal while there are child processes that have +terminated but not reported their status via wait or +waitpid (see section Process Completion), whether your new handler +applies to those processes or not depends on the particular operating +system. +

+ +
+
Macro: int SIGCLD + +
+

This is an obsolete name for SIGCHLD. +

+ +
+
Macro: int SIGCONT + +
+
+

You can send a SIGCONT signal to a process to make it continue. +This signal is special—it always makes the process continue if it is +stopped, before the signal is delivered. The default behavior is to do +nothing else. You cannot block this signal. You can set a handler, but +SIGCONT always makes the process continue regardless. +

+

Most programs have no reason to handle SIGCONT; they simply +resume execution without realizing they were ever stopped. You can use +a handler for SIGCONT to make a program do something special when +it is stopped and continued—for example, to reprint a prompt when it +is suspended while waiting for input. +

+ +
+
Macro: int SIGSTOP + +
+

The SIGSTOP signal stops the process. It cannot be handled, +ignored, or blocked. +

+ + +
+
Macro: int SIGTSTP + +
+

The SIGTSTP signal is an interactive stop signal. Unlike +SIGSTOP, this signal can be handled and ignored. +

+

Your program should handle this signal if you have a special need to +leave files or system tables in a secure state when a process is +stopped. For example, programs that turn off echoing should handle +SIGTSTP so they can turn echoing back on before stopping. +

+

This signal is generated when the user types the SUSP character +(normally C-z). For more information about terminal driver +support, see Special Characters. +

+ + +
+
Macro: int SIGTTIN + +
+

A process cannot read from the user's terminal while it is running +as a background job. When any process in a background job tries to +read from the terminal, all of the processes in the job are sent a +SIGTTIN signal. The default action for this signal is to +stop the process. For more information about how this interacts with +the terminal driver, see Access to the Controlling Terminal. +

+ + +
+
Macro: int SIGTTOU + +
+

This is similar to SIGTTIN, but is generated when a process in a +background job attempts to write to the terminal or set its modes. +Again, the default action is to stop the process. SIGTTOU is +only generated for an attempt to write to the terminal if the +TOSTOP output mode is set; see section Output Modes. +

+ + +

While a process is stopped, no more signals can be delivered to it until +it is continued, except SIGKILL signals and (obviously) +SIGCONT signals. The signals are marked as pending, but not +delivered until the process is continued. The SIGKILL signal +always causes termination of the process and can't be blocked, handled +or ignored. You can ignore SIGCONT, but it always causes the +process to be continued anyway if it is stopped. Sending a +SIGCONT signal to a process causes any pending stop signals for +that process to be discarded. Likewise, any pending SIGCONT +signals for a process are discarded when it receives a stop signal. +

+

When a process in an orphaned process group (see section Orphaned Process Groups) receives a SIGTSTP, SIGTTIN, or SIGTTOU +signal and does not handle it, the process does not stop. Stopping the +process would probably not be very useful, since there is no shell +program that will notice it stop and allow the user to continue it. +What happens instead depends on the operating system you are using. +Some systems may do nothing; others may deliver another signal instead, +such as SIGKILL or SIGHUP. In the GNU system, the process +dies with SIGKILL; this avoids the problem of many stopped, +orphaned processes lying around the system. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.2.6 Operation Error Signals

+ +

These signals are used to report various errors generated by an +operation done by the program. They do not necessarily indicate a +programming error in the program, but an error that prevents an +operating system call from completing. The default action for all of +them is to cause the process to terminate. +

+
+
Macro: int SIGPIPE + +
+
+ +

Broken pipe. If you use pipes or FIFOs, you have to design your +application so that one process opens the pipe for reading before +another starts writing. If the reading process never starts, or +terminates unexpectedly, writing to the pipe or FIFO raises a +SIGPIPE signal. If SIGPIPE is blocked, handled or +ignored, the offending call fails with EPIPE instead. +

+

Pipes and FIFO special files are discussed in more detail in Pipes and FIFOs. +

+

Another cause of SIGPIPE is when you try to output to a socket +that isn't connected. See section Sending Data. +

+ +
+
Macro: int SIGLOST + +
+
+

Resource lost. This signal is generated when you have an advisory lock +on an NFS file, and the NFS server reboots and forgets about your lock. +

+

In the GNU system, SIGLOST is generated when any server program +dies unexpectedly. It is usually fine to ignore the signal; whatever +call was made to the server that died just returns an error. +

+ +
+
Macro: int SIGXCPU + +
+

CPU time limit exceeded. This signal is generated when the process +exceeds its soft resource limit on CPU time. See section Limiting Resource Usage. +

+ +
+
Macro: int SIGXFSZ + +
+

File size limit exceeded. This signal is generated when the process +attempts to extend a file so it exceeds the process's soft resource +limit on file size. See section Limiting Resource Usage. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.2.7 Miscellaneous Signals

+ +

These signals are used for various other purposes. In general, they +will not affect your program unless it explicitly uses them for something. +

+
+
Macro: int SIGUSR1 + +
+
Macro: int SIGUSR2 + +
+
+

The SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2 signals are set aside for you to +use any way you want. They're useful for simple interprocess +communication, if you write a signal handler for them in the program +that receives the signal. +

+

There is an example showing the use of SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2 +in Signaling Another Process. +

+

The default action is to terminate the process. +

+ +
+
Macro: int SIGWINCH + +
+

Window size change. This is generated on some systems (including GNU) +when the terminal driver's record of the number of rows and columns on +the screen is changed. The default action is to ignore it. +

+

If a program does full-screen display, it should handle SIGWINCH. +When the signal arrives, it should fetch the new screen size and +reformat its display accordingly. +

+ +
+
Macro: int SIGINFO + +
+

Information request. In 4.4 BSD and the GNU system, this signal is sent +to all the processes in the foreground process group of the controlling +terminal when the user types the STATUS character in canonical mode; +see section Characters that Cause Signals. +

+

If the process is the leader of the process group, the default action is +to print some status information about the system and what the process +is doing. Otherwise the default is to do nothing. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.2.8 Signal Messages

+ +

We mentioned above that the shell prints a message describing the signal +that terminated a child process. The clean way to print a message +describing a signal is to use the functions strsignal and +psignal. These functions use a signal number to specify which +kind of signal to describe. The signal number may come from the +termination status of a child process (see section Process Completion) or it +may come from a signal handler in the same process. +

+
+
Function: char * strsignal (int signum) + +
+

This function returns a pointer to a statically-allocated string +containing a message describing the signal signum. You +should not modify the contents of this string; and, since it can be +rewritten on subsequent calls, you should save a copy of it if you need +to reference it later. +

+ +

This function is a GNU extension, declared in the header file +‘string.h’. +

+ +
+
Function: void psignal (int signum, const char *message) + +
+

This function prints a message describing the signal signum to the +standard error output stream stderr; see Standard Streams. +

+

If you call psignal with a message that is either a null +pointer or an empty string, psignal just prints the message +corresponding to signum, adding a trailing newline. +

+

If you supply a non-null message argument, then psignal +prefixes its output with this string. It adds a colon and a space +character to separate the message from the string corresponding +to signum. +

+ +

This function is a BSD feature, declared in the header file ‘signal.h’. +

+ + +

There is also an array sys_siglist which contains the messages +for the various signal codes. This array exists on BSD systems, unlike +strsignal. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.3 Specifying Signal Actions

+ +

The simplest way to change the action for a signal is to use the +signal function. You can specify a built-in action (such as to +ignore the signal), or you can establish a handler. +

+

The GNU library also implements the more versatile sigaction +facility. This section describes both facilities and gives suggestions +on which to use when. +

+ + + + + + + +
24.3.1 Basic Signal Handling   The simple signal function. +
24.3.2 Advanced Signal Handling   The more powerful sigaction function. +
24.3.3 Interaction of signal and sigaction   How those two functions interact. +
24.3.4 sigaction Function Example   An example of using the sigaction function. +
24.3.5 Flags for sigaction   Specifying options for signal handling. +
24.3.6 Initial Signal Actions   How programs inherit signal actions. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.3.1 Basic Signal Handling

+ +

The signal function provides a simple interface for establishing +an action for a particular signal. The function and associated macros +are declared in the header file ‘signal.h’. + +

+
+
Data Type: sighandler_t + +
+

This is the type of signal handler functions. Signal handlers take one +integer argument specifying the signal number, and have return type +void. So, you should define handler functions like this: +

+
 
void handler (int signum) { … }
+
+ +

The name sighandler_t for this data type is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: sighandler_t signal (int signum, sighandler_t action) + +
+

The signal function establishes action as the action for +the signal signum. +

+

The first argument, signum, identifies the signal whose behavior +you want to control, and should be a signal number. The proper way to +specify a signal number is with one of the symbolic signal names +(see section Standard Signals)—don't use an explicit number, because +the numerical code for a given kind of signal may vary from operating +system to operating system. +

+

The second argument, action, specifies the action to use for the +signal signum. This can be one of the following: +

+
+
SIG_DFL
+
+ +

SIG_DFL specifies the default action for the particular signal. +The default actions for various kinds of signals are stated in +Standard Signals. +

+
+
SIG_IGN
+
+ +

SIG_IGN specifies that the signal should be ignored. +

+

Your program generally should not ignore signals that represent serious +events or that are normally used to request termination. You cannot +ignore the SIGKILL or SIGSTOP signals at all. You can +ignore program error signals like SIGSEGV, but ignoring the error +won't enable the program to continue executing meaningfully. Ignoring +user requests such as SIGINT, SIGQUIT, and SIGTSTP +is unfriendly. +

+

When you do not wish signals to be delivered during a certain part of +the program, the thing to do is to block them, not ignore them. +See section Blocking Signals. +

+
+
handler
+

Supply the address of a handler function in your program, to specify +running this handler as the way to deliver the signal. +

+

For more information about defining signal handler functions, +see Defining Signal Handlers. +

+
+ +

If you set the action for a signal to SIG_IGN, or if you set it +to SIG_DFL and the default action is to ignore that signal, then +any pending signals of that type are discarded (even if they are +blocked). Discarding the pending signals means that they will never be +delivered, not even if you subsequently specify another action and +unblock this kind of signal. +

+

The signal function returns the action that was previously in +effect for the specified signum. You can save this value and +restore it later by calling signal again. +

+

If signal can't honor the request, it returns SIG_ERR +instead. The following errno error conditions are defined for +this function: +

+
+
EINVAL
+

You specified an invalid signum; or you tried to ignore or provide +a handler for SIGKILL or SIGSTOP. +

+
+
+ +

Compatibility Note: A problem encountered when working with the +signal function is that it has different semantics on BSD and +SVID systems. The difference is that on SVID systems the signal handler +is deinstalled after signal delivery. On BSD systems the +handler must be explicitly deinstalled. In the GNU C Library we use the +BSD version by default. To use the SVID version you can either use the +function sysv_signal (see below) or use the _XOPEN_SOURCE +feature select macro (see section Feature Test Macros). In general, use of these +functions should be avoided because of compatibility problems. It +is better to use sigaction if it is available since the results +are much more reliable. +

+

Here is a simple example of setting up a handler to delete temporary +files when certain fatal signals happen: +

+
 
#include <signal.h>
+
+void
+termination_handler (int signum)
+{
+  struct temp_file *p;
+
+  for (p = temp_file_list; p; p = p->next)
+    unlink (p->name);
+}
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  …
+  if (signal (SIGINT, termination_handler) == SIG_IGN)
+    signal (SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
+  if (signal (SIGHUP, termination_handler) == SIG_IGN)
+    signal (SIGHUP, SIG_IGN);
+  if (signal (SIGTERM, termination_handler) == SIG_IGN)
+    signal (SIGTERM, SIG_IGN);
+  …
+}
+
+ +

Note that if a given signal was previously set to be ignored, this code +avoids altering that setting. This is because non-job-control shells +often ignore certain signals when starting children, and it is important +for the children to respect this. +

+

We do not handle SIGQUIT or the program error signals in this +example because these are designed to provide information for debugging +(a core dump), and the temporary files may give useful information. +

+
+
Function: sighandler_t sysv_signal (int signum, sighandler_t action) + +
+

The sysv_signal implements the behavior of the standard +signal function as found on SVID systems. The difference to BSD +systems is that the handler is deinstalled after a delivery of a signal. +

+

Compatibility Note: As said above for signal, this +function should be avoided when possible. sigaction is the +preferred method. +

+ +
+
Function: sighandler_t ssignal (int signum, sighandler_t action) + +
+

The ssignal function does the same thing as signal; it is +provided only for compatibility with SVID. +

+ +
+
Macro: sighandler_t SIG_ERR + +
+

The value of this macro is used as the return value from signal +to indicate an error. +

+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.3.2 Advanced Signal Handling

+ +

The sigaction function has the same basic effect as +signal: to specify how a signal should be handled by the process. +However, sigaction offers more control, at the expense of more +complexity. In particular, sigaction allows you to specify +additional flags to control when the signal is generated and how the +handler is invoked. +

+

The sigaction function is declared in ‘signal.h’. + +

+
+
Data Type: struct sigaction + +
+

Structures of type struct sigaction are used in the +sigaction function to specify all the information about how to +handle a particular signal. This structure contains at least the +following members: +

+
+
sighandler_t sa_handler
+

This is used in the same way as the action argument to the +signal function. The value can be SIG_DFL, +SIG_IGN, or a function pointer. See section Basic Signal Handling. +

+
+
sigset_t sa_mask
+

This specifies a set of signals to be blocked while the handler runs. +Blocking is explained in Blocking Signals for a Handler. Note that the +signal that was delivered is automatically blocked by default before its +handler is started; this is true regardless of the value in +sa_mask. If you want that signal not to be blocked within its +handler, you must write code in the handler to unblock it. +

+
+
int sa_flags
+

This specifies various flags which can affect the behavior of +the signal. These are described in more detail in Flags for sigaction. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int sigaction (int signum, const struct sigaction *restrict action, struct sigaction *restrict old-action) + +
+

The action argument is used to set up a new action for the signal +signum, while the old-action argument is used to return +information about the action previously associated with this symbol. +(In other words, old-action has the same purpose as the +signal function's return value—you can check to see what the +old action in effect for the signal was, and restore it later if you +want.) +

+

Either action or old-action can be a null pointer. If +old-action is a null pointer, this simply suppresses the return +of information about the old action. If action is a null pointer, +the action associated with the signal signum is unchanged; this +allows you to inquire about how a signal is being handled without changing +that handling. +

+

The return value from sigaction is zero if it succeeds, and +-1 on failure. The following errno error conditions are +defined for this function: +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The signum argument is not valid, or you are trying to +trap or ignore SIGKILL or SIGSTOP. +

+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.3.3 Interaction of signal and sigaction

+ +

It's possible to use both the signal and sigaction +functions within a single program, but you have to be careful because +they can interact in slightly strange ways. +

+

The sigaction function specifies more information than the +signal function, so the return value from signal cannot +express the full range of sigaction possibilities. Therefore, if +you use signal to save and later reestablish an action, it may +not be able to reestablish properly a handler that was established with +sigaction. +

+

To avoid having problems as a result, always use sigaction to +save and restore a handler if your program uses sigaction at all. +Since sigaction is more general, it can properly save and +reestablish any action, regardless of whether it was established +originally with signal or sigaction. +

+

On some systems if you establish an action with signal and then +examine it with sigaction, the handler address that you get may +not be the same as what you specified with signal. It may not +even be suitable for use as an action argument with signal. But +you can rely on using it as an argument to sigaction. This +problem never happens on the GNU system. +

+

So, you're better off using one or the other of the mechanisms +consistently within a single program. +

+

Portability Note: The basic signal function is a feature +of ISO C, while sigaction is part of the POSIX.1 standard. If +you are concerned about portability to non-POSIX systems, then you +should use the signal function instead. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.3.4 sigaction Function Example

+ +

In Basic Signal Handling, we gave an example of establishing a +simple handler for termination signals using signal. Here is an +equivalent example using sigaction: +

+
 
#include <signal.h>
+
+void
+termination_handler (int signum)
+{
+  struct temp_file *p;
+
+  for (p = temp_file_list; p; p = p->next)
+    unlink (p->name);
+}
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  …
+  struct sigaction new_action, old_action;
+
+  /* Set up the structure to specify the new action. */
+  new_action.sa_handler = termination_handler;
+  sigemptyset (&new_action.sa_mask);
+  new_action.sa_flags = 0;
+
+  sigaction (SIGINT, NULL, &old_action);
+  if (old_action.sa_handler != SIG_IGN)
+    sigaction (SIGINT, &new_action, NULL);
+  sigaction (SIGHUP, NULL, &old_action);
+  if (old_action.sa_handler != SIG_IGN)
+    sigaction (SIGHUP, &new_action, NULL);
+  sigaction (SIGTERM, NULL, &old_action);
+  if (old_action.sa_handler != SIG_IGN)
+    sigaction (SIGTERM, &new_action, NULL);
+  …
+}
+
+ +

The program just loads the new_action structure with the desired +parameters and passes it in the sigaction call. The usage of +sigemptyset is described later; see Blocking Signals. +

+

As in the example using signal, we avoid handling signals +previously set to be ignored. Here we can avoid altering the signal +handler even momentarily, by using the feature of sigaction that +lets us examine the current action without specifying a new one. +

+

Here is another example. It retrieves information about the current +action for SIGINT without changing that action. +

+
 
struct sigaction query_action;
+
+if (sigaction (SIGINT, NULL, &query_action) < 0)
+  /* sigaction returns -1 in case of error. */
+else if (query_action.sa_handler == SIG_DFL)
+  /* SIGINT is handled in the default, fatal manner. */
+else if (query_action.sa_handler == SIG_IGN)
+  /* SIGINT is ignored. */
+else
+  /* A programmer-defined signal handler is in effect. */
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.3.5 Flags for sigaction

+ +

The sa_flags member of the sigaction structure is a +catch-all for special features. Most of the time, SA_RESTART is +a good value to use for this field. +

+

The value of sa_flags is interpreted as a bit mask. Thus, you +should choose the flags you want to set, OR those flags together, +and store the result in the sa_flags member of your +sigaction structure. +

+

Each signal number has its own set of flags. Each call to +sigaction affects one particular signal number, and the flags +that you specify apply only to that particular signal. +

+

In the GNU C library, establishing a handler with signal sets all +the flags to zero except for SA_RESTART, whose value depends on +the settings you have made with siginterrupt. See section Primitives Interrupted by Signals, to see what this is about. +

+ +

These macros are defined in the header file ‘signal.h’. +

+
+
Macro: int SA_NOCLDSTOP + +
+

This flag is meaningful only for the SIGCHLD signal. When the +flag is set, the system delivers the signal for a terminated child +process but not for one that is stopped. By default, SIGCHLD is +delivered for both terminated children and stopped children. +

+

Setting this flag for a signal other than SIGCHLD has no effect. +

+ +
+
Macro: int SA_ONSTACK + +
+

If this flag is set for a particular signal number, the system uses the +signal stack when delivering that kind of signal. See section Using a Separate Signal Stack. +If a signal with this flag arrives and you have not set a signal stack, +the system terminates the program with SIGILL. +

+ +
+
Macro: int SA_RESTART + +
+

This flag controls what happens when a signal is delivered during +certain primitives (such as open, read or write), +and the signal handler returns normally. There are two alternatives: +the library function can resume, or it can return failure with error +code EINTR. +

+

The choice is controlled by the SA_RESTART flag for the +particular kind of signal that was delivered. If the flag is set, +returning from a handler resumes the library function. If the flag is +clear, returning from a handler makes the function fail. +See section Primitives Interrupted by Signals. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.3.6 Initial Signal Actions

+ +

When a new process is created (see section Creating a Process), it inherits +handling of signals from its parent process. However, when you load a +new process image using the exec function (see section Executing a File), any signals that you've defined your own handlers for revert to +their SIG_DFL handling. (If you think about it a little, this +makes sense; the handler functions from the old program are specific to +that program, and aren't even present in the address space of the new +program image.) Of course, the new program can establish its own +handlers. +

+

When a program is run by a shell, the shell normally sets the initial +actions for the child process to SIG_DFL or SIG_IGN, as +appropriate. It's a good idea to check to make sure that the shell has +not set up an initial action of SIG_IGN before you establish your +own signal handlers. +

+

Here is an example of how to establish a handler for SIGHUP, but +not if SIGHUP is currently ignored: +

+
 
…
+struct sigaction temp;
+
+sigaction (SIGHUP, NULL, &temp);
+
+if (temp.sa_handler != SIG_IGN)
+  {
+    temp.sa_handler = handle_sighup;
+    sigemptyset (&temp.sa_mask);
+    sigaction (SIGHUP, &temp, NULL);
+  }
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.4 Defining Signal Handlers

+ +

This section describes how to write a signal handler function that can +be established with the signal or sigaction functions. +

+

A signal handler is just a function that you compile together with the +rest of the program. Instead of directly invoking the function, you use +signal or sigaction to tell the operating system to call +it when a signal arrives. This is known as establishing the +handler. See section Specifying Signal Actions. +

+

There are two basic strategies you can use in signal handler functions: +

+
    +
  • +You can have the handler function note that the signal arrived by +tweaking some global data structures, and then return normally. + +
  • +You can have the handler function terminate the program or transfer +control to a point where it can recover from the situation that caused +the signal. +
+ +

You need to take special care in writing handler functions because they +can be called asynchronously. That is, a handler might be called at any +point in the program, unpredictably. If two signals arrive during a +very short interval, one handler can run within another. This section +describes what your handler should do, and what you should avoid. +

+ + + + + + + + +
24.4.1 Signal Handlers that Return   Handlers that return normally, and what + this means. +
24.4.2 Handlers That Terminate the Process   How handler functions terminate a program. +
24.4.3 Nonlocal Control Transfer in Handlers   Nonlocal transfer of control out of a + signal handler. +
24.4.4 Signals Arriving While a Handler Runs   What happens when signals arrive while + the handler is already occupied. +
24.4.5 Signals Close Together Merge into One   When a second signal arrives before the + first is handled. +
24.4.6 Signal Handling and Nonreentrant Functions   Do not call any functions unless you know they + are reentrant with respect to signals. +
24.4.7 Atomic Data Access and Signal Handling   A single handler can run in the middle of + reading or writing a single object. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.4.1 Signal Handlers that Return

+ +

Handlers which return normally are usually used for signals such as +SIGALRM and the I/O and interprocess communication signals. But +a handler for SIGINT might also return normally after setting a +flag that tells the program to exit at a convenient time. +

+

It is not safe to return normally from the handler for a program error +signal, because the behavior of the program when the handler function +returns is not defined after a program error. See section Program Error Signals. +

+

Handlers that return normally must modify some global variable in order +to have any effect. Typically, the variable is one that is examined +periodically by the program during normal operation. Its data type +should be sig_atomic_t for reasons described in Atomic Data Access and Signal Handling. +

+

Here is a simple example of such a program. It executes the body of +the loop until it has noticed that a SIGALRM signal has arrived. +This technique is useful because it allows the iteration in progress +when the signal arrives to complete before the loop exits. +

+
 
#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+/* This flag controls termination of the main loop. */
+volatile sig_atomic_t keep_going = 1;
+
+/* The signal handler just clears the flag and re-enables itself. */
+void 
+catch_alarm (int sig)
+{
+  keep_going = 0;
+  signal (sig, catch_alarm);
+}
+
+void 
+do_stuff (void)
+{
+  puts ("Doing stuff while waiting for alarm....");
+}
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  /* Establish a handler for SIGALRM signals. */
+  signal (SIGALRM, catch_alarm);
+
+  /* Set an alarm to go off in a little while. */
+  alarm (2);
+
+  /* Check the flag once in a while to see when to quit. */
+  while (keep_going)
+    do_stuff ();
+
+  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.4.2 Handlers That Terminate the Process

+ +

Handler functions that terminate the program are typically used to cause +orderly cleanup or recovery from program error signals and interactive +interrupts. +

+

The cleanest way for a handler to terminate the process is to raise the +same signal that ran the handler in the first place. Here is how to do +this: +

+
 
volatile sig_atomic_t fatal_error_in_progress = 0;
+
+void
+fatal_error_signal (int sig)
+{
+  /* Since this handler is established for more than one kind of signal, 
+     it might still get invoked recursively by delivery of some other kind
+     of signal.  Use a static variable to keep track of that. */
+  if (fatal_error_in_progress)
+    raise (sig);
+  fatal_error_in_progress = 1;
+
+  /* Now do the clean up actions:
+     - reset terminal modes
+     - kill child processes
+     - remove lock files */
+  …
+
+  /* Now reraise the signal.  We reactivate the signal's
+     default handling, which is to terminate the process.
+     We could just call exit or abort,
+     but reraising the signal sets the return status
+     from the process correctly. */
+  signal (sig, SIG_DFL);
+  raise (sig);
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.4.3 Nonlocal Control Transfer in Handlers

+ +

You can do a nonlocal transfer of control out of a signal handler using +the setjmp and longjmp facilities (see section Non-Local Exits). +

+

When the handler does a nonlocal control transfer, the part of the +program that was running will not continue. If this part of the program +was in the middle of updating an important data structure, the data +structure will remain inconsistent. Since the program does not +terminate, the inconsistency is likely to be noticed later on. +

+

There are two ways to avoid this problem. One is to block the signal +for the parts of the program that update important data structures. +Blocking the signal delays its delivery until it is unblocked, once the +critical updating is finished. See section Blocking Signals. +

+

The other way to re-initialize the crucial data structures in the signal +handler, or make their values consistent. +

+

Here is a rather schematic example showing the reinitialization of one +global variable. +

+
 
#include <signal.h>
+#include <setjmp.h>
+
+jmp_buf return_to_top_level;
+
+volatile sig_atomic_t waiting_for_input;
+
+void
+handle_sigint (int signum)
+{
+  /* We may have been waiting for input when the signal arrived,
+     but we are no longer waiting once we transfer control. */
+  waiting_for_input = 0;
+  longjmp (return_to_top_level, 1);
+}
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  …
+  signal (SIGINT, sigint_handler);
+  …
+  while (1) {
+    prepare_for_command ();
+    if (setjmp (return_to_top_level) == 0)
+      read_and_execute_command ();
+  }
+}
+
+/* Imagine this is a subroutine used by various commands. */
+char *
+read_data ()
+{
+  if (input_from_terminal) {
+    waiting_for_input = 1;
+    …
+    waiting_for_input = 0;
+  } else {
+    …
+  }
+}
+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.4.4 Signals Arriving While a Handler Runs

+ +

What happens if another signal arrives while your signal handler +function is running? +

+

When the handler for a particular signal is invoked, that signal is +automatically blocked until the handler returns. That means that if two +signals of the same kind arrive close together, the second one will be +held until the first has been handled. (The handler can explicitly +unblock the signal using sigprocmask, if you want to allow more +signals of this type to arrive; see Process Signal Mask.) +

+

However, your handler can still be interrupted by delivery of another +kind of signal. To avoid this, you can use the sa_mask member of +the action structure passed to sigaction to explicitly specify +which signals should be blocked while the signal handler runs. These +signals are in addition to the signal for which the handler was invoked, +and any other signals that are normally blocked by the process. +See section Blocking Signals for a Handler. +

+

When the handler returns, the set of blocked signals is restored to the +value it had before the handler ran. So using sigprocmask inside +the handler only affects what signals can arrive during the execution of +the handler itself, not what signals can arrive once the handler returns. +

+

Portability Note: Always use sigaction to establish a +handler for a signal that you expect to receive asynchronously, if you +want your program to work properly on System V Unix. On this system, +the handling of a signal whose handler was established with +signal automatically sets the signal's action back to +SIG_DFL, and the handler must re-establish itself each time it +runs. This practice, while inconvenient, does work when signals cannot +arrive in succession. However, if another signal can arrive right away, +it may arrive before the handler can re-establish itself. Then the +second signal would receive the default handling, which could terminate +the process. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.4.5 Signals Close Together Merge into One

+ +

If multiple signals of the same type are delivered to your process +before your signal handler has a chance to be invoked at all, the +handler may only be invoked once, as if only a single signal had +arrived. In effect, the signals merge into one. This situation can +arise when the signal is blocked, or in a multiprocessing environment +where the system is busy running some other processes while the signals +are delivered. This means, for example, that you cannot reliably use a +signal handler to count signals. The only distinction you can reliably +make is whether at least one signal has arrived since a given time in +the past. +

+

Here is an example of a handler for SIGCHLD that compensates for +the fact that the number of signals received may not equal the number of +child processes that generate them. It assumes that the program keeps track +of all the child processes with a chain of structures as follows: +

+
 
struct process
+{
+  struct process *next;
+  /* The process ID of this child.  */
+  int pid;
+  /* The descriptor of the pipe or pseudo terminal
+     on which output comes from this child.  */
+  int input_descriptor;
+  /* Nonzero if this process has stopped or terminated.  */
+  sig_atomic_t have_status;
+  /* The status of this child; 0 if running,
+     otherwise a status value from waitpid.  */
+  int status;
+};
+
+struct process *process_list;
+
+ +

This example also uses a flag to indicate whether signals have arrived +since some time in the past—whenever the program last cleared it to +zero. +

+
 
/* Nonzero means some child's status has changed
+   so look at process_list for the details.  */
+int process_status_change;
+
+ +

Here is the handler itself: +

+
 
void
+sigchld_handler (int signo)
+{
+  int old_errno = errno;
+
+  while (1) {
+    register int pid;
+    int w;
+    struct process *p;
+
+    /* Keep asking for a status until we get a definitive result.  */
+    do
+      {
+        errno = 0;
+        pid = waitpid (WAIT_ANY, &w, WNOHANG | WUNTRACED);
+      }
+    while (pid <= 0 && errno == EINTR);
+
+    if (pid <= 0) {
+      /* A real failure means there are no more
+         stopped or terminated child processes, so return.  */
+      errno = old_errno;
+      return;
+    }
+
+    /* Find the process that signaled us, and record its status.  */
+
+    for (p = process_list; p; p = p->next)
+      if (p->pid == pid) {
+        p->status = w;
+        /* Indicate that the status field
+           has data to look at.  We do this only after storing it.  */
+        p->have_status = 1;
+
+        /* If process has terminated, stop waiting for its output.  */
+        if (WIFSIGNALED (w) || WIFEXITED (w))
+          if (p->input_descriptor)
+            FD_CLR (p->input_descriptor, &input_wait_mask);
+
+        /* The program should check this flag from time to time
+           to see if there is any news in process_list.  */
+        ++process_status_change;
+      }
+
+    /* Loop around to handle all the processes
+       that have something to tell us.  */
+  }
+}
+
+ +

Here is the proper way to check the flag process_status_change: +

+
 
if (process_status_change) {
+  struct process *p;
+  process_status_change = 0;
+  for (p = process_list; p; p = p->next)
+    if (p->have_status) {
+      … Examine p->status …
+    }
+}
+
+ +

It is vital to clear the flag before examining the list; otherwise, if a +signal were delivered just before the clearing of the flag, and after +the appropriate element of the process list had been checked, the status +change would go unnoticed until the next signal arrived to set the flag +again. You could, of course, avoid this problem by blocking the signal +while scanning the list, but it is much more elegant to guarantee +correctness by doing things in the right order. +

+

The loop which checks process status avoids examining p->status +until it sees that status has been validly stored. This is to make sure +that the status cannot change in the middle of accessing it. Once +p->have_status is set, it means that the child process is stopped +or terminated, and in either case, it cannot stop or terminate again +until the program has taken notice. See section Atomic Usage Patterns, for more +information about coping with interruptions during accesses of a +variable. +

+

Here is another way you can test whether the handler has run since the +last time you checked. This technique uses a counter which is never +changed outside the handler. Instead of clearing the count, the program +remembers the previous value and sees whether it has changed since the +previous check. The advantage of this method is that different parts of +the program can check independently, each part checking whether there +has been a signal since that part last checked. +

+
 
sig_atomic_t process_status_change;
+
+sig_atomic_t last_process_status_change;
+
+…
+{
+  sig_atomic_t prev = last_process_status_change;
+  last_process_status_change = process_status_change;
+  if (last_process_status_change != prev) {
+    struct process *p;
+    for (p = process_list; p; p = p->next)
+      if (p->have_status) {
+        … Examine p->status …
+      }
+  }
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.4.6 Signal Handling and Nonreentrant Functions

+ +

Handler functions usually don't do very much. The best practice is to +write a handler that does nothing but set an external variable that the +program checks regularly, and leave all serious work to the program. +This is best because the handler can be called asynchronously, at +unpredictable times—perhaps in the middle of a primitive function, or +even between the beginning and the end of a C operator that requires +multiple instructions. The data structures being manipulated might +therefore be in an inconsistent state when the handler function is +invoked. Even copying one int variable into another can take two +instructions on most machines. +

+

This means you have to be very careful about what you do in a signal +handler. +

+
    +
  • + +If your handler needs to access any global variables from your program, +declare those variables volatile. This tells the compiler that +the value of the variable might change asynchronously, and inhibits +certain optimizations that would be invalidated by such modifications. + +
  • + +If you call a function in the handler, make sure it is reentrant +with respect to signals, or else make sure that the signal cannot +interrupt a call to a related function. +
+ +

A function can be non-reentrant if it uses memory that is not on the +stack. +

+
    +
  • +If a function uses a static variable or a global variable, or a +dynamically-allocated object that it finds for itself, then it is +non-reentrant and any two calls to the function can interfere. + +

    For example, suppose that the signal handler uses gethostbyname. +This function returns its value in a static object, reusing the same +object each time. If the signal happens to arrive during a call to +gethostbyname, or even after one (while the program is still +using the value), it will clobber the value that the program asked for. +

    +

    However, if the program does not use gethostbyname or any other +function that returns information in the same object, or if it always +blocks signals around each use, then you are safe. +

    +

    There are a large number of library functions that return values in a +fixed object, always reusing the same object in this fashion, and all of +them cause the same problem. Function descriptions in this manual +always mention this behavior. +

    +
  • +If a function uses and modifies an object that you supply, then it is +potentially non-reentrant; two calls can interfere if they use the same +object. + +

    This case arises when you do I/O using streams. Suppose that the +signal handler prints a message with fprintf. Suppose that the +program was in the middle of an fprintf call using the same +stream when the signal was delivered. Both the signal handler's message +and the program's data could be corrupted, because both calls operate on +the same data structure—the stream itself. +

    +

    However, if you know that the stream that the handler uses cannot +possibly be used by the program at a time when signals can arrive, then +you are safe. It is no problem if the program uses some other stream. +

    +
  • +On most systems, malloc and free are not reentrant, +because they use a static data structure which records what memory +blocks are free. As a result, no library functions that allocate or +free memory are reentrant. This includes functions that allocate space +to store a result. + +

    The best way to avoid the need to allocate memory in a handler is to +allocate in advance space for signal handlers to use. +

    +

    The best way to avoid freeing memory in a handler is to flag or record +the objects to be freed, and have the program check from time to time +whether anything is waiting to be freed. But this must be done with +care, because placing an object on a chain is not atomic, and if it is +interrupted by another signal handler that does the same thing, you +could “lose” one of the objects. +

    + + +
  • +Any function that modifies errno is non-reentrant, but you can +correct for this: in the handler, save the original value of +errno and restore it before returning normally. This prevents +errors that occur within the signal handler from being confused with +errors from system calls at the point the program is interrupted to run +the handler. + +

    This technique is generally applicable; if you want to call in a handler +a function that modifies a particular object in memory, you can make +this safe by saving and restoring that object. +

    +
  • +Merely reading from a memory object is safe provided that you can deal +with any of the values that might appear in the object at a time when +the signal can be delivered. Keep in mind that assignment to some data +types requires more than one instruction, which means that the handler +could run “in the middle of” an assignment to the variable if its type +is not atomic. See section Atomic Data Access and Signal Handling. + +
  • +Merely writing into a memory object is safe as long as a sudden change +in the value, at any time when the handler might run, will not disturb +anything. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.4.7 Atomic Data Access and Signal Handling

+ +

Whether the data in your application concerns atoms, or mere text, you +have to be careful about the fact that access to a single datum is not +necessarily atomic. This means that it can take more than one +instruction to read or write a single object. In such cases, a signal +handler might be invoked in the middle of reading or writing the object. +

+

There are three ways you can cope with this problem. You can use data +types that are always accessed atomically; you can carefully arrange +that nothing untoward happens if an access is interrupted, or you can +block all signals around any access that had better not be interrupted +(see section Blocking Signals). +

+ + + + +
24.4.7.1 Problems with Non-Atomic Access   A program illustrating interrupted access. +
24.4.7.2 Atomic Types   Data types that guarantee no interruption. +
24.4.7.3 Atomic Usage Patterns   Proving that interruption is harmless. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.4.7.1 Problems with Non-Atomic Access

+ +

Here is an example which shows what can happen if a signal handler runs +in the middle of modifying a variable. (Interrupting the reading of a +variable can also lead to paradoxical results, but here we only show +writing.) +

+
 
#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+volatile struct two_words { int a, b; } memory;
+
+void
+handler(int signum)
+{
+   printf ("%d,%d\n", memory.a, memory.b);
+   alarm (1);
+}
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+   static struct two_words zeros = { 0, 0 }, ones = { 1, 1 };
+   signal (SIGALRM, handler);
+   memory = zeros;
+   alarm (1);
+   while (1)
+     {
+       memory = zeros;
+       memory = ones;
+     }
+}
+
+ +

This program fills memory with zeros, ones, zeros, ones, +alternating forever; meanwhile, once per second, the alarm signal handler +prints the current contents. (Calling printf in the handler is +safe in this program because it is certainly not being called outside +the handler when the signal happens.) +

+

Clearly, this program can print a pair of zeros or a pair of ones. But +that's not all it can do! On most machines, it takes several +instructions to store a new value in memory, and the value is +stored one word at a time. If the signal is delivered in between these +instructions, the handler might find that memory.a is zero and +memory.b is one (or vice versa). +

+

On some machines it may be possible to store a new value in +memory with just one instruction that cannot be interrupted. On +these machines, the handler will always print two zeros or two ones. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.4.7.2 Atomic Types

+ +

To avoid uncertainty about interrupting access to a variable, you can +use a particular data type for which access is always atomic: +sig_atomic_t. Reading and writing this data type is guaranteed +to happen in a single instruction, so there's no way for a handler to +run “in the middle” of an access. +

+

The type sig_atomic_t is always an integer data type, but which +one it is, and how many bits it contains, may vary from machine to +machine. +

+
+
Data Type: sig_atomic_t + +
+

This is an integer data type. Objects of this type are always accessed +atomically. +

+ +

In practice, you can assume that int is atomic. +You can also assume that pointer +types are atomic; that is very convenient. Both of these assumptions +are true on all of the machines that the GNU C library supports and on +all POSIX systems we know of. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.4.7.3 Atomic Usage Patterns

+ +

Certain patterns of access avoid any problem even if an access is +interrupted. For example, a flag which is set by the handler, and +tested and cleared by the main program from time to time, is always safe +even if access actually requires two instructions. To show that this is +so, we must consider each access that could be interrupted, and show +that there is no problem if it is interrupted. +

+

An interrupt in the middle of testing the flag is safe because either it's +recognized to be nonzero, in which case the precise value doesn't +matter, or it will be seen to be nonzero the next time it's tested. +

+

An interrupt in the middle of clearing the flag is no problem because +either the value ends up zero, which is what happens if a signal comes +in just before the flag is cleared, or the value ends up nonzero, and +subsequent events occur as if the signal had come in just after the flag +was cleared. As long as the code handles both of these cases properly, +it can also handle a signal in the middle of clearing the flag. (This +is an example of the sort of reasoning you need to do to figure out +whether non-atomic usage is safe.) +

+

Sometimes you can insure uninterrupted access to one object by +protecting its use with another object, perhaps one whose type +guarantees atomicity. See section Signals Close Together Merge into One, for an example. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.5 Primitives Interrupted by Signals

+ +

A signal can arrive and be handled while an I/O primitive such as +open or read is waiting for an I/O device. If the signal +handler returns, the system faces the question: what should happen next? +

+

POSIX specifies one approach: make the primitive fail right away. The +error code for this kind of failure is EINTR. This is flexible, +but usually inconvenient. Typically, POSIX applications that use signal +handlers must check for EINTR after each library function that +can return it, in order to try the call again. Often programmers forget +to check, which is a common source of error. +

+

The GNU library provides a convenient way to retry a call after a +temporary failure, with the macro TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY: +

+
+
Macro: TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (expression) + +
+

This macro evaluates expression once, and examines its value as +type long int. If the value equals -1, that indicates a +failure and errno should be set to show what kind of failure. +If it fails and reports error code EINTR, +TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY evaluates it again, and over and over until +the result is not a temporary failure. +

+

The value returned by TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY is whatever value +expression produced. +

+ +

BSD avoids EINTR entirely and provides a more convenient +approach: to restart the interrupted primitive, instead of making it +fail. If you choose this approach, you need not be concerned with +EINTR. +

+

You can choose either approach with the GNU library. If you use +sigaction to establish a signal handler, you can specify how that +handler should behave. If you specify the SA_RESTART flag, +return from that handler will resume a primitive; otherwise, return from +that handler will cause EINTR. See section Flags for sigaction. +

+

Another way to specify the choice is with the siginterrupt +function. See section BSD Function to Establish a Handler. +

+

When you don't specify with sigaction or siginterrupt what +a particular handler should do, it uses a default choice. The default +choice in the GNU library depends on the feature test macros you have +defined. If you define _BSD_SOURCE or _GNU_SOURCE before +calling signal, the default is to resume primitives; otherwise, +the default is to make them fail with EINTR. (The library +contains alternate versions of the signal function, and the +feature test macros determine which one you really call.) See section Feature Test Macros. + + + + +

+

The description of each primitive affected by this issue +lists EINTR among the error codes it can return. +

+

There is one situation where resumption never happens no matter which +choice you make: when a data-transfer function such as read or +write is interrupted by a signal after transferring part of the +data. In this case, the function returns the number of bytes already +transferred, indicating partial success. +

+

This might at first appear to cause unreliable behavior on +record-oriented devices (including datagram sockets; see section Datagram Socket Operations), +where splitting one read or write into two would read or +write two records. Actually, there is no problem, because interruption +after a partial transfer cannot happen on such devices; they always +transfer an entire record in one burst, with no waiting once data +transfer has started. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.6 Generating Signals

+ +

Besides signals that are generated as a result of a hardware trap or +interrupt, your program can explicitly send signals to itself or to +another process. +

+ + + + + +
24.6.1 Signaling Yourself   A process can send a signal to itself. +
24.6.2 Signaling Another Process   Send a signal to another process. +
24.6.3 Permission for using kill  
24.6.4 Using kill for Communication  
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.6.1 Signaling Yourself

+ +

A process can send itself a signal with the raise function. This +function is declared in ‘signal.h’. + +

+
+
Function: int raise (int signum) + +
+

The raise function sends the signal signum to the calling +process. It returns zero if successful and a nonzero value if it fails. +About the only reason for failure would be if the value of signum +is invalid. +

+ +
+
Function: int gsignal (int signum) + +
+

The gsignal function does the same thing as raise; it is +provided only for compatibility with SVID. +

+ +

One convenient use for raise is to reproduce the default behavior +of a signal that you have trapped. For instance, suppose a user of your +program types the SUSP character (usually C-z; see section Special Characters) to send it an interactive stop signal +(SIGTSTP), and you want to clean up some internal data buffers +before stopping. You might set this up like this: +

+ +
 
#include <signal.h>
+
+/* When a stop signal arrives, set the action back to the default
+   and then resend the signal after doing cleanup actions. */
+
+void
+tstp_handler (int sig)
+{
+  signal (SIGTSTP, SIG_DFL);
+  /* Do cleanup actions here. */
+  …
+  raise (SIGTSTP);
+}
+
+/* When the process is continued again, restore the signal handler. */
+
+void
+cont_handler (int sig)
+{
+  signal (SIGCONT, cont_handler);
+  signal (SIGTSTP, tstp_handler);
+}
+
+/* Enable both handlers during program initialization. */
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  signal (SIGCONT, cont_handler);
+  signal (SIGTSTP, tstp_handler);
+  …
+}
+
+ +

Portability note: raise was invented by the ISO C +committee. Older systems may not support it, so using kill may +be more portable. See section Signaling Another Process. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.6.2 Signaling Another Process

+ +

The kill function can be used to send a signal to another process. +In spite of its name, it can be used for a lot of things other than +causing a process to terminate. Some examples of situations where you +might want to send signals between processes are: +

+
    +
  • +A parent process starts a child to perform a task—perhaps having the +child running an infinite loop—and then terminates the child when the +task is no longer needed. + +
  • +A process executes as part of a group, and needs to terminate or notify +the other processes in the group when an error or other event occurs. + +
  • +Two processes need to synchronize while working together. +
+ +

This section assumes that you know a little bit about how processes +work. For more information on this subject, see Processes. +

+

The kill function is declared in ‘signal.h’. + +

+
+
Function: int kill (pid_t pid, int signum) + +
+

The kill function sends the signal signum to the process +or process group specified by pid. Besides the signals listed in +Standard Signals, signum can also have a value of zero to +check the validity of the pid. +

+

The pid specifies the process or process group to receive the +signal: +

+
+
pid > 0
+

The process whose identifier is pid. +

+
+
pid == 0
+

All processes in the same process group as the sender. +

+
+
pid < -1
+

The process group whose identifier is -pid. +

+
+
pid == -1
+

If the process is privileged, send the signal to all processes except +for some special system processes. Otherwise, send the signal to all +processes with the same effective user ID. +

+
+ +

A process can send a signal to itself with a call like kill +(getpid(), signum). If kill is used by a process to send +a signal to itself, and the signal is not blocked, then kill +delivers at least one signal (which might be some other pending +unblocked signal instead of the signal signum) to that process +before it returns. +

+

The return value from kill is zero if the signal can be sent +successfully. Otherwise, no signal is sent, and a value of -1 is +returned. If pid specifies sending a signal to several processes, +kill succeeds if it can send the signal to at least one of them. +There's no way you can tell which of the processes got the signal +or whether all of them did. +

+

The following errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The signum argument is an invalid or unsupported number. +

+
+
EPERM
+

You do not have the privilege to send a signal to the process or any of +the processes in the process group named by pid. +

+
+
ESRCH
+

The pid argument does not refer to an existing process or group. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int killpg (int pgid, int signum) + +
+

This is similar to kill, but sends signal signum to the +process group pgid. This function is provided for compatibility +with BSD; using kill to do this is more portable. +

+ +

As a simple example of kill, the call kill (getpid (), +sig) has the same effect as raise (sig). +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.6.3 Permission for using kill

+ +

There are restrictions that prevent you from using kill to send +signals to any random process. These are intended to prevent antisocial +behavior such as arbitrarily killing off processes belonging to another +user. In typical use, kill is used to pass signals between +parent, child, and sibling processes, and in these situations you +normally do have permission to send signals. The only common exception +is when you run a setuid program in a child process; if the program +changes its real UID as well as its effective UID, you may not have +permission to send a signal. The su program does this. +

+

Whether a process has permission to send a signal to another process +is determined by the user IDs of the two processes. This concept is +discussed in detail in The Persona of a Process. +

+

Generally, for a process to be able to send a signal to another process, +either the sending process must belong to a privileged user (like +‘root’), or the real or effective user ID of the sending process +must match the real or effective user ID of the receiving process. If +the receiving process has changed its effective user ID from the +set-user-ID mode bit on its process image file, then the owner of the +process image file is used in place of its current effective user ID. +In some implementations, a parent process might be able to send signals +to a child process even if the user ID's don't match, and other +implementations might enforce other restrictions. +

+

The SIGCONT signal is a special case. It can be sent if the +sender is part of the same session as the receiver, regardless of +user IDs. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.6.4 Using kill for Communication

+

Here is a longer example showing how signals can be used for +interprocess communication. This is what the SIGUSR1 and +SIGUSR2 signals are provided for. Since these signals are fatal +by default, the process that is supposed to receive them must trap them +through signal or sigaction. +

+

In this example, a parent process forks a child process and then waits +for the child to complete its initialization. The child process tells +the parent when it is ready by sending it a SIGUSR1 signal, using +the kill function. +

+
 
#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+/* When a SIGUSR1 signal arrives, set this variable. */
+volatile sig_atomic_t usr_interrupt = 0;
+
+void 
+synch_signal (int sig)
+{
+  usr_interrupt = 1;
+}
+
+/* The child process executes this function. */
+void 
+child_function (void)
+{
+  /* Perform initialization. */
+  printf ("I'm here!!!  My pid is %d.\n", (int) getpid ());
+
+  /* Let parent know you're done. */
+  kill (getppid (), SIGUSR1);
+
+  /* Continue with execution. */
+  puts ("Bye, now....");
+  exit (0);
+}
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  struct sigaction usr_action;
+  sigset_t block_mask;
+  pid_t child_id;
+
+  /* Establish the signal handler. */
+  sigfillset (&block_mask);
+  usr_action.sa_handler = synch_signal;
+  usr_action.sa_mask = block_mask;
+  usr_action.sa_flags = 0;
+  sigaction (SIGUSR1, &usr_action, NULL);
+
+  /* Create the child process. */
+  child_id = fork ();
+  if (child_id == 0)
+    child_function ();          /* Does not return. */
+
+  /* Busy wait for the child to send a signal. */
+  while (!usr_interrupt)
+    ;
+
+  /* Now continue execution. */
+  puts ("That's all, folks!");
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+ +

This example uses a busy wait, which is bad, because it wastes CPU +cycles that other programs could otherwise use. It is better to ask the +system to wait until the signal arrives. See the example in +Waiting for a Signal. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.7 Blocking Signals

+ +

Blocking a signal means telling the operating system to hold it and +deliver it later. Generally, a program does not block signals +indefinitely—it might as well ignore them by setting their actions to +SIG_IGN. But it is useful to block signals briefly, to prevent +them from interrupting sensitive operations. For instance: +

+
    +
  • +You can use the sigprocmask function to block signals while you +modify global variables that are also modified by the handlers for these +signals. + +
  • +You can set sa_mask in your sigaction call to block +certain signals while a particular signal handler runs. This way, the +signal handler can run without being interrupted itself by signals. +
+ + + + + + + + + +
24.7.1 Why Blocking Signals is Useful   The purpose of blocking signals. +
24.7.2 Signal Sets   How to specify which signals to + block. +
24.7.3 Process Signal Mask   Blocking delivery of signals to your + process during normal execution. +
24.7.4 Blocking to Test for Delivery of a Signal  
24.7.5 Blocking Signals for a Handler   Blocking additional signals while a + handler is being run. +
24.7.6 Checking for Pending Signals  
24.7.7 Remembering a Signal to Act On Later   How you can get almost the same + effect as blocking a signal, by + handling it and setting a flag + to be tested later. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.7.1 Why Blocking Signals is Useful

+ +

Temporary blocking of signals with sigprocmask gives you a way to +prevent interrupts during critical parts of your code. If signals +arrive in that part of the program, they are delivered later, after you +unblock them. +

+

One example where this is useful is for sharing data between a signal +handler and the rest of the program. If the type of the data is not +sig_atomic_t (see section Atomic Data Access and Signal Handling), then the signal +handler could run when the rest of the program has only half finished +reading or writing the data. This would lead to confusing consequences. +

+

To make the program reliable, you can prevent the signal handler from +running while the rest of the program is examining or modifying that +data—by blocking the appropriate signal around the parts of the +program that touch the data. +

+

Blocking signals is also necessary when you want to perform a certain +action only if a signal has not arrived. Suppose that the handler for +the signal sets a flag of type sig_atomic_t; you would like to +test the flag and perform the action if the flag is not set. This is +unreliable. Suppose the signal is delivered immediately after you test +the flag, but before the consequent action: then the program will +perform the action even though the signal has arrived. +

+

The only way to test reliably for whether a signal has yet arrived is to +test while the signal is blocked. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.7.2 Signal Sets

+ +

All of the signal blocking functions use a data structure called a +signal set to specify what signals are affected. Thus, every +activity involves two stages: creating the signal set, and then passing +it as an argument to a library function. + +

+

These facilities are declared in the header file ‘signal.h’. + +

+
+
Data Type: sigset_t + +
+

The sigset_t data type is used to represent a signal set. +Internally, it may be implemented as either an integer or structure +type. +

+

For portability, use only the functions described in this section to +initialize, change, and retrieve information from sigset_t +objects—don't try to manipulate them directly. +

+ +

There are two ways to initialize a signal set. You can initially +specify it to be empty with sigemptyset and then add specified +signals individually. Or you can specify it to be full with +sigfillset and then delete specified signals individually. +

+

You must always initialize the signal set with one of these two +functions before using it in any other way. Don't try to set all the +signals explicitly because the sigset_t object might include some +other information (like a version field) that needs to be initialized as +well. (In addition, it's not wise to put into your program an +assumption that the system has no signals aside from the ones you know +about.) +

+
+
Function: int sigemptyset (sigset_t *set) + +
+

This function initializes the signal set set to exclude all of the +defined signals. It always returns 0. +

+ +
+
Function: int sigfillset (sigset_t *set) + +
+

This function initializes the signal set set to include +all of the defined signals. Again, the return value is 0. +

+ +
+
Function: int sigaddset (sigset_t *set, int signum) + +
+

This function adds the signal signum to the signal set set. +All sigaddset does is modify set; it does not block or +unblock any signals. +

+

The return value is 0 on success and -1 on failure. +The following errno error condition is defined for this function: +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The signum argument doesn't specify a valid signal. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int sigdelset (sigset_t *set, int signum) + +
+

This function removes the signal signum from the signal set +set. All sigdelset does is modify set; it does not +block or unblock any signals. The return value and error conditions are +the same as for sigaddset. +

+ +

Finally, there is a function to test what signals are in a signal set: +

+
+
Function: int sigismember (const sigset_t *set, int signum) + +
+

The sigismember function tests whether the signal signum is +a member of the signal set set. It returns 1 if the signal +is in the set, 0 if not, and -1 if there is an error. +

+

The following errno error condition is defined for this function: +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The signum argument doesn't specify a valid signal. +

+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.7.3 Process Signal Mask

+ +

The collection of signals that are currently blocked is called the +signal mask. Each process has its own signal mask. When you +create a new process (see section Creating a Process), it inherits its +parent's mask. You can block or unblock signals with total flexibility +by modifying the signal mask. +

+

The prototype for the sigprocmask function is in ‘signal.h’. + +

+

Note that you must not use sigprocmask in multi-threaded processes, +because each thread has its own signal mask and there is no single process +signal mask. According to POSIX, the behavior of sigprocmask in a +multi-threaded process is “unspecified”. +Instead, use pthread_sigmask. +

+
+
Function: int sigprocmask (int how, const sigset_t *restrict set, sigset_t *restrict oldset) + +
+

The sigprocmask function is used to examine or change the calling +process's signal mask. The how argument determines how the signal +mask is changed, and must be one of the following values: +

+
+
+
+
SIG_BLOCK
+

Block the signals in set—add them to the existing mask. In +other words, the new mask is the union of the existing mask and +set. +

+ +
+
SIG_UNBLOCK
+

Unblock the signals in set—remove them from the existing mask. +

+ +
+
SIG_SETMASK
+

Use set for the mask; ignore the previous value of the mask. +

+
+ +

The last argument, oldset, is used to return information about the +old process signal mask. If you just want to change the mask without +looking at it, pass a null pointer as the oldset argument. +Similarly, if you want to know what's in the mask without changing it, +pass a null pointer for set (in this case the how argument +is not significant). The oldset argument is often used to +remember the previous signal mask in order to restore it later. (Since +the signal mask is inherited over fork and exec calls, you +can't predict what its contents are when your program starts running.) +

+

If invoking sigprocmask causes any pending signals to be +unblocked, at least one of those signals is delivered to the process +before sigprocmask returns. The order in which pending signals +are delivered is not specified, but you can control the order explicitly +by making multiple sigprocmask calls to unblock various signals +one at a time. +

+

The sigprocmask function returns 0 if successful, and -1 +to indicate an error. The following errno error conditions are +defined for this function: +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The how argument is invalid. +

+
+ +

You can't block the SIGKILL and SIGSTOP signals, but +if the signal set includes these, sigprocmask just ignores +them instead of returning an error status. +

+

Remember, too, that blocking program error signals such as SIGFPE +leads to undesirable results for signals generated by an actual program +error (as opposed to signals sent with raise or kill). +This is because your program may be too broken to be able to continue +executing to a point where the signal is unblocked again. +See section Program Error Signals. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.7.4 Blocking to Test for Delivery of a Signal

+ +

Now for a simple example. Suppose you establish a handler for +SIGALRM signals that sets a flag whenever a signal arrives, and +your main program checks this flag from time to time and then resets it. +You can prevent additional SIGALRM signals from arriving in the +meantime by wrapping the critical part of the code with calls to +sigprocmask, like this: +

+
 
/* This variable is set by the SIGALRM signal handler. */
+volatile sig_atomic_t flag = 0;
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  sigset_t block_alarm;
+
+  …
+
+  /* Initialize the signal mask. */
+  sigemptyset (&block_alarm);
+  sigaddset (&block_alarm, SIGALRM);
+
+  while (1)
+    {
+      /* Check if a signal has arrived; if so, reset the flag. */
+      sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, &block_alarm, NULL);
+      if (flag)
+        {
+          actions-if-not-arrived
+          flag = 0;
+        }
+      sigprocmask (SIG_UNBLOCK, &block_alarm, NULL);
+
+      …
+    }
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.7.5 Blocking Signals for a Handler

+ +

When a signal handler is invoked, you usually want it to be able to +finish without being interrupted by another signal. From the moment the +handler starts until the moment it finishes, you must block signals that +might confuse it or corrupt its data. +

+

When a handler function is invoked on a signal, that signal is +automatically blocked (in addition to any other signals that are already +in the process's signal mask) during the time the handler is running. +If you set up a handler for SIGTSTP, for instance, then the +arrival of that signal forces further SIGTSTP signals to wait +during the execution of the handler. +

+

However, by default, other kinds of signals are not blocked; they can +arrive during handler execution. +

+

The reliable way to block other kinds of signals during the execution of +the handler is to use the sa_mask member of the sigaction +structure. +

+

Here is an example: +

+
 
#include <signal.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+void catch_stop ();
+
+void
+install_handler (void)
+{
+  struct sigaction setup_action;
+  sigset_t block_mask;
+
+  sigemptyset (&block_mask);
+  /* Block other terminal-generated signals while handler runs. */
+  sigaddset (&block_mask, SIGINT);
+  sigaddset (&block_mask, SIGQUIT);
+  setup_action.sa_handler = catch_stop;
+  setup_action.sa_mask = block_mask;
+  setup_action.sa_flags = 0;
+  sigaction (SIGTSTP, &setup_action, NULL);
+}
+
+ +

This is more reliable than blocking the other signals explicitly in the +code for the handler. If you block signals explicitly in the handler, +you can't avoid at least a short interval at the beginning of the +handler where they are not yet blocked. +

+

You cannot remove signals from the process's current mask using this +mechanism. However, you can make calls to sigprocmask within +your handler to block or unblock signals as you wish. +

+

In any case, when the handler returns, the system restores the mask that +was in place before the handler was entered. If any signals that become +unblocked by this restoration are pending, the process will receive +those signals immediately, before returning to the code that was +interrupted. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.7.6 Checking for Pending Signals

+ +

You can find out which signals are pending at any time by calling +sigpending. This function is declared in ‘signal.h’. + +

+
+
Function: int sigpending (sigset_t *set) + +
+

The sigpending function stores information about pending signals +in set. If there is a pending signal that is blocked from +delivery, then that signal is a member of the returned set. (You can +test whether a particular signal is a member of this set using +sigismember; see Signal Sets.) +

+

The return value is 0 if successful, and -1 on failure. +

+ +

Testing whether a signal is pending is not often useful. Testing when +that signal is not blocked is almost certainly bad design. +

+

Here is an example. +

+
 
#include <signal.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+sigset_t base_mask, waiting_mask;
+
+sigemptyset (&base_mask);
+sigaddset (&base_mask, SIGINT);
+sigaddset (&base_mask, SIGTSTP);
+
+/* Block user interrupts while doing other processing. */
+sigprocmask (SIG_SETMASK, &base_mask, NULL);
+…
+
+/* After a while, check to see whether any signals are pending. */
+sigpending (&waiting_mask);
+if (sigismember (&waiting_mask, SIGINT)) {
+  /* User has tried to kill the process. */
+}
+else if (sigismember (&waiting_mask, SIGTSTP)) {
+  /* User has tried to stop the process. */
+}
+
+ +

Remember that if there is a particular signal pending for your process, +additional signals of that same type that arrive in the meantime might +be discarded. For example, if a SIGINT signal is pending when +another SIGINT signal arrives, your program will probably only +see one of them when you unblock this signal. +

+

Portability Note: The sigpending function is new in +POSIX.1. Older systems have no equivalent facility. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.7.7 Remembering a Signal to Act On Later

+ +

Instead of blocking a signal using the library facilities, you can get +almost the same results by making the handler set a flag to be tested +later, when you “unblock”. Here is an example: +

+
 
/* If this flag is nonzero, don't handle the signal right away. */
+volatile sig_atomic_t signal_pending;
+
+/* This is nonzero if a signal arrived and was not handled. */
+volatile sig_atomic_t defer_signal;
+
+void
+handler (int signum)
+{
+  if (defer_signal)
+    signal_pending = signum;
+  else
+    … /* ``Really'' handle the signal. */
+}
+
+…
+
+void
+update_mumble (int frob)
+{
+  /* Prevent signals from having immediate effect. */
+  defer_signal++;
+  /* Now update mumble, without worrying about interruption. */
+  mumble.a = 1;
+  mumble.b = hack ();
+  mumble.c = frob;
+  /* We have updated mumble.  Handle any signal that came in. */
+  defer_signal--;
+  if (defer_signal == 0 && signal_pending != 0)
+    raise (signal_pending);
+}
+
+ +

Note how the particular signal that arrives is stored in +signal_pending. That way, we can handle several types of +inconvenient signals with the same mechanism. +

+

We increment and decrement defer_signal so that nested critical +sections will work properly; thus, if update_mumble were called +with signal_pending already nonzero, signals would be deferred +not only within update_mumble, but also within the caller. This +is also why we do not check signal_pending if defer_signal +is still nonzero. +

+

The incrementing and decrementing of defer_signal each require more +than one instruction; it is possible for a signal to happen in the +middle. But that does not cause any problem. If the signal happens +early enough to see the value from before the increment or decrement, +that is equivalent to a signal which came before the beginning of the +increment or decrement, which is a case that works properly. +

+

It is absolutely vital to decrement defer_signal before testing +signal_pending, because this avoids a subtle bug. If we did +these things in the other order, like this, +

+
 
  if (defer_signal == 1 && signal_pending != 0)
+    raise (signal_pending);
+  defer_signal--;
+
+ +

then a signal arriving in between the if statement and the decrement +would be effectively “lost” for an indefinite amount of time. The +handler would merely set defer_signal, but the program having +already tested this variable, it would not test the variable again. +

+ +

Bugs like these are called timing errors. They are especially bad +because they happen only rarely and are nearly impossible to reproduce. +You can't expect to find them with a debugger as you would find a +reproducible bug. So it is worth being especially careful to avoid +them. +

+

(You would not be tempted to write the code in this order, given the use +of defer_signal as a counter which must be tested along with +signal_pending. After all, testing for zero is cleaner than +testing for one. But if you did not use defer_signal as a +counter, and gave it values of zero and one only, then either order +might seem equally simple. This is a further advantage of using a +counter for defer_signal: it will reduce the chance you will +write the code in the wrong order and create a subtle bug.) +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.8 Waiting for a Signal

+ +

If your program is driven by external events, or uses signals for +synchronization, then when it has nothing to do it should probably wait +until a signal arrives. +

+ + + + +
24.8.1 Using pause   The simple way, using pause. +
24.8.2 Problems with pause   Why the simple way is often not very good. +
24.8.3 Using sigsuspend   Reliably waiting for a specific signal. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.8.1 Using pause

+ +

The simple way to wait until a signal arrives is to call pause. +Please read about its disadvantages, in the following section, before +you use it. +

+
+
Function: int pause () + +
+

The pause function suspends program execution until a signal +arrives whose action is either to execute a handler function, or to +terminate the process. +

+

If the signal causes a handler function to be executed, then +pause returns. This is considered an unsuccessful return (since +“successful” behavior would be to suspend the program forever), so the +return value is -1. Even if you specify that other primitives +should resume when a system handler returns (see section Primitives Interrupted by Signals), this has no effect on pause; it always fails when a +signal is handled. +

+

The following errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EINTR
+

The function was interrupted by delivery of a signal. +

+
+ +

If the signal causes program termination, pause doesn't return +(obviously). +

+

This function is a cancellation point in multithreaded programs. This +is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like memory, file +descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time pause is +called. If the thread gets cancelled these resources stay allocated +until the program ends. To avoid this calls to pause should be +protected using cancellation handlers. +

+

The pause function is declared in ‘unistd.h’. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.8.2 Problems with pause

+ +

The simplicity of pause can conceal serious timing errors that +can make a program hang mysteriously. +

+

It is safe to use pause if the real work of your program is done +by the signal handlers themselves, and the “main program” does nothing +but call pause. Each time a signal is delivered, the handler +will do the next batch of work that is to be done, and then return, so +that the main loop of the program can call pause again. +

+

You can't safely use pause to wait until one more signal arrives, +and then resume real work. Even if you arrange for the signal handler +to cooperate by setting a flag, you still can't use pause +reliably. Here is an example of this problem: +

+
 
/* usr_interrupt is set by the signal handler.  */
+if (!usr_interrupt)
+  pause ();
+
+/* Do work once the signal arrives.  */
+…
+
+ +

This has a bug: the signal could arrive after the variable +usr_interrupt is checked, but before the call to pause. +If no further signals arrive, the process would never wake up again. +

+

You can put an upper limit on the excess waiting by using sleep +in a loop, instead of using pause. (See section Sleeping, for more +about sleep.) Here is what this looks like: +

+
 
/* usr_interrupt is set by the signal handler.
+while (!usr_interrupt)
+  sleep (1);
+
+/* Do work once the signal arrives.  */
+…
+
+ +

For some purposes, that is good enough. But with a little more +complexity, you can wait reliably until a particular signal handler is +run, using sigsuspend. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.8.3 Using sigsuspend

+ +

The clean and reliable way to wait for a signal to arrive is to block it +and then use sigsuspend. By using sigsuspend in a loop, +you can wait for certain kinds of signals, while letting other kinds of +signals be handled by their handlers. +

+
+
Function: int sigsuspend (const sigset_t *set) + +
+

This function replaces the process's signal mask with set and then +suspends the process until a signal is delivered whose action is either +to terminate the process or invoke a signal handling function. In other +words, the program is effectively suspended until one of the signals that +is not a member of set arrives. +

+

If the process is woken up by delivery of a signal that invokes a handler +function, and the handler function returns, then sigsuspend also +returns. +

+

The mask remains set only as long as sigsuspend is waiting. +The function sigsuspend always restores the previous signal mask +when it returns. +

+

The return value and error conditions are the same as for pause. +

+ +

With sigsuspend, you can replace the pause or sleep +loop in the previous section with something completely reliable: +

+
 
sigset_t mask, oldmask;
+
+…
+
+/* Set up the mask of signals to temporarily block. */
+sigemptyset (&mask);
+sigaddset (&mask, SIGUSR1);
+
+…
+
+/* Wait for a signal to arrive. */
+sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, &mask, &oldmask);
+while (!usr_interrupt)
+  sigsuspend (&oldmask);
+sigprocmask (SIG_UNBLOCK, &mask, NULL);
+
+ +

This last piece of code is a little tricky. The key point to remember +here is that when sigsuspend returns, it resets the process's +signal mask to the original value, the value from before the call to +sigsuspend—in this case, the SIGUSR1 signal is once +again blocked. The second call to sigprocmask is +necessary to explicitly unblock this signal. +

+

One other point: you may be wondering why the while loop is +necessary at all, since the program is apparently only waiting for one +SIGUSR1 signal. The answer is that the mask passed to +sigsuspend permits the process to be woken up by the delivery of +other kinds of signals, as well—for example, job control signals. If +the process is woken up by a signal that doesn't set +usr_interrupt, it just suspends itself again until the “right” +kind of signal eventually arrives. +

+

This technique takes a few more lines of preparation, but that is needed +just once for each kind of wait criterion you want to use. The code +that actually waits is just four lines. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.9 Using a Separate Signal Stack

+ +

A signal stack is a special area of memory to be used as the execution +stack during signal handlers. It should be fairly large, to avoid any +danger that it will overflow in turn; the macro SIGSTKSZ is +defined to a canonical size for signal stacks. You can use +malloc to allocate the space for the stack. Then call +sigaltstack or sigstack to tell the system to use that +space for the signal stack. +

+

You don't need to write signal handlers differently in order to use a +signal stack. Switching from one stack to the other happens +automatically. (Some non-GNU debuggers on some machines may get +confused if you examine a stack trace while a handler that uses the +signal stack is running.) +

+

There are two interfaces for telling the system to use a separate signal +stack. sigstack is the older interface, which comes from 4.2 +BSD. sigaltstack is the newer interface, and comes from 4.4 +BSD. The sigaltstack interface has the advantage that it does +not require your program to know which direction the stack grows, which +depends on the specific machine and operating system. +

+
+
Data Type: stack_t + +
+

This structure describes a signal stack. It contains the following members: +

+
+
void *ss_sp
+

This points to the base of the signal stack. +

+
+
size_t ss_size
+

This is the size (in bytes) of the signal stack which ‘ss_sp’ points to. +You should set this to however much space you allocated for the stack. +

+

There are two macros defined in ‘signal.h’ that you should use in +calculating this size: +

+
+
SIGSTKSZ + +
+

This is the canonical size for a signal stack. It is judged to be +sufficient for normal uses. +

+
+
MINSIGSTKSZ + +
+

This is the amount of signal stack space the operating system needs just +to implement signal delivery. The size of a signal stack must +be greater than this. +

+

For most cases, just using SIGSTKSZ for ss_size is +sufficient. But if you know how much stack space your program's signal +handlers will need, you may want to use a different size. In this case, +you should allocate MINSIGSTKSZ additional bytes for the signal +stack and increase ss_size accordingly. +

+
+ +
+
int ss_flags
+

This field contains the bitwise OR of these flags: +

+
+
SS_DISABLE + +
+

This tells the system that it should not use the signal stack. +

+
+
SS_ONSTACK + +
+

This is set by the system, and indicates that the signal stack is +currently in use. If this bit is not set, then signals will be +delivered on the normal user stack. +

+
+
+
+
+ +
+
Function: int sigaltstack (const stack_t *restrict stack, stack_t *restrict oldstack) + +
+

The sigaltstack function specifies an alternate stack for use +during signal handling. When a signal is received by the process and +its action indicates that the signal stack is used, the system arranges +a switch to the currently installed signal stack while the handler for +that signal is executed. +

+

If oldstack is not a null pointer, information about the currently +installed signal stack is returned in the location it points to. If +stack is not a null pointer, then this is installed as the new +stack for use by signal handlers. +

+

The return value is 0 on success and -1 on failure. If +sigaltstack fails, it sets errno to one of these values: +

+
+
EINVAL
+

You tried to disable a stack that was in fact currently in use. +

+
+
ENOMEM
+

The size of the alternate stack was too small. +It must be greater than MINSIGSTKSZ. +

+
+
+ +

Here is the older sigstack interface. You should use +sigaltstack instead on systems that have it. +

+
+
Data Type: struct sigstack + +
+

This structure describes a signal stack. It contains the following members: +

+
+
void *ss_sp
+

This is the stack pointer. If the stack grows downwards on your +machine, this should point to the top of the area you allocated. If the +stack grows upwards, it should point to the bottom. +

+
+
int ss_onstack
+

This field is true if the process is currently using this stack. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int sigstack (const struct sigstack *stack, struct sigstack *oldstack) + +
+

The sigstack function specifies an alternate stack for use during +signal handling. When a signal is received by the process and its +action indicates that the signal stack is used, the system arranges a +switch to the currently installed signal stack while the handler for +that signal is executed. +

+

If oldstack is not a null pointer, information about the currently +installed signal stack is returned in the location it points to. If +stack is not a null pointer, then this is installed as the new +stack for use by signal handlers. +

+

The return value is 0 on success and -1 on failure. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.10 BSD Signal Handling

+ +

This section describes alternative signal handling functions derived +from BSD Unix. These facilities were an advance, in their time; today, +they are mostly obsolete, and supported mainly for compatibility with +BSD Unix. +

+

There are many similarities between the BSD and POSIX signal handling +facilities, because the POSIX facilities were inspired by the BSD +facilities. Besides having different names for all the functions to +avoid conflicts, the main differences between the two are: +

+
    +
  • +BSD Unix represents signal masks as an int bit mask, rather than +as a sigset_t object. + +
  • +The BSD facilities use a different default for whether an interrupted +primitive should fail or resume. The POSIX facilities make system +calls fail unless you specify that they should resume. With the BSD +facility, the default is to make system calls resume unless you say they +should fail. See section Primitives Interrupted by Signals. +
+ +

The BSD facilities are declared in ‘signal.h’. + +

+ + + +
24.10.1 BSD Function to Establish a Handler  
24.10.2 BSD Functions for Blocking Signals  
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

24.10.1 BSD Function to Establish a Handler

+ +
+
Data Type: struct sigvec + +
+

This data type is the BSD equivalent of struct sigaction +(see section Advanced Signal Handling); it is used to specify signal actions +to the sigvec function. It contains the following members: +

+
+
sighandler_t sv_handler
+

This is the handler function. +

+
+
int sv_mask
+

This is the mask of additional signals to be blocked while the handler +function is being called. +

+
+
int sv_flags
+

This is a bit mask used to specify various flags which affect the +behavior of the signal. You can also refer to this field as +sv_onstack. +

+
+
+ +

These symbolic constants can be used to provide values for the +sv_flags field of a sigvec structure. This field is a bit +mask value, so you bitwise-OR the flags of interest to you together. +

+
+
Macro: int SV_ONSTACK + +
+

If this bit is set in the sv_flags field of a sigvec +structure, it means to use the signal stack when delivering the signal. +

+ +
+
Macro: int SV_INTERRUPT + +
+

If this bit is set in the sv_flags field of a sigvec +structure, it means that system calls interrupted by this kind of signal +should not be restarted if the handler returns; instead, the system +calls should return with a EINTR error status. See section Primitives Interrupted by Signals. +

+ +
+
Macro: int SV_RESETHAND + +
+

If this bit is set in the sv_flags field of a sigvec +structure, it means to reset the action for the signal back to +SIG_DFL when the signal is received. +

+ +
+
Function: int sigvec (int signum, const struct sigvec *action,struct sigvec *old-action) + +
+

This function is the equivalent of sigaction (see section Advanced Signal Handling); it installs the action action for the signal signum, +returning information about the previous action in effect for that signal +in old-action. +

+ +
+
Function: int siginterrupt (int signum, int failflag) + +
+

This function specifies which approach to use when certain primitives +are interrupted by handling signal signum. If failflag is +false, signal signum restarts primitives. If failflag is +true, handling signum causes these primitives to fail with error +code EINTR. See section Primitives Interrupted by Signals. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

24.10.2 BSD Functions for Blocking Signals

+ +
+
Macro: int sigmask (int signum) + +
+

This macro returns a signal mask that has the bit for signal signum +set. You can bitwise-OR the results of several calls to sigmask +together to specify more than one signal. For example, +

+
 
(sigmask (SIGTSTP) | sigmask (SIGSTOP)
+ | sigmask (SIGTTIN) | sigmask (SIGTTOU))
+
+ +

specifies a mask that includes all the job-control stop signals. +

+ +
+
Function: int sigblock (int mask) + +
+

This function is equivalent to sigprocmask (see section Process Signal Mask) with a how argument of SIG_BLOCK: it adds the +signals specified by mask to the calling process's set of blocked +signals. The return value is the previous set of blocked signals. +

+ +
+
Function: int sigsetmask (int mask) + +
+

This function equivalent to sigprocmask (see section Process Signal Mask) with a how argument of SIG_SETMASK: it sets +the calling process's signal mask to mask. The return value is +the previous set of blocked signals. +

+ +
+
Function: int sigpause (int mask) + +
+

This function is the equivalent of sigsuspend (see section Waiting for a Signal): it sets the calling process's signal mask to mask, +and waits for a signal to arrive. On return the previous set of blocked +signals is restored. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_42.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_42.html @@ -0,0 +1,447 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Concept Index + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

Concept Index

+ +
Jump to:   / +   +4 +   +_ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +J +   +K +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +Q +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +Y +   +Z +   +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Index Entry Section
/
/etc/hostname30.1 Host Identification
‘/etc/nsswitch.conf’28.2 The NSS Configuration File
4
4.n BSD Unix1.2.3 Berkeley Unix
_
__va_copy5.4 Copying and Concatenation
_POSIX_OPTION_ORDER environment variable.25.4.2 Standard Environment Variables
_POSIX_SAVED_IDS29.4 How an Application Can Change Persona
A
abort signal24.2.1 Program Error Signals
aborting a program25.6.4 Aborting a Program
absolute file name11.2.2 File Name Resolution
absolute priority22.3.1 Absolute Priority
absolute value functions20.8.1 Absolute Value
accepting connections16.9.3 Accepting Connections
access permission for a file14.9.6 How Your Access to a File is Decided
access, testing for14.9.8 Testing Permission to Access a File
accessing directories14.2 Accessing Directories
address of socket16.3 Socket Addresses
address space22.4.1 Overview about traditional Unix memory handling
address space25. The Basic Program/System Interface
alarm signal24.2.3 Alarm Signals
alarms, setting21.5 Setting an Alarm
alignment (in obstacks)3.2.4.9 Alignment of Data in Obstacks
alignment (with malloc)3.2.2.7 Allocating Aligned Memory Blocks
alloca disadvantages3.2.5.3 Disadvantages of alloca
alloca function3.2.5 Automatic Storage with Variable Size
allocating pseudo-terminals17.8.1 Allocating Pseudo-Terminals
allocation (obstacks)3.2.4.3 Allocation in an Obstack
allocation debugging3.2.3 Allocation Debugging
allocation hooks, for malloc3.2.2.10 Memory Allocation Hooks
allocation of memory with malloc3.2.2.1 Basic Memory Allocation
allocation size of string5.1 Representation of Strings
allocation statistics3.2.2.11 Statistics for Memory Allocation with malloc
alphabetic character4.1 Classification of Characters
alphabetic character4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
alphanumeric character4.1 Classification of Characters
alphanumeric character4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
append-access files11.1.2 File Position
argc (program argument count)25.1 Program Arguments
argp (program argument parser)25.3 Parsing Program Options with Argp
argp parser functions25.3.5 Argp Parser Functions
ARGP_HELP_FMT environment variable25.3.12 Argp User Customization
argument parsing with argp25.3 Parsing Program Options with Argp
argument promotionA.2.2.4 Calling Variadic Functions
argument vectors, null-character separated5.12 Argz and Envz Vectors
arguments (variadic functions)A.2.2.2 Receiving the Argument Values
arguments, how manyA.2.2.3 How Many Arguments Were Supplied
arguments, to program25.1 Program Arguments
argv (program argument vector)25.1 Program Arguments
argz vectors (string vectors)5.12 Argz and Envz Vectors
arithmetic expansion10.4.1 The Stages of Word Expansion
array comparison functions5.5 String/Array Comparison
array copy functions5.4 Copying and Concatenation
array search function9.2 Array Search Function
array sort function9.3 Array Sort Function
ASCII character4.1 Classification of Characters
assertionsA.1 Explicitly Checking Internal Consistency
attributes of a file14.9.1 The meaning of the File Attributes
automatic freeing3.2.5 Automatic Storage with Variable Size
automatic memory allocation3.2.1 Memory Allocation in C Programs
automatic storage class3.2.1 Memory Allocation in C Programs
automatic storage with variable size3.2.5 Automatic Storage with Variable Size
B
background job27.1 Concepts of Job Control
background job, launching27.6.4 Foreground and Background
backtrace33.1 Backtraces
backtrace_fd33.1 Backtraces
backtrace_symbols33.1 Backtraces
base (of floating point number)A.5.3.1 Floating Point Representation Concepts
baud rate17.4.8 Line Speed
Berkeley Unix1.2.3 Berkeley Unix
Bessel functions19.6 Special Functions
bias (of floating point number exponent)A.5.3.1 Floating Point Representation Concepts
big-endian16.6.5 Byte Order Conversion
binary I/O to a stream12.11 Block Input/Output
binary search function (for arrays)9.2 Array Search Function
binary stream12.17 Text and Binary Streams
binding a socket address16.3 Socket Addresses
blank character4.1 Classification of Characters
blank character4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
block I/O to a stream12.11 Block Input/Output
blocked signals24.1.3 How Signals Are Delivered
blocked signals, checking for24.7.6 Checking for Pending Signals
blocking signals24.7 Blocking Signals
blocking signals, in a handler24.7.5 Blocking Signals for a Handler
bootstrapping, and services28.2.2 Actions in the NSS configuration
break condition, detecting17.4.4 Input Modes
break condition, generating17.6 Line Control Functions
breaking a string into tokens5.8 Finding Tokens in a String
broken pipe signal24.2.6 Operation Error Signals
broken-down time21.4 Calendar Time
broken-down time21.4.3 Broken-down Time
BSD compatibility library27.7.2 Process Group Functions
BSD compatibility library.1.3.4 Feature Test Macros
BSD Unix1.2.3 Berkeley Unix
buffering of streams12.20 Stream Buffering
buffering, controlling12.20.3 Controlling Which Kind of Buffering
bugs, reportingC.5 Reporting Bugs
bus error24.2.1 Program Error Signals
butterfly20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions
byte order conversion, for socket16.6.5 Byte Order Conversion
byte stream16.1 Socket Concepts
C
C++ streams12.6 Streams in Internationalized Applications
calendar time21.1 Time Basics
calendar time and broken-down time21.4.3 Broken-down Time
calendar, Gregorian21.4 Calendar Time
calling variadic functionsA.2.2.4 Calling Variadic Functions
canonical input processing17.3 Two Styles of Input: Canonical or Not
capacity limits, POSIX31.1 General Capacity Limits
carrier detect17.4.6 Control Modes
case conversion of characters4.2 Case Conversion
catching signals24.1.3 How Signals Are Delivered
categories for locales7.3 Categories of Activities that Locales Affect
change working directory14.1 Working Directory
changing the locale7.4 How Programs Set the Locale
changing the size of a block (malloc)3.2.2.4 Changing the Size of a Block
changing the size of a block (obstacks)3.2.4.6 Growing Objects
channels13.5 Dangers of Mixing Streams and Descriptors
character case conversion4.2 Case Conversion
character predicates4.1 Classification of Characters
character testing4.1 Classification of Characters
checking for pending signals24.7.6 Checking for Pending Signals
child process21.3.2 Processor Time Inquiry
child process26. Processes
child process26.2 Process Creation Concepts
child process signal24.2.5 Job Control Signals
chunks3.2.4.10 Obstack Chunks
classes, floating-point20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions
classification of characters4.1 Classification of Characters
cleaning up a stream13.5.1 Linked Channels
clearing terminal input queue17.6 Line Control Functions
client16.9 Using Sockets with Connections
clock ticks21.3 Processor And CPU Time
clock, high accuracy21.4.4 High Accuracy Clock
close-on-exec (file descriptor flag)13.13 File Descriptor Flags
closing a file descriptor13.1 Opening and Closing Files
closing a socket16.8.2 Closing a Socket
closing a stream12.4 Closing Streams
collating strings5.6 Collation Functions
combining locales7.2 Choosing a Locale
command argument syntax25.1.1 Program Argument Syntax Conventions
command arguments, parsing25.1.2 Parsing Program Arguments
command line arguments25.1 Program Arguments
command substitution10.4.1 The Stages of Word Expansion
communication style (of a socket)16.1 Socket Concepts
comparing strings and arrays5.5 String/Array Comparison
Comparison Function9.1 Defining the Comparison Function
compilingC.1 Configuring and compiling GNU Libc
complex exponentiation functions19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
complex logarithm functions19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
complex numbers20.9 Complex Numbers
complex trigonometric functions19.2 Trigonometric Functions
concatenating strings5.4 Copying and Concatenation
configuringC.1 Configuring and compiling GNU Libc
conjugate complex numbers20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers
connecting a socket16.9.1 Making a Connection
connection16.9 Using Sockets with Connections
consistency checkingA.1 Explicitly Checking Internal Consistency
consistency checking, of heap3.2.2.9 Heap Consistency Checking
constants3.1 Process Memory Concepts
constants19.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants
continue signal24.2.5 Job Control Signals
control character4.1 Classification of Characters
control character4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
control operations on files13.11 Control Operations on Files
controlling process27.3 Controlling Terminal of a Process
controlling terminal27.1 Concepts of Job Control
controlling terminal, access to27.4 Access to the Controlling Terminal
controlling terminal, determining27.7.1 Identifying the Controlling Terminal
controlling terminal, setting13.14.2 Open-time Flags
conversion specifications (printf)12.12.1 Formatted Output Basics
conversion specifications (scanf)12.14.1 Formatted Input Basics
converting byte order16.6.5 Byte Order Conversion
converting case of characters4.2 Case Conversion
converting file descriptor to stream13.4 Descriptors and Streams
converting floats to integers20.8.3 Rounding Functions
converting group ID to group name29.14.2 Looking Up One Group
converting group name to group ID29.14.2 Looking Up One Group
converting host address to name16.6.2.4 Host Names
converting host name to address16.6.2.4 Host Names
converting network name to network number16.13 Networks Database
converting network number to network name16.13 Networks Database
converting port number to service name16.6.4 The Services Database
converting service name to port number16.6.4 The Services Database
converting string to collation order5.6 Collation Functions
converting strings to numbers20.11 Parsing of Numbers
converting user ID to user name29.13.2 Looking Up One User
converting user name to user ID29.13.2 Looking Up One User
cookie, for custom stream12.21.3.1 Custom Streams and Cookies
copy-on-write page fault3.4.2 Locked Memory Details
copying strings and arrays5.4 Copying and Concatenation
cpu priority22.3 Process CPU Priority And Scheduling
CPU time21.1 Time Basics
CPU time21.3 Processor And CPU Time
CPU time21.3.2 Processor Time Inquiry
create on open (file status flag)13.14.2 Open-time Flags
creating a directory14.8 Creating Directories
creating a FIFO special file15.3 FIFO Special Files
creating a pipe15.1 Creating a Pipe
creating a pipe to a subprocess15.2 Pipe to a Subprocess
creating a process26.2 Process Creation Concepts
creating a socket16.8.1 Creating a Socket
creating a socket pair16.8.3 Socket Pairs
creating special files14.10 Making Special Files
cube root function19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
currency symbols7.6.1.2 Printing the Currency Symbol
current limit22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
current working directory14.1 Working Directory
custom streams12.21.3 Programming Your Own Custom Streams
customizing printf12.13 Customizing printf
+
Jump to:   / +   +4 +   +_ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +J +   +K +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +Q +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +Y +   +Z +   +
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_39.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_39.html @@ -0,0 +1,196 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: F. Free Software Needs Free Documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

F. Free Software Needs Free Documentation

+ +

The biggest deficiency in the free software community today is not in +the software—it is the lack of good free documentation that we can +include with the free software. Many of our most important +programs do not come with free reference manuals and free introductory +texts. Documentation is an essential part of any software package; +when an important free software package does not come with a free +manual and a free tutorial, that is a major gap. We have many such +gaps today. +

+

Consider Perl, for instance. The tutorial manuals that people +normally use are non-free. How did this come about? Because the +authors of those manuals published them with restrictive terms—no +copying, no modification, source files not available—which exclude +them from the free software world. +

+

That wasn't the first time this sort of thing happened, and it was far +from the last. Many times we have heard a GNU user eagerly describe a +manual that he is writing, his intended contribution to the community, +only to learn that he had ruined everything by signing a publication +contract to make it non-free. +

+

Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not +price. The problem with the non-free manual is not that publishers +charge a price for printed copies—that in itself is fine. (The Free +Software Foundation sells printed copies of manuals, too.) The +problem is the restrictions on the use of the manual. Free manuals +are available in source code form, and give you permission to copy and +modify. Non-free manuals do not allow this. +

+

The criteria of freedom for a free manual are roughly the same as for +free software. Redistribution (including the normal kinds of +commercial redistribution) must be permitted, so that the manual can +accompany every copy of the program, both on-line and on paper. +

+

Permission for modification of the technical content is crucial too. +When people modify the software, adding or changing features, if they +are conscientious they will change the manual too—so they can +provide accurate and clear documentation for the modified program. A +manual that leaves you no choice but to write a new manual to document +a changed version of the program is not really available to our +community. +

+

Some kinds of limits on the way modification is handled are +acceptable. For example, requirements to preserve the original +author's copyright notice, the distribution terms, or the list of +authors, are ok. It is also no problem to require modified versions +to include notice that they were modified. Even entire sections that +may not be deleted or changed are acceptable, as long as they deal +with nontechnical topics (like this one). These kinds of restrictions +are acceptable because they don't obstruct the community's normal use +of the manual. +

+

However, it must be possible to modify all the technical +content of the manual, and then distribute the result in all the usual +media, through all the usual channels. Otherwise, the restrictions +obstruct the use of the manual, it is not free, and we need another +manual to replace it. +

+

Please spread the word about this issue. Our community continues to +lose manuals to proprietary publishing. If we spread the word that +free software needs free reference manuals and free tutorials, perhaps +the next person who wants to contribute by writing documentation will +realize, before it is too late, that only free manuals contribute to +the free software community. +

+

If you are writing documentation, please insist on publishing it under +the GNU Free Documentation License or another free documentation +license. Remember that this decision requires your approval—you +don't have to let the publisher decide. Some commercial publishers +will use a free license if you insist, but they will not propose the +option; it is up to you to raise the issue and say firmly that this is +what you want. If the publisher you are dealing with refuses, please +try other publishers. If you're not sure whether a proposed license +is free, write to licensing@gnu.org. +

+

You can encourage commercial publishers to sell more free, copylefted +manuals and tutorials by buying them, and particularly by buying +copies from the publishers that paid for their writing or for major +improvements. Meanwhile, try to avoid buying non-free documentation +at all. Check the distribution terms of a manual before you buy it, +and insist that whoever seeks your business must respect your freedom. +Check the history of the book, and try reward the publishers that have +paid or pay the authors to work on it. +

+

The Free Software Foundation maintains a list of free documentation +published by other publishers, at +http://www.fsf.org/doc/other-free-books.html. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_58.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_58.html @@ -0,0 +1,503 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Function and Macro Index: P – S + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

Function and Macro Index: P – S

+
Jump to:   * +   +_ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +J +   +K +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +Q +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +Y +   +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Index Entry Section
P
parse_printf_format12.12.10 Parsing a Template String
pathconf31.9 Using pathconf
pause24.8.1 Using pause
pclose15.2 Pipe to a Subprocess
perror2.3 Error Messages
pipe15.1 Creating a Pipe
popen15.2 Pipe to a Subprocess
posix_memalign3.2.2.7 Allocating Aligned Memory Blocks
pow19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
pow1019.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
pow10f19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
pow10l19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
powf19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
powl19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
pread13.2 Input and Output Primitives
pread6413.2 Input and Output Primitives
printf12.12.7 Formatted Output Functions
printf_size12.13.5 Predefined printf Handlers
printf_size_info12.13.5 Predefined printf Handlers
psignal24.2.8 Signal Messages
ptsname17.8.1 Allocating Pseudo-Terminals
ptsname_r17.8.1 Allocating Pseudo-Terminals
putc12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines
putc_unlocked12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines
putchar12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines
putchar_unlocked12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines
putenv25.4.1 Environment Access
putpwent29.13.4 Writing a User Entry
puts12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines
pututline29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
pututxline29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions
putw12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines
putwc12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines
putwc_unlocked12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines
putwchar12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines
putwchar_unlocked12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines
pwrite13.2 Input and Output Primitives
pwrite6413.2 Input and Output Primitives
Q
qecvt20.12 Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions
qecvt_r20.12 Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions
qfcvt20.12 Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions
qfcvt_r20.12 Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions
qgcvt20.12 Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions
qsort9.3 Array Sort Function
R
raise24.6.1 Signaling Yourself
rand19.8.1 ISO C Random Number Functions
rand_r19.8.1 ISO C Random Number Functions
random19.8.2 BSD Random Number Functions
random_r19.8.2 BSD Random Number Functions
rawmemchr5.7 Search Functions
read13.2 Input and Output Primitives
readdir14.2.3 Reading and Closing a Directory Stream
readdir6414.2.3 Reading and Closing a Directory Stream
readdir64_r14.2.3 Reading and Closing a Directory Stream
readdir_r14.2.3 Reading and Closing a Directory Stream
readlink14.5 Symbolic Links
readv13.6 Fast Scatter-Gather I/O
realloc3.2.2.4 Changing the Size of a Block
realpath14.5 Symbolic Links
recv16.9.5.2 Receiving Data
recvfrom16.10.2 Receiving Datagrams
regcomp10.3.1 POSIX Regular Expression Compilation
regerror10.3.6 POSIX Regexp Matching Cleanup
regexec10.3.3 Matching a Compiled POSIX Regular Expression
regfree10.3.6 POSIX Regexp Matching Cleanup
register_printf_function12.13.1 Registering New Conversions
remainder20.8.4 Remainder Functions
remainderf20.8.4 Remainder Functions
remainderl20.8.4 Remainder Functions
remove14.6 Deleting Files
rename14.7 Renaming Files
rewind12.18 File Positioning
rewinddir14.2.5 Random Access in a Directory Stream
rindex5.7.1 Compatibility String Search Functions
rint20.8.3 Rounding Functions
rintf20.8.3 Rounding Functions
rintl20.8.3 Rounding Functions
rmdir14.6 Deleting Files
round20.8.3 Rounding Functions
roundf20.8.3 Rounding Functions
roundl20.8.3 Rounding Functions
rpmatch7.8 Yes-or-No Questions
S
S_ISBLK14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File
S_ISCHR14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File
S_ISDIR14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File
S_ISFIFO14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File
S_ISLNK14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File
S_ISREG14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File
S_ISSOCK14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File
S_TYPEISMQ14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File
S_TYPEISSEM14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File
S_TYPEISSHM14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File
scalb20.8.2 Normalization Functions
scalbf20.8.2 Normalization Functions
scalbl20.8.2 Normalization Functions
scalbln20.8.2 Normalization Functions
scalblnf20.8.2 Normalization Functions
scalblnl20.8.2 Normalization Functions
scalbn20.8.2 Normalization Functions
scalbnf20.8.2 Normalization Functions
scalbnl20.8.2 Normalization Functions
scandir14.2.6 Scanning the Content of a Directory
scandir6414.2.6 Scanning the Content of a Directory
scanf12.14.8 Formatted Input Functions
sched_get_priority_max22.3.3 Basic Scheduling Functions
sched_get_priority_min22.3.3 Basic Scheduling Functions
sched_getaffinity22.3.5 Limiting execution to certain CPUs
sched_getparam22.3.3 Basic Scheduling Functions
sched_getscheduler22.3.3 Basic Scheduling Functions
sched_rr_get_interval22.3.3 Basic Scheduling Functions
sched_setaffinity22.3.5 Limiting execution to certain CPUs
sched_setparam22.3.3 Basic Scheduling Functions
sched_setscheduler22.3.3 Basic Scheduling Functions
sched_yield22.3.3 Basic Scheduling Functions
seed4819.8.3 SVID Random Number Function
seed48_r19.8.3 SVID Random Number Function
seekdir14.2.5 Random Access in a Directory Stream
select13.8 Waiting for Input or Output
send16.9.5.1 Sending Data
sendto16.10.1 Sending Datagrams
setbuf12.20.3 Controlling Which Kind of Buffering
setbuffer12.20.3 Controlling Which Kind of Buffering
setcontext23.4 Complete Context Control
setdomainname30.1 Host Identification
setegid29.7 Setting the Group IDs
setenv25.4.1 Environment Access
seteuid29.6 Setting the User ID
setfsent30.3.1.1 The ‘fstab’ file
setgid29.7 Setting the Group IDs
setgrent29.14.3 Scanning the List of All Groups
setgroups29.7 Setting the Group IDs
sethostent16.6.2.4 Host Names
sethostid30.1 Host Identification
sethostname30.1 Host Identification
setitimer21.5 Setting an Alarm
setjmp23.2 Details of Non-Local Exits
setkey32.4 DES Encryption
setkey_r32.4 DES Encryption
setlinebuf12.20.3 Controlling Which Kind of Buffering
setlocale7.4 How Programs Set the Locale
setlogmask18.2.4 setlogmask
setmntent30.3.1.2 The ‘mtab’ file
setnetent16.13 Networks Database
setnetgrent29.16.2 Looking up one Netgroup
setpgid27.7.2 Process Group Functions
setpgrp27.7.2 Process Group Functions
setpriority22.3.4.2 Functions For Traditional Scheduling
setprotoent16.6.6 Protocols Database
setpwent29.13.3 Scanning the List of All Users
setregid29.7 Setting the Group IDs
setreuid29.6 Setting the User ID
setrlimit22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
setrlimit6422.2 Limiting Resource Usage
setservent16.6.4 The Services Database
setsid27.7.2 Process Group Functions
setsockopt16.12.1 Socket Option Functions
setstate19.8.2 BSD Random Number Functions
setstate_r19.8.2 BSD Random Number Functions
settimeofday21.4.2 High-Resolution Calendar
setuid29.6 Setting the User ID
setutent29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
setutxent29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions
setvbuf12.20.3 Controlling Which Kind of Buffering
shutdown16.8.2 Closing a Socket
sigaction24.3.2 Advanced Signal Handling
sigaddset24.7.2 Signal Sets
sigaltstack24.9 Using a Separate Signal Stack
sigblock24.10.2 BSD Functions for Blocking Signals
sigdelset24.7.2 Signal Sets
sigemptyset24.7.2 Signal Sets
sigfillset24.7.2 Signal Sets
siginterrupt24.10.1 BSD Function to Establish a Handler
sigismember24.7.2 Signal Sets
siglongjmp23.3 Non-Local Exits and Signals
sigmask24.10.2 BSD Functions for Blocking Signals
signal24.3.1 Basic Signal Handling
signbit20.8.5 Setting and modifying single bits of FP values
significand20.8.2 Normalization Functions
significandf20.8.2 Normalization Functions
significandl20.8.2 Normalization Functions
sigpause24.10.2 BSD Functions for Blocking Signals
sigpending24.7.6 Checking for Pending Signals
sigprocmask24.7.3 Process Signal Mask
sigsetjmp23.3 Non-Local Exits and Signals
sigsetmask24.10.2 BSD Functions for Blocking Signals
sigstack24.9 Using a Separate Signal Stack
sigsuspend24.8.3 Using sigsuspend
sigvec24.10.1 BSD Function to Establish a Handler
sin19.2 Trigonometric Functions
sincos19.2 Trigonometric Functions
sincosf19.2 Trigonometric Functions
sincosl19.2 Trigonometric Functions
sinf19.2 Trigonometric Functions
sinh19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
sinhf19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
sinhl19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
sinl19.2 Trigonometric Functions
sleep21.6 Sleeping
snprintf12.12.7 Formatted Output Functions
socket16.8.1 Creating a Socket
socketpair16.8.3 Socket Pairs
sprintf12.12.7 Formatted Output Functions
sqrt19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
sqrtf19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
sqrtl19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
srand19.8.1 ISO C Random Number Functions
srand4819.8.3 SVID Random Number Function
srand48_r19.8.3 SVID Random Number Function
srandom19.8.2 BSD Random Number Functions
srandom_r19.8.2 BSD Random Number Functions
sscanf12.14.8 Formatted Input Functions
ssignal24.3.1 Basic Signal Handling
stat14.9.2 Reading the Attributes of a File
stat6414.9.2 Reading the Attributes of a File
stime21.4.1 Simple Calendar Time
stpcpy5.4 Copying and Concatenation
stpncpy5.4 Copying and Concatenation
strcasecmp5.5 String/Array Comparison
strcasestr5.7 Search Functions
strcat5.4 Copying and Concatenation
strchr5.7 Search Functions
strchrnul5.7 Search Functions
strcmp5.5 String/Array Comparison
strcoll5.6 Collation Functions
strcpy5.4 Copying and Concatenation
strcspn5.7 Search Functions
strdup5.4 Copying and Concatenation
strdupa5.4 Copying and Concatenation
strerror2.3 Error Messages
strerror_r2.3 Error Messages
strfmon7.7 A dedicated function to format numbers
strfry5.9 strfry
strftime21.4.5 Formatting Calendar Time
strlen5.3 String Length
strncasecmp5.5 String/Array Comparison
strncat5.4 Copying and Concatenation
strncmp5.5 String/Array Comparison
strncpy5.4 Copying and Concatenation
strndup5.4 Copying and Concatenation
strndupa5.4 Copying and Concatenation
strnlen5.3 String Length
strpbrk5.7 Search Functions
strptime21.4.6.1 Interpret string according to given format
strrchr5.7 Search Functions
strsep5.8 Finding Tokens in a String
strsignal24.2.8 Signal Messages
strspn5.7 Search Functions
strstr5.7 Search Functions
strtod20.11.2 Parsing of Floats
strtof20.11.2 Parsing of Floats
strtoimax20.11.1 Parsing of Integers
strtok5.8 Finding Tokens in a String
strtok_r5.8 Finding Tokens in a String
strtol20.11.1 Parsing of Integers
strtold20.11.2 Parsing of Floats
strtoll20.11.1 Parsing of Integers
strtoq20.11.1 Parsing of Integers
strtoul20.11.1 Parsing of Integers
strtoull20.11.1 Parsing of Integers
strtoumax20.11.1 Parsing of Integers
strtouq20.11.1 Parsing of Integers
strverscmp5.5 String/Array Comparison
strxfrm5.6 Collation Functions
stty17.5 BSD Terminal Modes
success28.2.2 Actions in the NSS configuration
SUN_LEN16.5.2 Details of Local Namespace
swapcontext23.4 Complete Context Control
swprintf12.12.7 Formatted Output Functions
swscanf12.14.8 Formatted Input Functions
symlink14.5 Symbolic Links
sync13.9 Synchronizing I/O operations
syscall25.5 System Calls
sysconf31.4.1 Definition of sysconf
sysctl30.4 System Parameters
syslog18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
system26.1 Running a Command
sysv_signal24.3.1 Basic Signal Handling
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+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_9.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_9.html @@ -0,0 +1,881 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 9. Searching and Sorting + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

9. Searching and Sorting

+ +

This chapter describes functions for searching and sorting arrays of +arbitrary objects. You pass the appropriate comparison function to be +applied as an argument, along with the size of the objects in the array +and the total number of elements. +

+ + + + + + + +
9.1 Defining the Comparison Function   Defining how to compare two objects. + Since the sort and search facilities + are general, you have to specify the + ordering. +
9.2 Array Search Function   The bsearch function. +
9.3 Array Sort Function   The qsort function. +
9.4 Searching and Sorting Example   An example program. +
9.5 The hsearch function.  
9.6 The tsearch function.  
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

9.1 Defining the Comparison Function

+ +

In order to use the sorted array library functions, you have to describe +how to compare the elements of the array. +

+

To do this, you supply a comparison function to compare two elements of +the array. The library will call this function, passing as arguments +pointers to two array elements to be compared. Your comparison function +should return a value the way strcmp (see section String/Array Comparison) does: negative if the first argument is “less” than the +second, zero if they are “equal”, and positive if the first argument +is “greater”. +

+

Here is an example of a comparison function which works with an array of +numbers of type double: +

+
 
int
+compare_doubles (const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+  const double *da = (const double *) a;
+  const double *db = (const double *) b;
+
+  return (*da > *db) - (*da < *db);
+}
+
+ +

The header file ‘stdlib.h’ defines a name for the data type of +comparison functions. This type is a GNU extension. +

+ +
 
int comparison_fn_t (const void *, const void *);
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

9.2 Array Search Function

+ +

Generally searching for a specific element in an array means that +potentially all elements must be checked. The GNU C library contains +functions to perform linear search. The prototypes for the following +two functions can be found in ‘search.h’. +

+
+
Function: void * lfind (const void *key, void *base, size_t *nmemb, size_t size, comparison_fn_t compar) + +
+

The lfind function searches in the array with *nmemb +elements of size bytes pointed to by base for an element +which matches the one pointed to by key. The function pointed to +by compar is used decide whether two elements match. +

+

The return value is a pointer to the matching element in the array +starting at base if it is found. If no matching element is +available NULL is returned. +

+

The mean runtime of this function is *nmemb/2. This +function should only be used if elements often get added to or deleted from +the array in which case it might not be useful to sort the array before +searching. +

+ +
+
Function: void * lsearch (const void *key, void *base, size_t *nmemb, size_t size, comparison_fn_t compar) + +
+

The lsearch function is similar to the lfind function. It +searches the given array for an element and returns it if found. The +difference is that if no matching element is found the lsearch +function adds the object pointed to by key (with a size of +size bytes) at the end of the array and it increments the value of +*nmemb to reflect this addition. +

+

This means for the caller that if it is not sure that the array contains +the element one is searching for the memory allocated for the array +starting at base must have room for at least size more +bytes. If one is sure the element is in the array it is better to use +lfind so having more room in the array is always necessary when +calling lsearch. +

+ +

To search a sorted array for an element matching the key, use the +bsearch function. The prototype for this function is in +the header file ‘stdlib.h’. + +

+
+
Function: void * bsearch (const void *key, const void *array, size_t count, size_t size, comparison_fn_t compare) + +
+

The bsearch function searches the sorted array array for an object +that is equivalent to key. The array contains count elements, +each of which is of size size bytes. +

+

The compare function is used to perform the comparison. This +function is called with two pointer arguments and should return an +integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero corresponding to +whether its first argument is considered less than, equal to, or greater +than its second argument. The elements of the array must already +be sorted in ascending order according to this comparison function. +

+

The return value is a pointer to the matching array element, or a null +pointer if no match is found. If the array contains more than one element +that matches, the one that is returned is unspecified. +

+

This function derives its name from the fact that it is implemented +using the binary search algorithm. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

9.3 Array Sort Function

+ +

To sort an array using an arbitrary comparison function, use the +qsort function. The prototype for this function is in +‘stdlib.h’. + +

+
+
Function: void qsort (void *array, size_t count, size_t size, comparison_fn_t compare) + +
+

The qsort function sorts the array array. The array contains +count elements, each of which is of size size. +

+

The compare function is used to perform the comparison on the +array elements. This function is called with two pointer arguments and +should return an integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero +corresponding to whether its first argument is considered less than, +equal to, or greater than its second argument. +

+ +

Warning: If two objects compare as equal, their order after +sorting is unpredictable. That is to say, the sorting is not stable. +This can make a difference when the comparison considers only part of +the elements. Two elements with the same sort key may differ in other +respects. +

+

If you want the effect of a stable sort, you can get this result by +writing the comparison function so that, lacking other reason +distinguish between two elements, it compares them by their addresses. +Note that doing this may make the sorting algorithm less efficient, so +do it only if necessary. +

+

Here is a simple example of sorting an array of doubles in numerical +order, using the comparison function defined above (see section Defining the Comparison Function): +

+
 
{
+  double *array;
+  int size;
+  …
+  qsort (array, size, sizeof (double), compare_doubles);
+}
+
+ +

The qsort function derives its name from the fact that it was +originally implemented using the “quick sort” algorithm. +

+

The implementation of qsort in this library might not be an +in-place sort and might thereby use an extra amount of memory to store +the array. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

9.4 Searching and Sorting Example

+ +

Here is an example showing the use of qsort and bsearch +with an array of structures. The objects in the array are sorted +by comparing their name fields with the strcmp function. +Then, we can look up individual objects based on their names. +

+
 
#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+/* Define an array of critters to sort. */
+
+struct critter
+  {
+    const char *name;
+    const char *species;
+  };
+
+struct critter muppets[] =
+  {
+    {"Kermit", "frog"},
+    {"Piggy", "pig"},
+    {"Gonzo", "whatever"},
+    {"Fozzie", "bear"},
+    {"Sam", "eagle"},
+    {"Robin", "frog"},
+    {"Animal", "animal"},
+    {"Camilla", "chicken"},
+    {"Sweetums", "monster"},
+    {"Dr. Strangepork", "pig"},
+    {"Link Hogthrob", "pig"},
+    {"Zoot", "human"},
+    {"Dr. Bunsen Honeydew", "human"},
+    {"Beaker", "human"},
+    {"Swedish Chef", "human"}
+  };
+
+int count = sizeof (muppets) / sizeof (struct critter);
+
+
+
+/* This is the comparison function used for sorting and searching. */
+
+int 
+critter_cmp (const struct critter *c1, const struct critter *c2)
+{
+  return strcmp (c1->name, c2->name);
+}
+
+
+/* Print information about a critter. */
+
+void 
+print_critter (const struct critter *c)
+{
+  printf ("%s, the %s\n", c->name, c->species);
+}
+
+
+/* Do the lookup into the sorted array. */
+
+void 
+find_critter (const char *name)
+{
+  struct critter target, *result;
+  target.name = name;
+  result = bsearch (&target, muppets, count, sizeof (struct critter),
+                    critter_cmp);
+  if (result)
+    print_critter (result);
+  else
+    printf ("Couldn't find %s.\n", name);
+}
+
+/* Main program. */
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  int i;
+
+  for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
+    print_critter (&muppets[i]);
+  printf ("\n");
+
+  qsort (muppets, count, sizeof (struct critter), critter_cmp);
+
+  for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
+    print_critter (&muppets[i]);
+  printf ("\n");
+
+  find_critter ("Kermit");
+  find_critter ("Gonzo");
+  find_critter ("Janice");
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+ + +

The output from this program looks like: +

+
 
Kermit, the frog
+Piggy, the pig
+Gonzo, the whatever
+Fozzie, the bear
+Sam, the eagle
+Robin, the frog
+Animal, the animal
+Camilla, the chicken
+Sweetums, the monster
+Dr. Strangepork, the pig
+Link Hogthrob, the pig
+Zoot, the human
+Dr. Bunsen Honeydew, the human
+Beaker, the human
+Swedish Chef, the human
+
+Animal, the animal
+Beaker, the human
+Camilla, the chicken
+Dr. Bunsen Honeydew, the human
+Dr. Strangepork, the pig
+Fozzie, the bear
+Gonzo, the whatever
+Kermit, the frog
+Link Hogthrob, the pig
+Piggy, the pig
+Robin, the frog
+Sam, the eagle
+Swedish Chef, the human
+Sweetums, the monster
+Zoot, the human
+
+Kermit, the frog
+Gonzo, the whatever
+Couldn't find Janice.
+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

9.5 The hsearch function.

+ +

The functions mentioned so far in this chapter are for searching in a sorted +or unsorted array. There are other methods to organize information +which later should be searched. The costs of insert, delete and search +differ. One possible implementation is using hashing tables. +The following functions are declared in the header file ‘search.h’. +

+
+
Function: int hcreate (size_t nel) + +
+

The hcreate function creates a hashing table which can contain at +least nel elements. There is no possibility to grow this table so +it is necessary to choose the value for nel wisely. The method +used to implement this function might make it necessary to make the +number of elements in the hashing table larger than the expected maximal +number of elements. Hashing tables usually work inefficiently if they are +filled 80% or more. The constant access time guaranteed by hashing can +only be achieved if few collisions exist. See Knuth's “The Art of +Computer Programming, Part 3: Searching and Sorting” for more +information. +

+

The weakest aspect of this function is that there can be at most one +hashing table used through the whole program. The table is allocated +in local memory out of control of the programmer. As an extension the +GNU C library provides an additional set of functions with an reentrant +interface which provide a similar interface but which allow to keep +arbitrarily many hashing tables. +

+

It is possible to use more than one hashing table in the program run if +the former table is first destroyed by a call to hdestroy. +

+

The function returns a non-zero value if successful. If it return zero +something went wrong. This could either mean there is already a hashing +table in use or the program runs out of memory. +

+ +
+
Function: void hdestroy (void) + +
+

The hdestroy function can be used to free all the resources +allocated in a previous call of hcreate. After a call to this +function it is again possible to call hcreate and allocate a new +table with possibly different size. +

+

It is important to remember that the elements contained in the hashing +table at the time hdestroy is called are not freed by this +function. It is the responsibility of the program code to free those +strings (if necessary at all). Freeing all the element memory is not +possible without extra, separately kept information since there is no +function to iterate through all available elements in the hashing table. +If it is really necessary to free a table and all elements the +programmer has to keep a list of all table elements and before calling +hdestroy s/he has to free all element's data using this list. +This is a very unpleasant mechanism and it also shows that this kind of +hashing tables is mainly meant for tables which are created once and +used until the end of the program run. +

+ +

Entries of the hashing table and keys for the search are defined using +this type: +

+
+
Data type: struct ENTRY + +
+

Both elements of this structure are pointers to zero-terminated strings. +This is a limiting restriction of the functionality of the +hsearch functions. They can only be used for data sets which use +the NUL character always and solely to terminate the records. It is not +possible to handle general binary data. +

+
+
char *key
+

Pointer to a zero-terminated string of characters describing the key for +the search or the element in the hashing table. +

+
char *data
+

Pointer to a zero-terminated string of characters describing the data. +If the functions will be called only for searching an existing entry +this element might stay undefined since it is not used. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: ENTRY * hsearch (ENTRY item, ACTION action) + +
+

To search in a hashing table created using hcreate the +hsearch function must be used. This function can perform simple +search for an element (if action has the FIND) or it can +alternatively insert the key element into the hashing table. Entries +are never replaced. +

+

The key is denoted by a pointer to an object of type ENTRY. For +locating the corresponding position in the hashing table only the +key element of the structure is used. +

+

If an entry with matching key is found the action parameter is +irrelevant. The found entry is returned. If no matching entry is found +and the action parameter has the value FIND the function +returns a NULL pointer. If no entry is found and the +action parameter has the value ENTER a new entry is added +to the hashing table which is initialized with the parameter item. +A pointer to the newly added entry is returned. +

+ +

As mentioned before the hashing table used by the functions described so +far is global and there can be at any time at most one hashing table in +the program. A solution is to use the following functions which are a +GNU extension. All have in common that they operate on a hashing table +which is described by the content of an object of the type struct +hsearch_data. This type should be treated as opaque, none of its +members should be changed directly. +

+
+
Function: int hcreate_r (size_t nel, struct hsearch_data *htab) + +
+

The hcreate_r function initializes the object pointed to by +htab to contain a hashing table with at least nel elements. +So this function is equivalent to the hcreate function except +that the initialized data structure is controlled by the user. +

+

This allows having more than one hashing table at one time. The memory +necessary for the struct hsearch_data object can be allocated +dynamically. It must be initialized with zero before calling this +function. +

+

The return value is non-zero if the operation was successful. If the +return value is zero, something went wrong, which probably means the +programs ran out of memory. +

+ +
+
Function: void hdestroy_r (struct hsearch_data *htab) + +
+

The hdestroy_r function frees all resources allocated by the +hcreate_r function for this very same object htab. As for +hdestroy it is the programs responsibility to free the strings +for the elements of the table. +

+ +
+
Function: int hsearch_r (ENTRY item, ACTION action, ENTRY **retval, struct hsearch_data *htab) + +
+

The hsearch_r function is equivalent to hsearch. The +meaning of the first two arguments is identical. But instead of +operating on a single global hashing table the function works on the +table described by the object pointed to by htab (which is +initialized by a call to hcreate_r). +

+

Another difference to hcreate is that the pointer to the found +entry in the table is not the return value of the functions. It is +returned by storing it in a pointer variables pointed to by the +retval parameter. The return value of the function is an integer +value indicating success if it is non-zero and failure if it is zero. +In the latter case the global variable errno signals the reason for +the failure. +

+
+
ENOMEM
+

The table is filled and hsearch_r was called with an so far +unknown key and action set to ENTER. +

+
ESRCH
+

The action parameter is FIND and no corresponding element +is found in the table. +

+
+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

9.6 The tsearch function.

+ +

Another common form to organize data for efficient search is to use +trees. The tsearch function family provides a nice interface to +functions to organize possibly large amounts of data by providing a mean +access time proportional to the logarithm of the number of elements. +The GNU C library implementation even guarantees that this bound is +never exceeded even for input data which cause problems for simple +binary tree implementations. +

+

The functions described in the chapter are all described in the System +V and X/Open specifications and are therefore quite portable. +

+

In contrast to the hsearch functions the tsearch functions +can be used with arbitrary data and not only zero-terminated strings. +

+

The tsearch functions have the advantage that no function to +initialize data structures is necessary. A simple pointer of type +void * initialized to NULL is a valid tree and can be +extended or searched. The prototypes for these functions can be found +in the header file ‘search.h’. +

+
+
Function: void * tsearch (const void *key, void **rootp, comparison_fn_t compar) + +
+

The tsearch function searches in the tree pointed to by +*rootp for an element matching key. The function +pointed to by compar is used to determine whether two elements +match. See section Defining the Comparison Function, for a specification of the functions +which can be used for the compar parameter. +

+

If the tree does not contain a matching entry the key value will +be added to the tree. tsearch does not make a copy of the object +pointed to by key (how could it since the size is unknown). +Instead it adds a reference to this object which means the object must +be available as long as the tree data structure is used. +

+

The tree is represented by a pointer to a pointer since it is sometimes +necessary to change the root node of the tree. So it must not be +assumed that the variable pointed to by rootp has the same value +after the call. This also shows that it is not safe to call the +tsearch function more than once at the same time using the same +tree. It is no problem to run it more than once at a time on different +trees. +

+

The return value is a pointer to the matching element in the tree. If a +new element was created the pointer points to the new data (which is in +fact key). If an entry had to be created and the program ran out +of space NULL is returned. +

+ +
+
Function: void * tfind (const void *key, void *const *rootp, comparison_fn_t compar) + +
+

The tfind function is similar to the tsearch function. It +locates an element matching the one pointed to by key and returns +a pointer to this element. But if no matching element is available no +new element is entered (note that the rootp parameter points to a +constant pointer). Instead the function returns NULL. +

+ +

Another advantage of the tsearch function in contrast to the +hsearch functions is that there is an easy way to remove +elements. +

+
+
Function: void * tdelete (const void *key, void **rootp, comparison_fn_t compar) + +
+

To remove a specific element matching key from the tree +tdelete can be used. It locates the matching element using the +same method as tfind. The corresponding element is then removed +and a pointer to the parent of the deleted node is returned by the +function. If there is no matching entry in the tree nothing can be +deleted and the function returns NULL. If the root of the tree +is deleted tdelete returns some unspecified value not equal to +NULL. +

+ +
+
Function: void tdestroy (void *vroot, __free_fn_t freefct) + +
+

If the complete search tree has to be removed one can use +tdestroy. It frees all resources allocated by the tsearch +function to generate the tree pointed to by vroot. +

+

For the data in each tree node the function freefct is called. +The pointer to the data is passed as the argument to the function. If +no such work is necessary freefct must point to a function doing +nothing. It is called in any case. +

+

This function is a GNU extension and not covered by the System V or +X/Open specifications. +

+ +

In addition to the function to create and destroy the tree data +structure, there is another function which allows you to apply a +function to all elements of the tree. The function must have this type: +

+
 
void __action_fn_t (const void *nodep, VISIT value, int level);
+
+ +

The nodep is the data value of the current node (once given as the +key argument to tsearch). level is a numeric value +which corresponds to the depth of the current node in the tree. The +root node has the depth 0 and its children have a depth of +1 and so on. The VISIT type is an enumeration type. +

+
+
Data Type: VISIT + +
+

The VISIT value indicates the status of the current node in the +tree and how the function is called. The status of a node is either +`leaf' or `internal node'. For each leaf node the function is called +exactly once, for each internal node it is called three times: before +the first child is processed, after the first child is processed and +after both children are processed. This makes it possible to handle all +three methods of tree traversal (or even a combination of them). +

+
+
preorder
+

The current node is an internal node and the function is called before +the first child was processed. +

+
postorder
+

The current node is an internal node and the function is called after +the first child was processed. +

+
endorder
+

The current node is an internal node and the function is called after +the second child was processed. +

+
leaf
+

The current node is a leaf. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: void twalk (const void *root, __action_fn_t action) + +
+

For each node in the tree with a node pointed to by root, the +twalk function calls the function provided by the parameter +action. For leaf nodes the function is called exactly once with +value set to leaf. For internal nodes the function is +called three times, setting the value parameter or action to +the appropriate value. The level argument for the action +function is computed while descending the tree with increasing the value +by one for the descend to a child, starting with the value 0 for +the root node. +

+

Since the functions used for the action parameter to twalk +must not modify the tree data, it is safe to run twalk in more +than one thread at the same time, working on the same tree. It is also +safe to call tfind in parallel. Functions which modify the tree +must not be used, otherwise the behavior is undefined. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_41.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_41.html @@ -0,0 +1,519 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: H. GNU Free Documentation License + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + +

H. GNU Free Documentation License

+ +

Version 1.1, March 2000 +

+
 
Copyright © 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307, USA
+
+Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+ +
    +
  1. +PREAMBLE + +

    The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other +written document free in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone +the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without +modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, +this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get +credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for +modifications made by others. +

    +

    This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative +works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It +complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft +license designed for free software. +

    +

    We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free +software, because free software needs free documentation: a free +program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the +software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; +it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or +whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License +principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. +

    +
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    +
      +
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    +
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    +

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    +
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    +

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    +
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    +

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    +
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    +
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    The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions +of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new +versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may +differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See +http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. +

    +

    Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. +If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this +License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of +following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or +of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the +Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version +number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not +as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

H.0.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

+ +

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of +the License in the document and put the following copyright and +license notices just after the title page: +

+
 
  Copyright (C)  year  your name.
+  Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+  under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
+  or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
+  with the Invariant Sections being list their titles, with the
+  Front-Cover Texts being list, and with the Back-Cover Texts being list.
+  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
+  Free Documentation License''.
+
+ +

If you have no Invariant Sections, write “with no Invariant Sections” +instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no +Front-Cover Texts, write “no Front-Cover Texts” instead of +“Front-Cover Texts being list”; likewise for Back-Cover Texts. +

+

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we +recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of +free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, +to permit their use in free software. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_26.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_26.html @@ -0,0 +1,1103 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 26. Processes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

26. Processes

+ +

Processes are the primitive units for allocation of system +resources. Each process has its own address space and (usually) one +thread of control. A process executes a program; you can have multiple +processes executing the same program, but each process has its own copy +of the program within its own address space and executes it +independently of the other copies. +

+ + +

Processes are organized hierarchically. Each process has a parent +process which explicitly arranged to create it. The processes created +by a given parent are called its child processes. A child +inherits many of its attributes from the parent process. +

+

This chapter describes how a program can create, terminate, and control +child processes. Actually, there are three distinct operations +involved: creating a new child process, causing the new process to +execute a program, and coordinating the completion of the child process +with the original program. +

+

The system function provides a simple, portable mechanism for +running another program; it does all three steps automatically. If you +need more control over the details of how this is done, you can use the +primitive functions to do each step individually instead. +

+ + + + + + + + + + +
26.1 Running a Command   The easy way to run another program. +
26.2 Process Creation Concepts   An overview of the hard way to do it. +
26.3 Process Identification   How to get the process ID of a process. +
26.4 Creating a Process   How to fork a child process. +
26.5 Executing a File   How to make a process execute another program. +
26.6 Process Completion   How to tell when a child process has completed. +
26.7 Process Completion Status   How to interpret the status value + returned from a child process. +
26.8 BSD Process Wait Functions   More functions, for backward compatibility. +
26.9 Process Creation Example   A complete example program. +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

26.1 Running a Command

+ +

The easy way to run another program is to use the system +function. This function does all the work of running a subprogram, but +it doesn't give you much control over the details: you have to wait +until the subprogram terminates before you can do anything else. +

+
+
Function: int system (const char *command) + +
+
+

This function executes command as a shell command. In the GNU C +library, it always uses the default shell sh to run the command. +In particular, it searches the directories in PATH to find +programs to execute. The return value is -1 if it wasn't +possible to create the shell process, and otherwise is the status of the +shell process. See section Process Completion, for details on how this +status code can be interpreted. +

+

If the command argument is a null pointer, a return value of zero +indicates that no command processor is available. +

+

This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs. This +is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like memory, file +descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time system is +called. If the thread gets canceled these resources stay allocated +until the program ends. To avoid this calls to system should be +protected using cancellation handlers. +

+ +

The system function is declared in the header file +‘stdlib.h’. +

+ +

Portability Note: Some C implementations may not have any +notion of a command processor that can execute other programs. You can +determine whether a command processor exists by executing +system (NULL); if the return value is nonzero, a command +processor is available. +

+

The popen and pclose functions (see section Pipe to a Subprocess) are closely related to the system function. They +allow the parent process to communicate with the standard input and +output channels of the command being executed. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

26.2 Process Creation Concepts

+ +

This section gives an overview of processes and of the steps involved in +creating a process and making it run another program. +

+ + +

Each process is named by a process ID number. A unique process ID +is allocated to each process when it is created. The lifetime of +a process ends when its termination is reported to its parent process; +at that time, all of the process resources, including its process ID, +are freed. +

+ + + + +

Processes are created with the fork system call (so the operation +of creating a new process is sometimes called forking a process). +The child process created by fork is a copy of the original +parent process, except that it has its own process ID. +

+

After forking a child process, both the parent and child processes +continue to execute normally. If you want your program to wait for a +child process to finish executing before continuing, you must do this +explicitly after the fork operation, by calling wait or +waitpid (see section Process Completion). These functions give you +limited information about why the child terminated—for example, its +exit status code. +

+

A newly forked child process continues to execute the same program as +its parent process, at the point where the fork call returns. +You can use the return value from fork to tell whether the program +is running in the parent process or the child. +

+ +

Having several processes run the same program is only occasionally +useful. But the child can execute another program using one of the +exec functions; see Executing a File. The program that the +process is executing is called its process image. Starting +execution of a new program causes the process to forget all about its +previous process image; when the new program exits, the process exits +too, instead of returning to the previous process image. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

26.3 Process Identification

+ +

The pid_t data type represents process IDs. You can get the +process ID of a process by calling getpid. The function +getppid returns the process ID of the parent of the current +process (this is also known as the parent process ID). Your +program should include the header files ‘unistd.h’ and +‘sys/types.h’ to use these functions. + + +

+
+
Data Type: pid_t + +
+

The pid_t data type is a signed integer type which is capable +of representing a process ID. In the GNU library, this is an int. +

+ +
+
Function: pid_t getpid (void) + +
+

The getpid function returns the process ID of the current process. +

+ +
+
Function: pid_t getppid (void) + +
+

The getppid function returns the process ID of the parent of the +current process. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

26.4 Creating a Process

+ +

The fork function is the primitive for creating a process. +It is declared in the header file ‘unistd.h’. + +

+
+
Function: pid_t fork (void) + +
+

The fork function creates a new process. +

+

If the operation is successful, there are then both parent and child +processes and both see fork return, but with different values: it +returns a value of 0 in the child process and returns the child's +process ID in the parent process. +

+

If process creation failed, fork returns a value of -1 in +the parent process. The following errno error conditions are +defined for fork: +

+
+
EAGAIN
+

There aren't enough system resources to create another process, or the +user already has too many processes running. This means exceeding the +RLIMIT_NPROC resource limit, which can usually be increased; +see section Limiting Resource Usage. +

+
+
ENOMEM
+

The process requires more space than the system can supply. +

+
+
+ +

The specific attributes of the child process that differ from the +parent process are: +

+
    +
  • +The child process has its own unique process ID. + +
  • +The parent process ID of the child process is the process ID of its +parent process. + +
  • +The child process gets its own copies of the parent process's open file +descriptors. Subsequently changing attributes of the file descriptors +in the parent process won't affect the file descriptors in the child, +and vice versa. See section Control Operations on Files. However, the file position +associated with each descriptor is shared by both processes; +see section File Position. + +
  • +The elapsed processor times for the child process are set to zero; +see Processor Time Inquiry. + +
  • +The child doesn't inherit file locks set by the parent process. +See section Control Operations on Files. + +
  • +The child doesn't inherit alarms set by the parent process. +See section Setting an Alarm. + +
  • +The set of pending signals (see section How Signals Are Delivered) for the child +process is cleared. (The child process inherits its mask of blocked +signals and signal actions from the parent process.) +
+ + +
+
Function: pid_t vfork (void) + +
+

The vfork function is similar to fork but on some systems +it is more efficient; however, there are restrictions you must follow to +use it safely. +

+

While fork makes a complete copy of the calling process's address +space and allows both the parent and child to execute independently, +vfork does not make this copy. Instead, the child process +created with vfork shares its parent's address space until it +calls _exit or one of the exec functions. In the +meantime, the parent process suspends execution. +

+

You must be very careful not to allow the child process created with +vfork to modify any global data or even local variables shared +with the parent. Furthermore, the child process cannot return from (or +do a long jump out of) the function that called vfork! This +would leave the parent process's control information very confused. If +in doubt, use fork instead. +

+

Some operating systems don't really implement vfork. The GNU C +library permits you to use vfork on all systems, but actually +executes fork if vfork isn't available. If you follow +the proper precautions for using vfork, your program will still +work even if the system uses fork instead. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

26.5 Executing a File

+ +

This section describes the exec family of functions, for executing +a file as a process image. You can use these functions to make a child +process execute a new program after it has been forked. +

+

To see the effects of exec from the point of view of the called +program, see The Basic Program/System Interface. +

+ +

The functions in this family differ in how you specify the arguments, +but otherwise they all do the same thing. They are declared in the +header file ‘unistd.h’. +

+
+
Function: int execv (const char *filename, char *const argv[]) + +
+

The execv function executes the file named by filename as a +new process image. +

+

The argv argument is an array of null-terminated strings that is +used to provide a value for the argv argument to the main +function of the program to be executed. The last element of this array +must be a null pointer. By convention, the first element of this array +is the file name of the program sans directory names. See section Program Arguments, for full details on how programs can access these arguments. +

+

The environment for the new process image is taken from the +environ variable of the current process image; see +Environment Variables, for information about environments. +

+ +
+
Function: int execl (const char *filename, const char *arg0, …) + +
+

This is similar to execv, but the argv strings are +specified individually instead of as an array. A null pointer must be +passed as the last such argument. +

+ +
+
Function: int execve (const char *filename, char *const argv[], char *const env[]) + +
+

This is similar to execv, but permits you to specify the environment +for the new program explicitly as the env argument. This should +be an array of strings in the same format as for the environ +variable; see Environment Access. +

+ +
+
Function: int execle (const char *filename, const char *arg0, char *const env[], …) + +
+

This is similar to execl, but permits you to specify the +environment for the new program explicitly. The environment argument is +passed following the null pointer that marks the last argv +argument, and should be an array of strings in the same format as for +the environ variable. +

+ +
+
Function: int execvp (const char *filename, char *const argv[]) + +
+

The execvp function is similar to execv, except that it +searches the directories listed in the PATH environment variable +(see section Standard Environment Variables) to find the full file name of a +file from filename if filename does not contain a slash. +

+

This function is useful for executing system utility programs, because +it looks for them in the places that the user has chosen. Shells use it +to run the commands that users type. +

+ +
+
Function: int execlp (const char *filename, const char *arg0, …) + +
+

This function is like execl, except that it performs the same +file name searching as the execvp function. +

+ +

The size of the argument list and environment list taken together must +not be greater than ARG_MAX bytes. See section General Capacity Limits. In +the GNU system, the size (which compares against ARG_MAX) +includes, for each string, the number of characters in the string, plus +the size of a char *, plus one, rounded up to a multiple of the +size of a char *. Other systems may have somewhat different +rules for counting. +

+

These functions normally don't return, since execution of a new program +causes the currently executing program to go away completely. A value +of -1 is returned in the event of a failure. In addition to the +usual file name errors (see section File Name Errors), the following +errno error conditions are defined for these functions: +

+
+
E2BIG
+

The combined size of the new program's argument list and environment +list is larger than ARG_MAX bytes. The GNU system has no +specific limit on the argument list size, so this error code cannot +result, but you may get ENOMEM instead if the arguments are too +big for available memory. +

+
+
ENOEXEC
+

The specified file can't be executed because it isn't in the right format. +

+
+
ENOMEM
+

Executing the specified file requires more storage than is available. +

+
+ +

If execution of the new file succeeds, it updates the access time field +of the file as if the file had been read. See section File Times, for more +details about access times of files. +

+

The point at which the file is closed again is not specified, but +is at some point before the process exits or before another process +image is executed. +

+

Executing a new process image completely changes the contents of memory, +copying only the argument and environment strings to new locations. But +many other attributes of the process are unchanged: +

+ + +

If the set-user-ID and set-group-ID mode bits of the process image file +are set, this affects the effective user ID and effective group ID +(respectively) of the process. These concepts are discussed in detail +in The Persona of a Process. +

+

Signals that are set to be ignored in the existing process image are +also set to be ignored in the new process image. All other signals are +set to the default action in the new process image. For more +information about signals, see Signal Handling. +

+

File descriptors open in the existing process image remain open in the +new process image, unless they have the FD_CLOEXEC +(close-on-exec) flag set. The files that remain open inherit all +attributes of the open file description from the existing process image, +including file locks. File descriptors are discussed in Low-Level Input/Output. +

+

Streams, by contrast, cannot survive through exec functions, +because they are located in the memory of the process itself. The new +process image has no streams except those it creates afresh. Each of +the streams in the pre-exec process image has a descriptor inside +it, and these descriptors do survive through exec (provided that +they do not have FD_CLOEXEC set). The new process image can +reconnect these to new streams using fdopen (see section Descriptors and Streams). +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

26.6 Process Completion

+ +

The functions described in this section are used to wait for a child +process to terminate or stop, and determine its status. These functions +are declared in the header file ‘sys/wait.h’. + +

+
+
Function: pid_t waitpid (pid_t pid, int *status-ptr, int options) + +
+

The waitpid function is used to request status information from a +child process whose process ID is pid. Normally, the calling +process is suspended until the child process makes status information +available by terminating. +

+

Other values for the pid argument have special interpretations. A +value of -1 or WAIT_ANY requests status information for +any child process; a value of 0 or WAIT_MYPGRP requests +information for any child process in the same process group as the +calling process; and any other negative value - pgid +requests information for any child process whose process group ID is +pgid. +

+

If status information for a child process is available immediately, this +function returns immediately without waiting. If more than one eligible +child process has status information available, one of them is chosen +randomly, and its status is returned immediately. To get the status +from the other eligible child processes, you need to call waitpid +again. +

+

The options argument is a bit mask. Its value should be the +bitwise OR (that is, the ‘|’ operator) of zero or more of the +WNOHANG and WUNTRACED flags. You can use the +WNOHANG flag to indicate that the parent process shouldn't wait; +and the WUNTRACED flag to request status information from stopped +processes as well as processes that have terminated. +

+

The status information from the child process is stored in the object +that status-ptr points to, unless status-ptr is a null pointer. +

+

This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs. This +is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like memory, file +descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time waitpid is +called. If the thread gets canceled these resources stay allocated +until the program ends. To avoid this calls to waitpid should be +protected using cancellation handlers. +

+

The return value is normally the process ID of the child process whose +status is reported. If there are child processes but none of them is +waiting to be noticed, waitpid will block until one is. However, +if the WNOHANG option was specified, waitpid will return +zero instead of blocking. +

+

If a specific PID to wait for was given to waitpid, it will +ignore all other children (if any). Therefore if there are children +waiting to be noticed but the child whose PID was specified is not one +of them, waitpid will block or return zero as described above. +

+

A value of -1 is returned in case of error. The following +errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EINTR
+

The function was interrupted by delivery of a signal to the calling +process. See section Primitives Interrupted by Signals. +

+
+
ECHILD
+

There are no child processes to wait for, or the specified pid +is not a child of the calling process. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

An invalid value was provided for the options argument. +

+
+
+ +

These symbolic constants are defined as values for the pid argument +to the waitpid function. +

+
+
WAIT_ANY
+
+

This constant macro (whose value is -1) specifies that +waitpid should return status information about any child process. +

+ +
+
WAIT_MYPGRP
+

This constant (with value 0) specifies that waitpid should +return status information about any child process in the same process +group as the calling process. +

+
+ +

These symbolic constants are defined as flags for the options +argument to the waitpid function. You can bitwise-OR the flags +together to obtain a value to use as the argument. +

+
+
WNOHANG
+
+

This flag specifies that waitpid should return immediately +instead of waiting, if there is no child process ready to be noticed. +

+
+
WUNTRACED
+
+

This flag specifies that waitpid should report the status of any +child processes that have been stopped as well as those that have +terminated. +

+
+ +
+
Function: pid_t wait (int *status-ptr) + +
+

This is a simplified version of waitpid, and is used to wait +until any one child process terminates. The call: +

+
 
wait (&status)
+
+ +

is exactly equivalent to: +

+
 
waitpid (-1, &status, 0)
+
+ +

This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs. This +is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like memory, file +descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time wait is +called. If the thread gets canceled these resources stay allocated +until the program ends. To avoid this calls to wait should be +protected using cancellation handlers. +

+ +
+
Function: pid_t wait4 (pid_t pid, int *status-ptr, int options, struct rusage *usage) + +
+

If usage is a null pointer, wait4 is equivalent to +waitpid (pid, status-ptr, options). +

+

If usage is not null, wait4 stores usage figures for the +child process in *rusage (but only if the child has +terminated, not if it has stopped). See section Resource Usage. +

+

This function is a BSD extension. +

+ +

Here's an example of how to use waitpid to get the status from +all child processes that have terminated, without ever waiting. This +function is designed to be a handler for SIGCHLD, the signal that +indicates that at least one child process has terminated. +

+
 
void
+sigchld_handler (int signum)
+{
+  int pid, status, serrno;
+  serrno = errno;
+  while (1)
+    {
+      pid = waitpid (WAIT_ANY, &status, WNOHANG);
+      if (pid < 0)
+        {
+          perror ("waitpid");
+          break;
+        }
+      if (pid == 0)
+        break;
+      notice_termination (pid, status);
+    }
+  errno = serrno;
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

26.7 Process Completion Status

+ +

If the exit status value (see section Program Termination) of the child +process is zero, then the status value reported by waitpid or +wait is also zero. You can test for other kinds of information +encoded in the returned status value using the following macros. +These macros are defined in the header file ‘sys/wait.h’. + +

+
+
Macro: int WIFEXITED (int status) + +
+

This macro returns a nonzero value if the child process terminated +normally with exit or _exit. +

+ +
+
Macro: int WEXITSTATUS (int status) + +
+

If WIFEXITED is true of status, this macro returns the +low-order 8 bits of the exit status value from the child process. +See section Exit Status. +

+ +
+
Macro: int WIFSIGNALED (int status) + +
+

This macro returns a nonzero value if the child process terminated +because it received a signal that was not handled. +See section Signal Handling. +

+ +
+
Macro: int WTERMSIG (int status) + +
+

If WIFSIGNALED is true of status, this macro returns the +signal number of the signal that terminated the child process. +

+ +
+
Macro: int WCOREDUMP (int status) + +
+

This macro returns a nonzero value if the child process terminated +and produced a core dump. +

+ +
+
Macro: int WIFSTOPPED (int status) + +
+

This macro returns a nonzero value if the child process is stopped. +

+ +
+
Macro: int WSTOPSIG (int status) + +
+

If WIFSTOPPED is true of status, this macro returns the +signal number of the signal that caused the child process to stop. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

26.8 BSD Process Wait Functions

+ +

The GNU library also provides these related facilities for compatibility +with BSD Unix. BSD uses the union wait data type to represent +status values rather than an int. The two representations are +actually interchangeable; they describe the same bit patterns. The GNU +C Library defines macros such as WEXITSTATUS so that they will +work on either kind of object, and the wait function is defined +to accept either type of pointer as its status-ptr argument. +

+

These functions are declared in ‘sys/wait.h’. + +

+
+
Data Type: union wait + +
+

This data type represents program termination status values. It has +the following members: +

+
+
int w_termsig
+

The value of this member is the same as that of the +WTERMSIG macro. +

+
+
int w_coredump
+

The value of this member is the same as that of the +WCOREDUMP macro. +

+
+
int w_retcode
+

The value of this member is the same as that of the +WEXITSTATUS macro. +

+
+
int w_stopsig
+

The value of this member is the same as that of the +WSTOPSIG macro. +

+
+ +

Instead of accessing these members directly, you should use the +equivalent macros. +

+ +

The wait3 function is the predecessor to wait4, which is +more flexible. wait3 is now obsolete. +

+
+
Function: pid_t wait3 (union wait *status-ptr, int options, struct rusage *usage) + +
+

If usage is a null pointer, wait3 is equivalent to +waitpid (-1, status-ptr, options). +

+

If usage is not null, wait3 stores usage figures for the +child process in *rusage (but only if the child has +terminated, not if it has stopped). See section Resource Usage. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

26.9 Process Creation Example

+ +

Here is an example program showing how you might write a function +similar to the built-in system. It executes its command +argument using the equivalent of ‘sh -c command’. +

+
 
#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+
+/* Execute the command using this shell program.  */
+#define SHELL "/bin/sh"
+
+int
+my_system (const char *command)
+{
+  int status;
+  pid_t pid;
+
+  pid = fork ();
+  if (pid == 0)
+    {
+      /* This is the child process.  Execute the shell command. */
+      execl (SHELL, SHELL, "-c", command, NULL);
+      _exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+  else if (pid < 0)
+    /* The fork failed.  Report failure.  */
+    status = -1;
+  else
+    /* This is the parent process.  Wait for the child to complete.  */
+    if (waitpid (pid, &status, 0) != pid)
+      status = -1;
+  return status;
+}
+
+ + +

There are a couple of things you should pay attention to in this +example. +

+

Remember that the first argv argument supplied to the program +represents the name of the program being executed. That is why, in the +call to execl, SHELL is supplied once to name the program +to execute and a second time to supply a value for argv[0]. +

+

The execl call in the child process doesn't return if it is +successful. If it fails, you must do something to make the child +process terminate. Just returning a bad status code with return +would leave two processes running the original program. Instead, the +right behavior is for the child process to report failure to its parent +process. +

+

Call _exit to accomplish this. The reason for using _exit +instead of exit is to avoid flushing fully buffered streams such +as stdout. The buffers of these streams probably contain data +that was copied from the parent process by the fork, data that +will be output eventually by the parent process. Calling exit in +the child would output the data twice. See section Termination Internals. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_6.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_6.html @@ -0,0 +1,3388 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 6. Character Set Handling + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

6. Character Set Handling

+ + +

Character sets used in the early days of computing had only six, seven, +or eight bits for each character: there was never a case where more than +eight bits (one byte) were used to represent a single character. The +limitations of this approach became more apparent as more people +grappled with non-Roman character sets, where not all the characters +that make up a language's character set can be represented by 2^8 +choices. This chapter shows the functionality that was added to the C +library to support multiple character sets. +

+ + + + + + +
6.1 Introduction to Extended Characters  
6.2 Overview about Character Handling Functions  
6.3 Restartable Multibyte Conversion Functions   Restartable multibyte conversion + Functions. +
6.4 Non-reentrant Conversion Function  
6.5 Generic Charset Conversion  
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

6.1 Introduction to Extended Characters

+ +

A variety of solutions is available to overcome the differences between +character sets with a 1:1 relation between bytes and characters and +character sets with ratios of 2:1 or 4:1. The remainder of this +section gives a few examples to help understand the design decisions +made while developing the functionality of the C library. +

+ +

A distinction we have to make right away is between internal and +external representation. Internal representation means the +representation used by a program while keeping the text in memory. +External representations are used when text is stored or transmitted +through some communication channel. Examples of external +representations include files waiting in a directory to be +read and parsed. +

+

Traditionally there has been no difference between the two representations. +It was equally comfortable and useful to use the same single-byte +representation internally and externally. This comfort level decreases +with more and larger character sets. +

+

One of the problems to overcome with the internal representation is +handling text that is externally encoded using different character +sets. Assume a program that reads two texts and compares them using +some metric. The comparison can be usefully done only if the texts are +internally kept in a common format. +

+ +

For such a common format (= character set) eight bits are certainly +no longer enough. So the smallest entity will have to grow: wide +characters will now be used. Instead of one byte per character, two or +four will be used instead. (Three are not good to address in memory and +more than four bytes seem not to be necessary). +

+ + +

As shown in some other part of this manual, +a completely new family has been created of functions that can handle wide +character texts in memory. The most commonly used character sets for such +internal wide character representations are Unicode and ISO 10646 +(also known as UCS for Universal Character Set). Unicode was originally +planned as a 16-bit character set; whereas, ISO 10646 was designed to +be a 31-bit large code space. The two standards are practically identical. +They have the same character repertoire and code table, but Unicode specifies +added semantics. At the moment, only characters in the first 0x10000 +code positions (the so-called Basic Multilingual Plane, BMP) have been +assigned, but the assignment of more specialized characters outside this +16-bit space is already in progress. A number of encodings have been +defined for Unicode and ISO 10646 characters: + + + + +UCS-2 is a 16-bit word that can only represent characters +from the BMP, UCS-4 is a 32-bit word than can represent any Unicode +and ISO 10646 character, UTF-8 is an ASCII compatible encoding where +ASCII characters are represented by ASCII bytes and non-ASCII characters +by sequences of 2-6 non-ASCII bytes, and finally UTF-16 is an extension +of UCS-2 in which pairs of certain UCS-2 words can be used to encode +non-BMP characters up to 0x10ffff. +

+

To represent wide characters the char type is not suitable. For +this reason the ISO C standard introduces a new type that is +designed to keep one character of a wide character string. To maintain +the similarity there is also a type corresponding to int for +those functions that take a single wide character. +

+
+
Data type: wchar_t + +
+

This data type is used as the base type for wide character strings. +In other words, arrays of objects of this type are the equivalent of +char[] for multibyte character strings. The type is defined in +‘stddef.h’. +

+

The ISO C90 standard, where wchar_t was introduced, does not +say anything specific about the representation. It only requires that +this type is capable of storing all elements of the basic character set. +Therefore it would be legitimate to define wchar_t as char, +which might make sense for embedded systems. +

+

But for GNU systems wchar_t is always 32 bits wide and, therefore, +capable of representing all UCS-4 values and, therefore, covering all of +ISO 10646. Some Unix systems define wchar_t as a 16-bit type +and thereby follow Unicode very strictly. This definition is perfectly +fine with the standard, but it also means that to represent all +characters from Unicode and ISO 10646 one has to use UTF-16 surrogate +characters, which is in fact a multi-wide-character encoding. But +resorting to multi-wide-character encoding contradicts the purpose of the +wchar_t type. +

+ +
+
Data type: wint_t + +
+

wint_t is a data type used for parameters and variables that +contain a single wide character. As the name suggests this type is the +equivalent of int when using the normal char strings. The +types wchar_t and wint_t often have the same +representation if their size is 32 bits wide but if wchar_t is +defined as char the type wint_t must be defined as +int due to the parameter promotion. +

+ +

This type is defined in ‘wchar.h’ and was introduced in +Amendment 1 to ISO C90. +

+ +

As there are for the char data type macros are available for +specifying the minimum and maximum value representable in an object of +type wchar_t. +

+
+
Macro: wint_t WCHAR_MIN + +
+

The macro WCHAR_MIN evaluates to the minimum value representable +by an object of type wint_t. +

+

This macro was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90. +

+ +
+
Macro: wint_t WCHAR_MAX + +
+

The macro WCHAR_MAX evaluates to the maximum value representable +by an object of type wint_t. +

+

This macro was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90. +

+ +

Another special wide character value is the equivalent to EOF. +

+
+
Macro: wint_t WEOF + +
+

The macro WEOF evaluates to a constant expression of type +wint_t whose value is different from any member of the extended +character set. +

+

WEOF need not be the same value as EOF and unlike +EOF it also need not be negative. In other words, sloppy +code like +

+
 
{
+  int c;
+  …
+  while ((c = getc (fp)) < 0)
+    …
+}
+
+ +

has to be rewritten to use WEOF explicitly when wide characters +are used: +

+
 
{
+  wint_t c;
+  …
+  while ((c = wgetc (fp)) != WEOF)
+    …
+}
+
+ + +

This macro was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90 and is +defined in ‘wchar.h’. +

+ + +

These internal representations present problems when it comes to storing +and transmittal. Because each single wide character consists of more +than one byte, they are effected by byte-ordering. Thus, machines with +different endianesses would see different values when accessing the same +data. This byte ordering concern also applies for communication protocols +that are all byte-based and therefore require that the sender has to +decide about splitting the wide character in bytes. A last (but not least +important) point is that wide characters often require more storage space +than a customized byte-oriented character set. +

+ + +

For all the above reasons, an external encoding that is different from +the internal encoding is often used if the latter is UCS-2 or UCS-4. +The external encoding is byte-based and can be chosen appropriately for +the environment and for the texts to be handled. A variety of different +character sets can be used for this external encoding (information that +will not be exhaustively presented here–instead, a description of the +major groups will suffice). All of the ASCII-based character sets +fulfill one requirement: they are "filesystem safe." This means that +the character '/' is used in the encoding only to +represent itself. Things are a bit different for character sets like +EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code, a character set +family used by IBM), but if the operation system does not understand +EBCDIC directly the parameters-to-system calls have to be converted +first anyhow. +

+
    +
  • +The simplest character sets are single-byte character sets. There can +be only up to 256 characters (for 8 bit character sets), which is +not sufficient to cover all languages but might be sufficient to handle +a specific text. Handling of a 8 bit character sets is simple. This +is not true for other kinds presented later, and therefore, the +application one uses might require the use of 8 bit character sets. + + +
  • +The ISO 2022 standard defines a mechanism for extended character +sets where one character can be represented by more than one +byte. This is achieved by associating a state with the text. +Characters that can be used to change the state can be embedded in the +text. Each byte in the text might have a different interpretation in each +state. The state might even influence whether a given byte stands for a +character on its own or whether it has to be combined with some more +bytes. + + + + +

    In most uses of ISO 2022 the defined character sets do not allow +state changes that cover more than the next character. This has the +big advantage that whenever one can identify the beginning of the byte +sequence of a character one can interpret a text correctly. Examples of +character sets using this policy are the various EUC character sets +(used by Sun's operations systems, EUC-JP, EUC-KR, EUC-TW, and EUC-CN) +or Shift_JIS (SJIS, a Japanese encoding). +

    +

    But there are also character sets using a state that is valid for more +than one character and has to be changed by another byte sequence. +Examples for this are ISO-2022-JP, ISO-2022-KR, and ISO-2022-CN. +

    +
  • + +Early attempts to fix 8 bit character sets for other languages using the +Roman alphabet lead to character sets like ISO 6937. Here bytes +representing characters like the acute accent do not produce output +themselves: one has to combine them with other characters to get the +desired result. For example, the byte sequence 0xc2 0x61 +(non-spacing acute accent, followed by lower-case `a') to get the “small +a with acute” character. To get the acute accent character on its own, +one has to write 0xc2 0x20 (the non-spacing acute followed by a +space). + +

    Character sets like ISO 6937 are used in some embedded systems such +as teletex. +

    +
  • + +Instead of converting the Unicode or ISO 10646 text used internally, +it is often also sufficient to simply use an encoding different than +UCS-2/UCS-4. The Unicode and ISO 10646 standards even specify such an +encoding: UTF-8. This encoding is able to represent all of ISO +10646 31 bits in a byte string of length one to six. + + +

    There were a few other attempts to encode ISO 10646 such as UTF-7, +but UTF-8 is today the only encoding that should be used. In fact, with +any luck UTF-8 will soon be the only external encoding that has to be +supported. It proves to be universally usable and its only disadvantage +is that it favors Roman languages by making the byte string +representation of other scripts (Cyrillic, Greek, Asian scripts) longer +than necessary if using a specific character set for these scripts. +Methods like the Unicode compression scheme can alleviate these +problems. +

+ +

The question remaining is: how to select the character set or encoding +to use. The answer: you cannot decide about it yourself, it is decided +by the developers of the system or the majority of the users. Since the +goal is interoperability one has to use whatever the other people one +works with use. If there are no constraints, the selection is based on +the requirements the expected circle of users will have. In other words, +if a project is expected to be used in only, say, Russia it is fine to use +KOI8-R or a similar character set. But if at the same time people from, +say, Greece are participating one should use a character set that allows +all people to collaborate. +

+

The most widely useful solution seems to be: go with the most general +character set, namely ISO 10646. Use UTF-8 as the external encoding +and problems about users not being able to use their own language +adequately are a thing of the past. +

+

One final comment about the choice of the wide character representation +is necessary at this point. We have said above that the natural choice +is using Unicode or ISO 10646. This is not required, but at least +encouraged, by the ISO C standard. The standard defines at least a +macro __STDC_ISO_10646__ that is only defined on systems where +the wchar_t type encodes ISO 10646 characters. If this +symbol is not defined one should avoid making assumptions about the wide +character representation. If the programmer uses only the functions +provided by the C library to handle wide character strings there should +be no compatibility problems with other systems. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

6.2 Overview about Character Handling Functions

+ +

A Unix C library contains three different sets of functions in two +families to handle character set conversion. One of the function families +(the most commonly used) is specified in the ISO C90 standard and, +therefore, is portable even beyond the Unix world. Unfortunately this +family is the least useful one. These functions should be avoided +whenever possible, especially when developing libraries (as opposed to +applications). +

+

The second family of functions got introduced in the early Unix standards +(XPG2) and is still part of the latest and greatest Unix standard: +Unix 98. It is also the most powerful and useful set of functions. +But we will start with the functions defined in Amendment 1 to +ISO C90. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

6.3 Restartable Multibyte Conversion Functions

+ +

The ISO C standard defines functions to convert strings from a +multibyte representation to wide character strings. There are a number +of peculiarities: +

+
    +
  • +The character set assumed for the multibyte encoding is not specified +as an argument to the functions. Instead the character set specified by +the LC_CTYPE category of the current locale is used; see +Categories of Activities that Locales Affect. + +
  • +The functions handling more than one character at a time require NUL +terminated strings as the argument (i.e., converting blocks of text +does not work unless one can add a NUL byte at an appropriate place). +The GNU C library contains some extensions to the standard that allow +specifying a size, but basically they also expect terminated strings. +
+ +

Despite these limitations the ISO C functions can be used in many +contexts. In graphical user interfaces, for instance, it is not +uncommon to have functions that require text to be displayed in a wide +character string if the text is not simple ASCII. The text itself might +come from a file with translations and the user should decide about the +current locale, which determines the translation and therefore also the +external encoding used. In such a situation (and many others) the +functions described here are perfect. If more freedom while performing +the conversion is necessary take a look at the iconv functions +(see section Generic Charset Conversion). +

+ + + + + + +
6.3.1 Selecting the conversion and its properties  
6.3.2 Representing the state of the conversion  
6.3.3 Converting Single Characters  
6.3.4 Converting Multibyte and Wide Character Strings  
6.3.5 A Complete Multibyte Conversion Example  
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

6.3.1 Selecting the conversion and its properties

+ +

We already said above that the currently selected locale for the +LC_CTYPE category decides about the conversion that is performed +by the functions we are about to describe. Each locale uses its own +character set (given as an argument to localedef) and this is the +one assumed as the external multibyte encoding. The wide character +character set always is UCS-4, at least on GNU systems. +

+

A characteristic of each multibyte character set is the maximum number +of bytes that can be necessary to represent one character. This +information is quite important when writing code that uses the +conversion functions (as shown in the examples below). +The ISO C standard defines two macros that provide this information. +

+ +
+
Macro: int MB_LEN_MAX + +
+

MB_LEN_MAX specifies the maximum number of bytes in the multibyte +sequence for a single character in any of the supported locales. It is +a compile-time constant and is defined in ‘limits.h’. + +

+ +
+
Macro: int MB_CUR_MAX + +
+

MB_CUR_MAX expands into a positive integer expression that is the +maximum number of bytes in a multibyte character in the current locale. +The value is never greater than MB_LEN_MAX. Unlike +MB_LEN_MAX this macro need not be a compile-time constant, and in +the GNU C library it is not. +

+ +

MB_CUR_MAX is defined in ‘stdlib.h’. +

+ +

Two different macros are necessary since strictly ISO C90 compilers +do not allow variable length array definitions, but still it is desirable +to avoid dynamic allocation. This incomplete piece of code shows the +problem: +

+
 
{
+  char buf[MB_LEN_MAX];
+  ssize_t len = 0;
+
+  while (! feof (fp))
+    {
+      fread (&buf[len], 1, MB_CUR_MAX - len, fp);
+      /* … process buf */
+      len -= used;
+    }
+}
+
+ +

The code in the inner loop is expected to have always enough bytes in +the array buf to convert one multibyte character. The array +buf has to be sized statically since many compilers do not allow a +variable size. The fread call makes sure that MB_CUR_MAX +bytes are always available in buf. Note that it isn't +a problem if MB_CUR_MAX is not a compile-time constant. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

6.3.2 Representing the state of the conversion

+ +

In the introduction of this chapter it was said that certain character +sets use a stateful encoding. That is, the encoded values depend +in some way on the previous bytes in the text. +

+

Since the conversion functions allow converting a text in more than one +step we must have a way to pass this information from one call of the +functions to another. +

+
+
Data type: mbstate_t + +
+
+

A variable of type mbstate_t can contain all the information +about the shift state needed from one call to a conversion +function to another. +

+ +

mbstate_t is defined in ‘wchar.h’. It was introduced in +Amendment 1 to ISO C90. +

+ +

To use objects of type mbstate_t the programmer has to define such +objects (normally as local variables on the stack) and pass a pointer to +the object to the conversion functions. This way the conversion function +can update the object if the current multibyte character set is stateful. +

+

There is no specific function or initializer to put the state object in +any specific state. The rules are that the object should always +represent the initial state before the first use, and this is achieved by +clearing the whole variable with code such as follows: +

+
 
{
+  mbstate_t state;
+  memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (state));
+  /* from now on state can be used.  */
+  …
+}
+
+ +

When using the conversion functions to generate output it is often +necessary to test whether the current state corresponds to the initial +state. This is necessary, for example, to decide whether to emit +escape sequences to set the state to the initial state at certain +sequence points. Communication protocols often require this. +

+
+
Function: int mbsinit (const mbstate_t *ps) + +
+

The mbsinit function determines whether the state object pointed +to by ps is in the initial state. If ps is a null pointer or +the object is in the initial state the return value is nonzero. Otherwise +it is zero. +

+ +

mbsinit was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90 and is +declared in ‘wchar.h’. +

+ +

Code using mbsinit often looks similar to this: +

+
 
{
+  mbstate_t state;
+  memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (state));
+  /* Use state.  */
+  …
+  if (! mbsinit (&state))
+    {
+      /* Emit code to return to initial state.  */
+      const wchar_t empty[] = L"";
+      const wchar_t *srcp = empty;
+      wcsrtombs (outbuf, &srcp, outbuflen, &state);
+    }
+  …
+}
+
+ +

The code to emit the escape sequence to get back to the initial state is +interesting. The wcsrtombs function can be used to determine the +necessary output code (see section Converting Multibyte and Wide Character Strings). Please note that on +GNU systems it is not necessary to perform this extra action for the +conversion from multibyte text to wide character text since the wide +character encoding is not stateful. But there is nothing mentioned in +any standard that prohibits making wchar_t using a stateful +encoding. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

6.3.3 Converting Single Characters

+ +

The most fundamental of the conversion functions are those dealing with +single characters. Please note that this does not always mean single +bytes. But since there is very often a subset of the multibyte +character set that consists of single byte sequences, there are +functions to help with converting bytes. Frequently, ASCII is a subpart +of the multibyte character set. In such a scenario, each ASCII character +stands for itself, and all other characters have at least a first byte +that is beyond the range 0 to 127. +

+
+
Function: wint_t btowc (int c) + +
+

The btowc function (“byte to wide character”) converts a valid +single byte character c in the initial shift state into the wide +character equivalent using the conversion rules from the currently +selected locale of the LC_CTYPE category. +

+

If (unsigned char) c is no valid single byte multibyte +character or if c is EOF, the function returns WEOF. +

+

Please note the restriction of c being tested for validity only in +the initial shift state. No mbstate_t object is used from +which the state information is taken, and the function also does not use +any static state. +

+ +

The btowc function was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90 +and is declared in ‘wchar.h’. +

+ +

Despite the limitation that the single byte value always is interpreted +in the initial state this function is actually useful most of the time. +Most characters are either entirely single-byte character sets or they +are extension to ASCII. But then it is possible to write code like this +(not that this specific example is very useful): +

+
 
wchar_t *
+itow (unsigned long int val)
+{
+  static wchar_t buf[30];
+  wchar_t *wcp = &buf[29];
+  *wcp = L'\0';
+  while (val != 0)
+    {
+      *--wcp = btowc ('0' + val % 10);
+      val /= 10;
+    }
+  if (wcp == &buf[29])
+    *--wcp = L'0';
+  return wcp;
+}
+
+ +

Why is it necessary to use such a complicated implementation and not +simply cast '0' + val % 10 to a wide character? The answer is +that there is no guarantee that one can perform this kind of arithmetic +on the character of the character set used for wchar_t +representation. In other situations the bytes are not constant at +compile time and so the compiler cannot do the work. In situations like +this it is necessary btowc. +

+

There also is a function for the conversion in the other direction. +

+
+
Function: int wctob (wint_t c) + +
+

The wctob function (“wide character to byte”) takes as the +parameter a valid wide character. If the multibyte representation for +this character in the initial state is exactly one byte long, the return +value of this function is this character. Otherwise the return value is +EOF. +

+ +

wctob was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90 and +is declared in ‘wchar.h’. +

+ +

There are more general functions to convert single character from +multibyte representation to wide characters and vice versa. These +functions pose no limit on the length of the multibyte representation +and they also do not require it to be in the initial state. +

+
+
Function: size_t mbrtowc (wchar_t *restrict pwc, const char *restrict s, size_t n, mbstate_t *restrict ps) + +
+
+

The mbrtowc function (“multibyte restartable to wide +character”) converts the next multibyte character in the string pointed +to by s into a wide character and stores it in the wide character +string pointed to by pwc. The conversion is performed according +to the locale currently selected for the LC_CTYPE category. If +the conversion for the character set used in the locale requires a state, +the multibyte string is interpreted in the state represented by the +object pointed to by ps. If ps is a null pointer, a static, +internal state variable used only by the mbrtowc function is +used. +

+

If the next multibyte character corresponds to the NUL wide character, +the return value of the function is 0 and the state object is +afterwards in the initial state. If the next n or fewer bytes +form a correct multibyte character, the return value is the number of +bytes starting from s that form the multibyte character. The +conversion state is updated according to the bytes consumed in the +conversion. In both cases the wide character (either the L'\0' +or the one found in the conversion) is stored in the string pointed to +by pwc if pwc is not null. +

+

If the first n bytes of the multibyte string possibly form a valid +multibyte character but there are more than n bytes needed to +complete it, the return value of the function is (size_t) -2 and +no value is stored. Please note that this can happen even if n +has a value greater than or equal to MB_CUR_MAX since the input +might contain redundant shift sequences. +

+

If the first n bytes of the multibyte string cannot possibly form +a valid multibyte character, no value is stored, the global variable +errno is set to the value EILSEQ, and the function returns +(size_t) -1. The conversion state is afterwards undefined. +

+ +

mbrtowc was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90 and +is declared in ‘wchar.h’. +

+ +

Use of mbrtowc is straightforward. A function that copies a +multibyte string into a wide character string while at the same time +converting all lowercase characters into uppercase could look like this +(this is not the final version, just an example; it has no error +checking, and sometimes leaks memory): +

+
 
wchar_t *
+mbstouwcs (const char *s)
+{
+  size_t len = strlen (s);
+  wchar_t *result = malloc ((len + 1) * sizeof (wchar_t));
+  wchar_t *wcp = result;
+  wchar_t tmp[1];
+  mbstate_t state;
+  size_t nbytes;
+
+  memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (state));
+  while ((nbytes = mbrtowc (tmp, s, len, &state)) > 0)
+    {
+      if (nbytes >= (size_t) -2)
+        /* Invalid input string.  */
+        return NULL;
+      *wcp++ = towupper (tmp[0]);
+      len -= nbytes;
+      s += nbytes;
+    }
+  return result;
+}
+
+ +

The use of mbrtowc should be clear. A single wide character is +stored in tmp[0], and the number of consumed bytes is stored +in the variable nbytes. If the conversion is successful, the +uppercase variant of the wide character is stored in the result +array and the pointer to the input string and the number of available +bytes is adjusted. +

+

The only non-obvious thing about mbrtowc might be the way memory +is allocated for the result. The above code uses the fact that there +can never be more wide characters in the converted results than there are +bytes in the multibyte input string. This method yields a pessimistic +guess about the size of the result, and if many wide character strings +have to be constructed this way or if the strings are long, the extra +memory required to be allocated because the input string contains +multibyte characters might be significant. The allocated memory block can +be resized to the correct size before returning it, but a better solution +might be to allocate just the right amount of space for the result right +away. Unfortunately there is no function to compute the length of the wide +character string directly from the multibyte string. There is, however, a +function that does part of the work. +

+
+
Function: size_t mbrlen (const char *restrict s, size_t n, mbstate_t *ps) + +
+

The mbrlen function (“multibyte restartable length”) computes +the number of at most n bytes starting at s, which form the +next valid and complete multibyte character. +

+

If the next multibyte character corresponds to the NUL wide character, +the return value is 0. If the next n bytes form a valid +multibyte character, the number of bytes belonging to this multibyte +character byte sequence is returned. +

+

If the first n bytes possibly form a valid multibyte +character but the character is incomplete, the return value is +(size_t) -2. Otherwise the multibyte character sequence is invalid +and the return value is (size_t) -1. +

+

The multibyte sequence is interpreted in the state represented by the +object pointed to by ps. If ps is a null pointer, a state +object local to mbrlen is used. +

+ +

mbrlen was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90 and +is declared in ‘wchar.h’. +

+ +

The attentive reader now will note that mbrlen can be implemented +as +

+
 
mbrtowc (NULL, s, n, ps != NULL ? ps : &internal)
+
+ +

This is true and in fact is mentioned in the official specification. +How can this function be used to determine the length of the wide +character string created from a multibyte character string? It is not +directly usable, but we can define a function mbslen using it: +

+
 
size_t
+mbslen (const char *s)
+{
+  mbstate_t state;
+  size_t result = 0;
+  size_t nbytes;
+  memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (state));
+  while ((nbytes = mbrlen (s, MB_LEN_MAX, &state)) > 0)
+    {
+      if (nbytes >= (size_t) -2)
+        /* Something is wrong.  */
+        return (size_t) -1;
+      s += nbytes;
+      ++result;
+    }
+  return result;
+}
+
+ +

This function simply calls mbrlen for each multibyte character +in the string and counts the number of function calls. Please note that +we here use MB_LEN_MAX as the size argument in the mbrlen +call. This is acceptable since a) this value is larger then the length of +the longest multibyte character sequence and b) we know that the string +s ends with a NUL byte, which cannot be part of any other multibyte +character sequence but the one representing the NUL wide character. +Therefore, the mbrlen function will never read invalid memory. +

+

Now that this function is available (just to make this clear, this +function is not part of the GNU C library) we can compute the +number of wide character required to store the converted multibyte +character string s using +

+
 
wcs_bytes = (mbslen (s) + 1) * sizeof (wchar_t);
+
+ +

Please note that the mbslen function is quite inefficient. The +implementation of mbstouwcs with mbslen would have to +perform the conversion of the multibyte character input string twice, and +this conversion might be quite expensive. So it is necessary to think +about the consequences of using the easier but imprecise method before +doing the work twice. +

+
+
Function: size_t wcrtomb (char *restrict s, wchar_t wc, mbstate_t *restrict ps) + +
+

The wcrtomb function (“wide character restartable to +multibyte”) converts a single wide character into a multibyte string +corresponding to that wide character. +

+

If s is a null pointer, the function resets the state stored in +the objects pointed to by ps (or the internal mbstate_t +object) to the initial state. This can also be achieved by a call like +this: +

+
 
wcrtombs (temp_buf, L'\0', ps)
+
+ +

since, if s is a null pointer, wcrtomb performs as if it +writes into an internal buffer, which is guaranteed to be large enough. +

+

If wc is the NUL wide character, wcrtomb emits, if +necessary, a shift sequence to get the state ps into the initial +state followed by a single NUL byte, which is stored in the string +s. +

+

Otherwise a byte sequence (possibly including shift sequences) is written +into the string s. This only happens if wc is a valid wide +character (i.e., it has a multibyte representation in the character set +selected by locale of the LC_CTYPE category). If wc is no +valid wide character, nothing is stored in the strings s, +errno is set to EILSEQ, the conversion state in ps +is undefined and the return value is (size_t) -1. +

+

If no error occurred the function returns the number of bytes stored in +the string s. This includes all bytes representing shift +sequences. +

+

One word about the interface of the function: there is no parameter +specifying the length of the array s. Instead the function +assumes that there are at least MB_CUR_MAX bytes available since +this is the maximum length of any byte sequence representing a single +character. So the caller has to make sure that there is enough space +available, otherwise buffer overruns can occur. +

+ +

wcrtomb was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90 and is +declared in ‘wchar.h’. +

+ +

Using wcrtomb is as easy as using mbrtowc. The following +example appends a wide character string to a multibyte character string. +Again, the code is not really useful (or correct), it is simply here to +demonstrate the use and some problems. +

+
 
char *
+mbscatwcs (char *s, size_t len, const wchar_t *ws)
+{
+  mbstate_t state;
+  /* Find the end of the existing string.  */
+  char *wp = strchr (s, '\0');
+  len -= wp - s;
+  memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (state));
+  do
+    {
+      size_t nbytes;
+      if (len < MB_CUR_LEN)
+        {
+          /* We cannot guarantee that the next
+             character fits into the buffer, so
+             return an error.  */
+          errno = E2BIG;
+          return NULL;
+        }
+      nbytes = wcrtomb (wp, *ws, &state);
+      if (nbytes == (size_t) -1)
+        /* Error in the conversion.  */
+        return NULL;
+      len -= nbytes;
+      wp += nbytes;
+    }
+  while (*ws++ != L'\0');
+  return s;
+}
+
+ +

First the function has to find the end of the string currently in the +array s. The strchr call does this very efficiently since a +requirement for multibyte character representations is that the NUL byte +is never used except to represent itself (and in this context, the end +of the string). +

+

After initializing the state object the loop is entered where the first +task is to make sure there is enough room in the array s. We +abort if there are not at least MB_CUR_LEN bytes available. This +is not always optimal but we have no other choice. We might have less +than MB_CUR_LEN bytes available but the next multibyte character +might also be only one byte long. At the time the wcrtomb call +returns it is too late to decide whether the buffer was large enough. If +this solution is unsuitable, there is a very slow but more accurate +solution. +

+
 
  …
+  if (len < MB_CUR_LEN)
+    {
+      mbstate_t temp_state;
+      memcpy (&temp_state, &state, sizeof (state));
+      if (wcrtomb (NULL, *ws, &temp_state) > len)
+        {
+          /* We cannot guarantee that the next
+             character fits into the buffer, so
+             return an error.  */
+          errno = E2BIG;
+          return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+  …
+
+ +

Here we perform the conversion that might overflow the buffer so that +we are afterwards in the position to make an exact decision about the +buffer size. Please note the NULL argument for the destination +buffer in the new wcrtomb call; since we are not interested in the +converted text at this point, this is a nice way to express this. The +most unusual thing about this piece of code certainly is the duplication +of the conversion state object, but if a change of the state is necessary +to emit the next multibyte character, we want to have the same shift state +change performed in the real conversion. Therefore, we have to preserve +the initial shift state information. +

+

There are certainly many more and even better solutions to this problem. +This example is only provided for educational purposes. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

6.3.4 Converting Multibyte and Wide Character Strings

+ +

The functions described in the previous section only convert a single +character at a time. Most operations to be performed in real-world +programs include strings and therefore the ISO C standard also +defines conversions on entire strings. However, the defined set of +functions is quite limited; therefore, the GNU C library contains a few +extensions that can help in some important situations. +

+
+
Function: size_t mbsrtowcs (wchar_t *restrict dst, const char **restrict src, size_t len, mbstate_t *restrict ps) + +
+

The mbsrtowcs function (“multibyte string restartable to wide +character string”) converts an NUL-terminated multibyte character +string at *src into an equivalent wide character string, +including the NUL wide character at the end. The conversion is started +using the state information from the object pointed to by ps or +from an internal object of mbsrtowcs if ps is a null +pointer. Before returning, the state object is updated to match the state +after the last converted character. The state is the initial state if the +terminating NUL byte is reached and converted. +

+

If dst is not a null pointer, the result is stored in the array +pointed to by dst; otherwise, the conversion result is not +available since it is stored in an internal buffer. +

+

If len wide characters are stored in the array dst before +reaching the end of the input string, the conversion stops and len +is returned. If dst is a null pointer, len is never checked. +

+

Another reason for a premature return from the function call is if the +input string contains an invalid multibyte sequence. In this case the +global variable errno is set to EILSEQ and the function +returns (size_t) -1. +

+ +

In all other cases the function returns the number of wide characters +converted during this call. If dst is not null, mbsrtowcs +stores in the pointer pointed to by src either a null pointer (if +the NUL byte in the input string was reached) or the address of the byte +following the last converted multibyte character. +

+ +

mbsrtowcs was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90 and is +declared in ‘wchar.h’. +

+ +

The definition of the mbsrtowcs function has one important +limitation. The requirement that dst has to be a NUL-terminated +string provides problems if one wants to convert buffers with text. A +buffer is normally no collection of NUL-terminated strings but instead a +continuous collection of lines, separated by newline characters. Now +assume that a function to convert one line from a buffer is needed. Since +the line is not NUL-terminated, the source pointer cannot directly point +into the unmodified text buffer. This means, either one inserts the NUL +byte at the appropriate place for the time of the mbsrtowcs +function call (which is not doable for a read-only buffer or in a +multi-threaded application) or one copies the line in an extra buffer +where it can be terminated by a NUL byte. Note that it is not in general +possible to limit the number of characters to convert by setting the +parameter len to any specific value. Since it is not known how +many bytes each multibyte character sequence is in length, one can only +guess. +

+ +

There is still a problem with the method of NUL-terminating a line right +after the newline character, which could lead to very strange results. +As said in the description of the mbsrtowcs function above the +conversion state is guaranteed to be in the initial shift state after +processing the NUL byte at the end of the input string. But this NUL +byte is not really part of the text (i.e., the conversion state after +the newline in the original text could be something different than the +initial shift state and therefore the first character of the next line +is encoded using this state). But the state in question is never +accessible to the user since the conversion stops after the NUL byte +(which resets the state). Most stateful character sets in use today +require that the shift state after a newline be the initial state–but +this is not a strict guarantee. Therefore, simply NUL-terminating a +piece of a running text is not always an adequate solution and, +therefore, should never be used in generally used code. +

+

The generic conversion interface (see section Generic Charset Conversion) +does not have this limitation (it simply works on buffers, not +strings), and the GNU C library contains a set of functions that take +additional parameters specifying the maximal number of bytes that are +consumed from the input string. This way the problem of +mbsrtowcs's example above could be solved by determining the line +length and passing this length to the function. +

+
+
Function: size_t wcsrtombs (char *restrict dst, const wchar_t **restrict src, size_t len, mbstate_t *restrict ps) + +
+

The wcsrtombs function (“wide character string restartable to +multibyte string”) converts the NUL-terminated wide character string at +*src into an equivalent multibyte character string and +stores the result in the array pointed to by dst. The NUL wide +character is also converted. The conversion starts in the state +described in the object pointed to by ps or by a state object +locally to wcsrtombs in case ps is a null pointer. If +dst is a null pointer, the conversion is performed as usual but the +result is not available. If all characters of the input string were +successfully converted and if dst is not a null pointer, the +pointer pointed to by src gets assigned a null pointer. +

+

If one of the wide characters in the input string has no valid multibyte +character equivalent, the conversion stops early, sets the global +variable errno to EILSEQ, and returns (size_t) -1. +

+

Another reason for a premature stop is if dst is not a null +pointer and the next converted character would require more than +len bytes in total to the array dst. In this case (and if +dest is not a null pointer) the pointer pointed to by src is +assigned a value pointing to the wide character right after the last one +successfully converted. +

+

Except in the case of an encoding error the return value of the +wcsrtombs function is the number of bytes in all the multibyte +character sequences stored in dst. Before returning the state in +the object pointed to by ps (or the internal object in case +ps is a null pointer) is updated to reflect the state after the +last conversion. The state is the initial shift state in case the +terminating NUL wide character was converted. +

+ +

The wcsrtombs function was introduced in Amendment 1 to +ISO C90 and is declared in ‘wchar.h’. +

+ +

The restriction mentioned above for the mbsrtowcs function applies +here also. There is no possibility of directly controlling the number of +input characters. One has to place the NUL wide character at the correct +place or control the consumed input indirectly via the available output +array size (the len parameter). +

+
+
Function: size_t mbsnrtowcs (wchar_t *restrict dst, const char **restrict src, size_t nmc, size_t len, mbstate_t *restrict ps) + +
+

The mbsnrtowcs function is very similar to the mbsrtowcs +function. All the parameters are the same except for nmc, which is +new. The return value is the same as for mbsrtowcs. +

+

This new parameter specifies how many bytes at most can be used from the +multibyte character string. In other words, the multibyte character +string *src need not be NUL-terminated. But if a NUL byte +is found within the nmc first bytes of the string, the conversion +stops here. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. It is meant to work around the +problems mentioned above. Now it is possible to convert a buffer with +multibyte character text piece for piece without having to care about +inserting NUL bytes and the effect of NUL bytes on the conversion state. +

+ +

A function to convert a multibyte string into a wide character string +and display it could be written like this (this is not a really useful +example): +

+
 
void
+showmbs (const char *src, FILE *fp)
+{
+  mbstate_t state;
+  int cnt = 0;
+  memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (state));
+  while (1)
+    {
+      wchar_t linebuf[100];
+      const char *endp = strchr (src, '\n');
+      size_t n;
+
+      /* Exit if there is no more line.  */
+      if (endp == NULL)
+        break;
+
+      n = mbsnrtowcs (linebuf, &src, endp - src, 99, &state);
+      linebuf[n] = L'\0';
+      fprintf (fp, "line %d: \"%S\"\n", linebuf);
+    }
+}
+
+ +

There is no problem with the state after a call to mbsnrtowcs. +Since we don't insert characters in the strings that were not in there +right from the beginning and we use state only for the conversion +of the given buffer, there is no problem with altering the state. +

+
+
Function: size_t wcsnrtombs (char *restrict dst, const wchar_t **restrict src, size_t nwc, size_t len, mbstate_t *restrict ps) + +
+

The wcsnrtombs function implements the conversion from wide +character strings to multibyte character strings. It is similar to +wcsrtombs but, just like mbsnrtowcs, it takes an extra +parameter, which specifies the length of the input string. +

+

No more than nwc wide characters from the input string +*src are converted. If the input string contains a NUL +wide character in the first nwc characters, the conversion stops at +this place. +

+

The wcsnrtombs function is a GNU extension and just like +mbsnrtowcs helps in situations where no NUL-terminated input +strings are available. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

6.3.5 A Complete Multibyte Conversion Example

+ +

The example programs given in the last sections are only brief and do +not contain all the error checking, etc. Presented here is a complete +and documented example. It features the mbrtowc function but it +should be easy to derive versions using the other functions. +

+
 
int
+file_mbsrtowcs (int input, int output)
+{
+  /* Note the use of MB_LEN_MAX.
+     MB_CUR_MAX cannot portably be used here.  */
+  char buffer[BUFSIZ + MB_LEN_MAX];
+  mbstate_t state;
+  int filled = 0;
+  int eof = 0;
+
+  /* Initialize the state.  */
+  memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (state));
+
+  while (!eof)
+    {
+      ssize_t nread;
+      ssize_t nwrite;
+      char *inp = buffer;
+      wchar_t outbuf[BUFSIZ];
+      wchar_t *outp = outbuf;
+
+      /* Fill up the buffer from the input file.  */
+      nread = read (input, buffer + filled, BUFSIZ);
+      if (nread < 0)
+        {
+          perror ("read");
+          return 0;
+        }
+      /* If we reach end of file, make a note to read no more. */
+      if (nread == 0)
+        eof = 1;
+
+      /* filled is now the number of bytes in buffer. */
+      filled += nread;
+
+      /* Convert those bytes to wide characters--as many as we can. */
+      while (1)
+        {
+          size_t thislen = mbrtowc (outp, inp, filled, &state);
+          /* Stop converting at invalid character;
+             this can mean we have read just the first part
+             of a valid character.  */
+          if (thislen == (size_t) -1)
+            break;
+          /* We want to handle embedded NUL bytes
+             but the return value is 0.  Correct this.  */
+          if (thislen == 0)
+            thislen = 1;
+          /* Advance past this character. */
+          inp += thislen;
+          filled -= thislen;
+          ++outp;
+        }
+
+      /* Write the wide characters we just made.  */
+      nwrite = write (output, outbuf,
+                      (outp - outbuf) * sizeof (wchar_t));
+      if (nwrite < 0)
+        {
+          perror ("write");
+          return 0;
+        }
+
+      /* See if we have a real invalid character. */
+      if ((eof && filled > 0) || filled >= MB_CUR_MAX)
+        {
+          error (0, 0, "invalid multibyte character");
+          return 0;
+        }
+
+      /* If any characters must be carried forward,
+         put them at the beginning of buffer. */
+      if (filled > 0)
+        memmove (buffer, inp, filled);
+    }
+
+  return 1;
+}
+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

6.4 Non-reentrant Conversion Function

+ +

The functions described in the previous chapter are defined in +Amendment 1 to ISO C90, but the original ISO C90 standard +also contained functions for character set conversion. The reason that +these original functions are not described first is that they are almost +entirely useless. +

+

The problem is that all the conversion functions described in the +original ISO C90 use a local state. Using a local state implies that +multiple conversions at the same time (not only when using threads) +cannot be done, and that you cannot first convert single characters and +then strings since you cannot tell the conversion functions which state +to use. +

+

These original functions are therefore usable only in a very limited set +of situations. One must complete converting the entire string before +starting a new one, and each string/text must be converted with the same +function (there is no problem with the library itself; it is guaranteed +that no library function changes the state of any of these functions). +For the above reasons it is highly requested that the functions +described in the previous section be used in place of non-reentrant +conversion functions. +

+ + + + +
6.4.1 Non-reentrant Conversion of Single Characters  
6.4.2 Non-reentrant Conversion of Strings  
6.4.3 States in Non-reentrant Functions  
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

6.4.1 Non-reentrant Conversion of Single Characters

+ +
+
Function: int mbtowc (wchar_t *restrict result, const char *restrict string, size_t size) + +
+

The mbtowc (“multibyte to wide character”) function when called +with non-null string converts the first multibyte character +beginning at string to its corresponding wide character code. It +stores the result in *result. +

+

mbtowc never examines more than size bytes. (The idea is +to supply for size the number of bytes of data you have in hand.) +

+

mbtowc with non-null string distinguishes three +possibilities: the first size bytes at string start with +valid multibyte characters, they start with an invalid byte sequence or +just part of a character, or string points to an empty string (a +null character). +

+

For a valid multibyte character, mbtowc converts it to a wide +character and stores that in *result, and returns the +number of bytes in that character (always at least 1 and never +more than size). +

+

For an invalid byte sequence, mbtowc returns -1. For an +empty string, it returns 0, also storing '\0' in +*result. +

+

If the multibyte character code uses shift characters, then +mbtowc maintains and updates a shift state as it scans. If you +call mbtowc with a null pointer for string, that +initializes the shift state to its standard initial value. It also +returns nonzero if the multibyte character code in use actually has a +shift state. See section States in Non-reentrant Functions. +

+ +
+
Function: int wctomb (char *string, wchar_t wchar) + +
+

The wctomb (“wide character to multibyte”) function converts +the wide character code wchar to its corresponding multibyte +character sequence, and stores the result in bytes starting at +string. At most MB_CUR_MAX characters are stored. +

+

wctomb with non-null string distinguishes three +possibilities for wchar: a valid wide character code (one that can +be translated to a multibyte character), an invalid code, and +L'\0'. +

+

Given a valid code, wctomb converts it to a multibyte character, +storing the bytes starting at string. Then it returns the number +of bytes in that character (always at least 1 and never more +than MB_CUR_MAX). +

+

If wchar is an invalid wide character code, wctomb returns +-1. If wchar is L'\0', it returns 0, also +storing '\0' in *string. +

+

If the multibyte character code uses shift characters, then +wctomb maintains and updates a shift state as it scans. If you +call wctomb with a null pointer for string, that +initializes the shift state to its standard initial value. It also +returns nonzero if the multibyte character code in use actually has a +shift state. See section States in Non-reentrant Functions. +

+

Calling this function with a wchar argument of zero when +string is not null has the side-effect of reinitializing the +stored shift state as well as storing the multibyte character +'\0' and returning 0. +

+ +

Similar to mbrlen there is also a non-reentrant function that +computes the length of a multibyte character. It can be defined in +terms of mbtowc. +

+
+
Function: int mblen (const char *string, size_t size) + +
+

The mblen function with a non-null string argument returns +the number of bytes that make up the multibyte character beginning at +string, never examining more than size bytes. (The idea is +to supply for size the number of bytes of data you have in hand.) +

+

The return value of mblen distinguishes three possibilities: the +first size bytes at string start with valid multibyte +characters, they start with an invalid byte sequence or just part of a +character, or string points to an empty string (a null character). +

+

For a valid multibyte character, mblen returns the number of +bytes in that character (always at least 1 and never more than +size). For an invalid byte sequence, mblen returns +-1. For an empty string, it returns 0. +

+

If the multibyte character code uses shift characters, then mblen +maintains and updates a shift state as it scans. If you call +mblen with a null pointer for string, that initializes the +shift state to its standard initial value. It also returns a nonzero +value if the multibyte character code in use actually has a shift state. +See section States in Non-reentrant Functions. +

+ +

The function mblen is declared in ‘stdlib.h’. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

6.4.2 Non-reentrant Conversion of Strings

+ +

For convenience the ISO C90 standard also defines functions to +convert entire strings instead of single characters. These functions +suffer from the same problems as their reentrant counterparts from +Amendment 1 to ISO C90; see Converting Multibyte and Wide Character Strings. +

+
+
Function: size_t mbstowcs (wchar_t *wstring, const char *string, size_t size) + +
+

The mbstowcs (“multibyte string to wide character string”) +function converts the null-terminated string of multibyte characters +string to an array of wide character codes, storing not more than +size wide characters into the array beginning at wstring. +The terminating null character counts towards the size, so if size +is less than the actual number of wide characters resulting from +string, no terminating null character is stored. +

+

The conversion of characters from string begins in the initial +shift state. +

+

If an invalid multibyte character sequence is found, the mbstowcs +function returns a value of -1. Otherwise, it returns the number +of wide characters stored in the array wstring. This number does +not include the terminating null character, which is present if the +number is less than size. +

+

Here is an example showing how to convert a string of multibyte +characters, allocating enough space for the result. +

+
 
wchar_t *
+mbstowcs_alloc (const char *string)
+{
+  size_t size = strlen (string) + 1;
+  wchar_t *buf = xmalloc (size * sizeof (wchar_t));
+
+  size = mbstowcs (buf, string, size);
+  if (size == (size_t) -1)
+    return NULL;
+  buf = xrealloc (buf, (size + 1) * sizeof (wchar_t));
+  return buf;
+}
+
+ +
+ +
+
Function: size_t wcstombs (char *string, const wchar_t *wstring, size_t size) + +
+

The wcstombs (“wide character string to multibyte string”) +function converts the null-terminated wide character array wstring +into a string containing multibyte characters, storing not more than +size bytes starting at string, followed by a terminating +null character if there is room. The conversion of characters begins in +the initial shift state. +

+

The terminating null character counts towards the size, so if size +is less than or equal to the number of bytes needed in wstring, no +terminating null character is stored. +

+

If a code that does not correspond to a valid multibyte character is +found, the wcstombs function returns a value of -1. +Otherwise, the return value is the number of bytes stored in the array +string. This number does not include the terminating null character, +which is present if the number is less than size. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

6.4.3 States in Non-reentrant Functions

+ +

In some multibyte character codes, the meaning of any particular +byte sequence is not fixed; it depends on what other sequences have come +earlier in the same string. Typically there are just a few sequences that +can change the meaning of other sequences; these few are called +shift sequences and we say that they set the shift state for +other sequences that follow. +

+

To illustrate shift state and shift sequences, suppose we decide that +the sequence 0200 (just one byte) enters Japanese mode, in which +pairs of bytes in the range from 0240 to 0377 are single +characters, while 0201 enters Latin-1 mode, in which single bytes +in the range from 0240 to 0377 are characters, and +interpreted according to the ISO Latin-1 character set. This is a +multibyte code that has two alternative shift states (“Japanese mode” +and “Latin-1 mode”), and two shift sequences that specify particular +shift states. +

+

When the multibyte character code in use has shift states, then +mblen, mbtowc, and wctomb must maintain and update +the current shift state as they scan the string. To make this work +properly, you must follow these rules: +

+
    +
  • +Before starting to scan a string, call the function with a null pointer +for the multibyte character address—for example, mblen (NULL, +0). This initializes the shift state to its standard initial value. + +
  • +Scan the string one character at a time, in order. Do not “back up” +and rescan characters already scanned, and do not intersperse the +processing of different strings. +
+ +

Here is an example of using mblen following these rules: +

+
 
void
+scan_string (char *s)
+{
+  int length = strlen (s);
+
+  /* Initialize shift state.  */
+  mblen (NULL, 0);
+
+  while (1)
+    {
+      int thischar = mblen (s, length);
+      /* Deal with end of string and invalid characters.  */
+      if (thischar == 0)
+        break;
+      if (thischar == -1)
+        {
+          error ("invalid multibyte character");
+          break;
+        }
+      /* Advance past this character.  */
+      s += thischar;
+      length -= thischar;
+    }
+}
+
+ +

The functions mblen, mbtowc and wctomb are not +reentrant when using a multibyte code that uses a shift state. However, +no other library functions call these functions, so you don't have to +worry that the shift state will be changed mysteriously. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

6.5 Generic Charset Conversion

+ +

The conversion functions mentioned so far in this chapter all had in +common that they operate on character sets that are not directly +specified by the functions. The multibyte encoding used is specified by +the currently selected locale for the LC_CTYPE category. The +wide character set is fixed by the implementation (in the case of GNU C +library it is always UCS-4 encoded ISO 10646. +

+

This has of course several problems when it comes to general character +conversion: +

+
    +
  • +For every conversion where neither the source nor the destination +character set is the character set of the locale for the LC_CTYPE +category, one has to change the LC_CTYPE locale using +setlocale. + +

    Changing the LC_TYPE locale introduces major problems for the rest +of the programs since several more functions (e.g., the character +classification functions, see section Classification of Characters) use the +LC_CTYPE category. +

    +
  • +Parallel conversions to and from different character sets are not +possible since the LC_CTYPE selection is global and shared by all +threads. + +
  • +If neither the source nor the destination character set is the character +set used for wchar_t representation, there is at least a two-step +process necessary to convert a text using the functions above. One would +have to select the source character set as the multibyte encoding, +convert the text into a wchar_t text, select the destination +character set as the multibyte encoding, and convert the wide character +text to the multibyte (= destination) character set. + +

    Even if this is possible (which is not guaranteed) it is a very tiring +work. Plus it suffers from the other two raised points even more due to +the steady changing of the locale. +

+ +

The XPG2 standard defines a completely new set of functions, which has +none of these limitations. They are not at all coupled to the selected +locales, and they have no constraints on the character sets selected for +source and destination. Only the set of available conversions limits +them. The standard does not specify that any conversion at all must be +available. Such availability is a measure of the quality of the +implementation. +

+

In the following text first the interface to iconv and then the +conversion function, will be described. Comparisons with other +implementations will show what obstacles stand in the way of portable +applications. Finally, the implementation is described in so far as might +interest the advanced user who wants to extend conversion capabilities. +

+ + + + + +
6.5.1 Generic Character Set Conversion Interface  
6.5.2 A complete iconv example  
6.5.3 Some Details about other iconv Implementations  
6.5.4 The iconv Implementation in the GNU C library  
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

6.5.1 Generic Character Set Conversion Interface

+ +

This set of functions follows the traditional cycle of using a resource: +open–use–close. The interface consists of three functions, each of +which implements one step. +

+

Before the interfaces are described it is necessary to introduce a +data type. Just like other open–use–close interfaces the functions +introduced here work using handles and the ‘iconv.h’ header +defines a special type for the handles used. +

+
+
Data Type: iconv_t + +
+

This data type is an abstract type defined in ‘iconv.h’. The user +must not assume anything about the definition of this type; it must be +completely opaque. +

+

Objects of this type can get assigned handles for the conversions using +the iconv functions. The objects themselves need not be freed, but +the conversions for which the handles stand for have to. +

+ +

The first step is the function to create a handle. +

+
+
Function: iconv_t iconv_open (const char *tocode, const char *fromcode) + +
+

The iconv_open function has to be used before starting a +conversion. The two parameters this function takes determine the +source and destination character set for the conversion, and if the +implementation has the possibility to perform such a conversion, the +function returns a handle. +

+

If the wanted conversion is not available, the iconv_open function +returns (iconv_t) -1. In this case the global variable +errno can have the following values: +

+
+
EMFILE
+

The process already has OPEN_MAX file descriptors open. +

+
ENFILE
+

The system limit of open file is reached. +

+
ENOMEM
+

Not enough memory to carry out the operation. +

+
EINVAL
+

The conversion from fromcode to tocode is not supported. +

+
+ +

It is not possible to use the same descriptor in different threads to +perform independent conversions. The data structures associated +with the descriptor include information about the conversion state. +This must not be messed up by using it in different conversions. +

+

An iconv descriptor is like a file descriptor as for every use a +new descriptor must be created. The descriptor does not stand for all +of the conversions from fromset to toset. +

+

The GNU C library implementation of iconv_open has one +significant extension to other implementations. To ease the extension +of the set of available conversions, the implementation allows storing +the necessary files with data and code in an arbitrary number of +directories. How this extension must be written will be explained below +(see section The iconv Implementation in the GNU C library). Here it is only important to say +that all directories mentioned in the GCONV_PATH environment +variable are considered only if they contain a file ‘gconv-modules’. +These directories need not necessarily be created by the system +administrator. In fact, this extension is introduced to help users +writing and using their own, new conversions. Of course, this does not +work for security reasons in SUID binaries; in this case only the system +directory is considered and this normally is +‘prefix/lib/gconv’. The GCONV_PATH environment +variable is examined exactly once at the first call of the +iconv_open function. Later modifications of the variable have no +effect. +

+ +

The iconv_open function was introduced early in the X/Open +Portability Guide, version 2. It is supported by all commercial +Unices as it is required for the Unix branding. However, the quality and +completeness of the implementation varies widely. The iconv_open +function is declared in ‘iconv.h’. +

+ +

The iconv implementation can associate large data structure with +the handle returned by iconv_open. Therefore, it is crucial to +free all the resources once all conversions are carried out and the +conversion is not needed anymore. +

+
+
Function: int iconv_close (iconv_t cd) + +
+

The iconv_close function frees all resources associated with the +handle cd, which must have been returned by a successful call to +the iconv_open function. +

+

If the function call was successful the return value is 0. +Otherwise it is -1 and errno is set appropriately. +Defined error are: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The conversion descriptor is invalid. +

+
+ + +

The iconv_close function was introduced together with the rest +of the iconv functions in XPG2 and is declared in ‘iconv.h’. +

+ +

The standard defines only one actual conversion function. This has, +therefore, the most general interface: it allows conversion from one +buffer to another. Conversion from a file to a buffer, vice versa, or +even file to file can be implemented on top of it. +

+
+
Function: size_t iconv (iconv_t cd, char **inbuf, size_t *inbytesleft, char **outbuf, size_t *outbytesleft) + +
+
+

The iconv function converts the text in the input buffer +according to the rules associated with the descriptor cd and +stores the result in the output buffer. It is possible to call the +function for the same text several times in a row since for stateful +character sets the necessary state information is kept in the data +structures associated with the descriptor. +

+

The input buffer is specified by *inbuf and it contains +*inbytesleft bytes. The extra indirection is necessary for +communicating the used input back to the caller (see below). It is +important to note that the buffer pointer is of type char and the +length is measured in bytes even if the input text is encoded in wide +characters. +

+

The output buffer is specified in a similar way. *outbuf +points to the beginning of the buffer with at least +*outbytesleft bytes room for the result. The buffer +pointer again is of type char and the length is measured in +bytes. If outbuf or *outbuf is a null pointer, the +conversion is performed but no output is available. +

+

If inbuf is a null pointer, the iconv function performs the +necessary action to put the state of the conversion into the initial +state. This is obviously a no-op for non-stateful encodings, but if the +encoding has a state, such a function call might put some byte sequences +in the output buffer, which perform the necessary state changes. The +next call with inbuf not being a null pointer then simply goes on +from the initial state. It is important that the programmer never makes +any assumption as to whether the conversion has to deal with states. +Even if the input and output character sets are not stateful, the +implementation might still have to keep states. This is due to the +implementation chosen for the GNU C library as it is described below. +Therefore an iconv call to reset the state should always be +performed if some protocol requires this for the output text. +

+

The conversion stops for one of three reasons. The first is that all +characters from the input buffer are converted. This actually can mean +two things: either all bytes from the input buffer are consumed or +there are some bytes at the end of the buffer that possibly can form a +complete character but the input is incomplete. The second reason for a +stop is that the output buffer is full. And the third reason is that +the input contains invalid characters. +

+

In all of these cases the buffer pointers after the last successful +conversion, for input and output buffer, are stored in inbuf and +outbuf, and the available room in each buffer is stored in +inbytesleft and outbytesleft. +

+

Since the character sets selected in the iconv_open call can be +almost arbitrary, there can be situations where the input buffer contains +valid characters, which have no identical representation in the output +character set. The behavior in this situation is undefined. The +current behavior of the GNU C library in this situation is to +return with an error immediately. This certainly is not the most +desirable solution; therefore, future versions will provide better ones, +but they are not yet finished. +

+

If all input from the input buffer is successfully converted and stored +in the output buffer, the function returns the number of non-reversible +conversions performed. In all other cases the return value is +(size_t) -1 and errno is set appropriately. In such cases +the value pointed to by inbytesleft is nonzero. +

+
+
EILSEQ
+

The conversion stopped because of an invalid byte sequence in the input. +After the call, *inbuf points at the first byte of the +invalid byte sequence. +

+
+
E2BIG
+

The conversion stopped because it ran out of space in the output buffer. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The conversion stopped because of an incomplete byte sequence at the end +of the input buffer. +

+
+
EBADF
+

The cd argument is invalid. +

+
+ + +

The iconv function was introduced in the XPG2 standard and is +declared in the ‘iconv.h’ header. +

+ +

The definition of the iconv function is quite good overall. It +provides quite flexible functionality. The only problems lie in the +boundary cases, which are incomplete byte sequences at the end of the +input buffer and invalid input. A third problem, which is not really +a design problem, is the way conversions are selected. The standard +does not say anything about the legitimate names, a minimal set of +available conversions. We will see how this negatively impacts other +implementations, as demonstrated below. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

6.5.2 A complete iconv example

+ +

The example below features a solution for a common problem. Given that +one knows the internal encoding used by the system for wchar_t +strings, one often is in the position to read text from a file and store +it in wide character buffers. One can do this using mbsrtowcs, +but then we run into the problems discussed above. +

+
 
int
+file2wcs (int fd, const char *charset, wchar_t *outbuf, size_t avail)
+{
+  char inbuf[BUFSIZ];
+  size_t insize = 0;
+  char *wrptr = (char *) outbuf;
+  int result = 0;
+  iconv_t cd;
+
+  cd = iconv_open ("WCHAR_T", charset);
+  if (cd == (iconv_t) -1)
+    {
+      /* Something went wrong.  */
+      if (errno == EINVAL)
+        error (0, 0, "conversion from '%s' to wchar_t not available",
+               charset);
+      else
+        perror ("iconv_open");
+
+      /* Terminate the output string.  */
+      *outbuf = L'\0';
+
+      return -1;
+    }
+
+  while (avail > 0)
+    {
+      size_t nread;
+      size_t nconv;
+      char *inptr = inbuf;
+
+      /* Read more input.  */
+      nread = read (fd, inbuf + insize, sizeof (inbuf) - insize);
+      if (nread == 0)
+        {
+          /* When we come here the file is completely read.
+             This still could mean there are some unused
+             characters in the inbuf.  Put them back.  */
+          if (lseek (fd, -insize, SEEK_CUR) == -1)
+            result = -1;
+
+          /* Now write out the byte sequence to get into the
+             initial state if this is necessary.  */
+          iconv (cd, NULL, NULL, &wrptr, &avail);
+
+          break;
+        }
+      insize += nread;
+
+      /* Do the conversion.  */
+      nconv = iconv (cd, &inptr, &insize, &wrptr, &avail);
+      if (nconv == (size_t) -1)
+        {
+          /* Not everything went right.  It might only be
+             an unfinished byte sequence at the end of the
+             buffer.  Or it is a real problem.  */
+          if (errno == EINVAL)
+            /* This is harmless.  Simply move the unused
+               bytes to the beginning of the buffer so that
+               they can be used in the next round.  */
+            memmove (inbuf, inptr, insize);
+          else
+            {
+              /* It is a real problem.  Maybe we ran out of
+                 space in the output buffer or we have invalid
+                 input.  In any case back the file pointer to
+                 the position of the last processed byte.  */
+              lseek (fd, -insize, SEEK_CUR);
+              result = -1;
+              break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+  /* Terminate the output string.  */
+  if (avail >= sizeof (wchar_t))
+    *((wchar_t *) wrptr) = L'\0';
+
+  if (iconv_close (cd) != 0)
+    perror ("iconv_close");
+
+  return (wchar_t *) wrptr - outbuf;
+}
+
+ + +

This example shows the most important aspects of using the iconv +functions. It shows how successive calls to iconv can be used to +convert large amounts of text. The user does not have to care about +stateful encodings as the functions take care of everything. +

+

An interesting point is the case where iconv returns an error and +errno is set to EINVAL. This is not really an error in the +transformation. It can happen whenever the input character set contains +byte sequences of more than one byte for some character and texts are not +processed in one piece. In this case there is a chance that a multibyte +sequence is cut. The caller can then simply read the remainder of the +takes and feed the offending bytes together with new character from the +input to iconv and continue the work. The internal state kept in +the descriptor is not unspecified after such an event as is the +case with the conversion functions from the ISO C standard. +

+

The example also shows the problem of using wide character strings with +iconv. As explained in the description of the iconv +function above, the function always takes a pointer to a char +array and the available space is measured in bytes. In the example, the +output buffer is a wide character buffer; therefore, we use a local +variable wrptr of type char *, which is used in the +iconv calls. +

+

This looks rather innocent but can lead to problems on platforms that +have tight restriction on alignment. Therefore the caller of iconv +has to make sure that the pointers passed are suitable for access of +characters from the appropriate character set. Since, in the +above case, the input parameter to the function is a wchar_t +pointer, this is the case (unless the user violates alignment when +computing the parameter). But in other situations, especially when +writing generic functions where one does not know what type of character +set one uses and, therefore, treats text as a sequence of bytes, it might +become tricky. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

6.5.3 Some Details about other iconv Implementations

+ +

This is not really the place to discuss the iconv implementation +of other systems but it is necessary to know a bit about them to write +portable programs. The above mentioned problems with the specification +of the iconv functions can lead to portability issues. +

+

The first thing to notice is that, due to the large number of character +sets in use, it is certainly not practical to encode the conversions +directly in the C library. Therefore, the conversion information must +come from files outside the C library. This is usually done in one or +both of the following ways: +

+
    +
  • +The C library contains a set of generic conversion functions that can +read the needed conversion tables and other information from data files. +These files get loaded when necessary. + +

    This solution is problematic as it requires a great deal of effort to +apply to all character sets (potentially an infinite set). The +differences in the structure of the different character sets is so large +that many different variants of the table-processing functions must be +developed. In addition, the generic nature of these functions make them +slower than specifically implemented functions. +

    +
  • +The C library only contains a framework that can dynamically load +object files and execute the conversion functions contained therein. + +

    This solution provides much more flexibility. The C library itself +contains only very little code and therefore reduces the general memory +footprint. Also, with a documented interface between the C library and +the loadable modules it is possible for third parties to extend the set +of available conversion modules. A drawback of this solution is that +dynamic loading must be available. +

+ +

Some implementations in commercial Unices implement a mixture of these +possibilities; the majority implement only the second solution. Using +loadable modules moves the code out of the library itself and keeps +the door open for extensions and improvements, but this design is also +limiting on some platforms since not many platforms support dynamic +loading in statically linked programs. On platforms without this +capability it is therefore not possible to use this interface in +statically linked programs. The GNU C library has, on ELF platforms, no +problems with dynamic loading in these situations; therefore, this +point is moot. The danger is that one gets acquainted with this +situation and forgets about the restrictions on other systems. +

+

A second thing to know about other iconv implementations is that +the number of available conversions is often very limited. Some +implementations provide, in the standard release (not special +international or developer releases), at most 100 to 200 conversion +possibilities. This does not mean 200 different character sets are +supported; for example, conversions from one character set to a set of 10 +others might count as 10 conversions. Together with the other direction +this makes 20 conversion possibilities used up by one character set. One +can imagine the thin coverage these platform provide. Some Unix vendors +even provide only a handful of conversions, which renders them useless for +almost all uses. +

+

This directly leads to a third and probably the most problematic point. +The way the iconv conversion functions are implemented on all +known Unix systems and the availability of the conversion functions from +character set A to B and the conversion from +B to C does not imply that the +conversion from A to C is available. +

+

This might not seem unreasonable and problematic at first, but it is a +quite big problem as one will notice shortly after hitting it. To show +the problem we assume to write a program that has to convert from +A to C. A call like +

+
 
cd = iconv_open ("C", "A");
+
+ +

fails according to the assumption above. But what does the program +do now? The conversion is necessary; therefore, simply giving up is not +an option. +

+

This is a nuisance. The iconv function should take care of this. +But how should the program proceed from here on? If it tries to convert +to character set B, first the two iconv_open +calls +

+
 
cd1 = iconv_open ("B", "A");
+
+ +

and +

+
 
cd2 = iconv_open ("C", "B");
+
+ +

will succeed, but how to find B? +

+

Unfortunately, the answer is: there is no general solution. On some +systems guessing might help. On those systems most character sets can +convert to and from UTF-8 encoded ISO 10646 or Unicode text. Beside +this only some very system-specific methods can help. Since the +conversion functions come from loadable modules and these modules must +be stored somewhere in the filesystem, one could try to find them +and determine from the available file which conversions are available +and whether there is an indirect route from A to +C. +

+

This example shows one of the design errors of iconv mentioned +above. It should at least be possible to determine the list of available +conversion programmatically so that if iconv_open says there is no +such conversion, one could make sure this also is true for indirect +routes. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

6.5.4 The iconv Implementation in the GNU C library

+ +

After reading about the problems of iconv implementations in the +last section it is certainly good to note that the implementation in +the GNU C library has none of the problems mentioned above. What +follows is a step-by-step analysis of the points raised above. The +evaluation is based on the current state of the development (as of +January 1999). The development of the iconv functions is not +complete, but basic functionality has solidified. +

+

The GNU C library's iconv implementation uses shared loadable +modules to implement the conversions. A very small number of +conversions are built into the library itself but these are only rather +trivial conversions. +

+

All the benefits of loadable modules are available in the GNU C library +implementation. This is especially appealing since the interface is +well documented (see below), and it, therefore, is easy to write new +conversion modules. The drawback of using loadable objects is not a +problem in the GNU C library, at least on ELF systems. Since the +library is able to load shared objects even in statically linked +binaries, static linking need not be forbidden in case one wants to use +iconv. +

+

The second mentioned problem is the number of supported conversions. +Currently, the GNU C library supports more than 150 character sets. The +way the implementation is designed the number of supported conversions +is greater than 22350 (150 times 149). If any conversion +from or to a character set is missing, it can be added easily. +

+

Particularly impressive as it may be, this high number is due to the +fact that the GNU C library implementation of iconv does not have +the third problem mentioned above (i.e., whenever there is a conversion +from a character set A to B and from +B to C it is always possible to convert from +A to C directly). If the iconv_open +returns an error and sets errno to EINVAL, there is no +known way, directly or indirectly, to perform the wanted conversion. +

+ +

Triangulation is achieved by providing for each character set a +conversion from and to UCS-4 encoded ISO 10646. Using ISO 10646 +as an intermediate representation it is possible to triangulate +(i.e., convert with an intermediate representation). +

+

There is no inherent requirement to provide a conversion to ISO +10646 for a new character set, and it is also possible to provide other +conversions where neither source nor destination character set is ISO +10646. The existing set of conversions is simply meant to cover all +conversions that might be of interest. +

+ + +

All currently available conversions use the triangulation method above, +making conversion run unnecessarily slow. If, for example, somebody +often needs the conversion from ISO-2022-JP to EUC-JP, a quicker solution +would involve direct conversion between the two character sets, skipping +the input to ISO 10646 first. The two character sets of interest +are much more similar to each other than to ISO 10646. +

+

In such a situation one easily can write a new conversion and provide it +as a better alternative. The GNU C library iconv implementation +would automatically use the module implementing the conversion if it is +specified to be more efficient. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

6.5.4.1 Format of ‘gconv-modules’ files

+ +

All information about the available conversions comes from a file named +‘gconv-modules’, which can be found in any of the directories along +the GCONV_PATH. The ‘gconv-modules’ files are line-oriented +text files, where each of the lines has one of the following formats: +

+
    +
  • +If the first non-whitespace character is a # the line contains only +comments and is ignored. + +
  • +Lines starting with alias define an alias name for a character +set. Two more words are expected on the line. The first word +defines the alias name, and the second defines the original name of the +character set. The effect is that it is possible to use the alias name +in the fromset or toset parameters of iconv_open and +achieve the same result as when using the real character set name. + +

    This is quite important as a character set has often many different +names. There is normally an official name but this need not correspond to +the most popular name. Beside this many character sets have special +names that are somehow constructed. For example, all character sets +specified by the ISO have an alias of the form ISO-IR-nnn +where nnn is the registration number. This allows programs that +know about the registration number to construct character set names and +use them in iconv_open calls. More on the available names and +aliases follows below. +

    +
  • +Lines starting with module introduce an available conversion +module. These lines must contain three or four more words. + +

    The first word specifies the source character set, the second word the +destination character set of conversion implemented in this module, and +the third word is the name of the loadable module. The filename is +constructed by appending the usual shared object suffix (normally +‘.so’) and this file is then supposed to be found in the same +directory the ‘gconv-modules’ file is in. The last word on the line, +which is optional, is a numeric value representing the cost of the +conversion. If this word is missing, a cost of 1 is assumed. The +numeric value itself does not matter that much; what counts are the +relative values of the sums of costs for all possible conversion paths. +Below is a more precise description of the use of the cost value. +

+ +

Returning to the example above where one has written a module to directly +convert from ISO-2022-JP to EUC-JP and back. All that has to be done is +to put the new module, let its name be ISO2022JP-EUCJP.so, in a directory +and add a file ‘gconv-modules’ with the following content in the +same directory: +

+
 
module  ISO-2022-JP//   EUC-JP//        ISO2022JP-EUCJP    1
+module  EUC-JP//        ISO-2022-JP//   ISO2022JP-EUCJP    1
+
+ +

To see why this is sufficient, it is necessary to understand how the +conversion used by iconv (and described in the descriptor) is +selected. The approach to this problem is quite simple. +

+

At the first call of the iconv_open function the program reads +all available ‘gconv-modules’ files and builds up two tables: one +containing all the known aliases and another that contains the +information about the conversions and which shared object implements +them. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

6.5.4.2 Finding the conversion path in iconv

+ +

The set of available conversions form a directed graph with weighted +edges. The weights on the edges are the costs specified in the +‘gconv-modules’ files. The iconv_open function uses an +algorithm suitable for search for the best path in such a graph and so +constructs a list of conversions that must be performed in succession +to get the transformation from the source to the destination character +set. +

+

Explaining why the above ‘gconv-modules’ files allows the +iconv implementation to resolve the specific ISO-2022-JP to +EUC-JP conversion module instead of the conversion coming with the +library itself is straightforward. Since the latter conversion takes two +steps (from ISO-2022-JP to ISO 10646 and then from ISO 10646 to +EUC-JP), the cost is 1+1 = 2. The above ‘gconv-modules’ +file, however, specifies that the new conversion modules can perform this +conversion with only the cost of 1. +

+

A mysterious item about the ‘gconv-modules’ file above (and also +the file coming with the GNU C library) are the names of the character +sets specified in the module lines. Why do almost all the names +end in //? And this is not all: the names can actually be +regular expressions. At this point in time this mystery should not be +revealed, unless you have the relevant spell-casting materials: ashes +from an original DOS 6.2 boot disk burnt in effigy, a crucifix +blessed by St. Emacs, assorted herbal roots from Central America, sand +from Cebu, etc. Sorry! The part of the implementation where +this is used is not yet finished. For now please simply follow the +existing examples. It'll become clearer once it is. –drepper +

+

A last remark about the ‘gconv-modules’ is about the names not +ending with //. A character set named INTERNAL is often +mentioned. From the discussion above and the chosen name it should have +become clear that this is the name for the representation used in the +intermediate step of the triangulation. We have said that this is UCS-4 +but actually that is not quite right. The UCS-4 specification also +includes the specification of the byte ordering used. Since a UCS-4 value +consists of four bytes, a stored value is effected by byte ordering. The +internal representation is not the same as UCS-4 in case the byte +ordering of the processor (or at least the running process) is not the +same as the one required for UCS-4. This is done for performance reasons +as one does not want to perform unnecessary byte-swapping operations if +one is not interested in actually seeing the result in UCS-4. To avoid +trouble with endianness, the internal representation consistently is named +INTERNAL even on big-endian systems where the representations are +identical. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

6.5.4.3 iconv module data structures

+ +

So far this section has described how modules are located and considered +to be used. What remains to be described is the interface of the modules +so that one can write new ones. This section describes the interface as +it is in use in January 1999. The interface will change a bit in the +future but, with luck, only in an upwardly compatible way. +

+

The definitions necessary to write new modules are publicly available +in the non-standard header ‘gconv.h’. The following text, +therefore, describes the definitions from this header file. First, +however, it is necessary to get an overview. +

+

From the perspective of the user of iconv the interface is quite +simple: the iconv_open function returns a handle that can be used +in calls to iconv, and finally the handle is freed with a call to +iconv_close. The problem is that the handle has to be able to +represent the possibly long sequences of conversion steps and also the +state of each conversion since the handle is all that is passed to the +iconv function. Therefore, the data structures are really the +elements necessary to understanding the implementation. +

+

We need two different kinds of data structures. The first describes the +conversion and the second describes the state etc. There are really two +type definitions like this in ‘gconv.h’. + +

+
+
Data type: struct __gconv_step + +
+

This data structure describes one conversion a module can perform. For +each function in a loaded module with conversion functions there is +exactly one object of this type. This object is shared by all users of +the conversion (i.e., this object does not contain any information +corresponding to an actual conversion; it only describes the conversion +itself). +

+
+
struct __gconv_loaded_object *__shlib_handle
+
const char *__modname
+
int __counter
+

All these elements of the structure are used internally in the C library +to coordinate loading and unloading the shared. One must not expect any +of the other elements to be available or initialized. +

+
+
const char *__from_name
+
const char *__to_name
+

__from_name and __to_name contain the names of the source and +destination character sets. They can be used to identify the actual +conversion to be carried out since one module might implement conversions +for more than one character set and/or direction. +

+
+
gconv_fct __fct
+
gconv_init_fct __init_fct
+
gconv_end_fct __end_fct
+

These elements contain pointers to the functions in the loadable module. +The interface will be explained below. +

+
+
int __min_needed_from
+
int __max_needed_from
+
int __min_needed_to
+
int __max_needed_to;
+

These values have to be supplied in the init function of the module. The +__min_needed_from value specifies how many bytes a character of +the source character set at least needs. The __max_needed_from +specifies the maximum value that also includes possible shift sequences. +

+

The __min_needed_to and __max_needed_to values serve the +same purpose as __min_needed_from and __max_needed_from but +this time for the destination character set. +

+

It is crucial that these values be accurate since otherwise the +conversion functions will have problems or not work at all. +

+
+
int __stateful
+

This element must also be initialized by the init function. +int __stateful is nonzero if the source character set is stateful. +Otherwise it is zero. +

+
+
void *__data
+

This element can be used freely by the conversion functions in the +module. void *__data can be used to communicate extra information +from one call to another. void *__data need not be initialized if +not needed at all. If void *__data element is assigned a pointer +to dynamically allocated memory (presumably in the init function) it has +to be made sure that the end function deallocates the memory. Otherwise +the application will leak memory. +

+

It is important to be aware that this data structure is shared by all +users of this specification conversion and therefore the __data +element must not contain data specific to one specific use of the +conversion function. +

+
+
+ +
+
Data type: struct __gconv_step_data + +
+

This is the data structure that contains the information specific to +each use of the conversion functions. +

+ +
+
char *__outbuf
+
char *__outbufend
+

These elements specify the output buffer for the conversion step. The +__outbuf element points to the beginning of the buffer, and +__outbufend points to the byte following the last byte in the +buffer. The conversion function must not assume anything about the size +of the buffer but it can be safely assumed the there is room for at +least one complete character in the output buffer. +

+

Once the conversion is finished, if the conversion is the last step, the +__outbuf element must be modified to point after the last byte +written into the buffer to signal how much output is available. If this +conversion step is not the last one, the element must not be modified. +The __outbufend element must not be modified. +

+
+
int __is_last
+

This element is nonzero if this conversion step is the last one. This +information is necessary for the recursion. See the description of the +conversion function internals below. This element must never be +modified. +

+
+
int __invocation_counter
+

The conversion function can use this element to see how many calls of +the conversion function already happened. Some character sets require a +certain prolog when generating output, and by comparing this value with +zero, one can find out whether it is the first call and whether, +therefore, the prolog should be emitted. This element must never be +modified. +

+
+
int __internal_use
+

This element is another one rarely used but needed in certain +situations. It is assigned a nonzero value in case the conversion +functions are used to implement mbsrtowcs et.al. (i.e., the +function is not used directly through the iconv interface). +

+

This sometimes makes a difference as it is expected that the +iconv functions are used to translate entire texts while the +mbsrtowcs functions are normally used only to convert single +strings and might be used multiple times to convert entire texts. +

+

But in this situation we would have problem complying with some rules of +the character set specification. Some character sets require a prolog, +which must appear exactly once for an entire text. If a number of +mbsrtowcs calls are used to convert the text, only the first call +must add the prolog. However, because there is no communication between the +different calls of mbsrtowcs, the conversion functions have no +possibility to find this out. The situation is different for sequences +of iconv calls since the handle allows access to the needed +information. +

+

The int __internal_use element is mostly used together with +__invocation_counter as follows: +

+
 
if (!data->__internal_use
+     && data->__invocation_counter == 0)
+  /* Emit prolog.  */
+  …
+
+ +

This element must never be modified. +

+
+
mbstate_t *__statep
+

The __statep element points to an object of type mbstate_t +(see section Representing the state of the conversion). The conversion of a stateful character +set must use the object pointed to by __statep to store +information about the conversion state. The __statep element +itself must never be modified. +

+
+
mbstate_t __state
+

This element must never be used directly. It is only part of +this structure to have the needed space allocated. +

+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

6.5.4.4 iconv module interfaces

+ +

With the knowledge about the data structures we now can describe the +conversion function itself. To understand the interface a bit of +knowledge is necessary about the functionality in the C library that +loads the objects with the conversions. +

+

It is often the case that one conversion is used more than once (i.e., +there are several iconv_open calls for the same set of character +sets during one program run). The mbsrtowcs et.al. functions in +the GNU C library also use the iconv functionality, which +increases the number of uses of the same functions even more. +

+

Because of this multiple use of conversions, the modules do not get +loaded exclusively for one conversion. Instead a module once loaded can +be used by an arbitrary number of iconv or mbsrtowcs calls +at the same time. The splitting of the information between conversion- +function-specific information and conversion data makes this possible. +The last section showed the two data structures used to do this. +

+

This is of course also reflected in the interface and semantics of the +functions that the modules must provide. There are three functions that +must have the following names: +

+
+
gconv_init
+

The gconv_init function initializes the conversion function +specific data structure. This very same object is shared by all +conversions that use this conversion and, therefore, no state information +about the conversion itself must be stored in here. If a module +implements more than one conversion, the gconv_init function will +be called multiple times. +

+
+
gconv_end
+

The gconv_end function is responsible for freeing all resources +allocated by the gconv_init function. If there is nothing to do, +this function can be missing. Special care must be taken if the module +implements more than one conversion and the gconv_init function +does not allocate the same resources for all conversions. +

+
+
gconv
+

This is the actual conversion function. It is called to convert one +block of text. It gets passed the conversion step information +initialized by gconv_init and the conversion data, specific to +this use of the conversion functions. +

+
+ +

There are three data types defined for the three module interface +functions and these define the interface. +

+
+
Data type: int (*__gconv_init_fct) (struct __gconv_step *) + +
+

This specifies the interface of the initialization function of the +module. It is called exactly once for each conversion the module +implements. +

+

As explained in the description of the struct __gconv_step data +structure above the initialization function has to initialize parts of +it. +

+
+
__min_needed_from
+
__max_needed_from
+
__min_needed_to
+
__max_needed_to
+

These elements must be initialized to the exact numbers of the minimum +and maximum number of bytes used by one character in the source and +destination character sets, respectively. If the characters all have the +same size, the minimum and maximum values are the same. +

+
+
__stateful
+

This element must be initialized to an nonzero value if the source +character set is stateful. Otherwise it must be zero. +

+
+ +

If the initialization function needs to communicate some information +to the conversion function, this communication can happen using the +__data element of the __gconv_step structure. But since +this data is shared by all the conversions, it must not be modified by +the conversion function. The example below shows how this can be used. +

+
 
#define MIN_NEEDED_FROM         1
+#define MAX_NEEDED_FROM         4
+#define MIN_NEEDED_TO           4
+#define MAX_NEEDED_TO           4
+
+int
+gconv_init (struct __gconv_step *step)
+{
+  /* Determine which direction.  */
+  struct iso2022jp_data *new_data;
+  enum direction dir = illegal_dir;
+  enum variant var = illegal_var;
+  int result;
+
+  if (__strcasecmp (step->__from_name, "ISO-2022-JP//") == 0)
+    {
+      dir = from_iso2022jp;
+      var = iso2022jp;
+    }
+  else if (__strcasecmp (step->__to_name, "ISO-2022-JP//") == 0)
+    {
+      dir = to_iso2022jp;
+      var = iso2022jp;
+    }
+  else if (__strcasecmp (step->__from_name, "ISO-2022-JP-2//") == 0)
+    {
+      dir = from_iso2022jp;
+      var = iso2022jp2;
+    }
+  else if (__strcasecmp (step->__to_name, "ISO-2022-JP-2//") == 0)
+    {
+      dir = to_iso2022jp;
+      var = iso2022jp2;
+    }
+
+  result = __GCONV_NOCONV;
+  if (dir != illegal_dir)
+    {
+      new_data = (struct iso2022jp_data *)
+        malloc (sizeof (struct iso2022jp_data));
+
+      result = __GCONV_NOMEM;
+      if (new_data != NULL)
+        {
+          new_data->dir = dir;
+          new_data->var = var;
+          step->__data = new_data;
+
+          if (dir == from_iso2022jp)
+            {
+              step->__min_needed_from = MIN_NEEDED_FROM;
+              step->__max_needed_from = MAX_NEEDED_FROM;
+              step->__min_needed_to = MIN_NEEDED_TO;
+              step->__max_needed_to = MAX_NEEDED_TO;
+            }
+          else
+            {
+              step->__min_needed_from = MIN_NEEDED_TO;
+              step->__max_needed_from = MAX_NEEDED_TO;
+              step->__min_needed_to = MIN_NEEDED_FROM;
+              step->__max_needed_to = MAX_NEEDED_FROM + 2;
+            }
+
+          /* Yes, this is a stateful encoding.  */
+          step->__stateful = 1;
+
+          result = __GCONV_OK;
+        }
+    }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+ +

The function first checks which conversion is wanted. The module from +which this function is taken implements four different conversions; +which one is selected can be determined by comparing the names. The +comparison should always be done without paying attention to the case. +

+

Next, a data structure, which contains the necessary information about +which conversion is selected, is allocated. The data structure +struct iso2022jp_data is locally defined since, outside the +module, this data is not used at all. Please note that if all four +conversions this modules supports are requested there are four data +blocks. +

+

One interesting thing is the initialization of the __min_ and +__max_ elements of the step data object. A single ISO-2022-JP +character can consist of one to four bytes. Therefore the +MIN_NEEDED_FROM and MAX_NEEDED_FROM macros are defined +this way. The output is always the INTERNAL character set (aka +UCS-4) and therefore each character consists of exactly four bytes. For +the conversion from INTERNAL to ISO-2022-JP we have to take into +account that escape sequences might be necessary to switch the character +sets. Therefore the __max_needed_to element for this direction +gets assigned MAX_NEEDED_FROM + 2. This takes into account the +two bytes needed for the escape sequences to single the switching. The +asymmetry in the maximum values for the two directions can be explained +easily: when reading ISO-2022-JP text, escape sequences can be handled +alone (i.e., it is not necessary to process a real character since the +effect of the escape sequence can be recorded in the state information). +The situation is different for the other direction. Since it is in +general not known which character comes next, one cannot emit escape +sequences to change the state in advance. This means the escape +sequences that have to be emitted together with the next character. +Therefore one needs more room than only for the character itself. +

+

The possible return values of the initialization function are: +

+
+
__GCONV_OK
+

The initialization succeeded +

+
__GCONV_NOCONV
+

The requested conversion is not supported in the module. This can +happen if the ‘gconv-modules’ file has errors. +

+
__GCONV_NOMEM
+

Memory required to store additional information could not be allocated. +

+
+
+ +

The function called before the module is unloaded is significantly +easier. It often has nothing at all to do; in which case it can be left +out completely. +

+
+
Data type: void (*__gconv_end_fct) (struct gconv_step *) + +
+

The task of this function is to free all resources allocated in the +initialization function. Therefore only the __data element of +the object pointed to by the argument is of interest. Continuing the +example from the initialization function, the finalization function +looks like this: +

+
 
void
+gconv_end (struct __gconv_step *data)
+{
+  free (data->__data);
+}
+
+
+ +

The most important function is the conversion function itself, which can +get quite complicated for complex character sets. But since this is not +of interest here, we will only describe a possible skeleton for the +conversion function. +

+
+
Data type: int (*__gconv_fct) (struct __gconv_step *, struct __gconv_step_data *, const char **, const char *, size_t *, int) + +
+

The conversion function can be called for two basic reason: to convert +text or to reset the state. From the description of the iconv +function it can be seen why the flushing mode is necessary. What mode +is selected is determined by the sixth argument, an integer. This +argument being nonzero means that flushing is selected. +

+

Common to both modes is where the output buffer can be found. The +information about this buffer is stored in the conversion step data. A +pointer to this information is passed as the second argument to this +function. The description of the struct __gconv_step_data +structure has more information on the conversion step data. +

+ +

What has to be done for flushing depends on the source character set. +If the source character set is not stateful, nothing has to be done. +Otherwise the function has to emit a byte sequence to bring the state +object into the initial state. Once this all happened the other +conversion modules in the chain of conversions have to get the same +chance. Whether another step follows can be determined from the +__is_last element of the step data structure to which the first +parameter points. +

+

The more interesting mode is when actual text has to be converted. The +first step in this case is to convert as much text as possible from the +input buffer and store the result in the output buffer. The start of the +input buffer is determined by the third argument, which is a pointer to a +pointer variable referencing the beginning of the buffer. The fourth +argument is a pointer to the byte right after the last byte in the buffer. +

+

The conversion has to be performed according to the current state if the +character set is stateful. The state is stored in an object pointed to +by the __statep element of the step data (second argument). Once +either the input buffer is empty or the output buffer is full the +conversion stops. At this point, the pointer variable referenced by the +third parameter must point to the byte following the last processed +byte (i.e., if all of the input is consumed, this pointer and the fourth +parameter have the same value). +

+

What now happens depends on whether this step is the last one. If it is +the last step, the only thing that has to be done is to update the +__outbuf element of the step data structure to point after the +last written byte. This update gives the caller the information on how +much text is available in the output buffer. In addition, the variable +pointed to by the fifth parameter, which is of type size_t, must +be incremented by the number of characters (not bytes) that were +converted in a non-reversible way. Then, the function can return. +

+

In case the step is not the last one, the later conversion functions have +to get a chance to do their work. Therefore, the appropriate conversion +function has to be called. The information about the functions is +stored in the conversion data structures, passed as the first parameter. +This information and the step data are stored in arrays, so the next +element in both cases can be found by simple pointer arithmetic: +

+
 
int
+gconv (struct __gconv_step *step, struct __gconv_step_data *data,
+       const char **inbuf, const char *inbufend, size_t *written,
+       int do_flush)
+{
+  struct __gconv_step *next_step = step + 1;
+  struct __gconv_step_data *next_data = data + 1;
+  …
+
+ +

The next_step pointer references the next step information and +next_data the next data record. The call of the next function +therefore will look similar to this: +

+
 
  next_step->__fct (next_step, next_data, &outerr, outbuf,
+                    written, 0)
+
+ +

But this is not yet all. Once the function call returns the conversion +function might have some more to do. If the return value of the function +is __GCONV_EMPTY_INPUT, more room is available in the output +buffer. Unless the input buffer is empty the conversion, functions start +all over again and process the rest of the input buffer. If the return +value is not __GCONV_EMPTY_INPUT, something went wrong and we have +to recover from this. +

+

A requirement for the conversion function is that the input buffer +pointer (the third argument) always point to the last character that +was put in converted form into the output buffer. This is trivially +true after the conversion performed in the current step, but if the +conversion functions deeper downstream stop prematurely, not all +characters from the output buffer are consumed and, therefore, the input +buffer pointers must be backed off to the right position. +

+

Correcting the input buffers is easy to do if the input and output +character sets have a fixed width for all characters. In this situation +we can compute how many characters are left in the output buffer and, +therefore, can correct the input buffer pointer appropriately with a +similar computation. Things are getting tricky if either character set +has characters represented with variable length byte sequences, and it +gets even more complicated if the conversion has to take care of the +state. In these cases the conversion has to be performed once again, from +the known state before the initial conversion (i.e., if necessary the +state of the conversion has to be reset and the conversion loop has to be +executed again). The difference now is that it is known how much input +must be created, and the conversion can stop before converting the first +unused character. Once this is done the input buffer pointers must be +updated again and the function can return. +

+

One final thing should be mentioned. If it is necessary for the +conversion to know whether it is the first invocation (in case a prolog +has to be emitted), the conversion function should increment the +__invocation_counter element of the step data structure just +before returning to the caller. See the description of the struct +__gconv_step_data structure above for more information on how this can +be used. +

+

The return value must be one of the following values: +

+
+
__GCONV_EMPTY_INPUT
+

All input was consumed and there is room left in the output buffer. +

+
__GCONV_FULL_OUTPUT
+

No more room in the output buffer. In case this is not the last step +this value is propagated down from the call of the next conversion +function in the chain. +

+
__GCONV_INCOMPLETE_INPUT
+

The input buffer is not entirely empty since it contains an incomplete +character sequence. +

+
+ +

The following example provides a framework for a conversion function. +In case a new conversion has to be written the holes in this +implementation have to be filled and that is it. +

+
 
int
+gconv (struct __gconv_step *step, struct __gconv_step_data *data,
+       const char **inbuf, const char *inbufend, size_t *written,
+       int do_flush)
+{
+  struct __gconv_step *next_step = step + 1;
+  struct __gconv_step_data *next_data = data + 1;
+  gconv_fct fct = next_step->__fct;
+  int status;
+
+  /* If the function is called with no input this means we have
+     to reset to the initial state.  The possibly partly
+     converted input is dropped.  */
+  if (do_flush)
+    {
+      status = __GCONV_OK;
+
+      /* Possible emit a byte sequence which put the state object
+         into the initial state.  */
+
+      /* Call the steps down the chain if there are any but only
+         if we successfully emitted the escape sequence.  */
+      if (status == __GCONV_OK && ! data->__is_last)
+        status = fct (next_step, next_data, NULL, NULL,
+                      written, 1);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      /* We preserve the initial values of the pointer variables.  */
+      const char *inptr = *inbuf;
+      char *outbuf = data->__outbuf;
+      char *outend = data->__outbufend;
+      char *outptr;
+
+      do
+        {
+          /* Remember the start value for this round.  */
+          inptr = *inbuf;
+          /* The outbuf buffer is empty.  */
+          outptr = outbuf;
+
+          /* For stateful encodings the state must be safe here.  */
+
+          /* Run the conversion loop.  status is set
+             appropriately afterwards.  */
+
+          /* If this is the last step, leave the loop. There is
+             nothing we can do.  */
+          if (data->__is_last)
+            {
+              /* Store information about how many bytes are
+                 available.  */
+              data->__outbuf = outbuf;
+
+             /* If any non-reversible conversions were performed,
+                add the number to *written.  */
+
+             break;
+           }
+
+          /* Write out all output that was produced.  */
+          if (outbuf > outptr)
+            {
+              const char *outerr = data->__outbuf;
+              int result;
+
+              result = fct (next_step, next_data, &outerr,
+                            outbuf, written, 0);
+
+              if (result != __GCONV_EMPTY_INPUT)
+                {
+                  if (outerr != outbuf)
+                    {
+                      /* Reset the input buffer pointer.  We
+                         document here the complex case.  */
+                      size_t nstatus;
+
+                      /* Reload the pointers.  */
+                      *inbuf = inptr;
+                      outbuf = outptr;
+
+                      /* Possibly reset the state.  */
+
+                      /* Redo the conversion, but this time
+                         the end of the output buffer is at
+                         outerr.  */
+                    }
+
+                  /* Change the status.  */
+                  status = result;
+                }
+              else
+                /* All the output is consumed, we can make
+                    another run if everything was ok.  */
+                if (status == __GCONV_FULL_OUTPUT)
+                  status = __GCONV_OK;
+           }
+        }
+      while (status == __GCONV_OK);
+
+      /* We finished one use of this step.  */
+      ++data->__invocation_counter;
+    }
+
+  return status;
+}
+
+
+ +

This information should be sufficient to write new modules. Anybody +doing so should also take a look at the available source code in the GNU +C library sources. It contains many examples of working and optimized +modules. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_50.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_50.html @@ -0,0 +1,344 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Type Index + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

Type Index

+ +
Jump to:   _ +   +
+B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +I +   +J +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +
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Index Entry Section
_
__ftw64_func_t14.3 Working with Directory Trees
__ftw_func_t14.3 Working with Directory Trees
__nftw64_func_t14.3 Working with Directory Trees
__nftw_func_t14.3 Working with Directory Trees
B
blkcnt64_t14.9.1 The meaning of the File Attributes
blkcnt_t14.9.1 The meaning of the File Attributes
C
cc_t17.4.1 Terminal Mode Data Types
clock_t21.3.1 CPU Time Inquiry
comparison_fn_t9.1 Defining the Comparison Function
cookie_close_function12.21.3.2 Custom Stream Hook Functions
cookie_io_functions_t12.21.3.1 Custom Streams and Cookies
cookie_read_function12.21.3.2 Custom Stream Hook Functions
cookie_seek_function12.21.3.2 Custom Stream Hook Functions
cookie_write_function12.21.3.2 Custom Stream Hook Functions
cpu_set_t22.3.5 Limiting execution to certain CPUs
D
dev_t14.9.1 The meaning of the File Attributes
DIR14.2.2 Opening a Directory Stream
div_t20.2 Integer Division
E
enum mcheck_status3.2.2.9 Heap Consistency Checking
F
fd_set13.8 Waiting for Input or Output
FILE12.1 Streams
fpos64_t12.19 Portable File-Position Functions
fpos_t12.19 Portable File-Position Functions
G
gid_t29.5 Reading the Persona of a Process
glob64_t10.2.1 Calling glob
glob_t10.2.1 Calling glob
I
iconv_t6.5.1 Generic Character Set Conversion Interface
imaxdiv_t20.2 Integer Division
ino64_t14.9.1 The meaning of the File Attributes
ino_t14.9.1 The meaning of the File Attributes
J
jmp_buf23.2 Details of Non-Local Exits
L
ldiv_t20.2 Integer Division
lldiv_t20.2 Integer Division
M
mbstate_t6.3.2 Representing the state of the conversion
mode_t14.9.1 The meaning of the File Attributes
N
nlink_t14.9.1 The meaning of the File Attributes
O
off64_t13.3 Setting the File Position of a Descriptor
off_t13.3 Setting the File Position of a Descriptor
P
pid_t26.3 Process Identification
printf_arginfo_function12.13.3 Defining the Output Handler
printf_function12.13.3 Defining the Output Handler
ptrdiff_tA.4 Important Data Types
R
regex_t10.3.1 POSIX Regular Expression Compilation
regmatch_t10.3.4 Match Results with Subexpressions
regoff_t10.3.4 Match Results with Subexpressions
S
sig_atomic_t24.4.7.2 Atomic Types
sighandler_t24.3.1 Basic Signal Handling
sigjmp_buf23.3 Non-Local Exits and Signals
sigset_t24.7.2 Signal Sets
size_tA.4 Important Data Types
speed_t17.4.8 Line Speed
ssize_t13.2 Input and Output Primitives
stack_t24.9 Using a Separate Signal Stack
struct __gconv_step6.5.4.3 iconv module data structures
struct __gconv_step_data6.5.4.3 iconv module data structures
struct aiocb13.10 Perform I/O Operations in Parallel
struct aiocb6413.10 Perform I/O Operations in Parallel
struct aioinit13.10.5 How to optimize the AIO implementation
struct argp25.3.3 Specifying Argp Parsers
struct argp_child25.3.6 Combining Multiple Argp Parsers
struct argp_option25.3.4 Specifying Options in an Argp Parser
struct argp_state25.3.5.3 Argp Parsing State
struct dirent14.2.1 Format of a Directory Entry
struct ENTRY9.5 The hsearch function.
struct exit_status29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
struct flock13.15 File Locks
struct fstab30.3.1.1 The ‘fstab’ file
struct FTW14.3 Working with Directory Trees
struct group29.14.1 The Data Structure for a Group
struct hostent16.6.2.4 Host Names
struct if_nameindex16.4 Interface Naming
struct in6_addr16.6.2.2 Host Address Data Type
struct in_addr16.6.2.2 Host Address Data Type
struct iovec13.6 Fast Scatter-Gather I/O
struct itimerval21.5 Setting an Alarm
struct lconv7.6.1 localeconv: It is portable but …
struct linger16.12.2 Socket-Level Options
struct mallinfo3.2.2.11 Statistics for Memory Allocation with malloc
struct mntent30.3.1.2 The ‘mtab’ file
struct netent16.13 Networks Database
struct ntptimeval21.4.4 High Accuracy Clock
struct ntptimeval21.4.4 High Accuracy Clock
struct obstack3.2.4.1 Creating Obstacks
struct option25.2.3 Parsing Long Options with getopt_long
struct passwd29.13.1 The Data Structure that Describes a User
struct printf_info12.13.2 Conversion Specifier Options
struct protoent16.6.6 Protocols Database
struct random_data19.8.2 BSD Random Number Functions
struct rlimit22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
struct rlimit6422.2 Limiting Resource Usage
struct rusage22.1 Resource Usage
struct sched_param22.3.3 Basic Scheduling Functions
struct servent16.6.4 The Services Database
struct sgttyb17.5 BSD Terminal Modes
struct sigaction24.3.2 Advanced Signal Handling
struct sigstack24.9 Using a Separate Signal Stack
struct sigvec24.10.1 BSD Function to Establish a Handler
struct sockaddr16.3.1 Address Formats
struct sockaddr_in16.6.1 Internet Socket Address Formats
struct sockaddr_in616.6.1 Internet Socket Address Formats
struct sockaddr_un16.5.2 Details of Local Namespace
struct stat14.9.1 The meaning of the File Attributes
struct stat6414.9.1 The meaning of the File Attributes
struct termios17.4.1 Terminal Mode Data Types
struct timespec21.2 Elapsed Time
struct timeval21.2 Elapsed Time
struct timex21.4.4 High Accuracy Clock
struct timex21.4.4 High Accuracy Clock
struct timezone21.4.2 High-Resolution Calendar
struct tm21.4.3 Broken-down Time
struct tms21.3.2 Processor Time Inquiry
struct utimbuf14.9.9 File Times
struct utmp29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
struct utmpx29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions
struct utsname30.2 Platform Type Identification
struct vtimes22.1 Resource Usage
+
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+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_ovr.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_ovr.html @@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Short Table of Contents + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

Short Table of Contents

+
+ +
+
+ + + + + +
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+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
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+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_55.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_55.html @@ -0,0 +1,337 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Function and Macro Index: G + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

Function and Macro Index: G

+
Jump to:   * +   +_ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +J +   +K +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +Q +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +Y +   +
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Index Entry Section
G
gamma19.6 Special Functions
gammaf19.6 Special Functions
gammal19.6 Special Functions
gcvt20.12 Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions
get_avphys_pages22.4.2 How to get information about the memory subsystem?
get_current_dir_name14.1 Working Directory
get_nprocs22.5 Learn about the processors available
get_nprocs_conf22.5 Learn about the processors available
get_phys_pages22.4.2 How to get information about the memory subsystem?
getc12.8 Character Input
getc_unlocked12.8 Character Input
getchar12.8 Character Input
getchar_unlocked12.8 Character Input
getcontext23.4 Complete Context Control
getcwd14.1 Working Directory
getdate21.4.6.2 A More User-friendly Way to Parse Times and Dates
getdate_r21.4.6.2 A More User-friendly Way to Parse Times and Dates
getdelim12.9 Line-Oriented Input
getdomainnname30.1 Host Identification
getegid29.5 Reading the Persona of a Process
getenv25.4.1 Environment Access
geteuid29.5 Reading the Persona of a Process
getfsent30.3.1.1 The ‘fstab’ file
getfsfile30.3.1.1 The ‘fstab’ file
getfsspec30.3.1.1 The ‘fstab’ file
getgid29.5 Reading the Persona of a Process
getgrent29.14.3 Scanning the List of All Groups
getgrent_r29.14.3 Scanning the List of All Groups
getgrgid29.14.2 Looking Up One Group
getgrgid_r29.14.2 Looking Up One Group
getgrnam29.14.2 Looking Up One Group
getgrnam_r29.14.2 Looking Up One Group
getgrouplist29.7 Setting the Group IDs
getgroups29.5 Reading the Persona of a Process
gethostbyaddr16.6.2.4 Host Names
gethostbyaddr_r16.6.2.4 Host Names
gethostbyname16.6.2.4 Host Names
gethostbyname216.6.2.4 Host Names
gethostbyname2_r16.6.2.4 Host Names
gethostbyname_r16.6.2.4 Host Names
gethostent16.6.2.4 Host Names
gethostid30.1 Host Identification
gethostname30.1 Host Identification
getitimer21.5 Setting an Alarm
getline12.9 Line-Oriented Input
getloadavg22.5 Learn about the processors available
getlogin29.11 Identifying Who Logged In
getmntent30.3.1.2 The ‘mtab’ file
getmntent_r30.3.1.2 The ‘mtab’ file
getnetbyaddr16.13 Networks Database
getnetbyname16.13 Networks Database
getnetent16.13 Networks Database
getnetgrent29.16.2 Looking up one Netgroup
getnetgrent_r29.16.2 Looking up one Netgroup
getopt25.2.1 Using the getopt function
getopt_long25.2.3 Parsing Long Options with getopt_long
getopt_long_only25.2.3 Parsing Long Options with getopt_long
getpagesize22.4.2 How to get information about the memory subsystem?
getpass32.2 Reading Passwords
getpeername16.9.4 Who is Connected to Me?
getpgid27.7.2 Process Group Functions
getpgrp27.7.2 Process Group Functions
getpgrp27.7.2 Process Group Functions
getpid26.3 Process Identification
getppid26.3 Process Identification
getpriority22.3.4.2 Functions For Traditional Scheduling
getprotobyname16.6.6 Protocols Database
getprotobynumber16.6.6 Protocols Database
getprotoent16.6.6 Protocols Database
getpt17.8.1 Allocating Pseudo-Terminals
getpwent29.13.3 Scanning the List of All Users
getpwent_r29.13.3 Scanning the List of All Users
getpwnam29.13.2 Looking Up One User
getpwnam_r29.13.2 Looking Up One User
getpwuid29.13.2 Looking Up One User
getpwuid_r29.13.2 Looking Up One User
getrlimit22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
getrlimit6422.2 Limiting Resource Usage
getrusage22.1 Resource Usage
gets12.9 Line-Oriented Input
getservbyname16.6.4 The Services Database
getservbyport16.6.4 The Services Database
getservent16.6.4 The Services Database
getsid27.7.2 Process Group Functions
getsockname16.3.3 Reading the Address of a Socket
getsockopt16.12.1 Socket Option Functions
getsubopt25.3.12.1 Parsing of Suboptions
gettext8.2.1.1 What has to be done to translate a message?
gettimeofday21.4.2 High-Resolution Calendar
getuid29.5 Reading the Persona of a Process
getumask14.9.7 Assigning File Permissions
getutent29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
getutent_r29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
getutid29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
getutid_r29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
getutline29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
getutline_r29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
getutmp29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions
getutmpx29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions
getutxent29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions
getutxid29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions
getutxline29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions
getw12.8 Character Input
getwc12.8 Character Input
getwc_unlocked12.8 Character Input
getwchar12.8 Character Input
getwchar_unlocked12.8 Character Input
getwd14.1 Working Directory
glob10.2.1 Calling glob
glob6410.2.1 Calling glob
globfree10.2.3 More Flags for Globbing
globfree6410.2.3 More Flags for Globbing
gmtime21.4.3 Broken-down Time
gmtime_r21.4.3 Broken-down Time
grantpt17.8.1 Allocating Pseudo-Terminals
gsignal24.6.1 Signaling Yourself
gtty17.5 BSD Terminal Modes
+
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+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_20.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_20.html @@ -0,0 +1,3204 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 20. Arithmetic Functions + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

20. Arithmetic Functions

+ +

This chapter contains information about functions for doing basic +arithmetic operations, such as splitting a float into its integer and +fractional parts or retrieving the imaginary part of a complex value. +These functions are declared in the header files ‘math.h’ and +‘complex.h’. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
20.1 Integers   Basic integer types and concepts +
20.2 Integer Division   Integer division with guaranteed rounding. +
20.3 Floating Point Numbers   Basic concepts. IEEE 754. +
20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions   The five kinds of floating-point number. +
20.5 Errors in Floating-Point Calculations   When something goes wrong in a calculation. +
20.6 Rounding Modes   Controlling how results are rounded. +
20.7 Floating-Point Control Functions   Saving and restoring the FPU's state. +
20.8 Arithmetic Functions   Fundamental operations provided by the library. +
20.9 Complex Numbers   The types. Writing complex constants. +
20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers   Projection, conjugation, decomposition. +
20.11 Parsing of Numbers   Converting strings to numbers. +
20.12 Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions   An archaic way to convert numbers to strings. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

20.1 Integers

+ +

The C language defines several integer data types: integer, short integer, +long integer, and character, all in both signed and unsigned varieties. +The GNU C compiler extends the language to contain long long integers +as well. + +

+

The C integer types were intended to allow code to be portable among +machines with different inherent data sizes (word sizes), so each type +may have different ranges on different machines. The problem with +this is that a program often needs to be written for a particular range +of integers, and sometimes must be written for a particular size of +storage, regardless of what machine the program runs on. +

+

To address this problem, the GNU C library contains C type definitions +you can use to declare integers that meet your exact needs. Because the +GNU C library header files are customized to a specific machine, your +program source code doesn't have to be. +

+

These typedefs are in ‘stdint.h’. + +

+

If you require that an integer be represented in exactly N bits, use one +of the following types, with the obvious mapping to bit size and signedness: +

+
    +
  • int8_t +
  • int16_t +
  • int32_t +
  • int64_t +
  • uint8_t +
  • uint16_t +
  • uint32_t +
  • uint64_t +
+ +

If your C compiler and target machine do not allow integers of a certain +size, the corresponding above type does not exist. +

+

If you don't need a specific storage size, but want the smallest data +structure with at least N bits, use one of these: +

+
    +
  • int_least8_t +
  • int_least16_t +
  • int_least32_t +
  • int_least64_t +
  • uint_least8_t +
  • uint_least16_t +
  • uint_least32_t +
  • uint_least64_t +
+ +

If you don't need a specific storage size, but want the data structure +that allows the fastest access while having at least N bits (and +among data structures with the same access speed, the smallest one), use +one of these: +

+
    +
  • int_fast8_t +
  • int_fast16_t +
  • int_fast32_t +
  • int_fast64_t +
  • uint_fast8_t +
  • uint_fast16_t +
  • uint_fast32_t +
  • uint_fast64_t +
+ +

If you want an integer with the widest range possible on the platform on +which it is being used, use one of the following. If you use these, +you should write code that takes into account the variable size and range +of the integer. +

+
    +
  • intmax_t +
  • uintmax_t +
+ +

The GNU C library also provides macros that tell you the maximum and +minimum possible values for each integer data type. The macro names +follow these examples: INT32_MAX, UINT8_MAX, +INT_FAST32_MIN, INT_LEAST64_MIN, UINTMAX_MAX, +INTMAX_MAX, INTMAX_MIN. Note that there are no macros for +unsigned integer minima. These are always zero. + + +

+

There are similar macros for use with C's built in integer types which +should come with your C compiler. These are described in Data Type Measurements. +

+

Don't forget you can use the C sizeof function with any of these +data types to get the number of bytes of storage each uses. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

20.2 Integer Division

+ +

This section describes functions for performing integer division. These +functions are redundant when GNU CC is used, because in GNU C the +‘/’ operator always rounds towards zero. But in other C +implementations, ‘/’ may round differently with negative arguments. +div and ldiv are useful because they specify how to round +the quotient: towards zero. The remainder has the same sign as the +numerator. +

+

These functions are specified to return a result r such that the value +r.quot*denominator + r.rem equals +numerator. +

+ +

To use these facilities, you should include the header file +‘stdlib.h’ in your program. +

+
+
Data Type: div_t + +
+

This is a structure type used to hold the result returned by the div +function. It has the following members: +

+
+
int quot
+

The quotient from the division. +

+
+
int rem
+

The remainder from the division. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: div_t div (int numerator, int denominator) + +
+

This function div computes the quotient and remainder from +the division of numerator by denominator, returning the +result in a structure of type div_t. +

+

If the result cannot be represented (as in a division by zero), the +behavior is undefined. +

+

Here is an example, albeit not a very useful one. +

+
 
div_t result;
+result = div (20, -6);
+
+ +

Now result.quot is -3 and result.rem is 2. +

+ +
+
Data Type: ldiv_t + +
+

This is a structure type used to hold the result returned by the ldiv +function. It has the following members: +

+
+
long int quot
+

The quotient from the division. +

+
+
long int rem
+

The remainder from the division. +

+
+ +

(This is identical to div_t except that the components are of +type long int rather than int.) +

+ +
+
Function: ldiv_t ldiv (long int numerator, long int denominator) + +
+

The ldiv function is similar to div, except that the +arguments are of type long int and the result is returned as a +structure of type ldiv_t. +

+ +
+
Data Type: lldiv_t + +
+

This is a structure type used to hold the result returned by the lldiv +function. It has the following members: +

+
+
long long int quot
+

The quotient from the division. +

+
+
long long int rem
+

The remainder from the division. +

+
+ +

(This is identical to div_t except that the components are of +type long long int rather than int.) +

+ +
+
Function: lldiv_t lldiv (long long int numerator, long long int denominator) + +
+

The lldiv function is like the div function, but the +arguments are of type long long int and the result is returned as +a structure of type lldiv_t. +

+

The lldiv function was added in ISO C99. +

+ +
+
Data Type: imaxdiv_t + +
+

This is a structure type used to hold the result returned by the imaxdiv +function. It has the following members: +

+
+
intmax_t quot
+

The quotient from the division. +

+
+
intmax_t rem
+

The remainder from the division. +

+
+ +

(This is identical to div_t except that the components are of +type intmax_t rather than int.) +

+

See Integers for a description of the intmax_t type. +

+
+ +
+
Function: imaxdiv_t imaxdiv (intmax_t numerator, intmax_t denominator) + +
+

The imaxdiv function is like the div function, but the +arguments are of type intmax_t and the result is returned as +a structure of type imaxdiv_t. +

+

See Integers for a description of the intmax_t type. +

+

The imaxdiv function was added in ISO C99. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

20.3 Floating Point Numbers

+ +

Most computer hardware has support for two different kinds of numbers: +integers (…-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3…) and +floating-point numbers. Floating-point numbers have three parts: the +mantissa, the exponent, and the sign bit. The real +number represented by a floating-point value is given by +(s ? -1 : 1) &middot; 2^e &middot; M +where s is the sign bit, e the exponent, and M +the mantissa. See section Floating Point Representation Concepts, for details. (It is +possible to have a different base for the exponent, but all modern +hardware uses 2.) +

+

Floating-point numbers can represent a finite subset of the real +numbers. While this subset is large enough for most purposes, it is +important to remember that the only reals that can be represented +exactly are rational numbers that have a terminating binary expansion +shorter than the width of the mantissa. Even simple fractions such as +1/5 can only be approximated by floating point. +

+

Mathematical operations and functions frequently need to produce values +that are not representable. Often these values can be approximated +closely enough for practical purposes, but sometimes they can't. +Historically there was no way to tell when the results of a calculation +were inaccurate. Modern computers implement the IEEE 754 standard +for numerical computations, which defines a framework for indicating to +the program when the results of calculation are not trustworthy. This +framework consists of a set of exceptions that indicate why a +result could not be represented, and the special values infinity +and not a number (NaN). +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions

+ +

ISO C99 defines macros that let you determine what sort of +floating-point number a variable holds. +

+
+
Macro: int fpclassify (float-type x) + +
+

This is a generic macro which works on all floating-point types and +which returns a value of type int. The possible values are: +

+
+
FP_NAN + +
+

The floating-point number x is “Not a Number” (see section Infinity and NaN) +

+
FP_INFINITE + +
+

The value of x is either plus or minus infinity (see section Infinity and NaN) +

+
FP_ZERO + +
+

The value of x is zero. In floating-point formats like IEEE +754, where zero can be signed, this value is also returned if +x is negative zero. +

+
FP_SUBNORMAL + +
+

Numbers whose absolute value is too small to be represented in the +normal format are represented in an alternate, denormalized format +(see section Floating Point Representation Concepts). This format is less precise but can +represent values closer to zero. fpclassify returns this value +for values of x in this alternate format. +

+
FP_NORMAL + +
+

This value is returned for all other values of x. It indicates +that there is nothing special about the number. +

+
+ +
+ +

fpclassify is most useful if more than one property of a number +must be tested. There are more specific macros which only test one +property at a time. Generally these macros execute faster than +fpclassify, since there is special hardware support for them. +You should therefore use the specific macros whenever possible. +

+
+
Macro: int isfinite (float-type x) + +
+

This macro returns a nonzero value if x is finite: not plus or +minus infinity, and not NaN. It is equivalent to +

+
 
(fpclassify (x) != FP_NAN && fpclassify (x) != FP_INFINITE)
+
+ +

isfinite is implemented as a macro which accepts any +floating-point type. +

+ +
+
Macro: int isnormal (float-type x) + +
+

This macro returns a nonzero value if x is finite and normalized. +It is equivalent to +

+
 
(fpclassify (x) == FP_NORMAL)
+
+
+ +
+
Macro: int isnan (float-type x) + +
+

This macro returns a nonzero value if x is NaN. It is equivalent +to +

+
 
(fpclassify (x) == FP_NAN)
+
+
+ +

Another set of floating-point classification functions was provided by +BSD. The GNU C library also supports these functions; however, we +recommend that you use the ISO C99 macros in new code. Those are standard +and will be available more widely. Also, since they are macros, you do +not have to worry about the type of their argument. +

+
+
Function: int isinf (double x) + +
+
Function: int isinff (float x) + +
+
Function: int isinfl (long double x) + +
+

This function returns -1 if x represents negative infinity, +1 if x represents positive infinity, and 0 otherwise. +

+ +
+
Function: int isnan (double x) + +
+
Function: int isnanf (float x) + +
+
Function: int isnanl (long double x) + +
+

This function returns a nonzero value if x is a “not a number” +value, and zero otherwise. +

+

NB: The isnan macro defined by ISO C99 overrides +the BSD function. This is normally not a problem, because the two +routines behave identically. However, if you really need to get the BSD +function for some reason, you can write +

+
 
(isnan) (x)
+
+
+ +
+
Function: int finite (double x) + +
+
Function: int finitef (float x) + +
+
Function: int finitel (long double x) + +
+

This function returns a nonzero value if x is finite or a “not a +number” value, and zero otherwise. +

+ +

Portability Note: The functions listed in this section are BSD +extensions. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

20.5 Errors in Floating-Point Calculations

+ + + + + + +
20.5.1 FP Exceptions   IEEE 754 math exceptions and how to detect them. +
20.5.2 Infinity and NaN   Special values returned by calculations. +
20.5.3 Examining the FPU status word   Checking for exceptions after the fact. +
20.5.4 Error Reporting by Mathematical Functions   How the math functions report errors. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

20.5.1 FP Exceptions

+ +

The IEEE 754 standard defines five exceptions that can occur +during a calculation. Each corresponds to a particular sort of error, +such as overflow. +

+

When exceptions occur (when exceptions are raised, in the language +of the standard), one of two things can happen. By default the +exception is simply noted in the floating-point status word, and +the program continues as if nothing had happened. The operation +produces a default value, which depends on the exception (see the table +below). Your program can check the status word to find out which +exceptions happened. +

+

Alternatively, you can enable traps for exceptions. In that case, +when an exception is raised, your program will receive the SIGFPE +signal. The default action for this signal is to terminate the +program. See section Signal Handling, for how you can change the effect of +the signal. +

+ +

In the System V math library, the user-defined function matherr +is called when certain exceptions occur inside math library functions. +However, the Unix98 standard deprecates this interface. We support it +for historical compatibility, but recommend that you do not use it in +new programs. +

+

The exceptions defined in IEEE 754 are: +

+
+
‘Invalid Operation’
+

This exception is raised if the given operands are invalid for the +operation to be performed. Examples are +(see IEEE 754, section 7): +

    +
  1. +Addition or subtraction: &infin; - &infin;. (But +&infin; + &infin; = &infin;). +
  2. +Multiplication: 0 &middot; &infin;. +
  3. +Division: 0/0 or &infin;/&infin;. +
  4. +Remainder: x REM y, where y is zero or x is +infinite. +
  5. +Square root if the operand is less then zero. More generally, any +mathematical function evaluated outside its domain produces this +exception. +
  6. +Conversion of a floating-point number to an integer or decimal +string, when the number cannot be represented in the target format (due +to overflow, infinity, or NaN). +
  7. +Conversion of an unrecognizable input string. +
  8. +Comparison via predicates involving < or >, when one or +other of the operands is NaN. You can prevent this exception by using +the unordered comparison functions instead; see Floating-Point Comparison Functions. +
+ +

If the exception does not trap, the result of the operation is NaN. +

+
+
‘Division by Zero’
+

This exception is raised when a finite nonzero number is divided +by zero. If no trap occurs the result is either +&infin; or +-&infin;, depending on the signs of the operands. +

+
+
‘Overflow’
+

This exception is raised whenever the result cannot be represented +as a finite value in the precision format of the destination. If no trap +occurs the result depends on the sign of the intermediate result and the +current rounding mode (IEEE 754, section 7.3): +

    +
  1. +Round to nearest carries all overflows to &infin; +with the sign of the intermediate result. +
  2. +Round toward 0 carries all overflows to the largest representable +finite number with the sign of the intermediate result. +
  3. +Round toward -&infin; carries positive overflows to the +largest representable finite number and negative overflows to +-&infin;. + +
  4. +Round toward &infin; carries negative overflows to the +most negative representable finite number and positive overflows +to &infin;. +
+ +

Whenever the overflow exception is raised, the inexact exception is also +raised. +

+
+
‘Underflow’
+

The underflow exception is raised when an intermediate result is too +small to be calculated accurately, or if the operation's result rounded +to the destination precision is too small to be normalized. +

+

When no trap is installed for the underflow exception, underflow is +signaled (via the underflow flag) only when both tininess and loss of +accuracy have been detected. If no trap handler is installed the +operation continues with an imprecise small value, or zero if the +destination precision cannot hold the small exact result. +

+
+
‘Inexact’
+

This exception is signalled if a rounded result is not exact (such as +when calculating the square root of two) or a result overflows without +an overflow trap. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

20.5.2 Infinity and NaN

+ +

IEEE 754 floating point numbers can represent positive or negative +infinity, and NaN (not a number). These three values arise from +calculations whose result is undefined or cannot be represented +accurately. You can also deliberately set a floating-point variable to +any of them, which is sometimes useful. Some examples of calculations +that produce infinity or NaN: +

+
 
1/0 = &infin;
+log (0) = -&infin;
+sqrt (-1) = NaN
+
+ +

When a calculation produces any of these values, an exception also +occurs; see FP Exceptions. +

+

The basic operations and math functions all accept infinity and NaN and +produce sensible output. Infinities propagate through calculations as +one would expect: for example, 2 + &infin; = &infin;, +4/&infin; = 0, atan (&infin;) = &pi;/2. NaN, on +the other hand, infects any calculation that involves it. Unless the +calculation would produce the same result no matter what real value +replaced NaN, the result is NaN. +

+

In comparison operations, positive infinity is larger than all values +except itself and NaN, and negative infinity is smaller than all values +except itself and NaN. NaN is unordered: it is not equal to, +greater than, or less than anything, including itself. x == +x is false if the value of x is NaN. You can use this to test +whether a value is NaN or not, but the recommended way to test for NaN +is with the isnan function (see section Floating-Point Number Classification Functions). In +addition, <, >, <=, and >= will raise an +exception when applied to NaNs. +

+

‘math.h’ defines macros that allow you to explicitly set a variable +to infinity or NaN. +

+
+
Macro: float INFINITY + +
+

An expression representing positive infinity. It is equal to the value +produced by mathematical operations like 1.0 / 0.0. +-INFINITY represents negative infinity. +

+

You can test whether a floating-point value is infinite by comparing it +to this macro. However, this is not recommended; you should use the +isfinite macro instead. See section Floating-Point Number Classification Functions. +

+

This macro was introduced in the ISO C99 standard. +

+ +
+
Macro: float NAN + +
+

An expression representing a value which is “not a number”. This +macro is a GNU extension, available only on machines that support the +“not a number” value—that is to say, on all machines that support +IEEE floating point. +

+

You can use ‘#ifdef NAN’ to test whether the machine supports +NaN. (Of course, you must arrange for GNU extensions to be visible, +such as by defining _GNU_SOURCE, and then you must include +‘math.h’.) +

+ +

IEEE 754 also allows for another unusual value: negative zero. This +value is produced when you divide a positive number by negative +infinity, or when a negative result is smaller than the limits of +representation. Negative zero behaves identically to zero in all +calculations, unless you explicitly test the sign bit with +signbit or copysign. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

20.5.3 Examining the FPU status word

+ +

ISO C99 defines functions to query and manipulate the +floating-point status word. You can use these functions to check for +untrapped exceptions when it's convenient, rather than worrying about +them in the middle of a calculation. +

+

These constants represent the various IEEE 754 exceptions. Not all +FPUs report all the different exceptions. Each constant is defined if +and only if the FPU you are compiling for supports that exception, so +you can test for FPU support with ‘#ifdef’. They are defined in +‘fenv.h’. +

+
+
FE_INEXACT + +
+

The inexact exception. +

+
FE_DIVBYZERO + +
+

The divide by zero exception. +

+
FE_UNDERFLOW + +
+

The underflow exception. +

+
FE_OVERFLOW + +
+

The overflow exception. +

+
FE_INVALID + +
+

The invalid exception. +

+
+ +

The macro FE_ALL_EXCEPT is the bitwise OR of all exception macros +which are supported by the FP implementation. +

+

These functions allow you to clear exception flags, test for exceptions, +and save and restore the set of exceptions flagged. +

+
+
Function: int feclearexcept (int excepts) + +
+

This function clears all of the supported exception flags indicated by +excepts. +

+

The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a +non-zero value otherwise. +

+ +
+
Function: int feraiseexcept (int excepts) + +
+

This function raises the supported exceptions indicated by +excepts. If more than one exception bit in excepts is set +the order in which the exceptions are raised is undefined except that +overflow (FE_OVERFLOW) or underflow (FE_UNDERFLOW) are +raised before inexact (FE_INEXACT). Whether for overflow or +underflow the inexact exception is also raised is also implementation +dependent. +

+

The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a +non-zero value otherwise. +

+ +
+
Function: int fetestexcept (int excepts) + +
+

Test whether the exception flags indicated by the parameter except +are currently set. If any of them are, a nonzero value is returned +which specifies which exceptions are set. Otherwise the result is zero. +

+ +

To understand these functions, imagine that the status word is an +integer variable named status. feclearexcept is then +equivalent to ‘status &= ~excepts’ and fetestexcept is +equivalent to ‘(status & excepts)’. The actual implementation may +be very different, of course. +

+

Exception flags are only cleared when the program explicitly requests it, +by calling feclearexcept. If you want to check for exceptions +from a set of calculations, you should clear all the flags first. Here +is a simple example of the way to use fetestexcept: +

+
 
{
+  double f;
+  int raised;
+  feclearexcept (FE_ALL_EXCEPT);
+  f = compute ();
+  raised = fetestexcept (FE_OVERFLOW | FE_INVALID);
+  if (raised & FE_OVERFLOW) { /* … */ }
+  if (raised & FE_INVALID) { /* … */ }
+  /* … */
+}
+
+ +

You cannot explicitly set bits in the status word. You can, however, +save the entire status word and restore it later. This is done with the +following functions: +

+
+
Function: int fegetexceptflag (fexcept_t *flagp, int excepts) + +
+

This function stores in the variable pointed to by flagp an +implementation-defined value representing the current setting of the +exception flags indicated by excepts. +

+

The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a +non-zero value otherwise. +

+ +
+
Function: int fesetexceptflag (const fexcept_t *flagp, int excepts) + +
+

This function restores the flags for the exceptions indicated by +excepts to the values stored in the variable pointed to by +flagp. +

+

The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a +non-zero value otherwise. +

+ +

Note that the value stored in fexcept_t bears no resemblance to +the bit mask returned by fetestexcept. The type may not even be +an integer. Do not attempt to modify an fexcept_t variable. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

20.5.4 Error Reporting by Mathematical Functions

+ +

Many of the math functions are defined only over a subset of the real or +complex numbers. Even if they are mathematically defined, their result +may be larger or smaller than the range representable by their return +type. These are known as domain errors, overflows, and +underflows, respectively. Math functions do several things when +one of these errors occurs. In this manual we will refer to the +complete response as signalling a domain error, overflow, or +underflow. +

+

When a math function suffers a domain error, it raises the invalid +exception and returns NaN. It also sets errno to EDOM; +this is for compatibility with old systems that do not support IEEE +754 exception handling. Likewise, when overflow occurs, math +functions raise the overflow exception and return &infin; or +-&infin; as appropriate. They also set errno to +ERANGE. When underflow occurs, the underflow exception is +raised, and zero (appropriately signed) is returned. errno may be +set to ERANGE, but this is not guaranteed. +

+

Some of the math functions are defined mathematically to result in a +complex value over parts of their domains. The most familiar example of +this is taking the square root of a negative number. The complex math +functions, such as csqrt, will return the appropriate complex value +in this case. The real-valued functions, such as sqrt, will +signal a domain error. +

+

Some older hardware does not support infinities. On that hardware, +overflows instead return a particular very large number (usually the +largest representable number). ‘math.h’ defines macros you can use +to test for overflow on both old and new hardware. +

+
+
Macro: double HUGE_VAL + +
+
Macro: float HUGE_VALF + +
+
Macro: long double HUGE_VALL + +
+

An expression representing a particular very large number. On machines +that use IEEE 754 floating point format, HUGE_VAL is infinity. +On other machines, it's typically the largest positive number that can +be represented. +

+

Mathematical functions return the appropriately typed version of +HUGE_VAL or -HUGE_VAL when the result is too large +to be represented. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

20.6 Rounding Modes

+ +

Floating-point calculations are carried out internally with extra +precision, and then rounded to fit into the destination type. This +ensures that results are as precise as the input data. IEEE 754 +defines four possible rounding modes: +

+
+
Round to nearest.
+

This is the default mode. It should be used unless there is a specific +need for one of the others. In this mode results are rounded to the +nearest representable value. If the result is midway between two +representable values, the even representable is chosen. Even here +means the lowest-order bit is zero. This rounding mode prevents +statistical bias and guarantees numeric stability: round-off errors in a +lengthy calculation will remain smaller than half of FLT_EPSILON. +

+
+
Round toward plus Infinity.
+

All results are rounded to the smallest representable value +which is greater than the result. +

+
+
Round toward minus Infinity.
+

All results are rounded to the largest representable value which is less +than the result. +

+
+
Round toward zero.
+

All results are rounded to the largest representable value whose +magnitude is less than that of the result. In other words, if the +result is negative it is rounded up; if it is positive, it is rounded +down. +

+
+ +

‘fenv.h’ defines constants which you can use to refer to the +various rounding modes. Each one will be defined if and only if the FPU +supports the corresponding rounding mode. +

+
+
+
+
FE_TONEAREST
+

Round to nearest. +

+ +
+
FE_UPWARD
+

Round toward +&infin;. +

+ +
+
FE_DOWNWARD
+

Round toward -&infin;. +

+ +
+
FE_TOWARDZERO
+

Round toward zero. +

+
+ +

Underflow is an unusual case. Normally, IEEE 754 floating point +numbers are always normalized (see section Floating Point Representation Concepts). +Numbers smaller than 2^r (where r is the minimum exponent, +FLT_MIN_RADIX-1 for float) cannot be represented as +normalized numbers. Rounding all such numbers to zero or 2^r +would cause some algorithms to fail at 0. Therefore, they are left in +denormalized form. That produces loss of precision, since some bits of +the mantissa are stolen to indicate the decimal point. +

+

If a result is too small to be represented as a denormalized number, it +is rounded to zero. However, the sign of the result is preserved; if +the calculation was negative, the result is negative zero. +Negative zero can also result from some operations on infinity, such as +4/-&infin;. Negative zero behaves identically to zero except +when the copysign or signbit functions are used to check +the sign bit directly. +

+

At any time one of the above four rounding modes is selected. You can +find out which one with this function: +

+
+
Function: int fegetround (void) + +
+

Returns the currently selected rounding mode, represented by one of the +values of the defined rounding mode macros. +

+ +

To change the rounding mode, use this function: +

+
+
Function: int fesetround (int round) + +
+

Changes the currently selected rounding mode to round. If +round does not correspond to one of the supported rounding modes +nothing is changed. fesetround returns zero if it changed the +rounding mode, a nonzero value if the mode is not supported. +

+ +

You should avoid changing the rounding mode if possible. It can be an +expensive operation; also, some hardware requires you to compile your +program differently for it to work. The resulting code may run slower. +See your compiler documentation for details. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

20.7 Floating-Point Control Functions

+ +

IEEE 754 floating-point implementations allow the programmer to +decide whether traps will occur for each of the exceptions, by setting +bits in the control word. In C, traps result in the program +receiving the SIGFPE signal; see Signal Handling. +

+

NB: IEEE 754 says that trap handlers are given details of +the exceptional situation, and can set the result value. C signals do +not provide any mechanism to pass this information back and forth. +Trapping exceptions in C is therefore not very useful. +

+

It is sometimes necessary to save the state of the floating-point unit +while you perform some calculation. The library provides functions +which save and restore the exception flags, the set of exceptions that +generate traps, and the rounding mode. This information is known as the +floating-point environment. +

+

The functions to save and restore the floating-point environment all use +a variable of type fenv_t to store information. This type is +defined in ‘fenv.h’. Its size and contents are +implementation-defined. You should not attempt to manipulate a variable +of this type directly. +

+

To save the state of the FPU, use one of these functions: +

+
+
Function: int fegetenv (fenv_t *envp) + +
+

Store the floating-point environment in the variable pointed to by +envp. +

+

The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a +non-zero value otherwise. +

+ +
+
Function: int feholdexcept (fenv_t *envp) + +
+

Store the current floating-point environment in the object pointed to by +envp. Then clear all exception flags, and set the FPU to trap no +exceptions. Not all FPUs support trapping no exceptions; if +feholdexcept cannot set this mode, it returns nonzero value. If it +succeeds, it returns zero. +

+ +

The functions which restore the floating-point environment can take these +kinds of arguments: +

+
    +
  • +Pointers to fenv_t objects, which were initialized previously by a +call to fegetenv or feholdexcept. +
  • + +The special macro FE_DFL_ENV which represents the floating-point +environment as it was available at program start. +
  • +Implementation defined macros with names starting with FE_ and +having type fenv_t *. + + +

    If possible, the GNU C Library defines a macro FE_NOMASK_ENV +which represents an environment where every exception raised causes a +trap to occur. You can test for this macro using #ifdef. It is +only defined if _GNU_SOURCE is defined. +

    +

    Some platforms might define other predefined environments. +

+ +

To set the floating-point environment, you can use either of these +functions: +

+
+
Function: int fesetenv (const fenv_t *envp) + +
+

Set the floating-point environment to that described by envp. +

+

The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a +non-zero value otherwise. +

+ +
+
Function: int feupdateenv (const fenv_t *envp) + +
+

Like fesetenv, this function sets the floating-point environment +to that described by envp. However, if any exceptions were +flagged in the status word before feupdateenv was called, they +remain flagged after the call. In other words, after feupdateenv +is called, the status word is the bitwise OR of the previous status word +and the one saved in envp. +

+

The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a +non-zero value otherwise. +

+ +

To control for individual exceptions if raising them causes a trap to +occur, you can use the following two functions. +

+

Portability Note: These functions are all GNU extensions. +

+
+
Function: int feenableexcept (int excepts) + +
+

This functions enables traps for each of the exceptions as indicated by +the parameter except. The individual excepetions are described in +Examining the FPU status word. Only the specified exceptions are +enabled, the status of the other exceptions is not changed. +

+

The function returns the previous enabled exceptions in case the +operation was successful, -1 otherwise. +

+ +
+
Function: int fedisableexcept (int excepts) + +
+

This functions disables traps for each of the exceptions as indicated by +the parameter except. The individual excepetions are described in +Examining the FPU status word. Only the specified exceptions are +disabled, the status of the other exceptions is not changed. +

+

The function returns the previous enabled exceptions in case the +operation was successful, -1 otherwise. +

+ +
+
Function: int fegetexcept (int excepts) + +
+

The function returns a bitmask of all currently enabled exceptions. It +returns -1 in case of failure. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

20.8 Arithmetic Functions

+ +

The C library provides functions to do basic operations on +floating-point numbers. These include absolute value, maximum and minimum, +normalization, bit twiddling, rounding, and a few others. +

+ + + + + + + + +
20.8.1 Absolute Value   Absolute values of integers and floats. +
20.8.2 Normalization Functions   Extracting exponents and putting them back. +
20.8.3 Rounding Functions   Rounding floats to integers. +
20.8.4 Remainder Functions   Remainders on division, precisely defined. +
20.8.5 Setting and modifying single bits of FP values   Sign bit adjustment. Adding epsilon. +
20.8.6 Floating-Point Comparison Functions   Comparisons without risk of exceptions. +
20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions   Max, min, positive difference, multiply-add. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

20.8.1 Absolute Value

+ +

These functions are provided for obtaining the absolute value (or +magnitude) of a number. The absolute value of a real number +x is x if x is positive, -x if x is +negative. For a complex number z, whose real part is x and +whose imaginary part is y, the absolute value is sqrt +(x*x + y*y). +

+ + +

Prototypes for abs, labs and llabs are in ‘stdlib.h’; +imaxabs is declared in ‘inttypes.h’; +fabs, fabsf and fabsl are declared in ‘math.h’. +cabs, cabsf and cabsl are declared in ‘complex.h’. +

+
+
Function: int abs (int number) + +
+
Function: long int labs (long int number) + +
+
Function: long long int llabs (long long int number) + +
+
Function: intmax_t imaxabs (intmax_t number) + +
+

These functions return the absolute value of number. +

+

Most computers use a two's complement integer representation, in which +the absolute value of INT_MIN (the smallest possible int) +cannot be represented; thus, abs (INT_MIN) is not defined. +

+

llabs and imaxdiv are new to ISO C99. +

+

See Integers for a description of the intmax_t type. +

+
+ +
+
Function: double fabs (double number) + +
+
Function: float fabsf (float number) + +
+
Function: long double fabsl (long double number) + +
+

This function returns the absolute value of the floating-point number +number. +

+ +
+
Function: double cabs (complex double z) + +
+
Function: float cabsf (complex float z) + +
+
Function: long double cabsl (complex long double z) + +
+

These functions return the absolute value of the complex number z +(see section Complex Numbers). The absolute value of a complex number is: +

+
 
sqrt (creal (z) * creal (z) + cimag (z) * cimag (z))
+
+ +

This function should always be used instead of the direct formula +because it takes special care to avoid losing precision. It may also +take advantage of hardware support for this operation. See hypot +in Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

20.8.2 Normalization Functions

+ +

The functions described in this section are primarily provided as a way +to efficiently perform certain low-level manipulations on floating point +numbers that are represented internally using a binary radix; +see Floating Point Representation Concepts. These functions are required to +have equivalent behavior even if the representation does not use a radix +of 2, but of course they are unlikely to be particularly efficient in +those cases. +

+ +

All these functions are declared in ‘math.h’. +

+
+
Function: double frexp (double value, int *exponent) + +
+
Function: float frexpf (float value, int *exponent) + +
+
Function: long double frexpl (long double value, int *exponent) + +
+

These functions are used to split the number value +into a normalized fraction and an exponent. +

+

If the argument value is not zero, the return value is value +times a power of two, and is always in the range 1/2 (inclusive) to 1 +(exclusive). The corresponding exponent is stored in +*exponent; the return value multiplied by 2 raised to this +exponent equals the original number value. +

+

For example, frexp (12.8, &exponent) returns 0.8 and +stores 4 in exponent. +

+

If value is zero, then the return value is zero and +zero is stored in *exponent. +

+ +
+
Function: double ldexp (double value, int exponent) + +
+
Function: float ldexpf (float value, int exponent) + +
+
Function: long double ldexpl (long double value, int exponent) + +
+

These functions return the result of multiplying the floating-point +number value by 2 raised to the power exponent. (It can +be used to reassemble floating-point numbers that were taken apart +by frexp.) +

+

For example, ldexp (0.8, 4) returns 12.8. +

+ +

The following functions, which come from BSD, provide facilities +equivalent to those of ldexp and frexp. See also the +ISO C function logb which originally also appeared in BSD. +

+
+
Function: double scalb (double value, int exponent) + +
+
Function: float scalbf (float value, int exponent) + +
+
Function: long double scalbl (long double value, int exponent) + +
+

The scalb function is the BSD name for ldexp. +

+ +
+
Function: long long int scalbn (double x, int n) + +
+
Function: long long int scalbnf (float x, int n) + +
+
Function: long long int scalbnl (long double x, int n) + +
+

scalbn is identical to scalb, except that the exponent +n is an int instead of a floating-point number. +

+ +
+
Function: long long int scalbln (double x, long int n) + +
+
Function: long long int scalblnf (float x, long int n) + +
+
Function: long long int scalblnl (long double x, long int n) + +
+

scalbln is identical to scalb, except that the exponent +n is a long int instead of a floating-point number. +

+ +
+
Function: long long int significand (double x) + +
+
Function: long long int significandf (float x) + +
+
Function: long long int significandl (long double x) + +
+

significand returns the mantissa of x scaled to the range +[1, 2). +It is equivalent to scalb (x, (double) -ilogb (x)). +

+

This function exists mainly for use in certain standardized tests +of IEEE 754 conformance. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

20.8.3 Rounding Functions

+ +

The functions listed here perform operations such as rounding and +truncation of floating-point values. Some of these functions convert +floating point numbers to integer values. They are all declared in +‘math.h’. +

+

You can also convert floating-point numbers to integers simply by +casting them to int. This discards the fractional part, +effectively rounding towards zero. However, this only works if the +result can actually be represented as an int—for very large +numbers, this is impossible. The functions listed here return the +result as a double instead to get around this problem. +

+
+
Function: double ceil (double x) + +
+
Function: float ceilf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double ceill (long double x) + +
+

These functions round x upwards to the nearest integer, +returning that value as a double. Thus, ceil (1.5) +is 2.0. +

+ +
+
Function: double floor (double x) + +
+
Function: float floorf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double floorl (long double x) + +
+

These functions round x downwards to the nearest +integer, returning that value as a double. Thus, floor +(1.5) is 1.0 and floor (-1.5) is -2.0. +

+ +
+
Function: double trunc (double x) + +
+
Function: float truncf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double truncl (long double x) + +
+

The trunc functions round x towards zero to the nearest +integer (returned in floating-point format). Thus, trunc (1.5) +is 1.0 and trunc (-1.5) is -1.0. +

+ +
+
Function: double rint (double x) + +
+
Function: float rintf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double rintl (long double x) + +
+

These functions round x to an integer value according to the +current rounding mode. See section Floating Point Parameters, for +information about the various rounding modes. The default +rounding mode is to round to the nearest integer; some machines +support other modes, but round-to-nearest is always used unless +you explicitly select another. +

+

If x was not initially an integer, these functions raise the +inexact exception. +

+ +
+
Function: double nearbyint (double x) + +
+
Function: float nearbyintf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double nearbyintl (long double x) + +
+

These functions return the same value as the rint functions, but +do not raise the inexact exception if x is not an integer. +

+ +
+
Function: double round (double x) + +
+
Function: float roundf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double roundl (long double x) + +
+

These functions are similar to rint, but they round halfway +cases away from zero instead of to the nearest even integer. +

+ +
+
Function: long int lrint (double x) + +
+
Function: long int lrintf (float x) + +
+
Function: long int lrintl (long double x) + +
+

These functions are just like rint, but they return a +long int instead of a floating-point number. +

+ +
+
Function: long long int llrint (double x) + +
+
Function: long long int llrintf (float x) + +
+
Function: long long int llrintl (long double x) + +
+

These functions are just like rint, but they return a +long long int instead of a floating-point number. +

+ +
+
Function: long int lround (double x) + +
+
Function: long int lroundf (float x) + +
+
Function: long int lroundl (long double x) + +
+

These functions are just like round, but they return a +long int instead of a floating-point number. +

+ +
+
Function: long long int llround (double x) + +
+
Function: long long int llroundf (float x) + +
+
Function: long long int llroundl (long double x) + +
+

These functions are just like round, but they return a +long long int instead of a floating-point number. +

+ + +
+
Function: double modf (double value, double *integer-part) + +
+
Function: float modff (float value, float *integer-part) + +
+
Function: long double modfl (long double value, long double *integer-part) + +
+

These functions break the argument value into an integer part and a +fractional part (between -1 and 1, exclusive). Their sum +equals value. Each of the parts has the same sign as value, +and the integer part is always rounded toward zero. +

+

modf stores the integer part in *integer-part, and +returns the fractional part. For example, modf (2.5, &intpart) +returns 0.5 and stores 2.0 into intpart. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

20.8.4 Remainder Functions

+ +

The functions in this section compute the remainder on division of two +floating-point numbers. Each is a little different; pick the one that +suits your problem. +

+
+
Function: double fmod (double numerator, double denominator) + +
+
Function: float fmodf (float numerator, float denominator) + +
+
Function: long double fmodl (long double numerator, long double denominator) + +
+

These functions compute the remainder from the division of +numerator by denominator. Specifically, the return value is +numerator - n * denominator, where n +is the quotient of numerator divided by denominator, rounded +towards zero to an integer. Thus, fmod (6.5, 2.3) returns +1.9, which is 6.5 minus 4.6. +

+

The result has the same sign as the numerator and has magnitude +less than the magnitude of the denominator. +

+

If denominator is zero, fmod signals a domain error. +

+ +
+
Function: double drem (double numerator, double denominator) + +
+
Function: float dremf (float numerator, float denominator) + +
+
Function: long double dreml (long double numerator, long double denominator) + +
+

These functions are like fmod except that they round the +internal quotient n to the nearest integer instead of towards zero +to an integer. For example, drem (6.5, 2.3) returns -0.4, +which is 6.5 minus 6.9. +

+

The absolute value of the result is less than or equal to half the +absolute value of the denominator. The difference between +fmod (numerator, denominator) and drem +(numerator, denominator) is always either +denominator, minus denominator, or zero. +

+

If denominator is zero, drem signals a domain error. +

+ +
+
Function: double remainder (double numerator, double denominator) + +
+
Function: float remainderf (float numerator, float denominator) + +
+
Function: long double remainderl (long double numerator, long double denominator) + +
+

This function is another name for drem. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

20.8.5 Setting and modifying single bits of FP values

+ +

There are some operations that are too complicated or expensive to +perform by hand on floating-point numbers. ISO C99 defines +functions to do these operations, which mostly involve changing single +bits. +

+
+
Function: double copysign (double x, double y) + +
+
Function: float copysignf (float x, float y) + +
+
Function: long double copysignl (long double x, long double y) + +
+

These functions return x but with the sign of y. They work +even if x or y are NaN or zero. Both of these can carry a +sign (although not all implementations support it) and this is one of +the few operations that can tell the difference. +

+

copysign never raises an exception. +

+

This function is defined in IEC 559 (and the appendix with +recommended functions in IEEE 754/IEEE 854). +

+ +
+
Function: int signbit (float-type x) + +
+

signbit is a generic macro which can work on all floating-point +types. It returns a nonzero value if the value of x has its sign +bit set. +

+

This is not the same as x < 0.0, because IEEE 754 floating +point allows zero to be signed. The comparison -0.0 < 0.0 is +false, but signbit (-0.0) will return a nonzero value. +

+ +
+
Function: double nextafter (double x, double y) + +
+
Function: float nextafterf (float x, float y) + +
+
Function: long double nextafterl (long double x, long double y) + +
+

The nextafter function returns the next representable neighbor of +x in the direction towards y. The size of the step between +x and the result depends on the type of the result. If +x = y the function simply returns y. If either +value is NaN, NaN is returned. Otherwise +a value corresponding to the value of the least significant bit in the +mantissa is added or subtracted, depending on the direction. +nextafter will signal overflow or underflow if the result goes +outside of the range of normalized numbers. +

+

This function is defined in IEC 559 (and the appendix with +recommended functions in IEEE 754/IEEE 854). +

+ +
+
Function: double nexttoward (double x, long double y) + +
+
Function: float nexttowardf (float x, long double y) + +
+
Function: long double nexttowardl (long double x, long double y) + +
+

These functions are identical to the corresponding versions of +nextafter except that their second argument is a long +double. +

+ + +
+
Function: double nan (const char *tagp) + +
+
Function: float nanf (const char *tagp) + +
+
Function: long double nanl (const char *tagp) + +
+

The nan function returns a representation of NaN, provided that +NaN is supported by the target platform. +nan ("n-char-sequence") is equivalent to +strtod ("NAN(n-char-sequence)"). +

+

The argument tagp is used in an unspecified manner. On IEEE +754 systems, there are many representations of NaN, and tagp +selects one. On other systems it may do nothing. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

20.8.6 Floating-Point Comparison Functions

+ +

The standard C comparison operators provoke exceptions when one or other +of the operands is NaN. For example, +

+
 
int v = a < 1.0;
+
+ +

will raise an exception if a is NaN. (This does not +happen with == and !=; those merely return false and true, +respectively, when NaN is examined.) Frequently this exception is +undesirable. ISO C99 therefore defines comparison functions that +do not raise exceptions when NaN is examined. All of the functions are +implemented as macros which allow their arguments to be of any +floating-point type. The macros are guaranteed to evaluate their +arguments only once. +

+
+
Macro: int isgreater (real-floating x, real-floating y) + +
+

This macro determines whether the argument x is greater than +y. It is equivalent to (x) > (y), but no +exception is raised if x or y are NaN. +

+ +
+
Macro: int isgreaterequal (real-floating x, real-floating y) + +
+

This macro determines whether the argument x is greater than or +equal to y. It is equivalent to (x) >= (y), but no +exception is raised if x or y are NaN. +

+ +
+
Macro: int isless (real-floating x, real-floating y) + +
+

This macro determines whether the argument x is less than y. +It is equivalent to (x) < (y), but no exception is +raised if x or y are NaN. +

+ +
+
Macro: int islessequal (real-floating x, real-floating y) + +
+

This macro determines whether the argument x is less than or equal +to y. It is equivalent to (x) <= (y), but no +exception is raised if x or y are NaN. +

+ +
+
Macro: int islessgreater (real-floating x, real-floating y) + +
+

This macro determines whether the argument x is less or greater +than y. It is equivalent to (x) < (y) || +(x) > (y) (although it only evaluates x and y +once), but no exception is raised if x or y are NaN. +

+

This macro is not equivalent to x != y, because that +expression is true if x or y are NaN. +

+ +
+
Macro: int isunordered (real-floating x, real-floating y) + +
+

This macro determines whether its arguments are unordered. In other +words, it is true if x or y are NaN, and false otherwise. +

+ +

Not all machines provide hardware support for these operations. On +machines that don't, the macros can be very slow. Therefore, you should +not use these functions when NaN is not a concern. +

+

NB: There are no macros isequal or isunequal. +They are unnecessary, because the == and != operators do +not throw an exception if one or both of the operands are NaN. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions

+ +

The functions in this section perform miscellaneous but common +operations that are awkward to express with C operators. On some +processors these functions can use special machine instructions to +perform these operations faster than the equivalent C code. +

+
+
Function: double fmin (double x, double y) + +
+
Function: float fminf (float x, float y) + +
+
Function: long double fminl (long double x, long double y) + +
+

The fmin function returns the lesser of the two values x +and y. It is similar to the expression +

 
((x) < (y) ? (x) : (y))
+
+

except that x and y are only evaluated once. +

+

If an argument is NaN, the other argument is returned. If both arguments +are NaN, NaN is returned. +

+ +
+
Function: double fmax (double x, double y) + +
+
Function: float fmaxf (float x, float y) + +
+
Function: long double fmaxl (long double x, long double y) + +
+

The fmax function returns the greater of the two values x +and y. +

+

If an argument is NaN, the other argument is returned. If both arguments +are NaN, NaN is returned. +

+ +
+
Function: double fdim (double x, double y) + +
+
Function: float fdimf (float x, float y) + +
+
Function: long double fdiml (long double x, long double y) + +
+

The fdim function returns the positive difference between +x and y. The positive difference is x - +y if x is greater than y, and 0 otherwise. +

+

If x, y, or both are NaN, NaN is returned. +

+ +
+
Function: double fma (double x, double y, double z) + +
+
Function: float fmaf (float x, float y, float z) + +
+
Function: long double fmal (long double x, long double y, long double z) + +
+
+

The fma function performs floating-point multiply-add. This is +the operation (x &middot; y) + z, but the +intermediate result is not rounded to the destination type. This can +sometimes improve the precision of a calculation. +

+

This function was introduced because some processors have a special +instruction to perform multiply-add. The C compiler cannot use it +directly, because the expression ‘x*y + z’ is defined to round the +intermediate result. fma lets you choose when you want to round +only once. +

+ +

On processors which do not implement multiply-add in hardware, +fma can be very slow since it must avoid intermediate rounding. +‘math.h’ defines the symbols FP_FAST_FMA, +FP_FAST_FMAF, and FP_FAST_FMAL when the corresponding +version of fma is no slower than the expression ‘x*y + z’. +In the GNU C library, this always means the operation is implemented in +hardware. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

20.9 Complex Numbers

+ +

ISO C99 introduces support for complex numbers in C. This is done +with a new type qualifier, complex. It is a keyword if and only +if ‘complex.h’ has been included. There are three complex types, +corresponding to the three real types: float complex, +double complex, and long double complex. +

+

To construct complex numbers you need a way to indicate the imaginary +part of a number. There is no standard notation for an imaginary +floating point constant. Instead, ‘complex.h’ defines two macros +that can be used to create complex numbers. +

+
+
Macro: const float complex _Complex_I + +
+

This macro is a representation of the complex number “0+1i”. +Multiplying a real floating-point value by _Complex_I gives a +complex number whose value is purely imaginary. You can use this to +construct complex constants: +

+
 
3.0 + 4.0i = 3.0 + 4.0 * _Complex_I
+
+ +

Note that _Complex_I * _Complex_I has the value -1, but +the type of that value is complex. +

+ + +

_Complex_I is a bit of a mouthful. ‘complex.h’ also defines +a shorter name for the same constant. +

+
+
Macro: const float complex I + +
+

This macro has exactly the same value as _Complex_I. Most of the +time it is preferable. However, it causes problems if you want to use +the identifier I for something else. You can safely write +

+
 
#include <complex.h>
+#undef I
+
+ +

if you need I for your own purposes. (In that case we recommend +you also define some other short name for _Complex_I, such as +J.) +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers

+ +

ISO C99 also defines functions that perform basic operations on +complex numbers, such as decomposition and conjugation. The prototypes +for all these functions are in ‘complex.h’. All functions are +available in three variants, one for each of the three complex types. +

+
+
Function: double creal (complex double z) + +
+
Function: float crealf (complex float z) + +
+
Function: long double creall (complex long double z) + +
+

These functions return the real part of the complex number z. +

+ +
+
Function: double cimag (complex double z) + +
+
Function: float cimagf (complex float z) + +
+
Function: long double cimagl (complex long double z) + +
+

These functions return the imaginary part of the complex number z. +

+ +
+
Function: complex double conj (complex double z) + +
+
Function: complex float conjf (complex float z) + +
+
Function: complex long double conjl (complex long double z) + +
+

These functions return the conjugate value of the complex number +z. The conjugate of a complex number has the same real part and a +negated imaginary part. In other words, ‘conj(a + bi) = a + -bi’. +

+ +
+
Function: double carg (complex double z) + +
+
Function: float cargf (complex float z) + +
+
Function: long double cargl (complex long double z) + +
+

These functions return the argument of the complex number z. +The argument of a complex number is the angle in the complex plane +between the positive real axis and a line passing through zero and the +number. This angle is measured in the usual fashion and ranges from 0 +to 2&pi;. +

+

carg has a branch cut along the positive real axis. +

+ +
+
Function: complex double cproj (complex double z) + +
+
Function: complex float cprojf (complex float z) + +
+
Function: complex long double cprojl (complex long double z) + +
+

These functions return the projection of the complex value z onto +the Riemann sphere. Values with a infinite imaginary part are projected +to positive infinity on the real axis, even if the real part is NaN. If +the real part is infinite, the result is equivalent to +

+
 
INFINITY + I * copysign (0.0, cimag (z))
+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

20.11 Parsing of Numbers

+ +

This section describes functions for “reading” integer and +floating-point numbers from a string. It may be more convenient in some +cases to use sscanf or one of the related functions; see +Formatted Input. But often you can make a program more robust by +finding the tokens in the string by hand, then converting the numbers +one by one. +

+ + + +
20.11.1 Parsing of Integers   Functions for conversion of integer values. +
20.11.2 Parsing of Floats   Functions for conversion of floating-point + values. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

20.11.1 Parsing of Integers

+ +

The ‘str’ functions are declared in ‘stdlib.h’ and those +beginning with ‘wcs’ are declared in ‘wchar.h’. One might +wonder about the use of restrict in the prototypes of the +functions in this section. It is seemingly useless but the ISO C +standard uses it (for the functions defined there) so we have to do it +as well. +

+
+
Function: long int strtol (const char *restrict string, char **restrict tailptr, int base) + +
+

The strtol (“string-to-long”) function converts the initial +part of string to a signed integer, which is returned as a value +of type long int. +

+

This function attempts to decompose string as follows: +

+
    +
  • +A (possibly empty) sequence of whitespace characters. Which characters +are whitespace is determined by the isspace function +(see section Classification of Characters). These are discarded. + +
  • +An optional plus or minus sign (‘+’ or ‘-’). + +
  • +A nonempty sequence of digits in the radix specified by base. + +

    If base is zero, decimal radix is assumed unless the series of +digits begins with ‘0’ (specifying octal radix), or ‘0x’ or +‘0X’ (specifying hexadecimal radix); in other words, the same +syntax used for integer constants in C. +

    +

    Otherwise base must have a value between 2 and 36. +If base is 16, the digits may optionally be preceded by +‘0x’ or ‘0X’. If base has no legal value the value returned +is 0l and the global variable errno is set to EINVAL. +

    +
  • +Any remaining characters in the string. If tailptr is not a null +pointer, strtol stores a pointer to this tail in +*tailptr. +
+ +

If the string is empty, contains only whitespace, or does not contain an +initial substring that has the expected syntax for an integer in the +specified base, no conversion is performed. In this case, +strtol returns a value of zero and the value stored in +*tailptr is the value of string. +

+

In a locale other than the standard "C" locale, this function +may recognize additional implementation-dependent syntax. +

+

If the string has valid syntax for an integer but the value is not +representable because of overflow, strtol returns either +LONG_MAX or LONG_MIN (see section Range of an Integer Type), as +appropriate for the sign of the value. It also sets errno +to ERANGE to indicate there was overflow. +

+

You should not check for errors by examining the return value of +strtol, because the string might be a valid representation of +0l, LONG_MAX, or LONG_MIN. Instead, check whether +tailptr points to what you expect after the number +(e.g. '\0' if the string should end after the number). You also +need to clear errno before the call and check it afterward, in +case there was overflow. +

+

There is an example at the end of this section. +

+ +
+
Function: long int wcstol (const wchar_t *restrict string, wchar_t **restrict tailptr, int base) + +
+

The wcstol function is equivalent to the strtol function +in nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings. +

+

The wcstol function was introduced in Amendment 1 of ISO C90. +

+ +
+
Function: unsigned long int strtoul (const char *retrict string, char **restrict tailptr, int base) + +
+

The strtoul (“string-to-unsigned-long”) function is like +strtol except it converts to an unsigned long int value. +The syntax is the same as described above for strtol. The value +returned on overflow is ULONG_MAX (see section Range of an Integer Type). +

+

If string depicts a negative number, strtoul acts the same +as strtol but casts the result to an unsigned integer. That means +for example that strtoul on "-1" returns ULONG_MAX +and an input more negative than LONG_MIN returns +(ULONG_MAX + 1) / 2. +

+

strtoul sets errno to EINVAL if base is out of +range, or ERANGE on overflow. +

+ +
+
Function: unsigned long int wcstoul (const wchar_t *restrict string, wchar_t **restrict tailptr, int base) + +
+

The wcstoul function is equivalent to the strtoul function +in nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings. +

+

The wcstoul function was introduced in Amendment 1 of ISO C90. +

+ +
+
Function: long long int strtoll (const char *restrict string, char **restrict tailptr, int base) + +
+

The strtoll function is like strtol except that it returns +a long long int value, and accepts numbers with a correspondingly +larger range. +

+

If the string has valid syntax for an integer but the value is not +representable because of overflow, strtoll returns either +LONG_LONG_MAX or LONG_LONG_MIN (see section Range of an Integer Type), as +appropriate for the sign of the value. It also sets errno to +ERANGE to indicate there was overflow. +

+

The strtoll function was introduced in ISO C99. +

+ +
+
Function: long long int wcstoll (const wchar_t *restrict string, wchar_t **restrict tailptr, int base) + +
+

The wcstoll function is equivalent to the strtoll function +in nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings. +

+

The wcstoll function was introduced in Amendment 1 of ISO C90. +

+ +
+
Function: long long int strtoq (const char *restrict string, char **restrict tailptr, int base) + +
+

strtoq (“string-to-quad-word”) is the BSD name for strtoll. +

+ +
+
Function: long long int wcstoq (const wchar_t *restrict string, wchar_t **restrict tailptr, int base) + +
+

The wcstoq function is equivalent to the strtoq function +in nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings. +

+

The wcstoq function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: unsigned long long int strtoull (const char *restrict string, char **restrict tailptr, int base) + +
+

The strtoull function is related to strtoll the same way +strtoul is related to strtol. +

+

The strtoull function was introduced in ISO C99. +

+ +
+
Function: unsigned long long int wcstoull (const wchar_t *restrict string, wchar_t **restrict tailptr, int base) + +
+

The wcstoull function is equivalent to the strtoull function +in nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings. +

+

The wcstoull function was introduced in Amendment 1 of ISO C90. +

+ +
+
Function: unsigned long long int strtouq (const char *restrict string, char **restrict tailptr, int base) + +
+

strtouq is the BSD name for strtoull. +

+ +
+
Function: unsigned long long int wcstouq (const wchar_t *restrict string, wchar_t **restrict tailptr, int base) + +
+

The wcstouq function is equivalent to the strtouq function +in nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings. +

+

The wcstouq function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: intmax_t strtoimax (const char *restrict string, char **restrict tailptr, int base) + +
+

The strtoimax function is like strtol except that it returns +a intmax_t value, and accepts numbers of a corresponding range. +

+

If the string has valid syntax for an integer but the value is not +representable because of overflow, strtoimax returns either +INTMAX_MAX or INTMAX_MIN (see section Integers), as +appropriate for the sign of the value. It also sets errno to +ERANGE to indicate there was overflow. +

+

See Integers for a description of the intmax_t type. The +strtoimax function was introduced in ISO C99. +

+ +
+
Function: intmax_t wcstoimax (const wchar_t *restrict string, wchar_t **restrict tailptr, int base) + +
+

The wcstoimax function is equivalent to the strtoimax function +in nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings. +

+

The wcstoimax function was introduced in ISO C99. +

+ +
+
Function: uintmax_t strtoumax (const char *restrict string, char **restrict tailptr, int base) + +
+

The strtoumax function is related to strtoimax +the same way that strtoul is related to strtol. +

+

See Integers for a description of the intmax_t type. The +strtoumax function was introduced in ISO C99. +

+ +
+
Function: uintmax_t wcstoumax (const wchar_t *restrict string, wchar_t **restrict tailptr, int base) + +
+

The wcstoumax function is equivalent to the strtoumax function +in nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings. +

+

The wcstoumax function was introduced in ISO C99. +

+ +
+
Function: long int atol (const char *string) + +
+

This function is similar to the strtol function with a base +argument of 10, except that it need not detect overflow errors. +The atol function is provided mostly for compatibility with +existing code; using strtol is more robust. +

+ +
+
Function: int atoi (const char *string) + +
+

This function is like atol, except that it returns an int. +The atoi function is also considered obsolete; use strtol +instead. +

+ +
+
Function: long long int atoll (const char *string) + +
+

This function is similar to atol, except it returns a long +long int. +

+

The atoll function was introduced in ISO C99. It too is +obsolete (despite having just been added); use strtoll instead. +

+ +

All the functions mentioned in this section so far do not handle +alternative representations of characters as described in the locale +data. Some locales specify thousands separator and the way they have to +be used which can help to make large numbers more readable. To read +such numbers one has to use the scanf functions with the ‘'’ +flag. +

+

Here is a function which parses a string as a sequence of integers and +returns the sum of them: +

+
 
int
+sum_ints_from_string (char *string)
+{
+  int sum = 0;
+
+  while (1) {
+    char *tail;
+    int next;
+
+    /* Skip whitespace by hand, to detect the end.  */
+    while (isspace (*string)) string++;
+    if (*string == 0)
+      break;
+
+    /* There is more nonwhitespace,  */
+    /* so it ought to be another number.  */
+    errno = 0;
+    /* Parse it.  */
+    next = strtol (string, &tail, 0);
+    /* Add it in, if not overflow.  */
+    if (errno)
+      printf ("Overflow\n");
+    else
+      sum += next;
+    /* Advance past it.  */
+    string = tail;
+  }
+
+  return sum;
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

20.11.2 Parsing of Floats

+ +

The ‘str’ functions are declared in ‘stdlib.h’ and those +beginning with ‘wcs’ are declared in ‘wchar.h’. One might +wonder about the use of restrict in the prototypes of the +functions in this section. It is seemingly useless but the ISO C +standard uses it (for the functions defined there) so we have to do it +as well. +

+
+
Function: double strtod (const char *restrict string, char **restrict tailptr) + +
+

The strtod (“string-to-double”) function converts the initial +part of string to a floating-point number, which is returned as a +value of type double. +

+

This function attempts to decompose string as follows: +

+
    +
  • +A (possibly empty) sequence of whitespace characters. Which characters +are whitespace is determined by the isspace function +(see section Classification of Characters). These are discarded. + +
  • +An optional plus or minus sign (‘+’ or ‘-’). + +
  • A floating point number in decimal or hexadecimal format. The +decimal format is: +
      +
    • - +A nonempty sequence of digits optionally containing a decimal-point +character—normally ‘.’, but it depends on the locale +(see section Generic Numeric Formatting Parameters). + +
    • - +An optional exponent part, consisting of a character ‘e’ or +‘E’, an optional sign, and a sequence of digits. + +
    + +

    The hexadecimal format is as follows: +

      +
    • - +A 0x or 0X followed by a nonempty sequence of hexadecimal digits +optionally containing a decimal-point character—normally ‘.’, but +it depends on the locale (see section Generic Numeric Formatting Parameters). + +
    • - +An optional binary-exponent part, consisting of a character ‘p’ or +‘P’, an optional sign, and a sequence of digits. + +
    + +
  • +Any remaining characters in the string. If tailptr is not a null +pointer, a pointer to this tail of the string is stored in +*tailptr. +
+ +

If the string is empty, contains only whitespace, or does not contain an +initial substring that has the expected syntax for a floating-point +number, no conversion is performed. In this case, strtod returns +a value of zero and the value returned in *tailptr is the +value of string. +

+

In a locale other than the standard "C" or "POSIX" locales, +this function may recognize additional locale-dependent syntax. +

+

If the string has valid syntax for a floating-point number but the value +is outside the range of a double, strtod will signal +overflow or underflow as described in Error Reporting by Mathematical Functions. +

+

strtod recognizes four special input strings. The strings +"inf" and "infinity" are converted to &infin;, +or to the largest representable value if the floating-point format +doesn't support infinities. You can prepend a "+" or "-" +to specify the sign. Case is ignored when scanning these strings. +

+

The strings "nan" and "nan(chars…)" are converted +to NaN. Again, case is ignored. If chars… are provided, they +are used in some unspecified fashion to select a particular +representation of NaN (there can be several). +

+

Since zero is a valid result as well as the value returned on error, you +should check for errors in the same way as for strtol, by +examining errno and tailptr. +

+ +
+
Function: float strtof (const char *string, char **tailptr) + +
+
Function: long double strtold (const char *string, char **tailptr) + +
+

These functions are analogous to strtod, but return float +and long double values respectively. They report errors in the +same way as strtod. strtof can be substantially faster +than strtod, but has less precision; conversely, strtold +can be much slower but has more precision (on systems where long +double is a separate type). +

+

These functions have been GNU extensions and are new to ISO C99. +

+ +
+
Function: double wcstod (const wchar_t *restrict string, wchar_t **restrict tailptr) + +
+
Function: float wcstof (const wchar_t *string, wchar_t **tailptr) + +
+
Function: long double wcstold (const wchar_t *string, wchar_t **tailptr) + +
+

The wcstod, wcstof, and wcstol functions are +equivalent in nearly all aspect to the strtod, strtof, and +strtold functions but it handles wide character string. +

+

The wcstod function was introduced in Amendment 1 of ISO +C90. The wcstof and wcstold functions were introduced in +ISO C99. +

+ +
+
Function: double atof (const char *string) + +
+

This function is similar to the strtod function, except that it +need not detect overflow and underflow errors. The atof function +is provided mostly for compatibility with existing code; using +strtod is more robust. +

+ +

The GNU C library also provides ‘_l’ versions of these functions, +which take an additional argument, the locale to use in conversion. +See section Parsing of Integers. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

20.12 Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions

+ +

The old System V C library provided three functions to convert +numbers to strings, with unusual and hard-to-use semantics. The GNU C +library also provides these functions and some natural extensions. +

+

These functions are only available in glibc and on systems descended +from AT&T Unix. Therefore, unless these functions do precisely what you +need, it is better to use sprintf, which is standard. +

+

All these functions are defined in ‘stdlib.h’. +

+
+
Function: char * ecvt (double value, int ndigit, int *decpt, int *neg) + +
+

The function ecvt converts the floating-point number value +to a string with at most ndigit decimal digits. The +returned string contains no decimal point or sign. The first digit of +the string is non-zero (unless value is actually zero) and the +last digit is rounded to nearest. *decpt is set to the +index in the string of the first digit after the decimal point. +*neg is set to a nonzero value if value is negative, +zero otherwise. +

+

If ndigit decimal digits would exceed the precision of a +double it is reduced to a system-specific value. +

+

The returned string is statically allocated and overwritten by each call +to ecvt. +

+

If value is zero, it is implementation defined whether +*decpt is 0 or 1. +

+

For example: ecvt (12.3, 5, &d, &n) returns "12300" +and sets d to 2 and n to 0. +

+ +
+
Function: char * fcvt (double value, int ndigit, int *decpt, int *neg) + +
+

The function fcvt is like ecvt, but ndigit specifies +the number of digits after the decimal point. If ndigit is less +than zero, value is rounded to the ndigit+1'th place to the +left of the decimal point. For example, if ndigit is -1, +value will be rounded to the nearest 10. If ndigit is +negative and larger than the number of digits to the left of the decimal +point in value, value will be rounded to one significant digit. +

+

If ndigit decimal digits would exceed the precision of a +double it is reduced to a system-specific value. +

+

The returned string is statically allocated and overwritten by each call +to fcvt. +

+ +
+
Function: char * gcvt (double value, int ndigit, char *buf) + +
+

gcvt is functionally equivalent to ‘sprintf(buf, "%*g", +ndigit, value’. It is provided only for compatibility's sake. It +returns buf. +

+

If ndigit decimal digits would exceed the precision of a +double it is reduced to a system-specific value. +

+ +

As extensions, the GNU C library provides versions of these three +functions that take long double arguments. +

+
+
Function: char * qecvt (long double value, int ndigit, int *decpt, int *neg) + +
+

This function is equivalent to ecvt except that it takes a +long double for the first parameter and that ndigit is +restricted by the precision of a long double. +

+ +
+
Function: char * qfcvt (long double value, int ndigit, int *decpt, int *neg) + +
+

This function is equivalent to fcvt except that it +takes a long double for the first parameter and that ndigit is +restricted by the precision of a long double. +

+ +
+
Function: char * qgcvt (long double value, int ndigit, char *buf) + +
+

This function is equivalent to gcvt except that it takes a +long double for the first parameter and that ndigit is +restricted by the precision of a long double. +

+ + + +

The ecvt and fcvt functions, and their long double +equivalents, all return a string located in a static buffer which is +overwritten by the next call to the function. The GNU C library +provides another set of extended functions which write the converted +string into a user-supplied buffer. These have the conventional +_r suffix. +

+

gcvt_r is not necessary, because gcvt already uses a +user-supplied buffer. +

+
+
Function: int ecvt_r (double value, int ndigit, int *decpt, int *neg, char *buf, size_t len) + +
+

The ecvt_r function is the same as ecvt, except +that it places its result into the user-specified buffer pointed to by +buf, with length len. The return value is -1 in +case of an error and zero otherwise. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: int fcvt_r (double value, int ndigit, int *decpt, int *neg, char *buf, size_t len) + +
+

The fcvt_r function is the same as fcvt, except that it +places its result into the user-specified buffer pointed to by +buf, with length len. The return value is -1 in +case of an error and zero otherwise. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: int qecvt_r (long double value, int ndigit, int *decpt, int *neg, char *buf, size_t len) + +
+

The qecvt_r function is the same as qecvt, except +that it places its result into the user-specified buffer pointed to by +buf, with length len. The return value is -1 in +case of an error and zero otherwise. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: int qfcvt_r (long double value, int ndigit, int *decpt, int *neg, char *buf, size_t len) + +
+

The qfcvt_r function is the same as qfcvt, except +that it places its result into the user-specified buffer pointed to by +buf, with length len. The return value is -1 in +case of an error and zero otherwise. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_22.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_22.html @@ -0,0 +1,2086 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 22. Resource Usage And Limitation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

22. Resource Usage And Limitation

+

This chapter describes functions for examining how much of various kinds of +resources (CPU time, memory, etc.) a process has used and getting and setting +limits on future usage. +

+ + + + + + +
22.1 Resource Usage   Measuring various resources used. +
22.2 Limiting Resource Usage   Specifying limits on resource usage. +
22.3 Process CPU Priority And Scheduling   Reading or setting process run priority. +
22.4 Querying memory available resources  
22.5 Learn about the processors available  
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

22.1 Resource Usage

+ +

The function getrusage and the data type struct rusage +are used to examine the resource usage of a process. They are declared +in ‘sys/resource.h’. +

+
+
Function: int getrusage (int processes, struct rusage *rusage) + +
+

This function reports resource usage totals for processes specified by +processes, storing the information in *rusage. +

+

In most systems, processes has only two valid values: +

+
+
RUSAGE_SELF
+

Just the current process. +

+
+
RUSAGE_CHILDREN
+

All child processes (direct and indirect) that have already terminated. +

+
+ +

In the GNU system, you can also inquire about a particular child process +by specifying its process ID. +

+

The return value of getrusage is zero for success, and -1 +for failure. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The argument processes is not valid. +

+
+
+ +

One way of getting resource usage for a particular child process is with +the function wait4, which returns totals for a child when it +terminates. See section BSD Process Wait Functions. +

+
+
Data Type: struct rusage + +
+

This data type stores various resource usage statistics. It has the +following members, and possibly others: +

+
+
struct timeval ru_utime
+

Time spent executing user instructions. +

+
+
struct timeval ru_stime
+

Time spent in operating system code on behalf of processes. +

+
+
long int ru_maxrss
+

The maximum resident set size used, in kilobytes. That is, the maximum +number of kilobytes of physical memory that processes used +simultaneously. +

+
+
long int ru_ixrss
+

An integral value expressed in kilobytes times ticks of execution, which +indicates the amount of memory used by text that was shared with other +processes. +

+
+
long int ru_idrss
+

An integral value expressed the same way, which is the amount of +unshared memory used for data. +

+
+
long int ru_isrss
+

An integral value expressed the same way, which is the amount of +unshared memory used for stack space. +

+
+
long int ru_minflt
+

The number of page faults which were serviced without requiring any I/O. +

+
+
long int ru_majflt
+

The number of page faults which were serviced by doing I/O. +

+
+
long int ru_nswap
+

The number of times processes was swapped entirely out of main memory. +

+
+
long int ru_inblock
+

The number of times the file system had to read from the disk on behalf +of processes. +

+
+
long int ru_oublock
+

The number of times the file system had to write to the disk on behalf +of processes. +

+
+
long int ru_msgsnd
+

Number of IPC messages sent. +

+
+
long int ru_msgrcv
+

Number of IPC messages received. +

+
+
long int ru_nsignals
+

Number of signals received. +

+
+
long int ru_nvcsw
+

The number of times processes voluntarily invoked a context switch +(usually to wait for some service). +

+
+
long int ru_nivcsw
+

The number of times an involuntary context switch took place (because +a time slice expired, or another process of higher priority was +scheduled). +

+
+
+ +

vtimes is a historical function that does some of what +getrusage does. getrusage is a better choice. +

+

vtimes and its vtimes data structure are declared in +‘sys/vtimes.h’. + +

+
+
Function: int vtimes (struct vtimes current, struct vtimes child) + +
+

vtimes reports resource usage totals for a process. +

+

If current is non-null, vtimes stores resource usage totals for +the invoking process alone in the structure to which it points. If +child is non-null, vtimes stores resource usage totals for all +past children (which have terminated) of the invoking process in the structure +to which it points. +

+
+
Data Type: struct vtimes + +
+

This data type contains information about the resource usage of a process. +Each member corresponds to a member of the struct rusage data type +described above. +

+
+
vm_utime
+

User CPU time. Analogous to ru_utime in struct rusage +

+
vm_stime
+

System CPU time. Analogous to ru_stime in struct rusage +

+
vm_idsrss
+

Data and stack memory. The sum of the values that would be reported as +ru_idrss and ru_isrss in struct rusage +

+
vm_ixrss
+

Shared memory. Analogous to ru_ixrss in struct rusage +

+
vm_maxrss
+

Maximent resident set size. Analogous to ru_maxrss in +struct rusage +

+
vm_majflt
+

Major page faults. Analogous to ru_majflt in struct rusage +

+
vm_minflt
+

Minor page faults. Analogous to ru_minflt in struct rusage +

+
vm_nswap
+

Swap count. Analogous to ru_nswap in struct rusage +

+
vm_inblk
+

Disk reads. Analogous to ru_inblk in struct rusage +

+
vm_oublk
+

Disk writes. Analogous to ru_oublk in struct rusage +

+
+
+ + +

The return value is zero if the function succeeds; -1 otherwise. +

+ + +
+

An additional historical function for examining resource usage, +vtimes, is supported but not documented here. It is declared in +‘sys/vtimes.h’. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

22.2 Limiting Resource Usage

+ +

You can specify limits for the resource usage of a process. When the +process tries to exceed a limit, it may get a signal, or the system call +by which it tried to do so may fail, depending on the resource. Each +process initially inherits its limit values from its parent, but it can +subsequently change them. +

+

There are two per-process limits associated with a resource: + +

+
+
current limit
+

The current limit is the value the system will not allow usage to +exceed. It is also called the “soft limit” because the process being +limited can generally raise the current limit at will. + + +

+
+
maximum limit
+

The maximum limit is the maximum value to which a process is allowed to +set its current limit. It is also called the “hard limit” because +there is no way for a process to get around it. A process may lower +its own maximum limit, but only the superuser may increase a maximum +limit. + + +

+
+ + +

The symbols for use with getrlimit, setrlimit, +getrlimit64, and setrlimit64 are defined in +‘sys/resource.h’. +

+
+
Function: int getrlimit (int resource, struct rlimit *rlp) + +
+

Read the current and maximum limits for the resource resource +and store them in *rlp. +

+

The return value is 0 on success and -1 on failure. The +only possible errno error condition is EFAULT. +

+

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a +32-bit system this function is in fact getrlimit64. Thus, the +LFS interface transparently replaces the old interface. +

+ +
+
Function: int getrlimit64 (int resource, struct rlimit64 *rlp) + +
+

This function is similar to getrlimit but its second parameter is +a pointer to a variable of type struct rlimit64, which allows it +to read values which wouldn't fit in the member of a struct +rlimit. +

+

If the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a +32-bit machine, this function is available under the name +getrlimit and so transparently replaces the old interface. +

+ +
+
Function: int setrlimit (int resource, const struct rlimit *rlp) + +
+

Store the current and maximum limits for the resource resource +in *rlp. +

+

The return value is 0 on success and -1 on failure. The +following errno error condition is possible: +

+
+
EPERM
+
    +
  • +The process tried to raise a current limit beyond the maximum limit. + +
  • +The process tried to raise a maximum limit, but is not superuser. +
+
+
+ +

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a +32-bit system this function is in fact setrlimit64. Thus, the +LFS interface transparently replaces the old interface. +

+ +
+
Function: int setrlimit64 (int resource, const struct rlimit64 *rlp) + +
+

This function is similar to setrlimit but its second parameter is +a pointer to a variable of type struct rlimit64 which allows it +to set values which wouldn't fit in the member of a struct +rlimit. +

+

If the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a +32-bit machine this function is available under the name +setrlimit and so transparently replaces the old interface. +

+ +
+
Data Type: struct rlimit + +
+

This structure is used with getrlimit to receive limit values, +and with setrlimit to specify limit values for a particular process +and resource. It has two fields: +

+
+
rlim_t rlim_cur
+

The current limit +

+
+
rlim_t rlim_max
+

The maximum limit. +

+
+ +

For getrlimit, the structure is an output; it receives the current +values. For setrlimit, it specifies the new values. +

+ +

For the LFS functions a similar type is defined in ‘sys/resource.h’. +

+
+
Data Type: struct rlimit64 + +
+

This structure is analogous to the rlimit structure above, but +its components have wider ranges. It has two fields: +

+
+
rlim64_t rlim_cur
+

This is analogous to rlimit.rlim_cur, but with a different type. +

+
+
rlim64_t rlim_max
+

This is analogous to rlimit.rlim_max, but with a different type. +

+
+ +
+ +

Here is a list of resources for which you can specify a limit. Memory +and file sizes are measured in bytes. +

+
+
RLIMIT_CPU
+
+

The maximum amount of CPU time the process can use. If it runs for +longer than this, it gets a signal: SIGXCPU. The value is +measured in seconds. See section Operation Error Signals. +

+
+
RLIMIT_FSIZE
+
+

The maximum size of file the process can create. Trying to write a +larger file causes a signal: SIGXFSZ. See section Operation Error Signals. +

+
+
RLIMIT_DATA
+
+

The maximum size of data memory for the process. If the process tries +to allocate data memory beyond this amount, the allocation function +fails. +

+
+
RLIMIT_STACK
+
+

The maximum stack size for the process. If the process tries to extend +its stack past this size, it gets a SIGSEGV signal. +See section Program Error Signals. +

+
+
RLIMIT_CORE
+
+

The maximum size core file that this process can create. If the process +terminates and would dump a core file larger than this, then no core +file is created. So setting this limit to zero prevents core files from +ever being created. +

+
+
RLIMIT_RSS
+
+

The maximum amount of physical memory that this process should get. +This parameter is a guide for the system's scheduler and memory +allocator; the system may give the process more memory when there is a +surplus. +

+
+
RLIMIT_MEMLOCK
+

The maximum amount of memory that can be locked into physical memory (so +it will never be paged out). +

+
+
RLIMIT_NPROC
+

The maximum number of processes that can be created with the same user ID. +If you have reached the limit for your user ID, fork will fail +with EAGAIN. See section Creating a Process. +

+
+
RLIMIT_NOFILE
+
+
+
RLIMIT_OFILE
+
+

The maximum number of files that the process can open. If it tries to +open more files than this, its open attempt fails with errno +EMFILE. See section Error Codes. Not all systems support this limit; +GNU does, and 4.4 BSD does. +

+
+
RLIMIT_AS
+
+

The maximum size of total memory that this process should get. If the +process tries to allocate more memory beyond this amount with, for +example, brk, malloc, mmap or sbrk, the +allocation function fails. +

+
+
RLIM_NLIMITS
+
+

The number of different resource limits. Any valid resource +operand must be less than RLIM_NLIMITS. +

+
+ +
+
Constant: int RLIM_INFINITY + +
+

This constant stands for a value of “infinity” when supplied as +the limit value in setrlimit. +

+ + +

The following are historical functions to do some of what the functions +above do. The functions above are better choices. +

+

ulimit and the command symbols are declared in ‘ulimit.h’. + +

+
+
Function: int ulimit (int cmd, ...) + +
+

ulimit gets the current limit or sets the current and maximum +limit for a particular resource for the calling process according to the +command cmd.a +

+

If you are getting a limit, the command argument is the only argument. +If you are setting a limit, there is a second argument: +long int limit which is the value to which you are setting +the limit. +

+

The cmd values and the operations they specify are: +

+
GETFSIZE
+

Get the current limit on the size of a file, in units of 512 bytes. +

+
+
SETFSIZE
+

Set the current and maximum limit on the size of a file to limit * +512 bytes. +

+
+
+ +

There are also some other cmd values that may do things on some +systems, but they are not supported. +

+

Only the superuser may increase a maximum limit. +

+

When you successfully get a limit, the return value of ulimit is +that limit, which is never negative. When you successfully set a limit, +the return value is zero. When the function fails, the return value is +-1 and errno is set according to the reason: +

+
+
EPERM
+

A process tried to increase a maximum limit, but is not superuser. +

+
+ + +
+ +

vlimit and its resource symbols are declared in ‘sys/vlimit.h’. + +

+
+
Function: int vlimit (int resource, int limit) + +
+

vlimit sets the current limit for a resource for a process. +

+

resource identifies the resource: +

+
+
LIM_CPU
+

Maximum CPU time. Same as RLIMIT_CPU for setrlimit. +

+
LIM_FSIZE
+

Maximum file size. Same as RLIMIT_FSIZE for setrlimit. +

+
LIM_DATA
+

Maximum data memory. Same as RLIMIT_DATA for setrlimit. +

+
LIM_STACK
+

Maximum stack size. Same as RLIMIT_STACK for setrlimit. +

+
LIM_CORE
+

Maximum core file size. Same as RLIMIT_COR for setrlimit. +

+
LIM_MAXRSS
+

Maximum physical memory. Same as RLIMIT_RSS for setrlimit. +

+
+ +

The return value is zero for success, and -1 with errno set +accordingly for failure: +

+
+
EPERM
+

The process tried to set its current limit beyond its maximum limit. +

+
+ +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

22.3 Process CPU Priority And Scheduling

+ +

When multiple processes simultaneously require CPU time, the system's +scheduling policy and process CPU priorities determine which processes +get it. This section describes how that determination is made and +GNU C library functions to control it. +

+

It is common to refer to CPU scheduling simply as scheduling and a +process' CPU priority simply as the process' priority, with the CPU +resource being implied. Bear in mind, though, that CPU time is not the +only resource a process uses or that processes contend for. In some +cases, it is not even particularly important. Giving a process a high +“priority” may have very little effect on how fast a process runs with +respect to other processes. The priorities discussed in this section +apply only to CPU time. +

+

CPU scheduling is a complex issue and different systems do it in wildly +different ways. New ideas continually develop and find their way into +the intricacies of the various systems' scheduling algorithms. This +section discusses the general concepts, some specifics of systems +that commonly use the GNU C library, and some standards. +

+

For simplicity, we talk about CPU contention as if there is only one CPU +in the system. But all the same principles apply when a processor has +multiple CPUs, and knowing that the number of processes that can run at +any one time is equal to the number of CPUs, you can easily extrapolate +the information. +

+

The functions described in this section are all defined by the POSIX.1 +and POSIX.1b standards (the sched… functions are POSIX.1b). +However, POSIX does not define any semantics for the values that these +functions get and set. In this chapter, the semantics are based on the +Linux kernel's implementation of the POSIX standard. As you will see, +the Linux implementation is quite the inverse of what the authors of the +POSIX syntax had in mind. +

+ + + + + + +
22.3.1 Absolute Priority   The first tier of priority. Posix +
22.3.2 Realtime Scheduling   Scheduling among the process nobility +
22.3.3 Basic Scheduling Functions   Get/set scheduling policy, priority +
22.3.4 Traditional Scheduling   Scheduling among the vulgar masses +
22.3.5 Limiting execution to certain CPUs  
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

22.3.1 Absolute Priority

+ +

Every process has an absolute priority, and it is represented by a number. +The higher the number, the higher the absolute priority. +

+ +

On systems of the past, and most systems today, all processes have +absolute priority 0 and this section is irrelevant. In that case, +See section Traditional Scheduling. Absolute priorities were invented to +accommodate realtime systems, in which it is vital that certain processes +be able to respond to external events happening in real time, which +means they cannot wait around while some other process that wants +to, but doesn't need to run occupies the CPU. +

+ + +

When two processes are in contention to use the CPU at any instant, the +one with the higher absolute priority always gets it. This is true even if the +process with the lower priority is already using the CPU (i.e., the +scheduling is preemptive). Of course, we're only talking about +processes that are running or “ready to run,” which means they are +ready to execute instructions right now. When a process blocks to wait +for something like I/O, its absolute priority is irrelevant. +

+ +

NB: The term “runnable” is a synonym for “ready to run.” +

+

When two processes are running or ready to run and both have the same +absolute priority, it's more interesting. In that case, who gets the +CPU is determined by the scheduling policy. If the processes have +absolute priority 0, the traditional scheduling policy described in +Traditional Scheduling applies. Otherwise, the policies described +in Realtime Scheduling apply. +

+

You normally give an absolute priority above 0 only to a process that +can be trusted not to hog the CPU. Such processes are designed to block +(or terminate) after relatively short CPU runs. +

+

A process begins life with the same absolute priority as its parent +process. Functions described in Basic Scheduling Functions can +change it. +

+

Only a privileged process can change a process' absolute priority to +something other than 0. Only a privileged process or the +target process' owner can change its absolute priority at all. +

+

POSIX requires absolute priority values used with the realtime +scheduling policies to be consecutive with a range of at least 32. On +Linux, they are 1 through 99. The functions +sched_get_priority_max and sched_set_priority_min portably +tell you what the range is on a particular system. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

22.3.1.1 Using Absolute Priority

+ +

One thing you must keep in mind when designing real time applications is +that having higher absolute priority than any other process doesn't +guarantee the process can run continuously. Two things that can wreck a +good CPU run are interrupts and page faults. +

+

Interrupt handlers live in that limbo between processes. The CPU is +executing instructions, but they aren't part of any process. An +interrupt will stop even the highest priority process. So you must +allow for slight delays and make sure that no device in the system has +an interrupt handler that could cause too long a delay between +instructions for your process. +

+

Similarly, a page fault causes what looks like a straightforward +sequence of instructions to take a long time. The fact that other +processes get to run while the page faults in is of no consequence, +because as soon as the I/O is complete, the high priority process will +kick them out and run again, but the wait for the I/O itself could be a +problem. To neutralize this threat, use mlock or +mlockall. +

+

There are a few ramifications of the absoluteness of this priority on a +single-CPU system that you need to keep in mind when you choose to set a +priority and also when you're working on a program that runs with high +absolute priority. Consider a process that has higher absolute priority +than any other process in the system and due to a bug in its program, it +gets into an infinite loop. It will never cede the CPU. You can't run +a command to kill it because your command would need to get the CPU in +order to run. The errant program is in complete control. It controls +the vertical, it controls the horizontal. +

+

There are two ways to avoid this: 1) keep a shell running somewhere with +a higher absolute priority. 2) keep a controlling terminal attached to +the high priority process group. All the priority in the world won't +stop an interrupt handler from running and delivering a signal to the +process if you hit Control-C. +

+

Some systems use absolute priority as a means of allocating a fixed +percentage of CPU time to a process. To do this, a super high priority +privileged process constantly monitors the process' CPU usage and raises +its absolute priority when the process isn't getting its entitled share +and lowers it when the process is exceeding it. +

+

NB: The absolute priority is sometimes called the “static +priority.” We don't use that term in this manual because it misses the +most important feature of the absolute priority: its absoluteness. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

22.3.2 Realtime Scheduling

+ +

Whenever two processes with the same absolute priority are ready to run, +the kernel has a decision to make, because only one can run at a time. +If the processes have absolute priority 0, the kernel makes this decision +as described in Traditional Scheduling. Otherwise, the decision +is as described in this section. +

+

If two processes are ready to run but have different absolute priorities, +the decision is much simpler, and is described in Absolute Priority. +

+

Each process has a scheduling policy. For processes with absolute +priority other than zero, there are two available: +

+
    +
  1. +First Come First Served +
  2. +Round Robin +
+ +

The most sensible case is where all the processes with a certain +absolute priority have the same scheduling policy. We'll discuss that +first. +

+

In Round Robin, processes share the CPU, each one running for a small +quantum of time (“time slice”) and then yielding to another in a +circular fashion. Of course, only processes that are ready to run and +have the same absolute priority are in this circle. +

+

In First Come First Served, the process that has been waiting the +longest to run gets the CPU, and it keeps it until it voluntarily +relinquishes the CPU, runs out of things to do (blocks), or gets +preempted by a higher priority process. +

+

First Come First Served, along with maximal absolute priority and +careful control of interrupts and page faults, is the one to use when a +process absolutely, positively has to run at full CPU speed or not at +all. +

+

Judicious use of sched_yield function invocations by processes +with First Come First Served scheduling policy forms a good compromise +between Round Robin and First Come First Served. +

+

To understand how scheduling works when processes of different scheduling +policies occupy the same absolute priority, you have to know the nitty +gritty details of how processes enter and exit the ready to run list: +

+

In both cases, the ready to run list is organized as a true queue, where +a process gets pushed onto the tail when it becomes ready to run and is +popped off the head when the scheduler decides to run it. Note that +ready to run and running are two mutually exclusive states. When the +scheduler runs a process, that process is no longer ready to run and no +longer in the ready to run list. When the process stops running, it +may go back to being ready to run again. +

+

The only difference between a process that is assigned the Round Robin +scheduling policy and a process that is assigned First Come First Serve +is that in the former case, the process is automatically booted off the +CPU after a certain amount of time. When that happens, the process goes +back to being ready to run, which means it enters the queue at the tail. +The time quantum we're talking about is small. Really small. This is +not your father's timesharing. For example, with the Linux kernel, the +round robin time slice is a thousand times shorter than its typical +time slice for traditional scheduling. +

+

A process begins life with the same scheduling policy as its parent process. +Functions described in Basic Scheduling Functions can change it. +

+

Only a privileged process can set the scheduling policy of a process +that has absolute priority higher than 0. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

22.3.3 Basic Scheduling Functions

+ +

This section describes functions in the GNU C library for setting the +absolute priority and scheduling policy of a process. +

+

Portability Note: On systems that have the functions in this +section, the macro _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING is defined in +‘<unistd.h>’. +

+

For the case that the scheduling policy is traditional scheduling, more +functions to fine tune the scheduling are in Traditional Scheduling. +

+

Don't try to make too much out of the naming and structure of these +functions. They don't match the concepts described in this manual +because the functions are as defined by POSIX.1b, but the implementation +on systems that use the GNU C library is the inverse of what the POSIX +structure contemplates. The POSIX scheme assumes that the primary +scheduling parameter is the scheduling policy and that the priority +value, if any, is a parameter of the scheduling policy. In the +implementation, though, the priority value is king and the scheduling +policy, if anything, only fine tunes the effect of that priority. +

+

The symbols in this section are declared by including file ‘sched.h’. +

+
+
Data Type: struct sched_param + +
+

This structure describes an absolute priority. +

+
int sched_priority
+

absolute priority value +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int sched_setscheduler (pid_t pid, int policy, const struct sched_param *param) + +
+

This function sets both the absolute priority and the scheduling policy +for a process. +

+

It assigns the absolute priority value given by param and the +scheduling policy policy to the process with Process ID pid, +or the calling process if pid is zero. If policy is +negative, sched_setscheduler keeps the existing scheduling policy. +

+

The following macros represent the valid values for policy: +

+
+
SCHED_OTHER
+

Traditional Scheduling +

+
SCHED_FIFO
+

First In First Out +

+
SCHED_RR
+

Round Robin +

+
+ + +

On success, the return value is 0. Otherwise, it is -1 +and ERRNO is set accordingly. The errno values specific +to this function are: +

+
+
EPERM
+
    +
  • +The calling process does not have CAP_SYS_NICE permission and +policy is not SCHED_OTHER (or it's negative and the +existing policy is not SCHED_OTHER. + +
  • +The calling process does not have CAP_SYS_NICE permission and its +owner is not the target process' owner. I.e., the effective uid of the +calling process is neither the effective nor the real uid of process +pid. +
+ +
+
ESRCH
+

There is no process with pid pid and pid is not zero. +

+
+
EINVAL
+
    +
  • +policy does not identify an existing scheduling policy. + +
  • +The absolute priority value identified by *param is outside the +valid range for the scheduling policy policy (or the existing +scheduling policy if policy is negative) or param is +null. sched_get_priority_max and sched_get_priority_min +tell you what the valid range is. + +
  • +pid is negative. +
+
+
+ +
+ + +
+
Function: int sched_getscheduler (pid_t pid) + +
+

This function returns the scheduling policy assigned to the process with +Process ID (pid) pid, or the calling process if pid is zero. +

+

The return value is the scheduling policy. See +sched_setscheduler for the possible values. +

+

If the function fails, the return value is instead -1 and +errno is set accordingly. +

+

The errno values specific to this function are: +

+
+
ESRCH
+

There is no process with pid pid and it is not zero. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

pid is negative. +

+
+
+ +

Note that this function is not an exact mate to sched_setscheduler +because while that function sets the scheduling policy and the absolute +priority, this function gets only the scheduling policy. To get the +absolute priority, use sched_getparam. +

+
+ + +
+
Function: int sched_setparam (pid_t pid, const struct sched_param *param) + +
+

This function sets a process' absolute priority. +

+

It is functionally identical to sched_setscheduler with +policy = -1. +

+ +
+ +
+
Function: int sched_getparam (pid_t pid, const struct sched_param *param) + +
+

This function returns a process' absolute priority. +

+

pid is the Process ID (pid) of the process whose absolute priority +you want to know. +

+

param is a pointer to a structure in which the function stores the +absolute priority of the process. +

+

On success, the return value is 0. Otherwise, it is -1 +and ERRNO is set accordingly. The errno values specific +to this function are: +

+
+
ESRCH
+

There is no process with pid pid and it is not zero. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

pid is negative. +

+
+
+ +
+ + +
+
Function: int sched_get_priority_min (int *policy); + +
+

This function returns the lowest absolute priority value that is +allowable for a process with scheduling policy policy. +

+

On Linux, it is 0 for SCHED_OTHER and 1 for everything else. +

+

On success, the return value is 0. Otherwise, it is -1 +and ERRNO is set accordingly. The errno values specific +to this function are: +

+
+
EINVAL
+

policy does not identify an existing scheduling policy. +

+
+ +
+ +
+
Function: int sched_get_priority_max (int *policy); + +
+

This function returns the highest absolute priority value that is +allowable for a process that with scheduling policy policy. +

+

On Linux, it is 0 for SCHED_OTHER and 99 for everything else. +

+

On success, the return value is 0. Otherwise, it is -1 +and ERRNO is set accordingly. The errno values specific +to this function are: +

+
+
EINVAL
+

policy does not identify an existing scheduling policy. +

+
+ +
+ +
+
Function: int sched_rr_get_interval (pid_t pid, struct timespec *interval) + +
+

This function returns the length of the quantum (time slice) used with +the Round Robin scheduling policy, if it is used, for the process with +Process ID pid. +

+

It returns the length of time as interval. +

+

With a Linux kernel, the round robin time slice is always 150 +microseconds, and pid need not even be a real pid. +

+

The return value is 0 on success and in the pathological case +that it fails, the return value is -1 and errno is set +accordingly. There is nothing specific that can go wrong with this +function, so there are no specific errno values. +

+
+ +
+
Function: int sched_yield (void) + +
+

This function voluntarily gives up the process' claim on the CPU. +

+

Technically, sched_yield causes the calling process to be made +immediately ready to run (as opposed to running, which is what it was +before). This means that if it has absolute priority higher than 0, it +gets pushed onto the tail of the queue of processes that share its +absolute priority and are ready to run, and it will run again when its +turn next arrives. If its absolute priority is 0, it is more +complicated, but still has the effect of yielding the CPU to other +processes. +

+

If there are no other processes that share the calling process' absolute +priority, this function doesn't have any effect. +

+

To the extent that the containing program is oblivious to what other +processes in the system are doing and how fast it executes, this +function appears as a no-op. +

+

The return value is 0 on success and in the pathological case +that it fails, the return value is -1 and errno is set +accordingly. There is nothing specific that can go wrong with this +function, so there are no specific errno values. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

22.3.4 Traditional Scheduling

+ +

This section is about the scheduling among processes whose absolute +priority is 0. When the system hands out the scraps of CPU time that +are left over after the processes with higher absolute priority have +taken all they want, the scheduling described herein determines who +among the great unwashed processes gets them. +

+ + + +
22.3.4.1 Introduction To Traditional Scheduling   +
22.3.4.2 Functions For Traditional Scheduling   +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

22.3.4.1 Introduction To Traditional Scheduling

+ +

Long before there was absolute priority (See Absolute Priority), +Unix systems were scheduling the CPU using this system. When Posix came +in like the Romans and imposed absolute priorities to accommodate the +needs of realtime processing, it left the indigenous Absolute Priority +Zero processes to govern themselves by their own familiar scheduling +policy. +

+

Indeed, absolute priorities higher than zero are not available on many +systems today and are not typically used when they are, being intended +mainly for computers that do realtime processing. So this section +describes the only scheduling many programmers need to be concerned +about. +

+

But just to be clear about the scope of this scheduling: Any time a +process with a absolute priority of 0 and a process with an absolute +priority higher than 0 are ready to run at the same time, the one with +absolute priority 0 does not run. If it's already running when the +higher priority ready-to-run process comes into existence, it stops +immediately. +

+

In addition to its absolute priority of zero, every process has another +priority, which we will refer to as "dynamic priority" because it changes +over time. The dynamic priority is meaningless for processes with +an absolute priority higher than zero. +

+

The dynamic priority sometimes determines who gets the next turn on the +CPU. Sometimes it determines how long turns last. Sometimes it +determines whether a process can kick another off the CPU. +

+

In Linux, the value is a combination of these things, but mostly it is +just determines the length of the time slice. The higher a process' +dynamic priority, the longer a shot it gets on the CPU when it gets one. +If it doesn't use up its time slice before giving up the CPU to do +something like wait for I/O, it is favored for getting the CPU back when +it's ready for it, to finish out its time slice. Other than that, +selection of processes for new time slices is basically round robin. +But the scheduler does throw a bone to the low priority processes: A +process' dynamic priority rises every time it is snubbed in the +scheduling process. In Linux, even the fat kid gets to play. +

+

The fluctuation of a process' dynamic priority is regulated by another +value: The “nice” value. The nice value is an integer, usually in the +range -20 to 20, and represents an upper limit on a process' dynamic +priority. The higher the nice number, the lower that limit. +

+

On a typical Linux system, for example, a process with a nice value of +20 can get only 10 milliseconds on the CPU at a time, whereas a process +with a nice value of -20 can achieve a high enough priority to get 400 +milliseconds. +

+

The idea of the nice value is deferential courtesy. In the beginning, +in the Unix garden of Eden, all processes shared equally in the bounty +of the computer system. But not all processes really need the same +share of CPU time, so the nice value gave a courteous process the +ability to refuse its equal share of CPU time that others might prosper. +Hence, the higher a process' nice value, the nicer the process is. +(Then a snake came along and offered some process a negative nice value +and the system became the crass resource allocation system we know +today). +

+

Dynamic priorities tend upward and downward with an objective of +smoothing out allocation of CPU time and giving quick response time to +infrequent requests. But they never exceed their nice limits, so on a +heavily loaded CPU, the nice value effectively determines how fast a +process runs. +

+

In keeping with the socialistic heritage of Unix process priority, a +process begins life with the same nice value as its parent process and +can raise it at will. A process can also raise the nice value of any +other process owned by the same user (or effective user). But only a +privileged process can lower its nice value. A privileged process can +also raise or lower another process' nice value. +

+

GNU C Library functions for getting and setting nice values are described in +See section Functions For Traditional Scheduling. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

22.3.4.2 Functions For Traditional Scheduling

+ +

This section describes how you can read and set the nice value of a +process. All these symbols are declared in ‘sys/resource.h’. +

+

The function and macro names are defined by POSIX, and refer to +"priority," but the functions actually have to do with nice values, as +the terms are used both in the manual and POSIX. +

+

The range of valid nice values depends on the kernel, but typically it +runs from -20 to 20. A lower nice value corresponds to +higher priority for the process. These constants describe the range of +priority values: +

+
+
PRIO_MIN + +
+

The lowest valid nice value. +

+
+
PRIO_MAX + +
+

The highest valid nice value. +

+
+ +
+
Function: int getpriority (int class, int id) + +
+

Return the nice value of a set of processes; class and id +specify which ones (see below). If the processes specified do not all +have the same nice value, this returns the lowest value that any of them +has. +

+

On success, the return value is 0. Otherwise, it is -1 +and ERRNO is set accordingly. The errno values specific +to this function are: +

+
+
ESRCH
+

The combination of class and id does not match any existing +process. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The value of class is not valid. +

+
+ +

If the return value is -1, it could indicate failure, or it could +be the nice value. The only way to make certain is to set errno = +0 before calling getpriority, then use errno != 0 +afterward as the criterion for failure. +

+ +
+
Function: int setpriority (int class, int id, int niceval) + +
+

Set the nice value of a set of processes to niceval; class +and id specify which ones (see below). +

+

The return value is 0 on success, and -1 on +failure. The following errno error condition are possible for +this function: +

+
+
ESRCH
+

The combination of class and id does not match any existing +process. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The value of class is not valid. +

+
+
EPERM
+

The call would set the nice value of a process which is owned by a different +user than the calling process (i.e., the target process' real or effective +uid does not match the calling process' effective uid) and the calling +process does not have CAP_SYS_NICE permission. +

+
+
EACCES
+

The call would lower the process' nice value and the process does not have +CAP_SYS_NICE permission. +

+
+ +
+ +

The arguments class and id together specify a set of +processes in which you are interested. These are the possible values of +class: +

+
+
PRIO_PROCESS + +
+

One particular process. The argument id is a process ID (pid). +

+
+
PRIO_PGRP + +
+

All the processes in a particular process group. The argument id is +a process group ID (pgid). +

+
+
PRIO_USER + +
+

All the processes owned by a particular user (i.e., whose real uid +indicates the user). The argument id is a user ID (uid). +

+
+ +

If the argument id is 0, it stands for the calling process, its +process group, or its owner (real uid), according to class. +

+
+
Function: int nice (int increment) + +
+

Increment the nice value of the calling process by increment. +The return value is the new nice value on success, and -1 on +failure. In the case of failure, errno will be set to the +same values as for setpriority. +

+ +

Here is an equivalent definition of nice: +

+
 
int
+nice (int increment)
+{
+  int result, old = getpriority (PRIO_PROCESS, 0);
+  result = setpriority (PRIO_PROCESS, 0, old + increment);
+  if (result != -1)
+      return old + increment;
+  else
+      return -1;
+}
+
+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

22.3.5 Limiting execution to certain CPUs

+ +

On a multi-processor system the operating system usually distributes +the different processes which are runnable on all available CPUs in a +way which allows the system to work most efficiently. Which processes +and threads run can be to some extend be control with the scheduling +functionality described in the last sections. But which CPU finally +executes which process or thread is not covered. +

+

There are a number of reasons why a program might want to have control +over this aspect of the system as well: +

+
    +
  • +One thread or process is responsible for absolutely critical work +which under no circumstances must be interrupted or hindered from +making process by other process or threads using CPU resources. In +this case the special process would be confined to a CPU which no +other process or thread is allowed to use. + +
  • +The access to certain resources (RAM, I/O ports) has different costs +from different CPUs. This is the case in NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory +Architecture) machines. Preferably memory should be accessed locally +but this requirement is usually not visible to the scheduler. +Therefore forcing a process or thread to the CPUs which have local +access to the mostly used memory helps to significantly boost the +performance. + +
  • +In controlled runtimes resource allocation and book-keeping work (for +instance garbage collection) is performance local to processors. This +can help to reduce locking costs if the resources do not have to be +protected from concurrent accesses from different processors. +
+ +

The POSIX standard up to this date is of not much help to solve this +problem. The Linux kernel provides a set of interfaces to allow +specifying affinity sets for a process. The scheduler will +schedule the thread or process on on CPUs specified by the affinity +masks. The interfaces which the GNU C library define follow to some +extend the Linux kernel interface. +

+
+
Data Type: cpu_set_t + +
+

This data set is a bitset where each bit represents a CPU. How the +system's CPUs are mapped to bits in the bitset is system dependent. +The data type has a fixed size; in the unlikely case that the number +of bits are not sufficient to describe the CPUs of the system a +different interface has to be used. +

+

This type is a GNU extension and is defined in ‘sched.h’. +

+ +

To manipulate the bitset, to set and reset bits, a number of macros is +defined. Some of the macros take a CPU number as a parameter. Here +it is important to never exceed the size of the bitset. The following +macro specifies the number of bits in the cpu_set_t bitset. +

+
+
Macro: int CPU_SETSIZE + +
+

The value of this macro is the maximum number of CPUs which can be +handled with a cpu_set_t object. +

+ +

The type cpu_set_t should be considered opaque; all +manipulation should happen via the next four macros. +

+
+
Macro: void CPU_ZERO (cpu_set_t *set) + +
+

This macro initializes the CPU set set to be the empty set. +

+

This macro is a GNU extension and is defined in ‘sched.h’. +

+ +
+
Macro: void CPU_SET (int cpu, cpu_set_t *set) + +
+

This macro adds cpu to the CPU set set. +

+

The cpu parameter must not have side effects since it is +evaluated more than once. +

+

This macro is a GNU extension and is defined in ‘sched.h’. +

+ +
+
Macro: void CPU_CLR (int cpu, cpu_set_t *set) + +
+

This macro removes cpu from the CPU set set. +

+

The cpu parameter must not have side effects since it is +evaluated more than once. +

+

This macro is a GNU extension and is defined in ‘sched.h’. +

+ +
+
Macro: int CPU_ISSET (int cpu, const cpu_set_t *set) + +
+

This macro returns a nonzero value (true) if cpu is a member +of the CPU set set, and zero (false) otherwise. +

+

The cpu parameter must not have side effects since it is +evaluated more than once. +

+

This macro is a GNU extension and is defined in ‘sched.h’. +

+ + +

CPU bitsets can be constructed from scratch or the currently installed +affinity mask can be retrieved from the system. +

+
+
Function: int sched_getaffinity (pid_t pid, size_t cpusetsize, cpu_set_t *cpuset) + +
+

This functions stores the CPU affinity mask for the process or thread +with the ID pid in the cpusetsize bytes long bitmap +pointed to by cpuset. If successful, the function always +initializes all bits in the cpu_set_t object and returns zero. +

+

If pid does not correspond to a process or thread on the system +the or the function fails for some other reason, it returns -1 +and errno is set to represent the error condition. +

+
+
ESRCH
+

No process or thread with the given ID found. +

+
+
EFAULT
+

The pointer cpuset is does not point to a valid object. +

+
+ +

This function is a GNU extension and is declared in ‘sched.h’. +

+ +

Note that it is not portably possible to use this information to +retrieve the information for different POSIX threads. A separate +interface must be provided for that. +

+
+
Function: int sched_setaffinity (pid_t pid, size_t cpusetsize, const cpu_set_t *cpuset) + +
+

This function installs the cpusetsize bytes long affinity mask +pointed to by cpuset for the process or thread with the ID pid. +If successful the function returns zero and the scheduler will in future +take the affinity information into account. +

+

If the function fails it will return -1 and errno is set +to the error code: +

+
+
ESRCH
+

No process or thread with the given ID found. +

+
+
EFAULT
+

The pointer cpuset is does not point to a valid object. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The bitset is not valid. This might mean that the affinity set might +not leave a processor for the process or thread to run on. +

+
+ +

This function is a GNU extension and is declared in ‘sched.h’. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

22.4 Querying memory available resources

+ +

The amount of memory available in the system and the way it is organized +determines oftentimes the way programs can and have to work. For +functions like mmap it is necessary to know about the size of +individual memory pages and knowing how much memory is available enables +a program to select appropriate sizes for, say, caches. Before we get +into these details a few words about memory subsystems in traditional +Unix systems will be given. +

+ + + +
22.4.1 Overview about traditional Unix memory handling  
22.4.2 How to get information about the memory subsystem?  
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

22.4.1 Overview about traditional Unix memory handling

+ +

Unix systems normally provide processes virtual address spaces. This +means that the addresses of the memory regions do not have to correspond +directly to the addresses of the actual physical memory which stores the +data. An extra level of indirection is introduced which translates +virtual addresses into physical addresses. This is normally done by the +hardware of the processor. +

+ +

Using a virtual address space has several advantage. The most important +is process isolation. The different processes running on the system +cannot interfere directly with each other. No process can write into +the address space of another process (except when shared memory is used +but then it is wanted and controlled). +

+

Another advantage of virtual memory is that the address space the +processes see can actually be larger than the physical memory available. +The physical memory can be extended by storage on an external media +where the content of currently unused memory regions is stored. The +address translation can then intercept accesses to these memory regions +and make memory content available again by loading the data back into +memory. This concept makes it necessary that programs which have to use +lots of memory know the difference between available virtual address +space and available physical memory. If the working set of virtual +memory of all the processes is larger than the available physical memory +the system will slow down dramatically due to constant swapping of +memory content from the memory to the storage media and back. This is +called “thrashing”. + +

+ + +

A final aspect of virtual memory which is important and follows from +what is said in the last paragraph is the granularity of the virtual +address space handling. When we said that the virtual address handling +stores memory content externally it cannot do this on a byte-by-byte +basis. The administrative overhead does not allow this (leaving alone +the processor hardware). Instead several thousand bytes are handled +together and form a page. The size of each page is always a power +of two byte. The smallest page size in use today is 4096, with 8192, +16384, and 65536 being other popular sizes. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

22.4.2 How to get information about the memory subsystem?

+ +

The page size of the virtual memory the process sees is essential to +know in several situations. Some programming interface (e.g., +mmap, see section Memory-mapped I/O) require the user to provide +information adjusted to the page size. In the case of mmap is it +necessary to provide a length argument which is a multiple of the page +size. Another place where the knowledge about the page size is useful +is in memory allocation. If one allocates pieces of memory in larger +chunks which are then subdivided by the application code it is useful to +adjust the size of the larger blocks to the page size. If the total +memory requirement for the block is close (but not larger) to a multiple +of the page size the kernel's memory handling can work more effectively +since it only has to allocate memory pages which are fully used. (To do +this optimization it is necessary to know a bit about the memory +allocator which will require a bit of memory itself for each block and +this overhead must not push the total size over the page size multiple. +

+

The page size traditionally was a compile time constant. But recent +development of processors changed this. Processors now support +different page sizes and they can possibly even vary among different +processes on the same system. Therefore the system should be queried at +runtime about the current page size and no assumptions (except about it +being a power of two) should be made. +

+ +

The correct interface to query about the page size is sysconf +(see section Definition of sysconf) with the parameter _SC_PAGESIZE. +There is a much older interface available, too. +

+
+
Function: int getpagesize (void) + +
+

The getpagesize function returns the page size of the process. +This value is fixed for the runtime of the process but can vary in +different runs of the application. +

+

The function is declared in ‘unistd.h’. +

+ +

Widely available on System V derived systems is a method to get +information about the physical memory the system has. The call +

+ + +
 
  sysconf (_SC_PHYS_PAGES)
+
+ +

returns the total number of pages of physical the system has. +This does not mean all this memory is available. This information can +be found using +

+ + +
 
  sysconf (_SC_AVPHYS_PAGES)
+
+ +

These two values help to optimize applications. The value returned for +_SC_AVPHYS_PAGES is the amount of memory the application can use +without hindering any other process (given that no other process +increases its memory usage). The value returned for +_SC_PHYS_PAGES is more or less a hard limit for the working set. +If all applications together constantly use more than that amount of +memory the system is in trouble. +

+

The GNU C library provides in addition to these already described way to +get this information two functions. They are declared in the file +‘sys/sysinfo.h’. Programmers should prefer to use the +sysconf method described above. +

+
+
Function: long int get_phys_pages (void) + +
+

The get_phys_pages function returns the total number of pages of +physical the system has. To get the amount of memory this number has to +be multiplied by the page size. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: long int get_avphys_pages (void) + +
+

The get_phys_pages function returns the number of available pages of +physical the system has. To get the amount of memory this number has to +be multiplied by the page size. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

22.5 Learn about the processors available

+ +

The use of threads or processes with shared memory allows an application +to take advantage of all the processing power a system can provide. If +the task can be parallelized the optimal way to write an application is +to have at any time as many processes running as there are processors. +To determine the number of processors available to the system one can +run +

+ + +
 
  sysconf (_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF)
+
+ +

which returns the number of processors the operating system configured. +But it might be possible for the operating system to disable individual +processors and so the call +

+ + +
 
  sysconf (_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN)
+
+ +

returns the number of processors which are currently inline (i.e., +available). +

+

For these two pieces of information the GNU C library also provides +functions to get the information directly. The functions are declared +in ‘sys/sysinfo.h’. +

+
+
Function: int get_nprocs_conf (void) + +
+

The get_nprocs_conf function returns the number of processors the +operating system configured. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: int get_nprocs (void) + +
+

The get_nprocs function returns the number of available processors. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ + +

Before starting more threads it should be checked whether the processors +are not already overused. Unix systems calculate something called the +load average. This is a number indicating how many processes were +running. This number is average over different periods of times +(normally 1, 5, and 15 minutes). +

+
+
Function: int getloadavg (double loadavg[], int nelem) + +
+

This function gets the 1, 5 and 15 minute load averages of the +system. The values are placed in loadavg. getloadavg will +place at most nelem elements into the array but never more than +three elements. The return value is the number of elements written to +loadavg, or -1 on error. +

+

This function is declared in ‘stdlib.h’. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_71.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_71.html @@ -0,0 +1,298 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Program and File Index: T – Z + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

Program and File Index: T – Z

+
Jump to:   - +   +/ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +K +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +Z +   +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Index Entry Section
T
termios.h1.3.3 Reserved Names
termios.h17.4 Terminal Modes
time.h14.9.9 File Times
time.h21.3.1 CPU Time Inquiry
time.h21.4.1 Simple Calendar Time
time.h21.4.5 Formatting Calendar Time
time.h21.4.7 Specifying the Time Zone with TZ
U
ulimit.h22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
umask14.9.7 Assigning File Permissions
unistd.h13.1 Opening and Closing Files
unistd.h13.2 Input and Output Primitives
unistd.h13.4 Descriptors and Streams
unistd.h13.12 Duplicating Descriptors
unistd.h14.1 Working Directory
unistd.h14.4 Hard Links
unistd.h14.5 Symbolic Links
unistd.h14.6 Deleting Files
unistd.h14.6 Deleting Files
unistd.h14.9.4 File Owner
unistd.h14.9.8 Testing Permission to Access a File
unistd.h14.9.8 Testing Permission to Access a File
unistd.h15.1 Creating a Pipe
unistd.h17.1 Identifying Terminals
unistd.h21.5 Setting an Alarm
unistd.h25.2.1 Using the getopt function
unistd.h25.6.5 Termination Internals
unistd.h26.3 Process Identification
unistd.h26.4 Creating a Process
unistd.h26.5 Executing a File
unistd.h27.7.2 Process Group Functions
unistd.h27.7.3 Functions for Controlling Terminal Access
unistd.h29.5 Reading the Persona of a Process
unistd.h29.6 Setting the User ID
unistd.h29.7 Setting the Group IDs
unistd.h29.11 Identifying Who Logged In
unistd.h30.1 Host Identification
unistd.h31.2 Overall System Options
unistd.h31.7 Optional Features in File Support
unistd.h31.7 Optional Features in File Support
utime.h14.9.9 File Times
utmp.h29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
utmp.h29.12.3 Logging In and Out
utmpx.h29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions
V
varargs.hA.2.3.1 Old-Style Variadic Functions
W
wchar.h5.4 Copying and Concatenation
wchar.h5.6 Collation Functions
wchar.h6.1 Introduction to Extended Characters
wchar.h6.1 Introduction to Extended Characters
wchar.h6.3.2 Representing the state of the conversion
wchar.h6.3.2 Representing the state of the conversion
wchar.h6.3.3 Converting Single Characters
wchar.h6.3.3 Converting Single Characters
wchar.h6.3.3 Converting Single Characters
wchar.h6.3.3 Converting Single Characters
wchar.h6.3.3 Converting Single Characters
wchar.h6.3.4 Converting Multibyte and Wide Character Strings
wchar.h6.3.4 Converting Multibyte and Wide Character Strings
wchar.h12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines
wchar.h12.8 Character Input
wchar.h20.11.1 Parsing of Integers
wctype.h4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
wctype.h4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
wctype.h4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
wctype.h4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
wctype.h4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
wctype.h4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
wctype.h4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
wctype.h4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
wctype.h4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
wctype.h4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
wctype.h4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
wctype.h4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
wctype.h4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
wctype.h4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
wctype.h4.5 Mapping of wide characters.
wctype.h4.5 Mapping of wide characters.
wctype.h4.5 Mapping of wide characters.
wctype.h4.5 Mapping of wide characters.
wctype.h4.5 Mapping of wide characters.
Z
zoneinfo21.4.7 Specifying the Time Zone with TZ
+
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+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_56.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_56.html @@ -0,0 +1,388 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Function and Macro Index: H – L + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

Function and Macro Index: H – L

+
Jump to:   * +   +_ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +J +   +K +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +Q +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +Y +   +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Index Entry Section
H
hasmntopt30.3.1.2 The ‘mtab’ file
hcreate9.5 The hsearch function.
hcreate_r9.5 The hsearch function.
hdestroy9.5 The hsearch function.
hdestroy_r9.5 The hsearch function.
hsearch9.5 The hsearch function.
hsearch_r9.5 The hsearch function.
htonl16.6.5 Byte Order Conversion
htons16.6.5 Byte Order Conversion
hypot19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
hypotf19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
hypotl19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
I
iconv6.5.1 Generic Character Set Conversion Interface
iconv_close6.5.1 Generic Character Set Conversion Interface
iconv_open6.5.1 Generic Character Set Conversion Interface
if_freenameindex16.4 Interface Naming
if_indextoname16.4 Interface Naming
if_nameindex16.4 Interface Naming
if_nametoindex16.4 Interface Naming
IFTODT14.2.1 Format of a Directory Entry
ilogb19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
ilogbf19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
ilogbl19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
imaxabs20.8.1 Absolute Value
imaxdiv20.2 Integer Division
index5.7.1 Compatibility String Search Functions
inet_addr16.6.2.3 Host Address Functions
inet_aton16.6.2.3 Host Address Functions
inet_lnaof16.6.2.3 Host Address Functions
inet_makeaddr16.6.2.3 Host Address Functions
inet_netof16.6.2.3 Host Address Functions
inet_network16.6.2.3 Host Address Functions
inet_ntoa16.6.2.3 Host Address Functions
inet_ntop16.6.2.3 Host Address Functions
inet_pton16.6.2.3 Host Address Functions
initgroups29.7 Setting the Group IDs
initstate19.8.2 BSD Random Number Functions
initstate_r19.8.2 BSD Random Number Functions
innetgr29.16.3 Testing for Netgroup Membership
int14.2.5 Random Access in a Directory Stream
ioctl13.17 Generic I/O Control operations
isalnum4.1 Classification of Characters
isalpha4.1 Classification of Characters
isascii4.1 Classification of Characters
isatty17.1 Identifying Terminals
isblank4.1 Classification of Characters
iscntrl4.1 Classification of Characters
isdigit4.1 Classification of Characters
isfinite20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions
isgraph4.1 Classification of Characters
isgreater20.8.6 Floating-Point Comparison Functions
isgreaterequal20.8.6 Floating-Point Comparison Functions
isinf20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions
isinff20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions
isinfl20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions
isless20.8.6 Floating-Point Comparison Functions
islessequal20.8.6 Floating-Point Comparison Functions
islessgreater20.8.6 Floating-Point Comparison Functions
islower4.1 Classification of Characters
isnan20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions
isnan20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions
isnanf20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions
isnanl20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions
isnormal20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions
isprint4.1 Classification of Characters
ispunct4.1 Classification of Characters
isspace4.1 Classification of Characters
isunordered20.8.6 Floating-Point Comparison Functions
isupper4.1 Classification of Characters
iswalnum4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
iswalpha4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
iswblank4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
iswcntrl4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
iswctype4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
iswdigit4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
iswgraph4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
iswlower4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
iswprint4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
iswpunct4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
iswspace4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
iswupper4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
iswxdigit4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
isxdigit4.1 Classification of Characters
J
j019.6 Special Functions
j0f19.6 Special Functions
j0l19.6 Special Functions
j119.6 Special Functions
j1f19.6 Special Functions
j1l19.6 Special Functions
jn19.6 Special Functions
jnf19.6 Special Functions
jnl19.6 Special Functions
jrand4819.8.3 SVID Random Number Function
jrand48_r19.8.3 SVID Random Number Function
K
kill24.6.2 Signaling Another Process
killpg24.6.2 Signaling Another Process
L
l64a5.11 Encode Binary Data
labs20.8.1 Absolute Value
lcong4819.8.3 SVID Random Number Function
lcong48_r19.8.3 SVID Random Number Function
ldexp20.8.2 Normalization Functions
ldexpf20.8.2 Normalization Functions
ldexpl20.8.2 Normalization Functions
ldiv20.2 Integer Division
lfind9.2 Array Search Function
lgamma19.6 Special Functions
lgamma_r19.6 Special Functions
lgammaf19.6 Special Functions
lgammaf_r19.6 Special Functions
lgammal19.6 Special Functions
lgammal_r19.6 Special Functions
link14.4 Hard Links
lio_listio13.10.1 Asynchronous Read and Write Operations
lio_listio6413.10.1 Asynchronous Read and Write Operations
listen16.9.2 Listening for Connections
llabs20.8.1 Absolute Value
lldiv20.2 Integer Division
llrint20.8.3 Rounding Functions
llrintf20.8.3 Rounding Functions
llrintl20.8.3 Rounding Functions
llround20.8.3 Rounding Functions
llroundf20.8.3 Rounding Functions
llroundl20.8.3 Rounding Functions
localeconv7.6.1 localeconv: It is portable but …
localtime21.4.3 Broken-down Time
localtime_r21.4.3 Broken-down Time
log19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
log1019.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
log10f19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
log10l19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
log1p19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
log1pf19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
log1pl19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
log219.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
log2f19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
log2l19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
logb19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
logbf19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
logbl19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
logf19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
login29.12.3 Logging In and Out
login_tty29.12.3 Logging In and Out
logl19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
logout29.12.3 Logging In and Out
logwtmp29.12.3 Logging In and Out
longjmp23.2 Details of Non-Local Exits
lrand4819.8.3 SVID Random Number Function
lrand48_r19.8.3 SVID Random Number Function
lrint20.8.3 Rounding Functions
lrintf20.8.3 Rounding Functions
lrintl20.8.3 Rounding Functions
lround20.8.3 Rounding Functions
lroundf20.8.3 Rounding Functions
lroundl20.8.3 Rounding Functions
lsearch9.2 Array Search Function
lseek13.3 Setting the File Position of a Descriptor
lseek6413.3 Setting the File Position of a Descriptor
lstat14.9.2 Reading the Attributes of a File
lstat6414.9.2 Reading the Attributes of a File
lutimes14.9.9 File Times
+
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+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_1.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_1.html @@ -0,0 +1,1299 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 1. Introduction + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

1. Introduction

+ +

The C language provides no built-in facilities for performing such +common operations as input/output, memory management, string +manipulation, and the like. Instead, these facilities are defined +in a standard library, which you compile and link with your +programs. + +

+

The GNU C library, described in this document, defines all of the +library functions that are specified by the ISO C standard, as well as +additional features specific to POSIX and other derivatives of the Unix +operating system, and extensions specific to the GNU system. +

+

The purpose of this manual is to tell you how to use the facilities +of the GNU library. We have mentioned which features belong to which +standards to help you identify things that are potentially non-portable +to other systems. But the emphasis in this manual is not on strict +portability. +

+ + + + + +
1.1 Getting Started   What this manual is for and how to use it. +
1.2 Standards and Portability   Standards and sources upon which the GNU + C library is based. +
1.3 Using the Library   Some practical uses for the library. +
1.4 Roadmap to the Manual   Overview of the remaining chapters in + this manual. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

1.1 Getting Started

+ +

This manual is written with the assumption that you are at least +somewhat familiar with the C programming language and basic programming +concepts. Specifically, familiarity with ISO standard C +(see section ISO C), rather than “traditional” pre-ISO C dialects, is +assumed. +

+

The GNU C library includes several header files, each of which +provides definitions and declarations for a group of related facilities; +this information is used by the C compiler when processing your program. +For example, the header file ‘stdio.h’ declares facilities for +performing input and output, and the header file ‘string.h’ +declares string processing utilities. The organization of this manual +generally follows the same division as the header files. +

+

If you are reading this manual for the first time, you should read all +of the introductory material and skim the remaining chapters. There are +a lot of functions in the GNU C library and it's not realistic to +expect that you will be able to remember exactly how to use each +and every one of them. It's more important to become generally familiar +with the kinds of facilities that the library provides, so that when you +are writing your programs you can recognize when to make use of +library functions, and where in this manual you can find more +specific information about them. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

1.2 Standards and Portability

+ +

This section discusses the various standards and other sources that the +GNU C library is based upon. These sources include the ISO C and +POSIX standards, and the System V and Berkeley Unix implementations. +

+

The primary focus of this manual is to tell you how to make effective +use of the GNU library facilities. But if you are concerned about +making your programs compatible with these standards, or portable to +operating systems other than GNU, this can affect how you use the +library. This section gives you an overview of these standards, so that +you will know what they are when they are mentioned in other parts of +the manual. +

+

See section Summary of Library Facilities, for an alphabetical list of the functions and +other symbols provided by the library. This list also states which +standards each function or symbol comes from. +

+ + + + + + +
1.2.1 ISO C   The international standard for the C + programming language. +
1.2.2 POSIX (The Portable Operating System Interface)   The ISO/IEC 9945 (aka IEEE 1003) standards + for operating systems. +
1.2.3 Berkeley Unix   BSD and SunOS. +
1.2.4 SVID (The System V Interface Description)   The System V Interface Description. +
1.2.5 XPG (The X/Open Portability Guide)   The X/Open Portability Guide. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

1.2.1 ISO C

+ +

The GNU C library is compatible with the C standard adopted by the +American National Standards Institute (ANSI): +American National Standard X3.159-1989—“ANSI C” and later +by the International Standardization Organization (ISO): +ISO/IEC 9899:1990, “Programming languages—C”. +We here refer to the standard as ISO C since this is the more +general standard in respect of ratification. +The header files and library facilities that make up the GNU library are +a superset of those specified by the ISO C standard. +

+ +

If you are concerned about strict adherence to the ISO C standard, you +should use the ‘-ansi’ option when you compile your programs with +the GNU C compiler. This tells the compiler to define only ISO +standard features from the library header files, unless you explicitly +ask for additional features. See section Feature Test Macros, for +information on how to do this. +

+

Being able to restrict the library to include only ISO C features is +important because ISO C puts limitations on what names can be defined +by the library implementation, and the GNU extensions don't fit these +limitations. See section Reserved Names, for more information about these +restrictions. +

+

This manual does not attempt to give you complete details on the +differences between ISO C and older dialects. It gives advice on how +to write programs to work portably under multiple C dialects, but does +not aim for completeness. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

1.2.2 POSIX (The Portable Operating System Interface)

+ +

The GNU library is also compatible with the ISO POSIX family of +standards, known more formally as the Portable Operating System +Interface for Computer Environments (ISO/IEC 9945). They were also +published as ANSI/IEEE Std 1003. POSIX is derived mostly from various +versions of the Unix operating system. +

+

The library facilities specified by the POSIX standards are a superset +of those required by ISO C; POSIX specifies additional features for +ISO C functions, as well as specifying new additional functions. In +general, the additional requirements and functionality defined by the +POSIX standards are aimed at providing lower-level support for a +particular kind of operating system environment, rather than general +programming language support which can run in many diverse operating +system environments. +

+

The GNU C library implements all of the functions specified in +ISO/IEC 9945-1:1996, the POSIX System Application Program +Interface, commonly referred to as POSIX.1. The primary extensions to +the ISO C facilities specified by this standard include file system +interface primitives (see section File System Interface), device-specific +terminal control functions (see section Low-Level Terminal Interface), and +process control functions (see section Processes). +

+

Some facilities from ISO/IEC 9945-2:1993, the POSIX Shell and +Utilities standard (POSIX.2) are also implemented in the GNU library. +These include utilities for dealing with regular expressions and other +pattern matching facilities (see section Pattern Matching). +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

1.2.3 Berkeley Unix

+ +

The GNU C library defines facilities from some versions of Unix which +are not formally standardized, specifically from the 4.2 BSD, 4.3 BSD, +and 4.4 BSD Unix systems (also known as Berkeley Unix) and from +SunOS (a popular 4.2 BSD derivative that includes some Unix System +V functionality). These systems support most of the ISO C and POSIX +facilities, and 4.4 BSD and newer releases of SunOS in fact support them all. +

+

The BSD facilities include symbolic links (see section Symbolic Links), the +select function (see section Waiting for Input or Output), the BSD signal +functions (see section BSD Signal Handling), and sockets (see section Sockets). +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

1.2.4 SVID (The System V Interface Description)

+ +

The System V Interface Description (SVID) is a document describing +the AT&T Unix System V operating system. It is to some extent a +superset of the POSIX standard (see section POSIX (The Portable Operating System Interface)). +

+

The GNU C library defines most of the facilities required by the SVID +that are not also required by the ISO C or POSIX standards, for +compatibility with System V Unix and other Unix systems (such as +SunOS) which include these facilities. However, many of the more +obscure and less generally useful facilities required by the SVID are +not included. (In fact, Unix System V itself does not provide them all.) +

+

The supported facilities from System V include the methods for +inter-process communication and shared memory, the hsearch and +drand48 families of functions, fmtmsg and several of the +mathematical functions. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

1.2.5 XPG (The X/Open Portability Guide)

+ +

The X/Open Portability Guide, published by the X/Open Company, Ltd., is +a more general standard than POSIX. X/Open owns the Unix copyright and +the XPG specifies the requirements for systems which are intended to be +a Unix system. +

+

The GNU C library complies to the X/Open Portability Guide, Issue 4.2, +with all extensions common to XSI (X/Open System Interface) +compliant systems and also all X/Open UNIX extensions. +

+

The additions on top of POSIX are mainly derived from functionality +available in System V and BSD systems. Some of the really bad +mistakes in System V systems were corrected, though. Since +fulfilling the XPG standard with the Unix extensions is a +precondition for getting the Unix brand chances are good that the +functionality is available on commercial systems. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

1.3 Using the Library

+ +

This section describes some of the practical issues involved in using +the GNU C library. +

+ + + + + +
1.3.1 Header Files   How to include the header files in your + programs. +
1.3.2 Macro Definitions of Functions   Some functions in the library may really + be implemented as macros. +
1.3.3 Reserved Names   The C standard reserves some names for + the library, and some for users. +
1.3.4 Feature Test Macros   How to control what names are defined. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

1.3.1 Header Files

+ +

Libraries for use by C programs really consist of two parts: header +files that define types and macros and declare variables and +functions; and the actual library or archive that contains the +definitions of the variables and functions. +

+

(Recall that in C, a declaration merely provides information that +a function or variable exists and gives its type. For a function +declaration, information about the types of its arguments might be +provided as well. The purpose of declarations is to allow the compiler +to correctly process references to the declared variables and functions. +A definition, on the other hand, actually allocates storage for a +variable or says what a function does.) + + +

+

In order to use the facilities in the GNU C library, you should be sure +that your program source files include the appropriate header files. +This is so that the compiler has declarations of these facilities +available and can correctly process references to them. Once your +program has been compiled, the linker resolves these references to +the actual definitions provided in the archive file. +

+

Header files are included into a program source file by the +‘#include’ preprocessor directive. The C language supports two +forms of this directive; the first, +

+
 
#include "header"
+
+ +

is typically used to include a header file header that you write +yourself; this would contain definitions and declarations describing the +interfaces between the different parts of your particular application. +By contrast, +

+
 
#include <file.h>
+
+ +

is typically used to include a header file ‘file.h’ that contains +definitions and declarations for a standard library. This file would +normally be installed in a standard place by your system administrator. +You should use this second form for the C library header files. +

+

Typically, ‘#include’ directives are placed at the top of the C +source file, before any other code. If you begin your source files with +some comments explaining what the code in the file does (a good idea), +put the ‘#include’ directives immediately afterwards, following the +feature test macro definition (see section Feature Test Macros). +

+

For more information about the use of header files and ‘#include’ +directives, see (cpp.info)Header Files section `Header Files' in The GNU C Preprocessor Manual. +

+

The GNU C library provides several header files, each of which contains +the type and macro definitions and variable and function declarations +for a group of related facilities. This means that your programs may +need to include several header files, depending on exactly which +facilities you are using. +

+

Some library header files include other library header files +automatically. However, as a matter of programming style, you should +not rely on this; it is better to explicitly include all the header +files required for the library facilities you are using. The GNU C +library header files have been written in such a way that it doesn't +matter if a header file is accidentally included more than once; +including a header file a second time has no effect. Likewise, if your +program needs to include multiple header files, the order in which they +are included doesn't matter. +

+

Compatibility Note: Inclusion of standard header files in any +order and any number of times works in any ISO C implementation. +However, this has traditionally not been the case in many older C +implementations. +

+

Strictly speaking, you don't have to include a header file to use +a function it declares; you could declare the function explicitly +yourself, according to the specifications in this manual. But it is +usually better to include the header file because it may define types +and macros that are not otherwise available and because it may define +more efficient macro replacements for some functions. It is also a sure +way to have the correct declaration. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

1.3.2 Macro Definitions of Functions

+ +

If we describe something as a function in this manual, it may have a +macro definition as well. This normally has no effect on how your +program runs—the macro definition does the same thing as the function +would. In particular, macro equivalents for library functions evaluate +arguments exactly once, in the same way that a function call would. The +main reason for these macro definitions is that sometimes they can +produce an inline expansion that is considerably faster than an actual +function call. +

+

Taking the address of a library function works even if it is also +defined as a macro. This is because, in this context, the name of the +function isn't followed by the left parenthesis that is syntactically +necessary to recognize a macro call. +

+

You might occasionally want to avoid using the macro definition of a +function—perhaps to make your program easier to debug. There are +two ways you can do this: +

+
    +
  • +You can avoid a macro definition in a specific use by enclosing the name +of the function in parentheses. This works because the name of the +function doesn't appear in a syntactic context where it is recognizable +as a macro call. + +
  • +You can suppress any macro definition for a whole source file by using +the ‘#undef’ preprocessor directive, unless otherwise stated +explicitly in the description of that facility. +
+ +

For example, suppose the header file ‘stdlib.h’ declares a function +named abs with +

+
 
extern int abs (int);
+
+ +

and also provides a macro definition for abs. Then, in: +

+
 
#include <stdlib.h>
+int f (int *i) { return abs (++*i); }
+
+ +

the reference to abs might refer to either a macro or a function. +On the other hand, in each of the following examples the reference is +to a function and not a macro. +

+
 
#include <stdlib.h>
+int g (int *i) { return (abs) (++*i); }
+
+#undef abs
+int h (int *i) { return abs (++*i); }
+
+ +

Since macro definitions that double for a function behave in +exactly the same way as the actual function version, there is usually no +need for any of these methods. In fact, removing macro definitions usually +just makes your program slower. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

1.3.3 Reserved Names

+ +

The names of all library types, macros, variables and functions that +come from the ISO C standard are reserved unconditionally; your program +may not redefine these names. All other library names are +reserved if your program explicitly includes the header file that +defines or declares them. There are several reasons for these +restrictions: +

+
    +
  • +Other people reading your code could get very confused if you were using +a function named exit to do something completely different from +what the standard exit function does, for example. Preventing +this situation helps to make your programs easier to understand and +contributes to modularity and maintainability. + +
  • +It avoids the possibility of a user accidentally redefining a library +function that is called by other library functions. If redefinition +were allowed, those other functions would not work properly. + +
  • +It allows the compiler to do whatever special optimizations it pleases +on calls to these functions, without the possibility that they may have +been redefined by the user. Some library facilities, such as those for +dealing with variadic arguments (see section Variadic Functions) +and non-local exits (see section Non-Local Exits), actually require a +considerable amount of cooperation on the part of the C compiler, and +with respect to the implementation, it might be easier for the compiler +to treat these as built-in parts of the language. +
+ +

In addition to the names documented in this manual, reserved names +include all external identifiers (global functions and variables) that +begin with an underscore (‘_’) and all identifiers regardless of +use that begin with either two underscores or an underscore followed by +a capital letter are reserved names. This is so that the library and +header files can define functions, variables, and macros for internal +purposes without risk of conflict with names in user programs. +

+

Some additional classes of identifier names are reserved for future +extensions to the C language or the POSIX.1 environment. While using these +names for your own purposes right now might not cause a problem, they do +raise the possibility of conflict with future versions of the C +or POSIX standards, so you should avoid these names. +

+
    +
  • +Names beginning with a capital ‘E’ followed a digit or uppercase +letter may be used for additional error code names. See section Error Reporting. + +
  • +Names that begin with either ‘is’ or ‘to’ followed by a +lowercase letter may be used for additional character testing and +conversion functions. See section Character Handling. + +
  • +Names that begin with ‘LC_’ followed by an uppercase letter may be +used for additional macros specifying locale attributes. +See section Locales and Internationalization. + +
  • +Names of all existing mathematics functions (see section Mathematics) +suffixed with ‘f’ or ‘l’ are reserved for corresponding +functions that operate on float and long double arguments, +respectively. + +
  • +Names that begin with ‘SIG’ followed by an uppercase letter are +reserved for additional signal names. See section Standard Signals. + +
  • +Names that begin with ‘SIG_’ followed by an uppercase letter are +reserved for additional signal actions. See section Basic Signal Handling. + +
  • +Names beginning with ‘str’, ‘mem’, or ‘wcs’ followed by a +lowercase letter are reserved for additional string and array functions. +See section String and Array Utilities. + +
  • +Names that end with ‘_t’ are reserved for additional type names. +
+ +

In addition, some individual header files reserve names beyond +those that they actually define. You only need to worry about these +restrictions if your program includes that particular header file. +

+
    +
  • +The header file ‘dirent.h’ reserves names prefixed with +‘d_’. + + +
  • +The header file ‘fcntl.h’ reserves names prefixed with +‘l_’, ‘F_’, ‘O_’, and ‘S_’. + + +
  • +The header file ‘grp.h’ reserves names prefixed with ‘gr_’. + + +
  • +The header file ‘limits.h’ reserves names suffixed with ‘_MAX’. + + +
  • +The header file ‘pwd.h’ reserves names prefixed with ‘pw_’. + + +
  • +The header file ‘signal.h’ reserves names prefixed with ‘sa_’ +and ‘SA_’. + + +
  • +The header file ‘sys/stat.h’ reserves names prefixed with ‘st_’ +and ‘S_’. + + +
  • +The header file ‘sys/times.h’ reserves names prefixed with ‘tms_’. + + +
  • +The header file ‘termios.h’ reserves names prefixed with ‘c_’, +‘V’, ‘I’, ‘O’, and ‘TC’; and names prefixed with +‘B’ followed by a digit. + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

1.3.4 Feature Test Macros

+ +

The exact set of features available when you compile a source file +is controlled by which feature test macros you define. +

+

If you compile your programs using ‘gcc -ansi’, you get only the +ISO C library features, unless you explicitly request additional +features by defining one or more of the feature macros. +See (gcc.info)Invoking GCC section `GNU CC Command Options' in The GNU CC Manual, +for more information about GCC options. +

+

You should define these macros by using ‘#define’ preprocessor +directives at the top of your source code files. These directives +must come before any #include of a system header file. It +is best to make them the very first thing in the file, preceded only by +comments. You could also use the ‘-D’ option to GCC, but it's +better if you make the source files indicate their own meaning in a +self-contained way. +

+

This system exists to allow the library to conform to multiple standards. +Although the different standards are often described as supersets of each +other, they are usually incompatible because larger standards require +functions with names that smaller ones reserve to the user program. This +is not mere pedantry — it has been a problem in practice. For instance, +some non-GNU programs define functions named getline that have +nothing to do with this library's getline. They would not be +compilable if all features were enabled indiscriminately. +

+

This should not be used to verify that a program conforms to a limited +standard. It is insufficient for this purpose, as it will not protect you +from including header files outside the standard, or relying on semantics +undefined within the standard. +

+
+
Macro: _POSIX_SOURCE + +
+

If you define this macro, then the functionality from the POSIX.1 +standard (IEEE Standard 1003.1) is available, as well as all of the +ISO C facilities. +

+

The state of _POSIX_SOURCE is irrelevant if you define the +macro _POSIX_C_SOURCE to a positive integer. +

+ +
+
Macro: _POSIX_C_SOURCE + +
+

Define this macro to a positive integer to control which POSIX +functionality is made available. The greater the value of this macro, +the more functionality is made available. +

+

If you define this macro to a value greater than or equal to 1, +then the functionality from the 1990 edition of the POSIX.1 standard +(IEEE Standard 1003.1-1990) is made available. +

+

If you define this macro to a value greater than or equal to 2, +then the functionality from the 1992 edition of the POSIX.2 standard +(IEEE Standard 1003.2-1992) is made available. +

+

If you define this macro to a value greater than or equal to 199309L, +then the functionality from the 1993 edition of the POSIX.1b standard +(IEEE Standard 1003.1b-1993) is made available. +

+

Greater values for _POSIX_C_SOURCE will enable future extensions. +The POSIX standards process will define these values as necessary, and +the GNU C Library should support them some time after they become standardized. +The 1996 edition of POSIX.1 (ISO/IEC 9945-1: 1996) states that +if you define _POSIX_C_SOURCE to a value greater than +or equal to 199506L, then the functionality from the 1996 +edition is made available. +

+ +
+
Macro: _BSD_SOURCE + +
+

If you define this macro, functionality derived from 4.3 BSD Unix is +included as well as the ISO C, POSIX.1, and POSIX.2 material. +

+

Some of the features derived from 4.3 BSD Unix conflict with the +corresponding features specified by the POSIX.1 standard. If this +macro is defined, the 4.3 BSD definitions take precedence over the +POSIX definitions. +

+

Due to the nature of some of the conflicts between 4.3 BSD and POSIX.1, +you need to use a special BSD compatibility library when linking +programs compiled for BSD compatibility. This is because some functions +must be defined in two different ways, one of them in the normal C +library, and one of them in the compatibility library. If your program +defines _BSD_SOURCE, you must give the option ‘-lbsd-compat’ +to the compiler or linker when linking the program, to tell it to find +functions in this special compatibility library before looking for them in +the normal C library. + + + +

+ +
+
Macro: _SVID_SOURCE + +
+

If you define this macro, functionality derived from SVID is +included as well as the ISO C, POSIX.1, POSIX.2, and X/Open material. +

+ +
+
Macro: _XOPEN_SOURCE + +
+
Macro: _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED + +
+

If you define this macro, functionality described in the X/Open +Portability Guide is included. This is a superset of the POSIX.1 and +POSIX.2 functionality and in fact _POSIX_SOURCE and +_POSIX_C_SOURCE are automatically defined. +

+

As the unification of all Unices, functionality only available in +BSD and SVID is also included. +

+

If the macro _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED is also defined, even more +functionality is available. The extra functions will make all functions +available which are necessary for the X/Open Unix brand. +

+

If the macro _XOPEN_SOURCE has the value 500 this includes +all functionality described so far plus some new definitions from the +Single Unix Specification, version 2. +

+ +
+
Macro: _LARGEFILE_SOURCE + +
+

If this macro is defined some extra functions are available which +rectify a few shortcomings in all previous standards. Specifically, +the functions fseeko and ftello are available. Without +these functions the difference between the ISO C interface +(fseek, ftell) and the low-level POSIX interface +(lseek) would lead to problems. +

+

This macro was introduced as part of the Large File Support extension (LFS). +

+ +
+
Macro: _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE + +
+

If you define this macro an additional set of functions is made available +which enables 32 bit systems to use files of sizes beyond +the usual limit of 2GB. This interface is not available if the system +does not support files that large. On systems where the natural file +size limit is greater than 2GB (i.e., on 64 bit systems) the new +functions are identical to the replaced functions. +

+

The new functionality is made available by a new set of types and +functions which replace the existing ones. The names of these new objects +contain 64 to indicate the intention, e.g., off_t +vs. off64_t and fseeko vs. fseeko64. +

+

This macro was introduced as part of the Large File Support extension +(LFS). It is a transition interface for the period when 64 bit +offsets are not generally used (see _FILE_OFFSET_BITS). +

+ +
+
Macro: _FILE_OFFSET_BITS + +
+

This macro determines which file system interface shall be used, one +replacing the other. Whereas _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE makes the 64 +bit interface available as an additional interface, +_FILE_OFFSET_BITS allows the 64 bit interface to +replace the old interface. +

+

If _FILE_OFFSET_BITS is undefined, or if it is defined to the +value 32, nothing changes. The 32 bit interface is used and +types like off_t have a size of 32 bits on 32 bit +systems. +

+

If the macro is defined to the value 64, the large file interface +replaces the old interface. I.e., the functions are not made available +under different names (as they are with _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE). +Instead the old function names now reference the new functions, e.g., a +call to fseeko now indeed calls fseeko64. +

+

This macro should only be selected if the system provides mechanisms for +handling large files. On 64 bit systems this macro has no effect +since the *64 functions are identical to the normal functions. +

+

This macro was introduced as part of the Large File Support extension +(LFS). +

+ +
+
Macro: _ISOC99_SOURCE + +
+

Until the revised ISO C standard is widely adopted the new features +are not automatically enabled. The GNU libc nevertheless has a complete +implementation of the new standard and to enable the new features the +macro _ISOC99_SOURCE should be defined. +

+ +
+
Macro: _GNU_SOURCE + +
+

If you define this macro, everything is included: ISO C89, ISO +C99, POSIX.1, POSIX.2, BSD, SVID, X/Open, LFS, and GNU extensions. In +the cases where POSIX.1 conflicts with BSD, the POSIX definitions take +precedence. +

+

If you want to get the full effect of _GNU_SOURCE but make the +BSD definitions take precedence over the POSIX definitions, use this +sequence of definitions: +

+
 
#define _GNU_SOURCE
+#define _BSD_SOURCE
+#define _SVID_SOURCE
+
+ +

Note that if you do this, you must link your program with the BSD +compatibility library by passing the ‘-lbsd-compat’ option to the +compiler or linker. NB: If you forget to do this, you may +get very strange errors at run time. +

+ +
+
Macro: _REENTRANT + +
+
Macro: _THREAD_SAFE + +
+

If you define one of these macros, reentrant versions of several functions get +declared. Some of the functions are specified in POSIX.1c but many others +are only available on a few other systems or are unique to GNU libc. +The problem is the delay in the standardization of the thread safe C library +interface. +

+

Unlike on some other systems, no special version of the C library must be +used for linking. There is only one version but while compiling this +it must have been specified to compile as thread safe. +

+ +

We recommend you use _GNU_SOURCE in new programs. If you don't +specify the ‘-ansi’ option to GCC and don't define any of these +macros explicitly, the effect is the same as defining +_POSIX_C_SOURCE to 2 and _POSIX_SOURCE, +_SVID_SOURCE, and _BSD_SOURCE to 1. +

+

When you define a feature test macro to request a larger class of features, +it is harmless to define in addition a feature test macro for a subset of +those features. For example, if you define _POSIX_C_SOURCE, then +defining _POSIX_SOURCE as well has no effect. Likewise, if you +define _GNU_SOURCE, then defining either _POSIX_SOURCE or +_POSIX_C_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE as well has no effect. +

+

Note, however, that the features of _BSD_SOURCE are not a subset of +any of the other feature test macros supported. This is because it defines +BSD features that take precedence over the POSIX features that are +requested by the other macros. For this reason, defining +_BSD_SOURCE in addition to the other feature test macros does have +an effect: it causes the BSD features to take priority over the conflicting +POSIX features. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

1.4 Roadmap to the Manual

+ +

Here is an overview of the contents of the remaining chapters of +this manual. +

+
    +
  • +Error Reporting, describes how errors detected by the library +are reported. + +
  • +C Language Facilities in the Library, contains information about library support for +standard parts of the C language, including things like the sizeof +operator and the symbolic constant NULL, how to write functions +accepting variable numbers of arguments, and constants describing the +ranges and other properties of the numerical types. There is also a simple +debugging mechanism which allows you to put assertions in your code, and +have diagnostic messages printed if the tests fail. + +
  • +Virtual Memory Allocation And Paging, describes the GNU library's facilities for managing and +using virtual and real memory, including dynamic allocation of virtual +memory. If you do not know in advance how much memory your program +needs, you can allocate it dynamically instead, and manipulate it via +pointers. + +
  • +Character Handling, contains information about character +classification functions (such as isspace) and functions for +performing case conversion. + +
  • +String and Array Utilities, has descriptions of functions for +manipulating strings (null-terminated character arrays) and general +byte arrays, including operations such as copying and comparison. + +
  • +Input/Output Overview, gives an overall look at the input and output +facilities in the library, and contains information about basic concepts +such as file names. + +
  • +Input/Output on Streams, describes I/O operations involving streams (or +FILE * objects). These are the normal C library functions +from ‘stdio.h’. + +
  • +Low-Level Input/Output, contains information about I/O operations +on file descriptors. File descriptors are a lower-level mechanism +specific to the Unix family of operating systems. + +
  • +File System Interface, has descriptions of operations on entire +files, such as functions for deleting and renaming them and for creating +new directories. This chapter also contains information about how you +can access the attributes of a file, such as its owner and file protection +modes. + +
  • +Pipes and FIFOs, contains information about simple interprocess +communication mechanisms. Pipes allow communication between two related +processes (such as between a parent and child), while FIFOs allow +communication between processes sharing a common file system on the same +machine. + +
  • +Sockets, describes a more complicated interprocess communication +mechanism that allows processes running on different machines to +communicate over a network. This chapter also contains information about +Internet host addressing and how to use the system network databases. + +
  • +Low-Level Terminal Interface, describes how you can change the +attributes of a terminal device. If you want to disable echo of +characters typed by the user, for example, read this chapter. + +
  • +Mathematics, contains information about the math library +functions. These include things like random-number generators and +remainder functions on integers as well as the usual trigonometric and +exponential functions on floating-point numbers. + +
  • +Low-Level Arithmetic Functions, describes functions +for simple arithmetic, analysis of floating-point values, and reading +numbers from strings. + +
  • +Searching and Sorting, contains information about functions +for searching and sorting arrays. You can use these functions on any +kind of array by providing an appropriate comparison function. + +
  • +Pattern Matching, presents functions for matching regular expressions +and shell file name patterns, and for expanding words as the shell does. + +
  • +Date and Time, describes functions for measuring both calendar time +and CPU time, as well as functions for setting alarms and timers. + +
  • +Character Set Handling, contains information about manipulating +characters and strings using character sets larger than will fit in +the usual char data type. + +
  • +Locales and Internationalization, describes how selecting a particular country +or language affects the behavior of the library. For example, the locale +affects collation sequences for strings and how monetary values are +formatted. + +
  • +Non-Local Exits, contains descriptions of the setjmp and +longjmp functions. These functions provide a facility for +goto-like jumps which can jump from one function to another. + +
  • +Signal Handling, tells you all about signals—what they are, +how to establish a handler that is called when a particular kind of +signal is delivered, and how to prevent signals from arriving during +critical sections of your program. + +
  • +The Basic Program/System Interface, tells how your programs can access their +command-line arguments and environment variables. + +
  • +Processes, contains information about how to start new processes +and run programs. + +
  • +Job Control, describes functions for manipulating process groups +and the controlling terminal. This material is probably only of +interest if you are writing a shell or other program which handles job +control specially. + +
  • +System Databases and Name Service Switch, describes the services which are available +for looking up names in the system databases, how to determine which +service is used for which database, and how these services are +implemented so that contributors can design their own services. + +
  • +User Database, and Group Database, tell you how to access +the system user and group databases. + +
  • +System Management, describes functions for controlling and getting +information about the hardware and software configuration your program +is executing under. + +
  • +System Configuration Parameters, tells you how you can get information about +various operating system limits. Most of these parameters are provided for +compatibility with POSIX. + +
  • +Summary of Library Facilities, gives a summary of all the functions, variables, and +macros in the library, with complete data types and function prototypes, +and says what standard or system each is derived from. + +
  • +Library Maintenance, explains how to build and install the GNU C library on +your system, how to report any bugs you might find, and how to add new +functions or port the library to a new system. +
+ +

If you already know the name of the facility you are interested in, you +can look it up in Summary of Library Facilities. This gives you a summary of +its syntax and a pointer to where you can find a more detailed +description. This appendix is particularly useful if you just want to +verify the order and type of arguments to a function, for example. It +also tells you what standard or system each function, variable, or macro +is derived from. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_25.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_25.html @@ -0,0 +1,4029 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 25. The Basic Program/System Interface + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25. The Basic Program/System Interface

+ +

Processes are the primitive units for allocation of system +resources. Each process has its own address space and (usually) one +thread of control. A process executes a program; you can have multiple +processes executing the same program, but each process has its own copy +of the program within its own address space and executes it +independently of the other copies. Though it may have multiple threads +of control within the same program and a program may be composed of +multiple logically separate modules, a process always executes exactly +one program. +

+

Note that we are using a specific definition of “program” for the +purposes of this manual, which corresponds to a common definition in the +context of Unix system. In popular usage, “program” enjoys a much +broader definition; it can refer for example to a system's kernel, an +editor macro, a complex package of software, or a discrete section of +code executing within a process. +

+

Writing the program is what this manual is all about. This chapter +explains the most basic interface between your program and the system +that runs, or calls, it. This includes passing of parameters (arguments +and environment) from the system, requesting basic services from the +system, and telling the system the program is done. +

+

A program starts another program with the exec family of system calls. +This chapter looks at program startup from the execee's point of view. To +see the event from the execor's point of view, see Executing a File. +

+ + + + + +
25.1 Program Arguments   Parsing your program's command-line arguments. +
25.4 Environment Variables   Less direct parameters affecting your program +
25.5 System Calls   Requesting service from the system +
25.6 Program Termination   Telling the system you're done; return status +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.1 Program Arguments

+ +

The system starts a C program by calling the function main. It +is up to you to write a function named main—otherwise, you +won't even be able to link your program without errors. +

+

In ISO C you can define main either to take no arguments, or to +take two arguments that represent the command line arguments to the +program, like this: +

+
 
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
+
+ + + +

The command line arguments are the whitespace-separated tokens given in +the shell command used to invoke the program; thus, in ‘cat foo +bar’, the arguments are ‘foo’ and ‘bar’. The only way a +program can look at its command line arguments is via the arguments of +main. If main doesn't take arguments, then you cannot get +at the command line. +

+

The value of the argc argument is the number of command line +arguments. The argv argument is a vector of C strings; its +elements are the individual command line argument strings. The file +name of the program being run is also included in the vector as the +first element; the value of argc counts this element. A null +pointer always follows the last element: argv[argc] +is this null pointer. +

+

For the command ‘cat foo bar’, argc is 3 and argv has +three elements, "cat", "foo" and "bar". +

+

In Unix systems you can define main a third way, using three arguments: +

+
 
int main (int argc, char *argv[], char *envp[])
+
+ +

The first two arguments are just the same. The third argument +envp gives the program's environment; it is the same as the value +of environ. See section Environment Variables. POSIX.1 does not +allow this three-argument form, so to be portable it is best to write +main to take two arguments, and use the value of environ. +

+ + + +
25.1.1 Program Argument Syntax Conventions   By convention, options start with a hyphen. +
25.1.2 Parsing Program Arguments   Ways to parse program options and arguments. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.1.1 Program Argument Syntax Conventions

+ +

POSIX recommends these conventions for command line arguments. +getopt (see section Parsing program options using getopt) and argp_parse (see section Parsing Program Options with Argp) make +it easy to implement them. +

+
    +
  • +Arguments are options if they begin with a hyphen delimiter (‘-’). + +
  • +Multiple options may follow a hyphen delimiter in a single token if +the options do not take arguments. Thus, ‘-abc’ is equivalent to +‘-a -b -c’. + +
  • +Option names are single alphanumeric characters (as for isalnum; +see section Classification of Characters). + +
  • +Certain options require an argument. For example, the ‘-o’ command +of the ld command requires an argument—an output file name. + +
  • +An option and its argument may or may not appear as separate tokens. (In +other words, the whitespace separating them is optional.) Thus, +‘-o foo’ and ‘-ofoo’ are equivalent. + +
  • +Options typically precede other non-option arguments. + +

    The implementations of getopt and argp_parse in the GNU C +library normally make it appear as if all the option arguments were +specified before all the non-option arguments for the purposes of +parsing, even if the user of your program intermixed option and +non-option arguments. They do this by reordering the elements of the +argv array. This behavior is nonstandard; if you want to suppress +it, define the _POSIX_OPTION_ORDER environment variable. +See section Standard Environment Variables. +

    +
  • +The argument ‘--’ terminates all options; any following arguments +are treated as non-option arguments, even if they begin with a hyphen. + +
  • +A token consisting of a single hyphen character is interpreted as an +ordinary non-option argument. By convention, it is used to specify +input from or output to the standard input and output streams. + +
  • +Options may be supplied in any order, or appear multiple times. The +interpretation is left up to the particular application program. +
+ + +

GNU adds long options to these conventions. Long options consist +of ‘--’ followed by a name made of alphanumeric characters and +dashes. Option names are typically one to three words long, with +hyphens to separate words. Users can abbreviate the option names as +long as the abbreviations are unique. +

+

To specify an argument for a long option, write +‘--name=value’. This syntax enables a long option to +accept an argument that is itself optional. +

+

Eventually, the GNU system will provide completion for long option names +in the shell. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.1.2 Parsing Program Arguments

+ +

If the syntax for the command line arguments to your program is simple +enough, you can simply pick the arguments off from argv by hand. +But unless your program takes a fixed number of arguments, or all of the +arguments are interpreted in the same way (as file names, for example), +you are usually better off using getopt (see section Parsing program options using getopt) or +argp_parse (see section Parsing Program Options with Argp) to do the parsing. +

+

getopt is more standard (the short-option only version of it is a +part of the POSIX standard), but using argp_parse is often +easier, both for very simple and very complex option structures, because +it does more of the dirty work for you. +

+ + + + + +
25.2 Parsing program options using getopt  
25.3 Parsing Program Options with Argp   Parsing program options using argp_parse. +
25.3.12.1 Parsing of Suboptions   Some programs need more detailed options. +
25.3.13 Parsing of Suboptions Example   This shows how it could be done for mount. +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.2 Parsing program options using getopt

+ +

The getopt and getopt_long functions automate some of the +chore involved in parsing typical unix command line options. +

+ + + + + +
25.2.1 Using the getopt function  
25.2.2 Example of Parsing Arguments with getopt   An example of parsing options with getopt. +
25.2.3 Parsing Long Options with getopt_long   GNU suggests utilities accept long-named + options; here is one way to do. +
25.2.4 Example of Parsing Long Options with getopt_long   An example of using getopt_long. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.2.1 Using the getopt function

+ +

Here are the details about how to call the getopt function. To +use this facility, your program must include the header file +‘unistd.h’. + +

+
+
Variable: int opterr + +
+

If the value of this variable is nonzero, then getopt prints an +error message to the standard error stream if it encounters an unknown +option character or an option with a missing required argument. This is +the default behavior. If you set this variable to zero, getopt +does not print any messages, but it still returns the character ? +to indicate an error. +

+ +
+
Variable: int optopt + +
+

When getopt encounters an unknown option character or an option +with a missing required argument, it stores that option character in +this variable. You can use this for providing your own diagnostic +messages. +

+ +
+
Variable: int optind + +
+

This variable is set by getopt to the index of the next element +of the argv array to be processed. Once getopt has found +all of the option arguments, you can use this variable to determine +where the remaining non-option arguments begin. The initial value of +this variable is 1. +

+ +
+
Variable: char * optarg + +
+

This variable is set by getopt to point at the value of the +option argument, for those options that accept arguments. +

+ +
+
Function: int getopt (int argc, char **argv, const char *options) + +
+

The getopt function gets the next option argument from the +argument list specified by the argv and argc arguments. +Normally these values come directly from the arguments received by +main. +

+

The options argument is a string that specifies the option +characters that are valid for this program. An option character in this +string can be followed by a colon (‘:’) to indicate that it takes a +required argument. If an option character is followed by two colons +(‘::’), its argument is optional; this is a GNU extension. +

+

getopt has three ways to deal with options that follow +non-options argv elements. The special argument ‘--’ forces +in all cases the end of option scanning. +

+
    +
  • +The default is to permute the contents of argv while scanning it +so that eventually all the non-options are at the end. This allows +options to be given in any order, even with programs that were not +written to expect this. + +
  • +If the options argument string begins with a hyphen (‘-’), this +is treated specially. It permits arguments that are not options to be +returned as if they were associated with option character ‘\1’. + +
  • +POSIX demands the following behavior: The first non-option stops option +processing. This mode is selected by either setting the environment +variable POSIXLY_CORRECT or beginning the options argument +string with a plus sign (‘+’). +
+ +

The getopt function returns the option character for the next +command line option. When no more option arguments are available, it +returns -1. There may still be more non-option arguments; you +must compare the external variable optind against the argc +parameter to check this. +

+

If the option has an argument, getopt returns the argument by +storing it in the variable optarg. You don't ordinarily need to +copy the optarg string, since it is a pointer into the original +argv array, not into a static area that might be overwritten. +

+

If getopt finds an option character in argv that was not +included in options, or a missing option argument, it returns +‘?’ and sets the external variable optopt to the actual +option character. If the first character of options is a colon +(‘:’), then getopt returns ‘:’ instead of ‘?’ to +indicate a missing option argument. In addition, if the external +variable opterr is nonzero (which is the default), getopt +prints an error message. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.2.2 Example of Parsing Arguments with getopt

+ +

Here is an example showing how getopt is typically used. The +key points to notice are: +

+
    +
  • +Normally, getopt is called in a loop. When getopt returns +-1, indicating no more options are present, the loop terminates. + +
  • +A switch statement is used to dispatch on the return value from +getopt. In typical use, each case just sets a variable that +is used later in the program. + +
  • +A second loop is used to process the remaining non-option arguments. +
+ +
 
#include <ctype.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+int
+main (int argc, char **argv)
+{
+  int aflag = 0;
+  int bflag = 0;
+  char *cvalue = NULL;
+  int index;
+  int c;
+
+  opterr = 0;
+
+  while ((c = getopt (argc, argv, "abc:")) != -1)
+    switch (c)
+      {
+      case 'a':
+        aflag = 1;
+        break;
+      case 'b':
+        bflag = 1;
+        break;
+      case 'c':
+        cvalue = optarg;
+        break;
+      case '?':
+        if (optopt == 'c')
+          fprintf (stderr, "Option -%c requires an argument.\n", optopt);
+        else if (isprint (optopt))
+          fprintf (stderr, "Unknown option `-%c'.\n", optopt);
+        else
+          fprintf (stderr,
+                   "Unknown option character `\\x%x'.\n",
+                   optopt);
+        return 1;
+      default:
+        abort ();
+      }
+
+  printf ("aflag = %d, bflag = %d, cvalue = %s\n",
+          aflag, bflag, cvalue);
+
+  for (index = optind; index < argc; index++)
+    printf ("Non-option argument %s\n", argv[index]);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+ +

Here are some examples showing what this program prints with different +combinations of arguments: +

+
 
% testopt
+aflag = 0, bflag = 0, cvalue = (null)
+
+% testopt -a -b
+aflag = 1, bflag = 1, cvalue = (null)
+
+% testopt -ab
+aflag = 1, bflag = 1, cvalue = (null)
+
+% testopt -c foo
+aflag = 0, bflag = 0, cvalue = foo
+
+% testopt -cfoo
+aflag = 0, bflag = 0, cvalue = foo
+
+% testopt arg1
+aflag = 0, bflag = 0, cvalue = (null)
+Non-option argument arg1
+
+% testopt -a arg1
+aflag = 1, bflag = 0, cvalue = (null)
+Non-option argument arg1
+
+% testopt -c foo arg1
+aflag = 0, bflag = 0, cvalue = foo
+Non-option argument arg1
+
+% testopt -a -- -b
+aflag = 1, bflag = 0, cvalue = (null)
+Non-option argument -b
+
+% testopt -a -
+aflag = 1, bflag = 0, cvalue = (null)
+Non-option argument -
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.2.3 Parsing Long Options with getopt_long

+ +

To accept GNU-style long options as well as single-character options, +use getopt_long instead of getopt. This function is +declared in ‘getopt.h’, not ‘unistd.h’. You should make every +program accept long options if it uses any options, for this takes +little extra work and helps beginners remember how to use the program. +

+
+
Data Type: struct option + +
+

This structure describes a single long option name for the sake of +getopt_long. The argument longopts must be an array of +these structures, one for each long option. Terminate the array with an +element containing all zeros. +

+

The struct option structure has these fields: +

+
+
const char *name
+

This field is the name of the option. It is a string. +

+
+
int has_arg
+

This field says whether the option takes an argument. It is an integer, +and there are three legitimate values: no_argument, +required_argument and optional_argument. +

+
+
int *flag
+
int val
+

These fields control how to report or act on the option when it occurs. +

+

If flag is a null pointer, then the val is a value which +identifies this option. Often these values are chosen to uniquely +identify particular long options. +

+

If flag is not a null pointer, it should be the address of an +int variable which is the flag for this option. The value in +val is the value to store in the flag to indicate that the option +was seen. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int getopt_long (int argc, char *const *argv, const char *shortopts, const struct option *longopts, int *indexptr) + +
+

Decode options from the vector argv (whose length is argc). +The argument shortopts describes the short options to accept, just as +it does in getopt. The argument longopts describes the long +options to accept (see above). +

+

When getopt_long encounters a short option, it does the same +thing that getopt would do: it returns the character code for the +option, and stores the options argument (if it has one) in optarg. +

+

When getopt_long encounters a long option, it takes actions based +on the flag and val fields of the definition of that +option. +

+

If flag is a null pointer, then getopt_long returns the +contents of val to indicate which option it found. You should +arrange distinct values in the val field for options with +different meanings, so you can decode these values after +getopt_long returns. If the long option is equivalent to a short +option, you can use the short option's character code in val. +

+

If flag is not a null pointer, that means this option should just +set a flag in the program. The flag is a variable of type int +that you define. Put the address of the flag in the flag field. +Put in the val field the value you would like this option to +store in the flag. In this case, getopt_long returns 0. +

+

For any long option, getopt_long tells you the index in the array +longopts of the options definition, by storing it into +*indexptr. You can get the name of the option with +longopts[*indexptr].name. So you can distinguish among +long options either by the values in their val fields or by their +indices. You can also distinguish in this way among long options that +set flags. +

+

When a long option has an argument, getopt_long puts the argument +value in the variable optarg before returning. When the option +has no argument, the value in optarg is a null pointer. This is +how you can tell whether an optional argument was supplied. +

+

When getopt_long has no more options to handle, it returns +-1, and leaves in the variable optind the index in +argv of the next remaining argument. +

+ +

Since long option names were used before before the getopt_long +options was invented there are program interfaces which require programs +to recognize options like ‘-option value’ instead of +‘--option value’. To enable these programs to use the GNU +getopt functionality there is one more function available. +

+
+
Function: int getopt_long_only (int argc, char *const *argv, const char *shortopts, const struct option *longopts, int *indexptr) + +
+

The getopt_long_only function is equivalent to the +getopt_long function but it allows to specify the user of the +application to pass long options with only ‘-’ instead of +‘--’. The ‘--’ prefix is still recognized but instead of +looking through the short options if a ‘-’ is seen it is first +tried whether this parameter names a long option. If not, it is parsed +as a short option. +

+

Assuming getopt_long_only is used starting an application with +

+
 
  app -foo
+
+ +

the getopt_long_only will first look for a long option named +‘foo’. If this is not found, the short options ‘f’, ‘o’, +and again ‘o’ are recognized. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.2.4 Example of Parsing Long Options with getopt_long

+ +
 
#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+
+/* Flag set by ‘--verbose’. */
+static int verbose_flag;
+
+int
+main (argc, argv)
+     int argc;
+     char **argv;
+{
+  int c;
+
+  while (1)
+    {
+      static struct option long_options[] =
+        {
+          /* These options set a flag. */
+          {"verbose", no_argument,       &verbose_flag, 1},
+          {"brief",   no_argument,       &verbose_flag, 0},
+          /* These options don't set a flag.
+             We distinguish them by their indices. */
+          {"add",     no_argument,       0, 'a'},
+          {"append",  no_argument,       0, 'b'},
+          {"delete",  required_argument, 0, 'd'},
+          {"create",  required_argument, 0, 'c'},
+          {"file",    required_argument, 0, 'f'},
+          {0, 0, 0, 0}
+        };
+      /* getopt_long stores the option index here. */
+      int option_index = 0;
+
+      c = getopt_long (argc, argv, "abc:d:f:",
+                       long_options, &option_index);
+
+      /* Detect the end of the options. */
+      if (c == -1)
+        break;
+
+      switch (c)
+        {
+        case 0:
+          /* If this option set a flag, do nothing else now. */
+          if (long_options[option_index].flag != 0)
+            break;
+          printf ("option %s", long_options[option_index].name);
+          if (optarg)
+            printf (" with arg %s", optarg);
+          printf ("\n");
+          break;
+
+        case 'a':
+          puts ("option -a\n");
+          break;
+
+        case 'b':
+          puts ("option -b\n");
+          break;
+
+        case 'c':
+          printf ("option -c with value `%s'\n", optarg);
+          break;
+
+        case 'd':
+          printf ("option -d with value `%s'\n", optarg);
+          break;
+
+        case 'f':
+          printf ("option -f with value `%s'\n", optarg);
+          break;
+
+        case '?':
+          /* getopt_long already printed an error message. */
+          break;
+
+        default:
+          abort ();
+        }
+    }
+
+  /* Instead of reporting ‘--verbose’
+     and ‘--brief’ as they are encountered,
+     we report the final status resulting from them. */
+  if (verbose_flag)
+    puts ("verbose flag is set");
+
+  /* Print any remaining command line arguments (not options). */
+  if (optind < argc)
+    {
+      printf ("non-option ARGV-elements: ");
+      while (optind < argc)
+        printf ("%s ", argv[optind++]);
+      putchar ('\n');
+    }
+
+  exit (0);
+}
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.3 Parsing Program Options with Argp

+ +

Argp is an interface for parsing unix-style argument vectors. +See section Program Arguments. +

+

Argp provides features unavailable in the more commonly used +getopt interface. These features include automatically producing +output in response to the ‘--help’ and ‘--version’ options, as +described in the GNU coding standards. Using argp makes it less likely +that programmers will neglect to implement these additional options or +keep them up to date. +

+

Argp also provides the ability to merge several independently defined +option parsers into one, mediating conflicts between them and making the +result appear seamless. A library can export an argp option parser that +user programs might employ in conjunction with their own option parsers, +resulting in less work for the user programs. Some programs may use only +argument parsers exported by libraries, thereby achieving consistent and +efficient option-parsing for abstractions implemented by the libraries. +

+ +

The header file ‘<argp.h>’ should be included to use argp. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.3.1 The argp_parse Function

+ +

The main interface to argp is the argp_parse function. In many +cases, calling argp_parse is the only argument-parsing code +needed in main. +See section Program Arguments. +

+
+
Function: error_t argp_parse (const struct argp *argp, int argc, char **argv, unsigned flags, int *arg_index, void *input) + +
+

The argp_parse function parses the arguments in argv, of +length argc, using the argp parser argp. See section Specifying Argp Parsers. +

+

A value of zero is the same as a struct argpcontaining all +zeros. flags is a set of flag bits that modify the parsing +behavior. See section Flags for argp_parse. input is passed through to the argp +parser argp, and has meaning defined by argp. A typical +usage is to pass a pointer to a structure which is used for specifying +parameters to the parser and passing back the results. +

+

Unless the ARGP_NO_EXIT or ARGP_NO_HELP flags are included +in flags, calling argp_parse may result in the program +exiting. This behavior is true if an error is detected, or when an +unknown option is encountered. See section Program Termination. +

+

If arg_index is non-null, the index of the first unparsed option +in argv is returned as a value. +

+

The return value is zero for successful parsing, or an error code +(see section Error Codes) if an error is detected. Different argp parsers +may return arbitrary error codes, but the standard error codes are: +ENOMEM if a memory allocation error occurred, or EINVAL if +an unknown option or option argument is encountered. +

+ + + + + + + + +
25.3.2 Argp Global Variables   Global argp parameters. +
25.3.3 Specifying Argp Parsers   Defining parsers for use with argp_parse. +
25.3.7 Flags for argp_parse   Flags that modify the behavior of argp_parse. +
25.3.9 The argp_help Function   Printing help messages when not parsing. +
25.3.11 Argp Examples   Simple examples of programs using argp. +
25.3.12 Argp User Customization   + Users may control the ‘--help’ output format. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.3.2 Argp Global Variables

+ +

These variables make it easy for user programs to implement the +‘--version’ option and provide a bug-reporting address in the +‘--help’ output. These are implemented in argp by default. +

+
+
Variable: const char * argp_program_version + +
+

If defined or set by the user program to a non-zero value, then a +‘--version’ option is added when parsing with argp_parse, +which will print the ‘--version’ string followed by a newline and +exit. The exception to this is if the ARGP_NO_EXIT flag is used. +

+ +
+
Variable: const char * argp_program_bug_address + +
+

If defined or set by the user program to a non-zero value, +argp_program_bug_address should point to a string that will be +printed at the end of the standard output for the ‘--help’ option, +embedded in a sentence that says ‘Report bugs to address.’. +

+ +
+
Variable: argp_program_version_hook + +
+

If defined or set by the user program to a non-zero value, a +‘--version’ option is added when parsing with arg_parse, +which prints the program version and exits with a status of zero. This +is not the case if the ARGP_NO_HELP flag is used. If the +ARGP_NO_EXIT flag is set, the exit behavior of the program is +suppressed or modified, as when the argp parser is going to be used by +other programs. +

+

It should point to a function with this type of signature: +

+
 
void print-version (FILE *stream, struct argp_state *state)
+
+ +

See section Argp Parsing State, for an explanation of state. +

+

This variable takes precedence over argp_program_version, and is +useful if a program has version information not easily expressed in a +simple string. +

+ +
+
Variable: error_t argp_err_exit_status + +
+

This is the exit status used when argp exits due to a parsing error. If +not defined or set by the user program, this defaults to: +EX_USAGE from ‘<sysexits.h>’. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.3.3 Specifying Argp Parsers

+ +

The first argument to the argp_parse function is a pointer to a +struct argp, which is known as an argp parser: +

+
+
Data Type: struct argp + +
+

This structure specifies how to parse a given set of options and +arguments, perhaps in conjunction with other argp parsers. It has the +following fields: +

+
+
const struct argp_option *options
+

A pointer to a vector of argp_option structures specifying which +options this argp parser understands; it may be zero if there are no +options at all. See section Specifying Options in an Argp Parser. +

+
+
argp_parser_t parser
+

A pointer to a function that defines actions for this parser; it is +called for each option parsed, and at other well-defined points in the +parsing process. A value of zero is the same as a pointer to a function +that always returns ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN. See section Argp Parser Functions. +

+
+
const char *args_doc
+

If non-zero, a string describing what non-option arguments are called by +this parser. This is only used to print the ‘Usage:’ message. If +it contains newlines, the strings separated by them are considered +alternative usage patterns and printed on separate lines. Lines after +the first are prefixed by ‘ or: ’ instead of ‘Usage:’. +

+
+
const char *doc
+

If non-zero, a string containing extra text to be printed before and +after the options in a long help message, with the two sections +separated by a vertical tab ('\v', '\013') character. By +convention, the documentation before the options is just a short string +explaining what the program does. Documentation printed after the +options describe behavior in more detail. +

+
+
const struct argp_child *children
+

A pointer to a vector of argp_children structures. This pointer +specifies which additional argp parsers should be combined with this +one. See section Combining Multiple Argp Parsers. +

+
+
char *(*help_filter)(int key, const char *text, void *input)
+

If non-zero, a pointer to a function that filters the output of help +messages. See section Customizing Argp Help Output. +

+
+
const char *argp_domain
+

If non-zero, the strings used in the argp library are translated using +the domain described by this string. If zero, the current default domain +is used. +

+
+
+
+ +

Of the above group, options, parser, args_doc, and +the doc fields are usually all that are needed. If an argp +parser is defined as an initialized C variable, only the fields used +need be specified in the initializer. The rest will default to zero due +to the way C structure initialization works. This design is exploited in +most argp structures; the most-used fields are grouped near the +beginning, the unused fields left unspecified. +

+ + + + + +
25.3.4 Specifying Options in an Argp Parser   Specifying options in an argp parser. +
25.3.5 Argp Parser Functions   Defining actions for an argp parser. +
25.3.6 Combining Multiple Argp Parsers   Combining multiple argp parsers. +
25.3.8 Customizing Argp Help Output   Customizing help output for an argp parser. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.3.4 Specifying Options in an Argp Parser

+ +

The options field in a struct argp points to a vector of +struct argp_option structures, each of which specifies an option +that the argp parser supports. Multiple entries may be used for a single +option provided it has multiple names. This should be terminated by an +entry with zero in all fields. Note that when using an initialized C +array for options, writing { 0 } is enough to achieve this. +

+
+
Data Type: struct argp_option + +
+

This structure specifies a single option that an argp parser +understands, as well as how to parse and document that option. It has +the following fields: +

+
+
const char *name
+

The long name for this option, corresponding to the long option +‘--name’; this field may be zero if this option only +has a short name. To specify multiple names for an option, additional +entries may follow this one, with the OPTION_ALIAS flag +set. See section Flags for Argp Options. +

+
+
int key
+

The integer key provided by the current option to the option parser. If +key has a value that is a printable ASCII character (i.e., +isascii (key) is true), it also specifies a short +option ‘-char’, where char is the ASCII character +with the code key. +

+
+
const char *arg
+

If non-zero, this is the name of an argument associated with this +option, which must be provided (e.g., with the +‘--name=value’ or ‘-char value’ +syntaxes), unless the OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL flag (see section Flags for Argp Options) is set, in which case it may be provided. +

+
+
int flags
+

Flags associated with this option, some of which are referred to above. +See section Flags for Argp Options. +

+
+
const char *doc
+

A documentation string for this option, for printing in help messages. +

+

If both the name and key fields are zero, this string +will be printed tabbed left from the normal option column, making it +useful as a group header. This will be the first thing printed in its +group. In this usage, it's conventional to end the string with a +‘:’ character. +

+
+
int group
+

Group identity for this option. +

+

In a long help message, options are sorted alphabetically within each +group, and the groups presented in the order 0, 1, 2, …, n, +-m, …, -2, -1. +

+

Every entry in an options array with this field 0 will inherit the group +number of the previous entry, or zero if it's the first one. If it's a +group header with name and key fields both zero, the +previous entry + 1 is the default. Automagic options such as +‘--help’ are put into group -1. +

+

Note that because of C structure initialization rules, this field often +need not be specified, because 0 is the correct value. +

+
+
+ + + + +
25.3.4.1 Flags for Argp Options   Flags for options. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.3.4.1 Flags for Argp Options

+ +

The following flags may be or'd together in the flags field of a +struct argp_option. These flags control various aspects of how +that option is parsed or displayed in help messages: +

+ +
+
OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL + +
+

The argument associated with this option is optional. +

+
+
OPTION_HIDDEN + +
+

This option isn't displayed in any help messages. +

+
+
OPTION_ALIAS + +
+

This option is an alias for the closest previous non-alias option. This +means that it will be displayed in the same help entry, and will inherit +fields other than name and key from the option being +aliased. +

+ +
+
OPTION_DOC + +
+

This option isn't actually an option and should be ignored by the actual +option parser. It is an arbitrary section of documentation that should +be displayed in much the same manner as the options. This is known as a +documentation option. +

+

If this flag is set, then the option name field is displayed +unmodified (e.g., no ‘--’ prefix is added) at the left-margin where +a short option would normally be displayed, and this +documentation string is left in it's usual place. For purposes of +sorting, any leading whitespace and punctuation is ignored, unless the +first non-whitespace character is ‘-’. This entry is displayed +after all options, after OPTION_DOC entries with a leading +‘-’, in the same group. +

+
+
OPTION_NO_USAGE + +
+

This option shouldn't be included in `long' usage messages, but should +still be included in other help messages. This is intended for options +that are completely documented in an argp's args_doc +field. See section Specifying Argp Parsers. Including this option in the generic usage +list would be redundant, and should be avoided. +

+

For instance, if args_doc is "FOO BAR\n-x BLAH", and the +‘-x’ option's purpose is to distinguish these two cases, ‘-x’ +should probably be marked OPTION_NO_USAGE. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.3.5 Argp Parser Functions

+ +

The function pointed to by the parser field in a struct +argp (see section Specifying Argp Parsers) defines what actions take place in response +to each option or argument parsed. It is also used as a hook, allowing a +parser to perform tasks at certain other points during parsing. +

+

Argp parser functions have the following type signature: +

+ +
 
error_t parser (int key, char *arg, struct argp_state *state)
+
+ +

where the arguments are as follows: +

+
+
key
+

For each option that is parsed, parser is called with a value of +key from that option's key field in the option +vector. See section Specifying Options in an Argp Parser. parser is also called at +other times with special reserved keys, such as ARGP_KEY_ARG for +non-option arguments. See section Special Keys for Argp Parser Functions. +

+
+
arg
+

If key is an option, arg is its given value. This defaults +to zero if no value is specified. Only options that have a non-zero +arg field can ever have a value. These must always have a +value unless the OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL flag is specified. If the +input being parsed specifies a value for an option that doesn't allow +one, an error results before parser ever gets called. +

+

If key is ARGP_KEY_ARG, arg is a non-option +argument. Other special keys always have a zero arg. +

+
+
state
+

state points to a struct argp_state, containing useful +information about the current parsing state for use by +parser. See section Argp Parsing State. +

+
+ +

When parser is called, it should perform whatever action is +appropriate for key, and return 0 for success, +ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN if the value of key is not handled by this +parser function, or a unix error code if a real error +occurred. See section Error Codes. +

+
+
Macro: int ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN + +
+

Argp parser functions should return ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN for any +key value they do not recognize, or for non-option arguments +(key == ARGP_KEY_ARG) that they are not equipped to handle. +

+ +

A typical parser function uses a switch statement on key: +

+
 
error_t
+parse_opt (int key, char *arg, struct argp_state *state)
+{
+  switch (key)
+    {
+    case option_key:
+      action
+      break;
+    …
+    default:
+      return ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN;
+    }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+ + + + + +
25.3.5.1 Special Keys for Argp Parser Functions   Special values for the key argument. +
25.3.5.3 Argp Parsing State   What the state argument refers to. +
25.3.5.2 Functions For Use in Argp Parsers   Functions to help during argp parsing. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.3.5.1 Special Keys for Argp Parser Functions

+ +

In addition to key values corresponding to user options, the key +argument to argp parser functions may have a number of other special +values. In the following example arg and state refer to +parser function arguments. See section Argp Parser Functions. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_ARG + +
+

This is not an option at all, but rather a command line argument, whose +value is pointed to by arg. +

+

When there are multiple parser functions in play due to argp parsers +being combined, it's impossible to know which one will handle a specific +argument. Each is called until one returns 0 or an error other than +ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN; if an argument is not handled, +argp_parse immediately returns success, without parsing any more +arguments. +

+

Once a parser function returns success for this key, that fact is +recorded, and the ARGP_KEY_NO_ARGS case won't be +used. However, if while processing the argument a parser function +decrements the next field of its state argument, the option +won't be considered processed; this is to allow you to actually modify +the argument, perhaps into an option, and have it processed again. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_ARGS + +
+

If a parser function returns ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN for +ARGP_KEY_ARG, it is immediately called again with the key +ARGP_KEY_ARGS, which has a similar meaning, but is slightly more +convenient for consuming all remaining arguments. arg is 0, and +the tail of the argument vector may be found at state->argv ++ state->next. If success is returned for this key, and +state->next is unchanged, all remaining arguments are +considered to have been consumed. Otherwise, the amount by which +state->next has been adjusted indicates how many were used. +Here's an example that uses both, for different args: +

+ +
 
…
+case ARGP_KEY_ARG:
+  if (state->arg_num == 0)
+    /* First argument */
+    first_arg = arg;
+  else
+    /* Let the next case parse it.  */
+    return ARGP_KEY_UNKNOWN;
+  break;
+case ARGP_KEY_ARGS:
+  remaining_args = state->argv + state->next;
+  num_remaining_args = state->argc - state->next;
+  break;
+
+ +
+
ARGP_KEY_END + +
+

This indicates that there are no more command line arguments. Parser +functions are called in a different order, children first. This allows +each parser to clean up its state for the parent. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_NO_ARGS + +
+

Because it's common to do some special processing if there aren't any +non-option args, parser functions are called with this key if they +didn't successfully process any non-option arguments. This is called +just before ARGP_KEY_END, where more general validity checks on +previously parsed arguments take place. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_INIT + +
+

This is passed in before any parsing is done. Afterwards, the values of +each element of the child_input field of state, if any, are +copied to each child's state to be the initial value of the input +when their parsers are called. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_SUCCESS + +
+

Passed in when parsing has successfully been completed, even if +arguments remain. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_ERROR + +
+

Passed in if an error has occurred and parsing is terminated. In this +case a call with a key of ARGP_KEY_SUCCESS is never made. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_FINI + +
+

The final key ever seen by any parser, even after +ARGP_KEY_SUCCESS and ARGP_KEY_ERROR. Any resources +allocated by ARGP_KEY_INIT may be freed here. At times, certain +resources allocated are to be returned to the caller after a successful +parse. In that case, those particular resources can be freed in the +ARGP_KEY_ERROR case. +

+
+ +

In all cases, ARGP_KEY_INIT is the first key seen by parser +functions, and ARGP_KEY_FINI the last, unless an error was +returned by the parser for ARGP_KEY_INIT. Other keys can occur +in one the following orders. opt refers to an arbitrary option +key: +

+
+
opt… ARGP_KEY_NO_ARGS ARGP_KEY_END ARGP_KEY_SUCCESS
+

The arguments being parsed did not contain any non-option arguments. +

+
+
( opt | ARGP_KEY_ARG )… ARGP_KEY_END ARGP_KEY_SUCCESS
+

All non-option arguments were successfully handled by a parser +function. There may be multiple parser functions if multiple argp +parsers were combined. +

+
+
( opt | ARGP_KEY_ARG )… ARGP_KEY_SUCCESS
+

Some non-option argument went unrecognized. +

+

This occurs when every parser function returns ARGP_KEY_UNKNOWN +for an argument, in which case parsing stops at that argument if +arg_index is a null pointer. Otherwise an error occurs. +

+
+ +

In all cases, if a non-null value for arg_index gets passed to +argp_parse, the index of the first unparsed command-line argument +is passed back in that value. +

+

If an error occurs and is either detected by argp or because a parser +function returned an error value, each parser is called with +ARGP_KEY_ERROR. No further calls are made, except the final call +with ARGP_KEY_FINI. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.3.5.2 Functions For Use in Argp Parsers

+ +

Argp provides a number of functions available to the user of argp +(see section Argp Parser Functions), mostly for producing error messages. +These take as their first argument the state argument to the +parser function. See section Argp Parsing State. +

+ + +
+
Function: void argp_usage (const struct argp_state *state) + +
+

Outputs the standard usage message for the argp parser referred to by +state to state->err_stream and terminate the program +with exit (argp_err_exit_status). See section Argp Global Variables. +

+ + +
+
Function: void argp_error (const struct argp_state *state, const char *fmt, …) + +
+

Prints the printf format string fmt and following args, preceded +by the program name and ‘:’, and followed by a ‘Try … +--help’ message, and terminates the program with an exit status of +argp_err_exit_status. See section Argp Global Variables. +

+ + +
+
Function: void argp_failure (const struct argp_state *state, int status, int errnum, const char *fmt, …) + +
+

Similar to the standard gnu error-reporting function error, this +prints the program name and ‘:’, the printf format string +fmt, and the appropriate following args. If it is non-zero, the +standard unix error text for errnum is printed. If status is +non-zero, it terminates the program with that value as its exit status. +

+

The difference between argp_failure and argp_error is that +argp_error is for parsing errors, whereas +argp_failure is for other problems that occur during parsing but +don't reflect a syntactic problem with the input, such as illegal values +for options, bad phase of the moon, etc. +

+ +
+
Function: void argp_state_help (const struct argp_state *state, FILE *stream, unsigned flags) + +
+

Outputs a help message for the argp parser referred to by state, +to stream. The flags argument determines what sort of help +message is produced. See section Flags for the argp_help Function. +

+ +

Error output is sent to state->err_stream, and the program +name printed is state->name. +

+

The output or program termination behavior of these functions may be +suppressed if the ARGP_NO_EXIT or ARGP_NO_ERRS flags are +passed to argp_parse. See section Flags for argp_parse. +

+

This behavior is useful if an argp parser is exported for use by other +programs (e.g., by a library), and may be used in a context where it is +not desirable to terminate the program in response to parsing errors. In +argp parsers intended for such general use, and for the case where the +program doesn't terminate, calls to any of these functions should +be followed by code that returns the appropriate error code: +

+
 
if (bad argument syntax)
+  {
+     argp_usage (state);
+     return EINVAL;
+  }
+
+ +

If a parser function will only be used when ARGP_NO_EXIT +is not set, the return may be omitted. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.3.5.3 Argp Parsing State

+ +

The third argument to argp parser functions (see section Argp Parser Functions) is a pointer to a struct argp_state, which contains +information about the state of the option parsing. +

+
+
Data Type: struct argp_state + +
+

This structure has the following fields, which may be modified as noted: +

+
+
const struct argp *const root_argp
+

The top level argp parser being parsed. Note that this is often +not the same struct argp passed into argp_parse by +the invoking program. See section Parsing Program Options with Argp. It is an internal argp parser that +contains options implemented by argp_parse itself, such as +‘--help’. +

+
+
int argc
+
char **argv
+

The argument vector being parsed. This may be modified. +

+
+
int next
+

The index in argv of the next argument to be parsed. This may be +modified. +

+

One way to consume all remaining arguments in the input is to set +state->next = state->argc, perhaps after recording +the value of the next field to find the consumed arguments. The +current option can be re-parsed immediately by decrementing this field, +then modifying state->argv[state->next] to reflect +the option that should be reexamined. +

+
+
unsigned flags
+

The flags supplied to argp_parse. These may be modified, although +some flags may only take effect when argp_parse is first +invoked. See section Flags for argp_parse. +

+
+
unsigned arg_num
+

While calling a parsing function with the key argument +ARGP_KEY_ARG, this represents the number of the current arg, +starting at 0. It is incremented after each ARGP_KEY_ARG call +returns. At all other times, this is the number of ARGP_KEY_ARG +arguments that have been processed. +

+
+
int quoted
+

If non-zero, the index in argv of the first argument following a +special ‘--’ argument. This prevents anything that follows from +being interpreted as an option. It is only set after argument parsing +has proceeded past this point. +

+
+
void *input
+

An arbitrary pointer passed in from the caller of argp_parse, in +the input argument. +

+
+
void **child_inputs
+

These are values that will be passed to child parsers. This vector will +be the same length as the number of children in the current parser. Each +child parser will be given the value of +state->child_inputs[i] as its +state->input field, where i is the index of the child +in the this parser's children field. See section Combining Multiple Argp Parsers. +

+
+
void *hook
+

For the parser function's use. Initialized to 0, but otherwise ignored +by argp. +

+
+
char *name
+

The name used when printing messages. This is initialized to +argv[0], or program_invocation_name if argv[0] is +unavailable. +

+
+
FILE *err_stream
+
FILE *out_stream
+

The stdio streams used when argp prints. Error messages are printed to +err_stream, all other output, such as ‘--help’ output) to +out_stream. These are initialized to stderr and +stdout respectively. See section Standard Streams. +

+
+
void *pstate
+

Private, for use by the argp implementation. +

+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.3.6 Combining Multiple Argp Parsers

+ +

The children field in a struct argp enables other argp +parsers to be combined with the referencing one for the parsing of a +single set of arguments. This field should point to a vector of +struct argp_child, which is terminated by an entry having a value +of zero in the argp field. +

+

Where conflicts between combined parsers arise, as when two specify an +option with the same name, the parser conflicts are resolved in favor of +the parent argp parser(s), or the earlier of the argp parsers in the +list of children. +

+
+
Data Type: struct argp_child + +
+

An entry in the list of subsidiary argp parsers pointed to by the +children field in a struct argp. The fields are as +follows: +

+
+
const struct argp *argp
+

The child argp parser, or zero to end of the list. +

+
+
int flags
+

Flags for this child. +

+
+
const char *header
+

If non-zero, this is an optional header to be printed within help output +before the child options. As a side-effect, a non-zero value forces the +child options to be grouped together. To achieve this effect without +actually printing a header string, use a value of "". As with +header strings specified in an option entry, the conventional value of +the last character is ‘:’. See section Specifying Options in an Argp Parser. +

+
+
int group
+

This is where the child options are grouped relative to the other +`consolidated' options in the parent argp parser. The values are the +same as the group field in struct argp_option. See section Specifying Options in an Argp Parser. All child-groupings follow parent options at a +particular group level. If both this field and header are zero, +then the child's options aren't grouped together, they are merged with +parent options at the parent option group level. +

+
+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.3.7 Flags for argp_parse

+ +

The default behavior of argp_parse is designed to be convenient +for the most common case of parsing program command line argument. To +modify these defaults, the following flags may be or'd together in the +flags argument to argp_parse: +

+
+
ARGP_PARSE_ARGV0 + +
+

Don't ignore the first element of the argv argument to +argp_parse. Unless ARGP_NO_ERRS is set, the first element +of the argument vector is skipped for option parsing purposes, as it +corresponds to the program name in a command line. +

+
+
ARGP_NO_ERRS + +
+

Don't print error messages for unknown options to stderr; unless +this flag is set, ARGP_PARSE_ARGV0 is ignored, as argv[0] +is used as the program name in the error messages. This flag implies +ARGP_NO_EXIT. This is based on the assumption that silent exiting +upon errors is bad behavior. +

+
+
ARGP_NO_ARGS + +
+

Don't parse any non-option args. Normally these are parsed by calling +the parse functions with a key of ARGP_KEY_ARG, the actual +argument being the value. This flag needn't normally be set, as the +default behavior is to stop parsing as soon as an argument fails to be +parsed. See section Argp Parser Functions. +

+
+
ARGP_IN_ORDER + +
+

Parse options and arguments in the same order they occur on the command +line. Normally they're rearranged so that all options come first. +

+
+
ARGP_NO_HELP + +
+

Don't provide the standard long option ‘--help’, which ordinarily +causes usage and option help information to be output to stdout +and exit (0). +

+
+
ARGP_NO_EXIT + +
+

Don't exit on errors, although they may still result in error messages. +

+
+
ARGP_LONG_ONLY + +
+

Use the gnu getopt `long-only' rules for parsing arguments. This allows +long-options to be recognized with only a single ‘-’ +(i.e., ‘-help’). This results in a less useful interface, and its +use is discouraged as it conflicts with the way most GNU programs work +as well as the GNU coding standards. +

+
+
ARGP_SILENT + +
+

Turns off any message-printing/exiting options, specifically +ARGP_NO_EXIT, ARGP_NO_ERRS, and ARGP_NO_HELP. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.3.8 Customizing Argp Help Output

+ +

The help_filter field in a struct argp is a pointer to a +function that filters the text of help messages before displaying +them. They have a function signature like: +

+
 
char *help-filter (int key, const char *text, void *input)
+
+ + +

Where key is either a key from an option, in which case text +is that option's help text. See section Specifying Options in an Argp Parser. Alternately, one +of the special keys with names beginning with ‘ARGP_KEY_HELP_’ +might be used, describing which other help text text will contain. +See section Special Keys for Argp Help Filter Functions. +

+

The function should return either text if it remains as-is, or a +replacement string allocated using malloc. This will be either be +freed by argp or zero, which prints nothing. The value of text is +supplied after any translation has been done, so if any of the +replacement text needs translation, it will be done by the filter +function. input is either the input supplied to argp_parse +or it is zero, if argp_help was called directly by the user. +

+ + +
25.3.8.1 Special Keys for Argp Help Filter Functions   Special key values for help filter functions. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.3.8.1 Special Keys for Argp Help Filter Functions

+ +

The following special values may be passed to an argp help filter +function as the first argument in addition to key values for user +options. They specify which help text the text argument contains: +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_HELP_PRE_DOC + +
+

The help text preceding options. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_HELP_POST_DOC + +
+

The help text following options. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_HELP_HEADER + +
+

The option header string. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_HELP_EXTRA + +
+

This is used after all other documentation; text is zero for this key. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_HELP_DUP_ARGS_NOTE + +
+

The explanatory note printed when duplicate option arguments have been suppressed. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_HELP_ARGS_DOC + +
+

The argument doc string; formally the args_doc field from the argp parser. See section Specifying Argp Parsers. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.3.9 The argp_help Function

+ +

Normally programs using argp need not be written with particular +printing argument-usage-type help messages in mind as the standard +‘--help’ option is handled automatically by argp. Typical error +cases can be handled using argp_usage and +argp_error. See section Functions For Use in Argp Parsers. However, if it's +desirable to print a help message in some context other than parsing the +program options, argp offers the argp_help interface. +

+
+
Function: void argp_help (const struct argp *argp, FILE *stream, unsigned flags, char *name) + +
+

This outputs a help message for the argp parser argp to +stream. The type of messages printed will be determined by +flags. +

+

Any options such as ‘--help’ that are implemented automatically by +argp itself will not be present in the help output; for this +reason it is best to use argp_state_help if calling from within +an argp parser function. See section Functions For Use in Argp Parsers. +

+ + + +
25.3.10 Flags for the argp_help Function   Specifying what sort of help message to print. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.3.10 Flags for the argp_help Function

+ +

When calling argp_help (see section The argp_help Function) or +argp_state_help (see section Functions For Use in Argp Parsers) the exact output +is determined by the flags argument. This should consist of any of +the following flags, or'd together: +

+
+
ARGP_HELP_USAGE + +
+

A unix ‘Usage:’ message that explicitly lists all options. +

+
+
ARGP_HELP_SHORT_USAGE + +
+

A unix ‘Usage:’ message that displays an appropriate placeholder to +indicate where the options go; useful for showing the non-option +argument syntax. +

+
+
ARGP_HELP_SEE + +
+

A ‘Try … for more help’ message; ‘…’ contains the +program name and ‘--help’. +

+
+
ARGP_HELP_LONG + +
+

A verbose option help message that gives each option available along +with its documentation string. +

+
+
ARGP_HELP_PRE_DOC + +
+

The part of the argp parser doc string preceding the verbose option help. +

+
+
ARGP_HELP_POST_DOC + +
+

The part of the argp parser doc string that following the verbose option help. +

+
+
ARGP_HELP_DOC + +
+

(ARGP_HELP_PRE_DOC | ARGP_HELP_POST_DOC) +

+
+
ARGP_HELP_BUG_ADDR + +
+

A message that prints where to report bugs for this program, if the +argp_program_bug_address variable contains this information. +

+
+
ARGP_HELP_LONG_ONLY + +
+

This will modify any output to reflect the ARGP_LONG_ONLY mode. +

+
+ +

The following flags are only understood when used with +argp_state_help. They control whether the function returns after +printing its output, or terminates the program: +

+
+
ARGP_HELP_EXIT_ERR + +
+

This will terminate the program with exit (argp_err_exit_status). +

+
+
ARGP_HELP_EXIT_OK + +
+

This will terminate the program with exit (0). +

+
+ +

The following flags are combinations of the basic flags for printing +standard messages: +

+
+
ARGP_HELP_STD_ERR + +
+

Assuming that an error message for a parsing error has printed, this +prints a message on how to get help, and terminates the program with an +error. +

+
+
ARGP_HELP_STD_USAGE + +
+

This prints a standard usage message and terminates the program with an +error. This is used when no other specific error messages are +appropriate or available. +

+
+
ARGP_HELP_STD_HELP + +
+

This prints the standard response for a ‘--help’ option, and +terminates the program successfully. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.3.11 Argp Examples

+ +

These example programs demonstrate the basic usage of argp. +

+ + + + + +
25.3.11.1 A Minimal Program Using Argp   A minimal program using argp. +
25.3.11.2 A Program Using Argp with Only Default Options   A program using only default options. +
25.3.11.3 A Program Using Argp with User Options   A simple program with user options. +
25.3.11.4 A Program Using Multiple Combined Argp Parsers   Combining multiple argp parsers. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.3.11.1 A Minimal Program Using Argp

+ +

This is perhaps the smallest program possible that uses argp. It won't +do much except give an error messages and exit when there are any +arguments, and prints a rather pointless message for ‘--help’. +

+
 
/* Argp example #1 -- a minimal program using argp */
+
+/* This is (probably) the smallest possible program that
+   uses argp.  It won't do much except give an error
+   messages and exit when there are any arguments, and print
+   a (rather pointless) messages for --help. */
+
+#include <argp.h>
+
+int main (int argc, char **argv)
+{
+  argp_parse (0, argc, argv, 0, 0, 0);
+  exit (0);
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.3.11.2 A Program Using Argp with Only Default Options

+ +

This program doesn't use any options or arguments, it uses argp to be +compliant with the GNU standard command line format. +

+

In addition to giving no arguments and implementing a ‘--help’ +option, this example has a ‘--version’ option, which will put the +given documentation string and bug address in the ‘--help’ output, +as per GNU standards. +

+

The variable argp contains the argument parser +specification. Adding fields to this structure is the way most +parameters are passed to argp_parse. The first three fields are +normally used, but they are not in this small program. There are also +two global variables that argp can use defined here, +argp_program_version and argp_program_bug_address. They +are considered global variables because they will almost always be +constant for a given program, even if they use different argument +parsers for various tasks. +

+
 
/* Argp example #2 -- a pretty minimal program using argp */
+
+/* This program doesn't use any options or arguments, but uses
+   argp to be compliant with the GNU standard command line
+   format.
+
+   In addition to making sure no arguments are given, and
+   implementing a --help option, this example will have a
+   --version option, and will put the given documentation string
+   and bug address in the --help output, as per GNU standards.
+
+   The variable ARGP contains the argument parser specification;
+   adding fields to this structure is the way most parameters are
+   passed to argp_parse (the first three fields are usually used,
+   but not in this small program).  There are also two global
+   variables that argp knows about defined here,
+   ARGP_PROGRAM_VERSION and ARGP_PROGRAM_BUG_ADDRESS (they are
+   global variables because they will almost always be constant
+   for a given program, even if it uses different argument
+   parsers for various tasks). */
+
+#include <argp.h>
+
+const char *argp_program_version =
+  "argp-ex2 1.0";
+const char *argp_program_bug_address =
+  "<bug-gnu-utils@gnu.org>";
+
+/* Program documentation. */
+static char doc[] =
+  "Argp example #2 -- a pretty minimal program using argp";
+
+/* Our argument parser.  The options, parser, and
+   args_doc fields are zero because we have neither options or
+   arguments; doc and argp_program_bug_address will be
+   used in the output for ‘--help’, and the ‘--version’
+   option will print out argp_program_version. */
+static struct argp argp = { 0, 0, 0, doc };
+
+int main (int argc, char **argv)
+{
+  argp_parse (&argp, argc, argv, 0, 0, 0);
+  exit (0);
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.3.11.3 A Program Using Argp with User Options

+ +

This program uses the same features as example 2, adding user options +and arguments. +

+

We now use the first four fields in argp (see section Specifying Argp Parsers) +and specify parse_opt as the parser function. See section Argp Parser Functions. +

+

Note that in this example, main uses a structure to communicate +with the parse_opt function, a pointer to which it passes in the +input argument to argp_parse. See section Parsing Program Options with Argp. It is retrieved +by parse_opt through the input field in its state +argument. See section Argp Parsing State. Of course, it's also possible to +use global variables instead, but using a structure like this is +somewhat more flexible and clean. +

+
 
/* Argp example #3 -- a program with options and arguments using argp */
+
+/* This program uses the same features as example 2, and uses options and
+   arguments.
+
+   We now use the first four fields in ARGP, so here's a description of them:
+     OPTIONS  -- A pointer to a vector of struct argp_option (see below)
+     PARSER   -- A function to parse a single option, called by argp
+     ARGS_DOC -- A string describing how the non-option arguments should look
+     DOC      -- A descriptive string about this program; if it contains a
+                 vertical tab character (\v), the part after it will be
+                 printed *following* the options
+
+   The function PARSER takes the following arguments:
+     KEY  -- An integer specifying which option this is (taken
+             from the KEY field in each struct argp_option), or
+             a special key specifying something else; the only
+             special keys we use here are ARGP_KEY_ARG, meaning
+             a non-option argument, and ARGP_KEY_END, meaning
+             that all arguments have been parsed
+     ARG  -- For an option KEY, the string value of its
+             argument, or NULL if it has none
+     STATE-- A pointer to a struct argp_state, containing
+             various useful information about the parsing state; used here
+             are the INPUT field, which reflects the INPUT argument to
+             argp_parse, and the ARG_NUM field, which is the number of the
+             current non-option argument being parsed
+   It should return either 0, meaning success, ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN, meaning the
+   given KEY wasn't recognized, or an errno value indicating some other
+   error.
+
+   Note that in this example, main uses a structure to communicate with the
+   parse_opt function, a pointer to which it passes in the INPUT argument to
+   argp_parse.  Of course, it's also possible to use global variables
+   instead, but this is somewhat more flexible.
+
+   The OPTIONS field contains a pointer to a vector of struct argp_option's;
+   that structure has the following fields (if you assign your option
+   structures using array initialization like this example, unspecified
+   fields will be defaulted to 0, and need not be specified):
+     NAME   -- The name of this option's long option (may be zero)
+     KEY    -- The KEY to pass to the PARSER function when parsing this option,
+               *and* the name of this option's short option, if it is a
+               printable ascii character
+     ARG    -- The name of this option's argument, if any
+     FLAGS  -- Flags describing this option; some of them are:
+                 OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL -- The argument to this option is optional
+                 OPTION_ALIAS        -- This option is an alias for the
+                                        previous option
+                 OPTION_HIDDEN       -- Don't show this option in --help output
+     DOC    -- A documentation string for this option, shown in --help output
+
+   An options vector should be terminated by an option with all fields zero. */
+
+#include <argp.h>
+
+const char *argp_program_version =
+  "argp-ex3 1.0";
+const char *argp_program_bug_address =
+  "<bug-gnu-utils@gnu.org>";
+
+/* Program documentation. */
+static char doc[] =
+  "Argp example #3 -- a program with options and arguments using argp";
+
+/* A description of the arguments we accept. */
+static char args_doc[] = "ARG1 ARG2";
+
+/* The options we understand. */
+static struct argp_option options[] = {
+  {"verbose",  'v', 0,      0,  "Produce verbose output" },
+  {"quiet",    'q', 0,      0,  "Don't produce any output" },
+  {"silent",   's', 0,      OPTION_ALIAS },
+  {"output",   'o', "FILE", 0,
+   "Output to FILE instead of standard output" },
+  { 0 }
+};
+
+/* Used by main to communicate with parse_opt. */
+struct arguments
+{
+  char *args[2];                /* arg1 & arg2 */
+  int silent, verbose;
+  char *output_file;
+};
+
+/* Parse a single option. */
+static error_t
+parse_opt (int key, char *arg, struct argp_state *state)
+{
+  /* Get the input argument from argp_parse, which we
+     know is a pointer to our arguments structure. */
+  struct arguments *arguments = state->input;
+
+  switch (key)
+    {
+    case 'q': case 's':
+      arguments->silent = 1;
+      break;
+    case 'v':
+      arguments->verbose = 1;
+      break;
+    case 'o':
+      arguments->output_file = arg;
+      break;
+
+    case ARGP_KEY_ARG:
+      if (state->arg_num >= 2)
+        /* Too many arguments. */
+        argp_usage (state);
+
+      arguments->args[state->arg_num] = arg;
+
+      break;
+
+    case ARGP_KEY_END:
+      if (state->arg_num < 2)
+        /* Not enough arguments. */
+        argp_usage (state);
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      return ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN;
+    }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* Our argp parser. */
+static struct argp argp = { options, parse_opt, args_doc, doc };
+
+int main (int argc, char **argv)
+{
+  struct arguments arguments;
+
+  /* Default values. */
+  arguments.silent = 0;
+  arguments.verbose = 0;
+  arguments.output_file = "-";
+
+  /* Parse our arguments; every option seen by parse_opt will
+     be reflected in arguments. */
+  argp_parse (&argp, argc, argv, 0, 0, &arguments);
+
+  printf ("ARG1 = %s\nARG2 = %s\nOUTPUT_FILE = %s\n"
+          "VERBOSE = %s\nSILENT = %s\n",
+          arguments.args[0], arguments.args[1],
+          arguments.output_file,
+          arguments.verbose ? "yes" : "no",
+          arguments.silent ? "yes" : "no");
+
+  exit (0);
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.3.11.4 A Program Using Multiple Combined Argp Parsers

+ +

This program uses the same features as example 3, but has more options, +and presents more structure in the ‘--help’ output. It also +illustrates how you can `steal' the remainder of the input arguments +past a certain point for programs that accept a list of items. It also +illustrates the key value ARGP_KEY_NO_ARGS, which is only +given if no non-option arguments were supplied to the +program. See section Special Keys for Argp Parser Functions. +

+

For structuring help output, two features are used: headers and a +two part option string. The headers are entries in the options +vector. See section Specifying Options in an Argp Parser. The first four fields are zero. The +two part documentation string are in the variable doc, which +allows documentation both before and after the options. See section Specifying Argp Parsers, the two parts of doc are separated by a vertical-tab +character ('\v', or '\013'). By convention, the +documentation before the options is a short string stating what the +program does, and after any options it is longer, describing the +behavior in more detail. All documentation strings are automatically +filled for output, although newlines may be included to force a line +break at a particular point. In addition, documentation strings are +passed to the gettext function, for possible translation into the +current locale. +

+
 
/* Argp example #4 -- a program with somewhat more complicated options */
+
+/* This program uses the same features as example 3, but has more
+   options, and somewhat more structure in the -help output.  It
+   also shows how you can `steal' the remainder of the input
+   arguments past a certain point, for programs that accept a
+   list of items.  It also shows the special argp KEY value
+   ARGP_KEY_NO_ARGS, which is only given if no non-option
+   arguments were supplied to the program.
+
+   For structuring the help output, two features are used,
+   *headers* which are entries in the options vector with the
+   first four fields being zero, and a two part documentation
+   string (in the variable DOC), which allows documentation both
+   before and after the options; the two parts of DOC are
+   separated by a vertical-tab character ('\v', or '\013').  By
+   convention, the documentation before the options is just a
+   short string saying what the program does, and that afterwards
+   is longer, describing the behavior in more detail.  All
+   documentation strings are automatically filled for output,
+   although newlines may be included to force a line break at a
+   particular point.  All documentation strings are also passed to
+   the `gettext' function, for possible translation into the
+   current locale. */
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <error.h>
+#include <argp.h>
+
+const char *argp_program_version =
+  "argp-ex4 1.0";
+const char *argp_program_bug_address =
+  "<bug-gnu-utils@prep.ai.mit.edu>";
+
+/* Program documentation. */
+static char doc[] =
+  "Argp example #4 -- a program with somewhat more complicated\
+options\
+\vThis part of the documentation comes *after* the options;\
+ note that the text is automatically filled, but it's possible\
+ to force a line-break, e.g.\n<-- here.";
+
+/* A description of the arguments we accept. */
+static char args_doc[] = "ARG1 [STRING...]";
+
+/* Keys for options without short-options. */
+#define OPT_ABORT  1            /* --abort */
+
+/* The options we understand. */
+static struct argp_option options[] = {
+  {"verbose",  'v', 0,       0, "Produce verbose output" },
+  {"quiet",    'q', 0,       0, "Don't produce any output" },
+  {"silent",   's', 0,       OPTION_ALIAS },
+  {"output",   'o', "FILE",  0,
+   "Output to FILE instead of standard output" },
+
+  {0,0,0,0, "The following options should be grouped together:" },
+  {"repeat",   'r', "COUNT", OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL,
+   "Repeat the output COUNT (default 10) times"},
+  {"abort",    OPT_ABORT, 0, 0, "Abort before showing any output"},
+
+  { 0 }
+};
+
+/* Used by main to communicate with parse_opt. */
+struct arguments
+{
+  char *arg1;                   /* arg1 */
+  char **strings;               /* [string…] */
+  int silent, verbose, abort;   /* ‘-s’, ‘-v’, ‘--abort’ */
+  char *output_file;            /* file arg to ‘--output’ */
+  int repeat_count;             /* count arg to ‘--repeat’ */
+};
+
+/* Parse a single option. */
+static error_t
+parse_opt (int key, char *arg, struct argp_state *state)
+{
+  /* Get the input argument from argp_parse, which we
+     know is a pointer to our arguments structure. */
+  struct arguments *arguments = state->input;
+
+  switch (key)
+    {
+    case 'q': case 's':
+      arguments->silent = 1;
+      break;
+    case 'v':
+      arguments->verbose = 1;
+      break;
+    case 'o':
+      arguments->output_file = arg;
+      break;
+    case 'r':
+      arguments->repeat_count = arg ? atoi (arg) : 10;
+      break;
+    case OPT_ABORT:
+      arguments->abort = 1;
+      break;
+
+    case ARGP_KEY_NO_ARGS:
+      argp_usage (state);
+
+    case ARGP_KEY_ARG:
+      /* Here we know that state->arg_num == 0, since we
+         force argument parsing to end before any more arguments can
+         get here. */
+      arguments->arg1 = arg;
+
+      /* Now we consume all the rest of the arguments.
+         state->next is the index in state->argv of the
+         next argument to be parsed, which is the first string
+         we're interested in, so we can just use
+         &state->argv[state->next] as the value for
+         arguments->strings.
+
+         In addition, by setting state->next to the end
+         of the arguments, we can force argp to stop parsing here and
+         return. */
+      arguments->strings = &state->argv[state->next];
+      state->next = state->argc;
+
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      return ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN;
+    }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* Our argp parser. */
+static struct argp argp = { options, parse_opt, args_doc, doc };
+
+int main (int argc, char **argv)
+{
+  int i, j;
+  struct arguments arguments;
+
+  /* Default values. */
+  arguments.silent = 0;
+  arguments.verbose = 0;
+  arguments.output_file = "-";
+  arguments.repeat_count = 1;
+  arguments.abort = 0;
+
+  /* Parse our arguments; every option seen by parse_opt will be
+     reflected in arguments. */
+  argp_parse (&argp, argc, argv, 0, 0, &arguments);
+
+  if (arguments.abort)
+    error (10, 0, "ABORTED");
+
+  for (i = 0; i < arguments.repeat_count; i++)
+    {
+      printf ("ARG1 = %s\n", arguments.arg1);
+      printf ("STRINGS = ");
+      for (j = 0; arguments.strings[j]; j++)
+        printf (j == 0 ? "%s" : ", %s", arguments.strings[j]);
+      printf ("\n");
+      printf ("OUTPUT_FILE = %s\nVERBOSE = %s\nSILENT = %s\n",
+              arguments.output_file,
+              arguments.verbose ? "yes" : "no",
+              arguments.silent ? "yes" : "no");
+    }
+
+  exit (0);
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.3.12 Argp User Customization

+ +

The formatting of argp ‘--help’ output may be controlled to some +extent by a program's users, by setting the ARGP_HELP_FMT +environment variable to a comma-separated list of tokens. Whitespace is +ignored: +

+
+
‘dup-args’
+
‘no-dup-args’
+

These turn duplicate-argument-mode on or off. In duplicate +argument mode, if an option that accepts an argument has multiple names, +the argument is shown for each name. Otherwise, it is only shown for the +first long option. A note is subsequently printed so the user knows that +it applies to other names as well. The default is ‘no-dup-args’, +which is less consistent, but prettier. +

+
+
‘dup-args-note’
+
‘no-dup-args-note’
+

These will enable or disable the note informing the user of suppressed +option argument duplication. The default is ‘dup-args-note’. +

+
+
‘short-opt-col=n’
+

This prints the first short option in column n. The default is 2. +

+
+
‘long-opt-col=n’
+

This prints the first long option in column n. The default is 6. +

+
+
‘doc-opt-col=n’
+

This prints `documentation options' (see section Flags for Argp Options) in +column n. The default is 2. +

+
+
‘opt-doc-col=n’
+

This prints the documentation for options starting in column +n. The default is 29. +

+
+
‘header-col=n’
+

This will indent the group headers that document groups of options to +column n. The default is 1. +

+
+
‘usage-indent=n’
+

This will indent continuation lines in ‘Usage:’ messages to column +n. The default is 12. +

+
+
‘rmargin=n’
+

This will word wrap help output at or before column n. The default +is 79. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.3.12.1 Parsing of Suboptions

+ +

Having a single level of options is sometimes not enough. There might +be too many options which have to be available or a set of options is +closely related. +

+

For this case some programs use suboptions. One of the most prominent +programs is certainly mount(8). The -o option take one +argument which itself is a comma separated list of options. To ease the +programming of code like this the function getsubopt is +available. +

+
+
Function: int getsubopt (char **optionp, const char* const *tokens, char **valuep) + +
+

The optionp parameter must be a pointer to a variable containing +the address of the string to process. When the function returns the +reference is updated to point to the next suboption or to the +terminating ‘\0’ character if there is no more suboption available. +

+

The tokens parameter references an array of strings containing the +known suboptions. All strings must be ‘\0’ terminated and to mark +the end a null pointer must be stored. When getsubopt finds a +possible legal suboption it compares it with all strings available in +the tokens array and returns the index in the string as the +indicator. +

+

In case the suboption has an associated value introduced by a ‘=’ +character, a pointer to the value is returned in valuep. The +string is ‘\0’ terminated. If no argument is available +valuep is set to the null pointer. By doing this the caller can +check whether a necessary value is given or whether no unexpected value +is present. +

+

In case the next suboption in the string is not mentioned in the +tokens array the starting address of the suboption including a +possible value is returned in valuep and the return value of the +function is ‘-1’. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.3.13 Parsing of Suboptions Example

+ +

The code which might appear in the mount(8) program is a perfect +example of the use of getsubopt: +

+
 
#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+int do_all;
+const char *type;
+int read_size;
+int write_size;
+int read_only;
+
+enum
+{
+  RO_OPTION = 0,
+  RW_OPTION,
+  READ_SIZE_OPTION,
+  WRITE_SIZE_OPTION,
+  THE_END
+};
+
+const char *mount_opts[] =
+{
+  [RO_OPTION] = "ro",
+  [RW_OPTION] = "rw",
+  [READ_SIZE_OPTION] = "rsize",
+  [WRITE_SIZE_OPTION] = "wsize",
+  [THE_END] = NULL
+};
+
+int
+main (int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+  char *subopts, *value;
+  int opt;
+
+  while ((opt = getopt (argc, argv, "at:o:")) != -1)
+    switch (opt)
+      {
+      case 'a':
+        do_all = 1;
+        break;
+      case 't':
+        type = optarg;
+        break;
+      case 'o':
+        subopts = optarg;
+        while (*subopts != '\0')
+          switch (getsubopt (&subopts, mount_opts, &value))
+            {
+            case RO_OPTION:
+              read_only = 1;
+              break;
+            case RW_OPTION:
+              read_only = 0;
+              break;
+            case READ_SIZE_OPTION:
+              if (value == NULL)
+                abort ();
+              read_size = atoi (value);
+              break;
+            case WRITE_SIZE_OPTION:
+              if (value == NULL)
+                abort ();
+              write_size = atoi (value);
+              break;
+            default:
+              /* Unknown suboption. */
+              printf ("Unknown suboption `%s'\n", value);
+              break;
+            }
+        break;
+      default:
+        abort ();
+      }
+
+  /* Do the real work. */
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.4 Environment Variables

+ +

When a program is executed, it receives information about the context in +which it was invoked in two ways. The first mechanism uses the +argv and argc arguments to its main function, and is +discussed in Program Arguments. The second mechanism uses +environment variables and is discussed in this section. +

+

The argv mechanism is typically used to pass command-line +arguments specific to the particular program being invoked. The +environment, on the other hand, keeps track of information that is +shared by many programs, changes infrequently, and that is less +frequently used. +

+

The environment variables discussed in this section are the same +environment variables that you set using assignments and the +export command in the shell. Programs executed from the shell +inherit all of the environment variables from the shell. +

+ +

Standard environment variables are used for information about the user's +home directory, terminal type, current locale, and so on; you can define +additional variables for other purposes. The set of all environment +variables that have values is collectively known as the +environment. +

+

Names of environment variables are case-sensitive and must not contain +the character ‘=’. System-defined environment variables are +invariably uppercase. +

+

The values of environment variables can be anything that can be +represented as a string. A value must not contain an embedded null +character, since this is assumed to terminate the string. +

+ + + + +
25.4.1 Environment Access   How to get and set the values of + environment variables. +
25.4.2 Standard Environment Variables   These environment variables have + standard interpretations. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.4.1 Environment Access

+ +

The value of an environment variable can be accessed with the +getenv function. This is declared in the header file +‘stdlib.h’. Modifications of enviroment variables are not +allowed in Multi-threaded programs. The getenv function +can be safely used in multi-threaded programs + +

+
+
Function: char * getenv (const char *name) + +
+

This function returns a string that is the value of the environment +variable name. You must not modify this string. In some non-Unix +systems not using the GNU library, it might be overwritten by subsequent +calls to getenv (but not by any other library function). If the +environment variable name is not defined, the value is a null +pointer. +

+ + +
+
Function: int putenv (char *string) + +
+

The putenv function adds or removes definitions from the environment. +If the string is of the form ‘name=value’, the +definition is added to the environment. Otherwise, the string is +interpreted as the name of an environment variable, and any definition +for this variable in the environment is removed. +

+

The difference to the setenv function is that the exact string +given as the parameter string is put into the environment. If the +user should change the string after the putenv call this will +reflect in automatically in the environment. This also requires that +string is no automatic variable which scope is left before the +variable is removed from the environment. The same applies of course to +dynamically allocated variables which are freed later. +

+

This function is part of the extended Unix interface. Since it was also +available in old SVID libraries you should define either +_XOPEN_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE before including any header. +

+ + +
+
Function: int setenv (const char *name, const char *value, int replace) + +
+

The setenv function can be used to add a new definition to the +environment. The entry with the name name is replaced by the +value ‘name=value’. Please note that this is also true +if value is the empty string. To do this a new string is created +and the strings name and value are copied. A null pointer +for the value parameter is illegal. If the environment already +contains an entry with key name the replace parameter +controls the action. If replace is zero, nothing happens. Otherwise +the old entry is replaced by the new one. +

+

Please note that you cannot remove an entry completely using this function. +

+

This function was originally part of the BSD library but is now part of +the Unix standard. +

+ +
+
Function: int unsetenv (const char *name) + +
+

Using this function one can remove an entry completely from the +environment. If the environment contains an entry with the key +name this whole entry is removed. A call to this function is +equivalent to a call to putenv when the value part of the +string is empty. +

+

The function return -1 if name is a null pointer, points to +an empty string, or points to a string containing a = character. +It returns 0 if the call succeeded. +

+

This function was originally part of the BSD library but is now part of +the Unix standard. The BSD version had no return value, though. +

+ +

There is one more function to modify the whole environment. This +function is said to be used in the POSIX.9 (POSIX bindings for Fortran +77) and so one should expect it did made it into POSIX.1. But this +never happened. But we still provide this function as a GNU extension +to enable writing standard compliant Fortran environments. +

+
+
Function: int clearenv (void) + +
+

The clearenv function removes all entries from the environment. +Using putenv and setenv new entries can be added again +later. +

+

If the function is successful it returns 0. Otherwise the return +value is nonzero. +

+ + +

You can deal directly with the underlying representation of environment +objects to add more variables to the environment (for example, to +communicate with another program you are about to execute; +see section Executing a File). +

+
+
Variable: char ** environ + +
+

The environment is represented as an array of strings. Each string is +of the format ‘name=value’. The order in which +strings appear in the environment is not significant, but the same +name must not appear more than once. The last element of the +array is a null pointer. +

+

This variable is declared in the header file ‘unistd.h’. +

+

If you just want to get the value of an environment variable, use +getenv. +

+ +

Unix systems, and the GNU system, pass the initial value of +environ as the third argument to main. +See section Program Arguments. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.4.2 Standard Environment Variables

+ +

These environment variables have standard meanings. This doesn't mean +that they are always present in the environment; but if these variables +are present, they have these meanings. You shouldn't try to use +these environment variable names for some other purpose. +

+
+
HOME
+
+ + +

This is a string representing the user's home directory, or +initial default working directory. +

+

The user can set HOME to any value. +If you need to make sure to obtain the proper home directory +for a particular user, you should not use HOME; instead, +look up the user's name in the user database (see section User Database). +

+

For most purposes, it is better to use HOME, precisely because +this lets the user specify the value. +

+
+
LOGNAME
+
+ +

This is the name that the user used to log in. Since the value in the +environment can be tweaked arbitrarily, this is not a reliable way to +identify the user who is running a program; a function like +getlogin (see section Identifying Who Logged In) is better for that purpose. +

+

For most purposes, it is better to use LOGNAME, precisely because +this lets the user specify the value. +

+
+
PATH
+
+ +

A path is a sequence of directory names which is used for +searching for a file. The variable PATH holds a path used +for searching for programs to be run. +

+

The execlp and execvp functions (see section Executing a File) +use this environment variable, as do many shells and other utilities +which are implemented in terms of those functions. +

+

The syntax of a path is a sequence of directory names separated by +colons. An empty string instead of a directory name stands for the +current directory (see section Working Directory). +

+

A typical value for this environment variable might be a string like: +

+
 
:/bin:/etc:/usr/bin:/usr/new/X11:/usr/new:/usr/local/bin
+
+ +

This means that if the user tries to execute a program named foo, +the system will look for files named ‘foo’, ‘/bin/foo’, +‘/etc/foo’, and so on. The first of these files that exists is +the one that is executed. +

+
+
TERM
+
+ +

This specifies the kind of terminal that is receiving program output. +Some programs can make use of this information to take advantage of +special escape sequences or terminal modes supported by particular kinds +of terminals. Many programs which use the termcap library +(see Find: (termcap)Finding a Terminal Description section `Finding a Terminal Description' in The Termcap Library Manual) use the TERM environment variable, for example. +

+
+
TZ
+
+ +

This specifies the time zone. See section Specifying the Time Zone with TZ, for information about +the format of this string and how it is used. +

+
+
LANG
+
+ +

This specifies the default locale to use for attribute categories where +neither LC_ALL nor the specific environment variable for that +category is set. See section Locales and Internationalization, for more information about +locales. +

+ +
+
LC_ALL
+
+ +

If this environment variable is set it overrides the selection for all +the locales done using the other LC_* environment variables. The +value of the other LC_* environment variables is simply ignored +in this case. +

+
+
LC_COLLATE
+
+ +

This specifies what locale to use for string sorting. +

+
+
LC_CTYPE
+
+ +

This specifies what locale to use for character sets and character +classification. +

+
+
LC_MESSAGES
+
+ +

This specifies what locale to use for printing messages and to parse +responses. +

+
+
LC_MONETARY
+
+ +

This specifies what locale to use for formatting monetary values. +

+
+
LC_NUMERIC
+
+ +

This specifies what locale to use for formatting numbers. +

+
+
LC_TIME
+
+ +

This specifies what locale to use for formatting date/time values. +

+
+
NLSPATH
+
+ +

This specifies the directories in which the catopen function +looks for message translation catalogs. +

+
+
_POSIX_OPTION_ORDER
+
+ +

If this environment variable is defined, it suppresses the usual +reordering of command line arguments by getopt and +argp_parse. See section Program Argument Syntax Conventions. +

+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.5 System Calls

+ +

A system call is a request for service that a program makes of the +kernel. The service is generally something that only the kernel has +the privilege to do, such as doing I/O. Programmers don't normally +need to be concerned with system calls because there are functions in +the GNU C library to do virtually everything that system calls do. +These functions work by making system calls themselves. For example, +there is a system call that changes the permissions of a file, but +you don't need to know about it because you can just use the GNU C +library's chmod function. +

+ +

System calls are sometimes called kernel calls. +

+

However, there are times when you want to make a system call explicitly, +and for that, the GNU C library provides the syscall function. +syscall is harder to use and less portable than functions like +chmod, but easier and more portable than coding the system call +in assembler instructions. +

+

syscall is most useful when you are working with a system call +which is special to your system or is newer than the GNU C library you +are using. syscall is implemented in an entirely generic way; +the function does not know anything about what a particular system +call does or even if it is valid. +

+

The description of syscall in this section assumes a certain +protocol for system calls on the various platforms on which the GNU C +library runs. That protocol is not defined by any strong authority, but +we won't describe it here either because anyone who is coding +syscall probably won't accept anything less than kernel and C +library source code as a specification of the interface between them +anyway. +

+ +

syscall is declared in ‘unistd.h’. +

+
+
Function: long int syscall (long int sysno, ...) + +
+

syscall performs a generic system call. +

+ +

sysno is the system call number. Each kind of system call is +identified by a number. Macros for all the possible system call numbers +are defined in ‘sys/syscall.h’ +

+

The remaining arguments are the arguments for the system call, in +order, and their meanings depend on the kind of system call. Each kind +of system call has a definite number of arguments, from zero to five. +If you code more arguments than the system call takes, the extra ones to +the right are ignored. +

+

The return value is the return value from the system call, unless the +system call failed. In that case, syscall returns -1 and +sets errno to an error code that the system call returned. Note +that system calls do not return -1 when they succeed. + +

+

If you specify an invalid sysno, syscall returns -1 +with errno = ENOSYS. +

+

Example: +

+
 
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+…
+
+int rc;
+
+rc = syscall(SYS_chmod, "/etc/passwd", 0444);
+
+if (rc == -1)
+   fprintf(stderr, "chmod failed, errno = %d\n", errno);
+
+
+ +

This, if all the compatibility stars are aligned, is equivalent to the +following preferable code: +

+
 
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+…
+
+int rc;
+
+rc = chmod("/etc/passwd", 0444);
+if (rc == -1)
+   fprintf(stderr, "chmod failed, errno = %d\n", errno);
+
+
+ +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.6 Program Termination

+ +

The usual way for a program to terminate is simply for its main +function to return. The exit status value returned from the +main function is used to report information back to the process's +parent process or shell. +

+

A program can also terminate normally by calling the exit +function. +

+

In addition, programs can be terminated by signals; this is discussed in +more detail in Signal Handling. The abort function causes +a signal that kills the program. +

+ + + + + + +
25.6.1 Normal Termination   If a program calls exit, a + process terminates normally. +
25.6.2 Exit Status   The exit status provides information + about why the process terminated. +
25.6.3 Cleanups on Exit   A process can run its own cleanup + functions upon normal termination. +
25.6.4 Aborting a Program   The abort function causes + abnormal program termination. +
25.6.5 Termination Internals   What happens when a process terminates. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.6.1 Normal Termination

+ +

A process terminates normally when its program signals it is done by +calling exit. Returning from main is equivalent to +calling exit, and the value that main returns is used as +the argument to exit. +

+
+
Function: void exit (int status) + +
+

The exit function tells the system that the program is done, which +causes it to terminate the process. +

+

status is the program's exit status, which becomes part of the +process' termination status. This function does not return. +

+ +

Normal termination causes the following actions: +

+
    +
  1. +Functions that were registered with the atexit or on_exit +functions are called in the reverse order of their registration. This +mechanism allows your application to specify its own “cleanup” actions +to be performed at program termination. Typically, this is used to do +things like saving program state information in a file, or unlocking +locks in shared data bases. + +
  2. +All open streams are closed, writing out any buffered output data. See +Closing Streams. In addition, temporary files opened +with the tmpfile function are removed; see Temporary Files. + +
  3. +_exit is called, terminating the program. See section Termination Internals. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.6.2 Exit Status

+ +

When a program exits, it can return to the parent process a small +amount of information about the cause of termination, using the +exit status. This is a value between 0 and 255 that the exiting +process passes as an argument to exit. +

+

Normally you should use the exit status to report very broad information +about success or failure. You can't provide a lot of detail about the +reasons for the failure, and most parent processes would not want much +detail anyway. +

+

There are conventions for what sorts of status values certain programs +should return. The most common convention is simply 0 for success and 1 +for failure. Programs that perform comparison use a different +convention: they use status 1 to indicate a mismatch, and status 2 to +indicate an inability to compare. Your program should follow an +existing convention if an existing convention makes sense for it. +

+

A general convention reserves status values 128 and up for special +purposes. In particular, the value 128 is used to indicate failure to +execute another program in a subprocess. This convention is not +universally obeyed, but it is a good idea to follow it in your programs. +

+

Warning: Don't try to use the number of errors as the exit +status. This is actually not very useful; a parent process would +generally not care how many errors occurred. Worse than that, it does +not work, because the status value is truncated to eight bits. +Thus, if the program tried to report 256 errors, the parent would +receive a report of 0 errors—that is, success. +

+

For the same reason, it does not work to use the value of errno +as the exit status—these can exceed 255. +

+

Portability note: Some non-POSIX systems use different +conventions for exit status values. For greater portability, you can +use the macros EXIT_SUCCESS and EXIT_FAILURE for the +conventional status value for success and failure, respectively. They +are declared in the file ‘stdlib.h’. + +

+
+
Macro: int EXIT_SUCCESS + +
+

This macro can be used with the exit function to indicate +successful program completion. +

+

On POSIX systems, the value of this macro is 0. On other +systems, the value might be some other (possibly non-constant) integer +expression. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EXIT_FAILURE + +
+

This macro can be used with the exit function to indicate +unsuccessful program completion in a general sense. +

+

On POSIX systems, the value of this macro is 1. On other +systems, the value might be some other (possibly non-constant) integer +expression. Other nonzero status values also indicate failures. Certain +programs use different nonzero status values to indicate particular +kinds of "non-success". For example, diff uses status value +1 to mean that the files are different, and 2 or more to +mean that there was difficulty in opening the files. +

+ +

Don't confuse a program's exit status with a process' termination status. +There are lots of ways a process can terminate besides having it's program +finish. In the event that the process termination is caused by program +termination (i.e., exit), though, the program's exit status becomes +part of the process' termination status. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.6.3 Cleanups on Exit

+ +

Your program can arrange to run its own cleanup functions if normal +termination happens. If you are writing a library for use in various +application programs, then it is unreliable to insist that all +applications call the library's cleanup functions explicitly before +exiting. It is much more robust to make the cleanup invisible to the +application, by setting up a cleanup function in the library itself +using atexit or on_exit. +

+
+
Function: int atexit (void (*function) (void)) + +
+

The atexit function registers the function function to be +called at normal program termination. The function is called with +no arguments. +

+

The return value from atexit is zero on success and nonzero if +the function cannot be registered. +

+ +
+
Function: int on_exit (void (*function)(int status, void *arg), void *arg) + +
+

This function is a somewhat more powerful variant of atexit. It +accepts two arguments, a function function and an arbitrary +pointer arg. At normal program termination, the function is +called with two arguments: the status value passed to exit, +and the arg. +

+

This function is included in the GNU C library only for compatibility +for SunOS, and may not be supported by other implementations. +

+ +

Here's a trivial program that illustrates the use of exit and +atexit: +

+
 
#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+void 
+bye (void)
+{
+  puts ("Goodbye, cruel world....");
+}
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  atexit (bye);
+  exit (EXIT_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+ +

When this program is executed, it just prints the message and exits. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.6.4 Aborting a Program

+ +

You can abort your program using the abort function. The prototype +for this function is in ‘stdlib.h’. + +

+
+
Function: void abort (void) + +
+

The abort function causes abnormal program termination. This +does not execute cleanup functions registered with atexit or +on_exit. +

+

This function actually terminates the process by raising a +SIGABRT signal, and your program can include a handler to +intercept this signal; see Signal Handling. +

+ +
+

Future Change Warning: Proposed Federal censorship regulations +may prohibit us from giving you information about the possibility of +calling this function. We would be required to say that this is not an +acceptable way of terminating a program. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

25.6.5 Termination Internals

+ +

The _exit function is the primitive used for process termination +by exit. It is declared in the header file ‘unistd.h’. + +

+
+
Function: void _exit (int status) + +
+

The _exit function is the primitive for causing a process to +terminate with status status. Calling this function does not +execute cleanup functions registered with atexit or +on_exit. +

+ +
+
Function: void _Exit (int status) + +
+

The _Exit function is the ISO C equivalent to _exit. +The ISO C committee members were not sure whether the definitions of +_exit and _Exit were compatible so they have not used the +POSIX name. +

+

This function was introduced in ISO C99 and is declared in +‘stdlib.h’. +

+ +

When a process terminates for any reason—either because the program +terminates, or as a result of a signal—the +following things happen: +

+
    +
  • +All open file descriptors in the process are closed. See section Low-Level Input/Output. +Note that streams are not flushed automatically when the process +terminates; see Input/Output on Streams. + +
  • +A process exit status is saved to be reported back to the parent process +via wait or waitpid; see Process Completion. If the +program exited, this status includes as its low-order 8 bits the program +exit status. + + +
  • +Any child processes of the process being terminated are assigned a new +parent process. (On most systems, including GNU, this is the init +process, with process ID 1.) + +
  • +A SIGCHLD signal is sent to the parent process. + +
  • +If the process is a session leader that has a controlling terminal, then +a SIGHUP signal is sent to each process in the foreground job, +and the controlling terminal is disassociated from that session. +See section Job Control. + +
  • +If termination of a process causes a process group to become orphaned, +and any member of that process group is stopped, then a SIGHUP +signal and a SIGCONT signal are sent to each process in the +group. See section Job Control. +
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_54.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_54.html @@ -0,0 +1,422 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Function and Macro Index: D – F + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

Function and Macro Index: D – F

+
Jump to:   * +   +_ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +J +   +K +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +Q +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +Y +   +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Index Entry Section
D
dcgettext8.2.1.1 What has to be done to translate a message?
dcngettext8.2.1.3 Additional functions for more complicated situations
DES_FAILED32.4 DES Encryption
des_setparity32.4 DES Encryption
dgettext8.2.1.1 What has to be done to translate a message?
difftime21.2 Elapsed Time
dirfd14.2.2 Opening a Directory Stream
dirname5.8 Finding Tokens in a String
div20.2 Integer Division
dngettext8.2.1.3 Additional functions for more complicated situations
drand4819.8.3 SVID Random Number Function
drand48_r19.8.3 SVID Random Number Function
drem20.8.4 Remainder Functions
dremf20.8.4 Remainder Functions
dreml20.8.4 Remainder Functions
DTTOIF14.2.1 Format of a Directory Entry
dup13.12 Duplicating Descriptors
dup213.12 Duplicating Descriptors
E
ecb_crypt32.4 DES Encryption
ecvt20.12 Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions
ecvt_r20.12 Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions
encrypt32.4 DES Encryption
encrypt_r32.4 DES Encryption
endfsent30.3.1.1 The ‘fstab’ file
endgrent29.14.3 Scanning the List of All Groups
endhostent16.6.2.4 Host Names
endmntent30.3.1.2 The ‘mtab’ file
endnetent16.13 Networks Database
endnetgrent29.16.2 Looking up one Netgroup
endprotoent16.6.6 Protocols Database
endpwent29.13.3 Scanning the List of All Users
endservent16.6.4 The Services Database
endutent29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
endutxent29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions
envz_add5.12.2 Envz Functions
envz_entry5.12.2 Envz Functions
envz_get5.12.2 Envz Functions
envz_merge5.12.2 Envz Functions
envz_strip5.12.2 Envz Functions
erand4819.8.3 SVID Random Number Function
erand48_r19.8.3 SVID Random Number Function
erf19.6 Special Functions
erfc19.6 Special Functions
erfcf19.6 Special Functions
erfcl19.6 Special Functions
erff19.6 Special Functions
erfl19.6 Special Functions
err2.3 Error Messages
error2.3 Error Messages
error_at_line2.3 Error Messages
errx2.3 Error Messages
execl26.5 Executing a File
execle26.5 Executing a File
execlp26.5 Executing a File
execv26.5 Executing a File
execve26.5 Executing a File
execvp26.5 Executing a File
exit25.6.1 Normal Termination
exp19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
exp1019.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
exp10f19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
exp10l19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
exp219.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
exp2f19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
exp2l19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
expf19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
expl19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
expm119.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
expm1f19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
expm1l19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
F
fabs20.8.1 Absolute Value
fabsf20.8.1 Absolute Value
fabsl20.8.1 Absolute Value
fchdir14.1 Working Directory
fchmod14.9.7 Assigning File Permissions
fchown14.9.4 File Owner
fclean13.5.3 Cleaning Streams
fclose12.4 Closing Streams
fcloseall12.4 Closing Streams
fcntl13.11 Control Operations on Files
fcvt20.12 Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions
fcvt_r20.12 Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions
FD_CLR13.8 Waiting for Input or Output
FD_ISSET13.8 Waiting for Input or Output
FD_SET13.8 Waiting for Input or Output
FD_ZERO13.8 Waiting for Input or Output
fdatasync13.9 Synchronizing I/O operations
fdim20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions
fdimf20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions
fdiml20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions
fdopen13.4 Descriptors and Streams
fdopendir14.2.2 Opening a Directory Stream
feclearexcept20.5.3 Examining the FPU status word
fedisableexcept20.7 Floating-Point Control Functions
feenableexcept20.7 Floating-Point Control Functions
fegetenv20.7 Floating-Point Control Functions
fegetexcept20.7 Floating-Point Control Functions
fegetexceptflag20.5.3 Examining the FPU status word
fegetround20.6 Rounding Modes
feholdexcept20.7 Floating-Point Control Functions
feof12.15 End-Of-File and Errors
feof_unlocked12.15 End-Of-File and Errors
feraiseexcept20.5.3 Examining the FPU status word
ferror12.15 End-Of-File and Errors
ferror_unlocked12.15 End-Of-File and Errors
fesetenv20.7 Floating-Point Control Functions
fesetexceptflag20.5.3 Examining the FPU status word
fesetround20.6 Rounding Modes
fetestexcept20.5.3 Examining the FPU status word
feupdateenv20.7 Floating-Point Control Functions
fflush12.20.2 Flushing Buffers
fflush_unlocked12.20.2 Flushing Buffers
fgetc12.8 Character Input
fgetc_unlocked12.8 Character Input
fgetgrent29.14.3 Scanning the List of All Groups
fgetgrent_r29.14.3 Scanning the List of All Groups
fgetpos12.19 Portable File-Position Functions
fgetpos6412.19 Portable File-Position Functions
fgetpwent29.13.3 Scanning the List of All Users
fgetpwent_r29.13.3 Scanning the List of All Users
fgets12.9 Line-Oriented Input
fgets_unlocked12.9 Line-Oriented Input
fgetwc12.8 Character Input
fgetwc_unlocked12.8 Character Input
fgetws12.9 Line-Oriented Input
fgetws_unlocked12.9 Line-Oriented Input
fileno13.4 Descriptors and Streams
fileno_unlocked13.4 Descriptors and Streams
finite20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions
finitef20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions
finitel20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions
flockfile12.5 Streams and Threads
floor20.8.3 Rounding Functions
floorf20.8.3 Rounding Functions
floorl20.8.3 Rounding Functions
fma20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions
fmaf20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions
fmal20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions
fmax20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions
fmaxf20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions
fmaxl20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions
fmemopen12.21.1 String Streams
fmin20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions
fminf20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions
fminl20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions
fmod20.8.4 Remainder Functions
fmodf20.8.4 Remainder Functions
fmodl20.8.4 Remainder Functions
fmtmsg12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages
fnmatch10.1 Wildcard Matching
fopen12.3 Opening Streams
fopen6412.3 Opening Streams
fopencookie12.21.3.1 Custom Streams and Cookies
fork26.4 Creating a Process
forkpty17.8.2 Opening a Pseudo-Terminal Pair
fpathconf31.9 Using pathconf
fpclassify20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions
fprintf12.12.7 Formatted Output Functions
fputc12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines
fputc_unlocked12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines
fputs12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines
fputs_unlocked12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines
fputwc12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines
fputwc_unlocked12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines
fputws12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines
fputws_unlocked12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines
fread12.11 Block Input/Output
fread_unlocked12.11 Block Input/Output
free3.2.2.3 Freeing Memory Allocated with malloc
freopen12.3 Opening Streams
freopen6412.3 Opening Streams
frexp20.8.2 Normalization Functions
frexpf20.8.2 Normalization Functions
frexpl20.8.2 Normalization Functions
fscanf12.14.8 Formatted Input Functions
fseek12.18 File Positioning
fseeko12.18 File Positioning
fseeko6412.18 File Positioning
fsetpos12.19 Portable File-Position Functions
fsetpos6412.19 Portable File-Position Functions
fstat14.9.2 Reading the Attributes of a File
fstat6414.9.2 Reading the Attributes of a File
fsync13.9 Synchronizing I/O operations
ftell12.18 File Positioning
ftello12.18 File Positioning
ftello6412.18 File Positioning
ftruncate14.9.10 File Size
ftruncate6414.9.10 File Size
ftrylockfile12.5 Streams and Threads
ftw14.3 Working with Directory Trees
ftw6414.3 Working with Directory Trees
funlockfile12.5 Streams and Threads
futimes14.9.9 File Times
fwide12.6 Streams in Internationalized Applications
fwprintf12.12.7 Formatted Output Functions
fwrite12.11 Block Input/Output
fwrite_unlocked12.11 Block Input/Output
fwscanf12.14.8 Formatted Input Functions
+
Jump to:   * +   +_ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +J +   +K +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +Q +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +Y +   +
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_3.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_3.html @@ -0,0 +1,3589 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 3. Virtual Memory Allocation And Paging + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3. Virtual Memory Allocation And Paging

+ +

This chapter describes how processes manage and use memory in a system +that uses the GNU C library. +

+

The GNU C Library has several functions for dynamically allocating +virtual memory in various ways. They vary in generality and in +efficiency. The library also provides functions for controlling paging +and allocation of real memory. +

+ + + + + + +
3.1 Process Memory Concepts   An introduction to concepts and terminology. +
3.2 Allocating Storage For Program Data   Allocating storage for your program data +
3.4 Locking Pages   Preventing page faults +
3.3 Resizing the Data Segment   brk, sbrk +
+ +

Memory mapped I/O is not discussed in this chapter. See section Memory-mapped I/O. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.1 Process Memory Concepts

+ +

One of the most basic resources a process has available to it is memory. +There are a lot of different ways systems organize memory, but in a +typical one, each process has one linear virtual address space, with +addresses running from zero to some huge maximum. It need not be +contiguous; i.e., not all of these addresses actually can be used to +store data. +

+

The virtual memory is divided into pages (4 kilobytes is typical). +Backing each page of virtual memory is a page of real memory (called a +frame) or some secondary storage, usually disk space. The disk +space might be swap space or just some ordinary disk file. Actually, a +page of all zeroes sometimes has nothing at all backing it – there's +just a flag saying it is all zeroes. + + + + +

+

The same frame of real memory or backing store can back multiple virtual +pages belonging to multiple processes. This is normally the case, for +example, with virtual memory occupied by GNU C library code. The same +real memory frame containing the printf function backs a virtual +memory page in each of the existing processes that has a printf +call in its program. +

+

In order for a program to access any part of a virtual page, the page +must at that moment be backed by (“connected to”) a real frame. But +because there is usually a lot more virtual memory than real memory, the +pages must move back and forth between real memory and backing store +regularly, coming into real memory when a process needs to access them +and then retreating to backing store when not needed anymore. This +movement is called paging. +

+

When a program attempts to access a page which is not at that moment +backed by real memory, this is known as a page fault. When a page +fault occurs, the kernel suspends the process, places the page into a +real page frame (this is called “paging in” or “faulting in”), then +resumes the process so that from the process' point of view, the page +was in real memory all along. In fact, to the process, all pages always +seem to be in real memory. Except for one thing: the elapsed execution +time of an instruction that would normally be a few nanoseconds is +suddenly much, much, longer (because the kernel normally has to do I/O +to complete the page-in). For programs sensitive to that, the functions +described in Locking Pages can control it. + + +

+

Within each virtual address space, a process has to keep track of what +is at which addresses, and that process is called memory allocation. +Allocation usually brings to mind meting out scarce resources, but in +the case of virtual memory, that's not a major goal, because there is +generally much more of it than anyone needs. Memory allocation within a +process is mainly just a matter of making sure that the same byte of +memory isn't used to store two different things. +

+

Processes allocate memory in two major ways: by exec and +programmatically. Actually, forking is a third way, but it's not very +interesting. See section Creating a Process. +

+

Exec is the operation of creating a virtual address space for a process, +loading its basic program into it, and executing the program. It is +done by the “exec” family of functions (e.g. execl). The +operation takes a program file (an executable), it allocates space to +load all the data in the executable, loads it, and transfers control to +it. That data is most notably the instructions of the program (the +text), but also literals and constants in the program and even +some variables: C variables with the static storage class (see section Memory Allocation in C Programs). + + + +

+

Once that program begins to execute, it uses programmatic allocation to +gain additional memory. In a C program with the GNU C library, there +are two kinds of programmatic allocation: automatic and dynamic. +See section Memory Allocation in C Programs. +

+

Memory-mapped I/O is another form of dynamic virtual memory allocation. +Mapping memory to a file means declaring that the contents of certain +range of a process' addresses shall be identical to the contents of a +specified regular file. The system makes the virtual memory initially +contain the contents of the file, and if you modify the memory, the +system writes the same modification to the file. Note that due to the +magic of virtual memory and page faults, there is no reason for the +system to do I/O to read the file, or allocate real memory for its +contents, until the program accesses the virtual memory. +See section Memory-mapped I/O. + + + +

+

Just as it programmatically allocates memory, the program can +programmatically deallocate (free) it. You can't free the memory +that was allocated by exec. When the program exits or execs, you might +say that all its memory gets freed, but since in both cases the address +space ceases to exist, the point is really moot. See section Program Termination. + + + +

+

A process' virtual address space is divided into segments. A segment is +a contiguous range of virtual addresses. Three important segments are: +

+
    +
  • + +The text segment contains a program's instructions and literals and +static constants. It is allocated by exec and stays the same size for +the life of the virtual address space. + +
  • +The data segment is working storage for the program. It can be +preallocated and preloaded by exec and the process can extend or shrink +it by calling functions as described in See section Resizing the Data Segment. Its lower end is fixed. + +
  • +The stack segment contains a program stack. It grows as the stack +grows, but doesn't shrink when the stack shrinks. + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2 Allocating Storage For Program Data

+ +

This section covers how ordinary programs manage storage for their data, +including the famous malloc function and some fancier facilities +special the GNU C library and GNU Compiler. +

+ + + + + + +
3.2.1 Memory Allocation in C Programs   How to get different kinds of allocation in C. +
3.2.2 Unconstrained Allocation   The malloc facility allows fully general + dynamic allocation. +
3.2.3 Allocation Debugging   Finding memory leaks and not freed memory. +
3.2.4 Obstacks   Obstacks are less general than malloc + but more efficient and convenient. +
3.2.5 Automatic Storage with Variable Size   Allocation of variable-sized blocks + of automatic storage that are freed when the + calling function returns. +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.1 Memory Allocation in C Programs

+ +

The C language supports two kinds of memory allocation through the +variables in C programs: +

+
    +
  • +Static allocation is what happens when you declare a static or +global variable. Each static or global variable defines one block of +space, of a fixed size. The space is allocated once, when your program +is started (part of the exec operation), and is never freed. + + + +
  • +Automatic allocation happens when you declare an automatic +variable, such as a function argument or a local variable. The space +for an automatic variable is allocated when the compound statement +containing the declaration is entered, and is freed when that +compound statement is exited. + + + +

    In GNU C, the size of the automatic storage can be an expression +that varies. In other C implementations, it must be a constant. +

+ +

A third important kind of memory allocation, dynamic allocation, +is not supported by C variables but is available via GNU C library +functions. + +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.1.1 Dynamic Memory Allocation

+ +

Dynamic memory allocation is a technique in which programs +determine as they are running where to store some information. You need +dynamic allocation when the amount of memory you need, or how long you +continue to need it, depends on factors that are not known before the +program runs. +

+

For example, you may need a block to store a line read from an input +file; since there is no limit to how long a line can be, you must +allocate the memory dynamically and make it dynamically larger as you +read more of the line. +

+

Or, you may need a block for each record or each definition in the input +data; since you can't know in advance how many there will be, you must +allocate a new block for each record or definition as you read it. +

+

When you use dynamic allocation, the allocation of a block of memory is +an action that the program requests explicitly. You call a function or +macro when you want to allocate space, and specify the size with an +argument. If you want to free the space, you do so by calling another +function or macro. You can do these things whenever you want, as often +as you want. +

+

Dynamic allocation is not supported by C variables; there is no storage +class “dynamic”, and there can never be a C variable whose value is +stored in dynamically allocated space. The only way to get dynamically +allocated memory is via a system call (which is generally via a GNU C +library function call), and the only way to refer to dynamically +allocated space is through a pointer. Because it is less convenient, +and because the actual process of dynamic allocation requires more +computation time, programmers generally use dynamic allocation only when +neither static nor automatic allocation will serve. +

+

For example, if you want to allocate dynamically some space to hold a +struct foobar, you cannot declare a variable of type struct +foobar whose contents are the dynamically allocated space. But you can +declare a variable of pointer type struct foobar * and assign it the +address of the space. Then you can use the operators ‘*’ and +‘->’ on this pointer variable to refer to the contents of the space: +

+
 
{
+  struct foobar *ptr
+     = (struct foobar *) malloc (sizeof (struct foobar));
+  ptr->name = x;
+  ptr->next = current_foobar;
+  current_foobar = ptr;
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.2 Unconstrained Allocation

+ +

The most general dynamic allocation facility is malloc. It +allows you to allocate blocks of memory of any size at any time, make +them bigger or smaller at any time, and free the blocks individually at +any time (or never). +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
3.2.2.1 Basic Memory Allocation   Simple use of malloc. +
3.2.2.2 Examples of malloc   Examples of malloc. xmalloc. +
3.2.2.3 Freeing Memory Allocated with malloc   Use free to free a block you + got with malloc. +
3.2.2.4 Changing the Size of a Block   Use realloc to make a block + bigger or smaller. +
3.2.2.5 Allocating Cleared Space   Use calloc to allocate a + block and clear it. +
3.2.2.6 Efficiency Considerations for malloc   Efficiency considerations in use of + these functions. +
3.2.2.7 Allocating Aligned Memory Blocks   Allocating specially aligned memory. +
3.2.2.8 Malloc Tunable Parameters   Use mallopt to adjust allocation + parameters. +
3.2.2.9 Heap Consistency Checking   Automatic checking for errors. +
3.2.2.10 Memory Allocation Hooks   You can use these hooks for debugging + programs that use malloc. +
3.2.2.11 Statistics for Memory Allocation with malloc   Getting information about how much + memory your program is using. +
3.2.2.12 Summary of malloc-Related Functions   Summary of malloc and related functions. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.2.1 Basic Memory Allocation

+ +

To allocate a block of memory, call malloc. The prototype for +this function is in ‘stdlib.h’. + +

+
+
Function: void * malloc (size_t size) + +
+

This function returns a pointer to a newly allocated block size +bytes long, or a null pointer if the block could not be allocated. +

+ +

The contents of the block are undefined; you must initialize it yourself +(or use calloc instead; see section Allocating Cleared Space). +Normally you would cast the value as a pointer to the kind of object +that you want to store in the block. Here we show an example of doing +so, and of initializing the space with zeros using the library function +memset (see section Copying and Concatenation): +

+
 
struct foo *ptr;
+…
+ptr = (struct foo *) malloc (sizeof (struct foo));
+if (ptr == 0) abort ();
+memset (ptr, 0, sizeof (struct foo));
+
+ +

You can store the result of malloc into any pointer variable +without a cast, because ISO C automatically converts the type +void * to another type of pointer when necessary. But the cast +is necessary in contexts other than assignment operators or if you might +want your code to run in traditional C. +

+

Remember that when allocating space for a string, the argument to +malloc must be one plus the length of the string. This is +because a string is terminated with a null character that doesn't count +in the “length” of the string but does need space. For example: +

+
 
char *ptr;
+…
+ptr = (char *) malloc (length + 1);
+
+ +

See section Representation of Strings, for more information about this. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.2.2 Examples of malloc

+ +

If no more space is available, malloc returns a null pointer. +You should check the value of every call to malloc. It is +useful to write a subroutine that calls malloc and reports an +error if the value is a null pointer, returning only if the value is +nonzero. This function is conventionally called xmalloc. Here +it is: +

+
 
void *
+xmalloc (size_t size)
+{
+  register void *value = malloc (size);
+  if (value == 0)
+    fatal ("virtual memory exhausted");
+  return value;
+}
+
+ +

Here is a real example of using malloc (by way of xmalloc). +The function savestring will copy a sequence of characters into +a newly allocated null-terminated string: +

+
 
char *
+savestring (const char *ptr, size_t len)
+{
+  register char *value = (char *) xmalloc (len + 1);
+  value[len] = '\0';
+  return (char *) memcpy (value, ptr, len);
+}
+
+ +

The block that malloc gives you is guaranteed to be aligned so +that it can hold any type of data. In the GNU system, the address is +always a multiple of eight on most systems, and a multiple of 16 on +64-bit systems. Only rarely is any higher boundary (such as a page +boundary) necessary; for those cases, use memalign, +posix_memalign or valloc (see section Allocating Aligned Memory Blocks). +

+

Note that the memory located after the end of the block is likely to be +in use for something else; perhaps a block already allocated by another +call to malloc. If you attempt to treat the block as longer than +you asked for it to be, you are liable to destroy the data that +malloc uses to keep track of its blocks, or you may destroy the +contents of another block. If you have already allocated a block and +discover you want it to be bigger, use realloc (see section Changing the Size of a Block). +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.2.3 Freeing Memory Allocated with malloc

+ +

When you no longer need a block that you got with malloc, use the +function free to make the block available to be allocated again. +The prototype for this function is in ‘stdlib.h’. + +

+
+
Function: void free (void *ptr) + +
+

The free function deallocates the block of memory pointed at +by ptr. +

+ +
+
Function: void cfree (void *ptr) + +
+

This function does the same thing as free. It's provided for +backward compatibility with SunOS; you should use free instead. +

+ +

Freeing a block alters the contents of the block. Do not expect to +find any data (such as a pointer to the next block in a chain of blocks) in +the block after freeing it. Copy whatever you need out of the block before +freeing it! Here is an example of the proper way to free all the blocks in +a chain, and the strings that they point to: +

+
 
struct chain
+  {
+    struct chain *next;
+    char *name;
+  }
+
+void
+free_chain (struct chain *chain)
+{
+  while (chain != 0)
+    {
+      struct chain *next = chain->next;
+      free (chain->name);
+      free (chain);
+      chain = next;
+    }
+}
+
+ +

Occasionally, free can actually return memory to the operating +system and make the process smaller. Usually, all it can do is allow a +later call to malloc to reuse the space. In the meantime, the +space remains in your program as part of a free-list used internally by +malloc. +

+

There is no point in freeing blocks at the end of a program, because all +of the program's space is given back to the system when the process +terminates. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.2.4 Changing the Size of a Block

+ +

Often you do not know for certain how big a block you will ultimately need +at the time you must begin to use the block. For example, the block might +be a buffer that you use to hold a line being read from a file; no matter +how long you make the buffer initially, you may encounter a line that is +longer. +

+

You can make the block longer by calling realloc. This function +is declared in ‘stdlib.h’. + +

+
+
Function: void * realloc (void *ptr, size_t newsize) + +
+

The realloc function changes the size of the block whose address is +ptr to be newsize. +

+

Since the space after the end of the block may be in use, realloc +may find it necessary to copy the block to a new address where more free +space is available. The value of realloc is the new address of the +block. If the block needs to be moved, realloc copies the old +contents. +

+

If you pass a null pointer for ptr, realloc behaves just +like ‘malloc (newsize)’. This can be convenient, but beware +that older implementations (before ISO C) may not support this +behavior, and will probably crash when realloc is passed a null +pointer. +

+ +

Like malloc, realloc may return a null pointer if no +memory space is available to make the block bigger. When this happens, +the original block is untouched; it has not been modified or relocated. +

+

In most cases it makes no difference what happens to the original block +when realloc fails, because the application program cannot continue +when it is out of memory, and the only thing to do is to give a fatal error +message. Often it is convenient to write and use a subroutine, +conventionally called xrealloc, that takes care of the error message +as xmalloc does for malloc: +

+
 
void *
+xrealloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
+{
+  register void *value = realloc (ptr, size);
+  if (value == 0)
+    fatal ("Virtual memory exhausted");
+  return value;
+}
+
+ +

You can also use realloc to make a block smaller. The reason you +would do this is to avoid tying up a lot of memory space when only a little +is needed. +In several allocation implementations, making a block smaller sometimes +necessitates copying it, so it can fail if no other space is available. +

+

If the new size you specify is the same as the old size, realloc +is guaranteed to change nothing and return the same address that you gave. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.2.5 Allocating Cleared Space

+ +

The function calloc allocates memory and clears it to zero. It +is declared in ‘stdlib.h’. + +

+
+
Function: void * calloc (size_t count, size_t eltsize) + +
+

This function allocates a block long enough to contain a vector of +count elements, each of size eltsize. Its contents are +cleared to zero before calloc returns. +

+ +

You could define calloc as follows: +

+
 
void *
+calloc (size_t count, size_t eltsize)
+{
+  size_t size = count * eltsize;
+  void *value = malloc (size);
+  if (value != 0)
+    memset (value, 0, size);
+  return value;
+}
+
+ +

But in general, it is not guaranteed that calloc calls +malloc internally. Therefore, if an application provides its own +malloc/realloc/free outside the C library, it +should always define calloc, too. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.2.6 Efficiency Considerations for malloc

+ + + + + +

As opposed to other versions, the malloc in the GNU C Library +does not round up block sizes to powers of two, neither for large nor +for small sizes. Neighboring chunks can be coalesced on a free +no matter what their size is. This makes the implementation suitable +for all kinds of allocation patterns without generally incurring high +memory waste through fragmentation. +

+

Very large blocks (much larger than a page) are allocated with +mmap (anonymous or via /dev/zero) by this implementation. +This has the great advantage that these chunks are returned to the +system immediately when they are freed. Therefore, it cannot happen +that a large chunk becomes “locked” in between smaller ones and even +after calling free wastes memory. The size threshold for +mmap to be used can be adjusted with mallopt. The use of +mmap can also be disabled completely. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.2.7 Allocating Aligned Memory Blocks

+ +

The address of a block returned by malloc or realloc in +the GNU system is always a multiple of eight (or sixteen on 64-bit +systems). If you need a block whose address is a multiple of a higher +power of two than that, use memalign, posix_memalign, or +valloc. memalign is declared in ‘malloc.h’ and +posix_memalign is declared in ‘stdlib.h’. +

+

With the GNU library, you can use free to free the blocks that +memalign, posix_memalign, and valloc return. That +does not work in BSD, however—BSD does not provide any way to free +such blocks. +

+
+
Function: void * memalign (size_t boundary, size_t size) + +
+

The memalign function allocates a block of size bytes whose +address is a multiple of boundary. The boundary must be a +power of two! The function memalign works by allocating a +somewhat larger block, and then returning an address within the block +that is on the specified boundary. +

+ +
+
Function: int posix_memalign (void **memptr, size_t alignment, size_t size) + +
+

The posix_memalign function is similar to the memalign +function in that it returns a buffer of size bytes aligned to a +multiple of alignment. But it adds one requirement to the +parameter alignment: the value must be a power of two multiple of +sizeof (void *). +

+

If the function succeeds in allocation memory a pointer to the allocated +memory is returned in *memptr and the return value is zero. +Otherwise the function returns an error value indicating the problem. +

+

This function was introduced in POSIX 1003.1d. +

+ +
+
Function: void * valloc (size_t size) + +
+

Using valloc is like using memalign and passing the page size +as the value of the second argument. It is implemented like this: +

+
 
void *
+valloc (size_t size)
+{
+  return memalign (getpagesize (), size);
+}
+
+ +

How to get information about the memory subsystem? for more information about the memory +subsystem. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.2.8 Malloc Tunable Parameters

+ +

You can adjust some parameters for dynamic memory allocation with the +mallopt function. This function is the general SVID/XPG +interface, defined in ‘malloc.h’. + +

+
+
Function: int mallopt (int param, int value) + +
+

When calling mallopt, the param argument specifies the +parameter to be set, and value the new value to be set. Possible +choices for param, as defined in ‘malloc.h’, are: +

+
+
M_TRIM_THRESHOLD
+

This is the minimum size (in bytes) of the top-most, releasable chunk +that will cause sbrk to be called with a negative argument in +order to return memory to the system. +

+
M_TOP_PAD
+

This parameter determines the amount of extra memory to obtain from the +system when a call to sbrk is required. It also specifies the +number of bytes to retain when shrinking the heap by calling sbrk +with a negative argument. This provides the necessary hysteresis in +heap size such that excessive amounts of system calls can be avoided. +

+
M_MMAP_THRESHOLD
+

All chunks larger than this value are allocated outside the normal +heap, using the mmap system call. This way it is guaranteed +that the memory for these chunks can be returned to the system on +free. Note that requests smaller than this threshold might still +be allocated via mmap. +

+
M_MMAP_MAX
+

The maximum number of chunks to allocate with mmap. Setting this +to zero disables all use of mmap. +

+
+ +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.2.9 Heap Consistency Checking

+ + +

You can ask malloc to check the consistency of dynamic memory by +using the mcheck function. This function is a GNU extension, +declared in ‘mcheck.h’. + +

+
+
Function: int mcheck (void (*abortfn) (enum mcheck_status status)) + +
+

Calling mcheck tells malloc to perform occasional +consistency checks. These will catch things such as writing +past the end of a block that was allocated with malloc. +

+

The abortfn argument is the function to call when an inconsistency +is found. If you supply a null pointer, then mcheck uses a +default function which prints a message and calls abort +(see section Aborting a Program). The function you supply is called with +one argument, which says what sort of inconsistency was detected; its +type is described below. +

+

It is too late to begin allocation checking once you have allocated +anything with malloc. So mcheck does nothing in that +case. The function returns -1 if you call it too late, and +0 otherwise (when it is successful). +

+

The easiest way to arrange to call mcheck early enough is to use +the option ‘-lmcheck’ when you link your program; then you don't +need to modify your program source at all. Alternatively you might use +a debugger to insert a call to mcheck whenever the program is +started, for example these gdb commands will automatically call mcheck +whenever the program starts: +

+
 
(gdb) break main
+Breakpoint 1, main (argc=2, argv=0xbffff964) at whatever.c:10
+(gdb) command 1
+Type commands for when breakpoint 1 is hit, one per line.
+End with a line saying just "end".
+>call mcheck(0)
+>continue
+>end
+(gdb) …
+
+ +

This will however only work if no initialization function of any object +involved calls any of the malloc functions since mcheck +must be called before the first such function. +

+
+ +
+
Function: enum mcheck_status mprobe (void *pointer) + +
+

The mprobe function lets you explicitly check for inconsistencies +in a particular allocated block. You must have already called +mcheck at the beginning of the program, to do its occasional +checks; calling mprobe requests an additional consistency check +to be done at the time of the call. +

+

The argument pointer must be a pointer returned by malloc +or realloc. mprobe returns a value that says what +inconsistency, if any, was found. The values are described below. +

+ +
+
Data Type: enum mcheck_status + +
+

This enumerated type describes what kind of inconsistency was detected +in an allocated block, if any. Here are the possible values: +

+
+
MCHECK_DISABLED
+

mcheck was not called before the first allocation. +No consistency checking can be done. +

+
MCHECK_OK
+

No inconsistency detected. +

+
MCHECK_HEAD
+

The data immediately before the block was modified. +This commonly happens when an array index or pointer +is decremented too far. +

+
MCHECK_TAIL
+

The data immediately after the block was modified. +This commonly happens when an array index or pointer +is incremented too far. +

+
MCHECK_FREE
+

The block was already freed. +

+
+
+ +

Another possibility to check for and guard against bugs in the use of +malloc, realloc and free is to set the environment +variable MALLOC_CHECK_. When MALLOC_CHECK_ is set, a +special (less efficient) implementation is used which is designed to be +tolerant against simple errors, such as double calls of free with +the same argument, or overruns of a single byte (off-by-one bugs). Not +all such errors can be protected against, however, and memory leaks can +result. If MALLOC_CHECK_ is set to 0, any detected heap +corruption is silently ignored; if set to 1, a diagnostic is +printed on stderr; if set to 2, abort is called +immediately. This can be useful because otherwise a crash may happen +much later, and the true cause for the problem is then very hard to +track down. +

+

There is one problem with MALLOC_CHECK_: in SUID or SGID binaries +it could possibly be exploited since diverging from the normal programs +behavior it now writes something to the standard error descriptor. +Therefore the use of MALLOC_CHECK_ is disabled by default for +SUID and SGID binaries. It can be enabled again by the system +administrator by adding a file ‘/etc/suid-debug’ (the content is +not important it could be empty). +

+

So, what's the difference between using MALLOC_CHECK_ and linking +with ‘-lmcheck’? MALLOC_CHECK_ is orthogonal with respect to +‘-lmcheck’. ‘-lmcheck’ has been added for backward +compatibility. Both MALLOC_CHECK_ and ‘-lmcheck’ should +uncover the same bugs - but using MALLOC_CHECK_ you don't need to +recompile your application. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.2.10 Memory Allocation Hooks

+ +

The GNU C library lets you modify the behavior of malloc, +realloc, and free by specifying appropriate hook +functions. You can use these hooks to help you debug programs that use +dynamic memory allocation, for example. +

+

The hook variables are declared in ‘malloc.h’. + +

+
+
Variable: __malloc_hook + +
+

The value of this variable is a pointer to the function that +malloc uses whenever it is called. You should define this +function to look like malloc; that is, like: +

+
 
void *function (size_t size, const void *caller)
+
+ +

The value of caller is the return address found on the stack when +the malloc function was called. This value allows you to trace +the memory consumption of the program. +

+ +
+
Variable: __realloc_hook + +
+

The value of this variable is a pointer to function that realloc +uses whenever it is called. You should define this function to look +like realloc; that is, like: +

+
 
void *function (void *ptr, size_t size, const void *caller)
+
+ +

The value of caller is the return address found on the stack when +the realloc function was called. This value allows you to trace the +memory consumption of the program. +

+ +
+
Variable: __free_hook + +
+

The value of this variable is a pointer to function that free +uses whenever it is called. You should define this function to look +like free; that is, like: +

+
 
void function (void *ptr, const void *caller)
+
+ +

The value of caller is the return address found on the stack when +the free function was called. This value allows you to trace the +memory consumption of the program. +

+ +
+
Variable: __memalign_hook + +
+

The value of this variable is a pointer to function that memalign +uses whenever it is called. You should define this function to look +like memalign; that is, like: +

+
 
void *function (size_t alignment, size_t size, const void *caller)
+
+ +

The value of caller is the return address found on the stack when +the memalign function was called. This value allows you to trace the +memory consumption of the program. +

+ +

You must make sure that the function you install as a hook for one of +these functions does not call that function recursively without restoring +the old value of the hook first! Otherwise, your program will get stuck +in an infinite recursion. Before calling the function recursively, one +should make sure to restore all the hooks to their previous value. When +coming back from the recursive call, all the hooks should be resaved +since a hook might modify itself. +

+
+
Variable: __malloc_initialize_hook + +
+

The value of this variable is a pointer to a function that is called +once when the malloc implementation is initialized. This is a weak +variable, so it can be overridden in the application with a definition +like the following: +

+
 
void (*__malloc_initialize_hook) (void) = my_init_hook;
+
+
+ +

An issue to look out for is the time at which the malloc hook functions +can be safely installed. If the hook functions call the malloc-related +functions recursively, it is necessary that malloc has already properly +initialized itself at the time when __malloc_hook etc. is +assigned to. On the other hand, if the hook functions provide a +complete malloc implementation of their own, it is vital that the hooks +are assigned to before the very first malloc call has +completed, because otherwise a chunk obtained from the ordinary, +un-hooked malloc may later be handed to __free_hook, for example. +

+

In both cases, the problem can be solved by setting up the hooks from +within a user-defined function pointed to by +__malloc_initialize_hook—then the hooks will be set up safely +at the right time. +

+

Here is an example showing how to use __malloc_hook and +__free_hook properly. It installs a function that prints out +information every time malloc or free is called. We just +assume here that realloc and memalign are not used in our +program. +

+
 
/* Prototypes for __malloc_hook, __free_hook */
+#include <malloc.h>
+
+/* Prototypes for our hooks.  */
+static void my_init_hook (void);
+static void *my_malloc_hook (size_t, const void *);
+static void my_free_hook (void*, const void *);
+
+/* Override initializing hook from the C library. */
+void (*__malloc_initialize_hook) (void) = my_init_hook;
+
+static void
+my_init_hook (void)
+{
+  old_malloc_hook = __malloc_hook;
+  old_free_hook = __free_hook;
+  __malloc_hook = my_malloc_hook;
+  __free_hook = my_free_hook;
+}
+
+static void *
+my_malloc_hook (size_t size, const void *caller)
+{
+  void *result;
+  /* Restore all old hooks */
+  __malloc_hook = old_malloc_hook;
+  __free_hook = old_free_hook;
+  /* Call recursively */
+  result = malloc (size);
+  /* Save underlying hooks */
+  old_malloc_hook = __malloc_hook;
+  old_free_hook = __free_hook;
+  /* printf might call malloc, so protect it too. */
+  printf ("malloc (%u) returns %p\n", (unsigned int) size, result);
+  /* Restore our own hooks */
+  __malloc_hook = my_malloc_hook;
+  __free_hook = my_free_hook;
+  return result;
+}
+
+static void
+my_free_hook (void *ptr, const void *caller)
+{
+  /* Restore all old hooks */
+  __malloc_hook = old_malloc_hook;
+  __free_hook = old_free_hook;
+  /* Call recursively */
+  free (ptr);
+  /* Save underlying hooks */
+  old_malloc_hook = __malloc_hook;
+  old_free_hook = __free_hook;
+  /* printf might call free, so protect it too. */
+  printf ("freed pointer %p\n", ptr);
+  /* Restore our own hooks */
+  __malloc_hook = my_malloc_hook;
+  __free_hook = my_free_hook;
+}
+
+main ()
+{
+  …
+}
+
+ +

The mcheck function (see section Heap Consistency Checking) works by +installing such hooks. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.2.11 Statistics for Memory Allocation with malloc

+ +

You can get information about dynamic memory allocation by calling the +mallinfo function. This function and its associated data type +are declared in ‘malloc.h’; they are an extension of the standard +SVID/XPG version. + +

+
+
Data Type: struct mallinfo + +
+

This structure type is used to return information about the dynamic +memory allocator. It contains the following members: +

+
+
int arena
+

This is the total size of memory allocated with sbrk by +malloc, in bytes. +

+
+
int ordblks
+

This is the number of chunks not in use. (The memory allocator +internally gets chunks of memory from the operating system, and then +carves them up to satisfy individual malloc requests; see +Efficiency Considerations for malloc.) +

+
+
int smblks
+

This field is unused. +

+
+
int hblks
+

This is the total number of chunks allocated with mmap. +

+
+
int hblkhd
+

This is the total size of memory allocated with mmap, in bytes. +

+
+
int usmblks
+

This field is unused. +

+
+
int fsmblks
+

This field is unused. +

+
+
int uordblks
+

This is the total size of memory occupied by chunks handed out by +malloc. +

+
+
int fordblks
+

This is the total size of memory occupied by free (not in use) chunks. +

+
+
int keepcost
+

This is the size of the top-most releasable chunk that normally +borders the end of the heap (i.e., the high end of the virtual address +space's data segment). +

+
+
+
+ +
+
Function: struct mallinfo mallinfo (void) + +
+

This function returns information about the current dynamic memory usage +in a structure of type struct mallinfo. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.2.12 Summary of malloc-Related Functions

+ +

Here is a summary of the functions that work with malloc: +

+
+
void *malloc (size_t size)
+

Allocate a block of size bytes. See section Basic Memory Allocation. +

+
+
void free (void *addr)
+

Free a block previously allocated by malloc. See section Freeing Memory Allocated with malloc. +

+
+
void *realloc (void *addr, size_t size)
+

Make a block previously allocated by malloc larger or smaller, +possibly by copying it to a new location. See section Changing the Size of a Block. +

+
+
void *calloc (size_t count, size_t eltsize)
+

Allocate a block of count * eltsize bytes using +malloc, and set its contents to zero. See section Allocating Cleared Space. +

+
+
void *valloc (size_t size)
+

Allocate a block of size bytes, starting on a page boundary. +See section Allocating Aligned Memory Blocks. +

+
+
void *memalign (size_t size, size_t boundary)
+

Allocate a block of size bytes, starting on an address that is a +multiple of boundary. See section Allocating Aligned Memory Blocks. +

+
+
int mallopt (int param, int value)
+

Adjust a tunable parameter. See section Malloc Tunable Parameters. +

+
+
int mcheck (void (*abortfn) (void))
+

Tell malloc to perform occasional consistency checks on +dynamically allocated memory, and to call abortfn when an +inconsistency is found. See section Heap Consistency Checking. +

+
+
void *(*__malloc_hook) (size_t size, const void *caller)
+

A pointer to a function that malloc uses whenever it is called. +

+
+
void *(*__realloc_hook) (void *ptr, size_t size, const void *caller)
+

A pointer to a function that realloc uses whenever it is called. +

+
+
void (*__free_hook) (void *ptr, const void *caller)
+

A pointer to a function that free uses whenever it is called. +

+
+
void (*__memalign_hook) (size_t size, size_t alignment, const void *caller)
+

A pointer to a function that memalign uses whenever it is called. +

+
+
struct mallinfo mallinfo (void)
+

Return information about the current dynamic memory usage. +See section Statistics for Memory Allocation with malloc. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.3 Allocation Debugging

+ +

A complicated task when programming with languages which do not use +garbage collected dynamic memory allocation is to find memory leaks. +Long running programs must assure that dynamically allocated objects are +freed at the end of their lifetime. If this does not happen the system +runs out of memory, sooner or later. +

+

The malloc implementation in the GNU C library provides some +simple means to detect such leaks and obtain some information to find +the location. To do this the application must be started in a special +mode which is enabled by an environment variable. There are no speed +penalties for the program if the debugging mode is not enabled. +

+ + + + + +
3.2.3.1 How to install the tracing functionality  
3.2.3.2 Example program excerpts   Example programs excerpts. +
3.2.3.3 Some more or less clever ideas  
3.2.3.4 Interpreting the traces   What do all these lines mean? +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.3.1 How to install the tracing functionality

+ +
+
Function: void mtrace (void) + +
+

When the mtrace function is called it looks for an environment +variable named MALLOC_TRACE. This variable is supposed to +contain a valid file name. The user must have write access. If the +file already exists it is truncated. If the environment variable is not +set or it does not name a valid file which can be opened for writing +nothing is done. The behavior of malloc etc. is not changed. +For obvious reasons this also happens if the application is installed +with the SUID or SGID bit set. +

+

If the named file is successfully opened, mtrace installs special +handlers for the functions malloc, realloc, and +free (see section Memory Allocation Hooks). From then on, all uses of these +functions are traced and protocolled into the file. There is now of +course a speed penalty for all calls to the traced functions so tracing +should not be enabled during normal use. +

+

This function is a GNU extension and generally not available on other +systems. The prototype can be found in ‘mcheck.h’. +

+ +
+
Function: void muntrace (void) + +
+

The muntrace function can be called after mtrace was used +to enable tracing the malloc calls. If no (successful) call of +mtrace was made muntrace does nothing. +

+

Otherwise it deinstalls the handlers for malloc, realloc, +and free and then closes the protocol file. No calls are +protocolled anymore and the program runs again at full speed. +

+

This function is a GNU extension and generally not available on other +systems. The prototype can be found in ‘mcheck.h’. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.3.2 Example program excerpts

+ +

Even though the tracing functionality does not influence the runtime +behavior of the program it is not a good idea to call mtrace in +all programs. Just imagine that you debug a program using mtrace +and all other programs used in the debugging session also trace their +malloc calls. The output file would be the same for all programs +and thus is unusable. Therefore one should call mtrace only if +compiled for debugging. A program could therefore start like this: +

+
 
#include <mcheck.h>
+
+int
+main (int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+  mtrace ();
+#endif
+  …
+}
+
+ +

This is all what is needed if you want to trace the calls during the +whole runtime of the program. Alternatively you can stop the tracing at +any time with a call to muntrace. It is even possible to restart +the tracing again with a new call to mtrace. But this can cause +unreliable results since there may be calls of the functions which are +not called. Please note that not only the application uses the traced +functions, also libraries (including the C library itself) use these +functions. +

+

This last point is also why it is no good idea to call muntrace +before the program terminated. The libraries are informed about the +termination of the program only after the program returns from +main or calls exit and so cannot free the memory they use +before this time. +

+

So the best thing one can do is to call mtrace as the very first +function in the program and never call muntrace. So the program +traces almost all uses of the malloc functions (except those +calls which are executed by constructors of the program or used +libraries). +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.3.3 Some more or less clever ideas

+ +

You know the situation. The program is prepared for debugging and in +all debugging sessions it runs well. But once it is started without +debugging the error shows up. A typical example is a memory leak that +becomes visible only when we turn off the debugging. If you foresee +such situations you can still win. Simply use something equivalent to +the following little program: +

+
 
#include <mcheck.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+
+static void
+enable (int sig)
+{
+  mtrace ();
+  signal (SIGUSR1, enable);
+}
+
+static void
+disable (int sig)
+{
+  muntrace ();
+  signal (SIGUSR2, disable);
+}
+
+int
+main (int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+  …
+
+  signal (SIGUSR1, enable);
+  signal (SIGUSR2, disable);
+
+  …
+}
+
+ +

I.e., the user can start the memory debugger any time s/he wants if the +program was started with MALLOC_TRACE set in the environment. +The output will of course not show the allocations which happened before +the first signal but if there is a memory leak this will show up +nevertheless. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.3.4 Interpreting the traces

+ +

If you take a look at the output it will look similar to this: +

+
 
= Start
+ [0x8048209] - 0x8064cc8
+ [0x8048209] - 0x8064ce0
+ [0x8048209] - 0x8064cf8
+ [0x80481eb] + 0x8064c48 0x14
+ [0x80481eb] + 0x8064c60 0x14
+ [0x80481eb] + 0x8064c78 0x14
+ [0x80481eb] + 0x8064c90 0x14
+= End
+
+ +

What this all means is not really important since the trace file is not +meant to be read by a human. Therefore no attention is given to +readability. Instead there is a program which comes with the GNU C +library which interprets the traces and outputs a summary in an +user-friendly way. The program is called mtrace (it is in fact a +Perl script) and it takes one or two arguments. In any case the name of +the file with the trace output must be specified. If an optional +argument precedes the name of the trace file this must be the name of +the program which generated the trace. +

+
 
drepper$ mtrace tst-mtrace log
+No memory leaks.
+
+ +

In this case the program tst-mtrace was run and it produced a +trace file ‘log’. The message printed by mtrace shows there +are no problems with the code, all allocated memory was freed +afterwards. +

+

If we call mtrace on the example trace given above we would get a +different outout: +

+
 
drepper$ mtrace errlog
+- 0x08064cc8 Free 2 was never alloc'd 0x8048209
+- 0x08064ce0 Free 3 was never alloc'd 0x8048209
+- 0x08064cf8 Free 4 was never alloc'd 0x8048209
+
+Memory not freed:
+-----------------
+   Address     Size     Caller
+0x08064c48     0x14  at 0x80481eb
+0x08064c60     0x14  at 0x80481eb
+0x08064c78     0x14  at 0x80481eb
+0x08064c90     0x14  at 0x80481eb
+
+ +

We have called mtrace with only one argument and so the script +has no chance to find out what is meant with the addresses given in the +trace. We can do better: +

+
 
drepper$ mtrace tst errlog
+- 0x08064cc8 Free 2 was never alloc'd /home/drepper/tst.c:39
+- 0x08064ce0 Free 3 was never alloc'd /home/drepper/tst.c:39
+- 0x08064cf8 Free 4 was never alloc'd /home/drepper/tst.c:39
+
+Memory not freed:
+-----------------
+   Address     Size     Caller
+0x08064c48     0x14  at /home/drepper/tst.c:33
+0x08064c60     0x14  at /home/drepper/tst.c:33
+0x08064c78     0x14  at /home/drepper/tst.c:33
+0x08064c90     0x14  at /home/drepper/tst.c:33
+
+ +

Suddenly the output makes much more sense and the user can see +immediately where the function calls causing the trouble can be found. +

+

Interpreting this output is not complicated. There are at most two +different situations being detected. First, free was called for +pointers which were never returned by one of the allocation functions. +This is usually a very bad problem and what this looks like is shown in +the first three lines of the output. Situations like this are quite +rare and if they appear they show up very drastically: the program +normally crashes. +

+

The other situation which is much harder to detect are memory leaks. As +you can see in the output the mtrace function collects all this +information and so can say that the program calls an allocation function +from line 33 in the source file ‘/home/drepper/tst-mtrace.c’ four +times without freeing this memory before the program terminates. +Whether this is a real problem remains to be investigated. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.4 Obstacks

+ +

An obstack is a pool of memory containing a stack of objects. You +can create any number of separate obstacks, and then allocate objects in +specified obstacks. Within each obstack, the last object allocated must +always be the first one freed, but distinct obstacks are independent of +each other. +

+

Aside from this one constraint of order of freeing, obstacks are totally +general: an obstack can contain any number of objects of any size. They +are implemented with macros, so allocation is usually very fast as long as +the objects are usually small. And the only space overhead per object is +the padding needed to start each object on a suitable boundary. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
3.2.4.1 Creating Obstacks   How to declare an obstack in your program. +
3.2.4.2 Preparing for Using Obstacks   Preparations needed before you can + use obstacks. +
3.2.4.3 Allocation in an Obstack   Allocating objects in an obstack. +
3.2.4.4 Freeing Objects in an Obstack   Freeing objects in an obstack. +
3.2.4.5 Obstack Functions and Macros   The obstack functions are both + functions and macros. +
3.2.4.6 Growing Objects   Making an object bigger by stages. +
3.2.4.7 Extra Fast Growing Objects   Extra-high-efficiency (though more + complicated) growing objects. +
3.2.4.8 Status of an Obstack   Inquiries about the status of an obstack. +
3.2.4.9 Alignment of Data in Obstacks   Controlling alignment of objects in obstacks. +
3.2.4.10 Obstack Chunks   How obstacks obtain and release chunks; + efficiency considerations. +
3.2.4.11 Summary of Obstack Functions   +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.4.1 Creating Obstacks

+ +

The utilities for manipulating obstacks are declared in the header +file ‘obstack.h’. + +

+
+
Data Type: struct obstack + +
+

An obstack is represented by a data structure of type struct +obstack. This structure has a small fixed size; it records the status +of the obstack and how to find the space in which objects are allocated. +It does not contain any of the objects themselves. You should not try +to access the contents of the structure directly; use only the functions +described in this chapter. +

+ +

You can declare variables of type struct obstack and use them as +obstacks, or you can allocate obstacks dynamically like any other kind +of object. Dynamic allocation of obstacks allows your program to have a +variable number of different stacks. (You can even allocate an +obstack structure in another obstack, but this is rarely useful.) +

+

All the functions that work with obstacks require you to specify which +obstack to use. You do this with a pointer of type struct obstack +*. In the following, we often say “an obstack” when strictly +speaking the object at hand is such a pointer. +

+

The objects in the obstack are packed into large blocks called +chunks. The struct obstack structure points to a chain of +the chunks currently in use. +

+

The obstack library obtains a new chunk whenever you allocate an object +that won't fit in the previous chunk. Since the obstack library manages +chunks automatically, you don't need to pay much attention to them, but +you do need to supply a function which the obstack library should use to +get a chunk. Usually you supply a function which uses malloc +directly or indirectly. You must also supply a function to free a chunk. +These matters are described in the following section. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.4.2 Preparing for Using Obstacks

+ +

Each source file in which you plan to use the obstack functions +must include the header file ‘obstack.h’, like this: +

+
 
#include <obstack.h>
+
+ + + +

Also, if the source file uses the macro obstack_init, it must +declare or define two functions or macros that will be called by the +obstack library. One, obstack_chunk_alloc, is used to allocate +the chunks of memory into which objects are packed. The other, +obstack_chunk_free, is used to return chunks when the objects in +them are freed. These macros should appear before any use of obstacks +in the source file. +

+

Usually these are defined to use malloc via the intermediary +xmalloc (see section Unconstrained Allocation). This is done with +the following pair of macro definitions: +

+
 
#define obstack_chunk_alloc xmalloc
+#define obstack_chunk_free free
+
+ +

Though the memory you get using obstacks really comes from malloc, +using obstacks is faster because malloc is called less often, for +larger blocks of memory. See section Obstack Chunks, for full details. +

+

At run time, before the program can use a struct obstack object +as an obstack, it must initialize the obstack by calling +obstack_init. +

+
+
Function: int obstack_init (struct obstack *obstack-ptr) + +
+

Initialize obstack obstack-ptr for allocation of objects. This +function calls the obstack's obstack_chunk_alloc function. If +allocation of memory fails, the function pointed to by +obstack_alloc_failed_handler is called. The obstack_init +function always returns 1 (Compatibility notice: Former versions of +obstack returned 0 if allocation failed). +

+ +

Here are two examples of how to allocate the space for an obstack and +initialize it. First, an obstack that is a static variable: +

+
 
static struct obstack myobstack;
+…
+obstack_init (&myobstack);
+
+ +

Second, an obstack that is itself dynamically allocated: +

+
 
struct obstack *myobstack_ptr
+  = (struct obstack *) xmalloc (sizeof (struct obstack));
+
+obstack_init (myobstack_ptr);
+
+ +
+
Variable: obstack_alloc_failed_handler + +
+

The value of this variable is a pointer to a function that +obstack uses when obstack_chunk_alloc fails to allocate +memory. The default action is to print a message and abort. +You should supply a function that either calls exit +(see section Program Termination) or longjmp (see section Non-Local Exits) and doesn't return. +

+
 
void my_obstack_alloc_failed (void)
+…
+obstack_alloc_failed_handler = &my_obstack_alloc_failed;
+
+ +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.4.3 Allocation in an Obstack

+ +

The most direct way to allocate an object in an obstack is with +obstack_alloc, which is invoked almost like malloc. +

+
+
Function: void * obstack_alloc (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, int size) + +
+

This allocates an uninitialized block of size bytes in an obstack +and returns its address. Here obstack-ptr specifies which obstack +to allocate the block in; it is the address of the struct obstack +object which represents the obstack. Each obstack function or macro +requires you to specify an obstack-ptr as the first argument. +

+

This function calls the obstack's obstack_chunk_alloc function if +it needs to allocate a new chunk of memory; it calls +obstack_alloc_failed_handler if allocation of memory by +obstack_chunk_alloc failed. +

+ +

For example, here is a function that allocates a copy of a string str +in a specific obstack, which is in the variable string_obstack: +

+
 
struct obstack string_obstack;
+
+char *
+copystring (char *string)
+{
+  size_t len = strlen (string) + 1;
+  char *s = (char *) obstack_alloc (&string_obstack, len);
+  memcpy (s, string, len);
+  return s;
+}
+
+ +

To allocate a block with specified contents, use the function +obstack_copy, declared like this: +

+
+
Function: void * obstack_copy (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, void *address, int size) + +
+

This allocates a block and initializes it by copying size +bytes of data starting at address. It calls +obstack_alloc_failed_handler if allocation of memory by +obstack_chunk_alloc failed. +

+ +
+
Function: void * obstack_copy0 (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, void *address, int size) + +
+

Like obstack_copy, but appends an extra byte containing a null +character. This extra byte is not counted in the argument size. +

+ +

The obstack_copy0 function is convenient for copying a sequence +of characters into an obstack as a null-terminated string. Here is an +example of its use: +

+
 
char *
+obstack_savestring (char *addr, int size)
+{
+  return obstack_copy0 (&myobstack, addr, size);
+}
+
+ +

Contrast this with the previous example of savestring using +malloc (see section Basic Memory Allocation). +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.4.4 Freeing Objects in an Obstack

+ +

To free an object allocated in an obstack, use the function +obstack_free. Since the obstack is a stack of objects, freeing +one object automatically frees all other objects allocated more recently +in the same obstack. +

+
+
Function: void obstack_free (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, void *object) + +
+

If object is a null pointer, everything allocated in the obstack +is freed. Otherwise, object must be the address of an object +allocated in the obstack. Then object is freed, along with +everything allocated in obstack since object. +

+ +

Note that if object is a null pointer, the result is an +uninitialized obstack. To free all memory in an obstack but leave it +valid for further allocation, call obstack_free with the address +of the first object allocated on the obstack: +

+
 
obstack_free (obstack_ptr, first_object_allocated_ptr);
+
+ +

Recall that the objects in an obstack are grouped into chunks. When all +the objects in a chunk become free, the obstack library automatically +frees the chunk (see section Preparing for Using Obstacks). Then other +obstacks, or non-obstack allocation, can reuse the space of the chunk. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.4.5 Obstack Functions and Macros

+ +

The interfaces for using obstacks may be defined either as functions or +as macros, depending on the compiler. The obstack facility works with +all C compilers, including both ISO C and traditional C, but there are +precautions you must take if you plan to use compilers other than GNU C. +

+

If you are using an old-fashioned non-ISO C compiler, all the obstack +“functions” are actually defined only as macros. You can call these +macros like functions, but you cannot use them in any other way (for +example, you cannot take their address). +

+

Calling the macros requires a special precaution: namely, the first +operand (the obstack pointer) may not contain any side effects, because +it may be computed more than once. For example, if you write this: +

+
 
obstack_alloc (get_obstack (), 4);
+
+ +

you will find that get_obstack may be called several times. +If you use *obstack_list_ptr++ as the obstack pointer argument, +you will get very strange results since the incrementation may occur +several times. +

+

In ISO C, each function has both a macro definition and a function +definition. The function definition is used if you take the address of the +function without calling it. An ordinary call uses the macro definition by +default, but you can request the function definition instead by writing the +function name in parentheses, as shown here: +

+
 
char *x;
+void *(*funcp) ();
+/* Use the macro.  */
+x = (char *) obstack_alloc (obptr, size);
+/* Call the function.  */
+x = (char *) (obstack_alloc) (obptr, size);
+/* Take the address of the function.  */
+funcp = obstack_alloc;
+
+ +

This is the same situation that exists in ISO C for the standard library +functions. See section Macro Definitions of Functions. +

+

Warning: When you do use the macros, you must observe the +precaution of avoiding side effects in the first operand, even in ISO C. +

+

If you use the GNU C compiler, this precaution is not necessary, because +various language extensions in GNU C permit defining the macros so as to +compute each argument only once. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.4.6 Growing Objects

+ +

Because memory in obstack chunks is used sequentially, it is possible to +build up an object step by step, adding one or more bytes at a time to the +end of the object. With this technique, you do not need to know how much +data you will put in the object until you come to the end of it. We call +this the technique of growing objects. The special functions +for adding data to the growing object are described in this section. +

+

You don't need to do anything special when you start to grow an object. +Using one of the functions to add data to the object automatically +starts it. However, it is necessary to say explicitly when the object is +finished. This is done with the function obstack_finish. +

+

The actual address of the object thus built up is not known until the +object is finished. Until then, it always remains possible that you will +add so much data that the object must be copied into a new chunk. +

+

While the obstack is in use for a growing object, you cannot use it for +ordinary allocation of another object. If you try to do so, the space +already added to the growing object will become part of the other object. +

+
+
Function: void obstack_blank (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, int size) + +
+

The most basic function for adding to a growing object is +obstack_blank, which adds space without initializing it. +

+ +
+
Function: void obstack_grow (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, void *data, int size) + +
+

To add a block of initialized space, use obstack_grow, which is +the growing-object analogue of obstack_copy. It adds size +bytes of data to the growing object, copying the contents from +data. +

+ +
+
Function: void obstack_grow0 (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, void *data, int size) + +
+

This is the growing-object analogue of obstack_copy0. It adds +size bytes copied from data, followed by an additional null +character. +

+ +
+
Function: void obstack_1grow (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, char c) + +
+

To add one character at a time, use the function obstack_1grow. +It adds a single byte containing c to the growing object. +

+ +
+
Function: void obstack_ptr_grow (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, void *data) + +
+

Adding the value of a pointer one can use the function +obstack_ptr_grow. It adds sizeof (void *) bytes +containing the value of data. +

+ +
+
Function: void obstack_int_grow (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, int data) + +
+

A single value of type int can be added by using the +obstack_int_grow function. It adds sizeof (int) bytes to +the growing object and initializes them with the value of data. +

+ +
+
Function: void * obstack_finish (struct obstack *obstack-ptr) + +
+

When you are finished growing the object, use the function +obstack_finish to close it off and return its final address. +

+

Once you have finished the object, the obstack is available for ordinary +allocation or for growing another object. +

+

This function can return a null pointer under the same conditions as +obstack_alloc (see section Allocation in an Obstack). +

+ +

When you build an object by growing it, you will probably need to know +afterward how long it became. You need not keep track of this as you grow +the object, because you can find out the length from the obstack just +before finishing the object with the function obstack_object_size, +declared as follows: +

+
+
Function: int obstack_object_size (struct obstack *obstack-ptr) + +
+

This function returns the current size of the growing object, in bytes. +Remember to call this function before finishing the object. +After it is finished, obstack_object_size will return zero. +

+ +

If you have started growing an object and wish to cancel it, you should +finish it and then free it, like this: +

+
 
obstack_free (obstack_ptr, obstack_finish (obstack_ptr));
+
+ +

This has no effect if no object was growing. +

+ +

You can use obstack_blank with a negative size argument to make +the current object smaller. Just don't try to shrink it beyond zero +length—there's no telling what will happen if you do that. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.4.7 Extra Fast Growing Objects

+ +

The usual functions for growing objects incur overhead for checking +whether there is room for the new growth in the current chunk. If you +are frequently constructing objects in small steps of growth, this +overhead can be significant. +

+

You can reduce the overhead by using special “fast growth” +functions that grow the object without checking. In order to have a +robust program, you must do the checking yourself. If you do this checking +in the simplest way each time you are about to add data to the object, you +have not saved anything, because that is what the ordinary growth +functions do. But if you can arrange to check less often, or check +more efficiently, then you make the program faster. +

+

The function obstack_room returns the amount of room available +in the current chunk. It is declared as follows: +

+
+
Function: int obstack_room (struct obstack *obstack-ptr) + +
+

This returns the number of bytes that can be added safely to the current +growing object (or to an object about to be started) in obstack +obstack using the fast growth functions. +

+ +

While you know there is room, you can use these fast growth functions +for adding data to a growing object: +

+
+
Function: void obstack_1grow_fast (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, char c) + +
+

The function obstack_1grow_fast adds one byte containing the +character c to the growing object in obstack obstack-ptr. +

+ +
+
Function: void obstack_ptr_grow_fast (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, void *data) + +
+

The function obstack_ptr_grow_fast adds sizeof (void *) +bytes containing the value of data to the growing object in +obstack obstack-ptr. +

+ +
+
Function: void obstack_int_grow_fast (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, int data) + +
+

The function obstack_int_grow_fast adds sizeof (int) bytes +containing the value of data to the growing object in obstack +obstack-ptr. +

+ +
+
Function: void obstack_blank_fast (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, int size) + +
+

The function obstack_blank_fast adds size bytes to the +growing object in obstack obstack-ptr without initializing them. +

+ +

When you check for space using obstack_room and there is not +enough room for what you want to add, the fast growth functions +are not safe. In this case, simply use the corresponding ordinary +growth function instead. Very soon this will copy the object to a +new chunk; then there will be lots of room available again. +

+

So, each time you use an ordinary growth function, check afterward for +sufficient space using obstack_room. Once the object is copied +to a new chunk, there will be plenty of space again, so the program will +start using the fast growth functions again. +

+

Here is an example: +

+
 
void
+add_string (struct obstack *obstack, const char *ptr, int len)
+{
+  while (len > 0)
+    {
+      int room = obstack_room (obstack);
+      if (room == 0)
+        {
+          /* Not enough room. Add one character slowly,
+             which may copy to a new chunk and make room.  */
+          obstack_1grow (obstack, *ptr++);
+          len--;
+        }
+      else
+        {
+          if (room > len)
+            room = len;
+          /* Add fast as much as we have room for. */
+          len -= room;
+          while (room-- > 0)
+            obstack_1grow_fast (obstack, *ptr++);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.4.8 Status of an Obstack

+ +

Here are functions that provide information on the current status of +allocation in an obstack. You can use them to learn about an object while +still growing it. +

+
+
Function: void * obstack_base (struct obstack *obstack-ptr) + +
+

This function returns the tentative address of the beginning of the +currently growing object in obstack-ptr. If you finish the object +immediately, it will have that address. If you make it larger first, it +may outgrow the current chunk—then its address will change! +

+

If no object is growing, this value says where the next object you +allocate will start (once again assuming it fits in the current +chunk). +

+ +
+
Function: void * obstack_next_free (struct obstack *obstack-ptr) + +
+

This function returns the address of the first free byte in the current +chunk of obstack obstack-ptr. This is the end of the currently +growing object. If no object is growing, obstack_next_free +returns the same value as obstack_base. +

+ +
+
Function: int obstack_object_size (struct obstack *obstack-ptr) + +
+

This function returns the size in bytes of the currently growing object. +This is equivalent to +

+
 
obstack_next_free (obstack-ptr) - obstack_base (obstack-ptr)
+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.4.9 Alignment of Data in Obstacks

+ +

Each obstack has an alignment boundary; each object allocated in +the obstack automatically starts on an address that is a multiple of the +specified boundary. By default, this boundary is aligned so that +the object can hold any type of data. +

+

To access an obstack's alignment boundary, use the macro +obstack_alignment_mask, whose function prototype looks like +this: +

+
+
Macro: int obstack_alignment_mask (struct obstack *obstack-ptr) + +
+

The value is a bit mask; a bit that is 1 indicates that the corresponding +bit in the address of an object should be 0. The mask value should be one +less than a power of 2; the effect is that all object addresses are +multiples of that power of 2. The default value of the mask is a value +that allows aligned objects to hold any type of data: for example, if +its value is 3, any type of data can be stored at locations whose +addresses are multiples of 4. A mask value of 0 means an object can start +on any multiple of 1 (that is, no alignment is required). +

+

The expansion of the macro obstack_alignment_mask is an lvalue, +so you can alter the mask by assignment. For example, this statement: +

+
 
obstack_alignment_mask (obstack_ptr) = 0;
+
+ +

has the effect of turning off alignment processing in the specified obstack. +

+ +

Note that a change in alignment mask does not take effect until +after the next time an object is allocated or finished in the +obstack. If you are not growing an object, you can make the new +alignment mask take effect immediately by calling obstack_finish. +This will finish a zero-length object and then do proper alignment for +the next object. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.4.10 Obstack Chunks

+ +

Obstacks work by allocating space for themselves in large chunks, and +then parceling out space in the chunks to satisfy your requests. Chunks +are normally 4096 bytes long unless you specify a different chunk size. +The chunk size includes 8 bytes of overhead that are not actually used +for storing objects. Regardless of the specified size, longer chunks +will be allocated when necessary for long objects. +

+

The obstack library allocates chunks by calling the function +obstack_chunk_alloc, which you must define. When a chunk is no +longer needed because you have freed all the objects in it, the obstack +library frees the chunk by calling obstack_chunk_free, which you +must also define. +

+

These two must be defined (as macros) or declared (as functions) in each +source file that uses obstack_init (see section Creating Obstacks). +Most often they are defined as macros like this: +

+
 
#define obstack_chunk_alloc malloc
+#define obstack_chunk_free free
+
+ +

Note that these are simple macros (no arguments). Macro definitions with +arguments will not work! It is necessary that obstack_chunk_alloc +or obstack_chunk_free, alone, expand into a function name if it is +not itself a function name. +

+

If you allocate chunks with malloc, the chunk size should be a +power of 2. The default chunk size, 4096, was chosen because it is long +enough to satisfy many typical requests on the obstack yet short enough +not to waste too much memory in the portion of the last chunk not yet used. +

+
+
Macro: int obstack_chunk_size (struct obstack *obstack-ptr) + +
+

This returns the chunk size of the given obstack. +

+ +

Since this macro expands to an lvalue, you can specify a new chunk size by +assigning it a new value. Doing so does not affect the chunks already +allocated, but will change the size of chunks allocated for that particular +obstack in the future. It is unlikely to be useful to make the chunk size +smaller, but making it larger might improve efficiency if you are +allocating many objects whose size is comparable to the chunk size. Here +is how to do so cleanly: +

+
 
if (obstack_chunk_size (obstack_ptr) < new-chunk-size)
+  obstack_chunk_size (obstack_ptr) = new-chunk-size;
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.4.11 Summary of Obstack Functions

+ +

Here is a summary of all the functions associated with obstacks. Each +takes the address of an obstack (struct obstack *) as its first +argument. +

+
+
void obstack_init (struct obstack *obstack-ptr)
+

Initialize use of an obstack. See section Creating Obstacks. +

+
+
void *obstack_alloc (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, int size)
+

Allocate an object of size uninitialized bytes. +See section Allocation in an Obstack. +

+
+
void *obstack_copy (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, void *address, int size)
+

Allocate an object of size bytes, with contents copied from +address. See section Allocation in an Obstack. +

+
+
void *obstack_copy0 (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, void *address, int size)
+

Allocate an object of size+1 bytes, with size of them copied +from address, followed by a null character at the end. +See section Allocation in an Obstack. +

+
+
void obstack_free (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, void *object)
+

Free object (and everything allocated in the specified obstack +more recently than object). See section Freeing Objects in an Obstack. +

+
+
void obstack_blank (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, int size)
+

Add size uninitialized bytes to a growing object. +See section Growing Objects. +

+
+
void obstack_grow (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, void *address, int size)
+

Add size bytes, copied from address, to a growing object. +See section Growing Objects. +

+
+
void obstack_grow0 (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, void *address, int size)
+

Add size bytes, copied from address, to a growing object, +and then add another byte containing a null character. See section Growing Objects. +

+
+
void obstack_1grow (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, char data-char)
+

Add one byte containing data-char to a growing object. +See section Growing Objects. +

+
+
void *obstack_finish (struct obstack *obstack-ptr)
+

Finalize the object that is growing and return its permanent address. +See section Growing Objects. +

+
+
int obstack_object_size (struct obstack *obstack-ptr)
+

Get the current size of the currently growing object. See section Growing Objects. +

+
+
void obstack_blank_fast (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, int size)
+

Add size uninitialized bytes to a growing object without checking +that there is enough room. See section Extra Fast Growing Objects. +

+
+
void obstack_1grow_fast (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, char data-char)
+

Add one byte containing data-char to a growing object without +checking that there is enough room. See section Extra Fast Growing Objects. +

+
+
int obstack_room (struct obstack *obstack-ptr)
+

Get the amount of room now available for growing the current object. +See section Extra Fast Growing Objects. +

+
+
int obstack_alignment_mask (struct obstack *obstack-ptr)
+

The mask used for aligning the beginning of an object. This is an +lvalue. See section Alignment of Data in Obstacks. +

+
+
int obstack_chunk_size (struct obstack *obstack-ptr)
+

The size for allocating chunks. This is an lvalue. See section Obstack Chunks. +

+
+
void *obstack_base (struct obstack *obstack-ptr)
+

Tentative starting address of the currently growing object. +See section Status of an Obstack. +

+
+
void *obstack_next_free (struct obstack *obstack-ptr)
+

Address just after the end of the currently growing object. +See section Status of an Obstack. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.5 Automatic Storage with Variable Size

+ +

The function alloca supports a kind of half-dynamic allocation in +which blocks are allocated dynamically but freed automatically. +

+

Allocating a block with alloca is an explicit action; you can +allocate as many blocks as you wish, and compute the size at run time. But +all the blocks are freed when you exit the function that alloca was +called from, just as if they were automatic variables declared in that +function. There is no way to free the space explicitly. +

+

The prototype for alloca is in ‘stdlib.h’. This function is +a BSD extension. + +

+
+
Function: void * alloca (size_t size); + +
+

The return value of alloca is the address of a block of size +bytes of memory, allocated in the stack frame of the calling function. +

+ +

Do not use alloca inside the arguments of a function call—you +will get unpredictable results, because the stack space for the +alloca would appear on the stack in the middle of the space for +the function arguments. An example of what to avoid is foo (x, +alloca (4), y). +

+ + + + + +
3.2.5.1 alloca Example   Example of using alloca. +
3.2.5.2 Advantages of alloca   Reasons to use alloca. +
3.2.5.3 Disadvantages of alloca   Reasons to avoid alloca. +
3.2.5.4 GNU C Variable-Size Arrays   Only in GNU C, here is an alternative + method of allocating dynamically and + freeing automatically. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.5.1 alloca Example

+ +

As an example of the use of alloca, here is a function that opens +a file name made from concatenating two argument strings, and returns a +file descriptor or minus one signifying failure: +

+
 
int
+open2 (char *str1, char *str2, int flags, int mode)
+{
+  char *name = (char *) alloca (strlen (str1) + strlen (str2) + 1);
+  stpcpy (stpcpy (name, str1), str2);
+  return open (name, flags, mode);
+}
+
+ +

Here is how you would get the same results with malloc and +free: +

+
 
int
+open2 (char *str1, char *str2, int flags, int mode)
+{
+  char *name = (char *) malloc (strlen (str1) + strlen (str2) + 1);
+  int desc;
+  if (name == 0)
+    fatal ("virtual memory exceeded");
+  stpcpy (stpcpy (name, str1), str2);
+  desc = open (name, flags, mode);
+  free (name);
+  return desc;
+}
+
+ +

As you can see, it is simpler with alloca. But alloca has +other, more important advantages, and some disadvantages. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.5.2 Advantages of alloca

+ +

Here are the reasons why alloca may be preferable to malloc: +

+
    +
  • +Using alloca wastes very little space and is very fast. (It is +open-coded by the GNU C compiler.) + +
  • +Since alloca does not have separate pools for different sizes of +block, space used for any size block can be reused for any other size. +alloca does not cause memory fragmentation. + +
  • + +Nonlocal exits done with longjmp (see section Non-Local Exits) +automatically free the space allocated with alloca when they exit +through the function that called alloca. This is the most +important reason to use alloca. + +

    To illustrate this, suppose you have a function +open_or_report_error which returns a descriptor, like +open, if it succeeds, but does not return to its caller if it +fails. If the file cannot be opened, it prints an error message and +jumps out to the command level of your program using longjmp. +Let's change open2 (see section alloca Example) to use this +subroutine: +

    +
     
    int
+open2 (char *str1, char *str2, int flags, int mode)
+{
+  char *name = (char *) alloca (strlen (str1) + strlen (str2) + 1);
+  stpcpy (stpcpy (name, str1), str2);
+  return open_or_report_error (name, flags, mode);
+}
+
    + +

    Because of the way alloca works, the memory it allocates is +freed even when an error occurs, with no special effort required. +

    +

    By contrast, the previous definition of open2 (which uses +malloc and free) would develop a memory leak if it were +changed in this way. Even if you are willing to make more changes to +fix it, there is no easy way to do so. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.5.3 Disadvantages of alloca

+ +

These are the disadvantages of alloca in comparison with +malloc: +

+
    +
  • +If you try to allocate more memory than the machine can provide, you +don't get a clean error message. Instead you get a fatal signal like +the one you would get from an infinite recursion; probably a +segmentation violation (see section Program Error Signals). + +
  • +Some non-GNU systems fail to support alloca, so it is less +portable. However, a slower emulation of alloca written in C +is available for use on systems with this deficiency. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.2.5.4 GNU C Variable-Size Arrays

+ +

In GNU C, you can replace most uses of alloca with an array of +variable size. Here is how open2 would look then: +

+
 
int open2 (char *str1, char *str2, int flags, int mode)
+{
+  char name[strlen (str1) + strlen (str2) + 1];
+  stpcpy (stpcpy (name, str1), str2);
+  return open (name, flags, mode);
+}
+
+ +

But alloca is not always equivalent to a variable-sized array, for +several reasons: +

+
    +
  • +A variable size array's space is freed at the end of the scope of the +name of the array. The space allocated with alloca +remains until the end of the function. + +
  • +It is possible to use alloca within a loop, allocating an +additional block on each iteration. This is impossible with +variable-sized arrays. +
+ +

NB: If you mix use of alloca and variable-sized arrays +within one function, exiting a scope in which a variable-sized array was +declared frees all blocks allocated with alloca during the +execution of that scope. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.3 Resizing the Data Segment

+ +

The symbols in this section are declared in ‘unistd.h’. +

+

You will not normally use the functions in this section, because the +functions described in Allocating Storage For Program Data are easier to use. Those +are interfaces to a GNU C Library memory allocator that uses the +functions below itself. The functions below are simple interfaces to +system calls. +

+
+
Function: int brk (void *addr) + +
+

brk sets the high end of the calling process' data segment to +addr. +

+

The address of the end of a segment is defined to be the address of the +last byte in the segment plus 1. +

+

The function has no effect if addr is lower than the low end of +the data segment. (This is considered success, by the way). +

+

The function fails if it would cause the data segment to overlap another +segment or exceed the process' data storage limit (see section Limiting Resource Usage). +

+

The function is named for a common historical case where data storage +and the stack are in the same segment. Data storage allocation grows +upward from the bottom of the segment while the stack grows downward +toward it from the top of the segment and the curtain between them is +called the break. +

+

The return value is zero on success. On failure, the return value is +-1 and errno is set accordingly. The following errno +values are specific to this function: +

+
+
ENOMEM
+

The request would cause the data segment to overlap another segment or +exceed the process' data storage limit. +

+
+ + +
+ + +
+
Function: void *sbrk (ptrdiff_t delta) + +
+

This function is the same as brk except that you specify the new +end of the data segment as an offset delta from the current end +and on success the return value is the address of the resulting end of +the data segment instead of zero. +

+

This means you can use ‘sbrk(0)’ to find out what the current end +of the data segment is. +

+
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.4 Locking Pages

+ +

You can tell the system to associate a particular virtual memory page +with a real page frame and keep it that way — i.e., cause the page to +be paged in if it isn't already and mark it so it will never be paged +out and consequently will never cause a page fault. This is called +locking a page. +

+

The functions in this chapter lock and unlock the calling process' +pages. +

+ + + + +
3.4.1 Why Lock Pages   Reasons to read this section. +
3.4.2 Locked Memory Details   Everything you need to know locked + memory +
3.4.3 Functions To Lock And Unlock Pages   Here's how to do it. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.4.1 Why Lock Pages

+ +

Because page faults cause paged out pages to be paged in transparently, +a process rarely needs to be concerned about locking pages. However, +there are two reasons people sometimes are: +

+
    +
  • +Speed. A page fault is transparent only insofar as the process is not +sensitive to how long it takes to do a simple memory access. Time-critical +processes, especially realtime processes, may not be able to wait or +may not be able to tolerate variance in execution speed. + + + +

    A process that needs to lock pages for this reason probably also needs +priority among other processes for use of the CPU. See section Process CPU Priority And Scheduling. +

    +

    In some cases, the programmer knows better than the system's demand +paging allocator which pages should remain in real memory to optimize +system performance. In this case, locking pages can help. +

    +
  • +Privacy. If you keep secrets in virtual memory and that virtual memory +gets paged out, that increases the chance that the secrets will get out. +If a password gets written out to disk swap space, for example, it might +still be there long after virtual and real memory have been wiped clean. + +
+ +

Be aware that when you lock a page, that's one fewer page frame that can +be used to back other virtual memory (by the same or other processes), +which can mean more page faults, which means the system runs more +slowly. In fact, if you lock enough memory, some programs may not be +able to run at all for lack of real memory. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.4.2 Locked Memory Details

+ +

A memory lock is associated with a virtual page, not a real frame. The +paging rule is: If a frame backs at least one locked page, don't page it +out. +

+

Memory locks do not stack. I.e., you can't lock a particular page twice +so that it has to be unlocked twice before it is truly unlocked. It is +either locked or it isn't. +

+

A memory lock persists until the process that owns the memory explicitly +unlocks it. (But process termination and exec cause the virtual memory +to cease to exist, which you might say means it isn't locked any more). +

+

Memory locks are not inherited by child processes. (But note that on a +modern Unix system, immediately after a fork, the parent's and the +child's virtual address space are backed by the same real page frames, +so the child enjoys the parent's locks). See section Creating a Process. +

+

Because of its ability to impact other processes, only the superuser can +lock a page. Any process can unlock its own page. +

+

The system sets limits on the amount of memory a process can have locked +and the amount of real memory it can have dedicated to it. See section Limiting Resource Usage. +

+

In Linux, locked pages aren't as locked as you might think. +Two virtual pages that are not shared memory can nonetheless be backed +by the same real frame. The kernel does this in the name of efficiency +when it knows both virtual pages contain identical data, and does it +even if one or both of the virtual pages are locked. +

+

But when a process modifies one of those pages, the kernel must get it a +separate frame and fill it with the page's data. This is known as a +copy-on-write page fault. It takes a small amount of time and in +a pathological case, getting that frame may require I/O. + + +

+

To make sure this doesn't happen to your program, don't just lock the +pages. Write to them as well, unless you know you won't write to them +ever. And to make sure you have pre-allocated frames for your stack, +enter a scope that declares a C automatic variable larger than the +maximum stack size you will need, set it to something, then return from +its scope. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

3.4.3 Functions To Lock And Unlock Pages

+ +

The symbols in this section are declared in ‘sys/mman.h’. These +functions are defined by POSIX.1b, but their availability depends on +your kernel. If your kernel doesn't allow these functions, they exist +but always fail. They are available with a Linux kernel. +

+

Portability Note: POSIX.1b requires that when the mlock +and munlock functions are available, the file ‘unistd.h’ +define the macro _POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE and the file +limits.h define the macro PAGESIZE to be the size of a +memory page in bytes. It requires that when the mlockall and +munlockall functions are available, the ‘unistd.h’ file +define the macro _POSIX_MEMLOCK. The GNU C library conforms to +this requirement. +

+
+
Function: int mlock (const void *addr, size_t len) + +
+

mlock locks a range of the calling process' virtual pages. +

+

The range of memory starts at address addr and is len bytes +long. Actually, since you must lock whole pages, it is the range of +pages that include any part of the specified range. +

+

When the function returns successfully, each of those pages is backed by +(connected to) a real frame (is resident) and is marked to stay that +way. This means the function may cause page-ins and have to wait for +them. +

+

When the function fails, it does not affect the lock status of any +pages. +

+

The return value is zero if the function succeeds. Otherwise, it is +-1 and errno is set accordingly. errno values +specific to this function are: +

+
+
ENOMEM
+
    +
  • +At least some of the specified address range does not exist in the +calling process' virtual address space. +
  • +The locking would cause the process to exceed its locked page limit. +
+ +
+
EPERM
+

The calling process is not superuser. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

len is not positive. +

+
+
ENOSYS
+

The kernel does not provide mlock capability. +

+
+
+ +

You can lock all a process' memory with mlockall. You +unlock memory with munlock or munlockall. +

+

To avoid all page faults in a C program, you have to use +mlockall, because some of the memory a program uses is hidden +from the C code, e.g. the stack and automatic variables, and you +wouldn't know what address to tell mlock. +

+
+ +
+
Function: int munlock (const void *addr, size_t len) + +
+

munlock unlocks a range of the calling process' virtual pages. +

+

munlock is the inverse of mlock and functions completely +analogously to mlock, except that there is no EPERM +failure. +

+
+ +
+
Function: int mlockall (int flags) + +
+

mlockall locks all the pages in a process' virtual memory address +space, and/or any that are added to it in the future. This includes the +pages of the code, data and stack segment, as well as shared libraries, +user space kernel data, shared memory, and memory mapped files. +

+

flags is a string of single bit flags represented by the following +macros. They tell mlockall which of its functions you want. All +other bits must be zero. +

+
+
MCL_CURRENT
+

Lock all pages which currently exist in the calling process' virtual +address space. +

+
+
MCL_FUTURE
+

Set a mode such that any pages added to the process' virtual address +space in the future will be locked from birth. This mode does not +affect future address spaces owned by the same process so exec, which +replaces a process' address space, wipes out MCL_FUTURE. +See section Executing a File. +

+
+
+ +

When the function returns successfully, and you specified +MCL_CURRENT, all of the process' pages are backed by (connected +to) real frames (they are resident) and are marked to stay that way. +This means the function may cause page-ins and have to wait for them. +

+

When the process is in MCL_FUTURE mode because it successfully +executed this function and specified MCL_CURRENT, any system call +by the process that requires space be added to its virtual address space +fails with errno = ENOMEM if locking the additional space +would cause the process to exceed its locked page limit. In the case +that the address space addition that can't be accommodated is stack +expansion, the stack expansion fails and the kernel sends a +SIGSEGV signal to the process. +

+

When the function fails, it does not affect the lock status of any pages +or the future locking mode. +

+

The return value is zero if the function succeeds. Otherwise, it is +-1 and errno is set accordingly. errno values +specific to this function are: +

+
+
ENOMEM
+
    +
  • +At least some of the specified address range does not exist in the +calling process' virtual address space. +
  • +The locking would cause the process to exceed its locked page limit. +
+ +
+
EPERM
+

The calling process is not superuser. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

Undefined bits in flags are not zero. +

+
+
ENOSYS
+

The kernel does not provide mlockall capability. +

+
+
+ +

You can lock just specific pages with mlock. You unlock pages +with munlockall and munlock. +

+
+ + +
+
Function: int munlockall (void) + +
+

munlockall unlocks every page in the calling process' virtual +address space and turn off MCL_FUTURE future locking mode. +

+

The return value is zero if the function succeeds. Otherwise, it is +-1 and errno is set accordingly. The only way this +function can fail is for generic reasons that all functions and system +calls can fail, so there are no specific errno values. +

+
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_45.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_45.html @@ -0,0 +1,335 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Concept Index: K – M + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

Concept Index: K – M

+
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Index Entry Section
K
Kermit the frog9.4 Searching and Sorting Example
kernel call25.5 System Calls
kernel header filesC.4 Specific advice for GNU/Linux systems
KILL character17.4.9.1 Characters for Input Editing
kill signal24.2.2 Termination Signals
killing a process24.6.2 Signaling Another Process
Korn Shell10.1 Wildcard Matching
L
LANG environment variable8.1.1 The catgets function family
LANG environment variable25.4.2 Standard Environment Variables
launching jobs27.6.3 Launching Jobs
LC_ALL environment variable8.1.1 The catgets function family
LC_ALL environment variable25.4.2 Standard Environment Variables
LC_COLLATE environment variable25.4.2 Standard Environment Variables
LC_CTYPE environment variable25.4.2 Standard Environment Variables
LC_MESSAGES environment variable8.1.1 The catgets function family
LC_MESSAGES environment variable25.4.2 Standard Environment Variables
LC_MONETARY environment variable25.4.2 Standard Environment Variables
LC_NUMERIC environment variable25.4.2 Standard Environment Variables
LC_TIME environment variable25.4.2 Standard Environment Variables
leap second21.4.3 Broken-down Time
length of string5.1 Representation of Strings
level, for socket options16.12 Socket Options
LGPL, Lesser General Public LicenseG. GNU Lesser General Public License
library1. Introduction
limit22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
limits on resource usage22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
limits, file name length31.6 Limits on File System Capacity
limits, floating typesA.5.3 Floating Type Macros
limits, integer typesA.5.2 Range of an Integer Type
limits, link count of files31.6 Limits on File System Capacity
limits, number of open files31.1 General Capacity Limits
limits, number of processes31.1 General Capacity Limits
limits, number of supplementary group IDs31.1 General Capacity Limits
limits, pipe buffer size31.6 Limits on File System Capacity
limits, POSIX31.1 General Capacity Limits
limits, program argument size31.1 General Capacity Limits
limits, terminal input queue31.6 Limits on File System Capacity
limits, time zone name length31.1 General Capacity Limits
line buffered stream12.20.1 Buffering Concepts
line speed17.4.8 Line Speed
lines (in a text file)12.17 Text and Binary Streams
link11.2.1 Directories
link, hard14.4 Hard Links
link, soft14.5 Symbolic Links
link, symbolic14.5 Symbolic Links
linked channels13.5.1 Linked Channels
listening (sockets)16.9.2 Listening for Connections
literals3.1 Process Memory Concepts
little-endian16.6.5 Byte Order Conversion
LNEXT character17.4.9.4 Other Special Characters
load average22.5 Learn about the processors available
local namespace, for sockets16.5 The Local Namespace
local network address number16.6.2.1 Internet Host Addresses
local time21.4 Calendar Time
locale categories7.3 Categories of Activities that Locales Affect
locale, changing7.4 How Programs Set the Locale
locales7. Locales and Internationalization
locking pages3.4 Locking Pages
logarithm functions19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
login name29.1 User and Group IDs
login name, determining29.11 Identifying Who Logged In
LOGNAME environment variable25.4.2 Standard Environment Variables
long jumps23. Non-Local Exits
long-named options25.1.1 Program Argument Syntax Conventions
longjmp3.2.5.2 Advantages of alloca
loss of data on sockets16.1 Socket Concepts
lost resource signal24.2.6 Operation Error Signals
lower-case character4.1 Classification of Characters
lower-case character4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
M
macros3.2.4.5 Obstack Functions and Macros
main function25.1 Program Arguments
malloc debugger3.2.3 Allocation Debugging
malloc function3.2.2 Unconstrained Allocation
mantissa (of floating point number)A.5.3.1 Floating Point Representation Concepts
matching failure, in scanf12.14.1 Formatted Input Basics
math errors19.7 Known Maximum Errors in Math Functions
mathematical constants19.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants
maximum20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions
maximum field width (scanf)12.14.2 Input Conversion Syntax
maximum limit22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
maximum possible integer20.1 Integers
measurements of floating typesA.5.3 Floating Type Macros
memory allocation3. Virtual Memory Allocation And Paging
memory lock3.4 Locking Pages
memory mapped file3.1 Process Memory Concepts
memory mapped I/O3.1 Process Memory Concepts
memory page22.4.1 Overview about traditional Unix memory handling
merging of signals24.4.5 Signals Close Together Merge into One
MIN termios slot17.4.10 Noncanonical Input
minimum20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions
minimum field width (printf)12.12.2 Output Conversion Syntax
minimum possible integer20.1 Integers
mixing descriptors and streams13.5 Dangers of Mixing Streams and Descriptors
modem disconnect17.4.6 Control Modes
modem status lines17.4.6 Control Modes
monetary value formatting7.6.1 localeconv: It is portable but …
multi-threaded application12.5 Streams and Threads
multibyte character6.1 Introduction to Extended Characters
multibyte character string5.1 Representation of Strings
multibyte string5.1 Representation of Strings
multiple names for one file14.4 Hard Links
multiplexing input13.8 Waiting for Input or Output
multiply-add20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions
+
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+
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+

G. GNU Lesser General Public License

+ +

Version 2.1, February 1999 +

+
 
Copyright © 1991, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+59 Temple Place -- Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
+
+Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+[This is the first released version of the Lesser GPL.  It also counts
+as the successor of the GNU Library Public License, version 2, hence the
+version number 2.1.]
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+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

G.0.1 Preamble

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  16. +BECAUSE THE LIBRARY IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO +WARRANTY FOR THE LIBRARY, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. +EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR +OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE LIBRARY “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY +KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR +PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE +LIBRARY IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE LIBRARY PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME +THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. + +
  17. +IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN +WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY +AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE LIBRARY AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU +FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR +CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE +LIBRARY (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING +RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A +FAILURE OF THE LIBRARY TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER SOFTWARE), EVEN IF +SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGES. +
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

G.0.2 How to Apply These Terms to Your New Libraries

+ +

If you develop a new library, and you want it to be of the greatest +possible use to the public, we recommend making it free software that +everyone can redistribute and change. You can do so by permitting +redistribution under these terms (or, alternatively, under the terms of the +ordinary General Public License). +

+

To apply these terms, attach the following notices to the library. It is +safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively +convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the +“copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. +

+
 
one line to give the library's name and an idea of what it does.
+Copyright (C) year  name of author
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at
+your option) any later version.
+
+This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307,
+USA.
+
+ +

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. +

+

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your +school, if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the library, if +necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: +

+
 
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the library
+`Frob' (a library for tweaking knobs) written by James Random Hacker.
+
+signature of Ty Coon, 1 April 1990
+Ty Coon, President of Vice
+
+ +

That's all there is to it! +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_4.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_4.html @@ -0,0 +1,974 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 4. Character Handling + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

4. Character Handling

+ +

Programs that work with characters and strings often need to classify a +character—is it alphabetic, is it a digit, is it whitespace, and so +on—and perform case conversion operations on characters. The +functions in the header file ‘ctype.h’ are provided for this +purpose. + +

+

Since the choice of locale and character set can alter the +classifications of particular character codes, all of these functions +are affected by the current locale. (More precisely, they are affected +by the locale currently selected for character classification—the +LC_CTYPE category; see Categories of Activities that Locales Affect.) +

+

The ISO C standard specifies two different sets of functions. The +one set works on char type characters, the other one on +wchar_t wide characters (see section Introduction to Extended Characters). +

+ + + + + + +
4.1 Classification of Characters   Testing whether characters are + letters, digits, punctuation, etc. +
+
4.2 Case Conversion   Case mapping, and the like. +
4.3 Character class determination for wide characters  
4.4 Notes on using the wide character classes  
4.5 Mapping of wide characters.  
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

4.1 Classification of Characters

+ +

This section explains the library functions for classifying characters. +For example, isalpha is the function to test for an alphabetic +character. It takes one argument, the character to test, and returns a +nonzero integer if the character is alphabetic, and zero otherwise. You +would use it like this: +

+
 
if (isalpha (c))
+  printf ("The character `%c' is alphabetic.\n", c);
+
+ +

Each of the functions in this section tests for membership in a +particular class of characters; each has a name starting with ‘is’. +Each of them takes one argument, which is a character to test, and +returns an int which is treated as a boolean value. The +character argument is passed as an int, and it may be the +constant value EOF instead of a real character. +

+

The attributes of any given character can vary between locales. +See section Locales and Internationalization, for more information on locales. +

+

These functions are declared in the header file ‘ctype.h’. + +

+ +
+
Function: int islower (int c) + +
+

Returns true if c is a lower-case letter. The letter need not be +from the Latin alphabet, any alphabet representable is valid. +

+ + +
+
Function: int isupper (int c) + +
+

Returns true if c is an upper-case letter. The letter need not be +from the Latin alphabet, any alphabet representable is valid. +

+ + +
+
Function: int isalpha (int c) + +
+

Returns true if c is an alphabetic character (a letter). If +islower or isupper is true of a character, then +isalpha is also true. +

+

In some locales, there may be additional characters for which +isalpha is true—letters which are neither upper case nor lower +case. But in the standard "C" locale, there are no such +additional characters. +

+ + + +
+
Function: int isdigit (int c) + +
+

Returns true if c is a decimal digit (‘0’ through ‘9’). +

+ + +
+
Function: int isalnum (int c) + +
+

Returns true if c is an alphanumeric character (a letter or +number); in other words, if either isalpha or isdigit is +true of a character, then isalnum is also true. +

+ + +
+
Function: int isxdigit (int c) + +
+

Returns true if c is a hexadecimal digit. +Hexadecimal digits include the normal decimal digits ‘0’ through +‘9’ and the letters ‘A’ through ‘F’ and +‘a’ through ‘f’. +

+ + +
+
Function: int ispunct (int c) + +
+

Returns true if c is a punctuation character. +This means any printing character that is not alphanumeric or a space +character. +

+ + +
+
Function: int isspace (int c) + +
+

Returns true if c is a whitespace character. In the standard +"C" locale, isspace returns true for only the standard +whitespace characters: +

+
+
' '
+

space +

+
+
'\f'
+

formfeed +

+
+
'\n'
+

newline +

+
+
'\r'
+

carriage return +

+
+
'\t'
+

horizontal tab +

+
+
'\v'
+

vertical tab +

+
+
+ + +
+
Function: int isblank (int c) + +
+

Returns true if c is a blank character; that is, a space or a tab. +This function was originally a GNU extension, but was added in ISO C99. +

+ + +
+
Function: int isgraph (int c) + +
+

Returns true if c is a graphic character; that is, a character +that has a glyph associated with it. The whitespace characters are not +considered graphic. +

+ + +
+
Function: int isprint (int c) + +
+

Returns true if c is a printing character. Printing characters +include all the graphic characters, plus the space (‘ ’) character. +

+ + +
+
Function: int iscntrl (int c) + +
+

Returns true if c is a control character (that is, a character that +is not a printing character). +

+ + +
+
Function: int isascii (int c) + +
+

Returns true if c is a 7-bit unsigned char value that fits +into the US/UK ASCII character set. This function is a BSD extension +and is also an SVID extension. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

4.2 Case Conversion

+ +

This section explains the library functions for performing conversions +such as case mappings on characters. For example, toupper +converts any character to upper case if possible. If the character +can't be converted, toupper returns it unchanged. +

+

These functions take one argument of type int, which is the +character to convert, and return the converted character as an +int. If the conversion is not applicable to the argument given, +the argument is returned unchanged. +

+

Compatibility Note: In pre-ISO C dialects, instead of +returning the argument unchanged, these functions may fail when the +argument is not suitable for the conversion. Thus for portability, you +may need to write islower(c) ? toupper(c) : c rather than just +toupper(c). +

+

These functions are declared in the header file ‘ctype.h’. + +

+
+
Function: int tolower (int c) + +
+

If c is an upper-case letter, tolower returns the corresponding +lower-case letter. If c is not an upper-case letter, +c is returned unchanged. +

+ +
+
Function: int toupper (int c) + +
+

If c is a lower-case letter, toupper returns the corresponding +upper-case letter. Otherwise c is returned unchanged. +

+ +
+
Function: int toascii (int c) + +
+

This function converts c to a 7-bit unsigned char value +that fits into the US/UK ASCII character set, by clearing the high-order +bits. This function is a BSD extension and is also an SVID extension. +

+ +
+
Function: int _tolower (int c) + +
+

This is identical to tolower, and is provided for compatibility +with the SVID. See section SVID (The System V Interface Description). +

+ +
+
Function: int _toupper (int c) + +
+

This is identical to toupper, and is provided for compatibility +with the SVID. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

4.3 Character class determination for wide characters

+ +

Amendment 1 to ISO C90 defines functions to classify wide +characters. Although the original ISO C90 standard already defined +the type wchar_t, no functions operating on them were defined. +

+

The general design of the classification functions for wide characters +is more general. It allows extensions to the set of available +classifications, beyond those which are always available. The POSIX +standard specifies how extensions can be made, and this is already +implemented in the GNU C library implementation of the localedef +program. +

+

The character class functions are normally implemented with bitsets, +with a bitset per character. For a given character, the appropriate +bitset is read from a table and a test is performed as to whether a +certain bit is set. Which bit is tested for is determined by the +class. +

+

For the wide character classification functions this is made visible. +There is a type classification type defined, a function to retrieve this +value for a given class, and a function to test whether a given +character is in this class, using the classification value. On top of +this the normal character classification functions as used for +char objects can be defined. +

+
+
Data type: wctype_t + +
+

The wctype_t can hold a value which represents a character class. +The only defined way to generate such a value is by using the +wctype function. +

+ +

This type is defined in ‘wctype.h’. +

+ +
+
Function: wctype_t wctype (const char *property) + +
+

The wctype returns a value representing a class of wide +characters which is identified by the string property. Beside +some standard properties each locale can define its own ones. In case +no property with the given name is known for the current locale +selected for the LC_CTYPE category, the function returns zero. +

+

The properties known in every locale are: +

+ + + + +
+

"alnum"

"alpha"

"cntrl"

"digit" +

+

"graph"

"lower"

"print"

"punct" +

+

"space"

"upper"

"xdigit" +

+ + +

This function is declared in ‘wctype.h’. +

+ +

To test the membership of a character to one of the non-standard classes +the ISO C standard defines a completely new function. +

+
+
Function: int iswctype (wint_t wc, wctype_t desc) + +
+

This function returns a nonzero value if wc is in the character +class specified by desc. desc must previously be returned +by a successful call to wctype. +

+ +

This function is declared in ‘wctype.h’. +

+ +

To make it easier to use the commonly-used classification functions, +they are defined in the C library. There is no need to use +wctype if the property string is one of the known character +classes. In some situations it is desirable to construct the property +strings, and then it is important that wctype can also handle the +standard classes. +

+ +
+
Function: int iswalnum (wint_t wc) + +
+

This function returns a nonzero value if wc is an alphanumeric +character (a letter or number); in other words, if either iswalpha +or iswdigit is true of a character, then iswalnum is also +true. +

+

This function can be implemented using +

+
 
iswctype (wc, wctype ("alnum"))
+
+ + +

It is declared in ‘wctype.h’. +

+ + +
+
Function: int iswalpha (wint_t wc) + +
+

Returns true if wc is an alphabetic character (a letter). If +iswlower or iswupper is true of a character, then +iswalpha is also true. +

+

In some locales, there may be additional characters for which +iswalpha is true—letters which are neither upper case nor lower +case. But in the standard "C" locale, there are no such +additional characters. +

+

This function can be implemented using +

+
 
iswctype (wc, wctype ("alpha"))
+
+ + +

It is declared in ‘wctype.h’. +

+ + +
+
Function: int iswcntrl (wint_t wc) + +
+

Returns true if wc is a control character (that is, a character that +is not a printing character). +

+

This function can be implemented using +

+
 
iswctype (wc, wctype ("cntrl"))
+
+ + +

It is declared in ‘wctype.h’. +

+ + +
+
Function: int iswdigit (wint_t wc) + +
+

Returns true if wc is a digit (e.g., ‘0’ through ‘9’). +Please note that this function does not only return a nonzero value for +decimal digits, but for all kinds of digits. A consequence is +that code like the following will not work unconditionally for +wide characters: +

+
 
n = 0;
+while (iswdigit (*wc))
+  {
+    n *= 10;
+    n += *wc++ - L'0';
+  }
+
+ +

This function can be implemented using +

+
 
iswctype (wc, wctype ("digit"))
+
+ + +

It is declared in ‘wctype.h’. +

+ + +
+
Function: int iswgraph (wint_t wc) + +
+

Returns true if wc is a graphic character; that is, a character +that has a glyph associated with it. The whitespace characters are not +considered graphic. +

+

This function can be implemented using +

+
 
iswctype (wc, wctype ("graph"))
+
+ + +

It is declared in ‘wctype.h’. +

+ + +
+
Function: int iswlower (wint_t wc) + +
+

Returns true if wc is a lower-case letter. The letter need not be +from the Latin alphabet, any alphabet representable is valid. +

+

This function can be implemented using +

+
 
iswctype (wc, wctype ("lower"))
+
+ + +

It is declared in ‘wctype.h’. +

+ + +
+
Function: int iswprint (wint_t wc) + +
+

Returns true if wc is a printing character. Printing characters +include all the graphic characters, plus the space (‘ ’) character. +

+

This function can be implemented using +

+
 
iswctype (wc, wctype ("print"))
+
+ + +

It is declared in ‘wctype.h’. +

+ + +
+
Function: int iswpunct (wint_t wc) + +
+

Returns true if wc is a punctuation character. +This means any printing character that is not alphanumeric or a space +character. +

+

This function can be implemented using +

+
 
iswctype (wc, wctype ("punct"))
+
+ + +

It is declared in ‘wctype.h’. +

+ + +
+
Function: int iswspace (wint_t wc) + +
+

Returns true if wc is a whitespace character. In the standard +"C" locale, iswspace returns true for only the standard +whitespace characters: +

+
+
L' '
+

space +

+
+
L'\f'
+

formfeed +

+
+
L'\n'
+

newline +

+
+
L'\r'
+

carriage return +

+
+
L'\t'
+

horizontal tab +

+
+
L'\v'
+

vertical tab +

+
+ +

This function can be implemented using +

+
 
iswctype (wc, wctype ("space"))
+
+ + +

It is declared in ‘wctype.h’. +

+ + +
+
Function: int iswupper (wint_t wc) + +
+

Returns true if wc is an upper-case letter. The letter need not be +from the Latin alphabet, any alphabet representable is valid. +

+

This function can be implemented using +

+
 
iswctype (wc, wctype ("upper"))
+
+ + +

It is declared in ‘wctype.h’. +

+ + +
+
Function: int iswxdigit (wint_t wc) + +
+

Returns true if wc is a hexadecimal digit. +Hexadecimal digits include the normal decimal digits ‘0’ through +‘9’ and the letters ‘A’ through ‘F’ and +‘a’ through ‘f’. +

+

This function can be implemented using +

+
 
iswctype (wc, wctype ("xdigit"))
+
+ + +

It is declared in ‘wctype.h’. +

+ +

The GNU C library also provides a function which is not defined in the +ISO C standard but which is available as a version for single byte +characters as well. +

+ +
+
Function: int iswblank (wint_t wc) + +
+

Returns true if wc is a blank character; that is, a space or a tab. +This function was originally a GNU extension, but was added in ISO C99. +It is declared in ‘wchar.h’. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

4.4 Notes on using the wide character classes

+ +

The first note is probably not astonishing but still occasionally a +cause of problems. The iswXXX functions can be implemented +using macros and in fact, the GNU C library does this. They are still +available as real functions but when the ‘wctype.h’ header is +included the macros will be used. This is the same as the +char type versions of these functions. +

+

The second note covers something new. It can be best illustrated by a +(real-world) example. The first piece of code is an excerpt from the +original code. It is truncated a bit but the intention should be clear. +

+
 
int
+is_in_class (int c, const char *class)
+{
+  if (strcmp (class, "alnum") == 0)
+    return isalnum (c);
+  if (strcmp (class, "alpha") == 0)
+    return isalpha (c);
+  if (strcmp (class, "cntrl") == 0)
+    return iscntrl (c);
+  …
+  return 0;
+}
+
+ +

Now, with the wctype and iswctype you can avoid the +if cascades, but rewriting the code as follows is wrong: +

+
 
int
+is_in_class (int c, const char *class)
+{
+  wctype_t desc = wctype (class);
+  return desc ? iswctype ((wint_t) c, desc) : 0;
+}
+
+ +

The problem is that it is not guaranteed that the wide character +representation of a single-byte character can be found using casting. +In fact, usually this fails miserably. The correct solution to this +problem is to write the code as follows: +

+
 
int
+is_in_class (int c, const char *class)
+{
+  wctype_t desc = wctype (class);
+  return desc ? iswctype (btowc (c), desc) : 0;
+}
+
+ +

See section Converting Single Characters, for more information on btowc. +Note that this change probably does not improve the performance +of the program a lot since the wctype function still has to make +the string comparisons. It gets really interesting if the +is_in_class function is called more than once for the +same class name. In this case the variable desc could be computed +once and reused for all the calls. Therefore the above form of the +function is probably not the final one. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

4.5 Mapping of wide characters.

+ +

The classification functions are also generalized by the ISO C +standard. Instead of just allowing the two standard mappings, a +locale can contain others. Again, the localedef program +already supports generating such locale data files. +

+
+
Data Type: wctrans_t + +
+

This data type is defined as a scalar type which can hold a value +representing the locale-dependent character mapping. There is no way to +construct such a value apart from using the return value of the +wctrans function. +

+ +

This type is defined in ‘wctype.h’. +

+ +
+
Function: wctrans_t wctrans (const char *property) + +
+

The wctrans function has to be used to find out whether a named +mapping is defined in the current locale selected for the +LC_CTYPE category. If the returned value is non-zero, you can use +it afterwards in calls to towctrans. If the return value is +zero no such mapping is known in the current locale. +

+

Beside locale-specific mappings there are two mappings which are +guaranteed to be available in every locale: +

+ + +
+

"tolower"

"toupper" +

+ + +

These functions are declared in ‘wctype.h’. +

+ +
+
Function: wint_t towctrans (wint_t wc, wctrans_t desc) + +
+

towctrans maps the input character wc +according to the rules of the mapping for which desc is a +descriptor, and returns the value it finds. desc must be +obtained by a successful call to wctrans. +

+ +

This function is declared in ‘wctype.h’. +

+ +

For the generally available mappings, the ISO C standard defines +convenient shortcuts so that it is not necessary to call wctrans +for them. +

+
+
Function: wint_t towlower (wint_t wc) + +
+

If wc is an upper-case letter, towlower returns the corresponding +lower-case letter. If wc is not an upper-case letter, +wc is returned unchanged. +

+

towlower can be implemented using +

+
 
towctrans (wc, wctrans ("tolower"))
+
+ + +

This function is declared in ‘wctype.h’. +

+ +
+
Function: wint_t towupper (wint_t wc) + +
+

If wc is a lower-case letter, towupper returns the corresponding +upper-case letter. Otherwise wc is returned unchanged. +

+

towupper can be implemented using +

+
 
towctrans (wc, wctrans ("toupper"))
+
+ + +

This function is declared in ‘wctype.h’. +

+ +

The same warnings given in the last section for the use of the wide +character classification functions apply here. It is not possible to +simply cast a char type value to a wint_t and use it as an +argument to towctrans calls. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
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+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_abt.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_abt.html @@ -0,0 +1,189 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: About This Document + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_33.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_33.html @@ -0,0 +1,267 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 33. Debugging support + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

33. Debugging support

+ +

Applications are usually debugged using dedicated debugger programs. +But sometimes this is not possible and, in any case, it is useful to +provide the developer with as much information as possible at the time +the problems are experienced. For this reason a few functions are +provided which a program can use to help the developer more easily +locate the problem. +

+ + + +
33.1 Backtraces   Obtaining and printing a back trace of the + current stack. +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

33.1 Backtraces

+ +

A backtrace is a list of the function calls that are currently +active in a thread. The usual way to inspect a backtrace of a program +is to use an external debugger such as gdb. However, sometimes it is +useful to obtain a backtrace programmatically from within a program, +e.g., for the purposes of logging or diagnostics. +

+

The header file ‘execinfo.h’ declares three functions that obtain +and manipulate backtraces of the current thread. + +

+
+
Function: int backtrace (void **buffer, int size) + +
+

The backtrace function obtains a backtrace for the current +thread, as a list of pointers, and places the information into +buffer. The argument size should be the number of +void * elements that will fit into buffer. The return +value is the actual number of entries of buffer that are obtained, +and is at most size. +

+

The pointers placed in buffer are actually return addresses +obtained by inspecting the stack, one return address per stack frame. +

+

Note that certain compiler optimizations may interfere with obtaining a +valid backtrace. Function inlining causes the inlined function to not +have a stack frame; tail call optimization replaces one stack frame with +another; frame pointer elimination will stop backtrace from +interpreting the stack contents correctly. +

+ +
+
Function: char ** backtrace_symbols (void *const *buffer, int size) + +
+

The backtrace_symbols function translates the information +obtained from the backtrace function into an array of strings. +The argument buffer should be a pointer to an array of addresses +obtained via the backtrace function, and size is the number +of entries in that array (the return value of backtrace). +

+

The return value is a pointer to an array of strings, which has +size entries just like the array buffer. Each string +contains a printable representation of the corresponding element of +buffer. It includes the function name (if this can be +determined), an offset into the function, and the actual return address +(in hexadecimal). +

+

Currently, the function name and offset only be obtained on systems that +use the ELF binary format for programs and libraries. On other systems, +only the hexadecimal return address will be present. Also, you may need +to pass additional flags to the linker to make the function names +available to the program. (For example, on systems using GNU ld, you +must pass (-rdynamic.) +

+

The return value of backtrace_symbols is a pointer obtained via +the malloc function, and it is the responsibility of the caller +to free that pointer. Note that only the return value need be +freed, not the individual strings. +

+

The return value is NULL if sufficient memory for the strings +cannot be obtained. +

+ +
+
Function: void backtrace_symbols_fd (void *const *buffer, int size, int fd) + +
+

The backtrace_symbols_fd function performs the same translation +as the function backtrace_symbols function. Instead of returning +the strings to the caller, it writes the strings to the file descriptor +fd, one per line. It does not use the malloc function, and +can therefore be used in situations where that function might fail. +

+ +

The following program illustrates the use of these functions. Note that +the array to contain the return addresses returned by backtrace +is allocated on the stack. Therefore code like this can be used in +situations where the memory handling via malloc does not work +anymore (in which case the backtrace_symbols has to be replaced +by a backtrace_symbols_fd call as well). The number of return +addresses is normally not very large. Even complicated programs rather +seldom have a nesting level of more than, say, 50 and with 200 possible +entries probably all programs should be covered. +

+
 
#include <execinfo.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+/* Obtain a backtrace and print it to stdout. */
+void
+print_trace (void)
+{
+  void *array[10];
+  size_t size;
+  char **strings;
+  size_t i;
+
+  size = backtrace (array, 10);
+  strings = backtrace_symbols (array, size);
+
+  printf ("Obtained %zd stack frames.\n", size);
+
+  for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
+     printf ("%s\n", strings[i]);
+
+  free (strings);
+}
+
+/* A dummy function to make the backtrace more interesting. */
+void
+dummy_function (void)
+{
+  print_trace ();
+}
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  dummy_function ();
+  return 0;
+}
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_21.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_21.html @@ -0,0 +1,3217 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 21. Date and Time + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

21. Date and Time

+ +

This chapter describes functions for manipulating dates and times, +including functions for determining what time it is and conversion +between different time representations. +

+ + + + + + + +
21.1 Time Basics   Concepts and definitions. +
21.2 Elapsed Time   Data types to represent elapsed times +
21.3 Processor And CPU Time   Time a program has spent executing. +
21.4 Calendar Time   Manipulation of “real” dates and times. +
21.5 Setting an Alarm   Sending a signal after a specified time. +
21.6 Sleeping   Waiting for a period of time. +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

21.1 Time Basics

+ +

Discussing time in a technical manual can be difficult because the word +“time” in English refers to lots of different things. In this manual, +we use a rigorous terminology to avoid confusion, and the only thing we +use the simple word “time” for is to talk about the abstract concept. +

+

A calendar time is a point in the time continuum, for example +November 4, 1990 at 18:02.5 UTC. Sometimes this is called “absolute +time”. + +

+

We don't speak of a “date”, because that is inherent in a calendar +time. + +

+

An interval is a contiguous part of the time continuum between two +calendar times, for example the hour between 9:00 and 10:00 on July 4, +1980. + +

+

An elapsed time is the length of an interval, for example, 35 +minutes. People sometimes sloppily use the word “interval” to refer +to the elapsed time of some interval. + + +

+

An amount of time is a sum of elapsed times, which need not be of +any specific intervals. For example, the amount of time it takes to +read a book might be 9 hours, independently of when and in how many +sittings it is read. +

+

A period is the elapsed time of an interval between two events, +especially when they are part of a sequence of regularly repeating +events. + +

+

CPU time is like calendar time, except that it is based on the +subset of the time continuum when a particular process is actively +using a CPU. CPU time is, therefore, relative to a process. + +

+

Processor time is an amount of time that a CPU is in use. In +fact, it's a basic system resource, since there's a limit to how much +can exist in any given interval (that limit is the elapsed time of the +interval times the number of CPUs in the processor). People often call +this CPU time, but we reserve the latter term in this manual for the +definition above. + +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

21.2 Elapsed Time

+ +

One way to represent an elapsed time is with a simple arithmetic data +type, as with the following function to compute the elapsed time between +two calendar times. This function is declared in ‘time.h’. +

+
+
Function: double difftime (time_t time1, time_t time0) + +
+

The difftime function returns the number of seconds of elapsed +time between calendar time time1 and calendar time time0, as +a value of type double. The difference ignores leap seconds +unless leap second support is enabled. +

+

In the GNU system, you can simply subtract time_t values. But on +other systems, the time_t data type might use some other encoding +where subtraction doesn't work directly. +

+ +

The GNU C library provides two data types specifically for representing +an elapsed time. They are used by various GNU C library functions, and +you can use them for your own purposes too. They're exactly the same +except that one has a resolution in microseconds, and the other, newer +one, is in nanoseconds. +

+
+
Data Type: struct timeval + +
+
+

The struct timeval structure represents an elapsed time. It is +declared in ‘sys/time.h’ and has the following members: +

+
+
long int tv_sec
+

This represents the number of whole seconds of elapsed time. +

+
+
long int tv_usec
+

This is the rest of the elapsed time (a fraction of a second), +represented as the number of microseconds. It is always less than one +million. +

+
+
+
+ +
+
Data Type: struct timespec + +
+
+

The struct timespec structure represents an elapsed time. It is +declared in ‘time.h’ and has the following members: +

+
+
long int tv_sec
+

This represents the number of whole seconds of elapsed time. +

+
+
long int tv_nsec
+

This is the rest of the elapsed time (a fraction of a second), +represented as the number of nanoseconds. It is always less than one +billion. +

+
+
+
+ +

It is often necessary to subtract two values of type struct +timeval or struct timespec. Here is the best way to do +this. It works even on some peculiar operating systems where the +tv_sec member has an unsigned type. +

+
 
/* Subtract the `struct timeval' values X and Y,
+   storing the result in RESULT.
+   Return 1 if the difference is negative, otherwise 0.  */
+
+int
+timeval_subtract (result, x, y)
+     struct timeval *result, *x, *y;
+{
+  /* Perform the carry for the later subtraction by updating y. */
+  if (x->tv_usec < y->tv_usec) {
+    int nsec = (y->tv_usec - x->tv_usec) / 1000000 + 1;
+    y->tv_usec -= 1000000 * nsec;
+    y->tv_sec += nsec;
+  }
+  if (x->tv_usec - y->tv_usec > 1000000) {
+    int nsec = (x->tv_usec - y->tv_usec) / 1000000;
+    y->tv_usec += 1000000 * nsec;
+    y->tv_sec -= nsec;
+  }
+
+  /* Compute the time remaining to wait.
+     tv_usec is certainly positive. */
+  result->tv_sec = x->tv_sec - y->tv_sec;
+  result->tv_usec = x->tv_usec - y->tv_usec;
+
+  /* Return 1 if result is negative. */
+  return x->tv_sec < y->tv_sec;
+}
+
+ +

Common functions that use struct timeval are gettimeofday +and settimeofday. +

+ +

There are no GNU C library functions specifically oriented toward +dealing with elapsed times, but the calendar time, processor time, and +alarm and sleeping functions have a lot to do with them. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

21.3 Processor And CPU Time

+ +

If you're trying to optimize your program or measure its efficiency, +it's very useful to know how much processor time it uses. For that, +calendar time and elapsed times are useless because a process may spend +time waiting for I/O or for other processes to use the CPU. However, +you can get the information with the functions in this section. +

+

CPU time (see section Time Basics) is represented by the data type +clock_t, which is a number of clock ticks. It gives the +total amount of time a process has actively used a CPU since some +arbitrary event. On the GNU system, that event is the creation of the +process. While arbitrary in general, the event is always the same event +for any particular process, so you can always measure how much time on +the CPU a particular computation takes by examining the process' CPU +time before and after the computation. + + + +

+

In the GNU system, clock_t is equivalent to long int and +CLOCKS_PER_SEC is an integer value. But in other systems, both +clock_t and the macro CLOCKS_PER_SEC can be either integer +or floating-point types. Casting CPU time values to double, as +in the example above, makes sure that operations such as arithmetic and +printing work properly and consistently no matter what the underlying +representation is. +

+

Note that the clock can wrap around. On a 32bit system with +CLOCKS_PER_SEC set to one million this function will return the +same value approximately every 72 minutes. +

+

For additional functions to examine a process' use of processor time, +and to control it, see Resource Usage And Limitation. +

+ + + + +
21.3.1 CPU Time Inquiry   The clock function. +
21.3.2 Processor Time Inquiry   The times function. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

21.3.1 CPU Time Inquiry

+ +

To get a process' CPU time, you can use the clock function. This +facility is declared in the header file ‘time.h’. + +

+

In typical usage, you call the clock function at the beginning +and end of the interval you want to time, subtract the values, and then +divide by CLOCKS_PER_SEC (the number of clock ticks per second) +to get processor time, like this: +

+
 
#include <time.h>
+
+clock_t start, end;
+double cpu_time_used;
+
+start = clock();
+… /* Do the work. */
+end = clock();
+cpu_time_used = ((double) (end - start)) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
+
+ +

Do not use a single CPU time as an amount of time; it doesn't work that +way. Either do a subtraction as shown above or query processor time +directly. See section Processor Time Inquiry. +

+

Different computers and operating systems vary wildly in how they keep +track of CPU time. It's common for the internal processor clock +to have a resolution somewhere between a hundredth and millionth of a +second. +

+
+
Macro: int CLOCKS_PER_SEC + +
+

The value of this macro is the number of clock ticks per second measured +by the clock function. POSIX requires that this value be one +million independent of the actual resolution. +

+ +
+
Macro: int CLK_TCK + +
+

This is an obsolete name for CLOCKS_PER_SEC. +

+ +
+
Data Type: clock_t + +
+

This is the type of the value returned by the clock function. +Values of type clock_t are numbers of clock ticks. +

+ +
+
Function: clock_t clock (void) + +
+

This function returns the calling process' current CPU time. If the CPU +time is not available or cannot be represented, clock returns the +value (clock_t)(-1). +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

21.3.2 Processor Time Inquiry

+ +

The times function returns information about a process' +consumption of processor time in a struct tms object, in +addition to the process' CPU time. See section Time Basics. You should +include the header file ‘sys/times.h’ to use this facility. + + + +

+
+
Data Type: struct tms + +
+

The tms structure is used to return information about process +times. It contains at least the following members: +

+
+
clock_t tms_utime
+

This is the total processor time the calling process has used in +executing the instructions of its program. +

+
+
clock_t tms_stime
+

This is the processor time the system has used on behalf of the calling +process. +

+
+
clock_t tms_cutime
+

This is the sum of the tms_utime values and the tms_cutime +values of all terminated child processes of the calling process, whose +status has been reported to the parent process by wait or +waitpid; see Process Completion. In other words, it +represents the total processor time used in executing the instructions +of all the terminated child processes of the calling process, excluding +child processes which have not yet been reported by wait or +waitpid. + +

+
+
clock_t tms_cstime
+

This is similar to tms_cutime, but represents the total processor +time system has used on behalf of all the terminated child processes +of the calling process. +

+
+ +

All of the times are given in numbers of clock ticks. Unlike CPU time, +these are the actual amounts of time; not relative to any event. +See section Creating a Process. +

+ +
+
Function: clock_t times (struct tms *buffer) + +
+

The times function stores the processor time information for +the calling process in buffer. +

+

The return value is the calling process' CPU time (the same value you +get from clock(). times returns (clock_t)(-1) to +indicate failure. +

+ +

Portability Note: The clock function described in +CPU Time Inquiry is specified by the ISO C standard. The +times function is a feature of POSIX.1. In the GNU system, the +CPU time is defined to be equivalent to the sum of the tms_utime +and tms_stime fields returned by times. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

21.4 Calendar Time

+ +

This section describes facilities for keeping track of calendar time. +See section Time Basics. +

+

The GNU C library represents calendar time three ways: +

+
    +
  • +Simple time (the time_t data type) is a compact +representation, typically giving the number of seconds of elapsed time +since some implementation-specific base time. + + +
  • +There is also a "high-resolution time" representation. Like simple +time, this represents a calendar time as an elapsed time since a base +time, but instead of measuring in whole seconds, it uses a struct +timeval data type, which includes fractions of a second. Use this time +representation instead of simple time when you need greater precision. + + +
  • +Local time or broken-down time (the struct tm data +type) represents a calendar time as a set of components specifying the +year, month, and so on in the Gregorian calendar, for a specific time +zone. This calendar time representation is usually used only to +communicate with people. + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
21.4.1 Simple Calendar Time   Facilities for manipulating calendar time. +
21.4.2 High-Resolution Calendar   A time representation with greater precision. +
21.4.3 Broken-down Time   Facilities for manipulating local time. +
21.4.4 High Accuracy Clock   Maintaining a high accuracy system clock. +
21.4.5 Formatting Calendar Time   Converting times to strings. +
21.4.6 Convert textual time and date information back   Convert textual time and date information back + into broken-down time values. +
21.4.7 Specifying the Time Zone with TZ   How users specify the time zone. +
21.4.8 Functions and Variables for Time Zones   Functions to examine or specify the time zone. +
21.4.9 Time Functions Example   An example program showing use of some of + the time functions. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

21.4.1 Simple Calendar Time

+ +

This section describes the time_t data type for representing calendar +time as simple time, and the functions which operate on simple time objects. +These facilities are declared in the header file ‘time.h’. + +

+ +
+
Data Type: time_t + +
+

This is the data type used to represent simple time. Sometimes, it also +represents an elapsed time. When interpreted as a calendar time value, +it represents the number of seconds elapsed since 00:00:00 on January 1, +1970, Coordinated Universal Time. (This calendar time is sometimes +referred to as the epoch.) POSIX requires that this count not +include leap seconds, but on some systems this count includes leap seconds +if you set TZ to certain values (see section Specifying the Time Zone with TZ). +

+

Note that a simple time has no concept of local time zone. Calendar +Time T is the same instant in time regardless of where on the +globe the computer is. +

+

In the GNU C library, time_t is equivalent to long int. +In other systems, time_t might be either an integer or +floating-point type. +

+ +

The function difftime tells you the elapsed time between two +simple calendar times, which is not always as easy to compute as just +subtracting. See section Elapsed Time. +

+
+
Function: time_t time (time_t *result) + +
+

The time function returns the current calendar time as a value of +type time_t. If the argument result is not a null pointer, +the calendar time value is also stored in *result. If the +current calendar time is not available, the value +(time_t)(-1) is returned. +

+ +
+
Function: int stime (time_t *newtime) + +
+

stime sets the system clock, i.e., it tells the system that the +current calendar time is newtime, where newtime is +interpreted as described in the above definition of time_t. +

+

settimeofday is a newer function which sets the system clock to +better than one second precision. settimeofday is generally a +better choice than stime. See section High-Resolution Calendar. +

+

Only the superuser can set the system clock. +

+

If the function succeeds, the return value is zero. Otherwise, it is +-1 and errno is set accordingly: +

+
+
EPERM
+

The process is not superuser. +

+
+
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

21.4.2 High-Resolution Calendar

+ +

The time_t data type used to represent simple times has a +resolution of only one second. Some applications need more precision. +

+

So, the GNU C library also contains functions which are capable of +representing calendar times to a higher resolution than one second. The +functions and the associated data types described in this section are +declared in ‘sys/time.h’. + +

+
+
Data Type: struct timezone + +
+

The struct timezone structure is used to hold minimal information +about the local time zone. It has the following members: +

+
+
int tz_minuteswest
+

This is the number of minutes west of UTC. +

+
+
int tz_dsttime
+

If nonzero, Daylight Saving Time applies during some part of the year. +

+
+ +

The struct timezone type is obsolete and should never be used. +Instead, use the facilities described in Functions and Variables for Time Zones. +

+ +
+
Function: int gettimeofday (struct timeval *tp, struct timezone *tzp) + +
+

The gettimeofday function returns the current calendar time as +the elapsed time since the epoch in the struct timeval structure +indicated by tp. (see section Elapsed Time for a description of +struct timeval). Information about the time zone is returned in +the structure pointed at tzp. If the tzp argument is a null +pointer, time zone information is ignored. +

+

The return value is 0 on success and -1 on failure. The +following errno error condition is defined for this function: +

+
+
ENOSYS
+

The operating system does not support getting time zone information, and +tzp is not a null pointer. The GNU operating system does not +support using struct timezone to represent time zone +information; that is an obsolete feature of 4.3 BSD. +Instead, use the facilities described in Functions and Variables for Time Zones. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int settimeofday (const struct timeval *tp, const struct timezone *tzp) + +
+

The settimeofday function sets the current calendar time in the +system clock according to the arguments. As for gettimeofday, +the calendar time is represented as the elapsed time since the epoch. +As for gettimeofday, time zone information is ignored if +tzp is a null pointer. +

+

You must be a privileged user in order to use settimeofday. +

+

Some kernels automatically set the system clock from some source such as +a hardware clock when they start up. Others, including Linux, place the +system clock in an “invalid” state (in which attempts to read the clock +fail). A call of stime removes the system clock from an invalid +state, and system startup scripts typically run a program that calls +stime. +

+

settimeofday causes a sudden jump forwards or backwards, which +can cause a variety of problems in a system. Use adjtime (below) +to make a smooth transition from one time to another by temporarily +speeding up or slowing down the clock. +

+

With a Linux kernel, adjtimex does the same thing and can also +make permanent changes to the speed of the system clock so it doesn't +need to be corrected as often. +

+

The return value is 0 on success and -1 on failure. The +following errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EPERM
+

This process cannot set the clock because it is not privileged. +

+
+
ENOSYS
+

The operating system does not support setting time zone information, and +tzp is not a null pointer. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int adjtime (const struct timeval *delta, struct timeval *olddelta) + +
+

This function speeds up or slows down the system clock in order to make +a gradual adjustment. This ensures that the calendar time reported by +the system clock is always monotonically increasing, which might not +happen if you simply set the clock. +

+

The delta argument specifies a relative adjustment to be made to +the clock time. If negative, the system clock is slowed down for a +while until it has lost this much elapsed time. If positive, the system +clock is speeded up for a while. +

+

If the olddelta argument is not a null pointer, the adjtime +function returns information about any previous time adjustment that +has not yet completed. +

+

This function is typically used to synchronize the clocks of computers +in a local network. You must be a privileged user to use it. +

+

With a Linux kernel, you can use the adjtimex function to +permanently change the clock speed. +

+

The return value is 0 on success and -1 on failure. The +following errno error condition is defined for this function: +

+
+
EPERM
+

You do not have privilege to set the time. +

+
+
+ +

Portability Note: The gettimeofday, settimeofday, +and adjtime functions are derived from BSD. +

+ +

Symbols for the following function are declared in ‘sys/timex.h’. +

+
+
Function: int adjtimex (struct timex *timex) + +
+

adjtimex is functionally identical to ntp_adjtime. +See section High Accuracy Clock. +

+

This function is present only with a Linux kernel. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

21.4.3 Broken-down Time

+ +

Calendar time is represented by the usual GNU C library functions as an +elapsed time since a fixed base calendar time. This is convenient for +computation, but has no relation to the way people normally think of +calendar time. By contrast, broken-down time is a binary +representation of calendar time separated into year, month, day, and so +on. Broken-down time values are not useful for calculations, but they +are useful for printing human readable time information. +

+

A broken-down time value is always relative to a choice of time +zone, and it also indicates which time zone that is. +

+

The symbols in this section are declared in the header file ‘time.h’. +

+
+
Data Type: struct tm + +
+

This is the data type used to represent a broken-down time. The structure +contains at least the following members, which can appear in any order. +

+
+
int tm_sec
+

This is the number of full seconds since the top of the minute (normally +in the range 0 through 59, but the actual upper limit is +60, to allow for leap seconds if leap second support is +available). + +

+
+
int tm_min
+

This is the number of full minutes since the top of the hour (in the +range 0 through 59). +

+
+
int tm_hour
+

This is the number of full hours past midnight (in the range 0 through +23). +

+
+
int tm_mday
+

This is the ordinal day of the month (in the range 1 through 31). +Watch out for this one! As the only ordinal number in the structure, it is +inconsistent with the rest of the structure. +

+
+
int tm_mon
+

This is the number of full calendar months since the beginning of the +year (in the range 0 through 11). Watch out for this one! +People usually use ordinal numbers for month-of-year (where January = 1). +

+
+
int tm_year
+

This is the number of full calendar years since 1900. +

+
+
int tm_wday
+

This is the number of full days since Sunday (in the range 0 through +6). +

+
+
int tm_yday
+

This is the number of full days since the beginning of the year (in the +range 0 through 365). +

+
+
int tm_isdst
+
+ +

This is a flag that indicates whether Daylight Saving Time is (or was, or +will be) in effect at the time described. The value is positive if +Daylight Saving Time is in effect, zero if it is not, and negative if the +information is not available. +

+
+
long int tm_gmtoff
+

This field describes the time zone that was used to compute this +broken-down time value, including any adjustment for daylight saving; it +is the number of seconds that you must add to UTC to get local time. +You can also think of this as the number of seconds east of UTC. For +example, for U.S. Eastern Standard Time, the value is -5*60*60. +The tm_gmtoff field is derived from BSD and is a GNU library +extension; it is not visible in a strict ISO C environment. +

+
+
const char *tm_zone
+

This field is the name for the time zone that was used to compute this +broken-down time value. Like tm_gmtoff, this field is a BSD and +GNU extension, and is not visible in a strict ISO C environment. +

+
+
+ + +
+
Function: struct tm * localtime (const time_t *time) + +
+

The localtime function converts the simple time pointed to by +time to broken-down time representation, expressed relative to the +user's specified time zone. +

+

The return value is a pointer to a static broken-down time structure, which +might be overwritten by subsequent calls to ctime, gmtime, +or localtime. (But no other library function overwrites the contents +of this object.) +

+

The return value is the null pointer if time cannot be represented +as a broken-down time; typically this is because the year cannot fit into +an int. +

+

Calling localtime has one other effect: it sets the variable +tzname with information about the current time zone. See section Functions and Variables for Time Zones. +

+ +

Using the localtime function is a big problem in multi-threaded +programs. The result is returned in a static buffer and this is used in +all threads. POSIX.1c introduced a variant of this function. +

+
+
Function: struct tm * localtime_r (const time_t *time, struct tm *resultp) + +
+

The localtime_r function works just like the localtime +function. It takes a pointer to a variable containing a simple time +and converts it to the broken-down time format. +

+

But the result is not placed in a static buffer. Instead it is placed +in the object of type struct tm to which the parameter +resultp points. +

+

If the conversion is successful the function returns a pointer to the +object the result was written into, i.e., it returns resultp. +

+ + +
+
Function: struct tm * gmtime (const time_t *time) + +
+

This function is similar to localtime, except that the broken-down +time is expressed as Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) (formerly called +Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)) rather than relative to a local time zone. +

+
+ +

As for the localtime function we have the problem that the result +is placed in a static variable. POSIX.1c also provides a replacement for +gmtime. +

+
+
Function: struct tm * gmtime_r (const time_t *time, struct tm *resultp) + +
+

This function is similar to localtime_r, except that it converts +just like gmtime the given time as Coordinated Universal Time. +

+

If the conversion is successful the function returns a pointer to the +object the result was written into, i.e., it returns resultp. +

+ + +
+
Function: time_t mktime (struct tm *brokentime) + +
+

The mktime function is used to convert a broken-down time structure +to a simple time representation. It also “normalizes” the contents of +the broken-down time structure, by filling in the day of week and day of +year based on the other date and time components. +

+

The mktime function ignores the specified contents of the +tm_wday and tm_yday members of the broken-down time +structure. It uses the values of the other components to determine the +calendar time; it's permissible for these components to have +unnormalized values outside their normal ranges. The last thing that +mktime does is adjust the components of the brokentime +structure (including the tm_wday and tm_yday). +

+

If the specified broken-down time cannot be represented as a simple time, +mktime returns a value of (time_t)(-1) and does not modify +the contents of brokentime. +

+

Calling mktime also sets the variable tzname with +information about the current time zone. See section Functions and Variables for Time Zones. +

+ +
+
Function: time_t timelocal (struct tm *brokentime) + +
+

timelocal is functionally identical to mktime, but more +mnemonically named. Note that it is the inverse of the localtime +function. +

+

Portability note: mktime is essentially universally +available. timelocal is rather rare. +

+
+ +
+
Function: time_t timegm (struct tm *brokentime) + +
+

timegm is functionally identical to mktime except it +always takes the input values to be Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) +regardless of any local time zone setting. +

+

Note that timegm is the inverse of gmtime. +

+

Portability note: mktime is essentially universally +available. timegm is rather rare. For the most portable +conversion from a UTC broken-down time to a simple time, set +the TZ environment variable to UTC, call mktime, then set +TZ back. +

+
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

21.4.4 High Accuracy Clock

+ +

The ntp_gettime and ntp_adjtime functions provide an +interface to monitor and manipulate the system clock to maintain high +accuracy time. For example, you can fine tune the speed of the clock +or synchronize it with another time source. +

+

A typical use of these functions is by a server implementing the Network +Time Protocol to synchronize the clocks of multiple systems and high +precision clocks. +

+

These functions are declared in ‘sys/timex.h’. +

+ +
+
Data Type: struct ntptimeval + +
+

This structure is used for information about the system clock. It +contains the following members: +

+
struct timeval time
+

This is the current calendar time, expressed as the elapsed time since +the epoch. The struct timeval data type is described in +Elapsed Time. +

+
+
long int maxerror
+

This is the maximum error, measured in microseconds. Unless updated +via ntp_adjtime periodically, this value will reach some +platform-specific maximum value. +

+
+
long int esterror
+

This is the estimated error, measured in microseconds. This value can +be set by ntp_adjtime to indicate the estimated offset of the +system clock from the true calendar time. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int ntp_gettime (struct ntptimeval *tptr) + +
+

The ntp_gettime function sets the structure pointed to by +tptr to current values. The elements of the structure afterwards +contain the values the timer implementation in the kernel assumes. They +might or might not be correct. If they are not a ntp_adjtime +call is necessary. +

+

The return value is 0 on success and other values on failure. The +following errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
TIME_ERROR
+

The precision clock model is not properly set up at the moment, thus the +clock must be considered unsynchronized, and the values should be +treated with care. +

+
+
+ + +
+
Data Type: struct timex + +
+

This structure is used to control and monitor the system clock. It +contains the following members: +

+
unsigned int modes
+

This variable controls whether and which values are set. Several +symbolic constants have to be combined with binary or to specify +the effective mode. These constants start with MOD_. +

+
+
long int offset
+

This value indicates the current offset of the system clock from the true +calendar time. The value is given in microseconds. If bit +MOD_OFFSET is set in modes, the offset (and possibly other +dependent values) can be set. The offset's absolute value must not +exceed MAXPHASE. +

+ +
+
long int frequency
+

This value indicates the difference in frequency between the true +calendar time and the system clock. The value is expressed as scaled +PPM (parts per million, 0.0001%). The scaling is 1 << +SHIFT_USEC. The value can be set with bit MOD_FREQUENCY, but +the absolute value must not exceed MAXFREQ. +

+
+
long int maxerror
+

This is the maximum error, measured in microseconds. A new value can be +set using bit MOD_MAXERROR. Unless updated via +ntp_adjtime periodically, this value will increase steadily +and reach some platform-specific maximum value. +

+
+
long int esterror
+

This is the estimated error, measured in microseconds. This value can +be set using bit MOD_ESTERROR. +

+
+
int status
+

This variable reflects the various states of the clock machinery. There +are symbolic constants for the significant bits, starting with +STA_. Some of these flags can be updated using the +MOD_STATUS bit. +

+
+
long int constant
+

This value represents the bandwidth or stiffness of the PLL (phase +locked loop) implemented in the kernel. The value can be changed using +bit MOD_TIMECONST. +

+
+
long int precision
+

This value represents the accuracy or the maximum error when reading the +system clock. The value is expressed in microseconds. +

+
+
long int tolerance
+

This value represents the maximum frequency error of the system clock in +scaled PPM. This value is used to increase the maxerror every +second. +

+
+
struct timeval time
+

The current calendar time. +

+
+
long int tick
+

The elapsed time between clock ticks in microseconds. A clock tick is a +periodic timer interrupt on which the system clock is based. +

+
+
long int ppsfreq
+

This is the first of a few optional variables that are present only if +the system clock can use a PPS (pulse per second) signal to discipline +the system clock. The value is expressed in scaled PPM and it denotes +the difference in frequency between the system clock and the PPS signal. +

+
+
long int jitter
+

This value expresses a median filtered average of the PPS signal's +dispersion in microseconds. +

+
+
int shift
+

This value is a binary exponent for the duration of the PPS calibration +interval, ranging from PPS_SHIFT to PPS_SHIFTMAX. +

+
+
long int stabil
+

This value represents the median filtered dispersion of the PPS +frequency in scaled PPM. +

+
+
long int jitcnt
+

This counter represents the number of pulses where the jitter exceeded +the allowed maximum MAXTIME. +

+
+
long int calcnt
+

This counter reflects the number of successful calibration intervals. +

+
+
long int errcnt
+

This counter represents the number of calibration errors (caused by +large offsets or jitter). +

+
+
long int stbcnt
+

This counter denotes the number of of calibrations where the stability +exceeded the threshold. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int ntp_adjtime (struct timex *tptr) + +
+

The ntp_adjtime function sets the structure specified by +tptr to current values. +

+

In addition, ntp_adjtime updates some settings to match what you +pass to it in *tptr. Use the modes element of *tptr +to select what settings to update. You can set offset, +freq, maxerror, esterror, status, +constant, and tick. +

+

modes = zero means set nothing. +

+

Only the superuser can update settings. +

+ +

The return value is 0 on success and other values on failure. The +following errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
TIME_ERROR
+

The high accuracy clock model is not properly set up at the moment, thus the +clock must be considered unsynchronized, and the values should be +treated with care. Another reason could be that the specified new values +are not allowed. +

+
+
EPERM
+

The process specified a settings update, but is not superuser. +

+
+
+ +

For more details see RFC1305 (Network Time Protocol, Version 3) and +related documents. +

+

Portability note: Early versions of the GNU C library did not +have this function but did have the synonymous adjtimex. +

+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

21.4.5 Formatting Calendar Time

+ +

The functions described in this section format calendar time values as +strings. These functions are declared in the header file ‘time.h’. + +

+
+
Function: char * asctime (const struct tm *brokentime) + +
+

The asctime function converts the broken-down time value that +brokentime points to into a string in a standard format: +

+
 
"Tue May 21 13:46:22 1991\n"
+
+ +

The abbreviations for the days of week are: ‘Sun’, ‘Mon’, +‘Tue’, ‘Wed’, ‘Thu’, ‘Fri’, and ‘Sat’. +

+

The abbreviations for the months are: ‘Jan’, ‘Feb’, +‘Mar’, ‘Apr’, ‘May’, ‘Jun’, ‘Jul’, ‘Aug’, +‘Sep’, ‘Oct’, ‘Nov’, and ‘Dec’. +

+

The return value points to a statically allocated string, which might be +overwritten by subsequent calls to asctime or ctime. +(But no other library function overwrites the contents of this +string.) +

+ +
+
Function: char * asctime_r (const struct tm *brokentime, char *buffer) + +
+

This function is similar to asctime but instead of placing the +result in a static buffer it writes the string in the buffer pointed to +by the parameter buffer. This buffer should have room +for at least 26 bytes, including the terminating null. +

+

If no error occurred the function returns a pointer to the string the +result was written into, i.e., it returns buffer. Otherwise +return NULL. +

+ + +
+
Function: char * ctime (const time_t *time) + +
+

The ctime function is similar to asctime, except that you +specify the calendar time argument as a time_t simple time value +rather than in broken-down local time format. It is equivalent to +

+
 
asctime (localtime (time))
+
+ +

ctime sets the variable tzname, because localtime +does so. See section Functions and Variables for Time Zones. +

+ +
+
Function: char * ctime_r (const time_t *time, char *buffer) + +
+

This function is similar to ctime, but places the result in the +string pointed to by buffer. It is equivalent to (written using +gcc extensions, see (gcc)Statement Exprs section `Statement Exprs' in Porting and Using gcc): +

+
 
({ struct tm tm; asctime_r (localtime_r (time, &tm), buf); })
+
+ +

If no error occurred the function returns a pointer to the string the +result was written into, i.e., it returns buffer. Otherwise +return NULL. +

+ + +
+
Function: size_t strftime (char *s, size_t size, const char *template, const struct tm *brokentime) + +
+

This function is similar to the sprintf function (see section Formatted Input), but the conversion specifications that can appear in the format +template template are specialized for printing components of the date +and time brokentime according to the locale currently specified for +time conversion (see section Locales and Internationalization). +

+

Ordinary characters appearing in the template are copied to the +output string s; this can include multibyte character sequences. +Conversion specifiers are introduced by a ‘%’ character, followed +by an optional flag which can be one of the following. These flags +are all GNU extensions. The first three affect only the output of +numbers: +

+
+
_
+

The number is padded with spaces. +

+
+
-
+

The number is not padded at all. +

+
+
0
+

The number is padded with zeros even if the format specifies padding +with spaces. +

+
+
^
+

The output uses uppercase characters, but only if this is possible +(see section Case Conversion). +

+
+ +

The default action is to pad the number with zeros to keep it a constant +width. Numbers that do not have a range indicated below are never +padded, since there is no natural width for them. +

+

Following the flag an optional specification of the width is possible. +This is specified in decimal notation. If the natural size of the +output is of the field has less than the specified number of characters, +the result is written right adjusted and space padded to the given +size. +

+

An optional modifier can follow the optional flag and width +specification. The modifiers, which were first standardized by +POSIX.2-1992 and by ISO C99, are: +

+
+
E
+

Use the locale's alternate representation for date and time. This +modifier applies to the %c, %C, %x, %X, +%y and %Y format specifiers. In a Japanese locale, for +example, %Ex might yield a date format based on the Japanese +Emperors' reigns. +

+
+
O
+

Use the locale's alternate numeric symbols for numbers. This modifier +applies only to numeric format specifiers. +

+
+ +

If the format supports the modifier but no alternate representation +is available, it is ignored. +

+

The conversion specifier ends with a format specifier taken from the +following list. The whole ‘%’ sequence is replaced in the output +string as follows: +

+
+
%a
+

The abbreviated weekday name according to the current locale. +

+
+
%A
+

The full weekday name according to the current locale. +

+
+
%b
+

The abbreviated month name according to the current locale. +

+
+
%B
+

The full month name according to the current locale. +

+

Using %B together with %d produces grammatically +incorrect results for some locales. +

+
+
%c
+

The preferred calendar time representation for the current locale. +

+
+
%C
+

The century of the year. This is equivalent to the greatest integer not +greater than the year divided by 100. +

+

This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by ISO C99. +

+
+
%d
+

The day of the month as a decimal number (range 01 through 31). +

+
+
%D
+

The date using the format %m/%d/%y. +

+

This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by ISO C99. +

+
+
%e
+

The day of the month like with %d, but padded with blank (range + 1 through 31). +

+

This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by ISO C99. +

+
+
%F
+

The date using the format %Y-%m-%d. This is the form specified +in the ISO 8601 standard and is the preferred form for all uses. +

+

This format was first standardized by ISO C99 and by POSIX.1-2001. +

+
+
%g
+

The year corresponding to the ISO week number, but without the century +(range 00 through 99). This has the same format and value +as %y, except that if the ISO week number (see %V) belongs +to the previous or next year, that year is used instead. +

+

This format was first standardized by ISO C99 and by POSIX.1-2001. +

+
+
%G
+

The year corresponding to the ISO week number. This has the same format +and value as %Y, except that if the ISO week number (see +%V) belongs to the previous or next year, that year is used +instead. +

+

This format was first standardized by ISO C99 and by POSIX.1-2001 +but was previously available as a GNU extension. +

+
+
%h
+

The abbreviated month name according to the current locale. The action +is the same as for %b. +

+

This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by ISO C99. +

+
+
%H
+

The hour as a decimal number, using a 24-hour clock (range 00 through +23). +

+
+
%I
+

The hour as a decimal number, using a 12-hour clock (range 01 through +12). +

+
+
%j
+

The day of the year as a decimal number (range 001 through 366). +

+
+
%k
+

The hour as a decimal number, using a 24-hour clock like %H, but +padded with blank (range 0 through 23). +

+

This format is a GNU extension. +

+
+
%l
+

The hour as a decimal number, using a 12-hour clock like %I, but +padded with blank (range 1 through 12). +

+

This format is a GNU extension. +

+
+
%m
+

The month as a decimal number (range 01 through 12). +

+
+
%M
+

The minute as a decimal number (range 00 through 59). +

+
+
%n
+

A single ‘\n’ (newline) character. +

+

This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by ISO C99. +

+
+
%p
+

Either ‘AM’ or ‘PM’, according to the given time value; or the +corresponding strings for the current locale. Noon is treated as +‘PM’ and midnight as ‘AM’. In most locales +‘AM’/‘PM’ format is not supported, in such cases "%p" +yields an empty string. +

+
+
%P
+

Either ‘am’ or ‘pm’, according to the given time value; or the +corresponding strings for the current locale, printed in lowercase +characters. Noon is treated as ‘pm’ and midnight as ‘am’. In +most locales ‘AM’/‘PM’ format is not supported, in such cases +"%P" yields an empty string. +

+

This format is a GNU extension. +

+
+
%r
+

The complete calendar time using the AM/PM format of the current locale. +

+

This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by ISO C99. +In the POSIX locale, this format is equivalent to %I:%M:%S %p. +

+
+
%R
+

The hour and minute in decimal numbers using the format %H:%M. +

+

This format was first standardized by ISO C99 and by POSIX.1-2001 +but was previously available as a GNU extension. +

+
+
%s
+

The number of seconds since the epoch, i.e., since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC. +Leap seconds are not counted unless leap second support is available. +

+

This format is a GNU extension. +

+
+
%S
+

The seconds as a decimal number (range 00 through 60). +

+
+
%t
+

A single ‘\t’ (tabulator) character. +

+

This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by ISO C99. +

+
+
%T
+

The time of day using decimal numbers using the format %H:%M:%S. +

+

This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by ISO C99. +

+
+
%u
+

The day of the week as a decimal number (range 1 through +7), Monday being 1. +

+

This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by ISO C99. +

+
+
%U
+

The week number of the current year as a decimal number (range 00 +through 53), starting with the first Sunday as the first day of +the first week. Days preceding the first Sunday in the year are +considered to be in week 00. +

+
+
%V
+

The ISO 8601:1988 week number as a decimal number (range 01 +through 53). ISO weeks start with Monday and end with Sunday. +Week 01 of a year is the first week which has the majority of its +days in that year; this is equivalent to the week containing the year's +first Thursday, and it is also equivalent to the week containing January +4. Week 01 of a year can contain days from the previous year. +The week before week 01 of a year is the last week (52 or +53) of the previous year even if it contains days from the new +year. +

+

This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by ISO C99. +

+
+
%w
+

The day of the week as a decimal number (range 0 through +6), Sunday being 0. +

+
+
%W
+

The week number of the current year as a decimal number (range 00 +through 53), starting with the first Monday as the first day of +the first week. All days preceding the first Monday in the year are +considered to be in week 00. +

+
+
%x
+

The preferred date representation for the current locale. +

+
+
%X
+

The preferred time of day representation for the current locale. +

+
+
%y
+

The year without a century as a decimal number (range 00 through +99). This is equivalent to the year modulo 100. +

+
+
%Y
+

The year as a decimal number, using the Gregorian calendar. Years +before the year 1 are numbered 0, -1, and so on. +

+
+
%z
+

RFC 822/ISO 8601:1988 style numeric time zone (e.g., +-0600 or +0100), or nothing if no time zone is +determinable. +

+

This format was first standardized by ISO C99 and by POSIX.1-2001 +but was previously available as a GNU extension. +

+

In the POSIX locale, a full RFC 822 timestamp is generated by the format +‘"%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z"’ (or the equivalent +‘"%a, %d %b %Y %T %z"’). +

+
+
%Z
+

The time zone abbreviation (empty if the time zone can't be determined). +

+
+
%%
+

A literal ‘%’ character. +

+
+ +

The size parameter can be used to specify the maximum number of +characters to be stored in the array s, including the terminating +null character. If the formatted time requires more than size +characters, strftime returns zero and the contents of the array +s are undefined. Otherwise the return value indicates the +number of characters placed in the array s, not including the +terminating null character. +

+

Warning: This convention for the return value which is prescribed +in ISO C can lead to problems in some situations. For certain +format strings and certain locales the output really can be the empty +string and this cannot be discovered by testing the return value only. +E.g., in most locales the AM/PM time format is not supported (most of +the world uses the 24 hour time representation). In such locales +"%p" will return the empty string, i.e., the return value is +zero. To detect situations like this something similar to the following +code should be used: +

+
 
buf[0] = '\1';
+len = strftime (buf, bufsize, format, tp);
+if (len == 0 && buf[0] != '\0')
+  {
+    /* Something went wrong in the strftime call.  */
+    …
+  }
+
+ +

If s is a null pointer, strftime does not actually write +anything, but instead returns the number of characters it would have written. +

+

According to POSIX.1 every call to strftime implies a call to +tzset. So the contents of the environment variable TZ +is examined before any output is produced. +

+

For an example of strftime, see Time Functions Example. +

+ +
+
Function: size_t wcsftime (wchar_t *s, size_t size, const wchar_t *template, const struct tm *brokentime) + +
+

The wcsftime function is equivalent to the strftime +function with the difference that it operates on wide character +strings. The buffer where the result is stored, pointed to by s, +must be an array of wide characters. The parameter size which +specifies the size of the output buffer gives the number of wide +character, not the number of bytes. +

+

Also the format string template is a wide character string. Since +all characters needed to specify the format string are in the basic +character set it is portably possible to write format strings in the C +source code using the L"…" notation. The parameter +brokentime has the same meaning as in the strftime call. +

+

The wcsftime function supports the same flags, modifiers, and +format specifiers as the strftime function. +

+

The return value of wcsftime is the number of wide characters +stored in s. When more characters would have to be written than +can be placed in the buffer s the return value is zero, with the +same problems indicated in the strftime documentation. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

21.4.6 Convert textual time and date information back

+ +

The ISO C standard does not specify any functions which can convert +the output of the strftime function back into a binary format. +This led to a variety of more-or-less successful implementations with +different interfaces over the years. Then the Unix standard was +extended by the addition of two functions: strptime and +getdate. Both have strange interfaces but at least they are +widely available. +

+ + + +
21.4.6.1 Interpret string according to given format  
21.4.6.2 A More User-friendly Way to Parse Times and Dates   User-friendly function to parse data and + time strings. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

21.4.6.1 Interpret string according to given format

+ +

The first function is rather low-level. It is nevertheless frequently +used in software since it is better known. Its interface and +implementation are heavily influenced by the getdate function, +which is defined and implemented in terms of calls to strptime. +

+
+
Function: char * strptime (const char *s, const char *fmt, struct tm *tp) + +
+

The strptime function parses the input string s according +to the format string fmt and stores its results in the +structure tp. +

+

The input string could be generated by a strftime call or +obtained any other way. It does not need to be in a human-recognizable +format; e.g. a date passed as "02:1999:9" is acceptable, even +though it is ambiguous without context. As long as the format string +fmt matches the input string the function will succeed. +

+

The user has to make sure, though, that the input can be parsed in a +unambiguous way. The string "1999112" can be parsed using the +format "%Y%m%d" as 1999-1-12, 1999-11-2, or even 19991-1-2. It +is necessary to add appropriate separators to reliably get results. +

+

The format string consists of the same components as the format string +of the strftime function. The only difference is that the flags +_, -, 0, and ^ are not allowed. +Several of the distinct formats of strftime do the same work in +strptime since differences like case of the input do not matter. +For reasons of symmetry all formats are supported, though. +

+

The modifiers E and O are also allowed everywhere the +strftime function allows them. +

+

The formats are: +

+
+
%a
+
%A
+

The weekday name according to the current locale, in abbreviated form or +the full name. +

+
+
%b
+
%B
+
%h
+

The month name according to the current locale, in abbreviated form or +the full name. +

+
+
%c
+

The date and time representation for the current locale. +

+
+
%Ec
+

Like %c but the locale's alternative date and time format is used. +

+
+
%C
+

The century of the year. +

+

It makes sense to use this format only if the format string also +contains the %y format. +

+
+
%EC
+

The locale's representation of the period. +

+

Unlike %C it sometimes makes sense to use this format since some +cultures represent years relative to the beginning of eras instead of +using the Gregorian years. +

+
+
%d
+
%e
+

The day of the month as a decimal number (range 1 through 31). +Leading zeroes are permitted but not required. +

+
+
%Od
+
%Oe
+

Same as %d but using the locale's alternative numeric symbols. +

+

Leading zeroes are permitted but not required. +

+
+
%D
+

Equivalent to %m/%d/%y. +

+
+
%F
+

Equivalent to %Y-%m-%d, which is the ISO 8601 date +format. +

+

This is a GNU extension following an ISO C99 extension to +strftime. +

+
+
%g
+

The year corresponding to the ISO week number, but without the century +(range 00 through 99). +

+

Note: Currently, this is not fully implemented. The format is +recognized, input is consumed but no field in tm is set. +

+

This format is a GNU extension following a GNU extension of strftime. +

+
+
%G
+

The year corresponding to the ISO week number. +

+

Note: Currently, this is not fully implemented. The format is +recognized, input is consumed but no field in tm is set. +

+

This format is a GNU extension following a GNU extension of strftime. +

+
+
%H
+
%k
+

The hour as a decimal number, using a 24-hour clock (range 00 through +23). +

+

%k is a GNU extension following a GNU extension of strftime. +

+
+
%OH
+

Same as %H but using the locale's alternative numeric symbols. +

+
+
%I
+
%l
+

The hour as a decimal number, using a 12-hour clock (range 01 through +12). +

+

%l is a GNU extension following a GNU extension of strftime. +

+
+
%OI
+

Same as %I but using the locale's alternative numeric symbols. +

+
+
%j
+

The day of the year as a decimal number (range 1 through 366). +

+

Leading zeroes are permitted but not required. +

+
+
%m
+

The month as a decimal number (range 1 through 12). +

+

Leading zeroes are permitted but not required. +

+
+
%Om
+

Same as %m but using the locale's alternative numeric symbols. +

+
+
%M
+

The minute as a decimal number (range 0 through 59). +

+

Leading zeroes are permitted but not required. +

+
+
%OM
+

Same as %M but using the locale's alternative numeric symbols. +

+
+
%n
+
%t
+

Matches any white space. +

+
+
%p
+
%P
+

The locale-dependent equivalent to ‘AM’ or ‘PM’. +

+

This format is not useful unless %I or %l is also used. +Another complication is that the locale might not define these values at +all and therefore the conversion fails. +

+

%P is a GNU extension following a GNU extension to strftime. +

+
+
%r
+

The complete time using the AM/PM format of the current locale. +

+

A complication is that the locale might not define this format at all +and therefore the conversion fails. +

+
+
%R
+

The hour and minute in decimal numbers using the format %H:%M. +

+

%R is a GNU extension following a GNU extension to strftime. +

+
+
%s
+

The number of seconds since the epoch, i.e., since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC. +Leap seconds are not counted unless leap second support is available. +

+

%s is a GNU extension following a GNU extension to strftime. +

+
+
%S
+

The seconds as a decimal number (range 0 through 60). +

+

Leading zeroes are permitted but not required. +

+

NB: The Unix specification says the upper bound on this value +is 61, a result of a decision to allow double leap seconds. You +will not see the value 61 because no minute has more than one +leap second, but the myth persists. +

+
+
%OS
+

Same as %S but using the locale's alternative numeric symbols. +

+
+
%T
+

Equivalent to the use of %H:%M:%S in this place. +

+
+
%u
+

The day of the week as a decimal number (range 1 through +7), Monday being 1. +

+

Leading zeroes are permitted but not required. +

+

Note: Currently, this is not fully implemented. The format is +recognized, input is consumed but no field in tm is set. +

+
+
%U
+

The week number of the current year as a decimal number (range 0 +through 53). +

+

Leading zeroes are permitted but not required. +

+
+
%OU
+

Same as %U but using the locale's alternative numeric symbols. +

+
+
%V
+

The ISO 8601:1988 week number as a decimal number (range 1 +through 53). +

+

Leading zeroes are permitted but not required. +

+

Note: Currently, this is not fully implemented. The format is +recognized, input is consumed but no field in tm is set. +

+
+
%w
+

The day of the week as a decimal number (range 0 through +6), Sunday being 0. +

+

Leading zeroes are permitted but not required. +

+

Note: Currently, this is not fully implemented. The format is +recognized, input is consumed but no field in tm is set. +

+
+
%Ow
+

Same as %w but using the locale's alternative numeric symbols. +

+
+
%W
+

The week number of the current year as a decimal number (range 0 +through 53). +

+

Leading zeroes are permitted but not required. +

+

Note: Currently, this is not fully implemented. The format is +recognized, input is consumed but no field in tm is set. +

+
+
%OW
+

Same as %W but using the locale's alternative numeric symbols. +

+
+
%x
+

The date using the locale's date format. +

+
+
%Ex
+

Like %x but the locale's alternative data representation is used. +

+
+
%X
+

The time using the locale's time format. +

+
+
%EX
+

Like %X but the locale's alternative time representation is used. +

+
+
%y
+

The year without a century as a decimal number (range 0 through +99). +

+

Leading zeroes are permitted but not required. +

+

Note that it is questionable to use this format without +the %C format. The strptime function does regard input +values in the range 68 to 99 as the years 1969 to +1999 and the values 0 to 68 as the years +2000 to 2068. But maybe this heuristic fails for some +input data. +

+

Therefore it is best to avoid %y completely and use %Y +instead. +

+
+
%Ey
+

The offset from %EC in the locale's alternative representation. +

+
+
%Oy
+

The offset of the year (from %C) using the locale's alternative +numeric symbols. +

+
+
%Y
+

The year as a decimal number, using the Gregorian calendar. +

+
+
%EY
+

The full alternative year representation. +

+
+
%z
+

The offset from GMT in ISO 8601/RFC822 format. +

+
+
%Z
+

The timezone name. +

+

Note: Currently, this is not fully implemented. The format is +recognized, input is consumed but no field in tm is set. +

+
+
%%
+

A literal ‘%’ character. +

+
+ +

All other characters in the format string must have a matching character +in the input string. Exceptions are white spaces in the input string +which can match zero or more whitespace characters in the format string. +

+

Portability Note: The XPG standard advises applications to use +at least one whitespace character (as specified by isspace) or +other non-alphanumeric characters between any two conversion +specifications. The GNU C Library does not have this limitation but +other libraries might have trouble parsing formats like +"%d%m%Y%H%M%S". +

+

The strptime function processes the input string from right to +left. Each of the three possible input elements (white space, literal, +or format) are handled one after the other. If the input cannot be +matched to the format string the function stops. The remainder of the +format and input strings are not processed. +

+

The function returns a pointer to the first character it was unable to +process. If the input string contains more characters than required by +the format string the return value points right after the last consumed +input character. If the whole input string is consumed the return value +points to the NULL byte at the end of the string. If an error +occurs, i.e., strptime fails to match all of the format string, +the function returns NULL. +

+ +

The specification of the function in the XPG standard is rather vague, +leaving out a few important pieces of information. Most importantly, it +does not specify what happens to those elements of tm which are +not directly initialized by the different formats. The +implementations on different Unix systems vary here. +

+

The GNU libc implementation does not touch those fields which are not +directly initialized. Exceptions are the tm_wday and +tm_yday elements, which are recomputed if any of the year, month, +or date elements changed. This has two implications: +

+
    +
  • +Before calling the strptime function for a new input string, you +should prepare the tm structure you pass. Normally this will mean +initializing all values are to zero. Alternatively, you can set all +fields to values like INT_MAX, allowing you to determine which +elements were set by the function call. Zero does not work here since +it is a valid value for many of the fields. + +

    Careful initialization is necessary if you want to find out whether a +certain field in tm was initialized by the function call. +

    +
  • +You can construct a struct tm value with several consecutive +strptime calls. A useful application of this is e.g. the parsing +of two separate strings, one containing date information and the other +time information. By parsing one after the other without clearing the +structure in-between, you can construct a complete broken-down time. +
+ +

The following example shows a function which parses a string which is +contains the date information in either US style or ISO 8601 form: +

+
 
const char *
+parse_date (const char *input, struct tm *tm)
+{
+  const char *cp;
+
+  /* First clear the result structure.  */
+  memset (tm, '\0', sizeof (*tm));
+
+  /* Try the ISO format first.  */
+  cp = strptime (input, "%F", tm);
+  if (cp == NULL)
+    {
+      /* Does not match.  Try the US form.  */
+      cp = strptime (input, "%D", tm);
+    }
+
+  return cp;
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

21.4.6.2 A More User-friendly Way to Parse Times and Dates

+ +

The Unix standard defines another function for parsing date strings. +The interface is weird, but if the function happens to suit your +application it is just fine. It is problematic to use this function +in multi-threaded programs or libraries, since it returns a pointer to +a static variable, and uses a global variable and global state (an +environment variable). +

+
+
Variable: getdate_err + +
+

This variable of type int contains the error code of the last +unsuccessful call to getdate. Defined values are: +

+
+
1
+

The environment variable DATEMSK is not defined or null. +

+
2
+

The template file denoted by the DATEMSK environment variable +cannot be opened. +

+
3
+

Information about the template file cannot retrieved. +

+
4
+

The template file is not a regular file. +

+
5
+

An I/O error occurred while reading the template file. +

+
6
+

Not enough memory available to execute the function. +

+
7
+

The template file contains no matching template. +

+
8
+

The input date is invalid, but would match a template otherwise. This +includes dates like February 31st, and dates which cannot be represented +in a time_t variable. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: struct tm * getdate (const char *string) + +
+

The interface to getdate is the simplest possible for a function +to parse a string and return the value. string is the input +string and the result is returned in a statically-allocated variable. +

+

The details about how the string is processed are hidden from the user. +In fact, they can be outside the control of the program. Which formats +are recognized is controlled by the file named by the environment +variable DATEMSK. This file should contain +lines of valid format strings which could be passed to strptime. +

+

The getdate function reads these format strings one after the +other and tries to match the input string. The first line which +completely matches the input string is used. +

+

Elements not initialized through the format string retain the values +present at the time of the getdate function call. +

+

The formats recognized by getdate are the same as for +strptime. See above for an explanation. There are only a few +extensions to the strptime behavior: +

+
    +
  • +If the %Z format is given the broken-down time is based on the +current time of the timezone matched, not of the current timezone of the +runtime environment. + +

    Note: This is not implemented (currently). The problem is that +timezone names are not unique. If a fixed timezone is assumed for a +given string (say EST meaning US East Coast time), then uses for +countries other than the USA will fail. So far we have found no good +solution to this. +

    +
  • +If only the weekday is specified the selected day depends on the current +date. If the current weekday is greater or equal to the tm_wday +value the current week's day is chosen, otherwise the day next week is chosen. + +
  • +A similar heuristic is used when only the month is given and not the +year. If the month is greater than or equal to the current month, then +the current year is used. Otherwise it wraps to next year. The first +day of the month is assumed if one is not explicitly specified. + +
  • +The current hour, minute, and second are used if the appropriate value is +not set through the format. + +
  • +If no date is given tomorrow's date is used if the time is +smaller than the current time. Otherwise today's date is taken. +
+ +

It should be noted that the format in the template file need not only +contain format elements. The following is a list of possible format +strings (taken from the Unix standard): +

+
 
%m
+%A %B %d, %Y %H:%M:%S
+%A
+%B
+%m/%d/%y %I %p
+%d,%m,%Y %H:%M
+at %A the %dst of %B in %Y
+run job at %I %p,%B %dnd
+%A den %d. %B %Y %H.%M Uhr
+
+ +

As you can see, the template list can contain very specific strings like +run job at %I %p,%B %dnd. Using the above list of templates and +assuming the current time is Mon Sep 22 12:19:47 EDT 1986 we can obtain the +following results for the given input. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Input

Match

Result +

Mon

%a

Mon Sep 22 12:19:47 EDT 1986 +

Sun

%a

Sun Sep 28 12:19:47 EDT 1986 +

Fri

%a

Fri Sep 26 12:19:47 EDT 1986 +

September

%B

Mon Sep 1 12:19:47 EDT 1986 +

January

%B

Thu Jan 1 12:19:47 EST 1987 +

December

%B

Mon Dec 1 12:19:47 EST 1986 +

Sep Mon

%b %a

Mon Sep 1 12:19:47 EDT 1986 +

Jan Fri

%b %a

Fri Jan 2 12:19:47 EST 1987 +

Dec Mon

%b %a

Mon Dec 1 12:19:47 EST 1986 +

Jan Wed 1989

%b %a %Y

Wed Jan 4 12:19:47 EST 1989 +

Fri 9

%a %H

Fri Sep 26 09:00:00 EDT 1986 +

Feb 10:30

%b %H:%S

Sun Feb 1 10:00:30 EST 1987 +

10:30

%H:%M

Tue Sep 23 10:30:00 EDT 1986 +

13:30

%H:%M

Mon Sep 22 13:30:00 EDT 1986 +

+ +

The return value of the function is a pointer to a static variable of +type struct tm, or a null pointer if an error occurred. The +result is only valid until the next getdate call, making this +function unusable in multi-threaded applications. +

+

The errno variable is not changed. Error conditions are +stored in the global variable getdate_err. See the +description above for a list of the possible error values. +

+

Warning: The getdate function should never be +used in SUID-programs. The reason is obvious: using the +DATEMSK environment variable you can get the function to open +any arbitrary file and chances are high that with some bogus input +(such as a binary file) the program will crash. +

+ +
+
Function: int getdate_r (const char *string, struct tm *tp) + +
+

The getdate_r function is the reentrant counterpart of +getdate. It does not use the global variable getdate_err +to signal an error, but instead returns an error code. The same error +codes as described in the getdate_err documentation above are +used, with 0 meaning success. +

+

Moreover, getdate_r stores the broken-down time in the variable +of type struct tm pointed to by the second argument, rather than +in a static variable. +

+

This function is not defined in the Unix standard. Nevertheless it is +available on some other Unix systems as well. +

+

The warning against using getdate in SUID-programs applies to +getdate_r as well. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

21.4.7 Specifying the Time Zone with TZ

+ +

In POSIX systems, a user can specify the time zone by means of the +TZ environment variable. For information about how to set +environment variables, see Environment Variables. The functions +for accessing the time zone are declared in ‘time.h’. + + +

+

You should not normally need to set TZ. If the system is +configured properly, the default time zone will be correct. You might +set TZ if you are using a computer over a network from a +different time zone, and would like times reported to you in the time +zone local to you, rather than what is local to the computer. +

+

In POSIX.1 systems the value of the TZ variable can be in one of +three formats. With the GNU C library, the most common format is the +last one, which can specify a selection from a large database of time +zone information for many regions of the world. The first two formats +are used to describe the time zone information directly, which is both +more cumbersome and less precise. But the POSIX.1 standard only +specifies the details of the first two formats, so it is good to be +familiar with them in case you come across a POSIX.1 system that doesn't +support a time zone information database. +

+

The first format is used when there is no Daylight Saving Time (or +summer time) in the local time zone: +

+
 
std offset
+
+ +

The std string specifies the name of the time zone. It must be +three or more characters long and must not contain a leading colon, +embedded digits, commas, nor plus and minus signs. There is no space +character separating the time zone name from the offset, so these +restrictions are necessary to parse the specification correctly. +

+

The offset specifies the time value you must add to the local time +to get a Coordinated Universal Time value. It has syntax like +[+|-]hh[:mm[:ss]]. This +is positive if the local time zone is west of the Prime Meridian and +negative if it is east. The hour must be between 0 and +23, and the minute and seconds between 0 and 59. +

+

For example, here is how we would specify Eastern Standard Time, but +without any Daylight Saving Time alternative: +

+
 
EST+5
+
+ +

The second format is used when there is Daylight Saving Time: +

+
 
std offset dst [offset],start[/time],end[/time]
+
+ +

The initial std and offset specify the standard time zone, as +described above. The dst string and offset specify the name +and offset for the corresponding Daylight Saving Time zone; if the +offset is omitted, it defaults to one hour ahead of standard time. +

+

The remainder of the specification describes when Daylight Saving Time is +in effect. The start field is when Daylight Saving Time goes into +effect and the end field is when the change is made back to standard +time. The following formats are recognized for these fields: +

+
+
Jn
+

This specifies the Julian day, with n between 1 and 365. +February 29 is never counted, even in leap years. +

+
+
n
+

This specifies the Julian day, with n between 0 and 365. +February 29 is counted in leap years. +

+
+
Mm.w.d
+

This specifies day d of week w of month m. The day +d must be between 0 (Sunday) and 6. The week +w must be between 1 and 5; week 1 is the +first week in which day d occurs, and week 5 specifies the +last d day in the month. The month m should be +between 1 and 12. +

+
+ +

The time fields specify when, in the local time currently in +effect, the change to the other time occurs. If omitted, the default is +02:00:00. +

+

For example, here is how you would specify the Eastern time zone in the +United States, including the appropriate Daylight Saving Time and its dates +of applicability. The normal offset from UTC is 5 hours; since this is +west of the prime meridian, the sign is positive. Summer time begins on +the first Sunday in April at 2:00am, and ends on the last Sunday in October +at 2:00am. +

+
 
EST+5EDT,M4.1.0/2,M10.5.0/2
+
+ +

The schedule of Daylight Saving Time in any particular jurisdiction has +changed over the years. To be strictly correct, the conversion of dates +and times in the past should be based on the schedule that was in effect +then. However, this format has no facilities to let you specify how the +schedule has changed from year to year. The most you can do is specify +one particular schedule—usually the present day schedule—and this is +used to convert any date, no matter when. For precise time zone +specifications, it is best to use the time zone information database +(see below). +

+

The third format looks like this: +

+
 
:characters
+
+ +

Each operating system interprets this format differently; in the GNU C +library, characters is the name of a file which describes the time +zone. +

+ + +

If the TZ environment variable does not have a value, the +operation chooses a time zone by default. In the GNU C library, the +default time zone is like the specification ‘TZ=:/etc/localtime’ +(or ‘TZ=:/usr/local/etc/localtime’, depending on how GNU C library +was configured; see section Installing the GNU C Library). Other C libraries use their own +rule for choosing the default time zone, so there is little we can say +about them. +

+ + + +

If characters begins with a slash, it is an absolute file name; +otherwise the library looks for the file +‘/share/lib/zoneinfo/characters’. The ‘zoneinfo’ +directory contains data files describing local time zones in many +different parts of the world. The names represent major cities, with +subdirectories for geographical areas; for example, +‘America/New_York’, ‘Europe/London’, ‘Asia/Hong_Kong’. +These data files are installed by the system administrator, who also +sets ‘/etc/localtime’ to point to the data file for the local time +zone. The GNU C library comes with a large database of time zone +information for most regions of the world, which is maintained by a +community of volunteers and put in the public domain. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

21.4.8 Functions and Variables for Time Zones

+ +
+
Variable: char * tzname [2] + +
+

The array tzname contains two strings, which are the standard +names of the pair of time zones (standard and Daylight +Saving) that the user has selected. tzname[0] is the name of +the standard time zone (for example, "EST"), and tzname[1] +is the name for the time zone when Daylight Saving Time is in use (for +example, "EDT"). These correspond to the std and dst +strings (respectively) from the TZ environment variable. If +Daylight Saving Time is never used, tzname[1] is the empty string. +

+

The tzname array is initialized from the TZ environment +variable whenever tzset, ctime, strftime, +mktime, or localtime is called. If multiple abbreviations +have been used (e.g. "EWT" and "EDT" for U.S. Eastern War +Time and Eastern Daylight Time), the array contains the most recent +abbreviation. +

+

The tzname array is required for POSIX.1 compatibility, but in +GNU programs it is better to use the tm_zone member of the +broken-down time structure, since tm_zone reports the correct +abbreviation even when it is not the latest one. +

+

Though the strings are declared as char * the user must refrain +from modifying these strings. Modifying the strings will almost certainly +lead to trouble. +

+
+ +
+
Function: void tzset (void) + +
+

The tzset function initializes the tzname variable from +the value of the TZ environment variable. It is not usually +necessary for your program to call this function, because it is called +automatically when you use the other time conversion functions that +depend on the time zone. +

+ +

The following variables are defined for compatibility with System V +Unix. Like tzname, these variables are set by calling +tzset or the other time conversion functions. +

+
+
Variable: long int timezone + +
+

This contains the difference between UTC and the latest local standard +time, in seconds west of UTC. For example, in the U.S. Eastern time +zone, the value is 5*60*60. Unlike the tm_gmtoff member +of the broken-down time structure, this value is not adjusted for +daylight saving, and its sign is reversed. In GNU programs it is better +to use tm_gmtoff, since it contains the correct offset even when +it is not the latest one. +

+ +
+
Variable: int daylight + +
+

This variable has a nonzero value if Daylight Saving Time rules apply. +A nonzero value does not necessarily mean that Daylight Saving Time is +now in effect; it means only that Daylight Saving Time is sometimes in +effect. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

21.4.9 Time Functions Example

+ +

Here is an example program showing the use of some of the calendar time +functions. +

+
 
#include <time.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#define SIZE 256
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  char buffer[SIZE];
+  time_t curtime;
+  struct tm *loctime;
+
+  /* Get the current time. */
+  curtime = time (NULL);
+
+  /* Convert it to local time representation. */
+  loctime = localtime (&curtime);
+
+  /* Print out the date and time in the standard format. */
+  fputs (asctime (loctime), stdout);
+
+  /* Print it out in a nice format. */
+  strftime (buffer, SIZE, "Today is %A, %B %d.\n", loctime);
+  fputs (buffer, stdout);
+  strftime (buffer, SIZE, "The time is %I:%M %p.\n", loctime);
+  fputs (buffer, stdout);
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+ +

It produces output like this: +

+
 
Wed Jul 31 13:02:36 1991
+Today is Wednesday, July 31.
+The time is 01:02 PM.
+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

21.5 Setting an Alarm

+ +

The alarm and setitimer functions provide a mechanism for a +process to interrupt itself in the future. They do this by setting a +timer; when the timer expires, the process receives a signal. +

+ + + + +

Each process has three independent interval timers available: +

+
    +
  • +A real-time timer that counts elapsed time. This timer sends a +SIGALRM signal to the process when it expires. + + + +
  • +A virtual timer that counts processor time used by the process. This timer +sends a SIGVTALRM signal to the process when it expires. + + + +
  • +A profiling timer that counts both processor time used by the process, +and processor time spent in system calls on behalf of the process. This +timer sends a SIGPROF signal to the process when it expires. + + + +

    This timer is useful for profiling in interpreters. The interval timer +mechanism does not have the fine granularity necessary for profiling +native code. +

+ +

You can only have one timer of each kind set at any given time. If you +set a timer that has not yet expired, that timer is simply reset to the +new value. +

+

You should establish a handler for the appropriate alarm signal using +signal or sigaction before issuing a call to +setitimer or alarm. Otherwise, an unusual chain of events +could cause the timer to expire before your program establishes the +handler. In this case it would be terminated, since termination is the +default action for the alarm signals. See section Signal Handling. +

+

To be able to use the alarm function to interrupt a system call which +might block otherwise indefinitely it is important to not set the +SA_RESTART flag when registering the signal handler using +sigaction. When not using sigaction things get even +uglier: the signal function has to fixed semantics with respect +to restarts. The BSD semantics for this function is to set the flag. +Therefore, if sigaction for whatever reason cannot be used, it is +necessary to use sysv_signal and not signal. +

+

The setitimer function is the primary means for setting an alarm. +This facility is declared in the header file ‘sys/time.h’. The +alarm function, declared in ‘unistd.h’, provides a somewhat +simpler interface for setting the real-time timer. + + +

+
+
Data Type: struct itimerval + +
+

This structure is used to specify when a timer should expire. It contains +the following members: +

+
struct timeval it_interval
+

This is the period between successive timer interrupts. If zero, the +alarm will only be sent once. +

+
+
struct timeval it_value
+

This is the period between now and the first timer interrupt. If zero, +the alarm is disabled. +

+
+ +

The struct timeval data type is described in Elapsed Time. +

+ +
+
Function: int setitimer (int which, struct itimerval *new, struct itimerval *old) + +
+

The setitimer function sets the timer specified by which +according to new. The which argument can have a value of +ITIMER_REAL, ITIMER_VIRTUAL, or ITIMER_PROF. +

+

If old is not a null pointer, setitimer returns information +about any previous unexpired timer of the same kind in the structure it +points to. +

+

The return value is 0 on success and -1 on failure. The +following errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The timer period is too large. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int getitimer (int which, struct itimerval *old) + +
+

The getitimer function stores information about the timer specified +by which in the structure pointed at by old. +

+

The return value and error conditions are the same as for setitimer. +

+ +
+
ITIMER_REAL + +
+

This constant can be used as the which argument to the +setitimer and getitimer functions to specify the real-time +timer. +

+
+
ITIMER_VIRTUAL + +
+

This constant can be used as the which argument to the +setitimer and getitimer functions to specify the virtual +timer. +

+
+
ITIMER_PROF + +
+

This constant can be used as the which argument to the +setitimer and getitimer functions to specify the profiling +timer. +

+
+ +
+
Function: unsigned int alarm (unsigned int seconds) + +
+

The alarm function sets the real-time timer to expire in +seconds seconds. If you want to cancel any existing alarm, you +can do this by calling alarm with a seconds argument of +zero. +

+

The return value indicates how many seconds remain before the previous +alarm would have been sent. If there is no previous alarm, alarm +returns zero. +

+ +

The alarm function could be defined in terms of setitimer +like this: +

+
 
unsigned int
+alarm (unsigned int seconds)
+{
+  struct itimerval old, new;
+  new.it_interval.tv_usec = 0;
+  new.it_interval.tv_sec = 0;
+  new.it_value.tv_usec = 0;
+  new.it_value.tv_sec = (long int) seconds;
+  if (setitimer (ITIMER_REAL, &new, &old) < 0)
+    return 0;
+  else
+    return old.it_value.tv_sec;
+}
+
+ +

There is an example showing the use of the alarm function in +Signal Handlers that Return. +

+

If you simply want your process to wait for a given number of seconds, +you should use the sleep function. See section Sleeping. +

+

You shouldn't count on the signal arriving precisely when the timer +expires. In a multiprocessing environment there is typically some +amount of delay involved. +

+

Portability Note: The setitimer and getitimer +functions are derived from BSD Unix, while the alarm function is +specified by the POSIX.1 standard. setitimer is more powerful than +alarm, but alarm is more widely used. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

21.6 Sleeping

+ +

The function sleep gives a simple way to make the program wait +for a short interval. If your program doesn't use signals (except to +terminate), then you can expect sleep to wait reliably throughout +the specified interval. Otherwise, sleep can return sooner if a +signal arrives; if you want to wait for a given interval regardless of +signals, use select (see section Waiting for Input or Output) and don't specify +any descriptors to wait for. +

+
+
Function: unsigned int sleep (unsigned int seconds) + +
+

The sleep function waits for seconds or until a signal +is delivered, whichever happens first. +

+

If sleep function returns because the requested interval is over, +it returns a value of zero. If it returns because of delivery of a +signal, its return value is the remaining time in the sleep interval. +

+

The sleep function is declared in ‘unistd.h’. +

+ +

Resist the temptation to implement a sleep for a fixed amount of time by +using the return value of sleep, when nonzero, to call +sleep again. This will work with a certain amount of accuracy as +long as signals arrive infrequently. But each signal can cause the +eventual wakeup time to be off by an additional second or so. Suppose a +few signals happen to arrive in rapid succession by bad luck—there is +no limit on how much this could shorten or lengthen the wait. +

+

Instead, compute the calendar time at which the program should stop +waiting, and keep trying to wait until that calendar time. This won't +be off by more than a second. With just a little more work, you can use +select and make the waiting period quite accurate. (Of course, +heavy system load can cause additional unavoidable delays—unless the +machine is dedicated to one application, there is no way you can avoid +this.) +

+

On some systems, sleep can do strange things if your program uses +SIGALRM explicitly. Even if SIGALRM signals are being +ignored or blocked when sleep is called, sleep might +return prematurely on delivery of a SIGALRM signal. If you have +established a handler for SIGALRM signals and a SIGALRM +signal is delivered while the process is sleeping, the action taken +might be just to cause sleep to return instead of invoking your +handler. And, if sleep is interrupted by delivery of a signal +whose handler requests an alarm or alters the handling of SIGALRM, +this handler and sleep will interfere. +

+

On the GNU system, it is safe to use sleep and SIGALRM in +the same program, because sleep does not work by means of +SIGALRM. +

+
+
Function: int nanosleep (const struct timespec *requested_time, struct timespec *remaining) + +
+

If resolution to seconds is not enough the nanosleep function can +be used. As the name suggests the sleep interval can be specified in +nanoseconds. The actual elapsed time of the sleep interval might be +longer since the system rounds the elapsed time you request up to the +next integer multiple of the actual resolution the system can deliver. +

+

*requested_time is the elapsed time of the interval you want to +sleep. +

+

The function returns as *remaining the elapsed time left in the +interval for which you requested to sleep. If the interval completed +without getting interrupted by a signal, this is zero. +

+

struct timespec is described in See section Elapsed Time. +

+

If the function returns because the interval is over the return value is +zero. If the function returns -1 the global variable errno +is set to the following values: +

+
+
EINTR
+

The call was interrupted because a signal was delivered to the thread. +If the remaining parameter is not the null pointer the structure +pointed to by remaining is updated to contain the remaining +elapsed time. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The nanosecond value in the requested_time parameter contains an +illegal value. Either the value is negative or greater than or equal to +1000 million. +

+
+ +

This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs. This +is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like memory, file +descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time nanosleep is +called. If the thread gets canceled these resources stay allocated +until the program ends. To avoid this calls to nanosleep should +be protected using cancellation handlers. +

+

The nanosleep function is declared in ‘time.h’. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_16.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_16.html @@ -0,0 +1,4589 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 16. Sockets + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16. Sockets

+ +

This chapter describes the GNU facilities for interprocess +communication using sockets. +

+ + +

A socket is a generalized interprocess communication channel. +Like a pipe, a socket is represented as a file descriptor. Unlike pipes +sockets support communication between unrelated processes, and even +between processes running on different machines that communicate over a +network. Sockets are the primary means of communicating with other +machines; telnet, rlogin, ftp, talk and the +other familiar network programs use sockets. +

+

Not all operating systems support sockets. In the GNU library, the +header file ‘sys/socket.h’ exists regardless of the operating +system, and the socket functions always exist, but if the system does +not really support sockets these functions always fail. +

+

Incomplete: We do not currently document the facilities for +broadcast messages or for configuring Internet interfaces. The +reentrant functions and some newer functions that are related to IPv6 +aren't documented either so far. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
16.1 Socket Concepts   Basic concepts you need to know about. +
16.2 Communication Styles  Stream communication, datagrams and other styles. +
16.3 Socket Addresses   How socket names (“addresses”) work. +
16.4 Interface Naming   Identifying specific network interfaces. +
16.5 The Local Namespace   Details about the local namespace. +
16.6 The Internet Namespace   Details about the Internet namespace. +
16.7 Other Namespaces   Other namespaces not documented fully here. +
16.8 Opening and Closing Sockets   Creating sockets and destroying them. +
16.9 Using Sockets with Connections   Operations on sockets with connection state. +
16.10 Datagram Socket Operations   Operations on datagram sockets. +
16.11 The inetd Daemon   Inetd is a daemon that starts servers on request. + The most convenient way to write a server + is to make it work with Inetd. +
16.12 Socket Options   Miscellaneous low-level socket options. +
16.13 Networks Database   Accessing the database of network names. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.1 Socket Concepts

+ +

When you create a socket, you must specify the style of communication +you want to use and the type of protocol that should implement it. +The communication style of a socket defines the user-level +semantics of sending and receiving data on the socket. Choosing a +communication style specifies the answers to questions such as these: +

+
    +
  • + + + +What are the units of data transmission? Some communication +styles regard the data as a sequence of bytes with no larger +structure; others group the bytes into records (which are known in +this context as packets). + +
  • + + +Can data be lost during normal operation? Some communication +styles guarantee that all the data sent arrives in the order it was +sent (barring system or network crashes); other styles occasionally +lose data as a normal part of operation, and may sometimes deliver +packets more than once or in the wrong order. + +

    Designing a program to use unreliable communication styles usually +involves taking precautions to detect lost or misordered packets and +to retransmit data as needed. +

    +
  • +Is communication entirely with one partner? Some +communication styles are like a telephone call—you make a +connection with one remote socket and then exchange data +freely. Other styles are like mailing letters—you specify a +destination address for each message you send. +
+ + + + + +

You must also choose a namespace for naming the socket. A socket +name (“address”) is meaningful only in the context of a particular +namespace. In fact, even the data type to use for a socket name may +depend on the namespace. Namespaces are also called “domains”, but we +avoid that word as it can be confused with other usage of the same +term. Each namespace has a symbolic name that starts with ‘PF_’. +A corresponding symbolic name starting with ‘AF_’ designates the +address format for that namespace. +

+ + + + +

Finally you must choose the protocol to carry out the +communication. The protocol determines what low-level mechanism is used +to transmit and receive data. Each protocol is valid for a particular +namespace and communication style; a namespace is sometimes called a +protocol family because of this, which is why the namespace names +start with ‘PF_’. +

+

The rules of a protocol apply to the data passing between two programs, +perhaps on different computers; most of these rules are handled by the +operating system and you need not know about them. What you do need to +know about protocols is this: +

+
    +
  • +In order to have communication between two sockets, they must specify +the same protocol. + +
  • +Each protocol is meaningful with particular style/namespace +combinations and cannot be used with inappropriate combinations. For +example, the TCP protocol fits only the byte stream style of +communication and the Internet namespace. + +
  • +For each combination of style and namespace there is a default +protocol, which you can request by specifying 0 as the protocol +number. And that's what you should normally do—use the default. +
+ +

Throughout the following description at various places +variables/parameters to denote sizes are required. And here the trouble +starts. In the first implementations the type of these variables was +simply int. On most machines at that time an int was 32 +bits wide, which created a de facto standard requiring 32-bit +variables. This is important since references to variables of this type +are passed to the kernel. +

+

Then the POSIX people came and unified the interface with the words "all +size values are of type size_t". On 64-bit machines +size_t is 64 bits wide, so pointers to variables were no longer +possible. +

+

The Unix98 specification provides a solution by introducing a type +socklen_t. This type is used in all of the cases that POSIX +changed to use size_t. The only requirement of this type is that +it be an unsigned type of at least 32 bits. Therefore, implementations +which require that references to 32-bit variables be passed can be as +happy as implementations which use 64-bit values. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.2 Communication Styles

+ +

The GNU library includes support for several different kinds of sockets, +each with different characteristics. This section describes the +supported socket types. The symbolic constants listed here are +defined in ‘sys/socket.h’. + +

+
+
Macro: int SOCK_STREAM + +
+

The SOCK_STREAM style is like a pipe (see section Pipes and FIFOs). +It operates over a connection with a particular remote socket and +transmits data reliably as a stream of bytes. +

+

Use of this style is covered in detail in Using Sockets with Connections. +

+ +
+
Macro: int SOCK_DGRAM + +
+

The SOCK_DGRAM style is used for sending +individually-addressed packets unreliably. +It is the diametrical opposite of SOCK_STREAM. +

+

Each time you write data to a socket of this kind, that data becomes +one packet. Since SOCK_DGRAM sockets do not have connections, +you must specify the recipient address with each packet. +

+

The only guarantee that the system makes about your requests to +transmit data is that it will try its best to deliver each packet you +send. It may succeed with the sixth packet after failing with the +fourth and fifth packets; the seventh packet may arrive before the +sixth, and may arrive a second time after the sixth. +

+

The typical use for SOCK_DGRAM is in situations where it is +acceptable to simply re-send a packet if no response is seen in a +reasonable amount of time. +

+

See section Datagram Socket Operations, for detailed information about how to use datagram +sockets. +

+ + + +
+
Macro: int SOCK_RAW + +
+

This style provides access to low-level network protocols and +interfaces. Ordinary user programs usually have no need to use this +style. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.3 Socket Addresses

+ +

The name of a socket is normally called an address. The +functions and symbols for dealing with socket addresses were named +inconsistently, sometimes using the term “name” and sometimes using +“address”. You can regard these terms as synonymous where sockets +are concerned. +

+

A socket newly created with the socket function has no +address. Other processes can find it for communication only if you +give it an address. We call this binding the address to the +socket, and the way to do it is with the bind function. +

+

You need be concerned with the address of a socket if other processes +are to find it and start communicating with it. You can specify an +address for other sockets, but this is usually pointless; the first time +you send data from a socket, or use it to initiate a connection, the +system assigns an address automatically if you have not specified one. +

+

Occasionally a client needs to specify an address because the server +discriminates based on address; for example, the rsh and rlogin +protocols look at the client's socket address and only bypass password +checking if it is less than IPPORT_RESERVED (see section Internet Ports). +

+

The details of socket addresses vary depending on what namespace you are +using. See section The Local Namespace, or The Internet Namespace, for specific +information. +

+

Regardless of the namespace, you use the same functions bind and +getsockname to set and examine a socket's address. These +functions use a phony data type, struct sockaddr *, to accept the +address. In practice, the address lives in a structure of some other +data type appropriate to the address format you are using, but you cast +its address to struct sockaddr * when you pass it to +bind. +

+ + + + +
16.3.1 Address Formats   About struct sockaddr. +
16.3.2 Setting the Address of a Socket   Binding an address to a socket. +
16.3.3 Reading the Address of a Socket   Reading the address of a socket. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.3.1 Address Formats

+ +

The functions bind and getsockname use the generic data +type struct sockaddr * to represent a pointer to a socket +address. You can't use this data type effectively to interpret an +address or construct one; for that, you must use the proper data type +for the socket's namespace. +

+

Thus, the usual practice is to construct an address of the proper +namespace-specific type, then cast a pointer to struct sockaddr * +when you call bind or getsockname. +

+

The one piece of information that you can get from the struct +sockaddr data type is the address format designator. This tells +you which data type to use to understand the address fully. +

+ +

The symbols in this section are defined in the header file +‘sys/socket.h’. +

+
+
Data Type: struct sockaddr + +
+

The struct sockaddr type itself has the following members: +

+
+
short int sa_family
+

This is the code for the address format of this address. It +identifies the format of the data which follows. +

+
+
char sa_data[14]
+

This is the actual socket address data, which is format-dependent. Its +length also depends on the format, and may well be more than 14. The +length 14 of sa_data is essentially arbitrary. +

+
+
+ +

Each address format has a symbolic name which starts with ‘AF_’. +Each of them corresponds to a ‘PF_’ symbol which designates the +corresponding namespace. Here is a list of address format names: +

+
+
AF_LOCAL
+
+

This designates the address format that goes with the local namespace. +(PF_LOCAL is the name of that namespace.) See section Details of Local Namespace, for information about this address format. +

+
+
AF_UNIX
+
+

This is a synonym for AF_LOCAL. Although AF_LOCAL is +mandated by POSIX.1g, AF_UNIX is portable to more systems. +AF_UNIX was the traditional name stemming from BSD, so even most +POSIX systems support it. It is also the name of choice in the Unix98 +specification. (The same is true for PF_UNIX +vs. PF_LOCAL). +

+
+
AF_FILE
+
+

This is another synonym for AF_LOCAL, for compatibility. +(PF_FILE is likewise a synonym for PF_LOCAL.) +

+
+
AF_INET
+
+

This designates the address format that goes with the Internet +namespace. (PF_INET is the name of that namespace.) +See section Internet Socket Address Formats. +

+
+
AF_INET6
+

This is similar to AF_INET, but refers to the IPv6 protocol. +(PF_INET6 is the name of the corresponding namespace.) +

+
+
AF_UNSPEC
+
+

This designates no particular address format. It is used only in rare +cases, such as to clear out the default destination address of a +“connected” datagram socket. See section Sending Datagrams. +

+

The corresponding namespace designator symbol PF_UNSPEC exists +for completeness, but there is no reason to use it in a program. +

+
+ +

‘sys/socket.h’ defines symbols starting with ‘AF_’ for many +different kinds of networks, most or all of which are not actually +implemented. We will document those that really work as we receive +information about how to use them. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.3.2 Setting the Address of a Socket

+ +

Use the bind function to assign an address to a socket. The +prototype for bind is in the header file ‘sys/socket.h’. +For examples of use, see Example of Local-Namespace Sockets, or see Internet Socket Example. +

+
+
Function: int bind (int socket, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t length) + +
+

The bind function assigns an address to the socket +socket. The addr and length arguments specify the +address; the detailed format of the address depends on the namespace. +The first part of the address is always the format designator, which +specifies a namespace, and says that the address is in the format of +that namespace. +

+

The return value is 0 on success and -1 on failure. The +following errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The socket argument is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
ENOTSOCK
+

The descriptor socket is not a socket. +

+
+
EADDRNOTAVAIL
+

The specified address is not available on this machine. +

+
+
EADDRINUSE
+

Some other socket is already using the specified address. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The socket socket already has an address. +

+
+
EACCES
+

You do not have permission to access the requested address. (In the +Internet domain, only the super-user is allowed to specify a port number +in the range 0 through IPPORT_RESERVED minus one; see +Internet Ports.) +

+
+ +

Additional conditions may be possible depending on the particular namespace +of the socket. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.3.3 Reading the Address of a Socket

+ +

Use the function getsockname to examine the address of an +Internet socket. The prototype for this function is in the header file +‘sys/socket.h’. +

+
+
Function: int getsockname (int socket, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *length-ptr) + +
+

The getsockname function returns information about the +address of the socket socket in the locations specified by the +addr and length-ptr arguments. Note that the +length-ptr is a pointer; you should initialize it to be the +allocation size of addr, and on return it contains the actual +size of the address data. +

+

The format of the address data depends on the socket namespace. The +length of the information is usually fixed for a given namespace, so +normally you can know exactly how much space is needed and can provide +that much. The usual practice is to allocate a place for the value +using the proper data type for the socket's namespace, then cast its +address to struct sockaddr * to pass it to getsockname. +

+

The return value is 0 on success and -1 on error. The +following errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The socket argument is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
ENOTSOCK
+

The descriptor socket is not a socket. +

+
+
ENOBUFS
+

There are not enough internal buffers available for the operation. +

+
+
+ +

You can't read the address of a socket in the file namespace. This is +consistent with the rest of the system; in general, there's no way to +find a file's name from a descriptor for that file. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.4 Interface Naming

+ +

Each network interface has a name. This usually consists of a few +letters that relate to the type of interface, which may be followed by a +number if there is more than one interface of that type. Examples +might be lo (the loopback interface) and eth0 (the first +Ethernet interface). +

+

Although such names are convenient for humans, it would be clumsy to +have to use them whenever a program needs to refer to an interface. In +such situations an interface is referred to by its index, which is +an arbitrarily-assigned small positive integer. +

+

The following functions, constants and data types are declared in the +header file ‘net/if.h’. +

+
+
Constant: size_t IFNAMSIZ + +
+

This constant defines the maximum buffer size needed to hold an +interface name, including its terminating zero byte. +

+ +
+
Function: unsigned int if_nametoindex (const char *ifname) + +
+

This function yields the interface index corresponding to a particular +name. If no interface exists with the name given, it returns 0. +

+ +
+
Function: char * if_indextoname (unsigned int ifindex, char *ifname) + +
+

This function maps an interface index to its corresponding name. The +returned name is placed in the buffer pointed to by ifname, which +must be at least IFNAMSIZ bytes in length. If the index was +invalid, the function's return value is a null pointer, otherwise it is +ifname. +

+ +
+
Data Type: struct if_nameindex + +
+

This data type is used to hold the information about a single +interface. It has the following members: +

+
+
unsigned int if_index;
+

This is the interface index. +

+
+
char *if_name
+

This is the null-terminated index name. +

+
+
+
+ +
+
Function: struct if_nameindex * if_nameindex (void) + +
+

This function returns an array of if_nameindex structures, one +for every interface that is present. The end of the list is indicated +by a structure with an interface of 0 and a null name pointer. If an +error occurs, this function returns a null pointer. +

+

The returned structure must be freed with if_freenameindex after +use. +

+ +
+
Function: void if_freenameindex (struct if_nameindex *ptr) + +
+

This function frees the structure returned by an earlier call to +if_nameindex. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.5 The Local Namespace

+ +

This section describes the details of the local namespace, whose +symbolic name (required when you create a socket) is PF_LOCAL. +The local namespace is also known as “Unix domain sockets”. Another +name is file namespace since socket addresses are normally implemented +as file names. +

+ + + + +
16.5.1 Local Namespace Concepts   What you need to understand. +
16.5.2 Details of Local Namespace   Address format, symbolic names, etc. +
16.5.3 Example of Local-Namespace Sockets   Example of creating a socket. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.5.1 Local Namespace Concepts

+ +

In the local namespace socket addresses are file names. You can specify +any file name you want as the address of the socket, but you must have +write permission on the directory containing it. +It's common to put these files in the ‘/tmp’ directory. +

+

One peculiarity of the local namespace is that the name is only used +when opening the connection; once open the address is not meaningful and +may not exist. +

+

Another peculiarity is that you cannot connect to such a socket from +another machine–not even if the other machine shares the file system +which contains the name of the socket. You can see the socket in a +directory listing, but connecting to it never succeeds. Some programs +take advantage of this, such as by asking the client to send its own +process ID, and using the process IDs to distinguish between clients. +However, we recommend you not use this method in protocols you design, +as we might someday permit connections from other machines that mount +the same file systems. Instead, send each new client an identifying +number if you want it to have one. +

+

After you close a socket in the local namespace, you should delete the +file name from the file system. Use unlink or remove to +do this; see Deleting Files. +

+

The local namespace supports just one protocol for any communication +style; it is protocol number 0. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.5.2 Details of Local Namespace

+ +

To create a socket in the local namespace, use the constant +PF_LOCAL as the namespace argument to socket or +socketpair. This constant is defined in ‘sys/socket.h’. +

+
+
Macro: int PF_LOCAL + +
+

This designates the local namespace, in which socket addresses are local +names, and its associated family of protocols. PF_Local is the +macro used by Posix.1g. +

+ +
+
Macro: int PF_UNIX + +
+

This is a synonym for PF_LOCAL, for compatibility's sake. +

+ +
+
Macro: int PF_FILE + +
+

This is a synonym for PF_LOCAL, for compatibility's sake. +

+ +

The structure for specifying socket names in the local namespace is +defined in the header file ‘sys/un.h’: + +

+
+
Data Type: struct sockaddr_un + +
+

This structure is used to specify local namespace socket addresses. It has +the following members: +

+
+
short int sun_family
+

This identifies the address family or format of the socket address. +You should store the value AF_LOCAL to designate the local +namespace. See section Socket Addresses. +

+
+
char sun_path[108]
+

This is the file name to use. +

+

Incomplete: Why is 108 a magic number? RMS suggests making +this a zero-length array and tweaking the following example to use +alloca to allocate an appropriate amount of storage based on +the length of the filename. +

+
+
+ +

You should compute the length parameter for a socket address in +the local namespace as the sum of the size of the sun_family +component and the string length (not the allocation size!) of +the file name string. This can be done using the macro SUN_LEN: +

+
+
Macro: int SUN_LEN (struct sockaddr_un * ptr) + +
+

The macro computes the length of socket address in the local namespace. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.5.3 Example of Local-Namespace Sockets

+ +

Here is an example showing how to create and name a socket in the local +namespace. +

+
 
#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/un.h>
+
+int
+make_named_socket (const char *filename)
+{
+  struct sockaddr_un name;
+  int sock;
+  size_t size;
+
+  /* Create the socket. */
+  sock = socket (PF_LOCAL, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
+  if (sock < 0)
+    {
+      perror ("socket");
+      exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+
+  /* Bind a name to the socket. */
+  name.sun_family = AF_LOCAL;
+  strncpy (name.sun_path, filename, sizeof (name.sun_path));
+  name.sun_path[sizeof (name.sun_path) - 1] = '\0';
+
+  /* The size of the address is
+     the offset of the start of the filename,
+     plus its length,
+     plus one for the terminating null byte.
+     Alternatively you can just do:
+     size = SUN_LEN (&name);
+ */
+  size = (offsetof (struct sockaddr_un, sun_path)
+          + strlen (name.sun_path) + 1);
+
+  if (bind (sock, (struct sockaddr *) &name, size) < 0)
+    {
+      perror ("bind");
+      exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+
+  return sock;
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.6 The Internet Namespace

+ +

This section describes the details of the protocols and socket naming +conventions used in the Internet namespace. +

+

Originally the Internet namespace used only IP version 4 (IPv4). With +the growing number of hosts on the Internet, a new protocol with a +larger address space was necessary: IP version 6 (IPv6). IPv6 +introduces 128-bit addresses (IPv4 has 32-bit addresses) and other +features, and will eventually replace IPv4. +

+

To create a socket in the IPv4 Internet namespace, use the symbolic name +PF_INET of this namespace as the namespace argument to +socket or socketpair. For IPv6 addresses you need the +macro PF_INET6. These macros are defined in ‘sys/socket.h’. + +

+
+
Macro: int PF_INET + +
+

This designates the IPv4 Internet namespace and associated family of +protocols. +

+ +
+
Macro: int PF_INET6 + +
+

This designates the IPv6 Internet namespace and associated family of +protocols. +

+ +

A socket address for the Internet namespace includes the following components: +

+ + +

You must ensure that the address and port number are represented in a +canonical format called network byte order. See section Byte Order Conversion, +for information about this. +

+ + + + + + + + +
16.6.1 Internet Socket Address Formats   How socket addresses are specified in the + Internet namespace. +
16.6.2 Host Addresses   All about host addresses of Internet host. +
16.6.6 Protocols Database   Referring to protocols by name. +
16.6.3 Internet Ports   Internet port numbers. +
16.6.4 The Services Database   Ports may have symbolic names. +
16.6.5 Byte Order Conversion   Different hosts may use different byte + ordering conventions; you need to + canonicalize host address and port number. +
16.6.7 Internet Socket Example   Putting it all together. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.6.1 Internet Socket Address Formats

+ +

In the Internet namespace, for both IPv4 (AF_INET) and IPv6 +(AF_INET6), a socket address consists of a host address +and a port on that host. In addition, the protocol you choose serves +effectively as a part of the address because local port numbers are +meaningful only within a particular protocol. +

+

The data types for representing socket addresses in the Internet namespace +are defined in the header file ‘netinet/in.h’. + +

+
+
Data Type: struct sockaddr_in + +
+

This is the data type used to represent socket addresses in the +Internet namespace. It has the following members: +

+
+
sa_family_t sin_family
+

This identifies the address family or format of the socket address. +You should store the value AF_INET in this member. +See section Socket Addresses. +

+
+
struct in_addr sin_addr
+

This is the Internet address of the host machine. See section Host Addresses, and Host Names, for how to get a value to store +here. +

+
+
unsigned short int sin_port
+

This is the port number. See section Internet Ports. +

+
+
+ +

When you call bind or getsockname, you should specify +sizeof (struct sockaddr_in) as the length parameter if +you are using an IPv4 Internet namespace socket address. +

+
+
Data Type: struct sockaddr_in6 + +
+

This is the data type used to represent socket addresses in the IPv6 +namespace. It has the following members: +

+
+
sa_family_t sin6_family
+

This identifies the address family or format of the socket address. +You should store the value of AF_INET6 in this member. +See section Socket Addresses. +

+
+
struct in6_addr sin6_addr
+

This is the IPv6 address of the host machine. See section Host Addresses, and Host Names, for how to get a value to store +here. +

+
+
uint32_t sin6_flowinfo
+

This is a currently unimplemented field. +

+
+
uint16_t sin6_port
+

This is the port number. See section Internet Ports. +

+
+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.6.2 Host Addresses

+ +

Each computer on the Internet has one or more Internet addresses, +numbers which identify that computer among all those on the Internet. +Users typically write IPv4 numeric host addresses as sequences of four +numbers, separated by periods, as in ‘128.52.46.32’, and IPv6 +numeric host addresses as sequences of up to eight numbers separated by +colons, as in ‘5f03:1200:836f:c100::1’. +

+

Each computer also has one or more host names, which are strings +of words separated by periods, as in ‘mescaline.gnu.org’. +

+

Programs that let the user specify a host typically accept both numeric +addresses and host names. To open a connection a program needs a +numeric address, and so must convert a host name to the numeric address +it stands for. +

+ + + + + +
16.6.2.1 Internet Host Addresses   What a host number consists of. +
16.6.2.2 Host Address Data Type   Data type for a host number. +
16.6.2.3 Host Address Functions   Functions to operate on them. +
16.6.2.4 Host Names   Translating host names to host numbers. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.6.2.1 Internet Host Addresses

+ + +

An IPv4 Internet host address is a number containing four bytes of data. +Historically these are divided into two parts, a network number and a +local network address number within that network. In the +mid-1990s classless addresses were introduced which changed this +behavior. Since some functions implicitly expect the old definitions, +we first describe the class-based network and will then describe +classless addresses. IPv6 uses only classless addresses and therefore +the following paragraphs don't apply. +

+

The class-based IPv4 network number consists of the first one, two or +three bytes; the rest of the bytes are the local address. +

+

IPv4 network numbers are registered with the Network Information Center +(NIC), and are divided into three classes—A, B and C. The local +network address numbers of individual machines are registered with the +administrator of the particular network. +

+

Class A networks have single-byte numbers in the range 0 to 127. There +are only a small number of Class A networks, but they can each support a +very large number of hosts. Medium-sized Class B networks have two-byte +network numbers, with the first byte in the range 128 to 191. Class C +networks are the smallest; they have three-byte network numbers, with +the first byte in the range 192-255. Thus, the first 1, 2, or 3 bytes +of an Internet address specify a network. The remaining bytes of the +Internet address specify the address within that network. +

+

The Class A network 0 is reserved for broadcast to all networks. In +addition, the host number 0 within each network is reserved for broadcast +to all hosts in that network. These uses are obsolete now but for +compatibility reasons you shouldn't use network 0 and host number 0. +

+

The Class A network 127 is reserved for loopback; you can always use +the Internet address ‘127.0.0.1’ to refer to the host machine. +

+

Since a single machine can be a member of multiple networks, it can +have multiple Internet host addresses. However, there is never +supposed to be more than one machine with the same host address. +

+ + + +

There are four forms of the standard numbers-and-dots notation +for Internet addresses: +

+
+
a.b.c.d
+

This specifies all four bytes of the address individually and is the +commonly used representation. +

+
+
a.b.c
+

The last part of the address, c, is interpreted as a 2-byte quantity. +This is useful for specifying host addresses in a Class B network with +network address number a.b. +

+
+
a.b
+

The last part of the address, b, is interpreted as a 3-byte quantity. +This is useful for specifying host addresses in a Class A network with +network address number a. +

+
+
a
+

If only one part is given, this corresponds directly to the host address +number. +

+
+ +

Within each part of the address, the usual C conventions for specifying +the radix apply. In other words, a leading ‘0x’ or ‘0X’ implies +hexadecimal radix; a leading ‘0’ implies octal; and otherwise decimal +radix is assumed. +

+ +

Classless Addresses

+ +

IPv4 addresses (and IPv6 addresses also) are now considered classless; +the distinction between classes A, B and C can be ignored. Instead an +IPv4 host address consists of a 32-bit address and a 32-bit mask. The +mask contains set bits for the network part and cleared bits for the +host part. The network part is contiguous from the left, with the +remaining bits representing the host. As a consequence, the netmask can +simply be specified as the number of set bits. Classes A, B and C are +just special cases of this general rule. For example, class A addresses +have a netmask of ‘255.0.0.0’ or a prefix length of 8. +

+

Classless IPv4 network addresses are written in numbers-and-dots +notation with the prefix length appended and a slash as separator. For +example the class A network 10 is written as ‘10.0.0.0/8’. +

+ +

IPv6 Addresses

+ +

IPv6 addresses contain 128 bits (IPv4 has 32 bits) of data. A host +address is usually written as eight 16-bit hexadecimal numbers that are +separated by colons. Two colons are used to abbreviate strings of +consecutive zeros. For example, the IPv6 loopback address +‘0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1’ can just be written as ‘::1’. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.6.2.2 Host Address Data Type

+ +

IPv4 Internet host addresses are represented in some contexts as integers +(type uint32_t). In other contexts, the integer is +packaged inside a structure of type struct in_addr. It would +be better if the usage were made consistent, but it is not hard to extract +the integer from the structure or put the integer into a structure. +

+

You will find older code that uses unsigned long int for +IPv4 Internet host addresses instead of uint32_t or struct +in_addr. Historically unsigned long int was a 32-bit number but +with 64-bit machines this has changed. Using unsigned long int +might break the code if it is used on machines where this type doesn't +have 32 bits. uint32_t is specified by Unix98 and guaranteed to have +32 bits. +

+

IPv6 Internet host addresses have 128 bits and are packaged inside a +structure of type struct in6_addr. +

+

The following basic definitions for Internet addresses are declared in +the header file ‘netinet/in.h’: + +

+
+
Data Type: struct in_addr + +
+

This data type is used in certain contexts to contain an IPv4 Internet +host address. It has just one field, named s_addr, which records +the host address number as an uint32_t. +

+ +
+
Macro: uint32_t INADDR_LOOPBACK + +
+

You can use this constant to stand for “the address of this machine,” +instead of finding its actual address. It is the IPv4 Internet address +‘127.0.0.1’, which is usually called ‘localhost’. This +special constant saves you the trouble of looking up the address of your +own machine. Also, the system usually implements INADDR_LOOPBACK +specially, avoiding any network traffic for the case of one machine +talking to itself. +

+ +
+
Macro: uint32_t INADDR_ANY + +
+

You can use this constant to stand for “any incoming address” when +binding to an address. See section Setting the Address of a Socket. This is the usual +address to give in the sin_addr member of struct +sockaddr_in when you want to accept Internet connections. +

+ +
+
Macro: uint32_t INADDR_BROADCAST + +
+

This constant is the address you use to send a broadcast message. +

+ +
+
Macro: uint32_t INADDR_NONE + +
+

This constant is returned by some functions to indicate an error. +

+ +
+
Data Type: struct in6_addr + +
+

This data type is used to store an IPv6 address. It stores 128 bits of +data, which can be accessed (via a union) in a variety of ways. +

+ +
+
Constant: struct in6_addr in6addr_loopback + +
+

This constant is the IPv6 address ‘::1’, the loopback address. See +above for a description of what this means. The macro +IN6ADDR_LOOPBACK_INIT is provided to allow you to initialize your +own variables to this value. +

+ +
+
Constant: struct in6_addr in6addr_any + +
+

This constant is the IPv6 address ‘::’, the unspecified address. See +above for a description of what this means. The macro +IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT is provided to allow you to initialize your +own variables to this value. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.6.2.3 Host Address Functions

+ +

These additional functions for manipulating Internet addresses are +declared in the header file ‘arpa/inet.h’. They represent Internet +addresses in network byte order, and network numbers and +local-address-within-network numbers in host byte order. See section Byte Order Conversion, for an explanation of network and host byte order. +

+
+
Function: int inet_aton (const char *name, struct in_addr *addr) + +
+

This function converts the IPv4 Internet host address name +from the standard numbers-and-dots notation into binary data and stores +it in the struct in_addr that addr points to. +inet_aton returns nonzero if the address is valid, zero if not. +

+ +
+
Function: uint32_t inet_addr (const char *name) + +
+

This function converts the IPv4 Internet host address name from the +standard numbers-and-dots notation into binary data. If the input is +not valid, inet_addr returns INADDR_NONE. This is an +obsolete interface to inet_aton, described immediately above. It +is obsolete because INADDR_NONE is a valid address +(255.255.255.255), and inet_aton provides a cleaner way to +indicate error return. +

+ +
+
Function: uint32_t inet_network (const char *name) + +
+

This function extracts the network number from the address name, +given in the standard numbers-and-dots notation. The returned address is +in host order. If the input is not valid, inet_network returns +-1. +

+

The function works only with traditional IPv4 class A, B and C network +types. It doesn't work with classless addresses and shouldn't be used +anymore. +

+ +
+
Function: char * inet_ntoa (struct in_addr addr) + +
+

This function converts the IPv4 Internet host address addr to a +string in the standard numbers-and-dots notation. The return value is +a pointer into a statically-allocated buffer. Subsequent calls will +overwrite the same buffer, so you should copy the string if you need +to save it. +

+

In multi-threaded programs each thread has an own statically-allocated +buffer. But still subsequent calls of inet_ntoa in the same +thread will overwrite the result of the last call. +

+

Instead of inet_ntoa the newer function inet_ntop which is +described below should be used since it handles both IPv4 and IPv6 +addresses. +

+ +
+
Function: struct in_addr inet_makeaddr (uint32_t net, uint32_t local) + +
+

This function makes an IPv4 Internet host address by combining the network +number net with the local-address-within-network number +local. +

+ +
+
Function: uint32_t inet_lnaof (struct in_addr addr) + +
+

This function returns the local-address-within-network part of the +Internet host address addr. +

+

The function works only with traditional IPv4 class A, B and C network +types. It doesn't work with classless addresses and shouldn't be used +anymore. +

+ +
+
Function: uint32_t inet_netof (struct in_addr addr) + +
+

This function returns the network number part of the Internet host +address addr. +

+

The function works only with traditional IPv4 class A, B and C network +types. It doesn't work with classless addresses and shouldn't be used +anymore. +

+ +
+
Function: int inet_pton (int af, const char *cp, void *buf) + +
+

This function converts an Internet address (either IPv4 or IPv6) from +presentation (textual) to network (binary) format. af should be +either AF_INET or AF_INET6, as appropriate for the type of +address being converted. cp is a pointer to the input string, and +buf is a pointer to a buffer for the result. It is the caller's +responsibility to make sure the buffer is large enough. +

+ +
+
Function: const char * inet_ntop (int af, const void *cp, char *buf, size_t len) + +
+

This function converts an Internet address (either IPv4 or IPv6) from +network (binary) to presentation (textual) form. af should be +either AF_INET or AF_INET6, as appropriate. cp is a +pointer to the address to be converted. buf should be a pointer +to a buffer to hold the result, and len is the length of this +buffer. The return value from the function will be this buffer address. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.6.2.4 Host Names

+ +

Besides the standard numbers-and-dots notation for Internet addresses, +you can also refer to a host by a symbolic name. The advantage of a +symbolic name is that it is usually easier to remember. For example, +the machine with Internet address ‘158.121.106.19’ is also known as +‘alpha.gnu.org’; and other machines in the ‘gnu.org’ +domain can refer to it simply as ‘alpha’. +

+ + +

Internally, the system uses a database to keep track of the mapping +between host names and host numbers. This database is usually either +the file ‘/etc/hosts’ or an equivalent provided by a name server. +The functions and other symbols for accessing this database are declared +in ‘netdb.h’. They are BSD features, defined unconditionally if +you include ‘netdb.h’. +

+
+
Data Type: struct hostent + +
+

This data type is used to represent an entry in the hosts database. It +has the following members: +

+
+
char *h_name
+

This is the “official” name of the host. +

+
+
char **h_aliases
+

These are alternative names for the host, represented as a null-terminated +vector of strings. +

+
+
int h_addrtype
+

This is the host address type; in practice, its value is always either +AF_INET or AF_INET6, with the latter being used for IPv6 +hosts. In principle other kinds of addresses could be represented in +the database as well as Internet addresses; if this were done, you +might find a value in this field other than AF_INET or +AF_INET6. See section Socket Addresses. +

+
+
int h_length
+

This is the length, in bytes, of each address. +

+
+
char **h_addr_list
+

This is the vector of addresses for the host. (Recall that the host +might be connected to multiple networks and have different addresses on +each one.) The vector is terminated by a null pointer. +

+
+
char *h_addr
+

This is a synonym for h_addr_list[0]; in other words, it is the +first host address. +

+
+
+ +

As far as the host database is concerned, each address is just a block +of memory h_length bytes long. But in other contexts there is an +implicit assumption that you can convert IPv4 addresses to a +struct in_addr or an uint32_t. Host addresses in +a struct hostent structure are always given in network byte +order; see Byte Order Conversion. +

+

You can use gethostbyname, gethostbyname2 or +gethostbyaddr to search the hosts database for information about +a particular host. The information is returned in a +statically-allocated structure; you must copy the information if you +need to save it across calls. You can also use getaddrinfo and +getnameinfo to obtain this information. +

+
+
Function: struct hostent * gethostbyname (const char *name) + +
+

The gethostbyname function returns information about the host +named name. If the lookup fails, it returns a null pointer. +

+ +
+
Function: struct hostent * gethostbyname2 (const char *name, int af) + +
+

The gethostbyname2 function is like gethostbyname, but +allows the caller to specify the desired address family (e.g. +AF_INET or AF_INET6) of the result. +

+ +
+
Function: struct hostent * gethostbyaddr (const char *addr, size_t length, int format) + +
+

The gethostbyaddr function returns information about the host +with Internet address addr. The parameter addr is not +really a pointer to char - it can be a pointer to an IPv4 or an IPv6 +address. The length argument is the size (in bytes) of the address +at addr. format specifies the address format; for an IPv4 +Internet address, specify a value of AF_INET; for an IPv6 +Internet address, use AF_INET6. +

+

If the lookup fails, gethostbyaddr returns a null pointer. +

+ + +

If the name lookup by gethostbyname or gethostbyaddr +fails, you can find out the reason by looking at the value of the +variable h_errno. (It would be cleaner design for these +functions to set errno, but use of h_errno is compatible +with other systems.) +

+

Here are the error codes that you may find in h_errno: +

+
+
HOST_NOT_FOUND
+
+

No such host is known in the database. +

+
+
TRY_AGAIN
+
+

This condition happens when the name server could not be contacted. If +you try again later, you may succeed then. +

+
+
NO_RECOVERY
+
+

A non-recoverable error occurred. +

+
+
NO_ADDRESS
+
+

The host database contains an entry for the name, but it doesn't have an +associated Internet address. +

+
+ +

The lookup functions above all have one in common: they are not +reentrant and therefore unusable in multi-threaded applications. +Therefore provides the GNU C library a new set of functions which can be +used in this context. +

+
+
Function: int gethostbyname_r (const char *restrict name, struct hostent *restrict result_buf, char *restrict buf, size_t buflen, struct hostent **restrict result, int *restrict h_errnop) + +
+

The gethostbyname_r function returns information about the host +named name. The caller must pass a pointer to an object of type +struct hostent in the result_buf parameter. In addition +the function may need extra buffer space and the caller must pass an +pointer and the size of the buffer in the buf and buflen +parameters. +

+

A pointer to the buffer, in which the result is stored, is available in +*result after the function call successfully returned. If +an error occurs or if no entry is found, the pointer *result +is a null pointer. Success is signalled by a zero return value. If the +function failed the return value is an error number. In addition to the +errors defined for gethostbyname it can also be ERANGE. +In this case the call should be repeated with a larger buffer. +Additional error information is not stored in the global variable +h_errno but instead in the object pointed to by h_errnop. +

+

Here's a small example: +

 
struct hostent *
+gethostname (char *host)
+{
+  struct hostent hostbuf, *hp;
+  size_t hstbuflen;
+  char *tmphstbuf;
+  int res;
+  int herr;
+
+  hstbuflen = 1024;
+  /* Allocate buffer, remember to free it to avoid memory leakage.  */
+  tmphstbuf = malloc (hstbuflen);
+
+  while ((res = gethostbyname_r (host, &hostbuf, tmphstbuf, hstbuflen,
+                                 &hp, &herr)) == ERANGE)
+    {
+      /* Enlarge the buffer.  */
+      hstbuflen *= 2;
+      tmphstbuf = realloc (tmphstbuf, hstbuflen);
+    }
+  /*  Check for errors.  */
+  if (res || hp == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  return hp;
+}
+
+
+ +
+
Function: int gethostbyname2_r (const char *name, int af, struct hostent *restrict result_buf, char *restrict buf, size_t buflen, struct hostent **restrict result, int *restrict h_errnop) + +
+

The gethostbyname2_r function is like gethostbyname_r, but +allows the caller to specify the desired address family (e.g. +AF_INET or AF_INET6) for the result. +

+ +
+
Function: int gethostbyaddr_r (const char *addr, size_t length, int format, struct hostent *restrict result_buf, char *restrict buf, size_t buflen, struct hostent **restrict result, int *restrict h_errnop) + +
+

The gethostbyaddr_r function returns information about the host +with Internet address addr. The parameter addr is not +really a pointer to char - it can be a pointer to an IPv4 or an IPv6 +address. The length argument is the size (in bytes) of the address +at addr. format specifies the address format; for an IPv4 +Internet address, specify a value of AF_INET; for an IPv6 +Internet address, use AF_INET6. +

+

Similar to the gethostbyname_r function, the caller must provide +buffers for the result and memory used internally. In case of success +the function returns zero. Otherwise the value is an error number where +ERANGE has the special meaning that the caller-provided buffer is +too small. +

+ +

You can also scan the entire hosts database one entry at a time using +sethostent, gethostent and endhostent. Be careful +when using these functions because they are not reentrant. +

+
+
Function: void sethostent (int stayopen) + +
+

This function opens the hosts database to begin scanning it. You can +then call gethostent to read the entries. +

+

If the stayopen argument is nonzero, this sets a flag so that +subsequent calls to gethostbyname or gethostbyaddr will +not close the database (as they usually would). This makes for more +efficiency if you call those functions several times, by avoiding +reopening the database for each call. +

+ +
+
Function: struct hostent * gethostent (void) + +
+

This function returns the next entry in the hosts database. It +returns a null pointer if there are no more entries. +

+ +
+
Function: void endhostent (void) + +
+

This function closes the hosts database. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.6.3 Internet Ports

+ +

A socket address in the Internet namespace consists of a machine's +Internet address plus a port number which distinguishes the +sockets on a given machine (for a given protocol). Port numbers range +from 0 to 65,535. +

+

Port numbers less than IPPORT_RESERVED are reserved for standard +servers, such as finger and telnet. There is a database +that keeps track of these, and you can use the getservbyname +function to map a service name onto a port number; see The Services Database. +

+

If you write a server that is not one of the standard ones defined in +the database, you must choose a port number for it. Use a number +greater than IPPORT_USERRESERVED; such numbers are reserved for +servers and won't ever be generated automatically by the system. +Avoiding conflicts with servers being run by other users is up to you. +

+

When you use a socket without specifying its address, the system +generates a port number for it. This number is between +IPPORT_RESERVED and IPPORT_USERRESERVED. +

+

On the Internet, it is actually legitimate to have two different +sockets with the same port number, as long as they never both try to +communicate with the same socket address (host address plus port +number). You shouldn't duplicate a port number except in special +circumstances where a higher-level protocol requires it. Normally, +the system won't let you do it; bind normally insists on +distinct port numbers. To reuse a port number, you must set the +socket option SO_REUSEADDR. See section Socket-Level Options. +

+ +

These macros are defined in the header file ‘netinet/in.h’. +

+
+
Macro: int IPPORT_RESERVED + +
+

Port numbers less than IPPORT_RESERVED are reserved for +superuser use. +

+ +
+
Macro: int IPPORT_USERRESERVED + +
+

Port numbers greater than or equal to IPPORT_USERRESERVED are +reserved for explicit use; they will never be allocated automatically. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.6.4 The Services Database

+ +

The database that keeps track of “well-known” services is usually +either the file ‘/etc/services’ or an equivalent from a name server. +You can use these utilities, declared in ‘netdb.h’, to access +the services database. + +

+
+
Data Type: struct servent + +
+

This data type holds information about entries from the services database. +It has the following members: +

+
+
char *s_name
+

This is the “official” name of the service. +

+
+
char **s_aliases
+

These are alternate names for the service, represented as an array of +strings. A null pointer terminates the array. +

+
+
int s_port
+

This is the port number for the service. Port numbers are given in +network byte order; see Byte Order Conversion. +

+
+
char *s_proto
+

This is the name of the protocol to use with this service. +See section Protocols Database. +

+
+
+ +

To get information about a particular service, use the +getservbyname or getservbyport functions. The information +is returned in a statically-allocated structure; you must copy the +information if you need to save it across calls. +

+
+
Function: struct servent * getservbyname (const char *name, const char *proto) + +
+

The getservbyname function returns information about the +service named name using protocol proto. If it can't find +such a service, it returns a null pointer. +

+

This function is useful for servers as well as for clients; servers +use it to determine which port they should listen on (see section Listening for Connections). +

+ +
+
Function: struct servent * getservbyport (int port, const char *proto) + +
+

The getservbyport function returns information about the +service at port port using protocol proto. If it can't +find such a service, it returns a null pointer. +

+ +

You can also scan the services database using setservent, +getservent and endservent. Be careful when using these +functions because they are not reentrant. +

+
+
Function: void setservent (int stayopen) + +
+

This function opens the services database to begin scanning it. +

+

If the stayopen argument is nonzero, this sets a flag so that +subsequent calls to getservbyname or getservbyport will +not close the database (as they usually would). This makes for more +efficiency if you call those functions several times, by avoiding +reopening the database for each call. +

+ +
+
Function: struct servent * getservent (void) + +
+

This function returns the next entry in the services database. If +there are no more entries, it returns a null pointer. +

+ +
+
Function: void endservent (void) + +
+

This function closes the services database. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.6.5 Byte Order Conversion

+ +

Different kinds of computers use different conventions for the +ordering of bytes within a word. Some computers put the most +significant byte within a word first (this is called “big-endian” +order), and others put it last (“little-endian” order). +

+ +

So that machines with different byte order conventions can +communicate, the Internet protocols specify a canonical byte order +convention for data transmitted over the network. This is known +as network byte order. +

+

When establishing an Internet socket connection, you must make sure that +the data in the sin_port and sin_addr members of the +sockaddr_in structure are represented in network byte order. +If you are encoding integer data in the messages sent through the +socket, you should convert this to network byte order too. If you don't +do this, your program may fail when running on or talking to other kinds +of machines. +

+

If you use getservbyname and gethostbyname or +inet_addr to get the port number and host address, the values are +already in network byte order, and you can copy them directly into +the sockaddr_in structure. +

+

Otherwise, you have to convert the values explicitly. Use htons +and ntohs to convert values for the sin_port member. Use +htonl and ntohl to convert IPv4 addresses for the +sin_addr member. (Remember, struct in_addr is equivalent +to uint32_t.) These functions are declared in +‘netinet/in.h’. + +

+
+
Function: uint16_t htons (uint16_t hostshort) + +
+

This function converts the uint16_t integer hostshort from +host byte order to network byte order. +

+ +
+
Function: uint16_t ntohs (uint16_t netshort) + +
+

This function converts the uint16_t integer netshort from +network byte order to host byte order. +

+ +
+
Function: uint32_t htonl (uint32_t hostlong) + +
+

This function converts the uint32_t integer hostlong from +host byte order to network byte order. +

+

This is used for IPv4 Internet addresses. +

+ +
+
Function: uint32_t ntohl (uint32_t netlong) + +
+

This function converts the uint32_t integer netlong from +network byte order to host byte order. +

+

This is used for IPv4 Internet addresses. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.6.6 Protocols Database

+ +

The communications protocol used with a socket controls low-level +details of how data are exchanged. For example, the protocol implements +things like checksums to detect errors in transmissions, and routing +instructions for messages. Normal user programs have little reason to +mess with these details directly. +

+ +

The default communications protocol for the Internet namespace depends on +the communication style. For stream communication, the default is TCP +(“transmission control protocol”). For datagram communication, the +default is UDP (“user datagram protocol”). For reliable datagram +communication, the default is RDP (“reliable datagram protocol”). +You should nearly always use the default. +

+ +

Internet protocols are generally specified by a name instead of a +number. The network protocols that a host knows about are stored in a +database. This is usually either derived from the file +‘/etc/protocols’, or it may be an equivalent provided by a name +server. You look up the protocol number associated with a named +protocol in the database using the getprotobyname function. +

+

Here are detailed descriptions of the utilities for accessing the +protocols database. These are declared in ‘netdb.h’. + +

+
+
Data Type: struct protoent + +
+

This data type is used to represent entries in the network protocols +database. It has the following members: +

+
+
char *p_name
+

This is the official name of the protocol. +

+
+
char **p_aliases
+

These are alternate names for the protocol, specified as an array of +strings. The last element of the array is a null pointer. +

+
+
int p_proto
+

This is the protocol number (in host byte order); use this member as the +protocol argument to socket. +

+
+
+ +

You can use getprotobyname and getprotobynumber to search +the protocols database for a specific protocol. The information is +returned in a statically-allocated structure; you must copy the +information if you need to save it across calls. +

+
+
Function: struct protoent * getprotobyname (const char *name) + +
+

The getprotobyname function returns information about the +network protocol named name. If there is no such protocol, it +returns a null pointer. +

+ +
+
Function: struct protoent * getprotobynumber (int protocol) + +
+

The getprotobynumber function returns information about the +network protocol with number protocol. If there is no such +protocol, it returns a null pointer. +

+ +

You can also scan the whole protocols database one protocol at a time by +using setprotoent, getprotoent and endprotoent. +Be careful when using these functions because they are not reentrant. +

+
+
Function: void setprotoent (int stayopen) + +
+

This function opens the protocols database to begin scanning it. +

+

If the stayopen argument is nonzero, this sets a flag so that +subsequent calls to getprotobyname or getprotobynumber will +not close the database (as they usually would). This makes for more +efficiency if you call those functions several times, by avoiding +reopening the database for each call. +

+ +
+
Function: struct protoent * getprotoent (void) + +
+

This function returns the next entry in the protocols database. It +returns a null pointer if there are no more entries. +

+ +
+
Function: void endprotoent (void) + +
+

This function closes the protocols database. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.6.7 Internet Socket Example

+ +

Here is an example showing how to create and name a socket in the +Internet namespace. The newly created socket exists on the machine that +the program is running on. Rather than finding and using the machine's +Internet address, this example specifies INADDR_ANY as the host +address; the system replaces that with the machine's actual address. +

+
 
#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+
+int 
+make_socket (uint16_t port)
+{
+  int sock;
+  struct sockaddr_in name;
+
+  /* Create the socket. */
+  sock = socket (PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+  if (sock < 0)
+    {
+      perror ("socket");
+      exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+
+  /* Give the socket a name. */
+  name.sin_family = AF_INET;
+  name.sin_port = htons (port);
+  name.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl (INADDR_ANY);
+  if (bind (sock, (struct sockaddr *) &name, sizeof (name)) < 0)
+    {
+      perror ("bind");
+      exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+
+  return sock;
+}
+
+ +

Here is another example, showing how you can fill in a sockaddr_in +structure, given a host name string and a port number: +

+
 
#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <netdb.h>
+
+void 
+init_sockaddr (struct sockaddr_in *name,
+               const char *hostname,
+               uint16_t port)
+{
+  struct hostent *hostinfo;
+
+  name->sin_family = AF_INET;
+  name->sin_port = htons (port);
+  hostinfo = gethostbyname (hostname);
+  if (hostinfo == NULL) 
+    {
+      fprintf (stderr, "Unknown host %s.\n", hostname);
+      exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+  name->sin_addr = *(struct in_addr *) hostinfo->h_addr;
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.7 Other Namespaces

+ +

Certain other namespaces and associated protocol families are supported +but not documented yet because they are not often used. PF_NS +refers to the Xerox Network Software protocols. PF_ISO stands +for Open Systems Interconnect. PF_CCITT refers to protocols from +CCITT. ‘socket.h’ defines these symbols and others naming protocols +not actually implemented. +

+

PF_IMPLINK is used for communicating between hosts and Internet +Message Processors. For information on this and PF_ROUTE, an +occasionally-used local area routing protocol, see the GNU Hurd Manual +(to appear in the future). +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.8 Opening and Closing Sockets

+ +

This section describes the actual library functions for opening and +closing sockets. The same functions work for all namespaces and +connection styles. +

+ + + + +
16.8.1 Creating a Socket   How to open a socket. +
16.8.2 Closing a Socket   How to close a socket. +
16.8.3 Socket Pairs   These are created like pipes. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.8.1 Creating a Socket

+ +

The primitive for creating a socket is the socket function, +declared in ‘sys/socket.h’. + +

+
+
Function: int socket (int namespace, int style, int protocol) + +
+

This function creates a socket and specifies communication style +style, which should be one of the socket styles listed in +Communication Styles. The namespace argument specifies +the namespace; it must be PF_LOCAL (see section The Local Namespace) or +PF_INET (see section The Internet Namespace). protocol +designates the specific protocol (see section Socket Concepts); zero is +usually right for protocol. +

+

The return value from socket is the file descriptor for the new +socket, or -1 in case of error. The following errno error +conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EPROTONOSUPPORT
+

The protocol or style is not supported by the +namespace specified. +

+
+
EMFILE
+

The process already has too many file descriptors open. +

+
+
ENFILE
+

The system already has too many file descriptors open. +

+
+
EACCES
+

The process does not have the privilege to create a socket of the specified +style or protocol. +

+
+
ENOBUFS
+

The system ran out of internal buffer space. +

+
+ +

The file descriptor returned by the socket function supports both +read and write operations. However, like pipes, sockets do not support file +positioning operations. +

+ +

For examples of how to call the socket function, +see Example of Local-Namespace Sockets, or Internet Socket Example. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.8.2 Closing a Socket

+ +

When you have finished using a socket, you can simply close its +file descriptor with close; see Opening and Closing Files. +If there is still data waiting to be transmitted over the connection, +normally close tries to complete this transmission. You +can control this behavior using the SO_LINGER socket option to +specify a timeout period; see Socket Options. +

+ +

You can also shut down only reception or transmission on a +connection by calling shutdown, which is declared in +‘sys/socket.h’. +

+
+
Function: int shutdown (int socket, int how) + +
+

The shutdown function shuts down the connection of socket +socket. The argument how specifies what action to +perform: +

+
+
0
+

Stop receiving data for this socket. If further data arrives, +reject it. +

+
+
1
+

Stop trying to transmit data from this socket. Discard any data +waiting to be sent. Stop looking for acknowledgement of data already +sent; don't retransmit it if it is lost. +

+
+
2
+

Stop both reception and transmission. +

+
+ +

The return value is 0 on success and -1 on failure. The +following errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

socket is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
ENOTSOCK
+

socket is not a socket. +

+
+
ENOTCONN
+

socket is not connected. +

+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.8.3 Socket Pairs

+ +

A socket pair consists of a pair of connected (but unnamed) +sockets. It is very similar to a pipe and is used in much the same +way. Socket pairs are created with the socketpair function, +declared in ‘sys/socket.h’. A socket pair is much like a pipe; the +main difference is that the socket pair is bidirectional, whereas the +pipe has one input-only end and one output-only end (see section Pipes and FIFOs). +

+
+
Function: int socketpair (int namespace, int style, int protocol, int filedes[2]) + +
+

This function creates a socket pair, returning the file descriptors in +filedes[0] and filedes[1]. The socket pair +is a full-duplex communications channel, so that both reading and writing +may be performed at either end. +

+

The namespace, style and protocol arguments are +interpreted as for the socket function. style should be +one of the communication styles listed in Communication Styles. +The namespace argument specifies the namespace, which must be +AF_LOCAL (see section The Local Namespace); protocol specifies the +communications protocol, but zero is the only meaningful value. +

+

If style specifies a connectionless communication style, then +the two sockets you get are not connected, strictly speaking, +but each of them knows the other as the default destination address, +so they can send packets to each other. +

+

The socketpair function returns 0 on success and -1 +on failure. The following errno error conditions are defined +for this function: +

+
+
EMFILE
+

The process has too many file descriptors open. +

+
+
EAFNOSUPPORT
+

The specified namespace is not supported. +

+
+
EPROTONOSUPPORT
+

The specified protocol is not supported. +

+
+
EOPNOTSUPP
+

The specified protocol does not support the creation of socket pairs. +

+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.9 Using Sockets with Connections

+ +

The most common communication styles involve making a connection to a +particular other socket, and then exchanging data with that socket +over and over. Making a connection is asymmetric; one side (the +client) acts to request a connection, while the other side (the +server) makes a socket and waits for the connection request. +

+ + + + + + + + + + +
16.9.1 Making a Connection   What the client program must do. +
16.9.2 Listening for Connections   How a server program waits for requests. +
16.9.3 Accepting Connections   What the server does when it gets a request. +
16.9.4 Who is Connected to Me?   Getting the address of the + other side of a connection. +
16.9.5 Transferring Data   How to send and receive data. +
16.9.6 Byte Stream Socket Example   An example program: a client for communicating + over a byte stream socket in the Internet namespace. +
16.9.7 Byte Stream Connection Server Example   A corresponding server program. +
16.9.8 Out-of-Band Data   This is an advanced feature. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.9.1 Making a Connection

+ +

In making a connection, the client makes a connection while the server +waits for and accepts the connection. Here we discuss what the client +program must do with the connect function, which is declared in +‘sys/socket.h’. +

+
+
Function: int connect (int socket, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t length) + +
+

The connect function initiates a connection from the socket +with file descriptor socket to the socket whose address is +specified by the addr and length arguments. (This socket +is typically on another machine, and it must be already set up as a +server.) See section Socket Addresses, for information about how these +arguments are interpreted. +

+

Normally, connect waits until the server responds to the request +before it returns. You can set nonblocking mode on the socket +socket to make connect return immediately without waiting +for the response. See section File Status Flags, for information about +nonblocking mode. +

+

The normal return value from connect is 0. If an error +occurs, connect returns -1. The following errno +error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The socket socket is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
ENOTSOCK
+

File descriptor socket is not a socket. +

+
+
EADDRNOTAVAIL
+

The specified address is not available on the remote machine. +

+
+
EAFNOSUPPORT
+

The namespace of the addr is not supported by this socket. +

+
+
EISCONN
+

The socket socket is already connected. +

+
+
ETIMEDOUT
+

The attempt to establish the connection timed out. +

+
+
ECONNREFUSED
+

The server has actively refused to establish the connection. +

+
+
ENETUNREACH
+

The network of the given addr isn't reachable from this host. +

+
+
EADDRINUSE
+

The socket address of the given addr is already in use. +

+
+
EINPROGRESS
+

The socket socket is non-blocking and the connection could not be +established immediately. You can determine when the connection is +completely established with select; see section Waiting for Input or Output. +Another connect call on the same socket, before the connection is +completely established, will fail with EALREADY. +

+
+
EALREADY
+

The socket socket is non-blocking and already has a pending +connection in progress (see EINPROGRESS above). +

+
+ +

This function is defined as a cancellation point in multi-threaded +programs, so one has to be prepared for this and make sure that +allocated resources (like memory, files descriptors, semaphores or +whatever) are freed even if the thread is canceled. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.9.2 Listening for Connections

+ +

Now let us consider what the server process must do to accept +connections on a socket. First it must use the listen function +to enable connection requests on the socket, and then accept each +incoming connection with a call to accept (see section Accepting Connections). Once connection requests are enabled on a server socket, +the select function reports when the socket has a connection +ready to be accepted (see section Waiting for Input or Output). +

+

The listen function is not allowed for sockets using +connectionless communication styles. +

+

You can write a network server that does not even start running until a +connection to it is requested. See section inetd Servers. +

+

In the Internet namespace, there are no special protection mechanisms +for controlling access to a port; any process on any machine +can make a connection to your server. If you want to restrict access to +your server, make it examine the addresses associated with connection +requests or implement some other handshaking or identification +protocol. +

+

In the local namespace, the ordinary file protection bits control who has +access to connect to the socket. +

+
+
Function: int listen (int socket, int n) + +
+

The listen function enables the socket socket to accept +connections, thus making it a server socket. +

+

The argument n specifies the length of the queue for pending +connections. When the queue fills, new clients attempting to connect +fail with ECONNREFUSED until the server calls accept to +accept a connection from the queue. +

+

The listen function returns 0 on success and -1 +on failure. The following errno error conditions are defined +for this function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The argument socket is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
ENOTSOCK
+

The argument socket is not a socket. +

+
+
EOPNOTSUPP
+

The socket socket does not support this operation. +

+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.9.3 Accepting Connections

+ +

When a server receives a connection request, it can complete the +connection by accepting the request. Use the function accept +to do this. +

+

A socket that has been established as a server can accept connection +requests from multiple clients. The server's original socket +does not become part of the connection; instead, accept +makes a new socket which participates in the connection. +accept returns the descriptor for this socket. The server's +original socket remains available for listening for further connection +requests. +

+

The number of pending connection requests on a server socket is finite. +If connection requests arrive from clients faster than the server can +act upon them, the queue can fill up and additional requests are refused +with an ECONNREFUSED error. You can specify the maximum length of +this queue as an argument to the listen function, although the +system may also impose its own internal limit on the length of this +queue. +

+
+
Function: int accept (int socket, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *length_ptr) + +
+

This function is used to accept a connection request on the server +socket socket. +

+

The accept function waits if there are no connections pending, +unless the socket socket has nonblocking mode set. (You can use +select to wait for a pending connection, with a nonblocking +socket.) See section File Status Flags, for information about nonblocking +mode. +

+

The addr and length-ptr arguments are used to return +information about the name of the client socket that initiated the +connection. See section Socket Addresses, for information about the format +of the information. +

+

Accepting a connection does not make socket part of the +connection. Instead, it creates a new socket which becomes +connected. The normal return value of accept is the file +descriptor for the new socket. +

+

After accept, the original socket socket remains open and +unconnected, and continues listening until you close it. You can +accept further connections with socket by calling accept +again. +

+

If an error occurs, accept returns -1. The following +errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The socket argument is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
ENOTSOCK
+

The descriptor socket argument is not a socket. +

+
+
EOPNOTSUPP
+

The descriptor socket does not support this operation. +

+
+
EWOULDBLOCK
+

socket has nonblocking mode set, and there are no pending +connections immediately available. +

+
+ +

This function is defined as a cancellation point in multi-threaded +programs, so one has to be prepared for this and make sure that +allocated resources (like memory, files descriptors, semaphores or +whatever) are freed even if the thread is canceled. +

+ +

The accept function is not allowed for sockets using +connectionless communication styles. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.9.4 Who is Connected to Me?

+ +
+
Function: int getpeername (int socket, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *length-ptr) + +
+

The getpeername function returns the address of the socket that +socket is connected to; it stores the address in the memory space +specified by addr and length-ptr. It stores the length of +the address in *length-ptr. +

+

See section Socket Addresses, for information about the format of the +address. In some operating systems, getpeername works only for +sockets in the Internet domain. +

+

The return value is 0 on success and -1 on error. The +following errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The argument socket is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
ENOTSOCK
+

The descriptor socket is not a socket. +

+
+
ENOTCONN
+

The socket socket is not connected. +

+
+
ENOBUFS
+

There are not enough internal buffers available. +

+
+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.9.5 Transferring Data

+ +

Once a socket has been connected to a peer, you can use the ordinary +read and write operations (see section Input and Output Primitives) to +transfer data. A socket is a two-way communications channel, so read +and write operations can be performed at either end. +

+

There are also some I/O modes that are specific to socket operations. +In order to specify these modes, you must use the recv and +send functions instead of the more generic read and +write functions. The recv and send functions take +an additional argument which you can use to specify various flags to +control special I/O modes. For example, you can specify the +MSG_OOB flag to read or write out-of-band data, the +MSG_PEEK flag to peek at input, or the MSG_DONTROUTE flag +to control inclusion of routing information on output. +

+ + + + +
16.9.5.1 Sending Data   Sending data with send. +
16.9.5.2 Receiving Data   Reading data with recv. +
16.9.5.3 Socket Data Options   Using send and recv. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.9.5.1 Sending Data

+ +

The send function is declared in the header file +‘sys/socket.h’. If your flags argument is zero, you can just +as well use write instead of send; see Input and Output Primitives. If the socket was connected but the connection has broken, +you get a SIGPIPE signal for any use of send or +write (see section Miscellaneous Signals). +

+
+
Function: int send (int socket, void *buffer, size_t size, int flags) + +
+

The send function is like write, but with the additional +flags flags. The possible values of flags are described +in Socket Data Options. +

+

This function returns the number of bytes transmitted, or -1 on +failure. If the socket is nonblocking, then send (like +write) can return after sending just part of the data. +See section File Status Flags, for information about nonblocking mode. +

+

Note, however, that a successful return value merely indicates that +the message has been sent without error, not necessarily that it has +been received without error. +

+

The following errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The socket argument is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
EINTR
+

The operation was interrupted by a signal before any data was sent. +See section Primitives Interrupted by Signals. +

+
+
ENOTSOCK
+

The descriptor socket is not a socket. +

+
+
EMSGSIZE
+

The socket type requires that the message be sent atomically, but the +message is too large for this to be possible. +

+
+
EWOULDBLOCK
+

Nonblocking mode has been set on the socket, and the write operation +would block. (Normally send blocks until the operation can be +completed.) +

+
+
ENOBUFS
+

There is not enough internal buffer space available. +

+
+
ENOTCONN
+

You never connected this socket. +

+
+
EPIPE
+

This socket was connected but the connection is now broken. In this +case, send generates a SIGPIPE signal first; if that +signal is ignored or blocked, or if its handler returns, then +send fails with EPIPE. +

+
+ +

This function is defined as a cancellation point in multi-threaded +programs, so one has to be prepared for this and make sure that +allocated resources (like memory, files descriptors, semaphores or +whatever) are freed even if the thread is canceled. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.9.5.2 Receiving Data

+ +

The recv function is declared in the header file +‘sys/socket.h’. If your flags argument is zero, you can +just as well use read instead of recv; see Input and Output Primitives. +

+
+
Function: int recv (int socket, void *buffer, size_t size, int flags) + +
+

The recv function is like read, but with the additional +flags flags. The possible values of flags are described +in Socket Data Options. +

+

If nonblocking mode is set for socket, and no data are available to +be read, recv fails immediately rather than waiting. See section File Status Flags, for information about nonblocking mode. +

+

This function returns the number of bytes received, or -1 on failure. +The following errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The socket argument is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
ENOTSOCK
+

The descriptor socket is not a socket. +

+
+
EWOULDBLOCK
+

Nonblocking mode has been set on the socket, and the read operation +would block. (Normally, recv blocks until there is input +available to be read.) +

+
+
EINTR
+

The operation was interrupted by a signal before any data was read. +See section Primitives Interrupted by Signals. +

+
+
ENOTCONN
+

You never connected this socket. +

+
+ +

This function is defined as a cancellation point in multi-threaded +programs, so one has to be prepared for this and make sure that +allocated resources (like memory, files descriptors, semaphores or +whatever) are freed even if the thread is canceled. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.9.5.3 Socket Data Options

+ +

The flags argument to send and recv is a bit +mask. You can bitwise-OR the values of the following macros together +to obtain a value for this argument. All are defined in the header +file ‘sys/socket.h’. +

+
+
Macro: int MSG_OOB + +
+

Send or receive out-of-band data. See section Out-of-Band Data. +

+ +
+
Macro: int MSG_PEEK + +
+

Look at the data but don't remove it from the input queue. This is +only meaningful with input functions such as recv, not with +send. +

+ +
+
Macro: int MSG_DONTROUTE + +
+

Don't include routing information in the message. This is only +meaningful with output operations, and is usually only of interest for +diagnostic or routing programs. We don't try to explain it here. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.9.6 Byte Stream Socket Example

+ +

Here is an example client program that makes a connection for a byte +stream socket in the Internet namespace. It doesn't do anything +particularly interesting once it has connected to the server; it just +sends a text string to the server and exits. +

+

This program uses init_sockaddr to set up the socket address; see +Internet Socket Example. +

+
 
#include <stdio.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <netdb.h>
+
+#define PORT            5555
+#define MESSAGE         "Yow!!! Are we having fun yet?!?"
+#define SERVERHOST      "mescaline.gnu.org"
+
+void 
+write_to_server (int filedes)
+{
+  int nbytes;
+
+  nbytes = write (filedes, MESSAGE, strlen (MESSAGE) + 1);
+  if (nbytes < 0)
+    {
+      perror ("write");
+      exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+}
+
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  extern void init_sockaddr (struct sockaddr_in *name,
+                             const char *hostname,
+                             uint16_t port);
+  int sock;
+  struct sockaddr_in servername;
+
+  /* Create the socket. */
+  sock = socket (PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+  if (sock < 0)
+    {
+      perror ("socket (client)");
+      exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+
+  /* Connect to the server. */
+  init_sockaddr (&servername, SERVERHOST, PORT);
+  if (0 > connect (sock,
+                   (struct sockaddr *) &servername,
+                   sizeof (servername)))
+    {
+      perror ("connect (client)");
+      exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+
+  /* Send data to the server. */
+  write_to_server (sock);
+  close (sock);
+  exit (EXIT_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.9.7 Byte Stream Connection Server Example

+ +

The server end is much more complicated. Since we want to allow +multiple clients to be connected to the server at the same time, it +would be incorrect to wait for input from a single client by simply +calling read or recv. Instead, the right thing to do is +to use select (see section Waiting for Input or Output) to wait for input on +all of the open sockets. This also allows the server to deal with +additional connection requests. +

+

This particular server doesn't do anything interesting once it has +gotten a message from a client. It does close the socket for that +client when it detects an end-of-file condition (resulting from the +client shutting down its end of the connection). +

+

This program uses make_socket to set up the socket address; see +Internet Socket Example. +

+
 
#include <stdio.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <netdb.h>
+
+#define PORT    5555
+#define MAXMSG  512
+
+int
+read_from_client (int filedes)
+{
+  char buffer[MAXMSG];
+  int nbytes;
+
+  nbytes = read (filedes, buffer, MAXMSG);
+  if (nbytes < 0)
+    {
+      /* Read error. */
+      perror ("read");
+      exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+  else if (nbytes == 0)
+    /* End-of-file. */
+    return -1;
+  else
+    {
+      /* Data read. */
+      fprintf (stderr, "Server: got message: `%s'\n", buffer);
+      return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  extern int make_socket (uint16_t port);
+  int sock;
+  fd_set active_fd_set, read_fd_set;
+  int i;
+  struct sockaddr_in clientname;
+  size_t size;
+
+  /* Create the socket and set it up to accept connections. */
+  sock = make_socket (PORT);
+  if (listen (sock, 1) < 0)
+    {
+      perror ("listen");
+      exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+
+  /* Initialize the set of active sockets. */
+  FD_ZERO (&active_fd_set);
+  FD_SET (sock, &active_fd_set);
+
+  while (1)
+    {
+      /* Block until input arrives on one or more active sockets. */
+      read_fd_set = active_fd_set;
+      if (select (FD_SETSIZE, &read_fd_set, NULL, NULL, NULL) < 0)
+        {
+          perror ("select");
+          exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+
+      /* Service all the sockets with input pending. */
+      for (i = 0; i < FD_SETSIZE; ++i)
+        if (FD_ISSET (i, &read_fd_set))
+          {
+            if (i == sock)
+              {
+                /* Connection request on original socket. */
+                int new;
+                size = sizeof (clientname);
+                new = accept (sock,
+                              (struct sockaddr *) &clientname,
+                              &size);
+                if (new < 0)
+                  {
+                    perror ("accept");
+                    exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
+                  }
+                fprintf (stderr,
+                         "Server: connect from host %s, port %hd.\n",
+                         inet_ntoa (clientname.sin_addr),
+                         ntohs (clientname.sin_port));
+                FD_SET (new, &active_fd_set);
+              }
+            else
+              {
+                /* Data arriving on an already-connected socket. */
+                if (read_from_client (i) < 0)
+                  {
+                    close (i);
+                    FD_CLR (i, &active_fd_set);
+                  }
+              }
+          }
+    }
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.9.8 Out-of-Band Data

+ +

Streams with connections permit out-of-band data that is +delivered with higher priority than ordinary data. Typically the +reason for sending out-of-band data is to send notice of an +exceptional condition. To send out-of-band data use +send, specifying the flag MSG_OOB (see section Sending Data). +

+

Out-of-band data are received with higher priority because the +receiving process need not read it in sequence; to read the next +available out-of-band data, use recv with the MSG_OOB +flag (see section Receiving Data). Ordinary read operations do not read +out-of-band data; they read only ordinary data. +

+ +

When a socket finds that out-of-band data are on their way, it sends a +SIGURG signal to the owner process or process group of the +socket. You can specify the owner using the F_SETOWN command +to the fcntl function; see Interrupt-Driven Input. You must +also establish a handler for this signal, as described in Signal Handling, in order to take appropriate action such as reading the +out-of-band data. +

+

Alternatively, you can test for pending out-of-band data, or wait +until there is out-of-band data, using the select function; it +can wait for an exceptional condition on the socket. See section Waiting for Input or Output, for more information about select. +

+

Notification of out-of-band data (whether with SIGURG or with +select) indicates that out-of-band data are on the way; the data +may not actually arrive until later. If you try to read the +out-of-band data before it arrives, recv fails with an +EWOULDBLOCK error. +

+

Sending out-of-band data automatically places a “mark” in the stream +of ordinary data, showing where in the sequence the out-of-band data +“would have been”. This is useful when the meaning of out-of-band +data is “cancel everything sent so far”. Here is how you can test, +in the receiving process, whether any ordinary data was sent before +the mark: +

+
 
success = ioctl (socket, SIOCATMARK, &atmark);
+
+ +

The integer variable atmark is set to a nonzero value if +the socket's read pointer has reached the “mark”. +

+ +

Here's a function to discard any ordinary data preceding the +out-of-band mark: +

+
 
int
+discard_until_mark (int socket)
+{
+  while (1)
+    {
+      /* This is not an arbitrary limit; any size will do.  */
+      char buffer[1024];
+      int atmark, success;
+
+      /* If we have reached the mark, return.  */
+      success = ioctl (socket, SIOCATMARK, &atmark);
+      if (success < 0)
+        perror ("ioctl");
+      if (result)
+        return;
+
+      /* Otherwise, read a bunch of ordinary data and discard it.
+         This is guaranteed not to read past the mark
+         if it starts before the mark.  */
+      success = read (socket, buffer, sizeof buffer);
+      if (success < 0)
+        perror ("read");
+    }
+}
+
+ +

If you don't want to discard the ordinary data preceding the mark, you +may need to read some of it anyway, to make room in internal system +buffers for the out-of-band data. If you try to read out-of-band data +and get an EWOULDBLOCK error, try reading some ordinary data +(saving it so that you can use it when you want it) and see if that +makes room. Here is an example: +

+
 
struct buffer
+{
+  char *buf;
+  int size;
+  struct buffer *next;
+};
+
+/* Read the out-of-band data from SOCKET and return it
+   as a `struct buffer', which records the address of the data
+   and its size.
+
+   It may be necessary to read some ordinary data
+   in order to make room for the out-of-band data.
+   If so, the ordinary data are saved as a chain of buffers
+   found in the `next' field of the value.  */
+
+struct buffer *
+read_oob (int socket)
+{
+  struct buffer *tail = 0;
+  struct buffer *list = 0;
+
+  while (1)
+    {
+      /* This is an arbitrary limit.
+         Does anyone know how to do this without a limit?  */
+#define BUF_SZ 1024
+      char *buf = (char *) xmalloc (BUF_SZ);
+      int success;
+      int atmark;
+
+      /* Try again to read the out-of-band data.  */
+      success = recv (socket, buf, BUF_SZ, MSG_OOB);
+      if (success >= 0)
+        {
+          /* We got it, so return it.  */
+          struct buffer *link
+            = (struct buffer *) xmalloc (sizeof (struct buffer));
+          link->buf = buf;
+          link->size = success;
+          link->next = list;
+          return link;
+        }
+
+      /* If we fail, see if we are at the mark.  */
+      success = ioctl (socket, SIOCATMARK, &atmark);
+      if (success < 0)
+        perror ("ioctl");
+      if (atmark)
+        {
+          /* At the mark; skipping past more ordinary data cannot help.
+             So just wait a while.  */
+          sleep (1);
+          continue;
+        }
+
+      /* Otherwise, read a bunch of ordinary data and save it.
+         This is guaranteed not to read past the mark
+         if it starts before the mark.  */
+      success = read (socket, buf, BUF_SZ);
+      if (success < 0)
+        perror ("read");
+
+      /* Save this data in the buffer list.  */
+      {
+        struct buffer *link
+          = (struct buffer *) xmalloc (sizeof (struct buffer));
+        link->buf = buf;
+        link->size = success;
+
+        /* Add the new link to the end of the list.  */
+        if (tail)
+          tail->next = link;
+        else
+          list = link;
+        tail = link;
+      }
+    }
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.10 Datagram Socket Operations

+ +

This section describes how to use communication styles that don't use +connections (styles SOCK_DGRAM and SOCK_RDM). Using +these styles, you group data into packets and each packet is an +independent communication. You specify the destination for each +packet individually. +

+

Datagram packets are like letters: you send each one independently +with its own destination address, and they may arrive in the wrong +order or not at all. +

+

The listen and accept functions are not allowed for +sockets using connectionless communication styles. +

+ + + + + +
16.10.1 Sending Datagrams   Sending packets on a datagram socket. +
16.10.2 Receiving Datagrams   Receiving packets on a datagram socket. +
16.10.3 Datagram Socket Example   An example program: packets sent over a + datagram socket in the local namespace. +
16.10.4 Example of Reading Datagrams   Another program, that receives those packets. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.10.1 Sending Datagrams

+ +

The normal way of sending data on a datagram socket is by using the +sendto function, declared in ‘sys/socket.h’. +

+

You can call connect on a datagram socket, but this only +specifies a default destination for further data transmission on the +socket. When a socket has a default destination you can use +send (see section Sending Data) or even write (see section Input and Output Primitives) to send a packet there. You can cancel the default +destination by calling connect using an address format of +AF_UNSPEC in the addr argument. See section Making a Connection, for +more information about the connect function. +

+
+
Function: int sendto (int socket, void *buffer. size_t size, int flags, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t length) + +
+

The sendto function transmits the data in the buffer +through the socket socket to the destination address specified +by the addr and length arguments. The size argument +specifies the number of bytes to be transmitted. +

+

The flags are interpreted the same way as for send; see +Socket Data Options. +

+

The return value and error conditions are also the same as for +send, but you cannot rely on the system to detect errors and +report them; the most common error is that the packet is lost or there +is no-one at the specified address to receive it, and the operating +system on your machine usually does not know this. +

+

It is also possible for one call to sendto to report an error +owing to a problem related to a previous call. +

+

This function is defined as a cancellation point in multi-threaded +programs, so one has to be prepared for this and make sure that +allocated resources (like memory, files descriptors, semaphores or +whatever) are freed even if the thread is canceled. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.10.2 Receiving Datagrams

+ +

The recvfrom function reads a packet from a datagram socket and +also tells you where it was sent from. This function is declared in +‘sys/socket.h’. +

+
+
Function: int recvfrom (int socket, void *buffer, size_t size, int flags, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *length-ptr) + +
+

The recvfrom function reads one packet from the socket +socket into the buffer buffer. The size argument +specifies the maximum number of bytes to be read. +

+

If the packet is longer than size bytes, then you get the first +size bytes of the packet and the rest of the packet is lost. +There's no way to read the rest of the packet. Thus, when you use a +packet protocol, you must always know how long a packet to expect. +

+

The addr and length-ptr arguments are used to return the +address where the packet came from. See section Socket Addresses. For a +socket in the local domain the address information won't be meaningful, +since you can't read the address of such a socket (see section The Local Namespace). You can specify a null pointer as the addr argument +if you are not interested in this information. +

+

The flags are interpreted the same way as for recv +(see section Socket Data Options). The return value and error conditions +are also the same as for recv. +

+

This function is defined as a cancellation point in multi-threaded +programs, so one has to be prepared for this and make sure that +allocated resources (like memory, files descriptors, semaphores or +whatever) are freed even if the thread is canceled. +

+ +

You can use plain recv (see section Receiving Data) instead of +recvfrom if you don't need to find out who sent the packet +(either because you know where it should come from or because you +treat all possible senders alike). Even read can be used if +you don't want to specify flags (see section Input and Output Primitives). +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.10.3 Datagram Socket Example

+ +

Here is a set of example programs that send messages over a datagram +stream in the local namespace. Both the client and server programs use +the make_named_socket function that was presented in Example of Local-Namespace Sockets, to create and name their sockets. +

+

First, here is the server program. It sits in a loop waiting for +messages to arrive, bouncing each message back to the sender. +Obviously this isn't a particularly useful program, but it does show +the general ideas involved. +

+
 
#include <stdio.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/un.h>
+
+#define SERVER  "/tmp/serversocket"
+#define MAXMSG  512
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  int sock;
+  char message[MAXMSG];
+  struct sockaddr_un name;
+  size_t size;
+  int nbytes;
+
+  /* Remove the filename first, it's ok if the call fails */
+  unlink (SERVER);
+
+  /* Make the socket, then loop endlessly. */
+  sock = make_named_socket (SERVER);
+  while (1)
+    {
+      /* Wait for a datagram. */
+      size = sizeof (name);
+      nbytes = recvfrom (sock, message, MAXMSG, 0,
+                         (struct sockaddr *) & name, &size);
+      if (nbytes < 0)
+        {
+          perror ("recfrom (server)");
+          exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+
+      /* Give a diagnostic message. */
+      fprintf (stderr, "Server: got message: %s\n", message);
+
+      /* Bounce the message back to the sender. */
+      nbytes = sendto (sock, message, nbytes, 0,
+                       (struct sockaddr *) & name, size);
+      if (nbytes < 0)
+        {
+          perror ("sendto (server)");
+          exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.10.4 Example of Reading Datagrams

+ +

Here is the client program corresponding to the server above. +

+

It sends a datagram to the server and then waits for a reply. Notice +that the socket for the client (as well as for the server) in this +example has to be given a name. This is so that the server can direct +a message back to the client. Since the socket has no associated +connection state, the only way the server can do this is by +referencing the name of the client. +

+
 
#include <stdio.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/un.h>
+
+#define SERVER  "/tmp/serversocket"
+#define CLIENT  "/tmp/mysocket"
+#define MAXMSG  512
+#define MESSAGE "Yow!!! Are we having fun yet?!?"
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  extern int make_named_socket (const char *name);
+  int sock;
+  char message[MAXMSG];
+  struct sockaddr_un name;
+  size_t size;
+  int nbytes;
+
+  /* Make the socket. */
+  sock = make_named_socket (CLIENT);
+
+  /* Initialize the server socket address. */
+  name.sun_family = AF_LOCAL;
+  strcpy (name.sun_path, SERVER);
+  size = strlen (name.sun_path) + sizeof (name.sun_family);
+
+  /* Send the datagram. */
+  nbytes = sendto (sock, MESSAGE, strlen (MESSAGE) + 1, 0,
+                   (struct sockaddr *) & name, size);
+  if (nbytes < 0)
+    {
+      perror ("sendto (client)");
+      exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+
+  /* Wait for a reply. */
+  nbytes = recvfrom (sock, message, MAXMSG, 0, NULL, 0);
+  if (nbytes < 0)
+    {
+      perror ("recfrom (client)");
+      exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+
+  /* Print a diagnostic message. */
+  fprintf (stderr, "Client: got message: %s\n", message);
+
+  /* Clean up. */
+  remove (CLIENT);
+  close (sock);
+}
+
+ +

Keep in mind that datagram socket communications are unreliable. In +this example, the client program waits indefinitely if the message +never reaches the server or if the server's response never comes +back. It's up to the user running the program to kill and restart +it if desired. A more automatic solution could be to use +select (see section Waiting for Input or Output) to establish a timeout period +for the reply, and in case of timeout either re-send the message or +shut down the socket and exit. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.11 The inetd Daemon

+ +

We've explained above how to write a server program that does its own +listening. Such a server must already be running in order for anyone +to connect to it. +

+

Another way to provide a service on an Internet port is to let the daemon +program inetd do the listening. inetd is a program that +runs all the time and waits (using select) for messages on a +specified set of ports. When it receives a message, it accepts the +connection (if the socket style calls for connections) and then forks a +child process to run the corresponding server program. You specify the +ports and their programs in the file ‘/etc/inetd.conf’. +

+ + + +
16.11.1 inetd Servers   +
16.11.2 Configuring inetd   +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.11.1 inetd Servers

+ +

Writing a server program to be run by inetd is very simple. Each time +someone requests a connection to the appropriate port, a new server +process starts. The connection already exists at this time; the +socket is available as the standard input descriptor and as the +standard output descriptor (descriptors 0 and 1) in the server +process. Thus the server program can begin reading and writing data +right away. Often the program needs only the ordinary I/O facilities; +in fact, a general-purpose filter program that knows nothing about +sockets can work as a byte stream server run by inetd. +

+

You can also use inetd for servers that use connectionless +communication styles. For these servers, inetd does not try to accept +a connection since no connection is possible. It just starts the +server program, which can read the incoming datagram packet from +descriptor 0. The server program can handle one request and then +exit, or you can choose to write it to keep reading more requests +until no more arrive, and then exit. You must specify which of these +two techniques the server uses when you configure inetd. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.11.2 Configuring inetd

+ +

The file ‘/etc/inetd.conf’ tells inetd which ports to listen to +and what server programs to run for them. Normally each entry in the +file is one line, but you can split it onto multiple lines provided +all but the first line of the entry start with whitespace. Lines that +start with ‘#’ are comments. +

+

Here are two standard entries in ‘/etc/inetd.conf’: +

+
 
ftp	stream	tcp	nowait	root	/libexec/ftpd	ftpd
+talk	dgram	udp	wait	root	/libexec/talkd	talkd
+
+ +

An entry has this format: +

+
 
service style protocol wait username program arguments
+
+ +

The service field says which service this program provides. It +should be the name of a service defined in ‘/etc/services’. +inetd uses service to decide which port to listen on for +this entry. +

+

The fields style and protocol specify the communication +style and the protocol to use for the listening socket. The style +should be the name of a communication style, converted to lower case +and with ‘SOCK_’ deleted—for example, ‘stream’ or +‘dgram’. protocol should be one of the protocols listed in +‘/etc/protocols’. The typical protocol names are ‘tcp’ for +byte stream connections and ‘udp’ for unreliable datagrams. +

+

The wait field should be either ‘wait’ or ‘nowait’. +Use ‘wait’ if style is a connectionless style and the +server, once started, handles multiple requests as they come in. +Use ‘nowait’ if inetd should start a new process for each message +or request that comes in. If style uses connections, then +wait must be ‘nowait’. +

+

user is the user name that the server should run as. inetd runs +as root, so it can set the user ID of its children arbitrarily. It's +best to avoid using ‘root’ for user if you can; but some +servers, such as Telnet and FTP, read a username and password +themselves. These servers need to be root initially so they can log +in as commanded by the data coming over the network. +

+

program together with arguments specifies the command to +run to start the server. program should be an absolute file +name specifying the executable file to run. arguments consists +of any number of whitespace-separated words, which become the +command-line arguments of program. The first word in +arguments is argument zero, which should by convention be the +program name itself (sans directories). +

+

If you edit ‘/etc/inetd.conf’, you can tell inetd to reread the +file and obey its new contents by sending the inetd process the +SIGHUP signal. You'll have to use ps to determine the +process ID of the inetd process as it is not fixed. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.12 Socket Options

+ +

This section describes how to read or set various options that modify +the behavior of sockets and their underlying communications protocols. +

+ + +

When you are manipulating a socket option, you must specify which +level the option pertains to. This describes whether the option +applies to the socket interface, or to a lower-level communications +protocol interface. +

+ + + +
16.12.1 Socket Option Functions   The basic functions for setting and getting + socket options. +
16.12.2 Socket-Level Options   Details of the options at the socket level. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.12.1 Socket Option Functions

+ +

Here are the functions for examining and modifying socket options. +They are declared in ‘sys/socket.h’. +

+
+
Function: int getsockopt (int socket, int level, int optname, void *optval, socklen_t *optlen-ptr) + +
+

The getsockopt function gets information about the value of +option optname at level level for socket socket. +

+

The option value is stored in a buffer that optval points to. +Before the call, you should supply in *optlen-ptr the +size of this buffer; on return, it contains the number of bytes of +information actually stored in the buffer. +

+

Most options interpret the optval buffer as a single int +value. +

+

The actual return value of getsockopt is 0 on success +and -1 on failure. The following errno error conditions +are defined: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The socket argument is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
ENOTSOCK
+

The descriptor socket is not a socket. +

+
+
ENOPROTOOPT
+

The optname doesn't make sense for the given level. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int setsockopt (int socket, int level, int optname, void *optval, socklen_t optlen) + +
+

This function is used to set the socket option optname at level +level for socket socket. The value of the option is passed +in the buffer optval of size optlen. +

+ +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.12.2 Socket-Level Options

+ +
+
Constant: int SOL_SOCKET + +
+

Use this constant as the level argument to getsockopt or +setsockopt to manipulate the socket-level options described in +this section. +

+ + +

Here is a table of socket-level option names; all are defined in the +header file ‘sys/socket.h’. +

+
+
SO_DEBUG
+
+

This option toggles recording of debugging information in the underlying +protocol modules. The value has type int; a nonzero value means +“yes”. +

+
+
SO_REUSEADDR
+

This option controls whether bind (see section Setting the Address of a Socket) +should permit reuse of local addresses for this socket. If you enable +this option, you can actually have two sockets with the same Internet +port number; but the system won't allow you to use the two +identically-named sockets in a way that would confuse the Internet. The +reason for this option is that some higher-level Internet protocols, +including FTP, require you to keep reusing the same port number. +

+

The value has type int; a nonzero value means “yes”. +

+
+
SO_KEEPALIVE
+

This option controls whether the underlying protocol should +periodically transmit messages on a connected socket. If the peer +fails to respond to these messages, the connection is considered +broken. The value has type int; a nonzero value means +“yes”. +

+
+
SO_DONTROUTE
+

This option controls whether outgoing messages bypass the normal +message routing facilities. If set, messages are sent directly to the +network interface instead. The value has type int; a nonzero +value means “yes”. +

+
+
SO_LINGER
+

This option specifies what should happen when the socket of a type +that promises reliable delivery still has untransmitted messages when +it is closed; see Closing a Socket. The value has type +struct linger. +

+
+
Data Type: struct linger + +
+

This structure type has the following members: +

+
+
int l_onoff
+

This field is interpreted as a boolean. If nonzero, close +blocks until the data are transmitted or the timeout period has expired. +

+
+
int l_linger
+

This specifies the timeout period, in seconds. +

+
+
+ +
+
SO_BROADCAST
+

This option controls whether datagrams may be broadcast from the socket. +The value has type int; a nonzero value means “yes”. +

+
+
SO_OOBINLINE
+

If this option is set, out-of-band data received on the socket is +placed in the normal input queue. This permits it to be read using +read or recv without specifying the MSG_OOB +flag. See section Out-of-Band Data. The value has type int; a +nonzero value means “yes”. +

+
+
SO_SNDBUF
+

This option gets or sets the size of the output buffer. The value is a +size_t, which is the size in bytes. +

+
+
SO_RCVBUF
+

This option gets or sets the size of the input buffer. The value is a +size_t, which is the size in bytes. +

+
+
SO_STYLE
+
SO_TYPE
+

This option can be used with getsockopt only. It is used to +get the socket's communication style. SO_TYPE is the +historical name, and SO_STYLE is the preferred name in GNU. +The value has type int and its value designates a communication +style; see Communication Styles. +

+
+
SO_ERROR
+
+

This option can be used with getsockopt only. It is used to reset +the error status of the socket. The value is an int, which represents +the previous error status. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

16.13 Networks Database

+ +

Many systems come with a database that records a list of networks known +to the system developer. This is usually kept either in the file +‘/etc/networks’ or in an equivalent from a name server. This data +base is useful for routing programs such as route, but it is not +useful for programs that simply communicate over the network. We +provide functions to access this database, which are declared in +‘netdb.h’. +

+
+
Data Type: struct netent + +
+

This data type is used to represent information about entries in the +networks database. It has the following members: +

+
+
char *n_name
+

This is the “official” name of the network. +

+
+
char **n_aliases
+

These are alternative names for the network, represented as a vector +of strings. A null pointer terminates the array. +

+
+
int n_addrtype
+

This is the type of the network number; this is always equal to +AF_INET for Internet networks. +

+
+
unsigned long int n_net
+

This is the network number. Network numbers are returned in host +byte order; see Byte Order Conversion. +

+
+
+ +

Use the getnetbyname or getnetbyaddr functions to search +the networks database for information about a specific network. The +information is returned in a statically-allocated structure; you must +copy the information if you need to save it. +

+
+
Function: struct netent * getnetbyname (const char *name) + +
+

The getnetbyname function returns information about the network +named name. It returns a null pointer if there is no such +network. +

+ +
+
Function: struct netent * getnetbyaddr (unsigned long int net, int type) + +
+

The getnetbyaddr function returns information about the network +of type type with number net. You should specify a value of +AF_INET for the type argument for Internet networks. +

+

getnetbyaddr returns a null pointer if there is no such +network. +

+ +

You can also scan the networks database using setnetent, +getnetent and endnetent. Be careful when using these +functions because they are not reentrant. +

+
+
Function: void setnetent (int stayopen) + +
+

This function opens and rewinds the networks database. +

+

If the stayopen argument is nonzero, this sets a flag so that +subsequent calls to getnetbyname or getnetbyaddr will +not close the database (as they usually would). This makes for more +efficiency if you call those functions several times, by avoiding +reopening the database for each call. +

+ +
+
Function: struct netent * getnetent (void) + +
+

This function returns the next entry in the networks database. It +returns a null pointer if there are no more entries. +

+ +
+
Function: void endnetent (void) + +
+

This function closes the networks database. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_7.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_7.html @@ -0,0 +1,1808 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 7. Locales and Internationalization + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

7. Locales and Internationalization

+ +

Different countries and cultures have varying conventions for how to +communicate. These conventions range from very simple ones, such as the +format for representing dates and times, to very complex ones, such as +the language spoken. +

+ + +

Internationalization of software means programming it to be able +to adapt to the user's favorite conventions. In ISO C, +internationalization works by means of locales. Each locale +specifies a collection of conventions, one convention for each purpose. +The user chooses a set of conventions by specifying a locale (via +environment variables). +

+

All programs inherit the chosen locale as part of their environment. +Provided the programs are written to obey the choice of locale, they +will follow the conventions preferred by the user. +

+ + + + + + + + + +
7.1 What Effects a Locale Has   Actions affected by the choice of + locale. +
7.2 Choosing a Locale   How the user specifies a locale. +
7.3 Categories of Activities that Locales Affect   Different purposes for which you can + select a locale. +
7.4 How Programs Set the Locale   How a program specifies the locale + with library functions. +
7.5 Standard Locales   Locale names available on all systems. +
7.6 Accessing Locale Information   How to access the information for the locale. +
7.7 A dedicated function to format numbers  
7.8 Yes-or-No Questions   Check a Response against the locale. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

7.1 What Effects a Locale Has

+ +

Each locale specifies conventions for several purposes, including the +following: +

+
    +
  • +What multibyte character sequences are valid, and how they are +interpreted (see section Character Set Handling). + +
  • +Classification of which characters in the local character set are +considered alphabetic, and upper- and lower-case conversion conventions +(see section Character Handling). + +
  • +The collating sequence for the local language and character set +(see section Collation Functions). + +
  • +Formatting of numbers and currency amounts (see section Generic Numeric Formatting Parameters). + +
  • +Formatting of dates and times (see section Formatting Calendar Time). + +
  • +What language to use for output, including error messages +(see section Message Translation). + +
  • +What language to use for user answers to yes-or-no questions +(see section Yes-or-No Questions). + +
  • +What language to use for more complex user input. +(The C library doesn't yet help you implement this.) +
+ +

Some aspects of adapting to the specified locale are handled +automatically by the library subroutines. For example, all your program +needs to do in order to use the collating sequence of the chosen locale +is to use strcoll or strxfrm to compare strings. +

+

Other aspects of locales are beyond the comprehension of the library. +For example, the library can't automatically translate your program's +output messages into other languages. The only way you can support +output in the user's favorite language is to program this more or less +by hand. The C library provides functions to handle translations for +multiple languages easily. +

+

This chapter discusses the mechanism by which you can modify the current +locale. The effects of the current locale on specific library functions +are discussed in more detail in the descriptions of those functions. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

7.2 Choosing a Locale

+ +

The simplest way for the user to choose a locale is to set the +environment variable LANG. This specifies a single locale to use +for all purposes. For example, a user could specify a hypothetical +locale named ‘espana-castellano’ to use the standard conventions of +most of Spain. +

+

The set of locales supported depends on the operating system you are +using, and so do their names. We can't make any promises about what +locales will exist, except for one standard locale called ‘C’ or +‘POSIX’. Later we will describe how to construct locales. +

+ +

A user also has the option of specifying different locales for different +purposes—in effect, choosing a mixture of multiple locales. +

+

For example, the user might specify the locale ‘espana-castellano’ +for most purposes, but specify the locale ‘usa-english’ for +currency formatting. This might make sense if the user is a +Spanish-speaking American, working in Spanish, but representing monetary +amounts in US dollars. +

+

Note that both locales ‘espana-castellano’ and ‘usa-english’, +like all locales, would include conventions for all of the purposes to +which locales apply. However, the user can choose to use each locale +for a particular subset of those purposes. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

7.3 Categories of Activities that Locales Affect

+ +

The purposes that locales serve are grouped into categories, so +that a user or a program can choose the locale for each category +independently. Here is a table of categories; each name is both an +environment variable that a user can set, and a macro name that you can +use as an argument to setlocale. +

+
+
LC_COLLATE + +
+

This category applies to collation of strings (functions strcoll +and strxfrm); see Collation Functions. +

+
+
LC_CTYPE + +
+

This category applies to classification and conversion of characters, +and to multibyte and wide characters; +see Character Handling, and Character Set Handling. +

+
+
LC_MONETARY + +
+

This category applies to formatting monetary values; see Generic Numeric Formatting Parameters. +

+
+
LC_NUMERIC + +
+

This category applies to formatting numeric values that are not +monetary; see Generic Numeric Formatting Parameters. +

+
+
LC_TIME + +
+

This category applies to formatting date and time values; see +Formatting Calendar Time. +

+
+
LC_MESSAGES + +
+

This category applies to selecting the language used in the user +interface for message translation (see section The Uniforum approach to Message Translation; +see section X/Open Message Catalog Handling) and contains regular expressions +for affirmative and negative responses. +

+
+
LC_ALL + +
+

This is not an environment variable; it is only a macro that you can use +with setlocale to set a single locale for all purposes. Setting +this environment variable overwrites all selections by the other +LC_* variables or LANG. +

+
+
LANG + +
+

If this environment variable is defined, its value specifies the locale +to use for all purposes except as overridden by the variables above. +

+
+ + +

When developing the message translation functions it was felt that the +functionality provided by the variables above is not sufficient. For +example, it should be possible to specify more than one locale name. +Take a Swedish user who better speaks German than English, and a program +whose messages are output in English by default. It should be possible +to specify that the first choice of language is Swedish, the second +German, and if this also fails to use English. This is +possible with the variable LANGUAGE. For further description of +this GNU extension see User influence on gettext. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

7.4 How Programs Set the Locale

+ +

A C program inherits its locale environment variables when it starts up. +This happens automatically. However, these variables do not +automatically control the locale used by the library functions, because +ISO C says that all programs start by default in the standard ‘C’ +locale. To use the locales specified by the environment, you must call +setlocale. Call it as follows: +

+
 
setlocale (LC_ALL, "");
+
+ +

to select a locale based on the user choice of the appropriate +environment variables. +

+ + +

You can also use setlocale to specify a particular locale, for +general use or for a specific category. +

+ +

The symbols in this section are defined in the header file ‘locale.h’. +

+
+
Function: char * setlocale (int category, const char *locale) + +
+

The function setlocale sets the current locale for category +category to locale. A list of all the locales the system +provides can be created by running +

+ +
 
  locale -a
+
+ +

If category is LC_ALL, this specifies the locale for all +purposes. The other possible values of category specify an +single purpose (see section Categories of Activities that Locales Affect). +

+

You can also use this function to find out the current locale by passing +a null pointer as the locale argument. In this case, +setlocale returns a string that is the name of the locale +currently selected for category category. +

+

The string returned by setlocale can be overwritten by subsequent +calls, so you should make a copy of the string (see section Copying and Concatenation) if you want to save it past any further calls to +setlocale. (The standard library is guaranteed never to call +setlocale itself.) +

+

You should not modify the string returned by setlocale. It might +be the same string that was passed as an argument in a previous call to +setlocale. One requirement is that the category must be +the same in the call the string was returned and the one when the string +is passed in as locale parameter. +

+

When you read the current locale for category LC_ALL, the value +encodes the entire combination of selected locales for all categories. +In this case, the value is not just a single locale name. In fact, we +don't make any promises about what it looks like. But if you specify +the same “locale name” with LC_ALL in a subsequent call to +setlocale, it restores the same combination of locale selections. +

+

To be sure you can use the returned string encoding the currently selected +locale at a later time, you must make a copy of the string. It is not +guaranteed that the returned pointer remains valid over time. +

+

When the locale argument is not a null pointer, the string returned +by setlocale reflects the newly-modified locale. +

+

If you specify an empty string for locale, this means to read the +appropriate environment variable and use its value to select the locale +for category. +

+

If a nonempty string is given for locale, then the locale of that +name is used if possible. +

+

If you specify an invalid locale name, setlocale returns a null +pointer and leaves the current locale unchanged. +

+ +

Here is an example showing how you might use setlocale to +temporarily switch to a new locale. +

+
 
#include <stddef.h>
+#include <locale.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+void
+with_other_locale (char *new_locale,
+                   void (*subroutine) (int),
+                   int argument)
+{
+  char *old_locale, *saved_locale;
+
+  /* Get the name of the current locale.  */
+  old_locale = setlocale (LC_ALL, NULL);
+
+  /* Copy the name so it won't be clobbered by setlocale. */
+  saved_locale = strdup (old_locale);
+  if (saved_locale == NULL)
+    fatal ("Out of memory");
+
+  /* Now change the locale and do some stuff with it. */
+  setlocale (LC_ALL, new_locale);
+  (*subroutine) (argument);
+
+  /* Restore the original locale. */
+  setlocale (LC_ALL, saved_locale);
+  free (saved_locale);
+}
+
+ +

Portability Note: Some ISO C systems may define additional +locale categories, and future versions of the library will do so. For +portability, assume that any symbol beginning with ‘LC_’ might be +defined in ‘locale.h’. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

7.5 Standard Locales

+ +

The only locale names you can count on finding on all operating systems +are these three standard ones: +

+
+
"C"
+

This is the standard C locale. The attributes and behavior it provides +are specified in the ISO C standard. When your program starts up, it +initially uses this locale by default. +

+
+
"POSIX"
+

This is the standard POSIX locale. Currently, it is an alias for the +standard C locale. +

+
+
""
+

The empty name says to select a locale based on environment variables. +See section Categories of Activities that Locales Affect. +

+
+ +

Defining and installing named locales is normally a responsibility of +the system administrator at your site (or the person who installed the +GNU C library). It is also possible for the user to create private +locales. All this will be discussed later when describing the tool to +do so. +

+

If your program needs to use something other than the ‘C’ locale, +it will be more portable if you use whatever locale the user specifies +with the environment, rather than trying to specify some non-standard +locale explicitly by name. Remember, different machines might have +different sets of locales installed. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

7.6 Accessing Locale Information

+ +

There are several ways to access locale information. The simplest +way is to let the C library itself do the work. Several of the +functions in this library implicitly access the locale data, and use +what information is provided by the currently selected locale. This is +how the locale model is meant to work normally. +

+

As an example take the strftime function, which is meant to nicely +format date and time information (see section Formatting Calendar Time). +Part of the standard information contained in the LC_TIME +category is the names of the months. Instead of requiring the +programmer to take care of providing the translations the +strftime function does this all by itself. %A +in the format string is replaced by the appropriate weekday +name of the locale currently selected by LC_TIME. This is an +easy example, and wherever possible functions do things automatically +in this way. +

+

But there are quite often situations when there is simply no function +to perform the task, or it is simply not possible to do the work +automatically. For these cases it is necessary to access the +information in the locale directly. To do this the C library provides +two functions: localeconv and nl_langinfo. The former is +part of ISO C and therefore portable, but has a brain-damaged +interface. The second is part of the Unix interface and is portable in +as far as the system follows the Unix standards. +

+ + + +
7.6.1 localeconv: It is portable but …   ISO C's localeconv. +
7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data   X/Open's nl_langinfo. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

7.6.1 localeconv: It is portable but …

+ +

Together with the setlocale function the ISO C people +invented the localeconv function. It is a masterpiece of poor +design. It is expensive to use, not extendable, and not generally +usable as it provides access to only LC_MONETARY and +LC_NUMERIC related information. Nevertheless, if it is +applicable to a given situation it should be used since it is very +portable. The function strfmon formats monetary amounts +according to the selected locale using this information. + + + +

+
+
Function: struct lconv * localeconv (void) + +
+

The localeconv function returns a pointer to a structure whose +components contain information about how numeric and monetary values +should be formatted in the current locale. +

+

You should not modify the structure or its contents. The structure might +be overwritten by subsequent calls to localeconv, or by calls to +setlocale, but no other function in the library overwrites this +value. +

+ +
+
Data Type: struct lconv + +
+

localeconv's return value is of this data type. Its elements are +described in the following subsections. +

+ +

If a member of the structure struct lconv has type char, +and the value is CHAR_MAX, it means that the current locale has +no value for that parameter. +

+ + + + +
7.6.1.1 Generic Numeric Formatting Parameters   Parameters for formatting numbers and + currency amounts. +
7.6.1.2 Printing the Currency Symbol   How to print the symbol that identifies an + amount of money (e.g. ‘$’). +
7.6.1.3 Printing the Sign of a Monetary Amount   How to print the (positive or negative) sign + for a monetary amount, if one exists. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

7.6.1.1 Generic Numeric Formatting Parameters

+ +

These are the standard members of struct lconv; there may be +others. +

+
+
char *decimal_point
+
char *mon_decimal_point
+

These are the decimal-point separators used in formatting non-monetary +and monetary quantities, respectively. In the ‘C’ locale, the +value of decimal_point is ".", and the value of +mon_decimal_point is "". + +

+
+
char *thousands_sep
+
char *mon_thousands_sep
+

These are the separators used to delimit groups of digits to the left of +the decimal point in formatting non-monetary and monetary quantities, +respectively. In the ‘C’ locale, both members have a value of +"" (the empty string). +

+
+
char *grouping
+
char *mon_grouping
+

These are strings that specify how to group the digits to the left of +the decimal point. grouping applies to non-monetary quantities +and mon_grouping applies to monetary quantities. Use either +thousands_sep or mon_thousands_sep to separate the digit +groups. + +

+

Each member of these strings is to be interpreted as an integer value of +type char. Successive numbers (from left to right) give the +sizes of successive groups (from right to left, starting at the decimal +point.) The last member is either 0, in which case the previous +member is used over and over again for all the remaining groups, or +CHAR_MAX, in which case there is no more grouping—or, put +another way, any remaining digits form one large group without +separators. +

+

For example, if grouping is "\04\03\02", the correct +grouping for the number 123456787654321 is ‘12’, ‘34’, +‘56’, ‘78’, ‘765’, ‘4321’. This uses a group of 4 +digits at the end, preceded by a group of 3 digits, preceded by groups +of 2 digits (as many as needed). With a separator of ‘,’, the +number would be printed as ‘12,34,56,78,765,4321’. +

+

A value of "\03" indicates repeated groups of three digits, as +normally used in the U.S. +

+

In the standard ‘C’ locale, both grouping and +mon_grouping have a value of "". This value specifies no +grouping at all. +

+
+
char int_frac_digits
+
char frac_digits
+

These are small integers indicating how many fractional digits (to the +right of the decimal point) should be displayed in a monetary value in +international and local formats, respectively. (Most often, both +members have the same value.) +

+

In the standard ‘C’ locale, both of these members have the value +CHAR_MAX, meaning “unspecified”. The ISO standard doesn't say +what to do when you find this value; we recommend printing no +fractional digits. (This locale also specifies the empty string for +mon_decimal_point, so printing any fractional digits would be +confusing!) +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

7.6.1.2 Printing the Currency Symbol

+ +

These members of the struct lconv structure specify how to print +the symbol to identify a monetary value—the international analog of +‘$’ for US dollars. +

+

Each country has two standard currency symbols. The local currency +symbol is used commonly within the country, while the +international currency symbol is used internationally to refer to +that country's currency when it is necessary to indicate the country +unambiguously. +

+

For example, many countries use the dollar as their monetary unit, and +when dealing with international currencies it's important to specify +that one is dealing with (say) Canadian dollars instead of U.S. dollars +or Australian dollars. But when the context is known to be Canada, +there is no need to make this explicit—dollar amounts are implicitly +assumed to be in Canadian dollars. +

+
+
char *currency_symbol
+

The local currency symbol for the selected locale. +

+

In the standard ‘C’ locale, this member has a value of "" +(the empty string), meaning “unspecified”. The ISO standard doesn't +say what to do when you find this value; we recommend you simply print +the empty string as you would print any other string pointed to by this +variable. +

+
+
char *int_curr_symbol
+

The international currency symbol for the selected locale. +

+

The value of int_curr_symbol should normally consist of a +three-letter abbreviation determined by the international standard +ISO 4217 Codes for the Representation of Currency and Funds, +followed by a one-character separator (often a space). +

+

In the standard ‘C’ locale, this member has a value of "" +(the empty string), meaning “unspecified”. We recommend you simply print +the empty string as you would print any other string pointed to by this +variable. +

+
+
char p_cs_precedes
+
char n_cs_precedes
+
char int_p_cs_precedes
+
char int_n_cs_precedes
+

These members are 1 if the currency_symbol or +int_curr_symbol strings should precede the value of a monetary +amount, or 0 if the strings should follow the value. The +p_cs_precedes and int_p_cs_precedes members apply to +positive amounts (or zero), and the n_cs_precedes and +int_n_cs_precedes members apply to negative amounts. +

+

In the standard ‘C’ locale, all of these members have a value of +CHAR_MAX, meaning “unspecified”. The ISO standard doesn't say +what to do when you find this value. We recommend printing the +currency symbol before the amount, which is right for most countries. +In other words, treat all nonzero values alike in these members. +

+

The members with the int_ prefix apply to the +int_curr_symbol while the other two apply to +currency_symbol. +

+
+
char p_sep_by_space
+
char n_sep_by_space
+
char int_p_sep_by_space
+
char int_n_sep_by_space
+

These members are 1 if a space should appear between the +currency_symbol or int_curr_symbol strings and the +amount, or 0 if no space should appear. The +p_sep_by_space and int_p_sep_by_space members apply to +positive amounts (or zero), and the n_sep_by_space and +int_n_sep_by_space members apply to negative amounts. +

+

In the standard ‘C’ locale, all of these members have a value of +CHAR_MAX, meaning “unspecified”. The ISO standard doesn't say +what you should do when you find this value; we suggest you treat it as +1 (print a space). In other words, treat all nonzero values alike in +these members. +

+

The members with the int_ prefix apply to the +int_curr_symbol while the other two apply to +currency_symbol. There is one specialty with the +int_curr_symbol, though. Since all legal values contain a space +at the end the string one either printf this space (if the currency +symbol must appear in front and must be separated) or one has to avoid +printing this character at all (especially when at the end of the +string). +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

7.6.1.3 Printing the Sign of a Monetary Amount

+ +

These members of the struct lconv structure specify how to print +the sign (if any) of a monetary value. +

+
+
char *positive_sign
+
char *negative_sign
+

These are strings used to indicate positive (or zero) and negative +monetary quantities, respectively. +

+

In the standard ‘C’ locale, both of these members have a value of +"" (the empty string), meaning “unspecified”. +

+

The ISO standard doesn't say what to do when you find this value; we +recommend printing positive_sign as you find it, even if it is +empty. For a negative value, print negative_sign as you find it +unless both it and positive_sign are empty, in which case print +‘-’ instead. (Failing to indicate the sign at all seems rather +unreasonable.) +

+
+
char p_sign_posn
+
char n_sign_posn
+
char int_p_sign_posn
+
char int_n_sign_posn
+

These members are small integers that indicate how to +position the sign for nonnegative and negative monetary quantities, +respectively. (The string used by the sign is what was specified with +positive_sign or negative_sign.) The possible values are +as follows: +

+
+
0
+

The currency symbol and quantity should be surrounded by parentheses. +

+
+
1
+

Print the sign string before the quantity and currency symbol. +

+
+
2
+

Print the sign string after the quantity and currency symbol. +

+
+
3
+

Print the sign string right before the currency symbol. +

+
+
4
+

Print the sign string right after the currency symbol. +

+
+
CHAR_MAX
+

“Unspecified”. Both members have this value in the standard +‘C’ locale. +

+
+ +

The ISO standard doesn't say what you should do when the value is +CHAR_MAX. We recommend you print the sign after the currency +symbol. +

+

The members with the int_ prefix apply to the +int_curr_symbol while the other two apply to +currency_symbol. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data

+ +

When writing the X/Open Portability Guide the authors realized that the +localeconv function is not enough to provide reasonable access to +locale information. The information which was meant to be available +in the locale (as later specified in the POSIX.1 standard) requires more +ways to access it. Therefore the nl_langinfo function +was introduced. +

+
+
Function: char * nl_langinfo (nl_item item) + +
+

The nl_langinfo function can be used to access individual +elements of the locale categories. Unlike the localeconv +function, which returns all the information, nl_langinfo +lets the caller select what information it requires. This is very +fast and it is not a problem to call this function multiple times. +

+

A second advantage is that in addition to the numeric and monetary +formatting information, information from the +LC_TIME and LC_MESSAGES categories is available. +

+ +

The type nl_type is defined in ‘nl_types.h’. The argument +item is a numeric value defined in the header ‘langinfo.h’. +The X/Open standard defines the following values: +

+
+
CODESET + +
+

nl_langinfo returns a string with the name of the coded character +set used in the selected locale. +

+
+
ABDAY_1 + +
+
ABDAY_2 + +
+
ABDAY_3 + +
+
ABDAY_4 + +
+
ABDAY_5 + +
+
ABDAY_6 + +
+
ABDAY_7 + +
+

nl_langinfo returns the abbreviated weekday name. ABDAY_1 +corresponds to Sunday. +

+
DAY_1 + +
+
DAY_2 + +
+
DAY_3 + +
+
DAY_4 + +
+
DAY_5 + +
+
DAY_6 + +
+
DAY_7 + +
+

Similar to ABDAY_1 etc., but here the return value is the +unabbreviated weekday name. +

+
ABMON_1 + +
+
ABMON_2 + +
+
ABMON_3 + +
+
ABMON_4 + +
+
ABMON_5 + +
+
ABMON_6 + +
+
ABMON_7 + +
+
ABMON_8 + +
+
ABMON_9 + +
+
ABMON_10 + +
+
ABMON_11 + +
+
ABMON_12 + +
+

The return value is abbreviated name of the month. ABMON_1 +corresponds to January. +

+
MON_1 + +
+
MON_2 + +
+
MON_3 + +
+
MON_4 + +
+
MON_5 + +
+
MON_6 + +
+
MON_7 + +
+
MON_8 + +
+
MON_9 + +
+
MON_10 + +
+
MON_11 + +
+
MON_12 + +
+

Similar to ABMON_1 etc., but here the month names are not abbreviated. +Here the first value MON_1 also corresponds to January. +

+
AM_STR + +
+
PM_STR + +
+

The return values are strings which can be used in the representation of time +as an hour from 1 to 12 plus an am/pm specifier. +

+

Note that in locales which do not use this time representation +these strings might be empty, in which case the am/pm format +cannot be used at all. +

+
D_T_FMT + +
+

The return value can be used as a format string for strftime to +represent time and date in a locale-specific way. +

+
D_FMT + +
+

The return value can be used as a format string for strftime to +represent a date in a locale-specific way. +

+
T_FMT + +
+

The return value can be used as a format string for strftime to +represent time in a locale-specific way. +

+
T_FMT_AMPM + +
+

The return value can be used as a format string for strftime to +represent time in the am/pm format. +

+

Note that if the am/pm format does not make any sense for the +selected locale, the return value might be the same as the one for +T_FMT. +

+
ERA + +
+

The return value represents the era used in the current locale. +

+

Most locales do not define this value. An example of a locale which +does define this value is the Japanese one. In Japan, the traditional +representation of dates includes the name of the era corresponding to +the then-emperor's reign. +

+

Normally it should not be necessary to use this value directly. +Specifying the E modifier in their format strings causes the +strftime functions to use this information. The format of the +returned string is not specified, and therefore you should not assume +knowledge of it on different systems. +

+
ERA_YEAR + +
+

The return value gives the year in the relevant era of the locale. +As for ERA it should not be necessary to use this value directly. +

+
ERA_D_T_FMT + +
+

This return value can be used as a format string for strftime to +represent dates and times in a locale-specific era-based way. +

+
ERA_D_FMT + +
+

This return value can be used as a format string for strftime to +represent a date in a locale-specific era-based way. +

+
ERA_T_FMT + +
+

This return value can be used as a format string for strftime to +represent time in a locale-specific era-based way. +

+
ALT_DIGITS + +
+

The return value is a representation of up to 100 values used to +represent the values 0 to 99. As for ERA this +value is not intended to be used directly, but instead indirectly +through the strftime function. When the modifier O is +used in a format which would otherwise use numerals to represent hours, +minutes, seconds, weekdays, months, or weeks, the appropriate value for +the locale is used instead. +

+
INT_CURR_SYMBOL + +
+

The same as the value returned by localeconv in the +int_curr_symbol element of the struct lconv. +

+
CURRENCY_SYMBOL + +
+
CRNCYSTR + +
+

The same as the value returned by localeconv in the +currency_symbol element of the struct lconv. +

+

CRNCYSTR is a deprecated alias still required by Unix98. +

+
MON_DECIMAL_POINT + +
+

The same as the value returned by localeconv in the +mon_decimal_point element of the struct lconv. +

+
MON_THOUSANDS_SEP + +
+

The same as the value returned by localeconv in the +mon_thousands_sep element of the struct lconv. +

+
MON_GROUPING + +
+

The same as the value returned by localeconv in the +mon_grouping element of the struct lconv. +

+
POSITIVE_SIGN + +
+

The same as the value returned by localeconv in the +positive_sign element of the struct lconv. +

+
NEGATIVE_SIGN + +
+

The same as the value returned by localeconv in the +negative_sign element of the struct lconv. +

+
INT_FRAC_DIGITS + +
+

The same as the value returned by localeconv in the +int_frac_digits element of the struct lconv. +

+
FRAC_DIGITS + +
+

The same as the value returned by localeconv in the +frac_digits element of the struct lconv. +

+
P_CS_PRECEDES + +
+

The same as the value returned by localeconv in the +p_cs_precedes element of the struct lconv. +

+
P_SEP_BY_SPACE + +
+

The same as the value returned by localeconv in the +p_sep_by_space element of the struct lconv. +

+
N_CS_PRECEDES + +
+

The same as the value returned by localeconv in the +n_cs_precedes element of the struct lconv. +

+
N_SEP_BY_SPACE + +
+

The same as the value returned by localeconv in the +n_sep_by_space element of the struct lconv. +

+
P_SIGN_POSN + +
+

The same as the value returned by localeconv in the +p_sign_posn element of the struct lconv. +

+
N_SIGN_POSN + +
+

The same as the value returned by localeconv in the +n_sign_posn element of the struct lconv. +

+
+
INT_P_CS_PRECEDES + +
+

The same as the value returned by localeconv in the +int_p_cs_precedes element of the struct lconv. +

+
INT_P_SEP_BY_SPACE + +
+

The same as the value returned by localeconv in the +int_p_sep_by_space element of the struct lconv. +

+
INT_N_CS_PRECEDES + +
+

The same as the value returned by localeconv in the +int_n_cs_precedes element of the struct lconv. +

+
INT_N_SEP_BY_SPACE + +
+

The same as the value returned by localeconv in the +int_n_sep_by_space element of the struct lconv. +

+
INT_P_SIGN_POSN + +
+

The same as the value returned by localeconv in the +int_p_sign_posn element of the struct lconv. +

+
INT_N_SIGN_POSN + +
+

The same as the value returned by localeconv in the +int_n_sign_posn element of the struct lconv. +

+
+
DECIMAL_POINT + +
+
RADIXCHAR + +
+

The same as the value returned by localeconv in the +decimal_point element of the struct lconv. +

+

The name RADIXCHAR is a deprecated alias still used in Unix98. +

+
THOUSANDS_SEP + +
+
THOUSEP + +
+

The same as the value returned by localeconv in the +thousands_sep element of the struct lconv. +

+

The name THOUSEP is a deprecated alias still used in Unix98. +

+
GROUPING + +
+

The same as the value returned by localeconv in the +grouping element of the struct lconv. +

+
YESEXPR + +
+

The return value is a regular expression which can be used with the +regex function to recognize a positive response to a yes/no +question. The GNU C library provides the rpmatch function for +easier handling in applications. +

+
NOEXPR + +
+

The return value is a regular expression which can be used with the +regex function to recognize a negative response to a yes/no +question. +

+
YESSTR + +
+

The return value is a locale-specific translation of the positive response +to a yes/no question. +

+

Using this value is deprecated since it is a very special case of +message translation, and is better handled by the message +translation functions (see section Message Translation). +

+

The use of this symbol is deprecated. Instead message translation +should be used. +

+
NOSTR + +
+

The return value is a locale-specific translation of the negative response +to a yes/no question. What is said for YESSTR is also true here. +

+

The use of this symbol is deprecated. Instead message translation +should be used. +

+
+ +

The file ‘langinfo.h’ defines a lot more symbols but none of them +is official. Using them is not portable, and the format of the +return values might change. Therefore we recommended you not use +them. +

+

Note that the return value for any valid argument can be used for +in all situations (with the possible exception of the am/pm time formatting +codes). If the user has not selected any locale for the +appropriate category, nl_langinfo returns the information from the +"C" locale. It is therefore possible to use this function as +shown in the example below. +

+

If the argument item is not valid, a pointer to an empty string is +returned. +

+ +

An example of nl_langinfo usage is a function which has to +print a given date and time in a locale-specific way. At first one +might think that, since strftime internally uses the locale +information, writing something like the following is enough: +

+
 
size_t
+i18n_time_n_data (char *s, size_t len, const struct tm *tp)
+{
+  return strftime (s, len, "%X %D", tp);
+}
+
+ +

The format contains no weekday or month names and therefore is +internationally usable. Wrong! The output produced is something like +"hh:mm:ss MM/DD/YY". This format is only recognizable in the +USA. Other countries use different formats. Therefore the function +should be rewritten like this: +

+
 
size_t
+i18n_time_n_data (char *s, size_t len, const struct tm *tp)
+{
+  return strftime (s, len, nl_langinfo (D_T_FMT), tp);
+}
+
+ +

Now it uses the date and time format of the locale +selected when the program runs. If the user selects the locale +correctly there should never be a misunderstanding over the time and +date format. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

7.7 A dedicated function to format numbers

+ +

We have seen that the structure returned by localeconv as well as +the values given to nl_langinfo allow you to retrieve the various +pieces of locale-specific information to format numbers and monetary +amounts. We have also seen that the underlying rules are quite complex. +

+

Therefore the X/Open standards introduce a function which uses such +locale information, making it easier for the user to format +numbers according to these rules. +

+
+
Function: ssize_t strfmon (char *s, size_t maxsize, const char *format, …) + +
+

The strfmon function is similar to the strftime function +in that it takes a buffer, its size, a format string, +and values to write into the buffer as text in a form specified +by the format string. Like strftime, the function +also returns the number of bytes written into the buffer. +

+

There are two differences: strfmon can take more than one +argument, and, of course, the format specification is different. Like +strftime, the format string consists of normal text, which is +output as is, and format specifiers, which are indicated by a ‘%’. +Immediately after the ‘%’, you can optionally specify various flags +and formatting information before the main formatting character, in a +similar way to printf: +

+
    +
  • +Immediately following the ‘%’ there can be one or more of the +following flags: +
    +
    ‘=f’
    +

    The single byte character f is used for this field as the numeric +fill character. By default this character is a space character. +Filling with this character is only performed if a left precision +is specified. It is not just to fill to the given field width. +

    +
    ‘^’
    +

    The number is printed without grouping the digits according to the rules +of the current locale. By default grouping is enabled. +

    +
    ‘+’, ‘(’
    +

    At most one of these flags can be used. They select which format to +represent the sign of a currency amount. By default, and if +‘+’ is given, the locale equivalent of +/- is used. If +‘(’ is given, negative amounts are enclosed in parentheses. The +exact format is determined by the values of the LC_MONETARY +category of the locale selected at program runtime. +

    +
    ‘!’
    +

    The output will not contain the currency symbol. +

    +
    ‘-’
    +

    The output will be formatted left-justified instead of right-justified if +it does not fill the entire field width. +

    +
    +
+ +

The next part of a specification is an optional field width. If no +width is specified 0 is taken. During output, the function first +determines how much space is required. If it requires at least as many +characters as given by the field width, it is output using as much space +as necessary. Otherwise, it is extended to use the full width by +filling with the space character. The presence or absence of the +‘-’ flag determines the side at which such padding occurs. If +present, the spaces are added at the right making the output +left-justified, and vice versa. +

+

So far the format looks familiar, being similar to the printf and +strftime formats. However, the next two optional fields +introduce something new. The first one is a ‘#’ character followed +by a decimal digit string. The value of the digit string specifies the +number of digit positions to the left of the decimal point (or +equivalent). This does not include the grouping character when +the ‘^’ flag is not given. If the space needed to print the number +does not fill the whole width, the field is padded at the left side with +the fill character, which can be selected using the ‘=’ flag and by +default is a space. For example, if the field width is selected as 6 +and the number is 123, the fill character is ‘*’ the result +will be ‘***123’. +

+

The second optional field starts with a ‘.’ (period) and consists +of another decimal digit string. Its value describes the number of +characters printed after the decimal point. The default is selected +from the current locale (frac_digits, int_frac_digits, see +see section Generic Numeric Formatting Parameters). If the exact representation needs more digits +than given by the field width, the displayed value is rounded. If the +number of fractional digits is selected to be zero, no decimal point is +printed. +

+

As a GNU extension, the strfmon implementation in the GNU libc +allows an optional ‘L’ next as a format modifier. If this modifier +is given, the argument is expected to be a long double instead of +a double value. +

+

Finally, the last component is a format specifier. There are three +specifiers defined: +

+
+
‘i’
+

Use the locale's rules for formatting an international currency value. +

+
‘n’
+

Use the locale's rules for formatting a national currency value. +

+
‘%’
+

Place a ‘%’ in the output. There must be no flag, width +specifier or modifier given, only ‘%%’ is allowed. +

+
+ +

As for printf, the function reads the format string +from left to right and uses the values passed to the function following +the format string. The values are expected to be either of type +double or long double, depending on the presence of the +modifier ‘L’. The result is stored in the buffer pointed to by +s. At most maxsize characters are stored. +

+

The return value of the function is the number of characters stored in +s, including the terminating NULL byte. If the number of +characters stored would exceed maxsize, the function returns +-1 and the content of the buffer s is unspecified. In this +case errno is set to E2BIG. +

+ +

A few examples should make clear how the function works. It is +assumed that all the following pieces of code are executed in a program +which uses the USA locale (en_US). The simplest +form of the format is this: +

+
 
strfmon (buf, 100, "@%n@%n@%n@", 123.45, -567.89, 12345.678);
+
+ +

The output produced is +

 
"@$123.45@-$567.89@$12,345.68@"
+
+ +

We can notice several things here. First, the widths of the output +numbers are different. We have not specified a width in the format +string, and so this is no wonder. Second, the third number is printed +using thousands separators. The thousands separator for the +en_US locale is a comma. The number is also rounded. +.678 is rounded to .68 since the format does not specify a +precision and the default value in the locale is 2. Finally, +note that the national currency symbol is printed since ‘%n’ was +used, not ‘i’. The next example shows how we can align the output. +

+
 
strfmon (buf, 100, "@%=*11n@%=*11n@%=*11n@", 123.45, -567.89, 12345.678);
+
+ +

The output this time is: +

+
 
"@    $123.45@   -$567.89@ $12,345.68@"
+
+ +

Two things stand out. Firstly, all fields have the same width (eleven +characters) since this is the width given in the format and since no +number required more characters to be printed. The second important +point is that the fill character is not used. This is correct since the +white space was not used to achieve a precision given by a ‘#’ +modifier, but instead to fill to the given width. The difference +becomes obvious if we now add a width specification. +

+
 
strfmon (buf, 100, "@%=*11#5n@%=*11#5n@%=*11#5n@",
+         123.45, -567.89, 12345.678);
+
+ +

The output is +

+
 
"@ $***123.45@-$***567.89@ $12,456.68@"
+
+ +

Here we can see that all the currency symbols are now aligned, and that +the space between the currency sign and the number is filled with the +selected fill character. Note that although the width is selected to be +5 and 123.45 has three digits left of the decimal point, +the space is filled with three asterisks. This is correct since, as +explained above, the width does not include the positions used to store +thousands separators. One last example should explain the remaining +functionality. +

+
 
strfmon (buf, 100, "@%=0(16#5.3i@%=0(16#5.3i@%=0(16#5.3i@",
+         123.45, -567.89, 12345.678);
+
+ +

This rather complex format string produces the following output: +

+
 
"@ USD 000123,450 @(USD 000567.890)@ USD 12,345.678 @"
+
+ +

The most noticeable change is the alternative way of representing +negative numbers. In financial circles this is often done using +parentheses, and this is what the ‘(’ flag selected. The fill +character is now ‘0’. Note that this ‘0’ character is not +regarded as a numeric zero, and therefore the first and second numbers +are not printed using a thousands separator. Since we used the format +specifier ‘i’ instead of ‘n’, the international form of the +currency symbol is used. This is a four letter string, in this case +"USD ". The last point is that since the precision right of the +decimal point is selected to be three, the first and second numbers are +printed with an extra zero at the end and the third number is printed +without rounding. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

7.8 Yes-or-No Questions

+ +

Some non GUI programs ask a yes-or-no question. If the messages +(especially the questions) are translated into foreign languages, be +sure that you localize the answers too. It would be very bad habit to +ask a question in one language and request the answer in another, often +English. +

+

The GNU C library contains rpmatch to give applications easy +access to the corresponding locale definitions. +

+
+
Function: int rpmatch (const char *response) + +
+

The function rpmatch checks the string in response whether +or not it is a correct yes-or-no answer and if yes, which one. The +check uses the YESEXPR and NOEXPR data in the +LC_MESSAGES category of the currently selected locale. The +return value is as follows: +

+
+
1
+

The user entered an affirmative answer. +

+
+
0
+

The user entered a negative answer. +

+
+
-1
+

The answer matched neither the YESEXPR nor the NOEXPR +regular expression. +

+
+ +

This function is not standardized but available beside in GNU libc at +least also in the IBM AIX library. +

+ +

This function would normally be used like this: +

+
 
  …
+  /* Use a safe default.  */
+  _Bool doit = false;
+
+  fputs (gettext ("Do you really want to do this? "), stdout);
+  fflush (stdout);
+  /* Prepare the getline call.  */
+  line = NULL;
+  len = 0;
+  while (getline (&line, &len, stdout) >= 0)
+    {
+      /* Check the response.  */
+      int res = rpmatch (line);
+      if (res >= 0)
+        {
+          /* We got a definitive answer.  */
+          if (res > 0)
+            doit = true;
+          break;
+        }
+    }
+  /* Free what getline allocated.  */
+  free (line);
+
+ +

Note that the loop continues until an read error is detected or until a +definitive (positive or negative) answer is read. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ << ][ >> ]           [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_28.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_28.html @@ -0,0 +1,1025 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 28. System Databases and Name Service Switch + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

28. System Databases and Name Service Switch

+ +

Various functions in the C Library need to be configured to work +correctly in the local environment. Traditionally, this was done by +using files (e.g., ‘/etc/passwd’), but other nameservices (like the +Network Information Service (NIS) and the Domain Name Service (DNS)) +became popular, and were hacked into the C library, usually with a fixed +search order (see (jargon)frobnicate section `frobnicate' in The Jargon File). +

+

The GNU C Library contains a cleaner solution of this problem. It is +designed after a method used by Sun Microsystems in the C library of +Solaris 2. GNU C Library follows their name and calls this +scheme Name Service Switch (NSS). +

+

Though the interface might be similar to Sun's version there is no +common code. We never saw any source code of Sun's implementation and +so the internal interface is incompatible. This also manifests in the +file names we use as we will see later. +

+ + + + + + +
28.1 NSS Basics   What is this NSS good for. +
28.2 The NSS Configuration File   Configuring NSS. +
28.3 NSS Module Internals   How does it work internally. +
28.4 Extending NSS   What to do to add services or databases. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

28.1 NSS Basics

+ +

The basic idea is to put the implementation of the different services +offered to access the databases in separate modules. This has some +advantages: +

+
    +
  1. +Contributors can add new services without adding them to GNU C Library. +
  2. +The modules can be updated separately. +
  3. +The C library image is smaller. +
+ +

To fulfill the first goal above the ABI of the modules will be described +below. For getting the implementation of a new service right it is +important to understand how the functions in the modules get called. +They are in no way designed to be used by the programmer directly. +Instead the programmer should only use the documented and standardized +functions to access the databases. +

+

The databases available in the NSS are +

+ + + + + + + + + + +
+
aliases + +
+

Mail aliases +

+
ethers + +
+

Ethernet numbers, +

+
group + +
+

Groups of users, see section Group Database. +

+
hosts + +
+

Host names and numbers, see section Host Names. +

+
netgroup + +
+

Network wide list of host and users, see section Netgroup Database. +

+
networks + +
+

Network names and numbers, see section Networks Database. +

+
protocols + +
+

Network protocols, see section Protocols Database. +

+
passwd + +
+

User passwords, see section User Database. +

+
rpc + +
+

Remote procedure call names and numbers, +

+
services + +
+

Network services, see section The Services Database. +

+
shadow + +
+

Shadow user passwords, +

+
+ +

There will be some more added later (automount, bootparams, +netmasks, and publickey). +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

28.2 The NSS Configuration File

+ +

Somehow the NSS code must be told about the wishes of the user. For +this reason there is the file ‘/etc/nsswitch.conf’. For each +database this file contain a specification how the lookup process should +work. The file could look like this: +

+
 
# /etc/nsswitch.conf
+#
+# Name Service Switch configuration file.
+#
+
+passwd:     db files nis
+shadow:     files
+group:      db files nis
+
+hosts:      files nisplus nis dns
+networks:   nisplus [NOTFOUND=return] files
+
+ethers:     nisplus [NOTFOUND=return] db files
+protocols:  nisplus [NOTFOUND=return] db files
+rpc:        nisplus [NOTFOUND=return] db files
+services:   nisplus [NOTFOUND=return] db files
+
+ +

The first column is the database as you can guess from the table above. +The rest of the line specifies how the lookup process works. Please +note that you specify the way it works for each database individually. +This cannot be done with the old way of a monolithic implementation. +

+

The configuration specification for each database can contain two +different items: +

+
    +
  • +the service specification like files, db, or nis. +
  • +the reaction on lookup result like [NOTFOUND=return]. +
+ + + + + +
28.2.1 Services in the NSS configuration File   Service names in the NSS configuration. +
28.2.2 Actions in the NSS configuration   React appropriately to the lookup result. +
28.2.3 Notes on the NSS Configuration File   Things to take care about while + configuring NSS. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

28.2.1 Services in the NSS configuration File

+ +

The above example file mentions four different services: files, +db, nis, and nisplus. This does not mean these +services are available on all sites and it does also not mean these are +all the services which will ever be available. +

+

In fact, these names are simply strings which the NSS code uses to find +the implicitly addressed functions. The internal interface will be +described later. Visible to the user are the modules which implement an +individual service. +

+

Assume the service name shall be used for a lookup. The code for +this service is implemented in a module called ‘libnss_name’. +On a system supporting shared libraries this is in fact a shared library +with the name (for example) ‘libnss_name.so.2’. The number +at the end is the currently used version of the interface which will not +change frequently. Normally the user should not have to be cognizant of +these files since they should be placed in a directory where they are +found automatically. Only the names of all available services are +important. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

28.2.2 Actions in the NSS configuration

+ +

The second item in the specification gives the user much finer control +on the lookup process. Action items are placed between two service +names and are written within brackets. The general form is +

+
 
[ ( !? status = action )+ ]
+
+ +

where +

+
 
status ⇒ success | notfound | unavail | tryagain
+action ⇒ return | continue
+
+ +

The case of the keywords is insignificant. The status +values are the results of a call to a lookup function of a specific +service. They mean +

+
+
‘success’ + +
+

No error occurred and the wanted entry is returned. The default action +for this is return. +

+
+
‘notfound’ + +
+

The lookup process works ok but the needed value was not found. The +default action is continue. +

+
+
‘unavail’ + +
+
+

The service is permanently unavailable. This can either mean the needed +file is not available, or, for DNS, the server is not available or does +not allow queries. The default action is continue. +

+
+
‘tryagain’ + +
+

The service is temporarily unavailable. This could mean a file is +locked or a server currently cannot accept more connections. The +default action is continue. +

+
+ +

If we have a line like +

+
 
ethers: nisplus [NOTFOUND=return] db files
+
+ +

this is equivalent to +

+
 
ethers: nisplus [SUCCESS=return NOTFOUND=return UNAVAIL=continue
+                 TRYAGAIN=continue]
+        db      [SUCCESS=return NOTFOUND=continue UNAVAIL=continue
+                 TRYAGAIN=continue]
+        files
+
+ +

(except that it would have to be written on one line). The default +value for the actions are normally what you want, and only need to be +changed in exceptional cases. +

+

If the optional ! is placed before the status this means +the following action is used for all statuses but status itself. +I.e., ! is negation as in the C language (and others). +

+

Before we explain the exception which makes this action item necessary +one more remark: obviously it makes no sense to add another action +item after the files service. Since there is no other service +following the action always is return. +

+ +

Now, why is this [NOTFOUND=return] action useful? To understand +this we should know that the nisplus service is often +complete; i.e., if an entry is not available in the NIS+ tables it is +not available anywhere else. This is what is expressed by this action +item: it is useless to examine further services since they will not give +us a result. +

+ + +

The situation would be different if the NIS+ service is not available +because the machine is booting. In this case the return value of the +lookup function is not notfound but instead unavail. And +as you can see in the complete form above: in this situation the +db and files services are used. Neat, isn't it? The +system administrator need not pay special care for the time the system +is not completely ready to work (while booting or shutdown or +network problems). +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

28.2.3 Notes on the NSS Configuration File

+ +

Finally a few more hints. The NSS implementation is not completely +helpless if ‘/etc/nsswitch.conf’ does not exist. For +all supported databases there is a default value so it should normally +be possible to get the system running even if the file is corrupted or +missing. +

+ +

For the hosts and networks databases the default value is +dns [!UNAVAIL=return] files. I.e., the system is prepared for +the DNS service not to be available but if it is available the answer it +returns is definitive. +

+

The passwd, group, and shadow databases are +traditionally handled in a special way. The appropriate files in the +‘/etc’ directory are read but if an entry with a name starting +with a + character is found NIS is used. This kind of lookup +remains possible by using the special lookup service compat +and the default value for the three databases above is +compat [NOTFOUND=return] files. +

+

For all other databases the default value is +nis [NOTFOUND=return] files. This solution give the best +chance to be correct since NIS and file based lookup is used. +

+ +

A second point is that the user should try to optimize the lookup +process. The different service have different response times. +A simple file look up on a local file could be fast, but if the file +is long and the needed entry is near the end of the file this may take +quite some time. In this case it might be better to use the db +service which allows fast local access to large data sets. +

+

Often the situation is that some global information like NIS must be +used. So it is unavoidable to use service entries like nis etc. +But one should avoid slow services like this if possible. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

28.3 NSS Module Internals

+ +

Now it is time to describe what the modules look like. The functions +contained in a module are identified by their names. I.e., there is no +jump table or the like. How this is done is of no interest here; those +interested in this topic should read about Dynamic Linking. +

+ + + + +
28.3.1 The Naming Scheme of the NSS Modules   Construction of the interface function of + the NSS modules. +
28.3.2 The Interface of the Function in NSS Modules   Programming interface in the NSS module + functions. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

28.3.1 The Naming Scheme of the NSS Modules

+ +

The name of each function consist of various parts: +

+

_nss_service_function +

+ +

service of course corresponds to the name of the module this +function is found in.(3) The function part is derived +from the interface function in the C library itself. If the user calls +the function gethostbyname and the service used is files +the function +

+
 
       _nss_files_gethostbyname_r
+
+ +

in the module +

+
 
       libnss_files.so.2
+
+ + +

is used. You see, what is explained above in not the whole truth. In +fact the NSS modules only contain reentrant versions of the lookup +functions. I.e., if the user would call the gethostbyname_r +function this also would end in the above function. For all user +interface functions the C library maps this call to a call to the +reentrant function. For reentrant functions this is trivial since the +interface is (nearly) the same. For the non-reentrant version The +library keeps internal buffers which are used to replace the user +supplied buffer. +

+

I.e., the reentrant functions can have counterparts. No service +module is forced to have functions for all databases and all kinds to +access them. If a function is not available it is simply treated as if +the function would return unavail +(see section Actions in the NSS configuration). +

+

The file name ‘libnss_files.so.2’ would be on a Solaris 2 +system ‘nss_files.so.2’. This is the difference mentioned above. +Sun's NSS modules are usable as modules which get indirectly loaded +only. +

+

The NSS modules in the GNU C Library are prepared to be used as normal +libraries themselves. This is not true at the moment, though. +However, the organization of the name space in the modules does not make it +impossible like it is for Solaris. Now you can see why the modules are +still libraries.(4) +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

28.3.2 The Interface of the Function in NSS Modules

+ +

Now we know about the functions contained in the modules. It is now +time to describe the types. When we mentioned the reentrant versions of +the functions above, this means there are some additional arguments +(compared with the standard, non-reentrant version). The prototypes for +the non-reentrant and reentrant versions of our function above are: +

+
 
struct hostent *gethostbyname (const char *name)
+
+int gethostbyname_r (const char *name, struct hostent *result_buf,
+                     char *buf, size_t buflen, struct hostent **result,
+                     int *h_errnop)
+
+ +

The actual prototype of the function in the NSS modules in this case is +

+
 
enum nss_status _nss_files_gethostbyname_r (const char *name,
+                                            struct hostent *result_buf,
+                                            char *buf, size_t buflen,
+                                            int *errnop, int *h_errnop)
+
+ +

I.e., the interface function is in fact the reentrant function with the +change of the return value and the omission of the result +parameter. While the user-level function returns a pointer to the +result the reentrant function return an enum nss_status value: +

+
+
NSS_STATUS_TRYAGAIN + +
+

numeric value -2 +

+
+
NSS_STATUS_UNAVAIL + +
+

numeric value -1 +

+
+
NSS_STATUS_NOTFOUND + +
+

numeric value 0 +

+
+
NSS_STATUS_SUCCESS + +
+

numeric value 1 +

+
+ +

Now you see where the action items of the ‘/etc/nsswitch.conf’ file +are used. +

+

If you study the source code you will find there is a fifth value: +NSS_STATUS_RETURN. This is an internal use only value, used by a +few functions in places where none of the above value can be used. If +necessary the source code should be examined to learn about the details. +

+

In case the interface function has to return an error it is important +that the correct error code is stored in *errnop. Some +return status value have only one associated error code, others have +more. +

+ + + + + +
+

NSS_STATUS_TRYAGAIN

+

EAGAIN

One of the functions used ran temporarily out of +resources or a service is currently not available. +

+ +

ERANGE

The provided buffer is not large enough. +The function should be called again with a larger buffer. +

+

NSS_STATUS_UNAVAIL

+

ENOENT

A necessary input file cannot be found. +

+

NSS_STATUS_NOTFOUND

+

ENOENT

The requested entry is not available. +

+ +

These are proposed values. There can be other error codes and the +described error codes can have different meaning. With one +exception: when returning NSS_STATUS_TRYAGAIN the error code +ERANGE must mean that the user provided buffer is too +small. Everything is non-critical. +

+

The above function has something special which is missing for almost all +the other module functions. There is an argument h_errnop. This +points to a variable which will be filled with the error code in case +the execution of the function fails for some reason. The reentrant +function cannot use the global variable h_errno; +gethostbyname calls gethostbyname_r with the last argument +set to &h_errno. +

+

The getXXXbyYYY functions are the most important +functions in the NSS modules. But there are others which implement +the other ways to access system databases (say for the +password database, there are setpwent, getpwent, and +endpwent). These will be described in more detail later. +Here we give a general way to determine the +signature of the module function: +

+
    +
  • +the return value is int; +
  • +the name is as explained in see section The Naming Scheme of the NSS Modules; +
  • +the first arguments are identical to the arguments of the non-reentrant +function; +
  • +the next three arguments are: + +
    +
    STRUCT_TYPE *result_buf
    +

    pointer to buffer where the result is stored. STRUCT_TYPE is +normally a struct which corresponds to the database. +

    +
    char *buffer
    +

    pointer to a buffer where the function can store additional data for +the result etc. +

    +
    size_t buflen
    +

    length of the buffer pointed to by buffer. +

    +
    + +
  • +possibly a last argument h_errnop, for the host name and network +name lookup functions. +
+ +

This table is correct for all functions but the set…ent +and end…ent functions. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

28.4 Extending NSS

+ +

One of the advantages of NSS mentioned above is that it can be extended +quite easily. There are two ways in which the extension can happen: +adding another database or adding another service. The former is +normally done only by the C library developers. It is +here only important to remember that adding another database is +independent from adding another service because a service need not +support all databases or lookup functions. +

+

A designer/implementor of a new service is therefore free to choose the +databases s/he is interested in and leave the rest for later (or +completely aside). +

+ + + +
28.4.1 Adding another Service to NSS   What is to do to add a new service. +
28.4.2 Internals of the NSS Module Functions   Guidelines for writing new NSS + service functions. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

28.4.1 Adding another Service to NSS

+ +

The sources for a new service need not (and should not) be part of the +GNU C Library itself. The developer retains complete control over the +sources and its development. The links between the C library and the +new service module consists solely of the interface functions. +

+

Each module is designed following a specific interface specification. +For now the version is 2 (the interface in version 1 was not adequate) +and this manifests in the version number of the shared library object of +the NSS modules: they have the extension .2. If the interface +changes again in an incompatible way, this number will be increased. +Modules using the old interface will still be usable. +

+

Developers of a new service will have to make sure that their module is +created using the correct interface number. This means the file itself +must have the correct name and on ELF systems the soname (Shared +Object Name) must also have this number. Building a module from a bunch +of object files on an ELF system using GNU CC could be done like this: +

+
 
gcc -shared -o libnss_NAME.so.2 -Wl,-soname,libnss_NAME.so.2 OBJECTS
+
+ +

Options for Linking: (gcc)Link Options section `Link Options' in GNU CC, to learn +more about this command line. +

+

To use the new module the library must be able to find it. This can be +achieved by using options for the dynamic linker so that it will search +the directory where the binary is placed. For an ELF system this could be +done by adding the wanted directory to the value of +LD_LIBRARY_PATH. +

+

But this is not always possible since some programs (those which run +under IDs which do not belong to the user) ignore this variable. +Therefore the stable version of the module should be placed into a +directory which is searched by the dynamic linker. Normally this should +be the directory ‘$prefix/lib’, where ‘$prefix’ corresponds to +the value given to configure using the --prefix option. But be +careful: this should only be done if it is clear the module does not +cause any harm. System administrators should be careful. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

28.4.2 Internals of the NSS Module Functions

+ +

Until now we only provided the syntactic interface for the functions in +the NSS module. In fact there is not much more we can say since the +implementation obviously is different for each function. But a few +general rules must be followed by all functions. +

+

In fact there are four kinds of different functions which may appear in +the interface. All derive from the traditional ones for system databases. +db in the following table is normally an abbreviation for the +database (e.g., it is pw for the password database). +

+
+
enum nss_status _nss_database_setdbent (void)
+

This function prepares the service for following operations. For a +simple file based lookup this means files could be opened, for other +services this function simply is a noop. +

+

One special case for this function is that it takes an additional +argument for some databases (i.e., the interface is +int setdbent (int)). Host Names, which describes the +sethostent function. +

+

The return value should be NSS_STATUS_SUCCESS or according to the +table above in case of an error (see section The Interface of the Function in NSS Modules). +

+
+
enum nss_status _nss_database_enddbent (void)
+

This function simply closes all files which are still open or removes +buffer caches. If there are no files or buffers to remove this is again +a simple noop. +

+

There normally is no return value different to NSS_STATUS_SUCCESS. +

+
+
enum nss_status _nss_database_getdbent_r (STRUCTURE *result, char *buffer, size_t buflen, int *errnop)
+

Since this function will be called several times in a row to retrieve +one entry after the other it must keep some kind of state. But this +also means the functions are not really reentrant. They are reentrant +only in that simultaneous calls to this function will not try to +write the retrieved data in the same place (as it would be the case for +the non-reentrant functions); instead, it writes to the structure +pointed to by the result parameter. But the calls share a common +state and in the case of a file access this means they return neighboring +entries in the file. +

+

The buffer of length buflen pointed to by buffer can be used +for storing some additional data for the result. It is not +guaranteed that the same buffer will be passed for the next call of this +function. Therefore one must not misuse this buffer to save some state +information from one call to another. +

+

Before the function returns the implementation should store the value of +the local errno variable in the variable pointed to be +errnop. This is important to guarantee the module working in +statically linked programs. +

+

As explained above this function could also have an additional last +argument. This depends on the database used; it happens only for +host and networks. +

+

The function shall return NSS_STATUS_SUCCESS as long as there are +more entries. When the last entry was read it should return +NSS_STATUS_NOTFOUND. When the buffer given as an argument is too +small for the data to be returned NSS_STATUS_TRYAGAIN should be +returned. When the service was not formerly initialized by a call to +_nss_DATABASE_setdbent all return value allowed for +this function can also be returned here. +

+
+
enum nss_status _nss_DATABASE_getdbbyXX_r (PARAMS, STRUCTURE *result, char *buffer, size_t buflen, int *errnop)
+

This function shall return the entry from the database which is +addressed by the PARAMS. The type and number of these arguments +vary. It must be individually determined by looking to the user-level +interface functions. All arguments given to the non-reentrant version +are here described by PARAMS. +

+

The result must be stored in the structure pointed to by result. +If there is additional data to return (say strings, where the +result structure only contains pointers) the function must use the +buffer or length buflen. There must not be any references +to non-constant global data. +

+

The implementation of this function should honor the stayopen +flag set by the setDBent function whenever this makes sense. +

+

Before the function returns the implementation should store the value of +the local errno variable in the variable pointed to be +errnop. This is important to guarantee the module working in +statically linked programs. +

+

Again, this function takes an additional last argument for the +host and networks database. +

+

The return value should as always follow the rules given above +(see section The Interface of the Function in NSS Modules). +

+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ << ][ >> ]           [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_32.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_32.html @@ -0,0 +1,654 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 32. DES Encryption and Password Handling + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

32. DES Encryption and Password Handling

+ +

On many systems, it is unnecessary to have any kind of user +authentication; for instance, a workstation which is not connected to a +network probably does not need any user authentication, because to use +the machine an intruder must have physical access. +

+

Sometimes, however, it is necessary to be sure that a user is authorized +to use some service a machine provides—for instance, to log in as a +particular user id (see section Users and Groups). One traditional way of +doing this is for each user to choose a secret password; then, the +system can ask someone claiming to be a user what the user's password +is, and if the person gives the correct password then the system can +grant the appropriate privileges. +

+

If all the passwords are just stored in a file somewhere, then this file +has to be very carefully protected. To avoid this, passwords are run +through a one-way function, a function which makes it difficult to +work out what its input was by looking at its output, before storing in +the file. +

+

The GNU C library provides a one-way function that is compatible with +the behavior of the crypt function introduced in FreeBSD 2.0. +It supports two one-way algorithms: one based on the MD5 +message-digest algorithm that is compatible with modern BSD systems, +and the other based on the Data Encryption Standard (DES) that is +compatible with Unix systems. +

+

It also provides support for Secure RPC, and some library functions that +can be used to perform normal DES encryption. +

+ + + + + +
32.1 Legal Problems   This software can get you locked up, or worse. +
32.2 Reading Passwords   Prompting the user for a password. +
32.3 Encrypting Passwords   A one-way function for passwords. +
32.4 DES Encryption   Routines for DES encryption. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

32.1 Legal Problems

+ +

Because of the continuously changing state of the law, it's not possible +to provide a definitive survey of the laws affecting cryptography. +Instead, this section warns you of some of the known trouble spots; this +may help you when you try to find out what the laws of your country are. +

+

Some countries require that you have a licence to use, possess, or import +cryptography. These countries are believed to include Byelorussia, +Burma, India, Indonesia, Israel, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Russia, and Saudi +Arabia. +

+

Some countries restrict the transmission of encrypted messages by radio; +some telecommunications carriers restrict the transmission of encrypted +messages over their network. +

+

Many countries have some form of export control for encryption software. +The Wassenaar Arrangement is a multilateral agreement between 33 +countries (Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, the +Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, +Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, +Poland, Portugal, the Republic of Korea, Romania, the Russian +Federation, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, +Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States) which restricts some +kinds of encryption exports. Different countries apply the arrangement +in different ways; some do not allow the exception for certain kinds of +“public domain” software (which would include this library), some +only restrict the export of software in tangible form, and others impose +significant additional restrictions. +

+

The United States has additional rules. This software would generally +be exportable under 15 CFR 740.13(e), which permits exports of +“encryption source code” which is “publicly available” and which is +“not subject to an express agreement for the payment of a licensing fee or +royalty for commercial production or sale of any product developed with +the source code” to most countries. +

+

The rules in this area are continuously changing. If you know of any +information in this manual that is out-of-date, please report it to +the bug database. See section Reporting Bugs. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

32.2 Reading Passwords

+ +

When reading in a password, it is desirable to avoid displaying it on +the screen, to help keep it secret. The following function handles this +in a convenient way. +

+
+
Function: char * getpass (const char *prompt) + +
+

getpass outputs prompt, then reads a string in from the +terminal without echoing it. It tries to connect to the real terminal, +‘/dev/tty’, if possible, to encourage users not to put plaintext +passwords in files; otherwise, it uses stdin and stderr. +getpass also disables the INTR, QUIT, and SUSP characters on the +terminal using the ISIG terminal attribute (see section Local Modes). +The terminal is flushed before and after getpass, so that +characters of a mistyped password are not accidentally visible. +

+

In other C libraries, getpass may only return the first +PASS_MAX bytes of a password. The GNU C library has no limit, so +PASS_MAX is undefined. +

+

The prototype for this function is in ‘unistd.h’. PASS_MAX +would be defined in ‘limits.h’. +

+ +

This precise set of operations may not suit all possible situations. In +this case, it is recommended that users write their own getpass +substitute. For instance, a very simple substitute is as follows: +

+
 
#include <termios.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+ssize_t
+my_getpass (char **lineptr, size_t *n, FILE *stream)
+{
+  struct termios old, new;
+  int nread;
+
+  /* Turn echoing off and fail if we can't. */
+  if (tcgetattr (fileno (stream), &old) != 0)
+    return -1;
+  new = old;
+  new.c_lflag &= ~ECHO;
+  if (tcsetattr (fileno (stream), TCSAFLUSH, &new) != 0)
+    return -1;
+  
+  /* Read the password. */
+  nread = getline (lineptr, n, stream);
+
+  /* Restore terminal. */
+  (void) tcsetattr (fileno (stream), TCSAFLUSH, &old);
+  
+  return nread;
+}
+
+ +

The substitute takes the same parameters as getline +(see section Line-Oriented Input); the user must print any prompt desired. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

32.3 Encrypting Passwords

+ +
+
Function: char * crypt (const char *key, const char *salt) + +
+

The crypt function takes a password, key, as a string, and +a salt character array which is described below, and returns a +printable ASCII string which starts with another salt. It is believed +that, given the output of the function, the best way to find a key +that will produce that output is to guess values of key until the +original value of key is found. +

+

The salt parameter does two things. Firstly, it selects which +algorithm is used, the MD5-based one or the DES-based one. Secondly, it +makes life harder for someone trying to guess passwords against a file +containing many passwords; without a salt, an intruder can make a +guess, run crypt on it once, and compare the result with all the +passwords. With a salt, the intruder must run crypt once +for each different salt. +

+

For the MD5-based algorithm, the salt should consist of the string +$1$, followed by up to 8 characters, terminated by either +another $ or the end of the string. The result of crypt +will be the salt, followed by a $ if the salt didn't end +with one, followed by 22 characters from the alphabet +./0-9A-Za-z, up to 34 characters total. Every character in the +key is significant. +

+

For the DES-based algorithm, the salt should consist of two +characters from the alphabet ./0-9A-Za-z, and the result of +crypt will be those two characters followed by 11 more from the +same alphabet, 13 in total. Only the first 8 characters in the +key are significant. +

+

The MD5-based algorithm has no limit on the useful length of the +password used, and is slightly more secure. It is therefore preferred +over the DES-based algorithm. +

+

When the user enters their password for the first time, the salt +should be set to a new string which is reasonably random. To verify a +password against the result of a previous call to crypt, pass +the result of the previous call as the salt. +

+ +

The following short program is an example of how to use crypt the +first time a password is entered. Note that the salt generation +is just barely acceptable; in particular, it is not unique between +machines, and in many applications it would not be acceptable to let an +attacker know what time the user's password was last set. +

+
 
#include <stdio.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <crypt.h>
+
+int 
+main(void)
+{
+  unsigned long seed[2];
+  char salt[] = "$1$........";
+  const char *const seedchars = 
+    "./0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRST"
+    "UVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
+  char *password;
+  int i;
+  
+  /* Generate a (not very) random seed.  
+     You should do it better than this... */
+  seed[0] = time(NULL);
+  seed[1] = getpid() ^ (seed[0] >> 14 & 0x30000);
+  
+  /* Turn it into printable characters from `seedchars'. */
+  for (i = 0; i < 8; i++)
+    salt[3+i] = seedchars[(seed[i/5] >> (i%5)*6) & 0x3f];
+  
+  /* Read in the user's password and encrypt it. */
+  password = crypt(getpass("Password:"), salt);
+  
+  /* Print the results. */
+  puts(password);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+ +

The next program shows how to verify a password. It prompts the user +for a password and prints “Access granted.” if the user types +GNU libc manual. +

+
 
#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <crypt.h>
+
+int 
+main(void)
+{
+  /* Hashed form of "GNU libc manual". */
+  const char *const pass = "$1$/iSaq7rB$EoUw5jJPPvAPECNaaWzMK/";
+
+  char *result;
+  int ok;
+  
+  /* Read in the user's password and encrypt it,
+     passing the expected password in as the salt. */
+  result = crypt(getpass("Password:"), pass);
+
+  /* Test the result. */
+  ok = strcmp (result, pass) == 0;
+
+  puts(ok ? "Access granted." : "Access denied.");
+  return ok ? 0 : 1;
+}
+
+ +
+
Function: char * crypt_r (const char *key, const char *salt, {struct crypt_data * data) + +
+

The crypt_r function does the same thing as crypt, but +takes an extra parameter which includes space for its result (among +other things), so it can be reentrant. data->initialized must be +cleared to zero before the first time crypt_r is called. +

+

The crypt_r function is a GNU extension. +

+ +

The crypt and crypt_r functions are prototyped in the +header ‘crypt.h’. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

32.4 DES Encryption

+ +

The Data Encryption Standard is described in the US Government Federal +Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 46-3 published by the National +Institute of Standards and Technology. The DES has been very thoroughly +analyzed since it was developed in the late 1970s, and no new +significant flaws have been found. +

+

However, the DES uses only a 56-bit key (plus 8 parity bits), and a +machine has been built in 1998 which can search through all possible +keys in about 6 days, which cost about US$200000; faster searches would +be possible with more money. This makes simple DES insecure for most +purposes, and NIST no longer permits new US government systems +to use simple DES. +

+

For serious encryption functionality, it is recommended that one of the +many free encryption libraries be used instead of these routines. +

+

The DES is a reversible operation which takes a 64-bit block and a +64-bit key, and produces another 64-bit block. Usually the bits are +numbered so that the most-significant bit, the first bit, of each block +is numbered 1. +

+

Under that numbering, every 8th bit of the key (the 8th, 16th, and so +on) is not used by the encryption algorithm itself. But the key must +have odd parity; that is, out of bits 1 through 8, and 9 through 16, and +so on, there must be an odd number of `1' bits, and this completely +specifies the unused bits. +

+
+
Function: void setkey (const char *key) + +
+

The setkey function sets an internal data structure to be an +expanded form of key. key is specified as an array of 64 +bits each stored in a char, the first bit is key[0] and +the 64th bit is key[63]. The key should have the correct +parity. +

+ +
+
Function: void encrypt (char *block, int edflag) + +
+

The encrypt function encrypts block if +edflag is 0, otherwise it decrypts block, using a key +previously set by setkey. The result is +placed in block. +

+

Like setkey, block is specified as an array of 64 bits each +stored in a char, but there are no parity bits in block. +

+ +
+
Function: void setkey_r (const char *key, {struct crypt_data * data) + +
+
Function: void encrypt_r (char *block, int edflag, {struct crypt_data * data) + +
+

These are reentrant versions of setkey and encrypt. The +only difference is the extra parameter, which stores the expanded +version of key. Before calling setkey_r the first time, +data->initialized must be cleared to zero. +

+ +

The setkey_r and encrypt_r functions are GNU extensions. +setkey, encrypt, setkey_r, and encrypt_r are +defined in ‘crypt.h’. +

+
+
Function: int ecb_crypt (char *key, char *blocks, unsigned len, unsigned mode) + +
+

The function ecb_crypt encrypts or decrypts one or more blocks +using DES. Each block is encrypted independently. +

+

The blocks and the key are stored packed in 8-bit bytes, so +that the first bit of the key is the most-significant bit of +key[0] and the 63rd bit of the key is stored as the +least-significant bit of key[7]. The key should have the +correct parity. +

+

len is the number of bytes in blocks. It should be a +multiple of 8 (so that there is a whole number of blocks to encrypt). +len is limited to a maximum of DES_MAXDATA bytes. +

+

The result of the encryption replaces the input in blocks. +

+

The mode parameter is the bitwise OR of two of the following: +

+
+
DES_ENCRYPT + +
+

This constant, used in the mode parameter, specifies that +blocks is to be encrypted. +

+
+
DES_DECRYPT + +
+

This constant, used in the mode parameter, specifies that +blocks is to be decrypted. +

+
+
DES_HW + +
+

This constant, used in the mode parameter, asks to use a hardware +device. If no hardware device is available, encryption happens anyway, +but in software. +

+
+
DES_SW + +
+

This constant, used in the mode parameter, specifies that no +hardware device is to be used. +

+
+ +

The result of the function will be one of these values: +

+
+
DESERR_NONE + +
+

The encryption succeeded. +

+
+
DESERR_NOHWDEVICE + +
+

The encryption succeeded, but there was no hardware device available. +

+
+
DESERR_HWERROR + +
+

The encryption failed because of a hardware problem. +

+
+
DESERR_BADPARAM + +
+

The encryption failed because of a bad parameter, for instance len +is not a multiple of 8 or len is larger than DES_MAXDATA. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int DES_FAILED (int err) + +
+

This macro returns 1 if err is a `success' result code from +ecb_crypt or cbc_crypt, and 0 otherwise. +

+ +
+
Function: int cbc_crypt (char *key, char *blocks, unsigned len, unsigned mode, char *ivec) + +
+

The function cbc_crypt encrypts or decrypts one or more blocks +using DES in Cipher Block Chaining mode. +

+

For encryption in CBC mode, each block is exclusive-ored with ivec +before being encrypted, then ivec is replaced with the result of +the encryption, then the next block is processed. Decryption is the +reverse of this process. +

+

This has the advantage that blocks which are the same before being +encrypted are very unlikely to be the same after being encrypted, making +it much harder to detect patterns in the data. +

+

Usually, ivec is set to 8 random bytes before encryption starts. +Then the 8 random bytes are transmitted along with the encrypted data +(without themselves being encrypted), and passed back in as ivec +for decryption. Another possibility is to set ivec to 8 zeroes +initially, and have the first the block encrypted consist of 8 random +bytes. +

+

Otherwise, all the parameters are similar to those for ecb_crypt. +

+ +
+
Function: void des_setparity (char *key) + +
+

The function des_setparity changes the 64-bit key, stored +packed in 8-bit bytes, to have odd parity by altering the low bits of +each byte. +

+ +

The ecb_crypt, cbc_crypt, and des_setparity +functions and their accompanying macros are all defined in the header +‘rpc/des_crypt.h’. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_fot.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_fot.html @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Footnotes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

Footnotes

+

(1)

+

Additions are welcome. Send appropriate information to +bug-glibc-manual@gnu.org. +

(2)

+

Actually, the terminal-specific functions are implemented with +IOCTLs on many platforms. +

(3)

+

Now you might ask why this information is +duplicated. The answer is that we want to make it possible to link +directly with these shared objects. +

(4)

+

There is a second explanation: we were too +lazy to change the Makefiles to allow the generation of shared objects +not starting with ‘lib’ but don't tell this to anybody. +

+ + + + + +
[Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_61.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_61.html @@ -0,0 +1,387 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Variable and Constant Macro Index + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

Variable and Constant Macro Index

+ +
Jump to:   ( +   +_ +   +
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Index Entry Section
(
(*__gconv_end_fct)6.5.4.4 iconv module interfaces
(*__gconv_fct)6.5.4.4 iconv module interfaces
(*__gconv_init_fct)6.5.4.4 iconv module interfaces
(void)2.3 Error Messages
_
__free_hook3.2.2.10 Memory Allocation Hooks
__malloc_hook3.2.2.10 Memory Allocation Hooks
__malloc_initialize_hook3.2.2.10 Memory Allocation Hooks
__memalign_hook3.2.2.10 Memory Allocation Hooks
__realloc_hook3.2.2.10 Memory Allocation Hooks
_BSD_SOURCE1.3.4 Feature Test Macros
_Complex_I20.9 Complex Numbers
_FILE_OFFSET_BITS1.3.4 Feature Test Macros
_GNU_SOURCE1.3.4 Feature Test Macros
_IOFBF12.20.3 Controlling Which Kind of Buffering
_IOLBF12.20.3 Controlling Which Kind of Buffering
_IONBF12.20.3 Controlling Which Kind of Buffering
_ISOC99_SOURCE1.3.4 Feature Test Macros
_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE1.3.4 Feature Test Macros
_LARGEFILE_SOURCE1.3.4 Feature Test Macros
_PATH_FSTAB30.3.1 Mount Information
_PATH_MNTTAB30.3.1 Mount Information
_PATH_MOUNTED30.3.1 Mount Information
_PATH_UTMP29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
_PATH_WTMP29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
_POSIX2_C_DEV31.2 Overall System Options
_POSIX2_C_VERSION31.3 Which Version of POSIX is Supported
_POSIX2_FORT_DEV31.2 Overall System Options
_POSIX2_FORT_RUN31.2 Overall System Options
_POSIX2_LOCALEDEF31.2 Overall System Options
_POSIX2_SW_DEV31.2 Overall System Options
_POSIX_C_SOURCE1.3.4 Feature Test Macros
_POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED31.7 Optional Features in File Support
_POSIX_JOB_CONTROL31.2 Overall System Options
_POSIX_NO_TRUNC31.7 Optional Features in File Support
_POSIX_SAVED_IDS31.2 Overall System Options
_POSIX_SOURCE1.3.4 Feature Test Macros
_POSIX_VDISABLE17.4.9 Special Characters
_POSIX_VDISABLE31.7 Optional Features in File Support
_POSIX_VERSION31.3 Which Version of POSIX is Supported
_REENTRANT1.3.4 Feature Test Macros
_SC_2_C_DEV31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_2_FORT_DEV31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_2_FORT_RUN31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_2_LOCALEDEF31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_2_SW_DEV31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_2_VERSION31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_AIO_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_ARG_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_ATEXIT_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_AVPHYS_PAGES22.4.2 How to get information about the memory subsystem?
_SC_AVPHYS_PAGES31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_BC_BASE_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_BC_DIM_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_BC_SCALE_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_BC_STRING_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_CHAR_BIT31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_CHAR_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_CHAR_MIN31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_CHARCLASS_NAME_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_CHILD_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_CLK_TCK31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_EQUIV_CLASS_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_FSYNC31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_INT_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_INT_MIN31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_JOB_CONTROL31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_LINE_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_LONG_BIT31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_MAPPED_FILES31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_MB_LEN_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_MEMLOCK31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_MESSAGE_PASSING31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_NGROUPS_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_NL_ARGMAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_NL_LANGMAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_NL_MSGMAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_NL_NMAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_NL_SETMAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_NL_TEXTMAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF22.5 Learn about the processors available
_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN22.5 Learn about the processors available
_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_NZERO31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_OPEN_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_PAGESIZE13.7 Memory-mapped I/O
_SC_PAGESIZE22.4.2 How to get information about the memory subsystem?
_SC_PAGESIZE31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_PHYS_PAGES22.4.2 How to get information about the memory subsystem?
_SC_PHYS_PAGES31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_PII31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_PII_INTERNET31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_PII_INTERNET_DGRAM31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_PII_INTERNET_STREAM31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_PII_OSI31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_PII_OSI_CLTS31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_PII_OSI_COTS31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_PII_OSI_M31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_PII_SOCKET31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_PII_XTI31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_PRIORITIZED_IO31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_RTSIG_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_SAVED_IDS31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_SCHAR_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_SCHAR_MIN31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_SELECT31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_SEMAPHORES31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_SHRT_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_SHRT_MIN31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_STREAM_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_T_IOV_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_THREADS31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_TIMER_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_TIMERS31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_TTY_NAME_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_TZNAME_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_UCHAR_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_UINT_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_UIO_MAXIOV31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_ULONG_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_USHRT_MAX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_VERSION31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_VERSION31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_WORD_BIT31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_XOPEN_CRYPT31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_XOPEN_LEGACY31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_XOPEN_REALTIME31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_XOPEN_SHM31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_XOPEN_UNIX31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_XOPEN_VERSION31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_XOPEN_XCU_VERSION31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_XOPEN_XPG231.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_XOPEN_XPG331.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SC_XOPEN_XPG431.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters
_SVID_SOURCE1.3.4 Feature Test Macros
_THREAD_SAFE1.3.4 Feature Test Macros
_XOPEN_SOURCE1.3.4 Feature Test Macros
_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED1.3.4 Feature Test Macros
+
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+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +X +   +Y +   +
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_29.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_29.html @@ -0,0 +1,2810 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 29. Users and Groups + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

29. Users and Groups

+ +

Every user who can log in on the system is identified by a unique number +called the user ID. Each process has an effective user ID which +says which user's access permissions it has. +

+

Users are classified into groups for access control purposes. Each +process has one or more group ID values which say which groups the +process can use for access to files. +

+

The effective user and group IDs of a process collectively form its +persona. This determines which files the process can access. +Normally, a process inherits its persona from the parent process, but +under special circumstances a process can change its persona and thus +change its access permissions. +

+

Each file in the system also has a user ID and a group ID. Access +control works by comparing the user and group IDs of the file with those +of the running process. +

+

The system keeps a database of all the registered users, and another +database of all the defined groups. There are library functions you +can use to examine these databases. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
29.1 User and Group IDs   Each user has a unique numeric ID; + likewise for groups. +
29.2 The Persona of a Process   The user IDs and group IDs of a process. +
29.3 Why Change the Persona of a Process?   Why a program might need to change + its user and/or group IDs. +
29.4 How an Application Can Change Persona   Changing the user and group IDs. +
29.5 Reading the Persona of a Process   How to examine the user and group IDs. +
+
29.6 Setting the User ID   Functions for setting the user ID. +
29.7 Setting the Group IDs   Functions for setting the group IDs. +
+
29.8 Enabling and Disabling Setuid Access   Turning setuid access on and off. +
29.9 Setuid Program Example   The pertinent parts of one sample program. +
29.10 Tips for Writing Setuid Programs   How to avoid granting unlimited access. +
+
29.11 Identifying Who Logged In   Getting the name of the user who logged in, + or of the real user ID of the current process. +
+
29.12 The User Accounting Database   Keeping information about users and various + actions in databases. +
+
29.13 User Database   Functions and data structures for + accessing the user database. +
29.14 Group Database   Functions and data structures for + accessing the group database. +
29.15 User and Group Database Example   Example program showing the use of database + inquiry functions. +
29.16 Netgroup Database   Functions for accessing the netgroup database. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

29.1 User and Group IDs

+ +

Each user account on a computer system is identified by a user +name (or login name) and user ID. Normally, each user name +has a unique user ID, but it is possible for several login names to have +the same user ID. The user names and corresponding user IDs are stored +in a data base which you can access as described in User Database. +

+ + +

Users are classified in groups. Each user name belongs to one +default group and may also belong to any number of +supplementary groups. Users who are members of the same group can +share resources (such as files) that are not accessible to users who are +not a member of that group. Each group has a group name and +group ID. See section Group Database, for how to find information +about a group ID or group name. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

29.2 The Persona of a Process

+ +

At any time, each process has an effective user ID, a effective +group ID, and a set of supplementary group IDs. These IDs +determine the privileges of the process. They are collectively +called the persona of the process, because they determine “who it +is” for purposes of access control. +

+

Your login shell starts out with a persona which consists of your user +ID, your default group ID, and your supplementary group IDs (if you are +in more than one group). In normal circumstances, all your other processes +inherit these values. +

+ + +

A process also has a real user ID which identifies the user who +created the process, and a real group ID which identifies that +user's default group. These values do not play a role in access +control, so we do not consider them part of the persona. But they are +also important. +

+

Both the real and effective user ID can be changed during the lifetime +of a process. See section Why Change the Persona of a Process?. +

+

For details on how a process's effective user ID and group IDs affect +its permission to access files, see How Your Access to a File is Decided. +

+

The effective user ID of a process also controls permissions for sending +signals using the kill function. See section Signaling Another Process. +

+

Finally, there are many operations which can only be performed by a +process whose effective user ID is zero. A process with this user ID is +a privileged process. Commonly the user name root is +associated with user ID 0, but there may be other user names with this +ID. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

29.3 Why Change the Persona of a Process?

+ +

The most obvious situation where it is necessary for a process to change +its user and/or group IDs is the login program. When +login starts running, its user ID is root. Its job is to +start a shell whose user and group IDs are those of the user who is +logging in. (To accomplish this fully, login must set the real +user and group IDs as well as its persona. But this is a special case.) +

+

The more common case of changing persona is when an ordinary user +program needs access to a resource that wouldn't ordinarily be +accessible to the user actually running it. +

+

For example, you may have a file that is controlled by your program but +that shouldn't be read or modified directly by other users, either +because it implements some kind of locking protocol, or because you want +to preserve the integrity or privacy of the information it contains. +This kind of restricted access can be implemented by having the program +change its effective user or group ID to match that of the resource. +

+

Thus, imagine a game program that saves scores in a file. The game +program itself needs to be able to update this file no matter who is +running it, but if users can write the file without going through the +game, they can give themselves any scores they like. Some people +consider this undesirable, or even reprehensible. It can be prevented +by creating a new user ID and login name (say, games) to own the +scores file, and make the file writable only by this user. Then, when +the game program wants to update this file, it can change its effective +user ID to be that for games. In effect, the program must +adopt the persona of games so it can write the scores file. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

29.4 How an Application Can Change Persona

+ +

The ability to change the persona of a process can be a source of +unintentional privacy violations, or even intentional abuse. Because of +the potential for problems, changing persona is restricted to special +circumstances. +

+

You can't arbitrarily set your user ID or group ID to anything you want; +only privileged processes can do that. Instead, the normal way for a +program to change its persona is that it has been set up in advance to +change to a particular user or group. This is the function of the setuid +and setgid bits of a file's access mode. See section The Mode Bits for Access Permission. +

+

When the setuid bit of an executable file is on, executing that file +gives the process a third user ID: the file user ID. This ID is +set to the owner ID of the file. The system then changes the effective +user ID to the file user ID. The real user ID remains as it was. +Likewise, if the setgid bit is on, the process is given a file +group ID equal to the group ID of the file, and its effective group ID +is changed to the file group ID. +

+

If a process has a file ID (user or group), then it can at any time +change its effective ID to its real ID and back to its file ID. +Programs use this feature to relinquish their special privileges except +when they actually need them. This makes it less likely that they can +be tricked into doing something inappropriate with their privileges. +

+

Portability Note: Older systems do not have file IDs. +To determine if a system has this feature, you can test the compiler +define _POSIX_SAVED_IDS. (In the POSIX standard, file IDs are +known as saved IDs.) +

+

See section File Attributes, for a more general discussion of file modes and +accessibility. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

29.5 Reading the Persona of a Process

+ +

Here are detailed descriptions of the functions for reading the user and +group IDs of a process, both real and effective. To use these +facilities, you must include the header files ‘sys/types.h’ and +‘unistd.h’. + + +

+
+
Data Type: uid_t + +
+

This is an integer data type used to represent user IDs. In the GNU +library, this is an alias for unsigned int. +

+ +
+
Data Type: gid_t + +
+

This is an integer data type used to represent group IDs. In the GNU +library, this is an alias for unsigned int. +

+ +
+
Function: uid_t getuid (void) + +
+

The getuid function returns the real user ID of the process. +

+ +
+
Function: gid_t getgid (void) + +
+

The getgid function returns the real group ID of the process. +

+ +
+
Function: uid_t geteuid (void) + +
+

The geteuid function returns the effective user ID of the process. +

+ +
+
Function: gid_t getegid (void) + +
+

The getegid function returns the effective group ID of the process. +

+ +
+
Function: int getgroups (int count, gid_t *groups) + +
+

The getgroups function is used to inquire about the supplementary +group IDs of the process. Up to count of these group IDs are +stored in the array groups; the return value from the function is +the number of group IDs actually stored. If count is smaller than +the total number of supplementary group IDs, then getgroups +returns a value of -1 and errno is set to EINVAL. +

+

If count is zero, then getgroups just returns the total +number of supplementary group IDs. On systems that do not support +supplementary groups, this will always be zero. +

+

Here's how to use getgroups to read all the supplementary group +IDs: +

+
 
gid_t *
+read_all_groups (void)
+{
+  int ngroups = getgroups (0, NULL);
+  gid_t *groups
+    = (gid_t *) xmalloc (ngroups * sizeof (gid_t));
+  int val = getgroups (ngroups, groups);
+  if (val < 0)
+    {
+      free (groups);
+      return NULL;
+    }
+  return groups;
+}
+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

29.6 Setting the User ID

+ +

This section describes the functions for altering the user ID (real +and/or effective) of a process. To use these facilities, you must +include the header files ‘sys/types.h’ and ‘unistd.h’. + + +

+
+
Function: int seteuid (uid_t neweuid) + +
+

This function sets the effective user ID of a process to newuid, +provided that the process is allowed to change its effective user ID. A +privileged process (effective user ID zero) can change its effective +user ID to any legal value. An unprivileged process with a file user ID +can change its effective user ID to its real user ID or to its file user +ID. Otherwise, a process may not change its effective user ID at all. +

+

The seteuid function returns a value of 0 to indicate +successful completion, and a value of -1 to indicate an error. +The following errno error conditions are defined for this +function: +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The value of the newuid argument is invalid. +

+
+
EPERM
+

The process may not change to the specified ID. +

+
+ +

Older systems (those without the _POSIX_SAVED_IDS feature) do not +have this function. +

+ +
+
Function: int setuid (uid_t newuid) + +
+

If the calling process is privileged, this function sets both the real +and effective user ID of the process to newuid. It also deletes +the file user ID of the process, if any. newuid may be any +legal value. (Once this has been done, there is no way to recover the +old effective user ID.) +

+

If the process is not privileged, and the system supports the +_POSIX_SAVED_IDS feature, then this function behaves like +seteuid. +

+

The return values and error conditions are the same as for seteuid. +

+ +
+
Function: int setreuid (uid_t ruid, uid_t euid) + +
+

This function sets the real user ID of the process to ruid and the +effective user ID to euid. If ruid is -1, it means +not to change the real user ID; likewise if euid is -1, it +means not to change the effective user ID. +

+

The setreuid function exists for compatibility with 4.3 BSD Unix, +which does not support file IDs. You can use this function to swap the +effective and real user IDs of the process. (Privileged processes are +not limited to this particular usage.) If file IDs are supported, you +should use that feature instead of this function. See section Enabling and Disabling Setuid Access. +

+

The return value is 0 on success and -1 on failure. +The following errno error conditions are defined for this +function: +

+
+
EPERM
+

The process does not have the appropriate privileges; you do not +have permission to change to the specified ID. +

+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

29.7 Setting the Group IDs

+ +

This section describes the functions for altering the group IDs (real +and effective) of a process. To use these facilities, you must include +the header files ‘sys/types.h’ and ‘unistd.h’. + + +

+
+
Function: int setegid (gid_t newgid) + +
+

This function sets the effective group ID of the process to +newgid, provided that the process is allowed to change its group +ID. Just as with seteuid, if the process is privileged it may +change its effective group ID to any value; if it isn't, but it has a +file group ID, then it may change to its real group ID or file group ID; +otherwise it may not change its effective group ID. +

+

Note that a process is only privileged if its effective user ID +is zero. The effective group ID only affects access permissions. +

+

The return values and error conditions for setegid are the same +as those for seteuid. +

+

This function is only present if _POSIX_SAVED_IDS is defined. +

+ +
+
Function: int setgid (gid_t newgid) + +
+

This function sets both the real and effective group ID of the process +to newgid, provided that the process is privileged. It also +deletes the file group ID, if any. +

+

If the process is not privileged, then setgid behaves like +setegid. +

+

The return values and error conditions for setgid are the same +as those for seteuid. +

+ +
+
Function: int setregid (gid_t rgid, gid_t egid) + +
+

This function sets the real group ID of the process to rgid and +the effective group ID to egid. If rgid is -1, it +means not to change the real group ID; likewise if egid is +-1, it means not to change the effective group ID. +

+

The setregid function is provided for compatibility with 4.3 BSD +Unix, which does not support file IDs. You can use this function to +swap the effective and real group IDs of the process. (Privileged +processes are not limited to this usage.) If file IDs are supported, +you should use that feature instead of using this function. +See section Enabling and Disabling Setuid Access. +

+

The return values and error conditions for setregid are the same +as those for setreuid. +

+ +

setuid and setgid behave differently depending on whether +the effective user ID at the time is zero. If it is not zero, they +behave like seteuid and setegid. If it is, they change +both effective and real IDs and delete the file ID. To avoid confusion, +we recommend you always use seteuid and setegid except +when you know the effective user ID is zero and your intent is to change +the persona permanently. This case is rare—most of the programs that +need it, such as login and su, have already been written. +

+

Note that if your program is setuid to some user other than root, +there is no way to drop privileges permanently. +

+

The system also lets privileged processes change their supplementary +group IDs. To use setgroups or initgroups, your programs +should include the header file ‘grp.h’. + +

+
+
Function: int setgroups (size_t count, gid_t *groups) + +
+

This function sets the process's supplementary group IDs. It can only +be called from privileged processes. The count argument specifies +the number of group IDs in the array groups. +

+

This function returns 0 if successful and -1 on error. +The following errno error conditions are defined for this +function: +

+
+
EPERM
+

The calling process is not privileged. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int initgroups (const char *user, gid_t group) + +
+

The initgroups function sets the process's supplementary group +IDs to be the normal default for the user name user. The group +group is automatically included. +

+

This function works by scanning the group database for all the groups +user belongs to. It then calls setgroups with the list it +has constructed. +

+

The return values and error conditions are the same as for +setgroups. +

+ +

If you are interested in the groups a particular user belongs to, but do +not want to change the process's supplementary group IDs, you can use +getgrouplist. To use getgrouplist, your programs should +include the header file ‘grp.h’. + +

+
+
Function: int getgrouplist (const char *user, gid_t group, gid_t *groups, int *ngroups) + +
+

The getgrouplist function scans the group database for all the +groups user belongs to. Up to *ngroups group IDs +corresponding to these groups are stored in the array groups; the +return value from the function is the number of group IDs actually +stored. If *ngroups is smaller than the total number of groups +found, then getgrouplist returns a value of -1 and stores +the actual number of groups in *ngroups. The group group is +automatically included in the list of groups returned by +getgrouplist. +

+

Here's how to use getgrouplist to read all supplementary groups +for user: +

+
 
gid_t *
+supplementary_groups (char *user)
+{
+  int ngroups = 16;
+  gid_t *groups
+    = (gid_t *) xmalloc (ngroups * sizeof (gid_t));
+  struct passwd *pw = getpwnam (user);
+
+  if (pw == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+
+  if (getgrouplist (pw->pw_name, pw->pw_gid, groups, &ngroups) < 0)
+    {
+      groups = xrealloc (ngroups * sizeof (gid_t));
+      getgrouplist (pw->pw_name, pw->pw_gid, groups, &ngroups);
+    }
+  return groups;
+}
+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

29.8 Enabling and Disabling Setuid Access

+ +

A typical setuid program does not need its special access all of the +time. It's a good idea to turn off this access when it isn't needed, +so it can't possibly give unintended access. +

+

If the system supports the _POSIX_SAVED_IDS feature, you can +accomplish this with seteuid. When the game program starts, its +real user ID is jdoe, its effective user ID is games, and +its saved user ID is also games. The program should record both +user ID values once at the beginning, like this: +

+
 
user_user_id = getuid ();
+game_user_id = geteuid ();
+
+ +

Then it can turn off game file access with +

+
 
seteuid (user_user_id);
+
+ +

and turn it on with +

+
 
seteuid (game_user_id);
+
+ +

Throughout this process, the real user ID remains jdoe and the +file user ID remains games, so the program can always set its +effective user ID to either one. +

+

On other systems that don't support file user IDs, you can +turn setuid access on and off by using setreuid to swap the real +and effective user IDs of the process, as follows: +

+
 
setreuid (geteuid (), getuid ());
+
+ +

This special case is always allowed—it cannot fail. +

+

Why does this have the effect of toggling the setuid access? Suppose a +game program has just started, and its real user ID is jdoe while +its effective user ID is games. In this state, the game can +write the scores file. If it swaps the two uids, the real becomes +games and the effective becomes jdoe; now the program has +only jdoe access. Another swap brings games back to +the effective user ID and restores access to the scores file. +

+

In order to handle both kinds of systems, test for the saved user ID +feature with a preprocessor conditional, like this: +

+
 
#ifdef _POSIX_SAVED_IDS
+  seteuid (user_user_id);
+#else
+  setreuid (geteuid (), getuid ());
+#endif
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

29.9 Setuid Program Example

+ +

Here's an example showing how to set up a program that changes its +effective user ID. +

+

This is part of a game program called caber-toss that manipulates +a file ‘scores’ that should be writable only by the game program +itself. The program assumes that its executable file will be installed +with the setuid bit set and owned by the same user as the ‘scores’ +file. Typically, a system administrator will set up an account like +games for this purpose. +

+

The executable file is given mode 4755, so that doing an +‘ls -l’ on it produces output like: +

+
 
-rwsr-xr-x   1 games    184422 Jul 30 15:17 caber-toss
+
+ +

The setuid bit shows up in the file modes as the ‘s’. +

+

The scores file is given mode 644, and doing an ‘ls -l’ on +it shows: +

+
 
-rw-r--r--  1 games           0 Jul 31 15:33 scores
+
+ +

Here are the parts of the program that show how to set up the changed +user ID. This program is conditionalized so that it makes use of the +file IDs feature if it is supported, and otherwise uses setreuid +to swap the effective and real user IDs. +

+
 
#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+
+/* Remember the effective and real UIDs. */
+
+static uid_t euid, ruid;
+
+
+/* Restore the effective UID to its original value. */
+
+void
+do_setuid (void)
+{
+  int status;
+
+#ifdef _POSIX_SAVED_IDS
+  status = seteuid (euid);
+#else
+  status = setreuid (ruid, euid);
+#endif
+  if (status < 0) {
+    fprintf (stderr, "Couldn't set uid.\n");
+    exit (status);
+    }
+}
+
+
+/* Set the effective UID to the real UID. */
+
+void
+undo_setuid (void)
+{
+  int status;
+
+#ifdef _POSIX_SAVED_IDS
+  status = seteuid (ruid);
+#else
+  status = setreuid (euid, ruid);
+#endif
+  if (status < 0) {
+    fprintf (stderr, "Couldn't set uid.\n");
+    exit (status);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Main program. */
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  /* Remember the real and effective user IDs.  */
+  ruid = getuid ();
+  euid = geteuid ();
+  undo_setuid ();
+
+  /* Do the game and record the score.  */
+  …
+}
+
+ +

Notice how the first thing the main function does is to set the +effective user ID back to the real user ID. This is so that any other +file accesses that are performed while the user is playing the game use +the real user ID for determining permissions. Only when the program +needs to open the scores file does it switch back to the file user ID, +like this: +

+
 
/* Record the score. */
+
+int
+record_score (int score)
+{
+  FILE *stream;
+  char *myname;
+
+  /* Open the scores file. */
+  do_setuid ();
+  stream = fopen (SCORES_FILE, "a");
+  undo_setuid ();
+
+  /* Write the score to the file. */
+  if (stream)
+    {
+      myname = cuserid (NULL);
+      if (score < 0)
+        fprintf (stream, "%10s: Couldn't lift the caber.\n", myname);
+      else
+        fprintf (stream, "%10s: %d feet.\n", myname, score);
+      fclose (stream);
+      return 0;
+    }
+  else
+    return -1;
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

29.10 Tips for Writing Setuid Programs

+ +

It is easy for setuid programs to give the user access that isn't +intended—in fact, if you want to avoid this, you need to be careful. +Here are some guidelines for preventing unintended access and +minimizing its consequences when it does occur: +

+
    +
  • +Don't have setuid programs with privileged user IDs such as +root unless it is absolutely necessary. If the resource is +specific to your particular program, it's better to define a new, +nonprivileged user ID or group ID just to manage that resource. +It's better if you can write your program to use a special group than a +special user. + +
  • +Be cautious about using the exec functions in combination with +changing the effective user ID. Don't let users of your program execute +arbitrary programs under a changed user ID. Executing a shell is +especially bad news. Less obviously, the execlp and execvp +functions are a potential risk (since the program they execute depends +on the user's PATH environment variable). + +

    If you must exec another program under a changed ID, specify an +absolute file name (see section File Name Resolution) for the executable, +and make sure that the protections on that executable and all +containing directories are such that ordinary users cannot replace it +with some other program. +

    +

    You should also check the arguments passed to the program to make sure +they do not have unexpected effects. Likewise, you should examine the +environment variables. Decide which arguments and variables are safe, +and reject all others. +

    +

    You should never use system in a privileged program, because it +invokes a shell. +

    +
  • +Only use the user ID controlling the resource in the part of the program +that actually uses that resource. When you're finished with it, restore +the effective user ID back to the actual user's user ID. +See section Enabling and Disabling Setuid Access. + +
  • +If the setuid part of your program needs to access other files +besides the controlled resource, it should verify that the real user +would ordinarily have permission to access those files. You can use the +access function (see section How Your Access to a File is Decided) to check this; it +uses the real user and group IDs, rather than the effective IDs. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

29.11 Identifying Who Logged In

+ +

You can use the functions listed in this section to determine the login +name of the user who is running a process, and the name of the user who +logged in the current session. See also the function getuid and +friends (see section Reading the Persona of a Process). How this information is collected by +the system and how to control/add/remove information from the background +storage is described in The User Accounting Database. +

+

The getlogin function is declared in ‘unistd.h’, while +cuserid and L_cuserid are declared in ‘stdio.h’. + + +

+
+
Function: char * getlogin (void) + +
+

The getlogin function returns a pointer to a string containing the +name of the user logged in on the controlling terminal of the process, +or a null pointer if this information cannot be determined. The string +is statically allocated and might be overwritten on subsequent calls to +this function or to cuserid. +

+ +
+
Function: char * cuserid (char *string) + +
+

The cuserid function returns a pointer to a string containing a +user name associated with the effective ID of the process. If +string is not a null pointer, it should be an array that can hold +at least L_cuserid characters; the string is returned in this +array. Otherwise, a pointer to a string in a static area is returned. +This string is statically allocated and might be overwritten on +subsequent calls to this function or to getlogin. +

+

The use of this function is deprecated since it is marked to be +withdrawn in XPG4.2 and has already been removed from newer revisions of +POSIX.1. +

+ +
+
Macro: int L_cuserid + +
+

An integer constant that indicates how long an array you might need to +store a user name. +

+ +

These functions let your program identify positively the user who is +running or the user who logged in this session. (These can differ when +setuid programs are involved; see The Persona of a Process.) The user cannot +do anything to fool these functions. +

+

For most purposes, it is more useful to use the environment variable +LOGNAME to find out who the user is. This is more flexible +precisely because the user can set LOGNAME arbitrarily. +See section Standard Environment Variables. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

29.12 The User Accounting Database

+ +

Most Unix-like operating systems keep track of logged in users by +maintaining a user accounting database. This user accounting database +stores for each terminal, who has logged on, at what time, the process +ID of the user's login shell, etc., etc., but also stores information +about the run level of the system, the time of the last system reboot, +and possibly more. +

+

The user accounting database typically lives in ‘/etc/utmp’, +‘/var/adm/utmp’ or ‘/var/run/utmp’. However, these files +should never be accessed directly. For reading information +from and writing information to the user accounting database, the +functions described in this section should be used. +

+ + + + + +
29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database   Scanning and modifying the user + accounting database. +
29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions   A standardized way for doing the same thing. +
29.12.3 Logging In and Out   Functions from BSD that modify the user + accounting database. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database

+ +

These functions and the corresponding data structures are declared in +the header file ‘utmp.h’. + +

+
+
Data Type: struct exit_status + +
+

The exit_status data structure is used to hold information about +the exit status of processes marked as DEAD_PROCESS in the user +accounting database. +

+
+
short int e_termination
+

The exit status of the process. +

+
+
short int e_exit
+

The exit status of the process. +

+
+
+ +
+
Data Type: struct utmp + +
+

The utmp data structure is used to hold information about entries +in the user accounting database. On the GNU system it has the following +members: +

+
+
short int ut_type
+

Specifies the type of login; one of EMPTY, RUN_LVL, +BOOT_TIME, OLD_TIME, NEW_TIME, INIT_PROCESS, +LOGIN_PROCESS, USER_PROCESS, DEAD_PROCESS or +ACCOUNTING. +

+
+
pid_t ut_pid
+

The process ID number of the login process. +

+
+
char ut_line[]
+

The device name of the tty (without ‘/dev/’). +

+
+
char ut_id[]
+

The inittab ID of the process. +

+
+
char ut_user[]
+

The user's login name. +

+
+
char ut_host[]
+

The name of the host from which the user logged in. +

+
+
struct exit_status ut_exit
+

The exit status of a process marked as DEAD_PROCESS. +

+
+
long ut_session
+

The Session ID, used for windowing. +

+
+
struct timeval ut_tv
+

Time the entry was made. For entries of type OLD_TIME this is +the time when the system clock changed, and for entries of type +NEW_TIME this is the time the system clock was set to. +

+
+
int32_t ut_addr_v6[4]
+

The Internet address of a remote host. +

+
+
+ +

The ut_type, ut_pid, ut_id, ut_tv, and +ut_host fields are not available on all systems. Portable +applications therefore should be prepared for these situations. To help +doing this the ‘utmp.h’ header provides macros +_HAVE_UT_TYPE, _HAVE_UT_PID, _HAVE_UT_ID, +_HAVE_UT_TV, and _HAVE_UT_HOST if the respective field is +available. The programmer can handle the situations by using +#ifdef in the program code. +

+

The following macros are defined for use as values for the +ut_type member of the utmp structure. The values are +integer constants. +

+
+
+
+
EMPTY
+

This macro is used to indicate that the entry contains no valid user +accounting information. +

+ +
+
RUN_LVL
+

This macro is used to identify the systems runlevel. +

+ +
+
BOOT_TIME
+

This macro is used to identify the time of system boot. +

+ +
+
OLD_TIME
+

This macro is used to identify the time when the system clock changed. +

+ +
+
NEW_TIME
+

This macro is used to identify the time after the system changed. +

+ +
+
INIT_PROCESS
+

This macro is used to identify a process spawned by the init process. +

+ +
+
LOGIN_PROCESS
+

This macro is used to identify the session leader of a logged in user. +

+ +
+
USER_PROCESS
+

This macro is used to identify a user process. +

+ +
+
DEAD_PROCESS
+

This macro is used to identify a terminated process. +

+ +
+
ACCOUNTING
+

??? +

+
+ +

The size of the ut_line, ut_id, ut_user and +ut_host arrays can be found using the sizeof operator. +

+

Many older systems have, instead of an ut_tv member, an +ut_time member, usually of type time_t, for representing +the time associated with the entry. Therefore, for backwards +compatibility only, ‘utmp.h’ defines ut_time as an alias for +ut_tv.tv_sec. +

+
+
Function: void setutent (void) + +
+

This function opens the user accounting database to begin scanning it. +You can then call getutent, getutid or getutline to +read entries and pututline to write entries. +

+

If the database is already open, it resets the input to the beginning of +the database. +

+ +
+
Function: struct utmp * getutent (void) + +
+

The getutent function reads the next entry from the user +accounting database. It returns a pointer to the entry, which is +statically allocated and may be overwritten by subsequent calls to +getutent. You must copy the contents of the structure if you +wish to save the information or you can use the getutent_r +function which stores the data in a user-provided buffer. +

+

A null pointer is returned in case no further entry is available. +

+ +
+
Function: void endutent (void) + +
+

This function closes the user accounting database. +

+ +
+
Function: struct utmp * getutid (const struct utmp *id) + +
+

This function searches forward from the current point in the database +for an entry that matches id. If the ut_type member of the +id structure is one of RUN_LVL, BOOT_TIME, +OLD_TIME or NEW_TIME the entries match if the +ut_type members are identical. If the ut_type member of +the id structure is INIT_PROCESS, LOGIN_PROCESS, +USER_PROCESS or DEAD_PROCESS, the entries match if the +ut_type member of the entry read from the database is one of +these four, and the ut_id members match. However if the +ut_id member of either the id structure or the entry read +from the database is empty it checks if the ut_line members match +instead. If a matching entry is found, getutid returns a pointer +to the entry, which is statically allocated, and may be overwritten by a +subsequent call to getutent, getutid or getutline. +You must copy the contents of the structure if you wish to save the +information. +

+

A null pointer is returned in case the end of the database is reached +without a match. +

+

The getutid function may cache the last read entry. Therefore, +if you are using getutid to search for multiple occurrences, it +is necessary to zero out the static data after each call. Otherwise +getutid could just return a pointer to the same entry over and +over again. +

+ +
+
Function: struct utmp * getutline (const struct utmp *line) + +
+

This function searches forward from the current point in the database +until it finds an entry whose ut_type value is +LOGIN_PROCESS or USER_PROCESS, and whose ut_line +member matches the ut_line member of the line structure. +If it finds such an entry, it returns a pointer to the entry which is +statically allocated, and may be overwritten by a subsequent call to +getutent, getutid or getutline. You must copy the +contents of the structure if you wish to save the information. +

+

A null pointer is returned in case the end of the database is reached +without a match. +

+

The getutline function may cache the last read entry. Therefore +if you are using getutline to search for multiple occurrences, it +is necessary to zero out the static data after each call. Otherwise +getutline could just return a pointer to the same entry over and +over again. +

+ +
+
Function: struct utmp * pututline (const struct utmp *utmp) + +
+

The pututline function inserts the entry *utmp at +the appropriate place in the user accounting database. If it finds that +it is not already at the correct place in the database, it uses +getutid to search for the position to insert the entry, however +this will not modify the static structure returned by getutent, +getutid and getutline. If this search fails, the entry +is appended to the database. +

+

The pututline function returns a pointer to a copy of the entry +inserted in the user accounting database, or a null pointer if the entry +could not be added. The following errno error conditions are +defined for this function: +

+
+
EPERM
+

The process does not have the appropriate privileges; you cannot modify +the user accounting database. +

+
+
+ +

All the get* functions mentioned before store the information +they return in a static buffer. This can be a problem in multi-threaded +programs since the data returned for the request is overwritten by the +return value data in another thread. Therefore the GNU C Library +provides as extensions three more functions which return the data in a +user-provided buffer. +

+
+
Function: int getutent_r (struct utmp *buffer, struct utmp **result) + +
+

The getutent_r is equivalent to the getutent function. It +returns the next entry from the database. But instead of storing the +information in a static buffer it stores it in the buffer pointed to by +the parameter buffer. +

+

If the call was successful, the function returns 0 and the +pointer variable pointed to by the parameter result contains a +pointer to the buffer which contains the result (this is most probably +the same value as buffer). If something went wrong during the +execution of getutent_r the function returns -1. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: int getutid_r (const struct utmp *id, struct utmp *buffer, struct utmp **result) + +
+

This function retrieves just like getutid the next entry matching +the information stored in id. But the result is stored in the +buffer pointed to by the parameter buffer. +

+

If successful the function returns 0 and the pointer variable +pointed to by the parameter result contains a pointer to the +buffer with the result (probably the same as result. If not +successful the function return -1. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: int getutline_r (const struct utmp *line, struct utmp *buffer, struct utmp **result) + +
+

This function retrieves just like getutline the next entry +matching the information stored in line. But the result is stored +in the buffer pointed to by the parameter buffer. +

+

If successful the function returns 0 and the pointer variable +pointed to by the parameter result contains a pointer to the +buffer with the result (probably the same as result. If not +successful the function return -1. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ + +

In addition to the user accounting database, most systems keep a number +of similar databases. For example most systems keep a log file with all +previous logins (usually in ‘/etc/wtmp’ or ‘/var/log/wtmp’). +

+

For specifying which database to examine, the following function should +be used. +

+
+
Function: int utmpname (const char *file) + +
+

The utmpname function changes the name of the database to be +examined to file, and closes any previously opened database. By +default getutent, getutid, getutline and +pututline read from and write to the user accounting database. +

+

The following macros are defined for use as the file argument: +

+
+
Macro: char * _PATH_UTMP + +
+

This macro is used to specify the user accounting database. +

+ +
+
Macro: char * _PATH_WTMP + +
+

This macro is used to specify the user accounting log file. +

+ +

The utmpname function returns a value of 0 if the new name +was successfully stored, and a value of -1 to indicate an error. +Note that utmpname does not try to open the database, and that +therefore the return value does not say anything about whether the +database can be successfully opened. +

+ +

Specially for maintaining log-like databases the GNU C Library provides +the following function: +

+
+
Function: void updwtmp (const char *wtmp_file, const struct utmp *utmp) + +
+

The updwtmp function appends the entry *utmp to the +database specified by wtmp_file. For possible values for the +wtmp_file argument see the utmpname function. +

+ +

Portability Note: Although many operating systems provide a +subset of these functions, they are not standardized. There are often +subtle differences in the return types, and there are considerable +differences between the various definitions of struct utmp. When +programming for the GNU system, it is probably best to stick +with the functions described in this section. If however, you want your +program to be portable, consider using the XPG functions described in +XPG User Accounting Database Functions, or take a look at the BSD compatible functions in +Logging In and Out. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions

+ +

These functions, described in the X/Open Portability Guide, are declared +in the header file ‘utmpx.h’. + +

+
+
Data Type: struct utmpx + +
+

The utmpx data structure contains at least the following members: +

+
+
short int ut_type
+

Specifies the type of login; one of EMPTY, RUN_LVL, +BOOT_TIME, OLD_TIME, NEW_TIME, INIT_PROCESS, +LOGIN_PROCESS, USER_PROCESS or DEAD_PROCESS. +

+
+
pid_t ut_pid
+

The process ID number of the login process. +

+
+
char ut_line[]
+

The device name of the tty (without ‘/dev/’). +

+
+
char ut_id[]
+

The inittab ID of the process. +

+
+
char ut_user[]
+

The user's login name. +

+
+
struct timeval ut_tv
+

Time the entry was made. For entries of type OLD_TIME this is +the time when the system clock changed, and for entries of type +NEW_TIME this is the time the system clock was set to. +

+
+

On the GNU system, struct utmpx is identical to struct +utmp except for the fact that including ‘utmpx.h’ does not make +visible the declaration of struct exit_status. +

+ +

The following macros are defined for use as values for the +ut_type member of the utmpx structure. The values are +integer constants and are, on the GNU system, identical to the +definitions in ‘utmp.h’. +

+
+
+
+
EMPTY
+

This macro is used to indicate that the entry contains no valid user +accounting information. +

+ +
+
RUN_LVL
+

This macro is used to identify the systems runlevel. +

+ +
+
BOOT_TIME
+

This macro is used to identify the time of system boot. +

+ +
+
OLD_TIME
+

This macro is used to identify the time when the system clock changed. +

+ +
+
NEW_TIME
+

This macro is used to identify the time after the system changed. +

+ +
+
INIT_PROCESS
+

This macro is used to identify a process spawned by the init process. +

+ +
+
LOGIN_PROCESS
+

This macro is used to identify the session leader of a logged in user. +

+ +
+
USER_PROCESS
+

This macro is used to identify a user process. +

+ +
+
DEAD_PROCESS
+

This macro is used to identify a terminated process. +

+
+ +

The size of the ut_line, ut_id and ut_user arrays +can be found using the sizeof operator. +

+
+
Function: void setutxent (void) + +
+

This function is similar to setutent. On the GNU system it is +simply an alias for setutent. +

+ +
+
Function: struct utmpx * getutxent (void) + +
+

The getutxent function is similar to getutent, but returns +a pointer to a struct utmpx instead of struct utmp. On +the GNU system it simply is an alias for getutent. +

+ +
+
Function: void endutxent (void) + +
+

This function is similar to endutent. On the GNU system it is +simply an alias for endutent. +

+ +
+
Function: struct utmpx * getutxid (const struct utmpx *id) + +
+

This function is similar to getutid, but uses struct utmpx +instead of struct utmp. On the GNU system it is simply an alias +for getutid. +

+ +
+
Function: struct utmpx * getutxline (const struct utmpx *line) + +
+

This function is similar to getutid, but uses struct utmpx +instead of struct utmp. On the GNU system it is simply an alias +for getutline. +

+ +
+
Function: struct utmpx * pututxline (const struct utmpx *utmp) + +
+

The pututxline function is functionally identical to +pututline, but uses struct utmpx instead of struct +utmp. On the GNU system, pututxline is simply an alias for +pututline. +

+ +
+
Function: int utmpxname (const char *file) + +
+

The utmpxname function is functionally identical to +utmpname. On the GNU system, utmpxname is simply an +alias for utmpname. +

+ +

You can translate between a traditional struct utmp and an XPG +struct utmpx with the following functions. On the GNU system, +these functions are merely copies, since the two structures are +identical. +

+
+
Function: int getutmp (const struct utmpx *utmpx, struct utmp *utmp) + +
+

getutmp copies the information, insofar as the structures are +compatible, from utmpx to utmp. +

+ +
+
Function: int getutmpx (const struct utmp *utmp, struct utmpx *utmpx) + +
+

getutmpx copies the information, insofar as the structures are +compatible, from utmp to utmpx. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

29.12.3 Logging In and Out

+ +

These functions, derived from BSD, are available in the separate +‘libutil’ library, and declared in ‘utmp.h’. + +

+

Note that the ut_user member of struct utmp is called +ut_name in BSD. Therefore, ut_name is defined as an alias +for ut_user in ‘utmp.h’. +

+
+
Function: int login_tty (int filedes) + +
+

This function makes filedes the controlling terminal of the +current process, redirects standard input, standard output and +standard error output to this terminal, and closes filedes. +

+

This function returns 0 on successful completion, and -1 +on error. +

+ +
+
Function: void login (const struct utmp *entry) + +
+

The login functions inserts an entry into the user accounting +database. The ut_line member is set to the name of the terminal +on standard input. If standard input is not a terminal login +uses standard output or standard error output to determine the name of +the terminal. If struct utmp has a ut_type member, +login sets it to USER_PROCESS, and if there is an +ut_pid member, it will be set to the process ID of the current +process. The remaining entries are copied from entry. +

+

A copy of the entry is written to the user accounting log file. +

+ +
+
Function: int logout (const char *ut_line) + +
+

This function modifies the user accounting database to indicate that the +user on ut_line has logged out. +

+

The logout function returns 1 if the entry was successfully +written to the database, or 0 on error. +

+ +
+
Function: void logwtmp (const char *ut_line, const char *ut_name, const char *ut_host) + +
+

The logwtmp function appends an entry to the user accounting log +file, for the current time and the information provided in the +ut_line, ut_name and ut_host arguments. +

+ +

Portability Note: The BSD struct utmp only has the +ut_line, ut_name, ut_host and ut_time +members. Older systems do not even have the ut_host member. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

29.13 User Database

+ +

This section describes how to search and scan the database of registered +users. The database itself is kept in the file ‘/etc/passwd’ on +most systems, but on some systems a special network server gives access +to it. +

+ + + + + +
29.13.1 The Data Structure that Describes a User   What each user record contains. +
29.13.2 Looking Up One User   How to look for a particular user. +
29.13.3 Scanning the List of All Users   Scanning the list of all users, one by one. +
29.13.4 Writing a User Entry   How a program can rewrite a user's record. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

29.13.1 The Data Structure that Describes a User

+ +

The functions and data structures for accessing the system user database +are declared in the header file ‘pwd.h’. + +

+
+
Data Type: struct passwd + +
+

The passwd data structure is used to hold information about +entries in the system user data base. It has at least the following members: +

+
+
char *pw_name
+

The user's login name. +

+
+
char *pw_passwd.
+

The encrypted password string. +

+
+
uid_t pw_uid
+

The user ID number. +

+
+
gid_t pw_gid
+

The user's default group ID number. +

+
+
char *pw_gecos
+

A string typically containing the user's real name, and possibly other +information such as a phone number. +

+
+
char *pw_dir
+

The user's home directory, or initial working directory. This might be +a null pointer, in which case the interpretation is system-dependent. +

+
+
char *pw_shell
+

The user's default shell, or the initial program run when the user logs in. +This might be a null pointer, indicating that the system default should +be used. +

+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

29.13.2 Looking Up One User

+ +

You can search the system user database for information about a +specific user using getpwuid or getpwnam. These +functions are declared in ‘pwd.h’. +

+
+
Function: struct passwd * getpwuid (uid_t uid) + +
+

This function returns a pointer to a statically-allocated structure +containing information about the user whose user ID is uid. This +structure may be overwritten on subsequent calls to getpwuid. +

+

A null pointer value indicates there is no user in the data base with +user ID uid. +

+ +
+
Function: int getpwuid_r (uid_t uid, struct passwd *result_buf, char *buffer, size_t buflen, struct passwd **result) + +
+

This function is similar to getpwuid in that it returns +information about the user whose user ID is uid. However, it +fills the user supplied structure pointed to by result_buf with +the information instead of using a static buffer. The first +buflen bytes of the additional buffer pointed to by buffer +are used to contain additional information, normally strings which are +pointed to by the elements of the result structure. +

+

If a user with ID uid is found, the pointer returned in +result points to the record which contains the wanted data (i.e., +result contains the value result_buf). If no user is found +or if an error occurred, the pointer returned in result is a null +pointer. The function returns zero or an error code. If the buffer +buffer is too small to contain all the needed information, the +error code ERANGE is returned and errno is set to +ERANGE. +

+ + +
+
Function: struct passwd * getpwnam (const char *name) + +
+

This function returns a pointer to a statically-allocated structure +containing information about the user whose user name is name. +This structure may be overwritten on subsequent calls to +getpwnam. +

+

A null pointer return indicates there is no user named name. +

+ +
+
Function: int getpwnam_r (const char *name, struct passwd *result_buf, char *buffer, size_t buflen, struct passwd **result) + +
+

This function is similar to getpwnam in that is returns +information about the user whose user name is name. However, like +getpwuid_r, it fills the user supplied buffers in +result_buf and buffer with the information instead of using +a static buffer. +

+

The return values are the same as for getpwuid_r. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

29.13.3 Scanning the List of All Users

+ +

This section explains how a program can read the list of all users in +the system, one user at a time. The functions described here are +declared in ‘pwd.h’. +

+

You can use the fgetpwent function to read user entries from a +particular file. +

+
+
Function: struct passwd * fgetpwent (FILE *stream) + +
+

This function reads the next user entry from stream and returns a +pointer to the entry. The structure is statically allocated and is +rewritten on subsequent calls to fgetpwent. You must copy the +contents of the structure if you wish to save the information. +

+

The stream must correspond to a file in the same format as the standard +password database file. +

+ +
+
Function: int fgetpwent_r (FILE *stream, struct passwd *result_buf, char *buffer, size_t buflen, struct passwd **result) + +
+

This function is similar to fgetpwent in that it reads the next +user entry from stream. But the result is returned in the +structure pointed to by result_buf. The +first buflen bytes of the additional buffer pointed to by +buffer are used to contain additional information, normally +strings which are pointed to by the elements of the result structure. +

+

The stream must correspond to a file in the same format as the standard +password database file. +

+

If the function returns zero result points to the structure with +the wanted data (normally this is in result_buf). If errors +occurred the return value is nonzero and result contains a null +pointer. +

+ +

The way to scan all the entries in the user database is with +setpwent, getpwent, and endpwent. +

+
+
Function: void setpwent (void) + +
+

This function initializes a stream which getpwent and +getpwent_r use to read the user database. +

+ +
+
Function: struct passwd * getpwent (void) + +
+

The getpwent function reads the next entry from the stream +initialized by setpwent. It returns a pointer to the entry. The +structure is statically allocated and is rewritten on subsequent calls +to getpwent. You must copy the contents of the structure if you +wish to save the information. +

+

A null pointer is returned when no more entries are available. +

+ +
+
Function: int getpwent_r (struct passwd *result_buf, char *buffer, int buflen, struct passwd **result) + +
+

This function is similar to getpwent in that it returns the next +entry from the stream initialized by setpwent. Like +fgetpwent_r, it uses the user-supplied buffers in +result_buf and buffer to return the information requested. +

+

The return values are the same as for fgetpwent_r. +

+
+ +
+
Function: void endpwent (void) + +
+

This function closes the internal stream used by getpwent or +getpwent_r. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

29.13.4 Writing a User Entry

+ +
+
Function: int putpwent (const struct passwd *p, FILE *stream) + +
+

This function writes the user entry *p to the stream +stream, in the format used for the standard user database +file. The return value is zero on success and nonzero on failure. +

+

This function exists for compatibility with SVID. We recommend that you +avoid using it, because it makes sense only on the assumption that the +struct passwd structure has no members except the standard ones; +on a system which merges the traditional Unix data base with other +extended information about users, adding an entry using this function +would inevitably leave out much of the important information. +

+

The group and user ID fields are left empty if the group or user name +starts with a - or +. +

+

The function putpwent is declared in ‘pwd.h’. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

29.14 Group Database

+ +

This section describes how to search and scan the database of +registered groups. The database itself is kept in the file +‘/etc/group’ on most systems, but on some systems a special network +service provides access to it. +

+ + + + +
29.14.1 The Data Structure for a Group   What each group record contains. +
29.14.2 Looking Up One Group   How to look for a particular group. +
29.14.3 Scanning the List of All Groups   Scanning the list of all groups. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

29.14.1 The Data Structure for a Group

+ +

The functions and data structures for accessing the system group +database are declared in the header file ‘grp.h’. + +

+
+
Data Type: struct group + +
+

The group structure is used to hold information about an entry in +the system group database. It has at least the following members: +

+
+
char *gr_name
+

The name of the group. +

+
+
gid_t gr_gid
+

The group ID of the group. +

+
+
char **gr_mem
+

A vector of pointers to the names of users in the group. Each user name +is a null-terminated string, and the vector itself is terminated by a +null pointer. +

+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

29.14.2 Looking Up One Group

+ +

You can search the group database for information about a specific +group using getgrgid or getgrnam. These functions are +declared in ‘grp.h’. +

+
+
Function: struct group * getgrgid (gid_t gid) + +
+

This function returns a pointer to a statically-allocated structure +containing information about the group whose group ID is gid. +This structure may be overwritten by subsequent calls to +getgrgid. +

+

A null pointer indicates there is no group with ID gid. +

+ +
+
Function: int getgrgid_r (gid_t gid, struct group *result_buf, char *buffer, size_t buflen, struct group **result) + +
+

This function is similar to getgrgid in that it returns +information about the group whose group ID is gid. However, it +fills the user supplied structure pointed to by result_buf with +the information instead of using a static buffer. The first +buflen bytes of the additional buffer pointed to by buffer +are used to contain additional information, normally strings which are +pointed to by the elements of the result structure. +

+

If a group with ID gid is found, the pointer returned in +result points to the record which contains the wanted data (i.e., +result contains the value result_buf). If no group is found +or if an error occurred, the pointer returned in result is a null +pointer. The function returns zero or an error code. If the buffer +buffer is too small to contain all the needed information, the +error code ERANGE is returned and errno is set to +ERANGE. +

+ +
+
Function: struct group * getgrnam (const char *name) + +
+

This function returns a pointer to a statically-allocated structure +containing information about the group whose group name is name. +This structure may be overwritten by subsequent calls to +getgrnam. +

+

A null pointer indicates there is no group named name. +

+ +
+
Function: int getgrnam_r (const char *name, struct group *result_buf, char *buffer, size_t buflen, struct group **result) + +
+

This function is similar to getgrnam in that is returns +information about the group whose group name is name. Like +getgrgid_r, it uses the user supplied buffers in +result_buf and buffer, not a static buffer. +

+

The return values are the same as for getgrgid_r +ERANGE. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

29.14.3 Scanning the List of All Groups

+ +

This section explains how a program can read the list of all groups in +the system, one group at a time. The functions described here are +declared in ‘grp.h’. +

+

You can use the fgetgrent function to read group entries from a +particular file. +

+
+
Function: struct group * fgetgrent (FILE *stream) + +
+

The fgetgrent function reads the next entry from stream. +It returns a pointer to the entry. The structure is statically +allocated and is overwritten on subsequent calls to fgetgrent. You +must copy the contents of the structure if you wish to save the +information. +

+

The stream must correspond to a file in the same format as the standard +group database file. +

+ +
+
Function: int fgetgrent_r (FILE *stream, struct group *result_buf, char *buffer, size_t buflen, struct group **result) + +
+

This function is similar to fgetgrent in that it reads the next +user entry from stream. But the result is returned in the +structure pointed to by result_buf. The first buflen bytes +of the additional buffer pointed to by buffer are used to contain +additional information, normally strings which are pointed to by the +elements of the result structure. +

+

This stream must correspond to a file in the same format as the standard +group database file. +

+

If the function returns zero result points to the structure with +the wanted data (normally this is in result_buf). If errors +occurred the return value is non-zero and result contains a null +pointer. +

+ +

The way to scan all the entries in the group database is with +setgrent, getgrent, and endgrent. +

+
+
Function: void setgrent (void) + +
+

This function initializes a stream for reading from the group data base. +You use this stream by calling getgrent or getgrent_r. +

+ +
+
Function: struct group * getgrent (void) + +
+

The getgrent function reads the next entry from the stream +initialized by setgrent. It returns a pointer to the entry. The +structure is statically allocated and is overwritten on subsequent calls +to getgrent. You must copy the contents of the structure if you +wish to save the information. +

+ +
+
Function: int getgrent_r (struct group *result_buf, char *buffer, size_t buflen, struct group **result) + +
+

This function is similar to getgrent in that it returns the next +entry from the stream initialized by setgrent. Like +fgetgrent_r, it places the result in user-supplied buffers +pointed to result_buf and buffer. +

+

If the function returns zero result contains a pointer to the data +(normally equal to result_buf). If errors occurred the return +value is non-zero and result contains a null pointer. +

+ +
+
Function: void endgrent (void) + +
+

This function closes the internal stream used by getgrent or +getgrent_r. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

29.15 User and Group Database Example

+ +

Here is an example program showing the use of the system database inquiry +functions. The program prints some information about the user running +the program. +

+
 
#include <grp.h>
+#include <pwd.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  uid_t me;
+  struct passwd *my_passwd;
+  struct group *my_group;
+  char **members;
+
+  /* Get information about the user ID. */
+  me = getuid ();
+  my_passwd = getpwuid (me);
+  if (!my_passwd)
+    {
+      printf ("Couldn't find out about user %d.\n", (int) me);
+      exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+
+  /* Print the information. */
+  printf ("I am %s.\n", my_passwd->pw_gecos);
+  printf ("My login name is %s.\n", my_passwd->pw_name);
+  printf ("My uid is %d.\n", (int) (my_passwd->pw_uid));
+  printf ("My home directory is %s.\n", my_passwd->pw_dir);
+  printf ("My default shell is %s.\n", my_passwd->pw_shell);
+
+  /* Get information about the default group ID. */
+  my_group = getgrgid (my_passwd->pw_gid);
+  if (!my_group)
+    {
+      printf ("Couldn't find out about group %d.\n",
+              (int) my_passwd->pw_gid);
+      exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+
+  /* Print the information. */
+  printf ("My default group is %s (%d).\n",
+          my_group->gr_name, (int) (my_passwd->pw_gid));
+  printf ("The members of this group are:\n");
+  members = my_group->gr_mem;
+  while (*members)
+    {
+      printf ("  %s\n", *(members));
+      members++;
+    }
+
+  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+ +

Here is some output from this program: +

+
 
I am Throckmorton Snurd.
+My login name is snurd.
+My uid is 31093.
+My home directory is /home/fsg/snurd.
+My default shell is /bin/sh.
+My default group is guest (12).
+The members of this group are:
+  friedman
+  tami
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

29.16 Netgroup Database

+ + + + + +
29.16.1 Netgroup Data   Data in the Netgroup database and where + it comes from. +
29.16.2 Looking up one Netgroup   How to look for a particular netgroup. +
29.16.3 Testing for Netgroup Membership   How to test for netgroup membership. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

29.16.1 Netgroup Data

+ +

Sometimes it is useful to group users according to other criteria +(see section Group Database). E.g., it is useful to associate a certain +group of users with a certain machine. On the other hand grouping of +host names is not supported so far. +

+

In Sun Microsystems SunOS appeared a new kind of database, the netgroup +database. It allows grouping hosts, users, and domains freely, giving +them individual names. To be more concrete, a netgroup is a list of triples +consisting of a host name, a user name, and a domain name where any of +the entries can be a wildcard entry matching all inputs. A last +possibility is that names of other netgroups can also be given in the +list specifying a netgroup. So one can construct arbitrary hierarchies +without loops. +

+

Sun's implementation allows netgroups only for the nis or +nisplus service, see section Services in the NSS configuration File. The +implementation in the GNU C library has no such restriction. An entry +in either of the input services must have the following form: +

+
 
groupname ( groupname | (hostname,username,domainname) )+
+
+ +

Any of the fields in the triple can be empty which means anything +matches. While describing the functions we will see that the opposite +case is useful as well. I.e., there may be entries which will not +match any input. For entries like this, a name consisting of the single +character - shall be used. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

29.16.2 Looking up one Netgroup

+ +

The lookup functions for netgroups are a bit different to all other +system database handling functions. Since a single netgroup can contain +many entries a two-step process is needed. First a single netgroup is +selected and then one can iterate over all entries in this netgroup. +These functions are declared in ‘netdb.h’. +

+
+
Function: int setnetgrent (const char *netgroup) + +
+

A call to this function initializes the internal state of the library to +allow following calls of the getnetgrent to iterate over all entries +in the netgroup with name netgroup. +

+

When the call is successful (i.e., when a netgroup with this name exists) +the return value is 1. When the return value is 0 no +netgroup of this name is known or some other error occurred. +

+ +

It is important to remember that there is only one single state for +iterating the netgroups. Even if the programmer uses the +getnetgrent_r function the result is not really reentrant since +always only one single netgroup at a time can be processed. If the +program needs to process more than one netgroup simultaneously she +must protect this by using external locking. This problem was +introduced in the original netgroups implementation in SunOS and since +we must stay compatible it is not possible to change this. +

+

Some other functions also use the netgroups state. Currently these are +the innetgr function and parts of the implementation of the +compat service part of the NSS implementation. +

+
+
Function: int getnetgrent (char **hostp, char **userp, char **domainp) + +
+

This function returns the next unprocessed entry of the currently +selected netgroup. The string pointers, in which addresses are passed in +the arguments hostp, userp, and domainp, will contain +after a successful call pointers to appropriate strings. If the string +in the next entry is empty the pointer has the value NULL. +The returned string pointers are only valid if none of the netgroup +related functions are called. +

+

The return value is 1 if the next entry was successfully read. A +value of 0 means no further entries exist or internal errors occurred. +

+ +
+
Function: int getnetgrent_r (char **hostp, char **userp, char **domainp, char *buffer, int buflen) + +
+

This function is similar to getnetgrent with only one exception: +the strings the three string pointers hostp, userp, and +domainp point to, are placed in the buffer of buflen bytes +starting at buffer. This means the returned values are valid +even after other netgroup related functions are called. +

+

The return value is 1 if the next entry was successfully read and +the buffer contains enough room to place the strings in it. 0 is +returned in case no more entries are found, the buffer is too small, or +internal errors occurred. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. The original implementation in the +SunOS libc does not provide this function. +

+ +
+
Function: void endnetgrent (void) + +
+

This function frees all buffers which were allocated to process the last +selected netgroup. As a result all string pointers returned by calls +to getnetgrent are invalid afterwards. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

29.16.3 Testing for Netgroup Membership

+ +

It is often not necessary to scan the whole netgroup since often the +only interesting question is whether a given entry is part of the +selected netgroup. +

+
+
Function: int innetgr (const char *netgroup, const char *host, const char *user, const char *domain) + +
+

This function tests whether the triple specified by the parameters +hostp, userp, and domainp is part of the netgroup +netgroup. Using this function has the advantage that +

+
    +
  1. +no other netgroup function can use the global netgroup state since +internal locking is used and +
  2. +the function is implemented more efficiently than successive calls +to the other set/get/endnetgrent functions. +
+ +

Any of the pointers hostp, userp, and domainp can be +NULL which means any value is accepted in this position. This is +also true for the name - which should not match any other string +otherwise. +

+

The return value is 1 if an entry matching the given triple is +found in the netgroup. The return value is 0 if the netgroup +itself is not found, the netgroup does not contain the triple or +internal errors occurred. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_30.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_30.html @@ -0,0 +1,1555 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 30. System Management + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

30. System Management

+ +

This chapter describes facilities for controlling the system that +underlies a process (including the operating system and hardware) and +for getting information about it. Anyone can generally use the +informational facilities, but usually only a properly privileged process +can make changes. +

+ + + + + + +
30.1 Host Identification   Determining the name of the machine. +
30.2 Platform Type Identification   Determining operating system and basic + machine type +
30.3 Controlling and Querying Mounts   Controlling/querying mounts +
30.4 System Parameters   Getting and setting various system parameters +
+ +

To get information on parameters of the system that are built into the +system, such as the maximum length of a filename, System Configuration Parameters. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

30.1 Host Identification

+ +

This section explains how to identify the particular system on which your +program is running. First, let's review the various ways computer systems +are named, which is a little complicated because of the history of the +development of the Internet. +

+

Every Unix system (also known as a host) has a host name, whether it's +connected to a network or not. In its simplest form, as used before +computer networks were an issue, it's just a word like ‘chicken’. + +

+

But any system attached to the Internet or any network like it conforms +to a more rigorous naming convention as part of the Domain Name System +(DNS). In DNS, every host name is composed of two parts: + + +

+
    +
  1. +hostname + +
  2. +domain name + +
+ +

You will note that “hostname” looks a lot like “host name”, but is +not the same thing, and that people often incorrectly refer to entire +host names as “domain names.” +

+

In DNS, the full host name is properly called the FQDN (Fully Qualified +Domain Name) and consists of the hostname, then a period, then the +domain name. The domain name itself usually has multiple components +separated by periods. So for example, a system's hostname may be +‘chicken’ and its domain name might be ‘ai.mit.edu’, so +its FQDN (which is its host name) is ‘chicken.ai.mit.edu’. + +

+

Adding to the confusion, though, is that DNS is not the only name space +in which a computer needs to be known. Another name space is the +NIS (aka YP) name space. For NIS purposes, there is another domain +name, which is called the NIS domain name or the YP domain name. It +need not have anything to do with the DNS domain name. + + + + +

+

Confusing things even more is the fact that in DNS, it is possible for +multiple FQDNs to refer to the same system. However, there is always +exactly one of them that is the true host name, and it is called the +canonical FQDN. +

+

In some contexts, the host name is called a “node name.” +

+

For more information on DNS host naming, see Host Names. +

+ + + +

Prototypes for these functions appear in ‘unistd.h’. +

+

The programs hostname, hostid, and domainname work +by calling these functions. +

+
+
Function: int gethostname (char *name, size_t size) + +
+

This function returns the host name of the system on which it is called, +in the array name. The size argument specifies the size of +this array, in bytes. Note that this is not the DNS hostname. +If the system participates in DNS, this is the FQDN (see above). +

+

The return value is 0 on success and -1 on failure. In +the GNU C library, gethostname fails if size is not large +enough; then you can try again with a larger array. The following +errno error condition is defined for this function: +

+
+
ENAMETOOLONG
+

The size argument is less than the size of the host name plus one. +

+
+ + +

On some systems, there is a symbol for the maximum possible host name +length: MAXHOSTNAMELEN. It is defined in ‘sys/param.h’. +But you can't count on this to exist, so it is cleaner to handle +failure and try again. +

+

gethostname stores the beginning of the host name in name +even if the host name won't entirely fit. For some purposes, a +truncated host name is good enough. If it is, you can ignore the +error code. +

+ +
+
Function: int sethostname (const char *name, size_t length) + +
+

The sethostname function sets the host name of the system that +calls it to name, a string with length length. Only +privileged processes are permitted to do this. +

+

Usually sethostname gets called just once, at system boot time. +Often, the program that calls it sets it to the value it finds in the +file /etc/hostname. + +

+

Be sure to set the host name to the full host name, not just the DNS +hostname (see above). +

+

The return value is 0 on success and -1 on failure. +The following errno error condition is defined for this function: +

+
+
EPERM
+

This process cannot set the host name because it is not privileged. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int getdomainnname (char *name, size_t length) + +
+
+ + +

getdomainname returns the NIS (aka YP) domain name of the system +on which it is called. Note that this is not the more popular DNS +domain name. Get that with gethostname. +

+

The specifics of this function are analogous to gethostname, above. +

+
+ +
+
Function: int setdomainname (const char *name, size_t length) + +
+
+ + +

getdomainname sets the NIS (aka YP) domain name of the system +on which it is called. Note that this is not the more popular DNS +domain name. Set that with sethostname. +

+

The specifics of this function are analogous to sethostname, above. +

+
+ +
+
Function: long int gethostid (void) + +
+

This function returns the “host ID” of the machine the program is +running on. By convention, this is usually the primary Internet IP address +of that machine, converted to a long int. However, on some +systems it is a meaningless but unique number which is hard-coded for +each machine. +

+

This is not widely used. It arose in BSD 4.2, but was dropped in BSD 4.4. +It is not required by POSIX. +

+

The proper way to query the IP address is to use gethostbyname +on the results of gethostname. For more information on IP addresses, +See section Host Addresses. +

+ +
+
Function: int sethostid (long int id) + +
+

The sethostid function sets the “host ID” of the host machine +to id. Only privileged processes are permitted to do this. Usually +it happens just once, at system boot time. +

+

The proper way to establish the primary IP address of a system +is to configure the IP address resolver to associate that IP address with +the system's host name as returned by gethostname. For example, +put a record for the system in ‘/etc/hosts’. +

+

See gethostid above for more information on host ids. +

+

The return value is 0 on success and -1 on failure. +The following errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EPERM
+

This process cannot set the host name because it is not privileged. +

+
+
ENOSYS
+

The operating system does not support setting the host ID. On some +systems, the host ID is a meaningless but unique number hard-coded for +each machine. +

+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

30.2 Platform Type Identification

+ +

You can use the uname function to find out some information about +the type of computer your program is running on. This function and the +associated data type are declared in the header file +‘sys/utsname.h’. + +

+

As a bonus, uname also gives some information identifying the +particular system your program is running on. This is the same information +which you can get with functions targetted to this purpose described in +Host Identification. +

+ +
+
Data Type: struct utsname + +
+

The utsname structure is used to hold information returned +by the uname function. It has the following members: +

+
+
char sysname[]
+

This is the name of the operating system in use. +

+
+
char release[]
+

This is the current release level of the operating system implementation. +

+
+
char version[]
+

This is the current version level within the release of the operating +system. +

+
+
char machine[]
+

This is a description of the type of hardware that is in use. +

+

Some systems provide a mechanism to interrogate the kernel directly for +this information. On systems without such a mechanism, the GNU C +library fills in this field based on the configuration name that was +specified when building and installing the library. +

+

GNU uses a three-part name to describe a system configuration; the three +parts are cpu, manufacturer and system-type, and they +are separated with dashes. Any possible combination of three names is +potentially meaningful, but most such combinations are meaningless in +practice and even the meaningful ones are not necessarily supported by +any particular GNU program. +

+

Since the value in machine is supposed to describe just the +hardware, it consists of the first two parts of the configuration name: +‘cpu-manufacturer’. For example, it might be one of these: +

+

"sparc-sun", +"i386-anything", +"m68k-hp", +"m68k-sony", +"m68k-sun", +"mips-dec" +

+ +
+
char nodename[]
+

This is the host name of this particular computer. In the GNU C +library, the value is the same as that returned by gethostname; +see Host Identification. +

+

 gethostname() is implemented with a call to uname(). +

+
+
char domainname[]
+

This is the NIS or YP domain name. It is the same value returned by +getdomainname; see Host Identification. This element +is a relatively recent invention and use of it is not as portable as +use of the rest of the structure. +

+ +
+
+
+ +
+
Function: int uname (struct utsname *info) + +
+

The uname function fills in the structure pointed to by +info with information about the operating system and host machine. +A non-negative value indicates that the data was successfully stored. +

+

-1 as the value indicates an error. The only error possible is +EFAULT, which we normally don't mention as it is always a +possibility. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

30.3 Controlling and Querying Mounts

+ +

All files are in filesystems, and before you can access any file, its +filesystem must be mounted. Because of Unix's concept of +Everything is a file, mounting of filesystems is central to doing +almost anything. This section explains how to find out what filesystems +are currently mounted and what filesystems are available for mounting, +and how to change what is mounted. +

+

The classic filesystem is the contents of a disk drive. The concept is +considerably more abstract, though, and lots of things other than disk +drives can be mounted. +

+

Some block devices don't correspond to traditional devices like disk +drives. For example, a loop device is a block device whose driver uses +a regular file in another filesystem as its medium. So if that regular +file contains appropriate data for a filesystem, you can by mounting the +loop device essentially mount a regular file. +

+

Some filesystems aren't based on a device of any kind. The “proc” +filesystem, for example, contains files whose data is made up by the +filesystem driver on the fly whenever you ask for it. And when you +write to it, the data you write causes changes in the system. No data +gets stored. +

+ + + + +
30.3.1 Mount Information   What is or could be mounted? +
30.3.2 Mount, Unmount, Remount   Controlling what is mounted and how +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

30.3.1 Mount Information

+ +

For some programs it is desirable and necessary to access information +about whether a certain filesystem is mounted and, if it is, where, or +simply to get lists of all the available filesystems. The GNU libc +provides some functions to retrieve this information portably. +

+

Traditionally Unix systems have a file named ‘/etc/fstab’ which +describes all possibly mounted filesystems. The mount program +uses this file to mount at startup time of the system all the +necessary filesystems. The information about all the filesystems +actually mounted is normally kept in a file named either +‘/var/run/mtab’ or ‘/etc/mtab’. Both files share the same +syntax and it is crucial that this syntax is followed all the time. +Therefore it is best to never directly write the files. The functions +described in this section can do this and they also provide the +functionality to convert the external textual representation to the +internal representation. +

+

Note that the ‘fstab’ and ‘mtab’ files are maintained on a +system by convention. It is possible for the files not to exist +or not to be consistent with what is really mounted or available to +mount, if the system's administration policy allows it. But programs +that mount and unmount filesystems typically maintain and use these +files as described herein. +

+ + + + + + +

The filenames given above should never be used directly. The portable +way to handle these file is to use the macro _PATH_FSTAB, +defined in ‘fstab.h’, or _PATH_MNTTAB, defined in +‘mntent.h’ and ‘paths.h’, for ‘fstab’; and the macro +_PATH_MOUNTED, also defined in ‘mntent.h’ and +‘paths.h’, for ‘mtab’. There are also two alternate macro +names FSTAB, MNTTAB, and MOUNTED defined but +these names are deprecated and kept only for backward compatibility. +The names _PATH_MNTTAB and _PATH_MOUNTED should always be used. +

+ + + + +
30.3.1.1 The ‘fstab’ file  
30.3.1.2 The ‘mtab’ file  
30.3.1.3 Other (Non-libc) Sources of Mount Information   Other (non-libc) sources of mount information +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

30.3.1.1 The ‘fstab’ file

+ +

The internal representation for entries of the file is struct +fstab, defined in ‘fstab.h’. +

+
+
Data Type: struct fstab + +
+

This structure is used with the getfsent, getfsspec, and +getfsfile functions. +

+
+
char *fs_spec
+

This element describes the device from which the filesystem is mounted. +Normally this is the name of a special device, such as a hard disk +partition, but it could also be a more or less generic string. For +NFS it would be a hostname and directory name combination. +

+

Even though the element is not declared const it shouldn't be +modified. The missing const has historic reasons, since this +function predates ISO C. The same is true for the other string +elements of this structure. +

+
+
char *fs_file
+

This describes the mount point on the local system. I.e., accessing any +file in this filesystem has implicitly or explicitly this string as a +prefix. +

+
+
char *fs_vfstype
+

This is the type of the filesystem. Depending on what the underlying +kernel understands it can be any string. +

+
+
char *fs_mntops
+

This is a string containing options passed to the kernel with the +mount call. Again, this can be almost anything. There can be +more than one option, separated from the others by a comma. Each option +consists of a name and an optional value part, introduced by an = +character. +

+

If the value of this element must be processed it should ideally be done +using the getsubopt function; see Parsing of Suboptions. +

+
+
const char *fs_type
+

This name is poorly chosen. This element points to a string (possibly +in the fs_mntops string) which describes the modes with which the +filesystem is mounted. ‘fstab’ defines five macros to describe the +possible values: +

+
+
FSTAB_RW + +
+

The filesystems gets mounted with read and write enabled. +

+
FSTAB_RQ + +
+

The filesystems gets mounted with read and write enabled. Write access +is restricted by quotas. +

+
FSTAB_RO + +
+

The filesystem gets mounted read-only. +

+
FSTAB_SW + +
+

This is not a real filesystem, it is a swap device. +

+
FSTAB_XX + +
+

This entry from the ‘fstab’ file is totally ignored. +

+
+ +

Testing for equality with these value must happen using strcmp +since these are all strings. Comparing the pointer will probably always +fail. +

+
+
int fs_freq
+

This element describes the dump frequency in days. +

+
+
int fs_passno
+

This element describes the pass number on parallel dumps. It is closely +related to the dump utility used on Unix systems. +

+
+
+ + +

To read the entire content of the of the ‘fstab’ file the GNU libc +contains a set of three functions which are designed in the usual way. +

+
+
Function: int setfsent (void) + +
+

This function makes sure that the internal read pointer for the +‘fstab’ file is at the beginning of the file. This is done by +either opening the file or resetting the read pointer. +

+

Since the file handle is internal to the libc this function is not +thread-safe. +

+

This function returns a non-zero value if the operation was successful +and the getfs* functions can be used to read the entries of the +file. +

+ +
+
Function: void endfsent (void) + +
+

This function makes sure that all resources acquired by a prior call to +setfsent (explicitly or implicitly by calling getfsent) are +freed. +

+ +
+
Function: struct fstab * getfsent (void) + +
+

This function returns the next entry of the ‘fstab’ file. If this +is the first call to any of the functions handling ‘fstab’ since +program start or the last call of endfsent, the file will be +opened. +

+

The function returns a pointer to a variable of type struct +fstab. This variable is shared by all threads and therefore this +function is not thread-safe. If an error occurred getfsent +returns a NULL pointer. +

+ +
+
Function: struct fstab * getfsspec (const char *name) + +
+

This function returns the next entry of the ‘fstab’ file which has +a string equal to name pointed to by the fs_spec element. +Since there is normally exactly one entry for each special device it +makes no sense to call this function more than once for the same +argument. If this is the first call to any of the functions handling +‘fstab’ since program start or the last call of endfsent, +the file will be opened. +

+

The function returns a pointer to a variable of type struct +fstab. This variable is shared by all threads and therefore this +function is not thread-safe. If an error occurred getfsent +returns a NULL pointer. +

+ +
+
Function: struct fstab * getfsfile (const char *name) + +
+

This function returns the next entry of the ‘fstab’ file which has +a string equal to name pointed to by the fs_file element. +Since there is normally exactly one entry for each mount point it +makes no sense to call this function more than once for the same +argument. If this is the first call to any of the functions handling +‘fstab’ since program start or the last call of endfsent, +the file will be opened. +

+

The function returns a pointer to a variable of type struct +fstab. This variable is shared by all threads and therefore this +function is not thread-safe. If an error occurred getfsent +returns a NULL pointer. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

30.3.1.2 The ‘mtab’ file

+

The following functions and data structure access the ‘mtab’ file. +

+
+
Data Type: struct mntent + +
+

This structure is used with the getmntent, getmntent_t, +addmntent, and hasmntopt functions. +

+
+
char *mnt_fsname
+

This element contains a pointer to a string describing the name of the +special device from which the filesystem is mounted. It corresponds to +the fs_spec element in struct fstab. +

+
+
char *mnt_dir
+

This element points to a string describing the mount point of the +filesystem. It corresponds to the fs_file element in +struct fstab. +

+
+
char *mnt_type
+

mnt_type describes the filesystem type and is therefore +equivalent to fs_vfstype in struct fstab. ‘mntent.h’ +defines a few symbolic names for some of the values this string can have. +But since the kernel can support arbitrary filesystems it does not +make much sense to give them symbolic names. If one knows the symbol +name one also knows the filesystem name. Nevertheless here follows the +list of the symbols provided in ‘mntent.h’. +

+
+
MNTTYPE_IGNORE + +
+

This symbol expands to "ignore". The value is sometime used in +‘fstab’ files to make sure entries are not used without removing them. +

+
MNTTYPE_NFS + +
+

Expands to "nfs". Using this macro sometimes could make sense +since it names the default NFS implementation, in case both version 2 +and 3 are supported. +

+
MNTTYPE_SWAP + +
+

This symbol expands to "swap". It names the special ‘fstab’ +entry which names one of the possibly multiple swap partitions. +

+
+ +
+
char *mnt_opts
+

The element contains a string describing the options used while mounting +the filesystem. As for the equivalent element fs_mntops of +struct fstab it is best to use the function getsubopt +(see section Parsing of Suboptions) to access the parts of this string. +

+

The ‘mntent.h’ file defines a number of macros with string values +which correspond to some of the options understood by the kernel. There +might be many more options which are possible so it doesn't make much sense +to rely on these macros but to be consistent here is the list: +

+
+
MNTOPT_DEFAULTS + +
+

Expands to "defaults". This option should be used alone since it +indicates all values for the customizable values are chosen to be the +default. +

+
MNTOPT_RO + +
+

Expands to "ro". See the FSTAB_RO value, it means the +filesystem is mounted read-only. +

+
MNTOPT_RW + +
+

Expand to "rw". See the FSTAB_RW value, it means the +filesystem is mounted with read and write permissions. +

+
MNTOPT_SUID + +
+

Expands to "suid". This means that the SUID bit (see section How an Application Can Change Persona) is respected when a program from the filesystem is +started. +

+
MNTOPT_NOSUID + +
+

Expands to "nosuid". This is the opposite of MNTOPT_SUID, +the SUID bit for all files from the filesystem is ignored. +

+
MNTOPT_NOAUTO + +
+

Expands to "noauto". At startup time the mount program +will ignore this entry if it is started with the -a option to +mount all filesystems mentioned in the ‘fstab’ file. +

+
+ +

As for the FSTAB_* entries introduced above it is important to +use strcmp to check for equality. +

+
+
mnt_freq
+

This elements corresponds to fs_freq and also specifies the +frequency in days in which dumps are made. +

+
+
mnt_passno
+

This element is equivalent to fs_passno with the same meaning +which is uninteresting for all programs beside dump. +

+
+
+ +

For accessing the ‘mtab’ file there is again a set of three +functions to access all entries in a row. Unlike the functions to +handle ‘fstab’ these functions do not access a fixed file and there +is even a thread safe variant of the get function. Beside this the GNU +libc contains functions to alter the file and test for specific options. +

+
+
Function: FILE * setmntent (const char *file, const char *mode) + +
+

The setmntent function prepares the file named FILE which +must be in the format of a ‘fstab’ and ‘mtab’ file for the +upcoming processing through the other functions of the family. The +mode parameter can be chosen in the way the opentype +parameter for fopen (see section Opening Streams) can be chosen. If +the file is opened for writing the file is also allowed to be empty. +

+

If the file was successfully opened setmntent returns a file +descriptor for future use. Otherwise the return value is NULL +and errno is set accordingly. +

+ +
+
Function: int endmntent (FILE *stream) + +
+

This function takes for the stream parameter a file handle which +previously was returned from the setmntent call. +endmntent closes the stream and frees all resources. +

+

The return value is 1 unless an error occurred in which case it +is 0. +

+ +
+
Function: struct mntent * getmntent (FILE *stream) + +
+

The getmntent function takes as the parameter a file handle +previously returned by successful call to setmntent. It returns +a pointer to a static variable of type struct mntent which is +filled with the information from the next entry from the file currently +read. +

+

The file format used prescribes the use of spaces or tab characters to +separate the fields. This makes it harder to use name containing one +of these characters (e.g., mount points using spaces). Therefore +these characters are encoded in the files and the getmntent +function takes care of the decoding while reading the entries back in. +'\040' is used to encode a space character, '\011' to +encode a tab character, '\012' to encode a newline character, +and '\\' to encode a backslash. +

+

If there was an error or the end of the file is reached the return value +is NULL. +

+

This function is not thread-safe since all calls to this function return +a pointer to the same static variable. getmntent_r should be +used in situations where multiple threads access the file. +

+ +
+
Function: struct mntent * getmntent_r (FILE *stream, struct mentent *result, char *buffer, int bufsize) + +
+

The getmntent_r function is the reentrant variant of +getmntent. It also returns the next entry from the file and +returns a pointer. The actual variable the values are stored in is not +static, though. Instead the function stores the values in the variable +pointed to by the result parameter. Additional information (e.g., +the strings pointed to by the elements of the result) are kept in the +buffer of size bufsize pointed to by buffer. +

+

Escaped characters (space, tab, backslash) are converted back in the +same way as it happens for getmentent. +

+

The function returns a NULL pointer in error cases. Errors could be: +

    +
  • +error while reading the file, +
  • +end of file reached, +
  • +bufsize is too small for reading a complete new entry. +
+
+ +
+
Function: int addmntent (FILE *stream, const struct mntent *mnt) + +
+

The addmntent function allows adding a new entry to the file +previously opened with setmntent. The new entries are always +appended. I.e., even if the position of the file descriptor is not at +the end of the file this function does not overwrite an existing entry +following the current position. +

+

The implication of this is that to remove an entry from a file one has +to create a new file while leaving out the entry to be removed and after +closing the file remove the old one and rename the new file to the +chosen name. +

+

This function takes care of spaces and tab characters in the names to be +written to the file. It converts them and the backslash character into +the format describe in the getmntent description above. +

+

This function returns 0 in case the operation was successful. +Otherwise the return value is 1 and errno is set +appropriately. +

+ +
+
Function: char * hasmntopt (const struct mntent *mnt, const char *opt) + +
+

This function can be used to check whether the string pointed to by the +mnt_opts element of the variable pointed to by mnt contains +the option opt. If this is true a pointer to the beginning of the +option in the mnt_opts element is returned. If no such option +exists the function returns NULL. +

+

This function is useful to test whether a specific option is present but +when all options have to be processed one is better off with using the +getsubopt function to iterate over all options in the string. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

30.3.1.3 Other (Non-libc) Sources of Mount Information

+ +

On a system with a Linux kernel and the proc filesystem, you can +get information on currently mounted filesystems from the file +‘mounts’ in the proc filesystem. Its format is similar to +that of the ‘mtab’ file, but represents what is truly mounted +without relying on facilities outside the kernel to keep ‘mtab’ up +to date. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

30.3.2 Mount, Unmount, Remount

+ +

This section describes the functions for mounting, unmounting, and +remounting filesystems. +

+

Only the superuser can mount, unmount, or remount a filesystem. +

+

These functions do not access the ‘fstab’ and ‘mtab’ files. You +should maintain and use these separately. See section Mount Information. +

+

The symbols in this section are declared in ‘sys/mount.h’. +

+
+
Function: int mount (const char *special_file, const char *dir, const char *fstype, unsigned long int options, const void *data) + +
+

mount mounts or remounts a filesystem. The two operations are +quite different and are merged rather unnaturally into this one function. +The MS_REMOUNT option, explained below, determines whether +mount mounts or remounts. +

+

For a mount, the filesystem on the block device represented by the +device special file named special_file gets mounted over the mount +point dir. This means that the directory dir (along with any +files in it) is no longer visible; in its place (and still with the name +dir) is the root directory of the filesystem on the device. +

+

As an exception, if the filesystem type (see below) is one which is not +based on a device (e.g. “proc”), mount instantiates a +filesystem and mounts it over dir and ignores special_file. +

+

For a remount, dir specifies the mount point where the filesystem +to be remounted is (and remains) mounted and special_file is +ignored. Remounting a filesystem means changing the options that control +operations on the filesystem while it is mounted. It does not mean +unmounting and mounting again. +

+

For a mount, you must identify the type of the filesystem as +fstype. This type tells the kernel how to access the filesystem +and can be thought of as the name of a filesystem driver. The +acceptable values are system dependent. On a system with a Linux kernel +and the proc filesystem, the list of possible values is in the +file ‘filesystems’ in the proc filesystem (e.g. type +cat /proc/filesystems to see the list). With a Linux kernel, the +types of filesystems that mount can mount, and their type names, +depends on what filesystem drivers are configured into the kernel or +loaded as loadable kernel modules. An example of a common value for +fstype is ext2. +

+

For a remount, mount ignores fstype. +

+

options specifies a variety of options that apply until the +filesystem is unmounted or remounted. The precise meaning of an option +depends on the filesystem and with some filesystems, an option may have +no effect at all. Furthermore, for some filesystems, some of these +options (but never MS_RDONLY) can be overridden for individual +file accesses via ioctl. +

+

options is a bit string with bit fields defined using the +following mask and masked value macros: +

+
+
MS_MGC_MASK
+

This multibit field contains a magic number. If it does not have the value +MS_MGC_VAL, mount assumes all the following bits are zero and +the data argument is a null string, regardless of their actual values. +

+
+
MS_REMOUNT
+

This bit on means to remount the filesystem. Off means to mount it. +

+
+
MS_RDONLY
+

This bit on specifies that no writing to the filesystem shall be allowed +while it is mounted. This cannot be overridden by ioctl. This +option is available on nearly all filesystems. +

+
+
S_IMMUTABLE
+

This bit on specifies that no writing to the files in the filesystem +shall be allowed while it is mounted. This can be overridden for a +particular file access by a properly privileged call to ioctl. +This option is a relatively new invention and is not available on many +filesystems. +

+
+
S_APPEND
+

This bit on specifies that the only file writing that shall be allowed +while the filesystem is mounted is appending. Some filesystems allow +this to be overridden for a particular process by a properly privileged +call to ioctl. This is a relatively new invention and is not +available on many filesystems. +

+
+
MS_NOSUID
+

This bit on specifies that Setuid and Setgid permissions on files in the +filesystem shall be ignored while it is mounted. +

+
+
MS_NOEXEC
+

This bit on specifies that no files in the filesystem shall be executed +while the filesystem is mounted. +

+
+
MS_NODEV
+

This bit on specifies that no device special files in the filesystem +shall be accessible while the filesystem is mounted. +

+
+
MS_SYNCHRONOUS
+

This bit on specifies that all writes to the filesystem while it is +mounted shall be synchronous; i.e., data shall be synced before each +write completes rather than held in the buffer cache. +

+
+
MS_MANDLOCK
+

This bit on specifies that mandatory locks on files shall be permitted while +the filesystem is mounted. +

+
+
MS_NOATIME
+

This bit on specifies that access times of files shall not be updated when +the files are accessed while the filesystem is mounted. +

+
+
MS_NODIRATIME
+

This bit on specifies that access times of directories shall not be updated +when the directories are accessed while the filesystem in mounted. +

+ +
+
+ +

Any bits not covered by the above masks should be set off; otherwise, +results are undefined. +

+

The meaning of data depends on the filesystem type and is controlled +entirely by the filesystem driver in the kernel. +

+

Example: +

+
 
#include <sys/mount.h>
+
+mount("/dev/hdb", "/cdrom", MS_MGC_VAL | MS_RDONLY | MS_NOSUID, "");
+
+mount("/dev/hda2", "/mnt", MS_MGC_VAL | MS_REMOUNT, "");
+
+
+ +

Appropriate arguments for mount are conventionally recorded in +the ‘fstab’ table. See section Mount Information. +

+

The return value is zero if the mount or remount is successful. Otherwise, +it is -1 and errno is set appropriately. The values of +errno are filesystem dependent, but here is a general list: +

+
+
EPERM
+

The process is not superuser. +

+
ENODEV
+

The file system type fstype is not known to the kernel. +

+
ENOTBLK
+

The file dev is not a block device special file. +

+
EBUSY
+
+
    +
  • +The device is already mounted. + +
  • +The mount point is busy. (E.g. it is some process' working directory or +has a filesystem mounted on it already). + +
  • +The request is to remount read-only, but there are files open for write. +
+ +
+
EINVAL
+
    +
  • +A remount was attempted, but there is no filesystem mounted over the +specified mount point. + +
  • +The supposed filesystem has an invalid superblock. + +
+ +
+
EACCES
+
    +
  • +The filesystem is inherently read-only (possibly due to a switch on the +device) and the process attempted to mount it read/write (by setting the +MS_RDONLY bit off). + +
  • +special_file or dir is not accessible due to file permissions. + +
  • +special_file is not accessible because it is in a filesystem that is +mounted with the MS_NODEV option. + +
+ +
+
EM_FILE
+

The table of dummy devices is full. mount needs to create a +dummy device (aka “unnamed” device) if the filesystem being mounted is +not one that uses a device. +

+
+
+ +
+ + +
+
Function: int umount2 (const char *file, int flags) + +
+

umount2 unmounts a filesystem. +

+

You can identify the filesystem to unmount either by the device special +file that contains the filesystem or by the mount point. The effect is +the same. Specify either as the string file. +

+

flags contains the one-bit field identified by the following +mask macro: +

+
+
MNT_FORCE
+

This bit on means to force the unmounting even if the filesystem is +busy, by making it unbusy first. If the bit is off and the filesystem is +busy, umount2 fails with errno = EBUSY. Depending +on the filesystem, this may override all, some, or no busy conditions. +

+
+
+ +

All other bits in flags should be set to zero; otherwise, the result +is undefined. +

+

Example: +

+
 
#include <sys/mount.h>
+
+umount2("/mnt", MNT_FORCE);
+
+umount2("/dev/hdd1", 0);
+
+
+ +

After the filesystem is unmounted, the directory that was the mount point +is visible, as are any files in it. +

+

As part of unmounting, umount2 syncs the filesystem. +

+

If the unmounting is successful, the return value is zero. Otherwise, it +is -1 and errno is set accordingly: +

+
+
EPERM
+

The process is not superuser. +

+
EBUSY
+

The filesystem cannot be unmounted because it is busy. E.g. it contains +a directory that is some process's working directory or a file that some +process has open. With some filesystems in some cases, you can avoid +this failure with the MNT_FORCE option. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

file validly refers to a file, but that file is neither a mount +point nor a device special file of a currently mounted filesystem. +

+
+
+ +

This function is not available on all systems. +

+ +
+
Function: int umount (const char *file) + +
+

umount does the same thing as umount2 with flags set +to zeroes. It is more widely available than umount2 but since it +lacks the possibility to forcefully unmount a filesystem is deprecated +when umount2 is also available. +

+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

30.4 System Parameters

+ +

This section describes the sysctl function, which gets and sets +a variety of system parameters. +

+

The symbols used in this section are declared in the file ‘sysctl.h’. +

+
+
Function: int sysctl (int *names, int nlen, void *oldval, size_t *oldlenp, void *newval, size_t newlen) + +
+

sysctl gets or sets a specified system parameter. There are so +many of these parameters that it is not practical to list them all here, +but here are some examples: +

+
    +
  • network domain name +
  • paging parameters +
  • network Address Resolution Protocol timeout time +
  • maximum number of files that may be open +
  • root filesystem device +
  • when kernel was built +
+ +

The set of available parameters depends on the kernel configuration and +can change while the system is running, particularly when you load and +unload loadable kernel modules. +

+

The system parameters with which syslog is concerned are arranged +in a hierarchical structure like a hierarchical filesystem. To identify +a particular parameter, you specify a path through the structure in a +way analogous to specifying the pathname of a file. Each component of +the path is specified by an integer and each of these integers has a +macro defined for it by ‘sysctl.h’. names is the path, in +the form of an array of integers. Each component of the path is one +element of the array, in order. nlen is the number of components +in the path. +

+

For example, the first component of the path for all the paging +parameters is the value CTL_VM. For the free page thresholds, the +second component of the path is VM_FREEPG. So to get the free +page threshold values, make names an array containing the two +elements CTL_VM and VM_FREEPG and make nlen = 2. +

+ +

The format of the value of a parameter depends on the parameter. +Sometimes it is an integer; sometimes it is an ASCII string; sometimes +it is an elaborate structure. In the case of the free page thresholds +used in the example above, the parameter value is a structure containing +several integers. +

+

In any case, you identify a place to return the parameter's value with +oldval and specify the amount of storage available at that +location as *oldlenp. *oldlenp does double duty because it +is also the output location that contains the actual length of the +returned value. +

+

If you don't want the parameter value returned, specify a null pointer +for oldval. +

+

To set the parameter, specify the address and length of the new value +as newval and newlen. If you don't want to set the parameter, +specify a null pointer as newval. +

+

If you get and set a parameter in the same sysctl call, the value +returned is the value of the parameter before it was set. +

+

Each system parameter has a set of permissions similar to the +permissions for a file (including the permissions on directories in its +path) that determine whether you may get or set it. For the purposes of +these permissions, every parameter is considered to be owned by the +superuser and Group 0 so processes with that effective uid or gid may +have more access to system parameters. Unlike with files, the superuser +does not invariably have full permission to all system parameters, because +some of them are designed not to be changed ever. +

+ +

sysctl returns a zero return value if it succeeds. Otherwise, it +returns -1 and sets errno appropriately. Besides the +failures that apply to all system calls, the following are the +errno codes for all possible failures: +

+
+
EPERM
+

The process is not permitted to access one of the components of the +path of the system parameter or is not permitted to access the system parameter +itself in the way (read or write) that it requested. +

+
ENOTDIR
+

There is no system parameter corresponding to name. +

+
EFAULT
+

oldval is not null, which means the process wanted to read the parameter, +but *oldlenp is zero, so there is no place to return it. +

+
EINVAL
+
    +
  • +The process attempted to set a system parameter to a value that is not valid +for that parameter. +
  • +The space provided for the return of the system parameter is not the right +size for that parameter. +
+
+
ENOMEM
+

This value may be returned instead of the more correct EINVAL in some +cases where the space provided for the return of the system parameter is too +small. +

+
+
+ +
+ +

If you have a Linux kernel with the proc filesystem, you can get +and set most of the same parameters by reading and writing to files in +the sys directory of the proc filesystem. In the sys +directory, the directory structure represents the hierarchical structure +of the parameters. E.g. you can display the free page thresholds with +

 
cat /proc/sys/vm/freepages
+
+ +

Some more traditional and more widely available, though less general, +GNU C library functions for getting and setting some of the same system +parameters are: +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ << ][ >> ]           [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_23.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_23.html @@ -0,0 +1,762 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 23. Non-Local Exits + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

23. Non-Local Exits

+ +

Sometimes when your program detects an unusual situation inside a deeply +nested set of function calls, you would like to be able to immediately +return to an outer level of control. This section describes how you can +do such non-local exits using the setjmp and longjmp +functions. +

+ + + + + +
23.1 Introduction to Non-Local Exits   When and how to use these facilities. +
23.2 Details of Non-Local Exits   Functions for non-local exits. +
23.3 Non-Local Exits and Signals   Portability issues. +
23.4 Complete Context Control   Complete context control a la System V. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

23.1 Introduction to Non-Local Exits

+ +

As an example of a situation where a non-local exit can be useful, +suppose you have an interactive program that has a “main loop” that +prompts for and executes commands. Suppose the “read” command reads +input from a file, doing some lexical analysis and parsing of the input +while processing it. If a low-level input error is detected, it would +be useful to be able to return immediately to the “main loop” instead +of having to make each of the lexical analysis, parsing, and processing +phases all have to explicitly deal with error situations initially +detected by nested calls. +

+

(On the other hand, if each of these phases has to do a substantial +amount of cleanup when it exits—such as closing files, deallocating +buffers or other data structures, and the like—then it can be more +appropriate to do a normal return and have each phase do its own +cleanup, because a non-local exit would bypass the intervening phases and +their associated cleanup code entirely. Alternatively, you could use a +non-local exit but do the cleanup explicitly either before or after +returning to the “main loop”.) +

+

In some ways, a non-local exit is similar to using the ‘return’ +statement to return from a function. But while ‘return’ abandons +only a single function call, transferring control back to the point at +which it was called, a non-local exit can potentially abandon many +levels of nested function calls. +

+

You identify return points for non-local exits by calling the function +setjmp. This function saves information about the execution +environment in which the call to setjmp appears in an object of +type jmp_buf. Execution of the program continues normally after +the call to setjmp, but if an exit is later made to this return +point by calling longjmp with the corresponding jmp_buf +object, control is transferred back to the point where setjmp was +called. The return value from setjmp is used to distinguish +between an ordinary return and a return made by a call to +longjmp, so calls to setjmp usually appear in an ‘if’ +statement. +

+

Here is how the example program described above might be set up: +

+
 
#include <setjmp.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+jmp_buf main_loop;
+
+void 
+abort_to_main_loop (int status)
+{
+  longjmp (main_loop, status);
+}
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  while (1)
+    if (setjmp (main_loop))
+      puts ("Back at main loop....");
+    else
+      do_command ();
+}
+
+
+void 
+do_command (void)
+{
+  char buffer[128];
+  if (fgets (buffer, 128, stdin) == NULL)
+    abort_to_main_loop (-1);
+  else
+    exit (EXIT_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+ +

The function abort_to_main_loop causes an immediate transfer of +control back to the main loop of the program, no matter where it is +called from. +

+

The flow of control inside the main function may appear a little +mysterious at first, but it is actually a common idiom with +setjmp. A normal call to setjmp returns zero, so the +“else” clause of the conditional is executed. If +abort_to_main_loop is called somewhere within the execution of +do_command, then it actually appears as if the same call +to setjmp in main were returning a second time with a value +of -1. +

+

So, the general pattern for using setjmp looks something like: +

+
 
if (setjmp (buffer))
+  /* Code to clean up after premature return. */
+  …
+else
+  /* Code to be executed normally after setting up the return point. */
+  …
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

23.2 Details of Non-Local Exits

+ +

Here are the details on the functions and data structures used for +performing non-local exits. These facilities are declared in +‘setjmp.h’. + +

+
+
Data Type: jmp_buf + +
+

Objects of type jmp_buf hold the state information to +be restored by a non-local exit. The contents of a jmp_buf +identify a specific place to return to. +

+ +
+
Macro: int setjmp (jmp_buf state) + +
+

When called normally, setjmp stores information about the +execution state of the program in state and returns zero. If +longjmp is later used to perform a non-local exit to this +state, setjmp returns a nonzero value. +

+ +
+
Function: void longjmp (jmp_buf state, int value) + +
+

This function restores current execution to the state saved in +state, and continues execution from the call to setjmp that +established that return point. Returning from setjmp by means of +longjmp returns the value argument that was passed to +longjmp, rather than 0. (But if value is given as +0, setjmp returns 1). +

+ +

There are a lot of obscure but important restrictions on the use of +setjmp and longjmp. Most of these restrictions are +present because non-local exits require a fair amount of magic on the +part of the C compiler and can interact with other parts of the language +in strange ways. +

+

The setjmp function is actually a macro without an actual +function definition, so you shouldn't try to ‘#undef’ it or take +its address. In addition, calls to setjmp are safe in only the +following contexts: +

+
    +
  • +As the test expression of a selection or iteration +statement (such as ‘if’, ‘switch’, or ‘while’). + +
  • +As one operand of a equality or comparison operator that appears as the +test expression of a selection or iteration statement. The other +operand must be an integer constant expression. + +
  • +As the operand of a unary ‘!’ operator, that appears as the +test expression of a selection or iteration statement. + +
  • +By itself as an expression statement. +
+ +

Return points are valid only during the dynamic extent of the function +that called setjmp to establish them. If you longjmp to +a return point that was established in a function that has already +returned, unpredictable and disastrous things are likely to happen. +

+

You should use a nonzero value argument to longjmp. While +longjmp refuses to pass back a zero argument as the return value +from setjmp, this is intended as a safety net against accidental +misuse and is not really good programming style. +

+

When you perform a non-local exit, accessible objects generally retain +whatever values they had at the time longjmp was called. The +exception is that the values of automatic variables local to the +function containing the setjmp call that have been changed since +the call to setjmp are indeterminate, unless you have declared +them volatile. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

23.3 Non-Local Exits and Signals

+ +

In BSD Unix systems, setjmp and longjmp also save and +restore the set of blocked signals; see Blocking Signals. However, +the POSIX.1 standard requires setjmp and longjmp not to +change the set of blocked signals, and provides an additional pair of +functions (sigsetjmp and siglongjmp) to get the BSD +behavior. +

+

The behavior of setjmp and longjmp in the GNU library is +controlled by feature test macros; see Feature Test Macros. The +default in the GNU system is the POSIX.1 behavior rather than the BSD +behavior. +

+

The facilities in this section are declared in the header file +‘setjmp.h’. + +

+
+
Data Type: sigjmp_buf + +
+

This is similar to jmp_buf, except that it can also store state +information about the set of blocked signals. +

+ +
+
Function: int sigsetjmp (sigjmp_buf state, int savesigs) + +
+

This is similar to setjmp. If savesigs is nonzero, the set +of blocked signals is saved in state and will be restored if a +siglongjmp is later performed with this state. +

+ +
+
Function: void siglongjmp (sigjmp_buf state, int value) + +
+

This is similar to longjmp except for the type of its state +argument. If the sigsetjmp call that set this state used a +nonzero savesigs flag, siglongjmp also restores the set of +blocked signals. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

23.4 Complete Context Control

+ +

The Unix standard one more set of function to control the execution path +and these functions are more powerful than those discussed in this +chapter so far. These function were part of the original System V +API and by this route were added to the Unix API. Beside on branded +Unix implementations these interfaces are not widely available. Not all +platforms and/or architectures the GNU C Library is available on provide +this interface. Use ‘configure’ to detect the availability. +

+

Similar to the jmp_buf and sigjmp_buf types used for the +variables to contain the state of the longjmp functions the +interfaces of interest here have an appropriate type as well. Objects +of this type are normally much larger since more information is +contained. The type is also used in a few more places as we will see. +The types and functions described in this section are all defined and +declared respectively in the ‘ucontext.h’ header file. +

+
+
Data Type: ucontext_t + +
+

The ucontext_t type is defined as a structure with as least the +following elements: +

+
+
ucontext_t *uc_link
+

This is a pointer to the next context structure which is used if the +context described in the current structure returns. +

+
+
sigset_t uc_sigmask
+

Set of signals which are blocked when this context is used. +

+
+
stack_t uc_stack
+

Stack used for this context. The value need not be (and normally is +not) the stack pointer. See section Using a Separate Signal Stack. +

+
+
mcontext_t uc_mcontext
+

This element contains the actual state of the process. The +mcontext_t type is also defined in this header but the definition +should be treated as opaque. Any use of knowledge of the type makes +applications less portable. +

+
+
+
+ +

Objects of this type have to be created by the user. The initialization +and modification happens through one of the following functions: +

+
+
Function: int getcontext (ucontext_t *ucp) + +
+

The getcontext function initializes the variable pointed to by +ucp with the context of the calling thread. The context contains +the content of the registers, the signal mask, and the current stack. +Executing the contents would start at the point where the +getcontext call just returned. +

+

The function returns 0 if successful. Otherwise it returns +-1 and sets errno accordingly. +

+ +

The getcontext function is similar to setjmp but it does +not provide an indication of whether the function returns for the first +time or whether the initialized context was used and the execution is +resumed at just that point. If this is necessary the user has to take +determine this herself. This must be done carefully since the context +contains registers which might contain register variables. This is a +good situation to define variables with volatile. +

+

Once the context variable is initialized it can be used as is or it can +be modified. The latter is normally done to implement co-routines or +similar constructs. The makecontext function is what has to be +used to do that. +

+
+
Function: void makecontext (ucontext_t *ucp, void (*func) (void), int argc, …) + +
+

The ucp parameter passed to the makecontext shall be +initialized by a call to getcontext. The context will be +modified to in a way so that if the context is resumed it will start by +calling the function func which gets argc integer arguments +passed. The integer arguments which are to be passed should follow the +argc parameter in the call to makecontext. +

+

Before the call to this function the uc_stack and uc_link +element of the ucp structure should be initialized. The +uc_stack element describes the stack which is used for this +context. No two contexts which are used at the same time should use the +same memory region for a stack. +

+

The uc_link element of the object pointed to by ucp should +be a pointer to the context to be executed when the function func +returns or it should be a null pointer. See setcontext for more +information about the exact use. +

+ +

While allocating the memory for the stack one has to be careful. Most +modern processors keep track of whether a certain memory region is +allowed to contain code which is executed or not. Data segments and +heap memory is normally not tagged to allow this. The result is that +programs would fail. Examples for such code include the calling +sequences the GNU C compiler generates for calls to nested functions. +Safe ways to allocate stacks correctly include using memory on the +original threads stack or explicitly allocate memory tagged for +execution using (see section Memory-mapped I/O). +

+

Compatibility note: The current Unix standard is very imprecise +about the way the stack is allocated. All implementations seem to agree +that the uc_stack element must be used but the values stored in +the elements of the stack_t value are unclear. The GNU C library +and most other Unix implementations require the ss_sp value of +the uc_stack element to point to the base of the memory region +allocated for the stack and the size of the memory region is stored in +ss_size. There are implements out there which require +ss_sp to be set to the value the stack pointer will have (which +can depending on the direction the stack grows be different). This +difference makes the makecontext function hard to use and it +requires detection of the platform at compile time. +

+
+
Function: int setcontext (const ucontext_t *ucp) + +
+

The setcontext function restores the context described by +ucp. The context is not modified and can be reused as often as +wanted. +

+

If the context was created by getcontext execution resumes with +the registers filled with the same values and the same stack as if the +getcontext call just returned. +

+

If the context was modified with a call to makecontext execution +continues with the function passed to makecontext which gets the +specified parameters passed. If this function returns execution is +resumed in the context which was referenced by the uc_link +element of the context structure passed to makecontext at the +time of the call. If uc_link was a null pointer the application +terminates in this case. +

+

Since the context contains information about the stack no two threads +should use the same context at the same time. The result in most cases +would be disastrous. +

+

The setcontext function does not return unless an error occurred +in which case it returns -1. +

+ +

The setcontext function simply replaces the current context with +the one described by the ucp parameter. This is often useful but +there are situations where the current context has to be preserved. +

+
+
Function: int swapcontext (ucontext_t *restrict oucp, const ucontext_t *restrict ucp) + +
+

The swapcontext function is similar to setcontext but +instead of just replacing the current context the latter is first saved +in the object pointed to by oucp as if this was a call to +getcontext. The saved context would resume after the call to +swapcontext. +

+

Once the current context is saved the context described in ucp is +installed and execution continues as described in this context. +

+

If swapcontext succeeds the function does not return unless the +context oucp is used without prior modification by +makecontext. The return value in this case is 0. If the +function fails it returns -1 and set errno accordingly. +

+ + +

Example for SVID Context Handling

+ +

The easiest way to use the context handling functions is as a +replacement for setjmp and longjmp. The context contains +on most platforms more information which might lead to less surprises +but this also means using these functions is more expensive (beside +being less portable). +

+
 
int
+random_search (int n, int (*fp) (int, ucontext_t *))
+{
+  volatile int cnt = 0;
+  ucontext_t uc;
+
+  /* Safe current context.  */
+  if (getcontext (&uc) < 0)
+    return -1;
+
+  /* If we have not tried n times try again.  */
+  if (cnt++ < n)
+    /* Call the function with a new random number
+       and the context.  */
+    if (fp (rand (), &uc) != 0)
+      /* We found what we were looking for.  */
+      return 1;
+
+  /* Not found.  */
+  return 0;
+}
+
+ +

Using contexts in such a way enables emulating exception handling. The +search functions passed in the fp parameter could be very large, +nested, and complex which would make it complicated (or at least would +require a lot of code) to leave the function with an error value which +has to be passed down to the caller. By using the context it is +possible to leave the search function in one step and allow restarting +the search which also has the nice side effect that it can be +significantly faster. +

+

Something which is harder to implement with setjmp and +longjmp is to switch temporarily to a different execution path +and then resume where execution was stopped. +

+
 
#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <ucontext.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+
+/* Set by the signal handler. */
+static volatile int expired;
+
+/* The contexts. */
+static ucontext_t uc[3];
+
+/* We do only a certain number of switches. */
+static int switches;
+
+
+/* This is the function doing the work.  It is just a
+   skeleton, real code has to be filled in. */
+static void
+f (int n)
+{
+  int m = 0;
+  while (1)
+    {
+      /* This is where the work would be done. */
+      if (++m % 100 == 0)
+        {
+          putchar ('.');
+          fflush (stdout);
+        }
+
+      /* Regularly the expire variable must be checked. */
+      if (expired)
+        {
+          /* We do not want the program to run forever. */
+          if (++switches == 20)
+            return;
+
+          printf ("\nswitching from %d to %d\n", n, 3 - n);
+          expired = 0;
+          /* Switch to the other context, saving the current one. */
+          swapcontext (&uc[n], &uc[3 - n]);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/* This is the signal handler which simply set the variable. */
+void
+handler (int signal)
+{
+  expired = 1;
+}
+
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  struct sigaction sa;
+  struct itimerval it;
+  char st1[8192];
+  char st2[8192];
+
+  /* Initialize the data structures for the interval timer. */
+  sa.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
+  sigfillset (&sa.sa_mask);
+  sa.sa_handler = handler;
+  it.it_interval.tv_sec = 0;
+  it.it_interval.tv_usec = 1;
+  it.it_value = it.it_interval;
+
+  /* Install the timer and get the context we can manipulate. */
+  if (sigaction (SIGPROF, &sa, NULL) < 0
+      || setitimer (ITIMER_PROF, &it, NULL) < 0
+      || getcontext (&uc[1]) == -1
+      || getcontext (&uc[2]) == -1)
+    abort ();
+
+  /* Create a context with a separate stack which causes the
+     function f to be call with the parameter 1.
+     Note that the uc_link points to the main context
+     which will cause the program to terminate once the function
+     return. */
+  uc[1].uc_link = &uc[0];
+  uc[1].uc_stack.ss_sp = st1;
+  uc[1].uc_stack.ss_size = sizeof st1;
+  makecontext (&uc[1], (void (*) (void)) f, 1, 1);
+
+  /* Similarly, but 2 is passed as the parameter to f. */
+  uc[2].uc_link = &uc[0];
+  uc[2].uc_stack.ss_sp = st2;
+  uc[2].uc_stack.ss_size = sizeof st2;
+  makecontext (&uc[2], (void (*) (void)) f, 1, 2);
+
+  /* Start running. */
+  swapcontext (&uc[0], &uc[1]);
+  putchar ('\n');
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+ +

This an example how the context functions can be used to implement +co-routines or cooperative multi-threading. All that has to be done is +to call every once in a while swapcontext to continue running a +different context. It is not allowed to do the context switching from +the signal handler directly since neither setcontext nor +swapcontext are functions which can be called from a signal +handler. But setting a variable in the signal handler and checking it +in the body of the functions which are executed. Since +swapcontext is saving the current context it is possible to have +multiple different scheduling points in the code. Execution will always +resume where it was left. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_12.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_12.html @@ -0,0 +1,6863 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 12. Input/Output on Streams + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12. Input/Output on Streams

+ +

This chapter describes the functions for creating streams and performing +input and output operations on them. As discussed in Input/Output Overview, a stream is a fairly abstract, high-level concept +representing a communications channel to a file, device, or process. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
12.1 Streams   About the data type representing a stream. +
12.2 Standard Streams   Streams to the standard input and output + devices are created for you. +
12.3 Opening Streams   How to create a stream to talk to a file. +
12.4 Closing Streams   Close a stream when you are finished with it. +
12.5 Streams and Threads   Issues with streams in threaded programs. +
12.6 Streams in Internationalized Applications   Streams in internationalized applications. +
12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines   Unformatted output by characters and lines. +
12.8 Character Input   Unformatted input by characters and words. +
12.9 Line-Oriented Input   Reading a line or a record from a stream. +
12.10 Unreading   Peeking ahead/pushing back input just read. +
12.11 Block Input/Output   Input and output operations on blocks of data. +
12.12 Formatted Output   printf and related functions. +
12.13 Customizing printf   You can define new conversion specifiers for + printf and friends. +
12.14 Formatted Input   scanf and related functions. +
12.15 End-Of-File and Errors   How you can tell if an I/O error happens. +
12.16 Recovering from errors   What you can do about errors. +
12.17 Text and Binary Streams   Some systems distinguish between text files + and binary files. +
12.18 File Positioning   About random-access streams. +
12.19 Portable File-Position Functions   Random access on peculiar ISO C systems. +
12.20 Stream Buffering   How to control buffering of streams. +
12.21 Other Kinds of Streams   Streams that do not necessarily correspond + to an open file. +
12.22 Formatted Messages   Print strictly formatted messages. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.1 Streams

+ +

For historical reasons, the type of the C data structure that represents +a stream is called FILE rather than “stream”. Since most of +the library functions deal with objects of type FILE *, sometimes +the term file pointer is also used to mean “stream”. This leads +to unfortunate confusion over terminology in many books on C. This +manual, however, is careful to use the terms “file” and “stream” +only in the technical sense. + +

+ +

The FILE type is declared in the header file ‘stdio.h’. +

+
+
Data Type: FILE + +
+

This is the data type used to represent stream objects. A FILE +object holds all of the internal state information about the connection +to the associated file, including such things as the file position +indicator and buffering information. Each stream also has error and +end-of-file status indicators that can be tested with the ferror +and feof functions; see End-Of-File and Errors. +

+ +

FILE objects are allocated and managed internally by the +input/output library functions. Don't try to create your own objects of +type FILE; let the library do it. Your programs should +deal only with pointers to these objects (that is, FILE * values) +rather than the objects themselves. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.2 Standard Streams

+ +

When the main function of your program is invoked, it already has +three predefined streams open and available for use. These represent +the “standard” input and output channels that have been established +for the process. +

+

These streams are declared in the header file ‘stdio.h’. + +

+
+
Variable: FILE * stdin + +
+

The standard input stream, which is the normal source of input for the +program. +

+ + +
+
Variable: FILE * stdout + +
+

The standard output stream, which is used for normal output from +the program. +

+ + +
+
Variable: FILE * stderr + +
+

The standard error stream, which is used for error messages and +diagnostics issued by the program. +

+ + +

In the GNU system, you can specify what files or processes correspond to +these streams using the pipe and redirection facilities provided by the +shell. (The primitives shells use to implement these facilities are +described in File System Interface.) Most other operating systems +provide similar mechanisms, but the details of how to use them can vary. +

+

In the GNU C library, stdin, stdout, and stderr are +normal variables which you can set just like any others. For example, +to redirect the standard output to a file, you could do: +

+
 
fclose (stdout);
+stdout = fopen ("standard-output-file", "w");
+
+ +

Note however, that in other systems stdin, stdout, and +stderr are macros that you cannot assign to in the normal way. +But you can use freopen to get the effect of closing one and +reopening it. See section Opening Streams. +

+

The three streams stdin, stdout, and stderr are not +unoriented at program start (see section Streams in Internationalized Applications). +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.3 Opening Streams

+ +

Opening a file with the fopen function creates a new stream and +establishes a connection between the stream and a file. This may +involve creating a new file. +

+ +

Everything described in this section is declared in the header file +‘stdio.h’. +

+
+
Function: FILE * fopen (const char *filename, const char *opentype) + +
+

The fopen function opens a stream for I/O to the file +filename, and returns a pointer to the stream. +

+

The opentype argument is a string that controls how the file is +opened and specifies attributes of the resulting stream. It must begin +with one of the following sequences of characters: +

+
+
‘r’
+

Open an existing file for reading only. +

+
+
‘w’
+

Open the file for writing only. If the file already exists, it is +truncated to zero length. Otherwise a new file is created. +

+
+
‘a’
+

Open a file for append access; that is, writing at the end of file only. +If the file already exists, its initial contents are unchanged and +output to the stream is appended to the end of the file. +Otherwise, a new, empty file is created. +

+
+
‘r+’
+

Open an existing file for both reading and writing. The initial contents +of the file are unchanged and the initial file position is at the +beginning of the file. +

+
+
‘w+’
+

Open a file for both reading and writing. If the file already exists, it +is truncated to zero length. Otherwise, a new file is created. +

+
+
‘a+’
+

Open or create file for both reading and appending. If the file exists, +its initial contents are unchanged. Otherwise, a new file is created. +The initial file position for reading is at the beginning of the file, +but output is always appended to the end of the file. +

+
+ +

As you can see, ‘+’ requests a stream that can do both input and +output. The ISO standard says that when using such a stream, you must +call fflush (see section Stream Buffering) or a file positioning +function such as fseek (see section File Positioning) when switching +from reading to writing or vice versa. Otherwise, internal buffers +might not be emptied properly. The GNU C library does not have this +limitation; you can do arbitrary reading and writing operations on a +stream in whatever order. +

+

Additional characters may appear after these to specify flags for the +call. Always put the mode (‘r’, ‘w+’, etc.) first; that is +the only part you are guaranteed will be understood by all systems. +

+

The GNU C library defines one additional character for use in +opentype: the character ‘x’ insists on creating a new +file—if a file filename already exists, fopen fails +rather than opening it. If you use ‘x’ you are guaranteed that +you will not clobber an existing file. This is equivalent to the +O_EXCL option to the open function (see section Opening and Closing Files). +

+

The character ‘b’ in opentype has a standard meaning; it +requests a binary stream rather than a text stream. But this makes no +difference in POSIX systems (including the GNU system). If both +‘+’ and ‘b’ are specified, they can appear in either order. +See section Text and Binary Streams. +

+ + +

If the opentype string contains the sequence +,ccs=STRING then STRING is taken as the name of a +coded character set and fopen will mark the stream as +wide-oriented which appropriate conversion functions in place to convert +from and to the character set STRING is place. Any other stream +is opened initially unoriented and the orientation is decided with the +first file operation. If the first operation is a wide character +operation, the stream is not only marked as wide-oriented, also the +conversion functions to convert to the coded character set used for the +current locale are loaded. This will not change anymore from this point +on even if the locale selected for the LC_CTYPE category is +changed. +

+

Any other characters in opentype are simply ignored. They may be +meaningful in other systems. +

+

If the open fails, fopen returns a null pointer. +

+

When the sources are compiling with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a +32 bit machine this function is in fact fopen64 since the LFS +interface replaces transparently the old interface. +

+ +

You can have multiple streams (or file descriptors) pointing to the same +file open at the same time. If you do only input, this works +straightforwardly, but you must be careful if any output streams are +included. See section Dangers of Mixing Streams and Descriptors. This is equally true +whether the streams are in one program (not usual) or in several +programs (which can easily happen). It may be advantageous to use the +file locking facilities to avoid simultaneous access. See section File Locks. +

+
+
Function: FILE * fopen64 (const char *filename, const char *opentype) + +
+

This function is similar to fopen but the stream it returns a +pointer for is opened using open64. Therefore this stream can be +used even on files larger then 2^31 bytes on 32 bit machines. +

+

Please note that the return type is still FILE *. There is no +special FILE type for the LFS interface. +

+

If the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a 32 +bits machine this function is available under the name fopen +and so transparently replaces the old interface. +

+ +
+
Macro: int FOPEN_MAX + +
+

The value of this macro is an integer constant expression that +represents the minimum number of streams that the implementation +guarantees can be open simultaneously. You might be able to open more +than this many streams, but that is not guaranteed. The value of this +constant is at least eight, which includes the three standard streams +stdin, stdout, and stderr. In POSIX.1 systems this +value is determined by the OPEN_MAX parameter; see section General Capacity Limits. In BSD and GNU, it is controlled by the RLIMIT_NOFILE +resource limit; see section Limiting Resource Usage. +

+ +
+
Function: FILE * freopen (const char *filename, const char *opentype, FILE *stream) + +
+

This function is like a combination of fclose and fopen. +It first closes the stream referred to by stream, ignoring any +errors that are detected in the process. (Because errors are ignored, +you should not use freopen on an output stream if you have +actually done any output using the stream.) Then the file named by +filename is opened with mode opentype as for fopen, +and associated with the same stream object stream. +

+

If the operation fails, a null pointer is returned; otherwise, +freopen returns stream. +

+

freopen has traditionally been used to connect a standard stream +such as stdin with a file of your own choice. This is useful in +programs in which use of a standard stream for certain purposes is +hard-coded. In the GNU C library, you can simply close the standard +streams and open new ones with fopen. But other systems lack +this ability, so using freopen is more portable. +

+

When the sources are compiling with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a +32 bit machine this function is in fact freopen64 since the LFS +interface replaces transparently the old interface. +

+ +
+
Function: FILE * freopen64 (const char *filename, const char *opentype, FILE *stream) + +
+

This function is similar to freopen. The only difference is that +on 32 bit machine the stream returned is able to read beyond the +2^31 bytes limits imposed by the normal interface. It should be +noted that the stream pointed to by stream need not be opened +using fopen64 or freopen64 since its mode is not important +for this function. +

+

If the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a 32 +bits machine this function is available under the name freopen +and so transparently replaces the old interface. +

+ +

In some situations it is useful to know whether a given stream is +available for reading or writing. This information is normally not +available and would have to be remembered separately. Solaris +introduced a few functions to get this information from the stream +descriptor and these functions are also available in the GNU C library. +

+
+
Function: int __freadable (FILE *stream) + +
+

The __freadable function determines whether the stream +stream was opened to allow reading. In this case the return value +is nonzero. For write-only streams the function returns zero. +

+

This function is declared in ‘stdio_ext.h’. +

+ +
+
Function: int __fwritable (FILE *stream) + +
+

The __fwritable function determines whether the stream +stream was opened to allow writing. In this case the return value +is nonzero. For read-only streams the function returns zero. +

+

This function is declared in ‘stdio_ext.h’. +

+ +

For slightly different kind of problems there are two more functions. +They provide even finer-grained information. +

+
+
Function: int __freading (FILE *stream) + +
+

The __freading function determines whether the stream +stream was last read from or whether it is opened read-only. In +this case the return value is nonzero, otherwise it is zero. +Determining whether a stream opened for reading and writing was last +used for writing allows to draw conclusions about the content about the +buffer, among other things. +

+

This function is declared in ‘stdio_ext.h’. +

+ +
+
Function: int __fwriting (FILE *stream) + +
+

The __fwriting function determines whether the stream +stream was last written to or whether it is opened write-only. In +this case the return value is nonzero, otherwise it is zero. +

+

This function is declared in ‘stdio_ext.h’. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.4 Closing Streams

+ +

When a stream is closed with fclose, the connection between the +stream and the file is canceled. After you have closed a stream, you +cannot perform any additional operations on it. +

+
+
Function: int fclose (FILE *stream) + +
+

This function causes stream to be closed and the connection to +the corresponding file to be broken. Any buffered output is written +and any buffered input is discarded. The fclose function returns +a value of 0 if the file was closed successfully, and EOF +if an error was detected. +

+

It is important to check for errors when you call fclose to close +an output stream, because real, everyday errors can be detected at this +time. For example, when fclose writes the remaining buffered +output, it might get an error because the disk is full. Even if you +know the buffer is empty, errors can still occur when closing a file if +you are using NFS. +

+

The function fclose is declared in ‘stdio.h’. +

+ +

To close all streams currently available the GNU C Library provides +another function. +

+
+
Function: int fcloseall (void) + +
+

This function causes all open streams of the process to be closed and +the connection to corresponding files to be broken. All buffered data +is written and any buffered input is discarded. The fcloseall +function returns a value of 0 if all the files were closed +successfully, and EOF if an error was detected. +

+

This function should be used only in special situations, e.g., when an +error occurred and the program must be aborted. Normally each single +stream should be closed separately so that problems with individual +streams can be identified. It is also problematic since the standard +streams (see section Standard Streams) will also be closed. +

+

The function fcloseall is declared in ‘stdio.h’. +

+ +

If the main function to your program returns, or if you call the +exit function (see section Normal Termination), all open streams are +automatically closed properly. If your program terminates in any other +manner, such as by calling the abort function (see section Aborting a Program) or from a fatal signal (see section Signal Handling), open streams +might not be closed properly. Buffered output might not be flushed and +files may be incomplete. For more information on buffering of streams, +see Stream Buffering. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

12.5 Streams and Threads

+ +

Streams can be used in multi-threaded applications in the same way they +are used in single-threaded applications. But the programmer must be +aware of the possible complications. It is important to know about +these also if the program one writes never use threads since the design +and implementation of many stream functions is heavily influenced by the +requirements added by multi-threaded programming. +

+

The POSIX standard requires that by default the stream operations are +atomic. I.e., issuing two stream operations for the same stream in two +threads at the same time will cause the operations to be executed as if +they were issued sequentially. The buffer operations performed while +reading or writing are protected from other uses of the same stream. To +do this each stream has an internal lock object which has to be +(implicitly) acquired before any work can be done. +

+

But there are situations where this is not enough and there are also +situations where this is not wanted. The implicit locking is not enough +if the program requires more than one stream function call to happen +atomically. One example would be if an output line a program wants to +generate is created by several function calls. The functions by +themselves would ensure only atomicity of their own operation, but not +atomicity over all the function calls. For this it is necessary to +perform the stream locking in the application code. +

+
+
Function: void flockfile (FILE *stream) + +
+

The flockfile function acquires the internal locking object +associated with the stream stream. This ensures that no other +thread can explicitly through flockfile/ftrylockfile or +implicit through a call of a stream function lock the stream. The +thread will block until the lock is acquired. An explicit call to +funlockfile has to be used to release the lock. +

+ +
+
Function: int ftrylockfile (FILE *stream) + +
+

The ftrylockfile function tries to acquire the internal locking +object associated with the stream stream just like +flockfile. But unlike flockfile this function does not +block if the lock is not available. ftrylockfile returns zero if +the lock was successfully acquired. Otherwise the stream is locked by +another thread. +

+ +
+
Function: void funlockfile (FILE *stream) + +
+

The funlockfile function releases the internal locking object of +the stream stream. The stream must have been locked before by a +call to flockfile or a successful call of ftrylockfile. +The implicit locking performed by the stream operations do not count. +The funlockfile function does not return an error status and the +behavior of a call for a stream which is not locked by the current +thread is undefined. +

+ +

The following example shows how the functions above can be used to +generate an output line atomically even in multi-threaded applications +(yes, the same job could be done with one fprintf call but it is +sometimes not possible): +

+
 
FILE *fp;
+{
+   …
+   flockfile (fp);
+   fputs ("This is test number ", fp);
+   fprintf (fp, "%d\n", test);
+   funlockfile (fp)
+}
+
+ +

Without the explicit locking it would be possible for another thread to +use the stream fp after the fputs call return and before +fprintf was called with the result that the number does not +follow the word ‘number’. +

+

From this description it might already be clear that the locking objects +in streams are no simple mutexes. Since locking the same stream twice +in the same thread is allowed the locking objects must be equivalent to +recursive mutexes. These mutexes keep track of the owner and the number +of times the lock is acquired. The same number of funlockfile +calls by the same threads is necessary to unlock the stream completely. +For instance: +

+
 
void
+foo (FILE *fp)
+{
+  ftrylockfile (fp);
+  fputs ("in foo\n", fp);
+  /* This is very wrong!!!  */
+  funlockfile (fp);
+}
+
+ +

It is important here that the funlockfile function is only called +if the ftrylockfile function succeeded in locking the stream. It +is therefore always wrong to ignore the result of ftrylockfile. +And it makes no sense since otherwise one would use flockfile. +The result of code like that above is that either funlockfile +tries to free a stream that hasn't been locked by the current thread or it +frees the stream prematurely. The code should look like this: +

+
 
void
+foo (FILE *fp)
+{
+  if (ftrylockfile (fp) == 0)
+    {
+      fputs ("in foo\n", fp);
+      funlockfile (fp);
+    }
+}
+
+ +

Now that we covered why it is necessary to have these locking it is +necessary to talk about situations when locking is unwanted and what can +be done. The locking operations (explicit or implicit) don't come for +free. Even if a lock is not taken the cost is not zero. The operations +which have to be performed require memory operations that are safe in +multi-processor environments. With the many local caches involved in +such systems this is quite costly. So it is best to avoid the locking +completely if it is not needed – because the code in question is never +used in a context where two or more threads may use a stream at a time. +This can be determined most of the time for application code; for +library code which can be used in many contexts one should default to be +conservative and use locking. +

+

There are two basic mechanisms to avoid locking. The first is to use +the _unlocked variants of the stream operations. The POSIX +standard defines quite a few of those and the GNU library adds a few +more. These variants of the functions behave just like the functions +with the name without the suffix except that they do not lock the +stream. Using these functions is very desirable since they are +potentially much faster. This is not only because the locking +operation itself is avoided. More importantly, functions like +putc and getc are very simple and traditionally (before the +introduction of threads) were implemented as macros which are very fast +if the buffer is not empty. With the addition of locking requirements +these functions are no longer implemented as macros since they would +would expand to too much code. +But these macros are still available with the same functionality under the new +names putc_unlocked and getc_unlocked. This possibly huge +difference of speed also suggests the use of the _unlocked +functions even if locking is required. The difference is that the +locking then has to be performed in the program: +

+
 
void
+foo (FILE *fp, char *buf)
+{
+  flockfile (fp);
+  while (*buf != '/')
+    putc_unlocked (*buf++, fp);
+  funlockfile (fp);
+}
+
+ +

If in this example the putc function would be used and the +explicit locking would be missing the putc function would have to +acquire the lock in every call, potentially many times depending on when +the loop terminates. Writing it the way illustrated above allows the +putc_unlocked macro to be used which means no locking and direct +manipulation of the buffer of the stream. +

+

A second way to avoid locking is by using a non-standard function which +was introduced in Solaris and is available in the GNU C library as well. +

+
+
Function: int __fsetlocking (FILE *stream, int type) + +
+

The __fsetlocking function can be used to select whether the +stream operations will implicitly acquire the locking object of the +stream stream. By default this is done but it can be disabled and +reinstated using this function. There are three values defined for the +type parameter. +

+
+
FSETLOCKING_INTERNAL + +
+

The stream stream will from now on use the default internal +locking. Every stream operation with exception of the _unlocked +variants will implicitly lock the stream. +

+
+
FSETLOCKING_BYCALLER + +
+

After the __fsetlocking function returns the user is responsible +for locking the stream. None of the stream operations will implicitly +do this anymore until the state is set back to +FSETLOCKING_INTERNAL. +

+
+
FSETLOCKING_QUERY + +
+

__fsetlocking only queries the current locking state of the +stream. The return value will be FSETLOCKING_INTERNAL or +FSETLOCKING_BYCALLER depending on the state. +

+
+ +

The return value of __fsetlocking is either +FSETLOCKING_INTERNAL or FSETLOCKING_BYCALLER depending on +the state of the stream before the call. +

+

This function and the values for the type parameter are declared +in ‘stdio_ext.h’. +

+ +

This function is especially useful when program code has to be used +which is written without knowledge about the _unlocked functions +(or if the programmer was too lazy to use them). +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

12.6 Streams in Internationalized Applications

+ +

ISO C90 introduced the new type wchar_t to allow handling +larger character sets. What was missing was a possibility to output +strings of wchar_t directly. One had to convert them into +multibyte strings using mbstowcs (there was no mbsrtowcs +yet) and then use the normal stream functions. While this is doable it +is very cumbersome since performing the conversions is not trivial and +greatly increases program complexity and size. +

+

The Unix standard early on (I think in XPG4.2) introduced two additional +format specifiers for the printf and scanf families of +functions. Printing and reading of single wide characters was made +possible using the %C specifier and wide character strings can be +handled with %S. These modifiers behave just like %c and +%s only that they expect the corresponding argument to have the +wide character type and that the wide character and string are +transformed into/from multibyte strings before being used. +

+

This was a beginning but it is still not good enough. Not always is it +desirable to use printf and scanf. The other, smaller and +faster functions cannot handle wide characters. Second, it is not +possible to have a format string for printf and scanf +consisting of wide characters. The result is that format strings would +have to be generated if they have to contain non-basic characters. +

+ + +

In the Amendment 1 to ISO C90 a whole new set of functions was +added to solve the problem. Most of the stream functions got a +counterpart which take a wide character or wide character string instead +of a character or string respectively. The new functions operate on the +same streams (like stdout). This is different from the model of +the C++ runtime library where separate streams for wide and normal I/O +are used. +

+ + +

Being able to use the same stream for wide and normal operations comes +with a restriction: a stream can be used either for wide operations or +for normal operations. Once it is decided there is no way back. Only a +call to freopen or freopen64 can reset the +orientation. The orientation can be decided in three ways: +

+
    +
  • +If any of the normal character functions is used (this includes the +fread and fwrite functions) the stream is marked as not +wide oriented. + +
  • +If any of the wide character functions is used the stream is marked as +wide oriented. + +
  • +The fwide function can be used to set the orientation either way. +
+ +

It is important to never mix the use of wide and not wide operations on +a stream. There are no diagnostics issued. The application behavior +will simply be strange or the application will simply crash. The +fwide function can help avoiding this. +

+
+
Function: int fwide (FILE *stream, int mode) + +
+

The fwide function can be used to set and query the state of the +orientation of the stream stream. If the mode parameter has +a positive value the streams get wide oriented, for negative values +narrow oriented. It is not possible to overwrite previous orientations +with fwide. I.e., if the stream stream was already +oriented before the call nothing is done. +

+

If mode is zero the current orientation state is queried and +nothing is changed. +

+

The fwide function returns a negative value, zero, or a positive +value if the stream is narrow, not at all, or wide oriented +respectively. +

+

This function was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90 and is +declared in ‘wchar.h’. +

+ +

It is generally a good idea to orient a stream as early as possible. +This can prevent surprise especially for the standard streams +stdin, stdout, and stderr. If some library +function in some situations uses one of these streams and this use +orients the stream in a different way the rest of the application +expects it one might end up with hard to reproduce errors. Remember +that no errors are signal if the streams are used incorrectly. Leaving +a stream unoriented after creation is normally only necessary for +library functions which create streams which can be used in different +contexts. +

+

When writing code which uses streams and which can be used in different +contexts it is important to query the orientation of the stream before +using it (unless the rules of the library interface demand a specific +orientation). The following little, silly function illustrates this. +

+
 
void
+print_f (FILE *fp)
+{
+  if (fwide (fp, 0) > 0)
+    /* Positive return value means wide orientation.  */
+    fputwc (L'f', fp);
+  else
+    fputc ('f', fp);
+}
+
+ +

Note that in this case the function print_f decides about the +orientation of the stream if it was unoriented before (will not happen +if the advise above is followed). +

+

The encoding used for the wchar_t values is unspecified and the +user must not make any assumptions about it. For I/O of wchar_t +values this means that it is impossible to write these values directly +to the stream. This is not what follows from the ISO C locale model +either. What happens instead is that the bytes read from or written to +the underlying media are first converted into the internal encoding +chosen by the implementation for wchar_t. The external encoding +is determined by the LC_CTYPE category of the current locale or +by the ‘ccs’ part of the mode specification given to fopen, +fopen64, freopen, or freopen64. How and when the +conversion happens is unspecified and it happens invisible to the user. +

+

Since a stream is created in the unoriented state it has at that point +no conversion associated with it. The conversion which will be used is +determined by the LC_CTYPE category selected at the time the +stream is oriented. If the locales are changed at the runtime this +might produce surprising results unless one pays attention. This is +just another good reason to orient the stream explicitly as soon as +possible, perhaps with a call to fwide. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines

+ +

This section describes functions for performing character- and +line-oriented output. +

+

These narrow streams functions are declared in the header file +‘stdio.h’ and the wide stream functions in ‘wchar.h’. + + +

+
+
Function: int fputc (int c, FILE *stream) + +
+

The fputc function converts the character c to type +unsigned char, and writes it to the stream stream. +EOF is returned if a write error occurs; otherwise the +character c is returned. +

+ +
+
Function: wint_t fputwc (wchar_t wc, FILE *stream) + +
+

The fputwc function writes the wide character wc to the +stream stream. WEOF is returned if a write error occurs; +otherwise the character wc is returned. +

+ +
+
Function: int fputc_unlocked (int c, FILE *stream) + +
+

The fputc_unlocked function is equivalent to the fputc +function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. +

+ +
+
Function: wint_t fputwc_unlocked (wint_t wc, FILE *stream) + +
+

The fputwc_unlocked function is equivalent to the fputwc +function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: int putc (int c, FILE *stream) + +
+

This is just like fputc, except that most systems implement it as +a macro, making it faster. One consequence is that it may evaluate the +stream argument more than once, which is an exception to the +general rule for macros. putc is usually the best function to +use for writing a single character. +

+ +
+
Function: wint_t putwc (wchar_t wc, FILE *stream) + +
+

This is just like fputwc, except that it can be implement as +a macro, making it faster. One consequence is that it may evaluate the +stream argument more than once, which is an exception to the +general rule for macros. putwc is usually the best function to +use for writing a single wide character. +

+ +
+
Function: int putc_unlocked (int c, FILE *stream) + +
+

The putc_unlocked function is equivalent to the putc +function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. +

+ +
+
Function: wint_t putwc_unlocked (wchar_t wc, FILE *stream) + +
+

The putwc_unlocked function is equivalent to the putwc +function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: int putchar (int c) + +
+

The putchar function is equivalent to putc with +stdout as the value of the stream argument. +

+ +
+
Function: wint_t putwchar (wchar_t wc) + +
+

The putwchar function is equivalent to putwc with +stdout as the value of the stream argument. +

+ +
+
Function: int putchar_unlocked (int c) + +
+

The putchar_unlocked function is equivalent to the putchar +function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. +

+ +
+
Function: wint_t putwchar_unlocked (wchar_t wc) + +
+

The putwchar_unlocked function is equivalent to the putwchar +function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: int fputs (const char *s, FILE *stream) + +
+

The function fputs writes the string s to the stream +stream. The terminating null character is not written. +This function does not add a newline character, either. +It outputs only the characters in the string. +

+

This function returns EOF if a write error occurs, and otherwise +a non-negative value. +

+

For example: +

+
 
fputs ("Are ", stdout);
+fputs ("you ", stdout);
+fputs ("hungry?\n", stdout);
+
+ +

outputs the text ‘Are you hungry?’ followed by a newline. +

+ +
+
Function: int fputws (const wchar_t *ws, FILE *stream) + +
+

The function fputws writes the wide character string ws to +the stream stream. The terminating null character is not written. +This function does not add a newline character, either. It +outputs only the characters in the string. +

+

This function returns WEOF if a write error occurs, and otherwise +a non-negative value. +

+ +
+
Function: int fputs_unlocked (const char *s, FILE *stream) + +
+

The fputs_unlocked function is equivalent to the fputs +function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: int fputws_unlocked (const wchar_t *ws, FILE *stream) + +
+

The fputws_unlocked function is equivalent to the fputws +function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: int puts (const char *s) + +
+

The puts function writes the string s to the stream +stdout followed by a newline. The terminating null character of +the string is not written. (Note that fputs does not +write a newline as this function does.) +

+

puts is the most convenient function for printing simple +messages. For example: +

+
 
puts ("This is a message.");
+
+ +

outputs the text ‘This is a message.’ followed by a newline. +

+ +
+
Function: int putw (int w, FILE *stream) + +
+

This function writes the word w (that is, an int) to +stream. It is provided for compatibility with SVID, but we +recommend you use fwrite instead (see section Block Input/Output). +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

12.8 Character Input

+ +

This section describes functions for performing character-oriented +input. These narrow streams functions are declared in the header file +‘stdio.h’ and the wide character functions are declared in +‘wchar.h’. + + +

+

These functions return an int or wint_t value (for narrow +and wide stream functions respectively) that is either a character of +input, or the special value EOF/WEOF (usually -1). For +the narrow stream functions it is important to store the result of these +functions in a variable of type int instead of char, even +when you plan to use it only as a character. Storing EOF in a +char variable truncates its value to the size of a character, so +that it is no longer distinguishable from the valid character +‘(char) -1’. So always use an int for the result of +getc and friends, and check for EOF after the call; once +you've verified that the result is not EOF, you can be sure that +it will fit in a ‘char’ variable without loss of information. +

+
+
Function: int fgetc (FILE *stream) + +
+

This function reads the next character as an unsigned char from +the stream stream and returns its value, converted to an +int. If an end-of-file condition or read error occurs, +EOF is returned instead. +

+ +
+
Function: wint_t fgetwc (FILE *stream) + +
+

This function reads the next wide character from the stream stream +and returns its value. If an end-of-file condition or read error +occurs, WEOF is returned instead. +

+ +
+
Function: int fgetc_unlocked (FILE *stream) + +
+

The fgetc_unlocked function is equivalent to the fgetc +function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. +

+ +
+
Function: wint_t fgetwc_unlocked (FILE *stream) + +
+

The fgetwc_unlocked function is equivalent to the fgetwc +function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: int getc (FILE *stream) + +
+

This is just like fgetc, except that it is permissible (and +typical) for it to be implemented as a macro that evaluates the +stream argument more than once. getc is often highly +optimized, so it is usually the best function to use to read a single +character. +

+ +
+
Function: wint_t getwc (FILE *stream) + +
+

This is just like fgetwc, except that it is permissible for it to +be implemented as a macro that evaluates the stream argument more +than once. getwc can be highly optimized, so it is usually the +best function to use to read a single wide character. +

+ +
+
Function: int getc_unlocked (FILE *stream) + +
+

The getc_unlocked function is equivalent to the getc +function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. +

+ +
+
Function: wint_t getwc_unlocked (FILE *stream) + +
+

The getwc_unlocked function is equivalent to the getwc +function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: int getchar (void) + +
+

The getchar function is equivalent to getc with stdin +as the value of the stream argument. +

+ +
+
Function: wint_t getwchar (void) + +
+

The getwchar function is equivalent to getwc with stdin +as the value of the stream argument. +

+ +
+
Function: int getchar_unlocked (void) + +
+

The getchar_unlocked function is equivalent to the getchar +function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. +

+ +
+
Function: wint_t getwchar_unlocked (void) + +
+

The getwchar_unlocked function is equivalent to the getwchar +function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +

Here is an example of a function that does input using fgetc. It +would work just as well using getc instead, or using +getchar () instead of fgetc (stdin). The code would +also work the same for the wide character stream functions. +

+
 
int
+y_or_n_p (const char *question)
+{
+  fputs (question, stdout);
+  while (1)
+    {
+      int c, answer;
+      /* Write a space to separate answer from question. */
+      fputc (' ', stdout);
+      /* Read the first character of the line.
+         This should be the answer character, but might not be. */
+      c = tolower (fgetc (stdin));
+      answer = c;
+      /* Discard rest of input line. */
+      while (c != '\n' && c != EOF)
+        c = fgetc (stdin);
+      /* Obey the answer if it was valid. */
+      if (answer == 'y')
+        return 1;
+      if (answer == 'n')
+        return 0;
+      /* Answer was invalid: ask for valid answer. */
+      fputs ("Please answer y or n:", stdout);
+    }
+}
+
+ +
+
Function: int getw (FILE *stream) + +
+

This function reads a word (that is, an int) from stream. +It's provided for compatibility with SVID. We recommend you use +fread instead (see section Block Input/Output). Unlike getc, +any int value could be a valid result. getw returns +EOF when it encounters end-of-file or an error, but there is no +way to distinguish this from an input word with value -1. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

12.9 Line-Oriented Input

+ +

Since many programs interpret input on the basis of lines, it is +convenient to have functions to read a line of text from a stream. +

+

Standard C has functions to do this, but they aren't very safe: null +characters and even (for gets) long lines can confuse them. So +the GNU library provides the nonstandard getline function that +makes it easy to read lines reliably. +

+

Another GNU extension, getdelim, generalizes getline. It +reads a delimited record, defined as everything through the next +occurrence of a specified delimiter character. +

+

All these functions are declared in ‘stdio.h’. +

+
+
Function: ssize_t getline (char **lineptr, size_t *n, FILE *stream) + +
+

This function reads an entire line from stream, storing the text +(including the newline and a terminating null character) in a buffer +and storing the buffer address in *lineptr. +

+

Before calling getline, you should place in *lineptr +the address of a buffer *n bytes long, allocated with +malloc. If this buffer is long enough to hold the line, +getline stores the line in this buffer. Otherwise, +getline makes the buffer bigger using realloc, storing the +new buffer address back in *lineptr and the increased size +back in *n. +See section Unconstrained Allocation. +

+

If you set *lineptr to a null pointer, and *n +to zero, before the call, then getline allocates the initial +buffer for you by calling malloc. +

+

In either case, when getline returns, *lineptr is +a char * which points to the text of the line. +

+

When getline is successful, it returns the number of characters +read (including the newline, but not including the terminating null). +This value enables you to distinguish null characters that are part of +the line from the null character inserted as a terminator. +

+

This function is a GNU extension, but it is the recommended way to read +lines from a stream. The alternative standard functions are unreliable. +

+

If an error occurs or end of file is reached without any bytes read, +getline returns -1. +

+ +
+
Function: ssize_t getdelim (char **lineptr, size_t *n, int delimiter, FILE *stream) + +
+

This function is like getline except that the character which +tells it to stop reading is not necessarily newline. The argument +delimiter specifies the delimiter character; getdelim keeps +reading until it sees that character (or end of file). +

+

The text is stored in lineptr, including the delimiter character +and a terminating null. Like getline, getdelim makes +lineptr bigger if it isn't big enough. +

+

getline is in fact implemented in terms of getdelim, just +like this: +

+
 
ssize_t
+getline (char **lineptr, size_t *n, FILE *stream)
+{
+  return getdelim (lineptr, n, '\n', stream);
+}
+
+
+ +
+
Function: char * fgets (char *s, int count, FILE *stream) + +
+

The fgets function reads characters from the stream stream +up to and including a newline character and stores them in the string +s, adding a null character to mark the end of the string. You +must supply count characters worth of space in s, but the +number of characters read is at most count - 1. The extra +character space is used to hold the null character at the end of the +string. +

+

If the system is already at end of file when you call fgets, then +the contents of the array s are unchanged and a null pointer is +returned. A null pointer is also returned if a read error occurs. +Otherwise, the return value is the pointer s. +

+

Warning: If the input data has a null character, you can't tell. +So don't use fgets unless you know the data cannot contain a null. +Don't use it to read files edited by the user because, if the user inserts +a null character, you should either handle it properly or print a clear +error message. We recommend using getline instead of fgets. +

+ +
+
Function: wchar_t * fgetws (wchar_t *ws, int count, FILE *stream) + +
+

The fgetws function reads wide characters from the stream +stream up to and including a newline character and stores them in +the string ws, adding a null wide character to mark the end of the +string. You must supply count wide characters worth of space in +ws, but the number of characters read is at most count +- 1. The extra character space is used to hold the null wide +character at the end of the string. +

+

If the system is already at end of file when you call fgetws, then +the contents of the array ws are unchanged and a null pointer is +returned. A null pointer is also returned if a read error occurs. +Otherwise, the return value is the pointer ws. +

+

Warning: If the input data has a null wide character (which are +null bytes in the input stream), you can't tell. So don't use +fgetws unless you know the data cannot contain a null. Don't use +it to read files edited by the user because, if the user inserts a null +character, you should either handle it properly or print a clear error +message. +

+ +
+
Function: char * fgets_unlocked (char *s, int count, FILE *stream) + +
+

The fgets_unlocked function is equivalent to the fgets +function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: wchar_t * fgetws_unlocked (wchar_t *ws, int count, FILE *stream) + +
+

The fgetws_unlocked function is equivalent to the fgetws +function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Deprecated function: char * gets (char *s) + +
+

The function gets reads characters from the stream stdin +up to the next newline character, and stores them in the string s. +The newline character is discarded (note that this differs from the +behavior of fgets, which copies the newline character into the +string). If gets encounters a read error or end-of-file, it +returns a null pointer; otherwise it returns s. +

+

Warning: The gets function is very dangerous +because it provides no protection against overflowing the string +s. The GNU library includes it for compatibility only. You +should always use fgets or getline instead. To +remind you of this, the linker (if using GNU ld) will issue a +warning whenever you use gets. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.10 Unreading

+ +

In parser programs it is often useful to examine the next character in +the input stream without removing it from the stream. This is called +“peeking ahead” at the input because your program gets a glimpse of +the input it will read next. +

+

Using stream I/O, you can peek ahead at input by first reading it and +then unreading it (also called pushing it back on the stream). +Unreading a character makes it available to be input again from the stream, +by the next call to fgetc or other input function on that stream. +

+ + + +
12.10.1 What Unreading Means   An explanation of unreading with pictures. +
12.10.2 Using ungetc To Do Unreading   How to call ungetc to do unreading. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

12.10.1 What Unreading Means

+ +

Here is a pictorial explanation of unreading. Suppose you have a +stream reading a file that contains just six characters, the letters +‘foobar’. Suppose you have read three characters so far. The +situation looks like this: +

+
 
f  o  o  b  a  r
+         ^
+
+ +

so the next input character will be ‘b’. +

+

If instead of reading ‘b’ you unread the letter ‘o’, you get a +situation like this: +

+
 
f  o  o  b  a  r
+         |
+      o--
+      ^
+
+ +

so that the next input characters will be ‘o’ and ‘b’. +

+

If you unread ‘9’ instead of ‘o’, you get this situation: +

+
 
f  o  o  b  a  r
+         |
+      9--
+      ^
+
+ +

so that the next input characters will be ‘9’ and ‘b’. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

12.10.2 Using ungetc To Do Unreading

+ +

The function to unread a character is called ungetc, because it +reverses the action of getc. +

+
+
Function: int ungetc (int c, FILE *stream) + +
+

The ungetc function pushes back the character c onto the +input stream stream. So the next input from stream will +read c before anything else. +

+

If c is EOF, ungetc does nothing and just returns +EOF. This lets you call ungetc with the return value of +getc without needing to check for an error from getc. +

+

The character that you push back doesn't have to be the same as the last +character that was actually read from the stream. In fact, it isn't +necessary to actually read any characters from the stream before +unreading them with ungetc! But that is a strange way to write a +program; usually ungetc is used only to unread a character that +was just read from the same stream. The GNU C library supports this +even on files opened in binary mode, but other systems might not. +

+

The GNU C library only supports one character of pushback—in other +words, it does not work to call ungetc twice without doing input +in between. Other systems might let you push back multiple characters; +then reading from the stream retrieves the characters in the reverse +order that they were pushed. +

+

Pushing back characters doesn't alter the file; only the internal +buffering for the stream is affected. If a file positioning function +(such as fseek, fseeko or rewind; see section File Positioning) is called, any pending pushed-back characters are +discarded. +

+

Unreading a character on a stream that is at end of file clears the +end-of-file indicator for the stream, because it makes the character of +input available. After you read that character, trying to read again +will encounter end of file. +

+ +
+
Function: wint_t ungetwc (wint_t wc, FILE *stream) + +
+

The ungetwc function behaves just like ungetc just that it +pushes back a wide character. +

+ +

Here is an example showing the use of getc and ungetc to +skip over whitespace characters. When this function reaches a +non-whitespace character, it unreads that character to be seen again on +the next read operation on the stream. +

+
 
#include <stdio.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+void
+skip_whitespace (FILE *stream)
+{
+  int c;
+  do
+    /* No need to check for EOF because it is not
+       isspace, and ungetc ignores EOF.  */
+    c = getc (stream);
+  while (isspace (c));
+  ungetc (c, stream);
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

12.11 Block Input/Output

+ +

This section describes how to do input and output operations on blocks +of data. You can use these functions to read and write binary data, as +well as to read and write text in fixed-size blocks instead of by +characters or lines. + + + + +

+

Binary files are typically used to read and write blocks of data in the +same format as is used to represent the data in a running program. In +other words, arbitrary blocks of memory—not just character or string +objects—can be written to a binary file, and meaningfully read in +again by the same program. +

+

Storing data in binary form is often considerably more efficient than +using the formatted I/O functions. Also, for floating-point numbers, +the binary form avoids possible loss of precision in the conversion +process. On the other hand, binary files can't be examined or modified +easily using many standard file utilities (such as text editors), and +are not portable between different implementations of the language, or +different kinds of computers. +

+

These functions are declared in ‘stdio.h’. + +

+
+
Function: size_t fread (void *data, size_t size, size_t count, FILE *stream) + +
+

This function reads up to count objects of size size into +the array data, from the stream stream. It returns the +number of objects actually read, which might be less than count if +a read error occurs or the end of the file is reached. This function +returns a value of zero (and doesn't read anything) if either size +or count is zero. +

+

If fread encounters end of file in the middle of an object, it +returns the number of complete objects read, and discards the partial +object. Therefore, the stream remains at the actual end of the file. +

+ +
+
Function: size_t fread_unlocked (void *data, size_t size, size_t count, FILE *stream) + +
+

The fread_unlocked function is equivalent to the fread +function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: size_t fwrite (const void *data, size_t size, size_t count, FILE *stream) + +
+

This function writes up to count objects of size size from +the array data, to the stream stream. The return value is +normally count, if the call succeeds. Any other value indicates +some sort of error, such as running out of space. +

+ +
+
Function: size_t fwrite_unlocked (const void *data, size_t size, size_t count, FILE *stream) + +
+

The fwrite_unlocked function is equivalent to the fwrite +function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

12.12 Formatted Output

+ +

The functions described in this section (printf and related +functions) provide a convenient way to perform formatted output. You +call printf with a format string or template string +that specifies how to format the values of the remaining arguments. +

+

Unless your program is a filter that specifically performs line- or +character-oriented processing, using printf or one of the other +related functions described in this section is usually the easiest and +most concise way to perform output. These functions are especially +useful for printing error messages, tables of data, and the like. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
12.12.1 Formatted Output Basics   Some examples to get you started. +
12.12.2 Output Conversion Syntax   General syntax of conversion + specifications. +
12.12.3 Table of Output Conversions   Summary of output conversions and + what they do. +
12.12.4 Integer Conversions   Details about formatting of integers. +
12.12.5 Floating-Point Conversions   Details about formatting of + floating-point numbers. +
12.12.6 Other Output Conversions   Details about formatting of strings, + characters, pointers, and the like. +
12.12.7 Formatted Output Functions   Descriptions of the actual functions. +
12.12.8 Dynamically Allocating Formatted Output   Functions that allocate memory for the output. +
12.12.9 Variable Arguments Output Functions   vprintf and friends. +
12.12.10 Parsing a Template String   What kinds of args does a given template + call for? +
12.12.11 Example of Parsing a Template String   Sample program using parse_printf_format. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

12.12.1 Formatted Output Basics

+ +

The printf function can be used to print any number of arguments. +The template string argument you supply in a call provides +information not only about the number of additional arguments, but also +about their types and what style should be used for printing them. +

+

Ordinary characters in the template string are simply written to the +output stream as-is, while conversion specifications introduced by +a ‘%’ character in the template cause subsequent arguments to be +formatted and written to the output stream. For example, + +

+
 
int pct = 37;
+char filename[] = "foo.txt";
+printf ("Processing of `%s' is %d%% finished.\nPlease be patient.\n",
+        filename, pct);
+
+ +

produces output like +

+
 
Processing of `foo.txt' is 37% finished.
+Please be patient.
+
+ +

This example shows the use of the ‘%d’ conversion to specify that +an int argument should be printed in decimal notation, the +‘%s’ conversion to specify printing of a string argument, and +the ‘%%’ conversion to print a literal ‘%’ character. +

+

There are also conversions for printing an integer argument as an +unsigned value in octal, decimal, or hexadecimal radix (‘%o’, +‘%u’, or ‘%x’, respectively); or as a character value +(‘%c’). +

+

Floating-point numbers can be printed in normal, fixed-point notation +using the ‘%f’ conversion or in exponential notation using the +‘%e’ conversion. The ‘%g’ conversion uses either ‘%e’ +or ‘%f’ format, depending on what is more appropriate for the +magnitude of the particular number. +

+

You can control formatting more precisely by writing modifiers +between the ‘%’ and the character that indicates which conversion +to apply. These slightly alter the ordinary behavior of the conversion. +For example, most conversion specifications permit you to specify a +minimum field width and a flag indicating whether you want the result +left- or right-justified within the field. +

+

The specific flags and modifiers that are permitted and their +interpretation vary depending on the particular conversion. They're all +described in more detail in the following sections. Don't worry if this +all seems excessively complicated at first; you can almost always get +reasonable free-format output without using any of the modifiers at all. +The modifiers are mostly used to make the output look “prettier” in +tables. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

12.12.2 Output Conversion Syntax

+ +

This section provides details about the precise syntax of conversion +specifications that can appear in a printf template +string. +

+

Characters in the template string that are not part of a conversion +specification are printed as-is to the output stream. Multibyte +character sequences (see section Character Set Handling) are permitted in a +template string. +

+

The conversion specifications in a printf template string have +the general form: +

+
 
% [ param-no $] flags width [ . precision ] type conversion
+
+ +

or +

+
 
% [ param-no $] flags width . * [ param-no $] type conversion
+
+ +

For example, in the conversion specifier ‘%-10.8ld’, the ‘-’ +is a flag, ‘10’ specifies the field width, the precision is +‘8’, the letter ‘l’ is a type modifier, and ‘d’ specifies +the conversion style. (This particular type specifier says to +print a long int argument in decimal notation, with a minimum of +8 digits left-justified in a field at least 10 characters wide.) +

+

In more detail, output conversion specifications consist of an +initial ‘%’ character followed in sequence by: +

+
    +
  • +An optional specification of the parameter used for this format. +Normally the parameters to the printf function are assigned to the +formats in the order of appearance in the format string. But in some +situations (such as message translation) this is not desirable and this +extension allows an explicit parameter to be specified. + +

    The param-no parts of the format must be integers in the range of +1 to the maximum number of arguments present to the function call. Some +implementations limit this number to a certainly upper bound. The exact +limit can be retrieved by the following constant. +

    +
    +
    Macro: NL_ARGMAX + +
    +

    The value of NL_ARGMAX is the maximum value allowed for the +specification of an positional parameter in a printf call. The +actual value in effect at runtime can be retrieved by using +sysconf using the _SC_NL_ARGMAX parameter see section Definition of sysconf. +

    +

    Some system have a quite low limit such as 9 for System V +systems. The GNU C library has no real limit. +

    + +

    If any of the formats has a specification for the parameter position all +of them in the format string shall have one. Otherwise the behavior is +undefined. +

    +
  • +Zero or more flag characters that modify the normal behavior of +the conversion specification. + + +
  • +An optional decimal integer specifying the minimum field width. +If the normal conversion produces fewer characters than this, the field +is padded with spaces to the specified width. This is a minimum +value; if the normal conversion produces more characters than this, the +field is not truncated. Normally, the output is right-justified +within the field. + + +

    You can also specify a field width of ‘*’. This means that the +next argument in the argument list (before the actual value to be +printed) is used as the field width. The value must be an int. +If the value is negative, this means to set the ‘-’ flag (see +below) and to use the absolute value as the field width. +

    +
  • +An optional precision to specify the number of digits to be +written for the numeric conversions. If the precision is specified, it +consists of a period (‘.’) followed optionally by a decimal integer +(which defaults to zero if omitted). + + +

    You can also specify a precision of ‘*’. This means that the next +argument in the argument list (before the actual value to be printed) is +used as the precision. The value must be an int, and is ignored +if it is negative. If you specify ‘*’ for both the field width and +precision, the field width argument precedes the precision argument. +Other C library versions may not recognize this syntax. +

    +
  • +An optional type modifier character, which is used to specify the +data type of the corresponding argument if it differs from the default +type. (For example, the integer conversions assume a type of int, +but you can specify ‘h’, ‘l’, or ‘L’ for other integer +types.) + + +
  • +A character that specifies the conversion to be applied. +
+ +

The exact options that are permitted and how they are interpreted vary +between the different conversion specifiers. See the descriptions of the +individual conversions for information about the particular options that +they use. +

+

With the ‘-Wformat’ option, the GNU C compiler checks calls to +printf and related functions. It examines the format string and +verifies that the correct number and types of arguments are supplied. +There is also a GNU C syntax to tell the compiler that a function you +write uses a printf-style format string. +See (gcc.info)Function Attributes section `Declaring Attributes of Functions' in Using GNU CC, for more information. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.12.3 Table of Output Conversions

+ +

Here is a table summarizing what all the different conversions do: +

+
+
‘%d’, ‘%i’
+

Print an integer as a signed decimal number. See section Integer Conversions, for details. ‘%d’ and ‘%i’ are synonymous for +output, but are different when used with scanf for input +(see section Table of Input Conversions). +

+
+
‘%o’
+

Print an integer as an unsigned octal number. See section Integer Conversions, for details. +

+
+
‘%u’
+

Print an integer as an unsigned decimal number. See section Integer Conversions, for details. +

+
+
‘%x’, ‘%X’
+

Print an integer as an unsigned hexadecimal number. ‘%x’ uses +lower-case letters and ‘%X’ uses upper-case. See section Integer Conversions, for details. +

+
+
‘%f’
+

Print a floating-point number in normal (fixed-point) notation. +See section Floating-Point Conversions, for details. +

+
+
‘%e’, ‘%E’
+

Print a floating-point number in exponential notation. ‘%e’ uses +lower-case letters and ‘%E’ uses upper-case. See section Floating-Point Conversions, for details. +

+
+
‘%g’, ‘%G’
+

Print a floating-point number in either normal or exponential notation, +whichever is more appropriate for its magnitude. ‘%g’ uses +lower-case letters and ‘%G’ uses upper-case. See section Floating-Point Conversions, for details. +

+
+
‘%a’, ‘%A’
+

Print a floating-point number in a hexadecimal fractional notation which +the exponent to base 2 represented in decimal digits. ‘%a’ uses +lower-case letters and ‘%A’ uses upper-case. See section Floating-Point Conversions, for details. +

+
+
‘%c’
+

Print a single character. See section Other Output Conversions. +

+
+
‘%C’
+

This is an alias for ‘%lc’ which is supported for compatibility +with the Unix standard. +

+
+
‘%s’
+

Print a string. See section Other Output Conversions. +

+
+
‘%S’
+

This is an alias for ‘%ls’ which is supported for compatibility +with the Unix standard. +

+
+
‘%p’
+

Print the value of a pointer. See section Other Output Conversions. +

+
+
‘%n’
+

Get the number of characters printed so far. See section Other Output Conversions. +Note that this conversion specification never produces any output. +

+
+
‘%m’
+

Print the string corresponding to the value of errno. +(This is a GNU extension.) +See section Other Output Conversions. +

+
+
‘%%’
+

Print a literal ‘%’ character. See section Other Output Conversions. +

+
+ +

If the syntax of a conversion specification is invalid, unpredictable +things will happen, so don't do this. If there aren't enough function +arguments provided to supply values for all the conversion +specifications in the template string, or if the arguments are not of +the correct types, the results are unpredictable. If you supply more +arguments than conversion specifications, the extra argument values are +simply ignored; this is sometimes useful. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

12.12.4 Integer Conversions

+ +

This section describes the options for the ‘%d’, ‘%i’, +‘%o’, ‘%u’, ‘%x’, and ‘%X’ conversion +specifications. These conversions print integers in various formats. +

+

The ‘%d’ and ‘%i’ conversion specifications both print an +int argument as a signed decimal number; while ‘%o’, +‘%u’, and ‘%x’ print the argument as an unsigned octal, +decimal, or hexadecimal number (respectively). The ‘%X’ conversion +specification is just like ‘%x’ except that it uses the characters +‘ABCDEF’ as digits instead of ‘abcdef’. +

+

The following flags are meaningful: +

+
+
‘-’
+

Left-justify the result in the field (instead of the normal +right-justification). +

+
+
‘+’
+

For the signed ‘%d’ and ‘%i’ conversions, print a +plus sign if the value is positive. +

+
+
‘ ’
+

For the signed ‘%d’ and ‘%i’ conversions, if the result +doesn't start with a plus or minus sign, prefix it with a space +character instead. Since the ‘+’ flag ensures that the result +includes a sign, this flag is ignored if you supply both of them. +

+
+
‘#’
+

For the ‘%o’ conversion, this forces the leading digit to be +‘0’, as if by increasing the precision. For ‘%x’ or +‘%X’, this prefixes a leading ‘0x’ or ‘0X’ (respectively) +to the result. This doesn't do anything useful for the ‘%d’, +‘%i’, or ‘%u’ conversions. Using this flag produces output +which can be parsed by the strtoul function (see section Parsing of Integers) and scanf with the ‘%i’ conversion +(see section Numeric Input Conversions). +

+
+
‘'’
+

Separate the digits into groups as specified by the locale specified for +the LC_NUMERIC category; see section Generic Numeric Formatting Parameters. This flag is a +GNU extension. +

+
+
‘0’
+

Pad the field with zeros instead of spaces. The zeros are placed after +any indication of sign or base. This flag is ignored if the ‘-’ +flag is also specified, or if a precision is specified. +

+
+ +

If a precision is supplied, it specifies the minimum number of digits to +appear; leading zeros are produced if necessary. If you don't specify a +precision, the number is printed with as many digits as it needs. If +you convert a value of zero with an explicit precision of zero, then no +characters at all are produced. +

+

Without a type modifier, the corresponding argument is treated as an +int (for the signed conversions ‘%i’ and ‘%d’) or +unsigned int (for the unsigned conversions ‘%o’, ‘%u’, +‘%x’, and ‘%X’). Recall that since printf and friends +are variadic, any char and short arguments are +automatically converted to int by the default argument +promotions. For arguments of other integer types, you can use these +modifiers: +

+
+
‘hh’
+

Specifies that the argument is a signed char or unsigned +char, as appropriate. A char argument is converted to an +int or unsigned int by the default argument promotions +anyway, but the ‘h’ modifier says to convert it back to a +char again. +

+

This modifier was introduced in ISO C99. +

+
+
‘h’
+

Specifies that the argument is a short int or unsigned +short int, as appropriate. A short argument is converted to an +int or unsigned int by the default argument promotions +anyway, but the ‘h’ modifier says to convert it back to a +short again. +

+
+
‘j’
+

Specifies that the argument is a intmax_t or uintmax_t, as +appropriate. +

+

This modifier was introduced in ISO C99. +

+
+
‘l’
+

Specifies that the argument is a long int or unsigned long +int, as appropriate. Two ‘l’ characters is like the ‘L’ +modifier, below. +

+

If used with ‘%c’ or ‘%s’ the corresponding parameter is +considered as a wide character or wide character string respectively. +This use of ‘l’ was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90. +

+
+
‘L’
+
‘ll’
+
‘q’
+

Specifies that the argument is a long long int. (This type is +an extension supported by the GNU C compiler. On systems that don't +support extra-long integers, this is the same as long int.) +

+

The ‘q’ modifier is another name for the same thing, which comes +from 4.4 BSD; a long long int is sometimes called a “quad” +int. +

+
+
‘t’
+

Specifies that the argument is a ptrdiff_t. +

+

This modifier was introduced in ISO C99. +

+
+
‘z’
+
‘Z’
+

Specifies that the argument is a size_t. +

+

‘z’ was introduced in ISO C99. ‘Z’ is a GNU extension +predating this addition and should not be used in new code. +

+
+ +

Here is an example. Using the template string: +

+
 
"|%5d|%-5d|%+5d|%+-5d|% 5d|%05d|%5.0d|%5.2d|%d|\n"
+
+ +

to print numbers using the different options for the ‘%d’ +conversion gives results like: +

+
 
|    0|0    |   +0|+0   |    0|00000|     |   00|0|
+|    1|1    |   +1|+1   |    1|00001|    1|   01|1|
+|   -1|-1   |   -1|-1   |   -1|-0001|   -1|  -01|-1|
+|100000|100000|+100000|+100000| 100000|100000|100000|100000|100000|
+
+ +

In particular, notice what happens in the last case where the number +is too large to fit in the minimum field width specified. +

+

Here are some more examples showing how unsigned integers print under +various format options, using the template string: +

+
 
"|%5u|%5o|%5x|%5X|%#5o|%#5x|%#5X|%#10.8x|\n"
+
+ +
 
|    0|    0|    0|    0|    0|    0|    0|  00000000|
+|    1|    1|    1|    1|   01|  0x1|  0X1|0x00000001|
+|100000|303240|186a0|186A0|0303240|0x186a0|0X186A0|0x000186a0|
+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.12.5 Floating-Point Conversions

+ +

This section discusses the conversion specifications for floating-point +numbers: the ‘%f’, ‘%e’, ‘%E’, ‘%g’, and ‘%G’ +conversions. +

+

The ‘%f’ conversion prints its argument in fixed-point notation, +producing output of the form +[-]ddd.ddd, +where the number of digits following the decimal point is controlled +by the precision you specify. +

+

The ‘%e’ conversion prints its argument in exponential notation, +producing output of the form +[-]d.ddde[+|-]dd. +Again, the number of digits following the decimal point is controlled by +the precision. The exponent always contains at least two digits. The +‘%E’ conversion is similar but the exponent is marked with the letter +‘E’ instead of ‘e’. +

+

The ‘%g’ and ‘%G’ conversions print the argument in the style +of ‘%e’ or ‘%E’ (respectively) if the exponent would be less +than -4 or greater than or equal to the precision; otherwise they use +the ‘%f’ style. A precision of 0, is taken as 1. +Trailing zeros are removed from the fractional portion of the result and +a decimal-point character appears only if it is followed by a digit. +

+

The ‘%a’ and ‘%A’ conversions are meant for representing +floating-point numbers exactly in textual form so that they can be +exchanged as texts between different programs and/or machines. The +numbers are represented is the form +[-]0xh.hhhp[+|-]dd. +At the left of the decimal-point character exactly one digit is print. +This character is only 0 if the number is denormalized. +Otherwise the value is unspecified; it is implementation dependent how many +bits are used. The number of hexadecimal digits on the right side of +the decimal-point character is equal to the precision. If the precision +is zero it is determined to be large enough to provide an exact +representation of the number (or it is large enough to distinguish two +adjacent values if the FLT_RADIX is not a power of 2, +see section Floating Point Parameters). For the ‘%a’ conversion +lower-case characters are used to represent the hexadecimal number and +the prefix and exponent sign are printed as 0x and p +respectively. Otherwise upper-case characters are used and 0X +and P are used for the representation of prefix and exponent +string. The exponent to the base of two is printed as a decimal number +using at least one digit but at most as many digits as necessary to +represent the value exactly. +

+

If the value to be printed represents infinity or a NaN, the output is +[-]inf or nan respectively if the conversion +specifier is ‘%a’, ‘%e’, ‘%f’, or ‘%g’ and it is +[-]INF or NAN respectively if the conversion is +‘%A’, ‘%E’, or ‘%G’. +

+

The following flags can be used to modify the behavior: +

+
+
‘-’
+

Left-justify the result in the field. Normally the result is +right-justified. +

+
+
‘+’
+

Always include a plus or minus sign in the result. +

+
+
‘ ’
+

If the result doesn't start with a plus or minus sign, prefix it with a +space instead. Since the ‘+’ flag ensures that the result includes +a sign, this flag is ignored if you supply both of them. +

+
+
‘#’
+

Specifies that the result should always include a decimal point, even +if no digits follow it. For the ‘%g’ and ‘%G’ conversions, +this also forces trailing zeros after the decimal point to be left +in place where they would otherwise be removed. +

+
+
‘'’
+

Separate the digits of the integer part of the result into groups as +specified by the locale specified for the LC_NUMERIC category; +see section Generic Numeric Formatting Parameters. This flag is a GNU extension. +

+
+
‘0’
+

Pad the field with zeros instead of spaces; the zeros are placed +after any sign. This flag is ignored if the ‘-’ flag is also +specified. +

+
+ +

The precision specifies how many digits follow the decimal-point +character for the ‘%f’, ‘%e’, and ‘%E’ conversions. For +these conversions, the default precision is 6. If the precision +is explicitly 0, this suppresses the decimal point character +entirely. For the ‘%g’ and ‘%G’ conversions, the precision +specifies how many significant digits to print. Significant digits are +the first digit before the decimal point, and all the digits after it. +If the precision is 0 or not specified for ‘%g’ or ‘%G’, +it is treated like a value of 1. If the value being printed +cannot be expressed accurately in the specified number of digits, the +value is rounded to the nearest number that fits. +

+

Without a type modifier, the floating-point conversions use an argument +of type double. (By the default argument promotions, any +float arguments are automatically converted to double.) +The following type modifier is supported: +

+
+
‘L’
+

An uppercase ‘L’ specifies that the argument is a long +double. +

+
+ +

Here are some examples showing how numbers print using the various +floating-point conversions. All of the numbers were printed using +this template string: +

+
 
"|%13.4a|%13.4f|%13.4e|%13.4g|\n"
+
+ +

Here is the output: +

+
 
|  0x0.0000p+0|       0.0000|   0.0000e+00|            0|
+|  0x1.0000p-1|       0.5000|   5.0000e-01|          0.5|
+|  0x1.0000p+0|       1.0000|   1.0000e+00|            1|
+| -0x1.0000p+0|      -1.0000|  -1.0000e+00|           -1|
+|  0x1.9000p+6|     100.0000|   1.0000e+02|          100|
+|  0x1.f400p+9|    1000.0000|   1.0000e+03|         1000|
+| 0x1.3880p+13|   10000.0000|   1.0000e+04|        1e+04|
+| 0x1.81c8p+13|   12345.0000|   1.2345e+04|    1.234e+04|
+| 0x1.86a0p+16|  100000.0000|   1.0000e+05|        1e+05|
+| 0x1.e240p+16|  123456.0000|   1.2346e+05|    1.235e+05|
+
+ +

Notice how the ‘%g’ conversion drops trailing zeros. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.12.6 Other Output Conversions

+ +

This section describes miscellaneous conversions for printf. +

+

The ‘%c’ conversion prints a single character. In case there is no +‘l’ modifier the int argument is first converted to an +unsigned char. Then, if used in a wide stream function, the +character is converted into the corresponding wide character. The +‘-’ flag can be used to specify left-justification in the field, +but no other flags are defined, and no precision or type modifier can be +given. For example: +

+
 
printf ("%c%c%c%c%c", 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o');
+
+ +

prints ‘hello’. +

+

If there is a ‘l’ modifier present the argument is expected to be +of type wint_t. If used in a multibyte function the wide +character is converted into a multibyte character before being added to +the output. In this case more than one output byte can be produced. +

+

The ‘%s’ conversion prints a string. If no ‘l’ modifier is +present the corresponding argument must be of type char * (or +const char *). If used in a wide stream function the string is +first converted in a wide character string. A precision can be +specified to indicate the maximum number of characters to write; +otherwise characters in the string up to but not including the +terminating null character are written to the output stream. The +‘-’ flag can be used to specify left-justification in the field, +but no other flags or type modifiers are defined for this conversion. +For example: +

+
 
printf ("%3s%-6s", "no", "where");
+
+ +

prints ‘ nowhere ’. +

+

If there is a ‘l’ modifier present the argument is expected to be of type wchar_t (or const wchar_t *). +

+

If you accidentally pass a null pointer as the argument for a ‘%s’ +conversion, the GNU library prints it as ‘(null)’. We think this +is more useful than crashing. But it's not good practice to pass a null +argument intentionally. +

+

The ‘%m’ conversion prints the string corresponding to the error +code in errno. See section Error Messages. Thus: +

+
 
fprintf (stderr, "can't open `%s': %m\n", filename);
+
+ +

is equivalent to: +

+
 
fprintf (stderr, "can't open `%s': %s\n", filename, strerror (errno));
+
+ +

The ‘%m’ conversion is a GNU C library extension. +

+

The ‘%p’ conversion prints a pointer value. The corresponding +argument must be of type void *. In practice, you can use any +type of pointer. +

+

In the GNU system, non-null pointers are printed as unsigned integers, +as if a ‘%#x’ conversion were used. Null pointers print as +‘(nil)’. (Pointers might print differently in other systems.) +

+

For example: +

+
 
printf ("%p", "testing");
+
+ +

prints ‘0x’ followed by a hexadecimal number—the address of the +string constant "testing". It does not print the word +‘testing’. +

+

You can supply the ‘-’ flag with the ‘%p’ conversion to +specify left-justification, but no other flags, precision, or type +modifiers are defined. +

+

The ‘%n’ conversion is unlike any of the other output conversions. +It uses an argument which must be a pointer to an int, but +instead of printing anything it stores the number of characters printed +so far by this call at that location. The ‘h’ and ‘l’ type +modifiers are permitted to specify that the argument is of type +short int * or long int * instead of int *, but no +flags, field width, or precision are permitted. +

+

For example, +

+
 
int nchar;
+printf ("%d %s%n\n", 3, "bears", &nchar);
+
+ +

prints: +

+
 
3 bears
+
+ +

and sets nchar to 7, because ‘3 bears’ is seven +characters. +

+ +

The ‘%%’ conversion prints a literal ‘%’ character. This +conversion doesn't use an argument, and no flags, field width, +precision, or type modifiers are permitted. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.12.7 Formatted Output Functions

+ +

This section describes how to call printf and related functions. +Prototypes for these functions are in the header file ‘stdio.h’. +Because these functions take a variable number of arguments, you +must declare prototypes for them before using them. Of course, +the easiest way to make sure you have all the right prototypes is to +just include ‘stdio.h’. + +

+
+
Function: int printf (const char *template, …) + +
+

The printf function prints the optional arguments under the +control of the template string template to the stream +stdout. It returns the number of characters printed, or a +negative value if there was an output error. +

+ +
+
Function: int wprintf (const wchar_t *template, …) + +
+

The wprintf function prints the optional arguments under the +control of the wide template string template to the stream +stdout. It returns the number of wide characters printed, or a +negative value if there was an output error. +

+ +
+
Function: int fprintf (FILE *stream, const char *template, …) + +
+

This function is just like printf, except that the output is +written to the stream stream instead of stdout. +

+ +
+
Function: int fwprintf (FILE *stream, const wchar_t *template, …) + +
+

This function is just like wprintf, except that the output is +written to the stream stream instead of stdout. +

+ +
+
Function: int sprintf (char *s, const char *template, …) + +
+

This is like printf, except that the output is stored in the character +array s instead of written to a stream. A null character is written +to mark the end of the string. +

+

The sprintf function returns the number of characters stored in +the array s, not including the terminating null character. +

+

The behavior of this function is undefined if copying takes place +between objects that overlap—for example, if s is also given +as an argument to be printed under control of the ‘%s’ conversion. +See section Copying and Concatenation. +

+

Warning: The sprintf function can be dangerous +because it can potentially output more characters than can fit in the +allocation size of the string s. Remember that the field width +given in a conversion specification is only a minimum value. +

+

To avoid this problem, you can use snprintf or asprintf, +described below. +

+ +
+
Function: int swprintf (wchar_t *s, size_t size, const wchar_t *template, …) + +
+

This is like wprintf, except that the output is stored in the +wide character array ws instead of written to a stream. A null +wide character is written to mark the end of the string. The size +argument specifies the maximum number of characters to produce. The +trailing null character is counted towards this limit, so you should +allocate at least size wide characters for the string ws. +

+

The return value is the number of characters generated for the given +input, excluding the trailing null. If not all output fits into the +provided buffer a negative value is returned. You should try again with +a bigger output string. Note: this is different from how +snprintf handles this situation. +

+

Note that the corresponding narrow stream function takes fewer +parameters. swprintf in fact corresponds to the snprintf +function. Since the sprintf function can be dangerous and should +be avoided the ISO C committee refused to make the same mistake +again and decided to not define an function exactly corresponding to +sprintf. +

+ +
+
Function: int snprintf (char *s, size_t size, const char *template, …) + +
+

The snprintf function is similar to sprintf, except that +the size argument specifies the maximum number of characters to +produce. The trailing null character is counted towards this limit, so +you should allocate at least size characters for the string s. +

+

The return value is the number of characters which would be generated +for the given input, excluding the trailing null. If this value is +greater or equal to size, not all characters from the result have +been stored in s. You should try again with a bigger output +string. Here is an example of doing this: +

+
 
/* Construct a message describing the value of a variable
+   whose name is name and whose value is value. */
+char *
+make_message (char *name, char *value)
+{
+  /* Guess we need no more than 100 chars of space. */
+  int size = 100;
+  char *buffer = (char *) xmalloc (size);
+  int nchars;
+  if (buffer == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+
+ /* Try to print in the allocated space. */
+  nchars = snprintf (buffer, size, "value of %s is %s",
+                     name, value);
+  if (nchars >= size)
+    {
+      /* Reallocate buffer now that we know
+         how much space is needed. */
+      size = nchars + 1;
+      buffer = (char *) xrealloc (buffer, size);
+
+      if (buffer != NULL)
+        /* Try again. */
+        snprintf (buffer, size, "value of %s is %s",
+                  name, value);
+    }
+  /* The last call worked, return the string. */
+  return buffer;
+}
+
+ +

In practice, it is often easier just to use asprintf, below. +

+

Attention: In versions of the GNU C library prior to 2.1 the +return value is the number of characters stored, not including the +terminating null; unless there was not enough space in s to +store the result in which case -1 is returned. This was +changed in order to comply with the ISO C99 standard. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.12.8 Dynamically Allocating Formatted Output

+ +

The functions in this section do formatted output and place the results +in dynamically allocated memory. +

+
+
Function: int asprintf (char **ptr, const char *template, …) + +
+

This function is similar to sprintf, except that it dynamically +allocates a string (as with malloc; see section Unconstrained Allocation) to hold the output, instead of putting the output in a +buffer you allocate in advance. The ptr argument should be the +address of a char * object, and a successful call to +asprintf stores a pointer to the newly allocated string at that +location. +

+

The return value is the number of characters allocated for the buffer, or +less than zero if an error occurred. Usually this means that the buffer +could not be allocated. +

+

Here is how to use asprintf to get the same result as the +snprintf example, but more easily: +

+
 
/* Construct a message describing the value of a variable
+   whose name is name and whose value is value. */
+char *
+make_message (char *name, char *value)
+{
+  char *result;
+  if (asprintf (&result, "value of %s is %s", name, value) < 0)
+    return NULL;
+  return result;
+}
+
+
+ +
+
Function: int obstack_printf (struct obstack *obstack, const char *template, …) + +
+

This function is similar to asprintf, except that it uses the +obstack obstack to allocate the space. See section Obstacks. +

+

The characters are written onto the end of the current object. +To get at them, you must finish the object with obstack_finish +(see section Growing Objects). +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.12.9 Variable Arguments Output Functions

+ +

The functions vprintf and friends are provided so that you can +define your own variadic printf-like functions that make use of +the same internals as the built-in formatted output functions. +

+

The most natural way to define such functions would be to use a language +construct to say, “Call printf and pass this template plus all +of my arguments after the first five.” But there is no way to do this +in C, and it would be hard to provide a way, since at the C language +level there is no way to tell how many arguments your function received. +

+

Since that method is impossible, we provide alternative functions, the +vprintf series, which lets you pass a va_list to describe +“all of my arguments after the first five.” +

+

When it is sufficient to define a macro rather than a real function, +the GNU C compiler provides a way to do this much more easily with macros. +For example: +

+
 
#define myprintf(a, b, c, d, e, rest...) \
+            printf (mytemplate , ## rest)
+
+ +

See (cpp)Variadic Macros section `Variadic Macros' in The C preprocessor, for details. +But this is limited to macros, and does not apply to real functions at all. +

+

Before calling vprintf or the other functions listed in this +section, you must call va_start (see section Variadic Functions) to initialize a pointer to the variable arguments. Then you +can call va_arg to fetch the arguments that you want to handle +yourself. This advances the pointer past those arguments. +

+

Once your va_list pointer is pointing at the argument of your +choice, you are ready to call vprintf. That argument and all +subsequent arguments that were passed to your function are used by +vprintf along with the template that you specified separately. +

+

In some other systems, the va_list pointer may become invalid +after the call to vprintf, so you must not use va_arg +after you call vprintf. Instead, you should call va_end +to retire the pointer from service. However, you can safely call +va_start on another pointer variable and begin fetching the +arguments again through that pointer. Calling vprintf does not +destroy the argument list of your function, merely the particular +pointer that you passed to it. +

+

GNU C does not have such restrictions. You can safely continue to fetch +arguments from a va_list pointer after passing it to +vprintf, and va_end is a no-op. (Note, however, that +subsequent va_arg calls will fetch the same arguments which +vprintf previously used.) +

+

Prototypes for these functions are declared in ‘stdio.h’. + +

+
+
Function: int vprintf (const char *template, va_list ap) + +
+

This function is similar to printf except that, instead of taking +a variable number of arguments directly, it takes an argument list +pointer ap. +

+ +
+
Function: int vwprintf (const wchar_t *template, va_list ap) + +
+

This function is similar to wprintf except that, instead of taking +a variable number of arguments directly, it takes an argument list +pointer ap. +

+ +
+
Function: int vfprintf (FILE *stream, const char *template, va_list ap) + +
+

This is the equivalent of fprintf with the variable argument list +specified directly as for vprintf. +

+ +
+
Function: int vfwprintf (FILE *stream, const wchar_t *template, va_list ap) + +
+

This is the equivalent of fwprintf with the variable argument list +specified directly as for vwprintf. +

+ +
+
Function: int vsprintf (char *s, const char *template, va_list ap) + +
+

This is the equivalent of sprintf with the variable argument list +specified directly as for vprintf. +

+ +
+
Function: int vswprintf (wchar_t *s, size_t size, const wchar_t *template, va_list ap) + +
+

This is the equivalent of swprintf with the variable argument list +specified directly as for vwprintf. +

+ +
+
Function: int vsnprintf (char *s, size_t size, const char *template, va_list ap) + +
+

This is the equivalent of snprintf with the variable argument list +specified directly as for vprintf. +

+ +
+
Function: int vasprintf (char **ptr, const char *template, va_list ap) + +
+

The vasprintf function is the equivalent of asprintf with the +variable argument list specified directly as for vprintf. +

+ +
+
Function: int obstack_vprintf (struct obstack *obstack, const char *template, va_list ap) + +
+

The obstack_vprintf function is the equivalent of +obstack_printf with the variable argument list specified directly +as for vprintf. +

+ +

Here's an example showing how you might use vfprintf. This is a +function that prints error messages to the stream stderr, along +with a prefix indicating the name of the program +(see section Error Messages, for a description of +program_invocation_short_name). +

+
 
#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+void
+eprintf (const char *template, ...)
+{
+  va_list ap;
+  extern char *program_invocation_short_name;
+
+  fprintf (stderr, "%s: ", program_invocation_short_name);
+  va_start (ap, template);
+  vfprintf (stderr, template, ap);
+  va_end (ap);
+}
+
+ +

You could call eprintf like this: +

+
 
eprintf ("file `%s' does not exist\n", filename);
+
+ +

In GNU C, there is a special construct you can use to let the compiler +know that a function uses a printf-style format string. Then it +can check the number and types of arguments in each call to the +function, and warn you when they do not match the format string. +For example, take this declaration of eprintf: +

+
 
void eprintf (const char *template, ...)
+        __attribute__ ((format (printf, 1, 2)));
+
+ +

This tells the compiler that eprintf uses a format string like +printf (as opposed to scanf; see section Formatted Input); +the format string appears as the first argument; +and the arguments to satisfy the format begin with the second. +See (gcc.info)Function Attributes section `Declaring Attributes of Functions' in Using GNU CC, for more information. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.12.10 Parsing a Template String

+ +

You can use the function parse_printf_format to obtain +information about the number and types of arguments that are expected by +a given template string. This function permits interpreters that +provide interfaces to printf to avoid passing along invalid +arguments from the user's program, which could cause a crash. +

+

All the symbols described in this section are declared in the header +file ‘printf.h’. +

+
+
Function: size_t parse_printf_format (const char *template, size_t n, int *argtypes) + +
+

This function returns information about the number and types of +arguments expected by the printf template string template. +The information is stored in the array argtypes; each element of +this array describes one argument. This information is encoded using +the various ‘PA_’ macros, listed below. +

+

The argument n specifies the number of elements in the array +argtypes. This is the maximum number of elements that +parse_printf_format will try to write. +

+

parse_printf_format returns the total number of arguments required +by template. If this number is greater than n, then the +information returned describes only the first n arguments. If you +want information about additional arguments, allocate a bigger +array and call parse_printf_format again. +

+ +

The argument types are encoded as a combination of a basic type and +modifier flag bits. +

+
+
Macro: int PA_FLAG_MASK + +
+

This macro is a bitmask for the type modifier flag bits. You can write +the expression (argtypes[i] & PA_FLAG_MASK) to extract just the +flag bits for an argument, or (argtypes[i] & ~PA_FLAG_MASK) to +extract just the basic type code. +

+ +

Here are symbolic constants that represent the basic types; they stand +for integer values. +

+
+
PA_INT + +
+

This specifies that the base type is int. +

+
+
PA_CHAR + +
+

This specifies that the base type is int, cast to char. +

+
+
PA_STRING + +
+

This specifies that the base type is char *, a null-terminated string. +

+
+
PA_POINTER + +
+

This specifies that the base type is void *, an arbitrary pointer. +

+
+
PA_FLOAT + +
+

This specifies that the base type is float. +

+
+
PA_DOUBLE + +
+

This specifies that the base type is double. +

+
+
PA_LAST + +
+

You can define additional base types for your own programs as offsets +from PA_LAST. For example, if you have data types ‘foo’ +and ‘bar’ with their own specialized printf conversions, +you could define encodings for these types as: +

+
 
#define PA_FOO  PA_LAST
+#define PA_BAR  (PA_LAST + 1)
+
+
+
+ +

Here are the flag bits that modify a basic type. They are combined with +the code for the basic type using inclusive-or. +

+
+
PA_FLAG_PTR + +
+

If this bit is set, it indicates that the encoded type is a pointer to +the base type, rather than an immediate value. +For example, ‘PA_INT|PA_FLAG_PTR’ represents the type ‘int *’. +

+
+
PA_FLAG_SHORT + +
+

If this bit is set, it indicates that the base type is modified with +short. (This corresponds to the ‘h’ type modifier.) +

+
+
PA_FLAG_LONG + +
+

If this bit is set, it indicates that the base type is modified with +long. (This corresponds to the ‘l’ type modifier.) +

+
+
PA_FLAG_LONG_LONG + +
+

If this bit is set, it indicates that the base type is modified with +long long. (This corresponds to the ‘L’ type modifier.) +

+
+
PA_FLAG_LONG_DOUBLE + +
+

This is a synonym for PA_FLAG_LONG_LONG, used by convention with +a base type of PA_DOUBLE to indicate a type of long double. +

+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.12.11 Example of Parsing a Template String

+ +

Here is an example of decoding argument types for a format string. We +assume this is part of an interpreter which contains arguments of type +NUMBER, CHAR, STRING and STRUCTURE (and +perhaps others which are not valid here). +

+
 
/* Test whether the nargs specified objects
+   in the vector args are valid
+   for the format string format:
+   if so, return 1.
+   If not, return 0 after printing an error message.  */
+
+int
+validate_args (char *format, int nargs, OBJECT *args)
+{
+  int *argtypes;
+  int nwanted;
+
+  /* Get the information about the arguments.
+     Each conversion specification must be at least two characters
+     long, so there cannot be more specifications than half the
+     length of the string.  */
+
+  argtypes = (int *) alloca (strlen (format) / 2 * sizeof (int));
+  nwanted = parse_printf_format (string, nelts, argtypes);
+
+  /* Check the number of arguments.  */
+  if (nwanted > nargs)
+    {
+      error ("too few arguments (at least %d required)", nwanted);
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+  /* Check the C type wanted for each argument
+     and see if the object given is suitable.  */
+  for (i = 0; i < nwanted; i++)
+    {
+      int wanted;
+
+      if (argtypes[i] & PA_FLAG_PTR)
+        wanted = STRUCTURE;
+      else
+        switch (argtypes[i] & ~PA_FLAG_MASK)
+          {
+          case PA_INT:
+          case PA_FLOAT:
+          case PA_DOUBLE:
+            wanted = NUMBER;
+            break;
+          case PA_CHAR:
+            wanted = CHAR;
+            break;
+          case PA_STRING:
+            wanted = STRING;
+            break;
+          case PA_POINTER:
+            wanted = STRUCTURE;
+            break;
+          }
+      if (TYPE (args[i]) != wanted)
+        {
+          error ("type mismatch for arg number %d", i);
+          return 0;
+        }
+    }
+  return 1;
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.13 Customizing printf

+ +

The GNU C library lets you define your own custom conversion specifiers +for printf template strings, to teach printf clever ways +to print the important data structures of your program. +

+

The way you do this is by registering the conversion with the function +register_printf_function; see Registering New Conversions. +One of the arguments you pass to this function is a pointer to a handler +function that produces the actual output; see Defining the Output Handler, for information on how to write this function. +

+

You can also install a function that just returns information about the +number and type of arguments expected by the conversion specifier. +See section Parsing a Template String, for information about this. +

+

The facilities of this section are declared in the header file +‘printf.h’. +

+ + + + + + +
12.13.1 Registering New Conversions   Using register_printf_function + to register a new output conversion. +
12.13.2 Conversion Specifier Options   The handler must be able to get + the options specified in the + template when it is called. +
12.13.3 Defining the Output Handler   Defining the handler and arginfo + functions that are passed as arguments + to register_printf_function. +
12.13.4 printf Extension Example   How to define a printf + handler function. +
12.13.5 Predefined printf Handlers   Predefined printf handlers. +
+ +

Portability Note: The ability to extend the syntax of +printf template strings is a GNU extension. ISO standard C has +nothing similar. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.13.1 Registering New Conversions

+ +

The function to register a new output conversion is +register_printf_function, declared in ‘printf.h’. + +

+
+
Function: int register_printf_function (int spec, printf_function handler-function, printf_arginfo_function arginfo-function) + +
+

This function defines the conversion specifier character spec. +Thus, if spec is 'Y', it defines the conversion ‘%Y’. +You can redefine the built-in conversions like ‘%s’, but flag +characters like ‘#’ and type modifiers like ‘l’ can never be +used as conversions; calling register_printf_function for those +characters has no effect. It is advisable not to use lowercase letters, +since the ISO C standard warns that additional lowercase letters may be +standardized in future editions of the standard. +

+

The handler-function is the function called by printf and +friends when this conversion appears in a template string. +See section Defining the Output Handler, for information about how to define +a function to pass as this argument. If you specify a null pointer, any +existing handler function for spec is removed. +

+

The arginfo-function is the function called by +parse_printf_format when this conversion appears in a +template string. See section Parsing a Template String, for information +about this. +

+ +

Attention: In the GNU C library versions before 2.0 the +arginfo-function function did not need to be installed unless +the user used the parse_printf_format function. This has changed. +Now a call to any of the printf functions will call this +function when this format specifier appears in the format string. +

+

The return value is 0 on success, and -1 on failure +(which occurs if spec is out of range). +

+

You can redefine the standard output conversions, but this is probably +not a good idea because of the potential for confusion. Library routines +written by other people could break if you do this. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.13.2 Conversion Specifier Options

+ +

If you define a meaning for ‘%A’, what if the template contains +‘%+23A’ or ‘%-#A’? To implement a sensible meaning for these, +the handler when called needs to be able to get the options specified in +the template. +

+

Both the handler-function and arginfo-function accept an +argument that points to a struct printf_info, which contains +information about the options appearing in an instance of the conversion +specifier. This data type is declared in the header file +‘printf.h’. + +

+
+
Type: struct printf_info + +
+

This structure is used to pass information about the options appearing +in an instance of a conversion specifier in a printf template +string to the handler and arginfo functions for that specifier. It +contains the following members: +

+
+
int prec
+

This is the precision specified. The value is -1 if no precision +was specified. If the precision was given as ‘*’, the +printf_info structure passed to the handler function contains the +actual value retrieved from the argument list. But the structure passed +to the arginfo function contains a value of INT_MIN, since the +actual value is not known. +

+
+
int width
+

This is the minimum field width specified. The value is 0 if no +width was specified. If the field width was given as ‘*’, the +printf_info structure passed to the handler function contains the +actual value retrieved from the argument list. But the structure passed +to the arginfo function contains a value of INT_MIN, since the +actual value is not known. +

+
+
wchar_t spec
+

This is the conversion specifier character specified. It's stored in +the structure so that you can register the same handler function for +multiple characters, but still have a way to tell them apart when the +handler function is called. +

+
+
unsigned int is_long_double
+

This is a boolean that is true if the ‘L’, ‘ll’, or ‘q’ +type modifier was specified. For integer conversions, this indicates +long long int, as opposed to long double for floating +point conversions. +

+
+
unsigned int is_char
+

This is a boolean that is true if the ‘hh’ type modifier was specified. +

+
+
unsigned int is_short
+

This is a boolean that is true if the ‘h’ type modifier was specified. +

+
+
unsigned int is_long
+

This is a boolean that is true if the ‘l’ type modifier was specified. +

+
+
unsigned int alt
+

This is a boolean that is true if the ‘#’ flag was specified. +

+
+
unsigned int space
+

This is a boolean that is true if the ‘ ’ flag was specified. +

+
+
unsigned int left
+

This is a boolean that is true if the ‘-’ flag was specified. +

+
+
unsigned int showsign
+

This is a boolean that is true if the ‘+’ flag was specified. +

+
+
unsigned int group
+

This is a boolean that is true if the ‘'’ flag was specified. +

+
+
unsigned int extra
+

This flag has a special meaning depending on the context. It could +be used freely by the user-defined handlers but when called from +the printf function this variable always contains the value +0. +

+
+
unsigned int wide
+

This flag is set if the stream is wide oriented. +

+
+
wchar_t pad
+

This is the character to use for padding the output to the minimum field +width. The value is '0' if the ‘0’ flag was specified, and +' ' otherwise. +

+
+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.13.3 Defining the Output Handler

+ +

Now let's look at how to define the handler and arginfo functions +which are passed as arguments to register_printf_function. +

+

Compatibility Note: The interface changed in GNU libc +version 2.0. Previously the third argument was of type +va_list *. +

+

You should define your handler functions with a prototype like: +

+
 
int function (FILE *stream, const struct printf_info *info,
+                    const void *const *args)
+
+ +

The stream argument passed to the handler function is the stream to +which it should write output. +

+

The info argument is a pointer to a structure that contains +information about the various options that were included with the +conversion in the template string. You should not modify this structure +inside your handler function. See section Conversion Specifier Options, for +a description of this data structure. +

+ +

The args is a vector of pointers to the arguments data. +The number of arguments was determined by calling the argument +information function provided by the user. +

+

Your handler function should return a value just like printf +does: it should return the number of characters it has written, or a +negative value to indicate an error. +

+
+
Data Type: printf_function + +
+

This is the data type that a handler function should have. +

+ +

If you are going to use parse_printf_format in your +application, you must also define a function to pass as the +arginfo-function argument for each new conversion you install with +register_printf_function. +

+

You have to define these functions with a prototype like: +

+
 
int function (const struct printf_info *info,
+                    size_t n, int *argtypes)
+
+ +

The return value from the function should be the number of arguments the +conversion expects. The function should also fill in no more than +n elements of the argtypes array with information about the +types of each of these arguments. This information is encoded using the +various ‘PA_’ macros. (You will notice that this is the same +calling convention parse_printf_format itself uses.) +

+
+
Data Type: printf_arginfo_function + +
+

This type is used to describe functions that return information about +the number and type of arguments used by a conversion specifier. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.13.4 printf Extension Example

+ +

Here is an example showing how to define a printf handler function. +This program defines a data structure called a Widget and +defines the ‘%W’ conversion to print information about Widget * +arguments, including the pointer value and the name stored in the data +structure. The ‘%W’ conversion supports the minimum field width and +left-justification options, but ignores everything else. +

+
 
#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <printf.h>
+
+typedef struct
+{
+  char *name;
+}
+Widget;
+
+int
+print_widget (FILE *stream,
+              const struct printf_info *info,
+              const void *const *args)
+{
+  const Widget *w;
+  char *buffer;
+  int len;
+
+  /* Format the output into a string. */
+  w = *((const Widget **) (args[0]));
+  len = asprintf (&buffer, "<Widget %p: %s>", w, w->name);
+  if (len == -1)
+    return -1;
+
+  /* Pad to the minimum field width and print to the stream. */
+  len = fprintf (stream, "%*s",
+                 (info->left ? -info->width : info->width),
+                 buffer);
+
+  /* Clean up and return. */
+  free (buffer);
+  return len;
+}
+
+
+int
+print_widget_arginfo (const struct printf_info *info, size_t n,
+                      int *argtypes)
+{
+  /* We always take exactly one argument and this is a pointer to the
+     structure.. */
+  if (n > 0)
+    argtypes[0] = PA_POINTER;
+  return 1;
+}
+
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  /* Make a widget to print. */
+  Widget mywidget;
+  mywidget.name = "mywidget";
+
+  /* Register the print function for widgets. */
+  register_printf_function ('W', print_widget, print_widget_arginfo);
+
+  /* Now print the widget. */
+  printf ("|%W|\n", &mywidget);
+  printf ("|%35W|\n", &mywidget);
+  printf ("|%-35W|\n", &mywidget);
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+ +

The output produced by this program looks like: +

+
 
|<Widget 0xffeffb7c: mywidget>|
+|      <Widget 0xffeffb7c: mywidget>|
+|<Widget 0xffeffb7c: mywidget>      |
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.13.5 Predefined printf Handlers

+ +

The GNU libc also contains a concrete and useful application of the +printf handler extension. There are two functions available +which implement a special way to print floating-point numbers. +

+
+
Function: int printf_size (FILE *fp, const struct printf_info *info, const void *const *args) + +
+

Print a given floating point number as for the format %f except +that there is a postfix character indicating the divisor for the +number to make this less than 1000. There are two possible divisors: +powers of 1024 or powers of 1000. Which one is used depends on the +format character specified while registered this handler. If the +character is of lower case, 1024 is used. For upper case characters, +1000 is used. +

+

The postfix tag corresponds to bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, +etc. The full table is: +

+ +

The default precision is 3, i.e., 1024 is printed with a lower-case +format character as if it were %.3fk and will yield 1.000k. +

+ +

Due to the requirements of register_printf_function we must also +provide the function which returns information about the arguments. +

+
+
Function: int printf_size_info (const struct printf_info *info, size_t n, int *argtypes) + +
+

This function will return in argtypes the information about the +used parameters in the way the vfprintf implementation expects +it. The format always takes one argument. +

+ +

To use these functions both functions must be registered with a call like +

+
 
register_printf_function ('B', printf_size, printf_size_info);
+
+ +

Here we register the functions to print numbers as powers of 1000 since +the format character 'B' is an upper-case character. If we +would additionally use 'b' in a line like +

+
 
register_printf_function ('b', printf_size, printf_size_info);
+
+ +

we could also print using a power of 1024. Please note that all that is +different in these two lines is the format specifier. The +printf_size function knows about the difference between lower and upper +case format specifiers. +

+

The use of 'B' and 'b' is no coincidence. Rather it is +the preferred way to use this functionality since it is available on +some other systems which also use format specifiers. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.14 Formatted Input

+ +

The functions described in this section (scanf and related +functions) provide facilities for formatted input analogous to the +formatted output facilities. These functions provide a mechanism for +reading arbitrary values under the control of a format string or +template string. +

+ + + + + + + + + + +
12.14.1 Formatted Input Basics   Some basics to get you started. +
12.14.2 Input Conversion Syntax   Syntax of conversion specifications. +
12.14.3 Table of Input Conversions   Summary of input conversions and what they do. +
12.14.4 Numeric Input Conversions   Details of conversions for reading numbers. +
12.14.5 String Input Conversions   Details of conversions for reading strings. +
12.14.6 Dynamically Allocating String Conversions   String conversions that malloc the buffer. +
12.14.7 Other Input Conversions   Details of miscellaneous other conversions. +
12.14.8 Formatted Input Functions   Descriptions of the actual functions. +
12.14.9 Variable Arguments Input Functions   vscanf and friends. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.14.1 Formatted Input Basics

+ +

Calls to scanf are superficially similar to calls to +printf in that arbitrary arguments are read under the control of +a template string. While the syntax of the conversion specifications in +the template is very similar to that for printf, the +interpretation of the template is oriented more towards free-format +input and simple pattern matching, rather than fixed-field formatting. +For example, most scanf conversions skip over any amount of +“white space” (including spaces, tabs, and newlines) in the input +file, and there is no concept of precision for the numeric input +conversions as there is for the corresponding output conversions. +Ordinarily, non-whitespace characters in the template are expected to +match characters in the input stream exactly, but a matching failure is +distinct from an input error on the stream. + +

+

Another area of difference between scanf and printf is +that you must remember to supply pointers rather than immediate values +as the optional arguments to scanf; the values that are read are +stored in the objects that the pointers point to. Even experienced +programmers tend to forget this occasionally, so if your program is +getting strange errors that seem to be related to scanf, you +might want to double-check this. +

+

When a matching failure occurs, scanf returns immediately, +leaving the first non-matching character as the next character to be +read from the stream. The normal return value from scanf is the +number of values that were assigned, so you can use this to determine if +a matching error happened before all the expected values were read. + +

+

The scanf function is typically used for things like reading in +the contents of tables. For example, here is a function that uses +scanf to initialize an array of double: +

+
 
void
+readarray (double *array, int n)
+{
+  int i;
+  for (i=0; i<n; i++)
+    if (scanf (" %lf", &(array[i])) != 1)
+      invalid_input_error ();
+}
+
+ +

The formatted input functions are not used as frequently as the +formatted output functions. Partly, this is because it takes some care +to use them properly. Another reason is that it is difficult to recover +from a matching error. +

+

If you are trying to read input that doesn't match a single, fixed +pattern, you may be better off using a tool such as Flex to generate a +lexical scanner, or Bison to generate a parser, rather than using +scanf. For more information about these tools, see (flex.info)Top section `Top' in Flex: The Lexical Scanner Generator, and (bison.info)Top section `Top' in The Bison Reference Manual. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.14.2 Input Conversion Syntax

+ +

A scanf template string is a string that contains ordinary +multibyte characters interspersed with conversion specifications that +start with ‘%’. +

+

Any whitespace character (as defined by the isspace function; +see section Classification of Characters) in the template causes any number +of whitespace characters in the input stream to be read and discarded. +The whitespace characters that are matched need not be exactly the same +whitespace characters that appear in the template string. For example, +write ‘ , ’ in the template to recognize a comma with optional +whitespace before and after. +

+

Other characters in the template string that are not part of conversion +specifications must match characters in the input stream exactly; if +this is not the case, a matching failure occurs. +

+

The conversion specifications in a scanf template string +have the general form: +

+
 
% flags width type conversion
+
+ +

In more detail, an input conversion specification consists of an initial +‘%’ character followed in sequence by: +

+
    +
  • +An optional flag character ‘*’, which says to ignore the text +read for this specification. When scanf finds a conversion +specification that uses this flag, it reads input as directed by the +rest of the conversion specification, but it discards this input, does +not use a pointer argument, and does not increment the count of +successful assignments. + + +
  • +An optional flag character ‘a’ (valid with string conversions only) +which requests allocation of a buffer long enough to store the string in. +(This is a GNU extension.) +See section Dynamically Allocating String Conversions. + +
  • +An optional decimal integer that specifies the maximum field +width. Reading of characters from the input stream stops either when +this maximum is reached or when a non-matching character is found, +whichever happens first. Most conversions discard initial whitespace +characters (those that don't are explicitly documented), and these +discarded characters don't count towards the maximum field width. +String input conversions store a null character to mark the end of the +input; the maximum field width does not include this terminator. + + +
  • +An optional type modifier character. For example, you can +specify a type modifier of ‘l’ with integer conversions such as +‘%d’ to specify that the argument is a pointer to a long int +rather than a pointer to an int. + + +
  • +A character that specifies the conversion to be applied. +
+ +

The exact options that are permitted and how they are interpreted vary +between the different conversion specifiers. See the descriptions of the +individual conversions for information about the particular options that +they allow. +

+

With the ‘-Wformat’ option, the GNU C compiler checks calls to +scanf and related functions. It examines the format string and +verifies that the correct number and types of arguments are supplied. +There is also a GNU C syntax to tell the compiler that a function you +write uses a scanf-style format string. +See (gcc.info)Function Attributes section `Declaring Attributes of Functions' in Using GNU CC, for more information. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.14.3 Table of Input Conversions

+ +

Here is a table that summarizes the various conversion specifications: +

+
+
‘%d’
+

Matches an optionally signed integer written in decimal. See section Numeric Input Conversions. +

+
+
‘%i’
+

Matches an optionally signed integer in any of the formats that the C +language defines for specifying an integer constant. See section Numeric Input Conversions. +

+
+
‘%o’
+

Matches an unsigned integer written in octal radix. +See section Numeric Input Conversions. +

+
+
‘%u’
+

Matches an unsigned integer written in decimal radix. +See section Numeric Input Conversions. +

+
+
‘%x’, ‘%X’
+

Matches an unsigned integer written in hexadecimal radix. +See section Numeric Input Conversions. +

+
+
‘%e’, ‘%f’, ‘%g’, ‘%E’, ‘%G’
+

Matches an optionally signed floating-point number. See section Numeric Input Conversions. +

+
+
‘%s’
+
+

Matches a string containing only non-whitespace characters. +See section String Input Conversions. The presence of the ‘l’ modifier +determines whether the output is stored as a wide character string or a +multibyte string. If ‘%s’ is used in a wide character function the +string is converted as with multiple calls to wcrtomb into a +multibyte string. This means that the buffer must provide room for +MB_CUR_MAX bytes for each wide character read. In case +‘%ls’ is used in a multibyte function the result is converted into +wide characters as with multiple calls of mbrtowc before being +stored in the user provided buffer. +

+
+
‘%S’
+

This is an alias for ‘%ls’ which is supported for compatibility +with the Unix standard. +

+
+
‘%[’
+

Matches a string of characters that belong to a specified set. +See section String Input Conversions. The presence of the ‘l’ modifier +determines whether the output is stored as a wide character string or a +multibyte string. If ‘%[’ is used in a wide character function the +string is converted as with multiple calls to wcrtomb into a +multibyte string. This means that the buffer must provide room for +MB_CUR_MAX bytes for each wide character read. In case +‘%l[’ is used in a multibyte function the result is converted into +wide characters as with multiple calls of mbrtowc before being +stored in the user provided buffer. +

+
+
‘%c’
+

Matches a string of one or more characters; the number of characters +read is controlled by the maximum field width given for the conversion. +See section String Input Conversions. +

+

If the ‘%c’ is used in a wide stream function the read value is +converted from a wide character to the corresponding multibyte character +before storing it. Note that this conversion can produce more than one +byte of output and therefore the provided buffer be large enough for up +to MB_CUR_MAX bytes for each character. If ‘%lc’ is used in +a multibyte function the input is treated as a multibyte sequence (and +not bytes) and the result is converted as with calls to mbrtowc. +

+
+
‘%C’
+

This is an alias for ‘%lc’ which is supported for compatibility +with the Unix standard. +

+
+
‘%p’
+

Matches a pointer value in the same implementation-defined format used +by the ‘%p’ output conversion for printf. See section Other Input Conversions. +

+
+
‘%n’
+

This conversion doesn't read any characters; it records the number of +characters read so far by this call. See section Other Input Conversions. +

+
+
‘%%’
+

This matches a literal ‘%’ character in the input stream. No +corresponding argument is used. See section Other Input Conversions. +

+
+ +

If the syntax of a conversion specification is invalid, the behavior is +undefined. If there aren't enough function arguments provided to supply +addresses for all the conversion specifications in the template strings +that perform assignments, or if the arguments are not of the correct +types, the behavior is also undefined. On the other hand, extra +arguments are simply ignored. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.14.4 Numeric Input Conversions

+ +

This section describes the scanf conversions for reading numeric +values. +

+

The ‘%d’ conversion matches an optionally signed integer in decimal +radix. The syntax that is recognized is the same as that for the +strtol function (see section Parsing of Integers) with the value +10 for the base argument. +

+

The ‘%i’ conversion matches an optionally signed integer in any of +the formats that the C language defines for specifying an integer +constant. The syntax that is recognized is the same as that for the +strtol function (see section Parsing of Integers) with the value +0 for the base argument. (You can print integers in this +syntax with printf by using the ‘#’ flag character with the +‘%x’, ‘%o’, or ‘%d’ conversion. See section Integer Conversions.) +

+

For example, any of the strings ‘10’, ‘0xa’, or ‘012’ +could be read in as integers under the ‘%i’ conversion. Each of +these specifies a number with decimal value 10. +

+

The ‘%o’, ‘%u’, and ‘%x’ conversions match unsigned +integers in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal radices, respectively. The +syntax that is recognized is the same as that for the strtoul +function (see section Parsing of Integers) with the appropriate value +(8, 10, or 16) for the base argument. +

+

The ‘%X’ conversion is identical to the ‘%x’ conversion. They +both permit either uppercase or lowercase letters to be used as digits. +

+

The default type of the corresponding argument for the %d and +%i conversions is int *, and unsigned int * for the +other integer conversions. You can use the following type modifiers to +specify other sizes of integer: +

+
+
‘hh’
+

Specifies that the argument is a signed char * or unsigned +char *. +

+

This modifier was introduced in ISO C99. +

+
+
‘h’
+

Specifies that the argument is a short int * or unsigned +short int *. +

+
+
‘j’
+

Specifies that the argument is a intmax_t * or uintmax_t *. +

+

This modifier was introduced in ISO C99. +

+
+
‘l’
+

Specifies that the argument is a long int * or unsigned +long int *. Two ‘l’ characters is like the ‘L’ modifier, below. +

+

If used with ‘%c’ or ‘%s’ the corresponding parameter is +considered as a pointer to a wide character or wide character string +respectively. This use of ‘l’ was introduced in Amendment 1 to +ISO C90. +

+
+
‘ll’
+
‘L’
+
‘q’
+

Specifies that the argument is a long long int * or unsigned long long int *. (The long long type is an extension supported by the +GNU C compiler. For systems that don't provide extra-long integers, this +is the same as long int.) +

+

The ‘q’ modifier is another name for the same thing, which comes +from 4.4 BSD; a long long int is sometimes called a “quad” +int. +

+
+
‘t’
+

Specifies that the argument is a ptrdiff_t *. +

+

This modifier was introduced in ISO C99. +

+
+
‘z’
+

Specifies that the argument is a size_t *. +

+

This modifier was introduced in ISO C99. +

+
+ +

All of the ‘%e’, ‘%f’, ‘%g’, ‘%E’, and ‘%G’ +input conversions are interchangeable. They all match an optionally +signed floating point number, in the same syntax as for the +strtod function (see section Parsing of Floats). +

+

For the floating-point input conversions, the default argument type is +float *. (This is different from the corresponding output +conversions, where the default type is double; remember that +float arguments to printf are converted to double +by the default argument promotions, but float * arguments are +not promoted to double *.) You can specify other sizes of float +using these type modifiers: +

+
+
‘l’
+

Specifies that the argument is of type double *. +

+
+
‘L’
+

Specifies that the argument is of type long double *. +

+
+ +

For all the above number parsing formats there is an additional optional +flag ‘'’. When this flag is given the scanf function +expects the number represented in the input string to be formatted +according to the grouping rules of the currently selected locale +(see section Generic Numeric Formatting Parameters). +

+

If the "C" or "POSIX" locale is selected there is no +difference. But for a locale which specifies values for the appropriate +fields in the locale the input must have the correct form in the input. +Otherwise the longest prefix with a correct form is processed. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.14.5 String Input Conversions

+ +

This section describes the scanf input conversions for reading +string and character values: ‘%s’, ‘%S’, ‘%[’, ‘%c’, +and ‘%C’. +

+

You have two options for how to receive the input from these +conversions: +

+
    +
  • +Provide a buffer to store it in. This is the default. You should +provide an argument of type char * or wchar_t * (the +latter of the ‘l’ modifier is present). + +

    Warning: To make a robust program, you must make sure that the +input (plus its terminating null) cannot possibly exceed the size of the +buffer you provide. In general, the only way to do this is to specify a +maximum field width one less than the buffer size. If you +provide the buffer, always specify a maximum field width to prevent +overflow. +

    +
  • +Ask scanf to allocate a big enough buffer, by specifying the +‘a’ flag character. This is a GNU extension. You should provide +an argument of type char ** for the buffer address to be stored +in. See section Dynamically Allocating String Conversions. +
+ +

The ‘%c’ conversion is the simplest: it matches a fixed number of +characters, always. The maximum field width says how many characters to +read; if you don't specify the maximum, the default is 1. This +conversion doesn't append a null character to the end of the text it +reads. It also does not skip over initial whitespace characters. It +reads precisely the next n characters, and fails if it cannot get +that many. Since there is always a maximum field width with ‘%c’ +(whether specified, or 1 by default), you can always prevent overflow by +making the buffer long enough. +

+

If the format is ‘%lc’ or ‘%C’ the function stores wide +characters which are converted using the conversion determined at the +time the stream was opened from the external byte stream. The number of +bytes read from the medium is limited by MB_CUR_LEN * n but +at most n wide character get stored in the output string. +

+

The ‘%s’ conversion matches a string of non-whitespace characters. +It skips and discards initial whitespace, but stops when it encounters +more whitespace after having read something. It stores a null character +at the end of the text that it reads. +

+

For example, reading the input: +

+
 
 hello, world
+
+ +

with the conversion ‘%10c’ produces " hello, wo", but +reading the same input with the conversion ‘%10s’ produces +"hello,". +

+

Warning: If you do not specify a field width for ‘%s’, +then the number of characters read is limited only by where the next +whitespace character appears. This almost certainly means that invalid +input can make your program crash—which is a bug. +

+

The ‘%ls’ and ‘%S’ format are handled just like ‘%s’ +except that the external byte sequence is converted using the conversion +associated with the stream to wide characters with their own encoding. +A width or precision specified with the format do not directly determine +how many bytes are read from the stream since they measure wide +characters. But an upper limit can be computed by multiplying the value +of the width or precision by MB_CUR_MAX. +

+

To read in characters that belong to an arbitrary set of your choice, +use the ‘%[’ conversion. You specify the set between the ‘[’ +character and a following ‘]’ character, using the same syntax used +in regular expressions. As special cases: +

+
    +
  • +A literal ‘]’ character can be specified as the first character +of the set. + +
  • +An embedded ‘-’ character (that is, one that is not the first or +last character of the set) is used to specify a range of characters. + +
  • +If a caret character ‘^’ immediately follows the initial ‘[’, +then the set of allowed input characters is the everything except +the characters listed. +
+ +

The ‘%[’ conversion does not skip over initial whitespace +characters. +

+

Here are some examples of ‘%[’ conversions and what they mean: +

+
+
‘%25[1234567890]’
+

Matches a string of up to 25 digits. +

+
+
‘%25[][]’
+

Matches a string of up to 25 square brackets. +

+
+
‘%25[^ \f\n\r\t\v]’
+

Matches a string up to 25 characters long that doesn't contain any of +the standard whitespace characters. This is slightly different from +‘%s’, because if the input begins with a whitespace character, +‘%[’ reports a matching failure while ‘%s’ simply discards the +initial whitespace. +

+
+
‘%25[a-z]’
+

Matches up to 25 lowercase characters. +

+
+ +

As for ‘%c’ and ‘%s’ the ‘%[’ format is also modified to +produce wide characters if the ‘l’ modifier is present. All what +is said about ‘%ls’ above is true for ‘%l[’. +

+

One more reminder: the ‘%s’ and ‘%[’ conversions are +dangerous if you don't specify a maximum width or use the +‘a’ flag, because input too long would overflow whatever buffer you +have provided for it. No matter how long your buffer is, a user could +supply input that is longer. A well-written program reports invalid +input with a comprehensible error message, not with a crash. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.14.6 Dynamically Allocating String Conversions

+ +

A GNU extension to formatted input lets you safely read a string with no +maximum size. Using this feature, you don't supply a buffer; instead, +scanf allocates a buffer big enough to hold the data and gives +you its address. To use this feature, write ‘a’ as a flag +character, as in ‘%as’ or ‘%a[0-9a-z]’. +

+

The pointer argument you supply for where to store the input should have +type char **. The scanf function allocates a buffer and +stores its address in the word that the argument points to. You should +free the buffer with free when you no longer need it. +

+

Here is an example of using the ‘a’ flag with the ‘%[…]’ +conversion specification to read a “variable assignment” of the form +‘variable = value’. +

+
 
{
+  char *variable, *value;
+
+  if (2 > scanf ("%a[a-zA-Z0-9] = %a[^\n]\n",
+                 &variable, &value))
+    {
+      invalid_input_error ();
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+  …
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.14.7 Other Input Conversions

+ +

This section describes the miscellaneous input conversions. +

+

The ‘%p’ conversion is used to read a pointer value. It recognizes +the same syntax used by the ‘%p’ output conversion for +printf (see section Other Output Conversions); that is, a hexadecimal +number just as the ‘%x’ conversion accepts. The corresponding +argument should be of type void **; that is, the address of a +place to store a pointer. +

+

The resulting pointer value is not guaranteed to be valid if it was not +originally written during the same program execution that reads it in. +

+

The ‘%n’ conversion produces the number of characters read so far +by this call. The corresponding argument should be of type int *. +This conversion works in the same way as the ‘%n’ conversion for +printf; see Other Output Conversions, for an example. +

+

The ‘%n’ conversion is the only mechanism for determining the +success of literal matches or conversions with suppressed assignments. +If the ‘%n’ follows the locus of a matching failure, then no value +is stored for it since scanf returns before processing the +‘%n’. If you store -1 in that argument slot before calling +scanf, the presence of -1 after scanf indicates an +error occurred before the ‘%n’ was reached. +

+

Finally, the ‘%%’ conversion matches a literal ‘%’ character +in the input stream, without using an argument. This conversion does +not permit any flags, field width, or type modifier to be specified. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.14.8 Formatted Input Functions

+ +

Here are the descriptions of the functions for performing formatted +input. +Prototypes for these functions are in the header file ‘stdio.h’. + +

+
+
Function: int scanf (const char *template, …) + +
+

The scanf function reads formatted input from the stream +stdin under the control of the template string template. +The optional arguments are pointers to the places which receive the +resulting values. +

+

The return value is normally the number of successful assignments. If +an end-of-file condition is detected before any matches are performed, +including matches against whitespace and literal characters in the +template, then EOF is returned. +

+ +
+
Function: int wscanf (const wchar_t *template, …) + +
+

The wscanf function reads formatted input from the stream +stdin under the control of the template string template. +The optional arguments are pointers to the places which receive the +resulting values. +

+

The return value is normally the number of successful assignments. If +an end-of-file condition is detected before any matches are performed, +including matches against whitespace and literal characters in the +template, then WEOF is returned. +

+ +
+
Function: int fscanf (FILE *stream, const char *template, …) + +
+

This function is just like scanf, except that the input is read +from the stream stream instead of stdin. +

+ +
+
Function: int fwscanf (FILE *stream, const wchar_t *template, …) + +
+

This function is just like wscanf, except that the input is read +from the stream stream instead of stdin. +

+ +
+
Function: int sscanf (const char *s, const char *template, …) + +
+

This is like scanf, except that the characters are taken from the +null-terminated string s instead of from a stream. Reaching the +end of the string is treated as an end-of-file condition. +

+

The behavior of this function is undefined if copying takes place +between objects that overlap—for example, if s is also given +as an argument to receive a string read under control of the ‘%s’, +‘%S’, or ‘%[’ conversion. +

+ +
+
Function: int swscanf (const wchar_t *ws, const char *template, …) + +
+

This is like wscanf, except that the characters are taken from the +null-terminated string ws instead of from a stream. Reaching the +end of the string is treated as an end-of-file condition. +

+

The behavior of this function is undefined if copying takes place +between objects that overlap—for example, if ws is also given as +an argument to receive a string read under control of the ‘%s’, +‘%S’, or ‘%[’ conversion. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.14.9 Variable Arguments Input Functions

+ +

The functions vscanf and friends are provided so that you can +define your own variadic scanf-like functions that make use of +the same internals as the built-in formatted output functions. +These functions are analogous to the vprintf series of output +functions. See section Variable Arguments Output Functions, for important +information on how to use them. +

+

Portability Note: The functions listed in this section were +introduced in ISO C99 and were before available as GNU extensions. +

+
+
Function: int vscanf (const char *template, va_list ap) + +
+

This function is similar to scanf, but instead of taking +a variable number of arguments directly, it takes an argument list +pointer ap of type va_list (see section Variadic Functions). +

+ +
+
Function: int vwscanf (const wchar_t *template, va_list ap) + +
+

This function is similar to wscanf, but instead of taking +a variable number of arguments directly, it takes an argument list +pointer ap of type va_list (see section Variadic Functions). +

+ +
+
Function: int vfscanf (FILE *stream, const char *template, va_list ap) + +
+

This is the equivalent of fscanf with the variable argument list +specified directly as for vscanf. +

+ +
+
Function: int vfwscanf (FILE *stream, const wchar_t *template, va_list ap) + +
+

This is the equivalent of fwscanf with the variable argument list +specified directly as for vwscanf. +

+ +
+
Function: int vsscanf (const char *s, const char *template, va_list ap) + +
+

This is the equivalent of sscanf with the variable argument list +specified directly as for vscanf. +

+ +
+
Function: int vswscanf (const wchar_t *s, const wchar_t *template, va_list ap) + +
+

This is the equivalent of swscanf with the variable argument list +specified directly as for vwscanf. +

+ +

In GNU C, there is a special construct you can use to let the compiler +know that a function uses a scanf-style format string. Then it +can check the number and types of arguments in each call to the +function, and warn you when they do not match the format string. +For details, see (gcc.info)Function Attributes section `Declaring Attributes of Functions' in Using GNU CC. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.15 End-Of-File and Errors

+ +

Many of the functions described in this chapter return the value of the +macro EOF to indicate unsuccessful completion of the operation. +Since EOF is used to report both end of file and random errors, +it's often better to use the feof function to check explicitly +for end of file and ferror to check for errors. These functions +check indicators that are part of the internal state of the stream +object, indicators set if the appropriate condition was detected by a +previous I/O operation on that stream. +

+
+
Macro: int EOF + +
+

This macro is an integer value that is returned by a number of narrow +stream functions to indicate an end-of-file condition, or some other +error situation. With the GNU library, EOF is -1. In +other libraries, its value may be some other negative number. +

+

This symbol is declared in ‘stdio.h’. +

+ +
+
Macro: int WEOF + +
+

This macro is an integer value that is returned by a number of wide +stream functions to indicate an end-of-file condition, or some other +error situation. With the GNU library, WEOF is -1. In +other libraries, its value may be some other negative number. +

+

This symbol is declared in ‘wchar.h’. +

+ +
+
Function: int feof (FILE *stream) + +
+

The feof function returns nonzero if and only if the end-of-file +indicator for the stream stream is set. +

+

This symbol is declared in ‘stdio.h’. +

+ +
+
Function: int feof_unlocked (FILE *stream) + +
+

The feof_unlocked function is equivalent to the feof +function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+

This symbol is declared in ‘stdio.h’. +

+ +
+
Function: int ferror (FILE *stream) + +
+

The ferror function returns nonzero if and only if the error +indicator for the stream stream is set, indicating that an error +has occurred on a previous operation on the stream. +

+

This symbol is declared in ‘stdio.h’. +

+ +
+
Function: int ferror_unlocked (FILE *stream) + +
+

The ferror_unlocked function is equivalent to the ferror +function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+

This symbol is declared in ‘stdio.h’. +

+ +

In addition to setting the error indicator associated with the stream, +the functions that operate on streams also set errno in the same +way as the corresponding low-level functions that operate on file +descriptors. For example, all of the functions that perform output to a +stream—such as fputc, printf, and fflush—are +implemented in terms of write, and all of the errno error +conditions defined for write are meaningful for these functions. +For more information about the descriptor-level I/O functions, see +Low-Level Input/Output. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.16 Recovering from errors

+ +

You may explicitly clear the error and EOF flags with the clearerr +function. +

+
+
Function: void clearerr (FILE *stream) + +
+

This function clears the end-of-file and error indicators for the +stream stream. +

+

The file positioning functions (see section File Positioning) also clear the +end-of-file indicator for the stream. +

+ +
+
Function: void clearerr_unlocked (FILE *stream) + +
+

The clearerr_unlocked function is equivalent to the clearerr +function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +

Note that it is not correct to just clear the error flag and retry +a failed stream operation. After a failed write, any number of +characters since the last buffer flush may have been committed to the +file, while some buffered data may have been discarded. Merely retrying +can thus cause lost or repeated data. +

+

A failed read may leave the file pointer in an inappropriate position for +a second try. In both cases, you should seek to a known position before +retrying. +

+

Most errors that can happen are not recoverable — a second try will +always fail again in the same way. So usually it is best to give up and +report the error to the user, rather than install complicated recovery +logic. +

+

One important exception is EINTR (see section Primitives Interrupted by Signals). +Many stream I/O implementations will treat it as an ordinary error, which +can be quite inconvenient. You can avoid this hassle by installing all +signals with the SA_RESTART flag. +

+

For similar reasons, setting nonblocking I/O on a stream's file +descriptor is not usually advisable. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.17 Text and Binary Streams

+ +

The GNU system and other POSIX-compatible operating systems organize all +files as uniform sequences of characters. However, some other systems +make a distinction between files containing text and files containing +binary data, and the input and output facilities of ISO C provide for +this distinction. This section tells you how to write programs portable +to such systems. +

+ + +

When you open a stream, you can specify either a text stream or a +binary stream. You indicate that you want a binary stream by +specifying the ‘b’ modifier in the opentype argument to +fopen; see Opening Streams. Without this +option, fopen opens the file as a text stream. +

+

Text and binary streams differ in several ways: +

+
    +
  • +The data read from a text stream is divided into lines which are +terminated by newline ('\n') characters, while a binary stream is +simply a long series of characters. A text stream might on some systems +fail to handle lines more than 254 characters long (including the +terminating newline character). + + +
  • +On some systems, text files can contain only printing characters, +horizontal tab characters, and newlines, and so text streams may not +support other characters. However, binary streams can handle any +character value. + +
  • +Space characters that are written immediately preceding a newline +character in a text stream may disappear when the file is read in again. + +
  • +More generally, there need not be a one-to-one mapping between +characters that are read from or written to a text stream, and the +characters in the actual file. +
+ +

Since a binary stream is always more capable and more predictable than a +text stream, you might wonder what purpose text streams serve. Why not +simply always use binary streams? The answer is that on these operating +systems, text and binary streams use different file formats, and the +only way to read or write “an ordinary file of text” that can work +with other text-oriented programs is through a text stream. +

+

In the GNU library, and on all POSIX systems, there is no difference +between text streams and binary streams. When you open a stream, you +get the same kind of stream regardless of whether you ask for binary. +This stream can handle any file content, and has none of the +restrictions that text streams sometimes have. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.18 File Positioning

+ +

The file position of a stream describes where in the file the +stream is currently reading or writing. I/O on the stream advances the +file position through the file. In the GNU system, the file position is +represented as an integer, which counts the number of bytes from the +beginning of the file. See section File Position. +

+

During I/O to an ordinary disk file, you can change the file position +whenever you wish, so as to read or write any portion of the file. Some +other kinds of files may also permit this. Files which support changing +the file position are sometimes referred to as random-access +files. +

+

You can use the functions in this section to examine or modify the file +position indicator associated with a stream. The symbols listed below +are declared in the header file ‘stdio.h’. + +

+
+
Function: long int ftell (FILE *stream) + +
+

This function returns the current file position of the stream +stream. +

+

This function can fail if the stream doesn't support file positioning, +or if the file position can't be represented in a long int, and +possibly for other reasons as well. If a failure occurs, a value of +-1 is returned. +

+ +
+
Function: off_t ftello (FILE *stream) + +
+

The ftello function is similar to ftell, except that it +returns a value of type off_t. Systems which support this type +use it to describe all file positions, unlike the POSIX specification +which uses a long int. The two are not necessarily the same size. +Therefore, using ftell can lead to problems if the implementation is +written on top of a POSIX compliant low-level I/O implementation, and using +ftello is preferable whenever it is available. +

+

If this function fails it returns (off_t) -1. This can happen due +to missing support for file positioning or internal errors. Otherwise +the return value is the current file position. +

+

The function is an extension defined in the Unix Single Specification +version 2. +

+

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a +32 bit system this function is in fact ftello64. I.e., the +LFS interface transparently replaces the old interface. +

+ +
+
Function: off64_t ftello64 (FILE *stream) + +
+

This function is similar to ftello with the only difference that +the return value is of type off64_t. This also requires that the +stream stream was opened using either fopen64, +freopen64, or tmpfile64 since otherwise the underlying +file operations to position the file pointer beyond the 2^31 +bytes limit might fail. +

+

If the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a 32 +bits machine this function is available under the name ftello +and so transparently replaces the old interface. +

+ +
+
Function: int fseek (FILE *stream, long int offset, int whence) + +
+

The fseek function is used to change the file position of the +stream stream. The value of whence must be one of the +constants SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, or SEEK_END, to +indicate whether the offset is relative to the beginning of the +file, the current file position, or the end of the file, respectively. +

+

This function returns a value of zero if the operation was successful, +and a nonzero value to indicate failure. A successful call also clears +the end-of-file indicator of stream and discards any characters +that were “pushed back” by the use of ungetc. +

+

fseek either flushes any buffered output before setting the file +position or else remembers it so it will be written later in its proper +place in the file. +

+ +
+
Function: int fseeko (FILE *stream, off_t offset, int whence) + +
+

This function is similar to fseek but it corrects a problem with +fseek in a system with POSIX types. Using a value of type +long int for the offset is not compatible with POSIX. +fseeko uses the correct type off_t for the offset +parameter. +

+

For this reason it is a good idea to prefer ftello whenever it is +available since its functionality is (if different at all) closer the +underlying definition. +

+

The functionality and return value is the same as for fseek. +

+

The function is an extension defined in the Unix Single Specification +version 2. +

+

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a +32 bit system this function is in fact fseeko64. I.e., the +LFS interface transparently replaces the old interface. +

+ +
+
Function: int fseeko64 (FILE *stream, off64_t offset, int whence) + +
+

This function is similar to fseeko with the only difference that +the offset parameter is of type off64_t. This also +requires that the stream stream was opened using either +fopen64, freopen64, or tmpfile64 since otherwise +the underlying file operations to position the file pointer beyond the +2^31 bytes limit might fail. +

+

If the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a 32 +bits machine this function is available under the name fseeko +and so transparently replaces the old interface. +

+ +

Portability Note: In non-POSIX systems, ftell, +ftello, fseek and fseeko might work reliably only +on binary streams. See section Text and Binary Streams. +

+

The following symbolic constants are defined for use as the whence +argument to fseek. They are also used with the lseek +function (see section Input and Output Primitives) and to specify offsets for file locks +(see section Control Operations on Files). +

+
+
Macro: int SEEK_SET + +
+

This is an integer constant which, when used as the whence +argument to the fseek or fseeko function, specifies that +the offset provided is relative to the beginning of the file. +

+ +
+
Macro: int SEEK_CUR + +
+

This is an integer constant which, when used as the whence +argument to the fseek or fseeko function, specifies that +the offset provided is relative to the current file position. +

+ +
+
Macro: int SEEK_END + +
+

This is an integer constant which, when used as the whence +argument to the fseek or fseeko function, specifies that +the offset provided is relative to the end of the file. +

+ +
+
Function: void rewind (FILE *stream) + +
+

The rewind function positions the stream stream at the +beginning of the file. It is equivalent to calling fseek or +fseeko on the stream with an offset argument of +0L and a whence argument of SEEK_SET, except that +the return value is discarded and the error indicator for the stream is +reset. +

+ +

These three aliases for the ‘SEEK_…’ constants exist for the +sake of compatibility with older BSD systems. They are defined in two +different header files: ‘fcntl.h’ and ‘sys/file.h’. +

+
+
L_SET
+
+

An alias for SEEK_SET. +

+
+
L_INCR
+
+

An alias for SEEK_CUR. +

+
+
L_XTND
+
+

An alias for SEEK_END. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.19 Portable File-Position Functions

+ +

On the GNU system, the file position is truly a character count. You +can specify any character count value as an argument to fseek or +fseeko and get reliable results for any random access file. +However, some ISO C systems do not represent file positions in this +way. +

+

On some systems where text streams truly differ from binary streams, it +is impossible to represent the file position of a text stream as a count +of characters from the beginning of the file. For example, the file +position on some systems must encode both a record offset within the +file, and a character offset within the record. +

+

As a consequence, if you want your programs to be portable to these +systems, you must observe certain rules: +

+
    +
  • +The value returned from ftell on a text stream has no predictable +relationship to the number of characters you have read so far. The only +thing you can rely on is that you can use it subsequently as the +offset argument to fseek or fseeko to move back to +the same file position. + +
  • +In a call to fseek or fseeko on a text stream, either the +offset must be zero, or whence must be SEEK_SET and +and the offset must be the result of an earlier call to ftell +on the same stream. + +
  • +The value of the file position indicator of a text stream is undefined +while there are characters that have been pushed back with ungetc +that haven't been read or discarded. See section Unreading. +
+ +

But even if you observe these rules, you may still have trouble for long +files, because ftell and fseek use a long int value +to represent the file position. This type may not have room to encode +all the file positions in a large file. Using the ftello and +fseeko functions might help here since the off_t type is +expected to be able to hold all file position values but this still does +not help to handle additional information which must be associated with +a file position. +

+

So if you do want to support systems with peculiar encodings for the +file positions, it is better to use the functions fgetpos and +fsetpos instead. These functions represent the file position +using the data type fpos_t, whose internal representation varies +from system to system. +

+

These symbols are declared in the header file ‘stdio.h’. + +

+
+
Data Type: fpos_t + +
+

This is the type of an object that can encode information about the +file position of a stream, for use by the functions fgetpos and +fsetpos. +

+

In the GNU system, fpos_t is an opaque data structure that +contains internal data to represent file offset and conversion state +information. In other systems, it might have a different internal +representation. +

+

When compiling with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a 32 bit machine +this type is in fact equivalent to fpos64_t since the LFS +interface transparently replaces the old interface. +

+ +
+
Data Type: fpos64_t + +
+

This is the type of an object that can encode information about the +file position of a stream, for use by the functions fgetpos64 and +fsetpos64. +

+

In the GNU system, fpos64_t is an opaque data structure that +contains internal data to represent file offset and conversion state +information. In other systems, it might have a different internal +representation. +

+ +
+
Function: int fgetpos (FILE *stream, fpos_t *position) + +
+

This function stores the value of the file position indicator for the +stream stream in the fpos_t object pointed to by +position. If successful, fgetpos returns zero; otherwise +it returns a nonzero value and stores an implementation-defined positive +value in errno. +

+

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a +32 bit system the function is in fact fgetpos64. I.e., the LFS +interface transparently replaces the old interface. +

+ +
+
Function: int fgetpos64 (FILE *stream, fpos64_t *position) + +
+

This function is similar to fgetpos but the file position is +returned in a variable of type fpos64_t to which position +points. +

+

If the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a 32 +bits machine this function is available under the name fgetpos +and so transparently replaces the old interface. +

+ +
+
Function: int fsetpos (FILE *stream, const fpos_t *position) + +
+

This function sets the file position indicator for the stream stream +to the position position, which must have been set by a previous +call to fgetpos on the same stream. If successful, fsetpos +clears the end-of-file indicator on the stream, discards any characters +that were “pushed back” by the use of ungetc, and returns a value +of zero. Otherwise, fsetpos returns a nonzero value and stores +an implementation-defined positive value in errno. +

+

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a +32 bit system the function is in fact fsetpos64. I.e., the LFS +interface transparently replaces the old interface. +

+ +
+
Function: int fsetpos64 (FILE *stream, const fpos64_t *position) + +
+

This function is similar to fsetpos but the file position used +for positioning is provided in a variable of type fpos64_t to +which position points. +

+

If the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a 32 +bits machine this function is available under the name fsetpos +and so transparently replaces the old interface. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.20 Stream Buffering

+ +

Characters that are written to a stream are normally accumulated and +transmitted asynchronously to the file in a block, instead of appearing +as soon as they are output by the application program. Similarly, +streams often retrieve input from the host environment in blocks rather +than on a character-by-character basis. This is called buffering. +

+

If you are writing programs that do interactive input and output using +streams, you need to understand how buffering works when you design the +user interface to your program. Otherwise, you might find that output +(such as progress or prompt messages) doesn't appear when you intended +it to, or displays some other unexpected behavior. +

+

This section deals only with controlling when characters are transmitted +between the stream and the file or device, and not with how +things like echoing, flow control, and the like are handled on specific +classes of devices. For information on common control operations on +terminal devices, see Low-Level Terminal Interface. +

+

You can bypass the stream buffering facilities altogether by using the +low-level input and output functions that operate on file descriptors +instead. See section Low-Level Input/Output. +

+ + + + +
12.20.1 Buffering Concepts   Terminology is defined here. +
12.20.2 Flushing Buffers   How to ensure that output buffers are flushed. +
12.20.3 Controlling Which Kind of Buffering   How to specify what kind of buffering to use. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

12.20.1 Buffering Concepts

+ +

There are three different kinds of buffering strategies: +

+
    +
  • +Characters written to or read from an unbuffered stream are +transmitted individually to or from the file as soon as possible. + + +
  • +Characters written to a line buffered stream are transmitted to +the file in blocks when a newline character is encountered. + + +
  • +Characters written to or read from a fully buffered stream are +transmitted to or from the file in blocks of arbitrary size. + +
+ +

Newly opened streams are normally fully buffered, with one exception: a +stream connected to an interactive device such as a terminal is +initially line buffered. See section Controlling Which Kind of Buffering, for information +on how to select a different kind of buffering. Usually the automatic +selection gives you the most convenient kind of buffering for the file +or device you open. +

+

The use of line buffering for interactive devices implies that output +messages ending in a newline will appear immediately—which is usually +what you want. Output that doesn't end in a newline might or might not +show up immediately, so if you want them to appear immediately, you +should flush buffered output explicitly with fflush, as described +in Flushing Buffers. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.20.2 Flushing Buffers

+ +

Flushing output on a buffered stream means transmitting all +accumulated characters to the file. There are many circumstances when +buffered output on a stream is flushed automatically: +

+
    +
  • +When you try to do output and the output buffer is full. + +
  • +When the stream is closed. See section Closing Streams. + +
  • +When the program terminates by calling exit. +See section Normal Termination. + +
  • +When a newline is written, if the stream is line buffered. + +
  • +Whenever an input operation on any stream actually reads data +from its file. +
+ +

If you want to flush the buffered output at another time, call +fflush, which is declared in the header file ‘stdio.h’. + +

+
+
Function: int fflush (FILE *stream) + +
+

This function causes any buffered output on stream to be delivered +to the file. If stream is a null pointer, then +fflush causes buffered output on all open output streams +to be flushed. +

+

This function returns EOF if a write error occurs, or zero +otherwise. +

+ +
+
Function: int fflush_unlocked (FILE *stream) + +
+

The fflush_unlocked function is equivalent to the fflush +function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream. +

+ +

The fflush function can be used to flush all streams currently +opened. While this is useful in some situations it does often more than +necessary since it might be done in situations when terminal input is +required and the program wants to be sure that all output is visible on +the terminal. But this means that only line buffered streams have to be +flushed. Solaris introduced a function especially for this. It was +always available in the GNU C library in some form but never officially +exported. +

+
+
Function: void _flushlbf (void) + +
+

The _flushlbf function flushes all line buffered streams +currently opened. +

+

This function is declared in the ‘stdio_ext.h’ header. +

+ +

Compatibility Note: Some brain-damaged operating systems have +been known to be so thoroughly fixated on line-oriented input and output +that flushing a line buffered stream causes a newline to be written! +Fortunately, this “feature” seems to be becoming less common. You do +not need to worry about this in the GNU system. +

+

In some situations it might be useful to not flush the output pending +for a stream but instead simply forget it. If transmission is costly +and the output is not needed anymore this is valid reasoning. In this +situation a non-standard function introduced in Solaris and available in +the GNU C library can be used. +

+
+
Function: void __fpurge (FILE *stream) + +
+

The __fpurge function causes the buffer of the stream +stream to be emptied. If the stream is currently in read mode all +input in the buffer is lost. If the stream is in output mode the +buffered output is not written to the device (or whatever other +underlying storage) and the buffer the cleared. +

+

This function is declared in ‘stdio_ext.h’. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.20.3 Controlling Which Kind of Buffering

+ +

After opening a stream (but before any other operations have been +performed on it), you can explicitly specify what kind of buffering you +want it to have using the setvbuf function. + +

+

The facilities listed in this section are declared in the header +file ‘stdio.h’. + +

+
+
Function: int setvbuf (FILE *stream, char *buf, int mode, size_t size) + +
+

This function is used to specify that the stream stream should +have the buffering mode mode, which can be either _IOFBF +(for full buffering), _IOLBF (for line buffering), or +_IONBF (for unbuffered input/output). +

+

If you specify a null pointer as the buf argument, then setvbuf +allocates a buffer itself using malloc. This buffer will be freed +when you close the stream. +

+

Otherwise, buf should be a character array that can hold at least +size characters. You should not free the space for this array as +long as the stream remains open and this array remains its buffer. You +should usually either allocate it statically, or malloc +(see section Unconstrained Allocation) the buffer. Using an automatic array +is not a good idea unless you close the file before exiting the block +that declares the array. +

+

While the array remains a stream buffer, the stream I/O functions will +use the buffer for their internal purposes. You shouldn't try to access +the values in the array directly while the stream is using it for +buffering. +

+

The setvbuf function returns zero on success, or a nonzero value +if the value of mode is not valid or if the request could not +be honored. +

+ +
+
Macro: int _IOFBF + +
+

The value of this macro is an integer constant expression that can be +used as the mode argument to the setvbuf function to +specify that the stream should be fully buffered. +

+ +
+
Macro: int _IOLBF + +
+

The value of this macro is an integer constant expression that can be +used as the mode argument to the setvbuf function to +specify that the stream should be line buffered. +

+ +
+
Macro: int _IONBF + +
+

The value of this macro is an integer constant expression that can be +used as the mode argument to the setvbuf function to +specify that the stream should be unbuffered. +

+ +
+
Macro: int BUFSIZ + +
+

The value of this macro is an integer constant expression that is good +to use for the size argument to setvbuf. This value is +guaranteed to be at least 256. +

+

The value of BUFSIZ is chosen on each system so as to make stream +I/O efficient. So it is a good idea to use BUFSIZ as the size +for the buffer when you call setvbuf. +

+

Actually, you can get an even better value to use for the buffer size +by means of the fstat system call: it is found in the +st_blksize field of the file attributes. See section The meaning of the File Attributes. +

+

Sometimes people also use BUFSIZ as the allocation size of +buffers used for related purposes, such as strings used to receive a +line of input with fgets (see section Character Input). There is no +particular reason to use BUFSIZ for this instead of any other +integer, except that it might lead to doing I/O in chunks of an +efficient size. +

+ +
+
Function: void setbuf (FILE *stream, char *buf) + +
+

If buf is a null pointer, the effect of this function is +equivalent to calling setvbuf with a mode argument of +_IONBF. Otherwise, it is equivalent to calling setvbuf +with buf, and a mode of _IOFBF and a size +argument of BUFSIZ. +

+

The setbuf function is provided for compatibility with old code; +use setvbuf in all new programs. +

+ +
+
Function: void setbuffer (FILE *stream, char *buf, size_t size) + +
+

If buf is a null pointer, this function makes stream unbuffered. +Otherwise, it makes stream fully buffered using buf as the +buffer. The size argument specifies the length of buf. +

+

This function is provided for compatibility with old BSD code. Use +setvbuf instead. +

+ +
+
Function: void setlinebuf (FILE *stream) + +
+

This function makes stream be line buffered, and allocates the +buffer for you. +

+

This function is provided for compatibility with old BSD code. Use +setvbuf instead. +

+ +

It is possible to query whether a given stream is line buffered or not +using a non-standard function introduced in Solaris and available in the +GNU C library. +

+
+
Function: int __flbf (FILE *stream) + +
+

The __flbf function will return a nonzero value in case the +stream stream is line buffered. Otherwise the return value is +zero. +

+

This function is declared in the ‘stdio_ext.h’ header. +

+ +

Two more extensions allow to determine the size of the buffer and how +much of it is used. These functions were also introduced in Solaris. +

+
+
Function: size_t __fbufsize (FILE *stream) + +
+

The __fbufsize function return the size of the buffer in the +stream stream. This value can be used to optimize the use of the +stream. +

+

This function is declared in the ‘stdio_ext.h’ header. +

+ +
+
Function: size_t __fpending (FILE *stream) The __fpending + +
+

function returns the number of bytes currently in the output buffer. +For wide-oriented stream the measuring unit is wide characters. This +function should not be used on buffers in read mode or opened read-only. +

+

This function is declared in the ‘stdio_ext.h’ header. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.21 Other Kinds of Streams

+ +

The GNU library provides ways for you to define additional kinds of +streams that do not necessarily correspond to an open file. +

+

One such type of stream takes input from or writes output to a string. +These kinds of streams are used internally to implement the +sprintf and sscanf functions. You can also create such a +stream explicitly, using the functions described in String Streams. +

+

More generally, you can define streams that do input/output to arbitrary +objects using functions supplied by your program. This protocol is +discussed in Programming Your Own Custom Streams. +

+

Portability Note: The facilities described in this section are +specific to GNU. Other systems or C implementations might or might not +provide equivalent functionality. +

+ + + + +
12.21.1 String Streams   Streams that get data from or put data in + a string or memory buffer. +
12.21.2 Obstack Streams   Streams that store data in an obstack. +
12.21.3 Programming Your Own Custom Streams   Defining your own streams with an arbitrary + input data source and/or output data sink. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.21.1 String Streams

+ +

The fmemopen and open_memstream functions allow you to do +I/O to a string or memory buffer. These facilities are declared in +‘stdio.h’. + +

+
+
Function: FILE * fmemopen (void *buf, size_t size, const char *opentype) + +
+

This function opens a stream that allows the access specified by the +opentype argument, that reads from or writes to the buffer specified +by the argument buf. This array must be at least size bytes long. +

+

If you specify a null pointer as the buf argument, fmemopen +dynamically allocates an array size bytes long (as with malloc; +see section Unconstrained Allocation). This is really only useful +if you are going to write things to the buffer and then read them back +in again, because you have no way of actually getting a pointer to the +buffer (for this, try open_memstream, below). The buffer is +freed when the stream is closed. +

+

The argument opentype is the same as in fopen +(see section Opening Streams). If the opentype specifies +append mode, then the initial file position is set to the first null +character in the buffer. Otherwise the initial file position is at the +beginning of the buffer. +

+

When a stream open for writing is flushed or closed, a null character +(zero byte) is written at the end of the buffer if it fits. You +should add an extra byte to the size argument to account for this. +Attempts to write more than size bytes to the buffer result +in an error. +

+

For a stream open for reading, null characters (zero bytes) in the +buffer do not count as “end of file”. Read operations indicate end of +file only when the file position advances past size bytes. So, if +you want to read characters from a null-terminated string, you should +supply the length of the string as the size argument. +

+ +

Here is an example of using fmemopen to create a stream for +reading from a string: +

+
 
#include <stdio.h>
+
+static char buffer[] = "foobar";
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  int ch;
+  FILE *stream;
+
+  stream = fmemopen (buffer, strlen (buffer), "r");
+  while ((ch = fgetc (stream)) != EOF)
+    printf ("Got %c\n", ch);
+  fclose (stream);
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+ +

This program produces the following output: +

+
 
Got f
+Got o
+Got o
+Got b
+Got a
+Got r
+
+ +
+
Function: FILE * open_memstream (char **ptr, size_t *sizeloc) + +
+

This function opens a stream for writing to a buffer. The buffer is +allocated dynamically and grown as necessary, using malloc. +After you've closed the stream, this buffer is your responsibility to +clean up using free or realloc. See section Unconstrained Allocation. +

+

When the stream is closed with fclose or flushed with +fflush, the locations ptr and sizeloc are updated to +contain the pointer to the buffer and its size. The values thus stored +remain valid only as long as no further output on the stream takes +place. If you do more output, you must flush the stream again to store +new values before you use them again. +

+

A null character is written at the end of the buffer. This null character +is not included in the size value stored at sizeloc. +

+

You can move the stream's file position with fseek or +fseeko (see section File Positioning). Moving the file position past +the end of the data already written fills the intervening space with +zeroes. +

+ +

Here is an example of using open_memstream: +

+
 
#include <stdio.h>
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  char *bp;
+  size_t size;
+  FILE *stream;
+
+  stream = open_memstream (&bp, &size);
+  fprintf (stream, "hello");
+  fflush (stream);
+  printf ("buf = `%s', size = %d\n", bp, size);
+  fprintf (stream, ", world");
+  fclose (stream);
+  printf ("buf = `%s', size = %d\n", bp, size);
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+ +

This program produces the following output: +

+
 
buf = `hello', size = 5
+buf = `hello, world', size = 12
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.21.2 Obstack Streams

+ +

You can open an output stream that puts it data in an obstack. +See section Obstacks. +

+
+
Function: FILE * open_obstack_stream (struct obstack *obstack) + +
+

This function opens a stream for writing data into the obstack obstack. +This starts an object in the obstack and makes it grow as data is +written (see section Growing Objects). +

+

Calling fflush on this stream updates the current size of the +object to match the amount of data that has been written. After a call +to fflush, you can examine the object temporarily. +

+

You can move the file position of an obstack stream with fseek or +fseeko (see section File Positioning). Moving the file position past +the end of the data written fills the intervening space with zeros. +

+

To make the object permanent, update the obstack with fflush, and +then use obstack_finish to finalize the object and get its address. +The following write to the stream starts a new object in the obstack, +and later writes add to that object until you do another fflush +and obstack_finish. +

+

But how do you find out how long the object is? You can get the length +in bytes by calling obstack_object_size (see section Status of an Obstack), or you can null-terminate the object like this: +

+
 
obstack_1grow (obstack, 0);
+
+ +

Whichever one you do, you must do it before calling +obstack_finish. (You can do both if you wish.) +

+ +

Here is a sample function that uses open_obstack_stream: +

+
 
char *
+make_message_string (const char *a, int b)
+{
+  FILE *stream = open_obstack_stream (&message_obstack);
+  output_task (stream);
+  fprintf (stream, ": ");
+  fprintf (stream, a, b);
+  fprintf (stream, "\n");
+  fclose (stream);
+  obstack_1grow (&message_obstack, 0);
+  return obstack_finish (&message_obstack);
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.21.3 Programming Your Own Custom Streams

+ +

This section describes how you can make a stream that gets input from an +arbitrary data source or writes output to an arbitrary data sink +programmed by you. We call these custom streams. The functions +and types described here are all GNU extensions. +

+ + + + +
12.21.3.1 Custom Streams and Cookies   The cookie records where to fetch or + store data that is read or written. +
12.21.3.2 Custom Stream Hook Functions   How you should define the four hook + functions that a custom stream needs. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

12.21.3.1 Custom Streams and Cookies

+ +

Inside every custom stream is a special object called the cookie. +This is an object supplied by you which records where to fetch or store +the data read or written. It is up to you to define a data type to use +for the cookie. The stream functions in the library never refer +directly to its contents, and they don't even know what the type is; +they record its address with type void *. +

+

To implement a custom stream, you must specify how to fetch or +store the data in the specified place. You do this by defining +hook functions to read, write, change “file position”, and close +the stream. All four of these functions will be passed the stream's +cookie so they can tell where to fetch or store the data. The library +functions don't know what's inside the cookie, but your functions will +know. +

+

When you create a custom stream, you must specify the cookie pointer, +and also the four hook functions stored in a structure of type +cookie_io_functions_t. +

+

These facilities are declared in ‘stdio.h’. + +

+
+
Data Type: cookie_io_functions_t + +
+

This is a structure type that holds the functions that define the +communications protocol between the stream and its cookie. It has +the following members: +

+
+
cookie_read_function_t *read
+

This is the function that reads data from the cookie. If the value is a +null pointer instead of a function, then read operations on this stream +always return EOF. +

+
+
cookie_write_function_t *write
+

This is the function that writes data to the cookie. If the value is a +null pointer instead of a function, then data written to the stream is +discarded. +

+
+
cookie_seek_function_t *seek
+

This is the function that performs the equivalent of file positioning on +the cookie. If the value is a null pointer instead of a function, calls +to fseek or fseeko on this stream can only seek to +locations within the buffer; any attempt to seek outside the buffer will +return an ESPIPE error. +

+
+
cookie_close_function_t *close
+

This function performs any appropriate cleanup on the cookie when +closing the stream. If the value is a null pointer instead of a +function, nothing special is done to close the cookie when the stream is +closed. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: FILE * fopencookie (void *cookie, const char *opentype, cookie_io_functions_t io-functions) + +
+

This function actually creates the stream for communicating with the +cookie using the functions in the io-functions argument. +The opentype argument is interpreted as for fopen; +see Opening Streams. (But note that the “truncate on +open” option is ignored.) The new stream is fully buffered. +

+

The fopencookie function returns the newly created stream, or a null +pointer in case of an error. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.21.3.2 Custom Stream Hook Functions

+ +

Here are more details on how you should define the four hook functions +that a custom stream needs. +

+

You should define the function to read data from the cookie as: +

+
 
ssize_t reader (void *cookie, char *buffer, size_t size)
+
+ +

This is very similar to the read function; see Input and Output Primitives. Your function should transfer up to size bytes into +the buffer, and return the number of bytes read, or zero to +indicate end-of-file. You can return a value of -1 to indicate +an error. +

+

You should define the function to write data to the cookie as: +

+
 
ssize_t writer (void *cookie, const char *buffer, size_t size)
+
+ +

This is very similar to the write function; see Input and Output Primitives. Your function should transfer up to size bytes from +the buffer, and return the number of bytes written. You can return a +value of -1 to indicate an error. +

+

You should define the function to perform seek operations on the cookie +as: +

+
 
int seeker (void *cookie, off64_t *position, int whence)
+
+ +

For this function, the position and whence arguments are +interpreted as for fgetpos; see Portable File-Position Functions. +

+

After doing the seek operation, your function should store the resulting +file position relative to the beginning of the file in position. +Your function should return a value of 0 on success and -1 +to indicate an error. +

+

You should define the function to do cleanup operations on the cookie +appropriate for closing the stream as: +

+
 
int cleaner (void *cookie)
+
+ +

Your function should return -1 to indicate an error, and 0 +otherwise. +

+
+
Data Type: cookie_read_function + +
+

This is the data type that the read function for a custom stream should have. +If you declare the function as shown above, this is the type it will have. +

+ +
+
Data Type: cookie_write_function + +
+

The data type of the write function for a custom stream. +

+ +
+
Data Type: cookie_seek_function + +
+

The data type of the seek function for a custom stream. +

+ +
+
Data Type: cookie_close_function + +
+

The data type of the close function for a custom stream. +

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

12.22 Formatted Messages

+ +

On systems which are based on System V messages of programs (especially +the system tools) are printed in a strict form using the fmtmsg +function. The uniformity sometimes helps the user to interpret messages +and the strictness tests of the fmtmsg function ensure that the +programmer follows some minimal requirements. +

+ + + + +
12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages   The fmtmsg function. +
12.22.2 Adding Severity Classes   Add more severity classes. +
12.22.3 How to use fmtmsg and addseverity  
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages

+ +

Messages can be printed to standard error and/or to the console. To +select the destination the programmer can use the following two values, +bitwise OR combined if wanted, for the classification parameter of +fmtmsg: +

+
+
MM_PRINT + +
+

Display the message in standard error. +

+
MM_CONSOLE + +
+

Display the message on the system console. +

+
+ +

The erroneous piece of the system can be signalled by exactly one of the +following values which also is bitwise ORed with the +classification parameter to fmtmsg: +

+
+
MM_HARD + +
+

The source of the condition is some hardware. +

+
MM_SOFT + +
+

The source of the condition is some software. +

+
MM_FIRM + +
+

The source of the condition is some firmware. +

+
+ +

A third component of the classification parameter to fmtmsg +can describe the part of the system which detects the problem. This is +done by using exactly one of the following values: +

+
+
MM_APPL + +
+

The erroneous condition is detected by the application. +

+
MM_UTIL + +
+

The erroneous condition is detected by a utility. +

+
MM_OPSYS + +
+

The erroneous condition is detected by the operating system. +

+
+ +

A last component of classification can signal the results of this +message. Exactly one of the following values can be used: +

+
+
MM_RECOVER + +
+

It is a recoverable error. +

+
MM_NRECOV + +
+

It is a non-recoverable error. +

+
+ +
+
Function: int fmtmsg (long int classification, const char *label, int severity, const char *text, const char *action, const char *tag) + +
+

Display a message described by its parameters on the device(s) specified +in the classification parameter. The label parameter +identifies the source of the message. The string should consist of two +colon separated parts where the first part has not more than 10 and the +second part not more than 14 characters. The text parameter +describes the condition of the error, the action parameter possible +steps to recover from the error and the tag parameter is a +reference to the online documentation where more information can be +found. It should contain the label value and a unique +identification number. +

+

Each of the parameters can be a special value which means this value +is to be omitted. The symbolic names for these values are: +

+
+
MM_NULLLBL + +
+

Ignore label parameter. +

+
MM_NULLSEV + +
+

Ignore severity parameter. +

+
MM_NULLMC + +
+

Ignore classification parameter. This implies that nothing is +actually printed. +

+
MM_NULLTXT + +
+

Ignore text parameter. +

+
MM_NULLACT + +
+

Ignore action parameter. +

+
MM_NULLTAG + +
+

Ignore tag parameter. +

+
+ +

There is another way certain fields can be omitted from the output to +standard error. This is described below in the description of +environment variables influencing the behavior. +

+

The severity parameter can have one of the values in the following +table: + +

+
+
MM_NOSEV + +
+

Nothing is printed, this value is the same as MM_NULLSEV. +

+
MM_HALT + +
+

This value is printed as HALT. +

+
MM_ERROR + +
+

This value is printed as ERROR. +

+
MM_WARNING + +
+

This value is printed as WARNING. +

+
MM_INFO + +
+

This value is printed as INFO. +

+
+ +

The numeric value of these five macros are between 0 and +4. Using the environment variable SEV_LEVEL or using the +addseverity function one can add more severity levels with their +corresponding string to print. This is described below +(see section Adding Severity Classes). +

+

If no parameter is ignored the output looks like this: +

+
 
label: severity-string: text
+TO FIX: action tag
+
+ +

The colons, new line characters and the TO FIX string are +inserted if necessary, i.e., if the corresponding parameter is not +ignored. +

+

This function is specified in the X/Open Portability Guide. It is also +available on all systems derived from System V. +

+

The function returns the value MM_OK if no error occurred. If +only the printing to standard error failed, it returns MM_NOMSG. +If printing to the console fails, it returns MM_NOCON. If +nothing is printed MM_NOTOK is returned. Among situations where +all outputs fail this last value is also returned if a parameter value +is incorrect. +

+ +

There are two environment variables which influence the behavior of +fmtmsg. The first is MSGVERB. It is used to control the +output actually happening on standard error (not the console +output). Each of the five fields can explicitly be enabled. To do +this the user has to put the MSGVERB variable with a format like +the following in the environment before calling the fmtmsg function +the first time: +

+
 
MSGVERB=keyword[:keyword[:…]]
+
+ +

Valid keywords are label, severity, text, +action, and tag. If the environment variable is not given +or is the empty string, a not supported keyword is given or the value is +somehow else invalid, no part of the message is masked out. +

+

The second environment variable which influences the behavior of +fmtmsg is SEV_LEVEL. This variable and the change in the +behavior of fmtmsg is not specified in the X/Open Portability +Guide. It is available in System V systems, though. It can be used to +introduce new severity levels. By default, only the five severity levels +described above are available. Any other numeric value would make +fmtmsg print nothing. +

+

If the user puts SEV_LEVEL with a format like +

+
 
SEV_LEVEL=[description[:description[:…]]]
+
+ +

in the environment of the process before the first call to +fmtmsg, where description has a value of the form +

+
 
severity-keyword,level,printstring
+
+ +

The severity-keyword part is not used by fmtmsg but it has +to be present. The level part is a string representation of a +number. The numeric value must be a number greater than 4. This value +must be used in the severity parameter of fmtmsg to select +this class. It is not possible to overwrite any of the predefined +classes. The printstring is the string printed when a message of +this class is processed by fmtmsg (see above, fmtsmg does +not print the numeric value but instead the string representation). +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

12.22.2 Adding Severity Classes

+ +

There is another possibility to introduce severity classes besides using +the environment variable SEV_LEVEL. This simplifies the task of +introducing new classes in a running program. One could use the +setenv or putenv function to set the environment variable, +but this is toilsome. +

+
+
Function: int addseverity (int severity, const char *string) + +
+

This function allows the introduction of new severity classes which can be +addressed by the severity parameter of the fmtmsg function. +The severity parameter of addseverity must match the value +for the parameter with the same name of fmtmsg, and string +is the string printed in the actual messages instead of the numeric +value. +

+

If string is NULL the severity class with the numeric value +according to severity is removed. +

+

It is not possible to overwrite or remove one of the default severity +classes. All calls to addseverity with severity set to one +of the values for the default classes will fail. +

+

The return value is MM_OK if the task was successfully performed. +If the return value is MM_NOTOK something went wrong. This could +mean that no more memory is available or a class is not available when +it has to be removed. +

+

This function is not specified in the X/Open Portability Guide although +the fmtsmg function is. It is available on System V systems. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

12.22.3 How to use fmtmsg and addseverity

+ +

Here is a simple example program to illustrate the use of the both +functions described in this section. +

+
 
#include <fmtmsg.h>
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  addseverity (5, "NOTE2");
+  fmtmsg (MM_PRINT, "only1field", MM_INFO, "text2", "action2", "tag2");
+  fmtmsg (MM_PRINT, "UX:cat", 5, "invalid syntax", "refer to manual",
+          "UX:cat:001");
+  fmtmsg (MM_PRINT, "label:foo", 6, "text", "action", "tag");
+  return 0;
+}
+
+ +

The second call to fmtmsg illustrates a use of this function as +it usually occurs on System V systems, which heavily use this function. +It seems worthwhile to give a short explanation here of how this system +works on System V. The value of the +label field (UX:cat) says that the error occurred in the +Unix program cat. The explanation of the error follows and the +value for the action parameter is "refer to manual". One +could be more specific here, if necessary. The tag field contains, +as proposed above, the value of the string given for the label +parameter, and additionally a unique ID (001 in this case). For +a GNU environment this string could contain a reference to the +corresponding node in the Info page for the program. +

+

Running this program without specifying the MSGVERB and +SEV_LEVEL function produces the following output: +

+
 
UX:cat: NOTE2: invalid syntax
+TO FIX: refer to manual UX:cat:001
+
+ +

We see the different fields of the message and how the extra glue (the +colons and the TO FIX string) are printed. But only one of the +three calls to fmtmsg produced output. The first call does not +print anything because the label parameter is not in the correct +form. The string must contain two fields, separated by a colon +(see section Printing Formatted Messages). The third fmtmsg call +produced no output since the class with the numeric value 6 is +not defined. Although a class with numeric value 5 is also not +defined by default, the call to addseverity introduces it and +the second call to fmtmsg produces the above output. +

+

When we change the environment of the program to contain +SEV_LEVEL=XXX,6,NOTE when running it we get a different result: +

+
 
UX:cat: NOTE2: invalid syntax
+TO FIX: refer to manual UX:cat:001
+label:foo: NOTE: text
+TO FIX: action tag
+
+ +

Now the third call to fmtmsg produced some output and we see how +the string NOTE from the environment variable appears in the +message. +

+

Now we can reduce the output by specifying which fields we are +interested in. If we additionally set the environment variable +MSGVERB to the value severity:label:action we get the +following output: +

+
 
UX:cat: NOTE2
+TO FIX: refer to manual
+label:foo: NOTE
+TO FIX: action
+
+ +

I.e., the output produced by the text and the tag parameters +to fmtmsg vanished. Please also note that now there is no colon +after the NOTE and NOTE2 strings in the output. This is +not necessary since there is no more output on this line because the text +is missing. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_69.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_69.html @@ -0,0 +1,255 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Variable and Constant Macro Index: U – Y + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

Variable and Constant Macro Index: U – Y

+
Jump to:   ( +   +_ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +X +   +Y +   +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Index Entry Section
U
UCHAR_MAXA.5.2 Range of an Integer Type
UINT_MAXA.5.2 Range of an Integer Type
ULONG_LONG_MAXA.5.2 Range of an Integer Type
ULONG_MAXA.5.2 Range of an Integer Type
USER_PROCESS29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
USER_PROCESS29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions
USHRT_MAXA.5.2 Range of an Integer Type
V
VDISCARD17.4.9.4 Other Special Characters
VDSUSP17.4.9.2 Characters that Cause Signals
VEOF17.4.9.1 Characters for Input Editing
VEOL17.4.9.1 Characters for Input Editing
VEOL217.4.9.1 Characters for Input Editing
VERASE17.4.9.1 Characters for Input Editing
VINTR17.4.9.2 Characters that Cause Signals
VKILL17.4.9.1 Characters for Input Editing
VLNEXT17.4.9.4 Other Special Characters
VMIN17.4.10 Noncanonical Input
VQUIT17.4.9.2 Characters that Cause Signals
VREPRINT17.4.9.1 Characters for Input Editing
VSTART17.4.9.3 Special Characters for Flow Control
VSTATUS17.4.9.4 Other Special Characters
VSTOP17.4.9.3 Special Characters for Flow Control
VSUSP17.4.9.2 Characters that Cause Signals
VTIME17.4.10 Noncanonical Input
VWERASE17.4.9.1 Characters for Input Editing
W
W_OK14.9.8 Testing Permission to Access a File
WCHAR_MAX6.1 Introduction to Extended Characters
WCHAR_MAXA.5.2 Range of an Integer Type
WCHAR_MIN6.1 Introduction to Extended Characters
WEOF6.1 Introduction to Extended Characters
WEOF12.15 End-Of-File and Errors
X
X_OK14.9.8 Testing Permission to Access a File
Y
YESEXPR7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
YESSTR7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
+
Jump to:   ( +   +_ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +X +   +Y +   +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_51.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_51.html @@ -0,0 +1,215 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Type Index: T – W + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

Type Index: T – W

+
Jump to:   _ +   +
+B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +I +   +J +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Index Entry Section
T
tcflag_t17.4.1 Terminal Mode Data Types
time_t21.4.1 Simple Calendar Time
U
ucontext_t23.4 Complete Context Control
uid_t29.5 Reading the Persona of a Process
union wait26.8 BSD Process Wait Functions
V
va_listA.2.2.5 Argument Access Macros
VISIT9.6 The tsearch function.
W
wchar_t6.1 Introduction to Extended Characters
wctrans_t4.5 Mapping of wide characters.
wctype_t4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
wint_t6.1 Introduction to Extended Characters
wordexp_t10.4.2 Calling wordexp
+
Jump to:   _ +   +
+B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +I +   +J +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_31.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_31.html @@ -0,0 +1,2222 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 31. System Configuration Parameters + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

31. System Configuration Parameters

+ +

The functions and macros listed in this chapter give information about +configuration parameters of the operating system—for example, capacity +limits, presence of optional POSIX features, and the default path for +executable files (see section String-Valued Parameters). +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
31.1 General Capacity Limits   Constants and functions that describe + various process-related limits that have + one uniform value for any given machine. +
31.2 Overall System Options   Optional POSIX features. +
31.3 Which Version of POSIX is Supported   Version numbers of POSIX.1 and POSIX.2. +
31.4 Using sysconf   Getting specific configuration values + of general limits and system options. +
31.5 Minimum Values for General Capacity Limits   Minimum values for general limits. +
+
31.6 Limits on File System Capacity   Size limitations that pertain to individual files. + These can vary between file systems + or even from file to file. +
31.7 Optional Features in File Support   Optional features that some files may support. +
31.8 Minimum Values for File System Limits   Minimum values for file limits. +
31.9 Using pathconf   Getting the limit values for a particular file. +
+
31.10 Utility Program Capacity Limits   Capacity limits of some POSIX.2 utility programs. +
31.11 Minimum Values for Utility Limits   Minimum allowable values of those limits. +
+
31.12 String-Valued Parameters   Getting the default search path. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

31.1 General Capacity Limits

+ +

The POSIX.1 and POSIX.2 standards specify a number of parameters that +describe capacity limitations of the system. These limits can be fixed +constants for a given operating system, or they can vary from machine to +machine. For example, some limit values may be configurable by the +system administrator, either at run time or by rebuilding the kernel, +and this should not require recompiling application programs. +

+ +

Each of the following limit parameters has a macro that is defined in +‘limits.h’ only if the system has a fixed, uniform limit for the +parameter in question. If the system allows different file systems or +files to have different limits, then the macro is undefined; use +sysconf to find out the limit that applies at a particular time +on a particular machine. See section Using sysconf. +

+

Each of these parameters also has another macro, with a name starting +with ‘_POSIX’, which gives the lowest value that the limit is +allowed to have on any POSIX system. See section Minimum Values for General Capacity Limits. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ARG_MAX + +
+

If defined, the unvarying maximum combined length of the argv and +environ arguments that can be passed to the exec functions. +

+ + +
+
Macro: int CHILD_MAX + +
+

If defined, the unvarying maximum number of processes that can exist +with the same real user ID at any one time. In BSD and GNU, this is +controlled by the RLIMIT_NPROC resource limit; see section Limiting Resource Usage. +

+ + +
+
Macro: int OPEN_MAX + +
+

If defined, the unvarying maximum number of files that a single process +can have open simultaneously. In BSD and GNU, this is controlled +by the RLIMIT_NOFILE resource limit; see section Limiting Resource Usage. +

+ +
+
Macro: int STREAM_MAX + +
+

If defined, the unvarying maximum number of streams that a single +process can have open simultaneously. See section Opening Streams. +

+ + +
+
Macro: int TZNAME_MAX + +
+

If defined, the unvarying maximum length of a time zone name. +See section Functions and Variables for Time Zones. +

+ +

These limit macros are always defined in ‘limits.h’. +

+ +
+
Macro: int NGROUPS_MAX + +
+

The maximum number of supplementary group IDs that one process can have. +

+

The value of this macro is actually a lower bound for the maximum. That +is, you can count on being able to have that many supplementary group +IDs, but a particular machine might let you have even more. You can use +sysconf to see whether a particular machine will let you have +more (see section Using sysconf). +

+ +
+
Macro: int SSIZE_MAX + +
+

The largest value that can fit in an object of type ssize_t. +Effectively, this is the limit on the number of bytes that can be read +or written in a single operation. +

+

This macro is defined in all POSIX systems because this limit is never +configurable. +

+ +
+
Macro: int RE_DUP_MAX + +
+

The largest number of repetitions you are guaranteed is allowed in the +construct ‘\{min,max\}’ in a regular expression. +

+

The value of this macro is actually a lower bound for the maximum. That +is, you can count on being able to have that many repetitions, but a +particular machine might let you have even more. You can use +sysconf to see whether a particular machine will let you have +more (see section Using sysconf). And even the value that sysconf tells +you is just a lower bound—larger values might work. +

+

This macro is defined in all POSIX.2 systems, because POSIX.2 says it +should always be defined even if there is no specific imposed limit. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

31.2 Overall System Options

+ +

POSIX defines certain system-specific options that not all POSIX systems +support. Since these options are provided in the kernel, not in the +library, simply using the GNU C library does not guarantee any of these +features is supported; it depends on the system you are using. +

+ +

You can test for the availability of a given option using the macros in +this section, together with the function sysconf. The macros are +defined only if you include ‘unistd.h’. +

+

For the following macros, if the macro is defined in ‘unistd.h’, +then the option is supported. Otherwise, the option may or may not be +supported; use sysconf to find out. See section Using sysconf. +

+
+
Macro: int _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL + +
+

If this symbol is defined, it indicates that the system supports job +control. Otherwise, the implementation behaves as if all processes +within a session belong to a single process group. See section Job Control. +

+ +
+
Macro: int _POSIX_SAVED_IDS + +
+

If this symbol is defined, it indicates that the system remembers the +effective user and group IDs of a process before it executes an +executable file with the set-user-ID or set-group-ID bits set, and that +explicitly changing the effective user or group IDs back to these values +is permitted. If this option is not defined, then if a nonprivileged +process changes its effective user or group ID to the real user or group +ID of the process, it can't change it back again. See section Enabling and Disabling Setuid Access. +

+ +

For the following macros, if the macro is defined in ‘unistd.h’, +then its value indicates whether the option is supported. A value of +-1 means no, and any other value means yes. If the macro is not +defined, then the option may or may not be supported; use sysconf +to find out. See section Using sysconf. +

+
+
Macro: int _POSIX2_C_DEV + +
+

If this symbol is defined, it indicates that the system has the POSIX.2 +C compiler command, c89. The GNU C library always defines this +as 1, on the assumption that you would not have installed it if +you didn't have a C compiler. +

+ +
+
Macro: int _POSIX2_FORT_DEV + +
+

If this symbol is defined, it indicates that the system has the POSIX.2 +Fortran compiler command, fort77. The GNU C library never +defines this, because we don't know what the system has. +

+ +
+
Macro: int _POSIX2_FORT_RUN + +
+

If this symbol is defined, it indicates that the system has the POSIX.2 +asa command to interpret Fortran carriage control. The GNU C +library never defines this, because we don't know what the system has. +

+ +
+
Macro: int _POSIX2_LOCALEDEF + +
+

If this symbol is defined, it indicates that the system has the POSIX.2 +localedef command. The GNU C library never defines this, because +we don't know what the system has. +

+ +
+
Macro: int _POSIX2_SW_DEV + +
+

If this symbol is defined, it indicates that the system has the POSIX.2 +commands ar, make, and strip. The GNU C library +always defines this as 1, on the assumption that you had to have +ar and make to install the library, and it's unlikely that +strip would be absent when those are present. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

31.3 Which Version of POSIX is Supported

+ +
+
Macro: long int _POSIX_VERSION + +
+

This constant represents the version of the POSIX.1 standard to which +the implementation conforms. For an implementation conforming to the +1995 POSIX.1 standard, the value is the integer 199506L. +

+

_POSIX_VERSION is always defined (in ‘unistd.h’) in any +POSIX system. +

+

Usage Note: Don't try to test whether the system supports POSIX +by including ‘unistd.h’ and then checking whether +_POSIX_VERSION is defined. On a non-POSIX system, this will +probably fail because there is no ‘unistd.h’. We do not know of +any way you can reliably test at compilation time whether your +target system supports POSIX or whether ‘unistd.h’ exists. +

+

The GNU C compiler predefines the symbol __POSIX__ if the target +system is a POSIX system. Provided you do not use any other compilers +on POSIX systems, testing defined (__POSIX__) will reliably +detect such systems. +

+ +
+
Macro: long int _POSIX2_C_VERSION + +
+

This constant represents the version of the POSIX.2 standard which the +library and system kernel support. We don't know what value this will +be for the first version of the POSIX.2 standard, because the value is +based on the year and month in which the standard is officially adopted. +

+

The value of this symbol says nothing about the utilities installed on +the system. +

+

Usage Note: You can use this macro to tell whether a POSIX.1 +system library supports POSIX.2 as well. Any POSIX.1 system contains +‘unistd.h’, so include that file and then test defined +(_POSIX2_C_VERSION). +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

31.4 Using sysconf

+ +

When your system has configurable system limits, you can use the +sysconf function to find out the value that applies to any +particular machine. The function and the associated parameter +constants are declared in the header file ‘unistd.h’. +

+ + + + +
31.4.1 Definition of sysconf   Detailed specifications of sysconf. +
31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters   The list of parameters sysconf can read. +
31.4.3 Examples of sysconf   How to use sysconf and the parameter + macros properly together. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

31.4.1 Definition of sysconf

+ +
+
Function: long int sysconf (int parameter) + +
+

This function is used to inquire about runtime system parameters. The +parameter argument should be one of the ‘_SC_’ symbols listed +below. +

+

The normal return value from sysconf is the value you requested. +A value of -1 is returned both if the implementation does not +impose a limit, and in case of an error. +

+

The following errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The value of the parameter is invalid. +

+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters

+ +

Here are the symbolic constants for use as the parameter argument +to sysconf. The values are all integer constants (more +specifically, enumeration type values). +

+
+
_SC_ARG_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to ARG_MAX. +

+
+
_SC_CHILD_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to CHILD_MAX. +

+
+
_SC_OPEN_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to OPEN_MAX. +

+
+
_SC_STREAM_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to STREAM_MAX. +

+
+
_SC_TZNAME_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to TZNAME_MAX. +

+
+
_SC_NGROUPS_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to NGROUPS_MAX. +

+
+
_SC_JOB_CONTROL + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL. +

+
+
_SC_SAVED_IDS + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_SAVED_IDS. +

+
+
_SC_VERSION + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_VERSION. +

+
+
_SC_CLK_TCK + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to CLOCKS_PER_SEC; +see section CPU Time Inquiry. +

+
+
_SC_CHARCLASS_NAME_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to maximal length allowed for +a character class name in an extended locale specification. These +extensions are not yet standardized and so this option is not standardized +as well. +

+
+
_SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS. +

+
+
_SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING. +

+
+
_SC_TIMERS + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_TIMERS. +

+
+
_SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO. +

+
+
_SC_PRIORITIZED_IO + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_PRIORITIZED_IO. +

+
+
_SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO. +

+
+
_SC_FSYNC + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_FSYNC. +

+
+
_SC_MAPPED_FILES + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES. +

+
+
_SC_MEMLOCK + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_MEMLOCK. +

+
+
_SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE. +

+
+
_SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION. +

+
+
_SC_MESSAGE_PASSING + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_MESSAGE_PASSING. +

+
+
_SC_SEMAPHORES + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_SEMAPHORES. +

+
+
_SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to
+_POSIX_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS. +

+
+
_SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_AIO_LISTIO_MAX. +

+
+
_SC_AIO_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_AIO_MAX. +

+
+
_SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX + +
+

Inquire the value by which a process can decrease its asynchronous I/O +priority level from its own scheduling priority. This corresponds to the +run-time invariant value AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX. +

+
+
_SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_DELAYTIMER_MAX. +

+
+
_SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_MQ_OPEN_MAX. +

+
+
_SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_MQ_PRIO_MAX. +

+
+
_SC_RTSIG_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_RTSIG_MAX. +

+
+
_SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_SEM_NSEMS_MAX. +

+
+
_SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_SEM_VALUE_MAX. +

+
+
_SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_SIGQUEUE_MAX. +

+
+
_SC_TIMER_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_TIMER_MAX. +

+
+
_SC_PII + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_PII. +

+
+
_SC_PII_XTI + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_PII_XTI. +

+
+
_SC_PII_SOCKET + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_PII_SOCKET. +

+
+
_SC_PII_INTERNET + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_PII_INTERNET. +

+
+
_SC_PII_OSI + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_PII_OSI. +

+
+
_SC_SELECT + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_SELECT. +

+
+
_SC_UIO_MAXIOV + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_UIO_MAXIOV. +

+
+
_SC_PII_INTERNET_STREAM + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_PII_INTERNET_STREAM. +

+
+
_SC_PII_INTERNET_DGRAM + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_PII_INTERNET_DGRAM. +

+
+
_SC_PII_OSI_COTS + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_PII_OSI_COTS. +

+
+
_SC_PII_OSI_CLTS + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_PII_OSI_CLTS. +

+
+
_SC_PII_OSI_M + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_PII_OSI_M. +

+
+
_SC_T_IOV_MAX + +
+

Inquire the value of the value associated with the T_IOV_MAX +variable. +

+
+
_SC_THREADS + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_THREADS. +

+
+
_SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to
+_POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS. +

+
+
_SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX. +

+
+
_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX. +

+
+
_SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_LOGIN_NAME_MAX. +

+
+
_SC_TTY_NAME_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_TTY_NAME_MAX. +

+
+
_SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to +_POSIX_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS. +

+
+
_SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_THREAD_KEYS_MAX. +

+
+
_SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_THREAD_STACK_MIN. +

+
+
_SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_THREAD_THREADS_MAX. +

+
+
_SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to
a +_POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR. +

+
+
_SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to
+_POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE. +

+
+
_SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to +_POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING. +

+
+
_SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT. +

+
+
_SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT. +

+
+
_SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to +_POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED. +

+
+
_SC_2_C_DEV + +
+

Inquire about whether the system has the POSIX.2 C compiler command, +c89. +

+
+
_SC_2_FORT_DEV + +
+

Inquire about whether the system has the POSIX.2 Fortran compiler +command, fort77. +

+
+
_SC_2_FORT_RUN + +
+

Inquire about whether the system has the POSIX.2 asa command to +interpret Fortran carriage control. +

+
+
_SC_2_LOCALEDEF + +
+

Inquire about whether the system has the POSIX.2 localedef +command. +

+
+
_SC_2_SW_DEV + +
+

Inquire about whether the system has the POSIX.2 commands ar, +make, and strip. +

+
+
_SC_BC_BASE_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the maximum value of obase in the bc +utility. +

+
+
_SC_BC_DIM_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the maximum size of an array in the bc +utility. +

+
+
_SC_BC_SCALE_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the maximum value of scale in the bc +utility. +

+
+
_SC_BC_STRING_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the maximum size of a string constant in the +bc utility. +

+
+
_SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the maximum number of weights that can necessarily +be used in defining the collating sequence for a locale. +

+
+
_SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the maximum number of expressions nested within +parentheses when using the expr utility. +

+
+
_SC_LINE_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the maximum size of a text line that the POSIX.2 text +utilities can handle. +

+
+
_SC_EQUIV_CLASS_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the maximum number of weights that can be assigned to an +entry of the LC_COLLATE category ‘order’ keyword in a locale +definition. The GNU C library does not presently support locale +definitions. +

+
+
_SC_VERSION + +
+

Inquire about the version number of POSIX.1 that the library and kernel +support. +

+
+
_SC_2_VERSION + +
+

Inquire about the version number of POSIX.2 that the system utilities +support. +

+
+
_SC_PAGESIZE + +
+

Inquire about the virtual memory page size of the machine. +getpagesize returns the same value (see section How to get information about the memory subsystem?). +

+
+
_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF + +
+

Inquire about the number of configured processors. +

+
+
_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN + +
+

Inquire about the number of processors online. +

+
+
_SC_PHYS_PAGES + +
+

Inquire about the number of physical pages in the system. +

+
+
_SC_AVPHYS_PAGES + +
+

Inquire about the number of available physical pages in the system. +

+
+
_SC_ATEXIT_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the number of functions which can be registered as termination +functions for atexit; see section Cleanups on Exit. +

+
+
_SC_XOPEN_VERSION + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _XOPEN_VERSION. +

+
+
_SC_XOPEN_XCU_VERSION + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _XOPEN_XCU_VERSION. +

+
+
_SC_XOPEN_UNIX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _XOPEN_UNIX. +

+
+
_SC_XOPEN_REALTIME + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _XOPEN_REALTIME. +

+
+
_SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS. +

+
+
_SC_XOPEN_LEGACY + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _XOPEN_LEGACY. +

+
+
_SC_XOPEN_CRYPT + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _XOPEN_CRYPT. +

+
+
_SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _XOPEN_ENH_I18N. +

+
+
_SC_XOPEN_SHM + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _XOPEN_SHM. +

+
+
_SC_XOPEN_XPG2 + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _XOPEN_XPG2. +

+
+
_SC_XOPEN_XPG3 + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _XOPEN_XPG3. +

+
+
_SC_XOPEN_XPG4 + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to _XOPEN_XPG4. +

+
+
_SC_CHAR_BIT + +
+

Inquire about the number of bits in a variable of type char. +

+
+
_SC_CHAR_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the maximum value which can be stored in a variable of type +char. +

+
+
_SC_CHAR_MIN + +
+

Inquire about the minimum value which can be stored in a variable of type +char. +

+
+
_SC_INT_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the maximum value which can be stored in a variable of type +int. +

+
+
_SC_INT_MIN + +
+

Inquire about the minimum value which can be stored in a variable of type +int. +

+
+
_SC_LONG_BIT + +
+

Inquire about the number of bits in a variable of type long int. +

+
+
_SC_WORD_BIT + +
+

Inquire about the number of bits in a variable of a register word. +

+
+
_SC_MB_LEN_MAX + +
+

Inquire the maximum length of a multi-byte representation of a wide +character value. +

+
+
_SC_NZERO + +
+

Inquire about the value used to internally represent the zero priority level for +the process execution. +

+
+
SC_SSIZE_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the maximum value which can be stored in a variable of type +ssize_t. +

+
+
_SC_SCHAR_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the maximum value which can be stored in a variable of type +signed char. +

+
+
_SC_SCHAR_MIN + +
+

Inquire about the minimum value which can be stored in a variable of type +signed char. +

+
+
_SC_SHRT_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the maximum value which can be stored in a variable of type +short int. +

+
+
_SC_SHRT_MIN + +
+

Inquire about the minimum value which can be stored in a variable of type +short int. +

+
+
_SC_UCHAR_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the maximum value which can be stored in a variable of type +unsigned char. +

+
+
_SC_UINT_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the maximum value which can be stored in a variable of type +unsigned int. +

+
+
_SC_ULONG_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the maximum value which can be stored in a variable of type +unsigned long int. +

+
+
_SC_USHRT_MAX + +
+

Inquire about the maximum value which can be stored in a variable of type +unsigned short int. +

+
+
_SC_NL_ARGMAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to NL_ARGMAX. +

+
+
_SC_NL_LANGMAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to NL_LANGMAX. +

+
+
_SC_NL_MSGMAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to NL_MSGMAX. +

+
+
_SC_NL_NMAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to NL_NMAX. +

+
+
_SC_NL_SETMAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to NL_SETMAX. +

+
+
_SC_NL_TEXTMAX + +
+

Inquire about the parameter corresponding to NL_TEXTMAX. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

31.4.3 Examples of sysconf

+ +

We recommend that you first test for a macro definition for the +parameter you are interested in, and call sysconf only if the +macro is not defined. For example, here is how to test whether job +control is supported: +

+
 
int
+have_job_control (void)
+{
+#ifdef _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL
+  return 1;
+#else
+  int value = sysconf (_SC_JOB_CONTROL);
+  if (value < 0)
+    /* If the system is that badly wedged,
+       there's no use trying to go on.  */
+    fatal (strerror (errno));
+  return value;
+#endif
+}
+
+ +

Here is how to get the value of a numeric limit: +

+
 
int
+get_child_max ()
+{
+#ifdef CHILD_MAX
+  return CHILD_MAX;
+#else
+  int value = sysconf (_SC_CHILD_MAX);
+  if (value < 0)
+    fatal (strerror (errno));
+  return value;
+#endif
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

31.5 Minimum Values for General Capacity Limits

+ +

Here are the names for the POSIX minimum upper bounds for the system +limit parameters. The significance of these values is that you can +safely push to these limits without checking whether the particular +system you are using can go that far. +

+
+
_POSIX_AIO_LISTIO_MAX
+

The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX for the maximum number of +I/O operations that can be specified in a list I/O call. The value of +this constant is 2; thus you can add up to two new entries +of the list of outstanding operations. +

+
+
_POSIX_AIO_MAX
+

The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX for the maximum number of +outstanding asynchronous I/O operations. The value of this constant is +1. So you cannot expect that you can issue more than one +operation and immediately continue with the normal work, receiving the +notifications asynchronously. +

+
+
_POSIX_ARG_MAX
+

The value of this macro is the most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX +for the maximum combined length of the argv and environ +arguments that can be passed to the exec functions. +Its value is 4096. +

+
+
_POSIX_CHILD_MAX
+

The value of this macro is the most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX +for the maximum number of simultaneous processes per real user ID. Its +value is 6. +

+
+
_POSIX_NGROUPS_MAX
+

The value of this macro is the most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX +for the maximum number of supplementary group IDs per process. Its +value is 0. +

+
+
_POSIX_OPEN_MAX
+

The value of this macro is the most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX +for the maximum number of files that a single process can have open +simultaneously. Its value is 16. +

+
+
_POSIX_SSIZE_MAX
+

The value of this macro is the most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX +for the maximum value that can be stored in an object of type +ssize_t. Its value is 32767. +

+
+
_POSIX_STREAM_MAX
+

The value of this macro is the most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX +for the maximum number of streams that a single process can have open +simultaneously. Its value is 8. +

+
+
_POSIX_TZNAME_MAX
+

The value of this macro is the most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX +for the maximum length of a time zone name. Its value is 3. +

+
+
_POSIX2_RE_DUP_MAX
+

The value of this macro is the most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX +for the numbers used in the ‘\{min,max\}’ construct +in a regular expression. Its value is 255. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

31.6 Limits on File System Capacity

+ +

The POSIX.1 standard specifies a number of parameters that describe the +limitations of the file system. It's possible for the system to have a +fixed, uniform limit for a parameter, but this isn't the usual case. On +most systems, it's possible for different file systems (and, for some +parameters, even different files) to have different maximum limits. For +example, this is very likely if you use NFS to mount some of the file +systems from other machines. +

+ +

Each of the following macros is defined in ‘limits.h’ only if the +system has a fixed, uniform limit for the parameter in question. If the +system allows different file systems or files to have different limits, +then the macro is undefined; use pathconf or fpathconf to +find out the limit that applies to a particular file. See section Using pathconf. +

+

Each parameter also has another macro, with a name starting with +‘_POSIX’, which gives the lowest value that the limit is allowed to +have on any POSIX system. See section Minimum Values for File System Limits. +

+ +
+
Macro: int LINK_MAX + +
+

The uniform system limit (if any) for the number of names for a given +file. See section Hard Links. +

+ + +
+
Macro: int MAX_CANON + +
+

The uniform system limit (if any) for the amount of text in a line of +input when input editing is enabled. See section Two Styles of Input: Canonical or Not. +

+ +
+
Macro: int MAX_INPUT + +
+

The uniform system limit (if any) for the total number of characters +typed ahead as input. See section I/O Queues. +

+ + +
+
Macro: int NAME_MAX + +
+

The uniform system limit (if any) for the length of a file name component. +

+ +
+
Macro: int PATH_MAX + +
+

The uniform system limit (if any) for the length of an entire file name (that +is, the argument given to system calls such as open). +

+ + +
+
Macro: int PIPE_BUF + +
+

The uniform system limit (if any) for the number of bytes that can be +written atomically to a pipe. If multiple processes are writing to the +same pipe simultaneously, output from different processes might be +interleaved in chunks of this size. See section Pipes and FIFOs. +

+ +

These are alternative macro names for some of the same information. +

+
+
Macro: int MAXNAMLEN + +
+

This is the BSD name for NAME_MAX. It is defined in +‘dirent.h’. +

+ +
+
Macro: int FILENAME_MAX + +
+

The value of this macro is an integer constant expression that +represents the maximum length of a file name string. It is defined in +‘stdio.h’. +

+

Unlike PATH_MAX, this macro is defined even if there is no actual +limit imposed. In such a case, its value is typically a very large +number. This is always the case on the GNU system. +

+

Usage Note: Don't use FILENAME_MAX as the size of an +array in which to store a file name! You can't possibly make an array +that big! Use dynamic allocation (see section Allocating Storage For Program Data) instead. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

31.7 Optional Features in File Support

+ +

POSIX defines certain system-specific options in the system calls for +operating on files. Some systems support these options and others do +not. Since these options are provided in the kernel, not in the +library, simply using the GNU C library does not guarantee that any of these +features is supported; it depends on the system you are using. They can +also vary between file systems on a single machine. +

+ +

This section describes the macros you can test to determine whether a +particular option is supported on your machine. If a given macro is +defined in ‘unistd.h’, then its value says whether the +corresponding feature is supported. (A value of -1 indicates no; +any other value indicates yes.) If the macro is undefined, it means +particular files may or may not support the feature. +

+

Since all the machines that support the GNU C library also support NFS, +one can never make a general statement about whether all file systems +support the _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED and _POSIX_NO_TRUNC +features. So these names are never defined as macros in the GNU C +library. +

+
+
Macro: int _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED + +
+

If this option is in effect, the chown function is restricted so +that the only changes permitted to nonprivileged processes is to change +the group owner of a file to either be the effective group ID of the +process, or one of its supplementary group IDs. See section File Owner. +

+ +
+
Macro: int _POSIX_NO_TRUNC + +
+

If this option is in effect, file name components longer than +NAME_MAX generate an ENAMETOOLONG error. Otherwise, file +name components that are too long are silently truncated. +

+ +
+
Macro: unsigned char _POSIX_VDISABLE + +
+

This option is only meaningful for files that are terminal devices. +If it is enabled, then handling for special control characters can +be disabled individually. See section Special Characters. +

+ + +

If one of these macros is undefined, that means that the option might be +in effect for some files and not for others. To inquire about a +particular file, call pathconf or fpathconf. +See section Using pathconf. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

31.8 Minimum Values for File System Limits

+ +

Here are the names for the POSIX minimum upper bounds for some of the +above parameters. The significance of these values is that you can +safely push to these limits without checking whether the particular +system you are using can go that far. In most cases GNU systems do not +have these strict limitations. The actual limit should be requested if +necessary. +

+
+
_POSIX_LINK_MAX
+

The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX for the maximum value of a +file's link count. The value of this constant is 8; thus, you +can always make up to eight names for a file without running into a +system limit. +

+
+
_POSIX_MAX_CANON
+

The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX for the maximum number of +bytes in a canonical input line from a terminal device. The value of +this constant is 255. +

+
+
_POSIX_MAX_INPUT
+

The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX for the maximum number of +bytes in a terminal device input queue (or typeahead buffer). +See section Input Modes. The value of this constant is 255. +

+
+
_POSIX_NAME_MAX
+

The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX for the maximum number of +bytes in a file name component. The value of this constant is +14. +

+
+
_POSIX_PATH_MAX
+

The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX for the maximum number of +bytes in a file name. The value of this constant is 256. +

+
+
_POSIX_PIPE_BUF
+

The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX for the maximum number of +bytes that can be written atomically to a pipe. The value of this +constant is 512. +

+
+
SYMLINK_MAX
+

Maximum number of bytes in a symbolic link. +

+
+
POSIX_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE
+

Recommended increment for file transfer sizes between the +POSIX_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE and POSIX_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE +values. +

+
+
POSIX_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE
+

Maximum recommended file transfer size. +

+
+
POSIX_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE
+

Minimum recommended file transfer size. +

+
+
POSIX_REC_XFER_ALIGN
+

Recommended file transfer buffer alignment. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

31.9 Using pathconf

+ +

When your machine allows different files to have different values for a +file system parameter, you can use the functions in this section to find +out the value that applies to any particular file. +

+

These functions and the associated constants for the parameter +argument are declared in the header file ‘unistd.h’. +

+
+
Function: long int pathconf (const char *filename, int parameter) + +
+

This function is used to inquire about the limits that apply to +the file named filename. +

+

The parameter argument should be one of the ‘_PC_’ constants +listed below. +

+

The normal return value from pathconf is the value you requested. +A value of -1 is returned both if the implementation does not +impose a limit, and in case of an error. In the former case, +errno is not set, while in the latter case, errno is set +to indicate the cause of the problem. So the only way to use this +function robustly is to store 0 into errno just before +calling it. +

+

Besides the usual file name errors (see section File Name Errors), +the following error condition is defined for this function: +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The value of parameter is invalid, or the implementation doesn't +support the parameter for the specific file. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: long int fpathconf (int filedes, int parameter) + +
+

This is just like pathconf except that an open file descriptor +is used to specify the file for which information is requested, instead +of a file name. +

+

The following errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes argument is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The value of parameter is invalid, or the implementation doesn't +support the parameter for the specific file. +

+
+
+ +

Here are the symbolic constants that you can use as the parameter +argument to pathconf and fpathconf. The values are all +integer constants. +

+
+
_PC_LINK_MAX
+

Inquire about the value of LINK_MAX. +

+
+
_PC_MAX_CANON
+

Inquire about the value of MAX_CANON. +

+
+
_PC_MAX_INPUT
+

Inquire about the value of MAX_INPUT. +

+
+
_PC_NAME_MAX
+

Inquire about the value of NAME_MAX. +

+
+
_PC_PATH_MAX
+

Inquire about the value of PATH_MAX. +

+
+
_PC_PIPE_BUF
+

Inquire about the value of PIPE_BUF. +

+
+
_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED
+

Inquire about the value of _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED. +

+
+
_PC_NO_TRUNC
+

Inquire about the value of _POSIX_NO_TRUNC. +

+
+
_PC_VDISABLE
+

Inquire about the value of _POSIX_VDISABLE. +

+
+
_PC_SYNC_IO
+

Inquire about the value of _POSIX_SYNC_IO. +

+
+
_PC_ASYNC_IO
+

Inquire about the value of _POSIX_ASYNC_IO. +

+
+
_PC_PRIO_IO
+

Inquire about the value of _POSIX_PRIO_IO. +

+
+
_PC_FILESIZEBITS
+

Inquire about the availability of large files on the filesystem. +

+
+
_PC_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE
+

Inquire about the value of POSIX_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE. +

+
+
_PC_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE
+

Inquire about the value of POSIX_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE. +

+
+
_PC_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE
+

Inquire about the value of POSIX_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE. +

+
+
_PC_REC_XFER_ALIGN
+

Inquire about the value of POSIX_REC_XFER_ALIGN. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

31.10 Utility Program Capacity Limits

+ +

The POSIX.2 standard specifies certain system limits that you can access +through sysconf that apply to utility behavior rather than the +behavior of the library or the operating system. +

+

The GNU C library defines macros for these limits, and sysconf +returns values for them if you ask; but these values convey no +meaningful information. They are simply the smallest values that +POSIX.2 permits. +

+
+
Macro: int BC_BASE_MAX + +
+

The largest value of obase that the bc utility is +guaranteed to support. +

+ +
+
Macro: int BC_DIM_MAX + +
+

The largest number of elements in one array that the bc utility +is guaranteed to support. +

+ +
+
Macro: int BC_SCALE_MAX + +
+

The largest value of scale that the bc utility is +guaranteed to support. +

+ +
+
Macro: int BC_STRING_MAX + +
+

The largest number of characters in one string constant that the +bc utility is guaranteed to support. +

+ +
+
Macro: int COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX + +
+

The largest number of weights that can necessarily be used in defining +the collating sequence for a locale. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EXPR_NEST_MAX + +
+

The maximum number of expressions that can be nested within parenthesis +by the expr utility. +

+ +
+
Macro: int LINE_MAX + +
+

The largest text line that the text-oriented POSIX.2 utilities can +support. (If you are using the GNU versions of these utilities, then +there is no actual limit except that imposed by the available virtual +memory, but there is no way that the library can tell you this.) +

+ +
+
Macro: int EQUIV_CLASS_MAX + +
+

The maximum number of weights that can be assigned to an entry of the +LC_COLLATE category ‘order’ keyword in a locale definition. +The GNU C library does not presently support locale definitions. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

31.11 Minimum Values for Utility Limits

+ +
+
_POSIX2_BC_BASE_MAX
+

The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX.2 for the maximum value of +obase in the bc utility. Its value is 99. +

+
+
_POSIX2_BC_DIM_MAX
+

The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX.2 for the maximum size of +an array in the bc utility. Its value is 2048. +

+
+
_POSIX2_BC_SCALE_MAX
+

The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX.2 for the maximum value of +scale in the bc utility. Its value is 99. +

+
+
_POSIX2_BC_STRING_MAX
+

The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX.2 for the maximum size of +a string constant in the bc utility. Its value is 1000. +

+
+
_POSIX2_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX
+

The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX.2 for the maximum number +of weights that can necessarily be used in defining the collating +sequence for a locale. Its value is 2. +

+
+
_POSIX2_EXPR_NEST_MAX
+

The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX.2 for the maximum number +of expressions nested within parenthesis when using the expr utility. +Its value is 32. +

+
+
_POSIX2_LINE_MAX
+

The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX.2 for the maximum size of +a text line that the text utilities can handle. Its value is +2048. +

+
+
_POSIX2_EQUIV_CLASS_MAX
+

The most restrictive limit permitted by POSIX.2 for the maximum number +of weights that can be assigned to an entry of the LC_COLLATE +category ‘order’ keyword in a locale definition. Its value is +2. The GNU C library does not presently support locale +definitions. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

31.12 String-Valued Parameters

+ +

POSIX.2 defines a way to get string-valued parameters from the operating +system with the function confstr: +

+
+
Function: size_t confstr (int parameter, char *buf, size_t len) + +
+

This function reads the value of a string-valued system parameter, +storing the string into len bytes of memory space starting at +buf. The parameter argument should be one of the +‘_CS_’ symbols listed below. +

+

The normal return value from confstr is the length of the string +value that you asked for. If you supply a null pointer for buf, +then confstr does not try to store the string; it just returns +its length. A value of 0 indicates an error. +

+

If the string you asked for is too long for the buffer (that is, longer +than len - 1), then confstr stores just that much +(leaving room for the terminating null character). You can tell that +this has happened because confstr returns a value greater than or +equal to len. +

+

The following errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The value of the parameter is invalid. +

+
+
+ +

Currently there is just one parameter you can read with confstr: +

+
+
_CS_PATH
+

This parameter's value is the recommended default path for searching for +executable files. This is the path that a user has by default just +after logging in. +

+
+
_CS_LFS_CFLAGS
+

The returned string specifies which additional flags must be given to +the C compiler if a source is compiled using the +_LARGEFILE_SOURCE feature select macro; see section Feature Test Macros. +

+
+
_CS_LFS_LDFLAGS
+

The returned string specifies which additional flags must be given to +the linker if a source is compiled using the +_LARGEFILE_SOURCE feature select macro; see section Feature Test Macros. +

+
+
_CS_LFS_LIBS
+

The returned string specifies which additional libraries must be linked +to the application if a source is compiled using the +_LARGEFILE_SOURCE feature select macro; see section Feature Test Macros. +

+
+
_CS_LFS_LINTFLAGS
+

The returned string specifies which additional flags must be given to +the lint tool if a source is compiled using the +_LARGEFILE_SOURCE feature select macro; see section Feature Test Macros. +

+
+
_CS_LFS64_CFLAGS
+

The returned string specifies which additional flags must be given to +the C compiler if a source is compiled using the +_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE feature select macro; see section Feature Test Macros. +

+
+
_CS_LFS64_LDFLAGS
+

The returned string specifies which additional flags must be given to +the linker if a source is compiled using the +_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE feature select macro; see section Feature Test Macros. +

+
+
_CS_LFS64_LIBS
+

The returned string specifies which additional libraries must be linked +to the application if a source is compiled using the +_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE feature select macro; see section Feature Test Macros. +

+
+
_CS_LFS64_LINTFLAGS
+

The returned string specifies which additional flags must be given to +the lint tool if a source is compiled using the +_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE feature select macro; see section Feature Test Macros. +

+
+ +

The way to use confstr without any arbitrary limit on string size +is to call it twice: first call it to get the length, allocate the +buffer accordingly, and then call confstr again to fill the +buffer, like this: +

+
 
char *
+get_default_path (void)
+{
+  size_t len = confstr (_CS_PATH, NULL, 0);
+  char *buffer = (char *) xmalloc (len);
+
+  if (confstr (_CS_PATH, buf, len + 1) == 0)
+    {
+      free (buffer);
+      return NULL;
+    }
+
+  return buffer;
+}
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ << ][ >> ]           [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_35.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_35.html @@ -0,0 +1,11498 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: B. Summary of Library Facilities + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

B. Summary of Library Facilities

+ +

This appendix is a complete list of the facilities declared within the +header files supplied with the GNU C library. Each entry also lists the +standard or other source from which each facility is derived, and tells +you where in the manual you can find more information about how to use +it. +

+
+
long int a64l (const char *string)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (XPG): Encode Binary Data. +

+
+
void abort (void)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Aborting a Program. +

+
+
int abs (int number)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Absolute Value. +

+
+
int accept (int socket, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *length_ptr)
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Accepting Connections. +

+
+
int access (const char *filename, int how)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Testing Permission to Access a File. +

+
+
ACCOUNTING
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (SVID): Manipulating the User Accounting Database. +

+
+
double acos (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Inverse Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
float acosf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Inverse Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
double acosh (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
float acoshf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
long double acoshl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
long double acosl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Inverse Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
int addmntent (FILE *stream, const struct mntent *mnt)
+
+

‘mntent.h’ (BSD): The ‘mtab’ file. +

+
+
int adjtime (const struct timeval *delta, struct timeval *olddelta)
+
+

‘sys/time.h’ (BSD): High-Resolution Calendar. +

+
+
int adjtimex (struct timex *timex)
+
+

‘sys/timex.h’ (GNU): High-Resolution Calendar. +

+
+
AF_FILE
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (GNU): Address Formats. +

+
+
AF_INET
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Address Formats. +

+
+
AF_INET6
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (IPv6 Basic API): Address Formats. +

+
+
AF_LOCAL
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (POSIX): Address Formats. +

+
+
AF_UNIX
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD, Unix98): Address Formats. +

+
+
AF_UNSPEC
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Address Formats. +

+
+
int aio_cancel (int fildes, struct aiocb *aiocbp)
+
+

‘aio.h’ (POSIX.1b): Cancellation of AIO Operations. +

+
+
int aio_cancel64 (int fildes, struct aiocb64 *aiocbp)
+
+

‘aio.h’ (Unix98): Cancellation of AIO Operations. +

+
+
int aio_error (const struct aiocb *aiocbp)
+
+

‘aio.h’ (POSIX.1b): Getting the Status of AIO Operations. +

+
+
int aio_error64 (const struct aiocb64 *aiocbp)
+
+

‘aio.h’ (Unix98): Getting the Status of AIO Operations. +

+
+
int aio_fsync (int op, struct aiocb *aiocbp)
+
+

‘aio.h’ (POSIX.1b): Getting into a Consistent State. +

+
+
int aio_fsync64 (int op, struct aiocb64 *aiocbp)
+
+

‘aio.h’ (Unix98): Getting into a Consistent State. +

+
+
void aio_init (const struct aioinit *init)
+
+

‘aio.h’ (GNU): How to optimize the AIO implementation. +

+
+
int aio_read (struct aiocb *aiocbp)
+
+

‘aio.h’ (POSIX.1b): Asynchronous Read and Write Operations. +

+
+
int aio_read64 (struct aiocb *aiocbp)
+
+

‘aio.h’ (Unix98): Asynchronous Read and Write Operations. +

+
+
ssize_t aio_return (const struct aiocb *aiocbp)
+
+

‘aio.h’ (POSIX.1b): Getting the Status of AIO Operations. +

+
+
int aio_return64 (const struct aiocb64 *aiocbp)
+
+

‘aio.h’ (Unix98): Getting the Status of AIO Operations. +

+
+
int aio_suspend (const struct aiocb *const list[], int nent, const struct timespec *timeout)
+
+

‘aio.h’ (POSIX.1b): Getting into a Consistent State. +

+
+
int aio_suspend64 (const struct aiocb64 *const list[], int nent, const struct timespec *timeout)
+
+

‘aio.h’ (Unix98): Getting into a Consistent State. +

+
+
int aio_write (struct aiocb *aiocbp)
+
+

‘aio.h’ (POSIX.1b): Asynchronous Read and Write Operations. +

+
+
int aio_write64 (struct aiocb *aiocbp)
+
+

‘aio.h’ (Unix98): Asynchronous Read and Write Operations. +

+
+
unsigned int alarm (unsigned int seconds)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Setting an Alarm. +

+
+
void * alloca (size_t size);
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (GNU, BSD): Automatic Storage with Variable Size. +

+
+
int alphasort (const void *a, const void *b)
+
+

‘dirent.h’ (BSD/SVID): Scanning the Content of a Directory. +

+
+
int alphasort64 (const void *a, const void *b)
+
+

‘dirent.h’ (GNU): Scanning the Content of a Directory. +

+
+
tcflag_t ALTWERASE
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Local Modes. +

+
+
int ARG_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): General Capacity Limits. +

+
+
error_t argp_err_exit_status
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Argp Global Variables. +

+
+
void argp_error (const struct argp_state *state, const char *fmt, …)
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Functions For Use in Argp Parsers. +

+
+
int ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Argp Parser Functions. +

+
+
void argp_failure (const struct argp_state *state, int status, int errnum, const char *fmt, …)
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Functions For Use in Argp Parsers. +

+
+
void argp_help (const struct argp *argp, FILE *stream, unsigned flags, char *name)
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): The argp_help Function. +

+
+
ARGP_IN_ORDER
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Flags for argp_parse. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_ARG
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Special Keys for Argp Parser Functions. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_ARGS
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Special Keys for Argp Parser Functions. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_END
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Special Keys for Argp Parser Functions. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_ERROR
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Special Keys for Argp Parser Functions. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_FINI
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Special Keys for Argp Parser Functions. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_HELP_ARGS_DOC
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Special Keys for Argp Help Filter Functions. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_HELP_DUP_ARGS_NOTE
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Special Keys for Argp Help Filter Functions. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_HELP_EXTRA
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Special Keys for Argp Help Filter Functions. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_HELP_HEADER
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Special Keys for Argp Help Filter Functions. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_HELP_POST_DOC
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Special Keys for Argp Help Filter Functions. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_HELP_PRE_DOC
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Special Keys for Argp Help Filter Functions. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_INIT
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Special Keys for Argp Parser Functions. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_NO_ARGS
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Special Keys for Argp Parser Functions. +

+
+
ARGP_KEY_SUCCESS
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Special Keys for Argp Parser Functions. +

+
+
ARGP_LONG_ONLY
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Flags for argp_parse. +

+
+
ARGP_NO_ARGS
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Flags for argp_parse. +

+
+
ARGP_NO_ERRS
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Flags for argp_parse. +

+
+
ARGP_NO_EXIT
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Flags for argp_parse. +

+
+
ARGP_NO_HELP
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Flags for argp_parse. +

+
+
error_t argp_parse (const struct argp *argp, int argc, char **argv, unsigned flags, int *arg_index, void *input)
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Suboptions. +

+
+
ARGP_PARSE_ARGV0
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Flags for argp_parse. +

+
+
const char * argp_program_bug_address
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Argp Global Variables. +

+
+
const char * argp_program_version
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Argp Global Variables. +

+
+
argp_program_version_hook
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Argp Global Variables. +

+
+
ARGP_SILENT
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Flags for argp_parse. +

+
+
void argp_state_help (const struct argp_state *state, FILE *stream, unsigned flags)
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Functions For Use in Argp Parsers. +

+
+
void argp_usage (const struct argp_state *state)
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Functions For Use in Argp Parsers. +

+
+
error_t argz_add (char **argz, size_t *argz_len, const char *str)
+
+

‘argz.h’ (GNU): Argz Functions. +

+
+
error_t argz_add_sep (char **argz, size_t *argz_len, const char *str, int delim)
+
+

‘argz.h’ (GNU): Argz Functions. +

+
+
error_t argz_append (char **argz, size_t *argz_len, const char *buf, size_t buf_len)
+
+

‘argz.h’ (GNU): Argz Functions. +

+
+
size_t argz_count (const char *argz, size_t arg_len)
+
+

‘argz.h’ (GNU): Argz Functions. +

+
+
error_t argz_create (char *const argv[], char **argz, size_t *argz_len)
+
+

‘argz.h’ (GNU): Argz Functions. +

+
+
error_t argz_create_sep (const char *string, int sep, char **argz, size_t *argz_len)
+
+

‘argz.h’ (GNU): Argz Functions. +

+
+
void argz_delete (char **argz, size_t *argz_len, char *entry)
+
+

‘argz.h’ (GNU): Argz Functions. +

+
+
void argz_extract (char *argz, size_t argz_len, char **argv)
+
+

‘argz.h’ (GNU): Argz Functions. +

+
+
error_t argz_insert (char **argz, size_t *argz_len, char *before, const char *entry)
+
+

‘argz.h’ (GNU): Argz Functions. +

+
+
char * argz_next (char *argz, size_t argz_len, const char *entry)
+
+

‘argz.h’ (GNU): Argz Functions. +

+
+
error_t argz_replace (char **argz, size_t *argz_len, const char *str, const char *with, unsigned *replace_count)
+
+

‘argz.h’ (GNU): Argz Functions. +

+
+
void argz_stringify (char *argz, size_t len, int sep)
+
+

‘argz.h’ (GNU): Argz Functions. +

+
+
char * asctime (const struct tm *brokentime)
+
+

‘time.h’ (ISO): Formatting Calendar Time. +

+
+
char * asctime_r (const struct tm *brokentime, char *buffer)
+
+

‘time.h’ (POSIX.1c): Formatting Calendar Time. +

+
+
double asin (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Inverse Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
float asinf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Inverse Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
double asinh (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
float asinhf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
long double asinhl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
long double asinl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Inverse Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
int asprintf (char **ptr, const char *template, …)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): Dynamically Allocating Formatted Output. +

+
+
void assert (int expression)
+
+

‘assert.h’ (ISO): Explicitly Checking Internal Consistency. +

+
+
void assert_perror (int errnum)
+
+

‘assert.h’ (GNU): Explicitly Checking Internal Consistency. +

+
+
double atan (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Inverse Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
double atan2 (double y, double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Inverse Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
float atan2f (float y, float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Inverse Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
long double atan2l (long double y, long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Inverse Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
float atanf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Inverse Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
double atanh (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
float atanhf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
long double atanhl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
long double atanl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Inverse Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
int atexit (void (*function) (void))
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Cleanups on Exit. +

+
+
double atof (const char *string)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Parsing of Floats. +

+
+
int atoi (const char *string)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Parsing of Integers. +

+
+
long int atol (const char *string)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Parsing of Integers. +

+
+
long long int atoll (const char *string)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Parsing of Integers. +

+
+
B0
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Line Speed. +

+
+
B110
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Line Speed. +

+
+
B115200
+
+

‘termios.h’ (GNU): Line Speed. +

+
+
B1200
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Line Speed. +

+
+
B134
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Line Speed. +

+
+
B150
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Line Speed. +

+
+
B1800
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Line Speed. +

+
+
B19200
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Line Speed. +

+
+
B200
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Line Speed. +

+
+
B230400
+
+

‘termios.h’ (GNU): Line Speed. +

+
+
B2400
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Line Speed. +

+
+
B300
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Line Speed. +

+
+
B38400
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Line Speed. +

+
+
B460800
+
+

‘termios.h’ (GNU): Line Speed. +

+
+
B4800
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Line Speed. +

+
+
B50
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Line Speed. +

+
+
B57600
+
+

‘termios.h’ (GNU): Line Speed. +

+
+
B600
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Line Speed. +

+
+
B75
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Line Speed. +

+
+
B9600
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Line Speed. +

+
+
int backtrace (void **buffer, int size)
+
+

‘execinfo.h’ (GNU): Backtraces. +

+
+
char ** backtrace_symbols (void *const *buffer, int size)
+
+

‘execinfo.h’ (GNU): Backtraces. +

+
+
void backtrace_symbols_fd (void *const *buffer, int size, int fd)
+
+

‘execinfo.h’ (GNU): Backtraces. +

+
+
char * basename (char *path)
+
+

‘libgen.h’ (XPG): Finding Tokens in a String. +

+
+
char * basename (const char *filename)
+
+

‘string.h’ (GNU): Finding Tokens in a String. +

+
+
int BC_BASE_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.2): Utility Program Capacity Limits. +

+
+
int BC_DIM_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.2): Utility Program Capacity Limits. +

+
+
int bcmp (const void *a1, const void *a2, size_t size)
+
+

‘string.h’ (BSD): String/Array Comparison. +

+
+
void bcopy (const void *from, void *to, size_t size)
+
+

‘string.h’ (BSD): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
int BC_SCALE_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.2): Utility Program Capacity Limits. +

+
+
int BC_STRING_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.2): Utility Program Capacity Limits. +

+
+
int bind (int socket, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t length)
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Setting the Address of a Socket. +

+
+
char * bindtextdomain (const char *domainname, const char *dirname)
+
+

‘libintl.h’ (GNU): How to determine which catalog to be used. +

+
+
char * bind_textdomain_codeset (const char *domainname, const char *codeset)
+
+

‘libintl.h’ (GNU): How to specify the output character set gettext uses. +

+
+
blkcnt64_t
+
+

‘sys/types.h’ (Unix98): The meaning of the File Attributes. +

+
+
blkcnt_t
+
+

‘sys/types.h’ (Unix98): The meaning of the File Attributes. +

+
+
BOOT_TIME
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (SVID): Manipulating the User Accounting Database. +

+
+
BOOT_TIME
+
+

‘utmpx.h’ (XPG4.2): XPG User Accounting Database Functions. +

+
+
int brk (void *addr)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (BSD): Resizing the Data Segment. +

+
+
tcflag_t BRKINT
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Input Modes. +

+
+
_BSD_SOURCE
+
+

(GNU): Feature Test Macros. +

+
+
void * bsearch (const void *key, const void *array, size_t count, size_t size, comparison_fn_t compare)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Array Search Function. +

+
+
wint_t btowc (int c)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Converting Single Characters. +

+
+
int BUFSIZ
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Controlling Which Kind of Buffering. +

+
+
void bzero (void *block, size_t size)
+
+

‘string.h’ (BSD): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
double cabs (complex double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Absolute Value. +

+
+
float cabsf (complex float z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Absolute Value. +

+
+
long double cabsl (complex long double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Absolute Value. +

+
+
complex double cacos (complex double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Inverse Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
complex float cacosf (complex float z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Inverse Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
complex double cacosh (complex double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
complex float cacoshf (complex float z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
complex long double cacoshl (complex long double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
complex long double cacosl (complex long double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Inverse Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
void * calloc (size_t count, size_t eltsize)
+
+

‘malloc.h’, ‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Allocating Cleared Space. +

+
+
char * canonicalize_file_name (const char *name)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (GNU): Symbolic Links. +

+
+
double carg (complex double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers. +

+
+
float cargf (complex float z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers. +

+
+
long double cargl (complex long double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers. +

+
+
complex double casin (complex double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Inverse Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
complex float casinf (complex float z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Inverse Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
complex double casinh (complex double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
complex float casinhf (complex float z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
complex long double casinhl (complex long double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
complex long double casinl (complex long double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Inverse Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
complex double catan (complex double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Inverse Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
complex float catanf (complex float z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Inverse Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
complex double catanh (complex double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
complex float catanhf (complex float z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
complex long double catanhl (complex long double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
complex long double catanl (complex long double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Inverse Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
nl_catd catopen (const char *cat_name, int flag)
+
+

‘nl_types.h’ (X/Open): The catgets function family. +

+
+
int cbc_crypt (char *key, char *blocks, unsigned len, unsigned mode, char *ivec)
+
+

‘rpc/des_crypt.h’ (SUNRPC): DES Encryption. +

+
+
double cbrt (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
float cbrtf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
long double cbrtl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
complex double ccos (complex double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
complex float ccosf (complex float z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
complex double ccosh (complex double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
complex float ccoshf (complex float z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
complex long double ccoshl (complex long double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
complex long double ccosl (complex long double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
cc_t
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Terminal Mode Data Types. +

+
+
tcflag_t CCTS_OFLOW
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Control Modes. +

+
+
double ceil (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
float ceilf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
long double ceill (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
complex double cexp (complex double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
complex float cexpf (complex float z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
complex long double cexpl (complex long double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
speed_t cfgetispeed (const struct termios *termios-p)
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Line Speed. +

+
+
speed_t cfgetospeed (const struct termios *termios-p)
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Line Speed. +

+
+
void cfmakeraw (struct termios *termios-p)
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Noncanonical Input. +

+
+
void cfree (void *ptr)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (Sun): Freeing Memory Allocated with malloc. +

+
+
int cfsetispeed (struct termios *termios-p, speed_t speed)
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Line Speed. +

+
+
int cfsetospeed (struct termios *termios-p, speed_t speed)
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Line Speed. +

+
+
int cfsetspeed (struct termios *termios-p, speed_t speed)
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Line Speed. +

+
+
CHAR_BIT
+
+

‘limits.h’ (ISO): Computing the Width of an Integer Data Type. +

+
+
CHAR_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (ISO): Range of an Integer Type. +

+
+
CHAR_MIN
+
+

‘limits.h’ (ISO): Range of an Integer Type. +

+
+
int chdir (const char *filename)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Working Directory. +

+
+
int CHILD_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): General Capacity Limits. +

+
+
int chmod (const char *filename, mode_t mode)
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX.1): Assigning File Permissions. +

+
+
int chown (const char *filename, uid_t owner, gid_t group)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): File Owner. +

+
+
tcflag_t CIGNORE
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Control Modes. +

+
+
double cimag (complex double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers. +

+
+
float cimagf (complex float z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers. +

+
+
long double cimagl (complex long double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers. +

+
+
int clearenv (void)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (GNU): Environment Access. +

+
+
void clearerr (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Recovering from errors. +

+
+
void clearerr_unlocked (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): Recovering from errors. +

+
+
int CLK_TCK
+
+

‘time.h’ (POSIX.1): CPU Time Inquiry. +

+
+
tcflag_t CLOCAL
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Control Modes. +

+
+
clock_t clock (void)
+
+

‘time.h’ (ISO): CPU Time Inquiry. +

+
+
int CLOCKS_PER_SEC
+
+

‘time.h’ (ISO): CPU Time Inquiry. +

+
+
clock_t
+
+

‘time.h’ (ISO): CPU Time Inquiry. +

+
+
complex double clog (complex double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
complex double clog10 (complex double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (GNU): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
complex float clog10f (complex float z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (GNU): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
complex long double clog10l (complex long double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (GNU): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
complex float clogf (complex float z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
complex long double clogl (complex long double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
int close (int filedes)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Opening and Closing Files. +

+
+
int closedir (DIR *dirstream)
+
+

‘dirent.h’ (POSIX.1): Reading and Closing a Directory Stream. +

+
+
void closelog (void)
+
+

‘syslog.h’ (BSD): closelog. +

+
+
int COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.2): Utility Program Capacity Limits. +

+
+
size_t confstr (int parameter, char *buf, size_t len)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): String-Valued Parameters. +

+
+
complex double conj (complex double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers. +

+
+
complex float conjf (complex float z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers. +

+
+
complex long double conjl (complex long double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers. +

+
+
int connect (int socket, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t length)
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Making a Connection. +

+
+
cookie_close_function
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): Custom Stream Hook Functions. +

+
+
cookie_io_functions_t
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): Custom Streams and Cookies. +

+
+
cookie_read_function
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): Custom Stream Hook Functions. +

+
+
cookie_seek_function
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): Custom Stream Hook Functions. +

+
+
cookie_write_function
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): Custom Stream Hook Functions. +

+
+
double copysign (double x, double y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Setting and modifying single bits of FP values. +

+
+
float copysignf (float x, float y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Setting and modifying single bits of FP values. +

+
+
long double copysignl (long double x, long double y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Setting and modifying single bits of FP values. +

+
+
double cos (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
float cosf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
double cosh (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
float coshf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
long double coshl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
long double cosl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
complex double cpow (complex double base, complex double power)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
complex float cpowf (complex float base, complex float power)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
complex long double cpowl (complex long double base, complex long double power)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
complex double cproj (complex double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers. +

+
+
complex float cprojf (complex float z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers. +

+
+
complex long double cprojl (complex long double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers. +

+
+
void CPU_CLR (int cpu, cpu_set_t *set)
+
+

‘sched.h’ (GNU): Limiting execution to certain CPUs. +

+
+
int CPU_ISSET (int cpu, const cpu_set_t *set)
+
+

‘sched.h’ (GNU): Limiting execution to certain CPUs. +

+
+
void CPU_SET (int cpu, cpu_set_t *set)
+
+

‘sched.h’ (GNU): Limiting execution to certain CPUs. +

+
+
int CPU_SETSIZE
+
+

‘sched.h’ (GNU): Limiting execution to certain CPUs. +

+
+
cpu_set_t
+
+

‘sched.h’ (GNU): Limiting execution to certain CPUs. +

+
+
void CPU_ZERO (cpu_set_t *set)
+
+

‘sched.h’ (GNU): Limiting execution to certain CPUs. +

+
+
tcflag_t CREAD
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Control Modes. +

+
+
double creal (complex double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers. +

+
+
float crealf (complex float z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers. +

+
+
long double creall (complex long double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers. +

+
+
int creat (const char *filename, mode_t mode)
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): Opening and Closing Files. +

+
+
int creat64 (const char *filename, mode_t mode)
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (Unix98): Opening and Closing Files. +

+
+
tcflag_t CRTS_IFLOW
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Control Modes. +

+
+
char * crypt (const char *key, const char *salt)
+
+

‘crypt.h’ (BSD, SVID): Encrypting Passwords. +

+
+
char * crypt_r (const char *key, const char *salt, struct crypt_data * data)
+
+

‘crypt.h’ (GNU): Encrypting Passwords. +

+
+
tcflag_t CS5
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Control Modes. +

+
+
tcflag_t CS6
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Control Modes. +

+
+
tcflag_t CS7
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Control Modes. +

+
+
tcflag_t CS8
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Control Modes. +

+
+
complex double csin (complex double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
complex float csinf (complex float z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
complex double csinh (complex double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
complex float csinhf (complex float z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
complex long double csinhl (complex long double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
complex long double csinl (complex long double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
tcflag_t CSIZE
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Control Modes. +

+
+
_CS_LFS64_CFLAGS
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (Unix98): String-Valued Parameters. +

+
+
_CS_LFS64_LDFLAGS
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (Unix98): String-Valued Parameters. +

+
+
_CS_LFS64_LIBS
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (Unix98): String-Valued Parameters. +

+
+
_CS_LFS64_LINTFLAGS
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (Unix98): String-Valued Parameters. +

+
+
_CS_LFS_CFLAGS
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (Unix98): String-Valued Parameters. +

+
+
_CS_LFS_LDFLAGS
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (Unix98): String-Valued Parameters. +

+
+
_CS_LFS_LIBS
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (Unix98): String-Valued Parameters. +

+
+
_CS_LFS_LINTFLAGS
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (Unix98): String-Valued Parameters. +

+
+
_CS_PATH
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): String-Valued Parameters. +

+
+
complex double csqrt (complex double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
complex float csqrtf (complex float z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
complex long double csqrtl (complex long double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
tcflag_t CSTOPB
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Control Modes. +

+
+
complex double ctan (complex double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
complex float ctanf (complex float z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
complex double ctanh (complex double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
complex float ctanhf (complex float z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
complex long double ctanhl (complex long double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
complex long double ctanl (complex long double z)
+
+

‘complex.h’ (ISO): Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
char * ctermid (char *string)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (POSIX.1): Identifying the Controlling Terminal. +

+
+
char * ctime (const time_t *time)
+
+

‘time.h’ (ISO): Formatting Calendar Time. +

+
+
char * ctime_r (const time_t *time, char *buffer)
+
+

‘time.h’ (POSIX.1c): Formatting Calendar Time. +

+
+
char * cuserid (char *string)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (POSIX.1): Identifying Who Logged In. +

+
+
int daylight
+
+

‘time.h’ (SVID): Functions and Variables for Time Zones. +

+
+
DBL_DIG
+
+

‘float.h’ (ISO): Floating Point Parameters. +

+
+
DBL_EPSILON
+
+

‘float.h’ (ISO): Floating Point Parameters. +

+
+
DBL_MANT_DIG
+
+

‘float.h’ (ISO): Floating Point Parameters. +

+
+
DBL_MAX
+
+

‘float.h’ (ISO): Floating Point Parameters. +

+
+
DBL_MAX_10_EXP
+
+

‘float.h’ (ISO): Floating Point Parameters. +

+
+
DBL_MAX_EXP
+
+

‘float.h’ (ISO): Floating Point Parameters. +

+
+
DBL_MIN
+
+

‘float.h’ (ISO): Floating Point Parameters. +

+
+
DBL_MIN_10_EXP
+
+

‘float.h’ (ISO): Floating Point Parameters. +

+
+
DBL_MIN_EXP
+
+

‘float.h’ (ISO): Floating Point Parameters. +

+
+
char * dcgettext (const char *domainname, const char *msgid, int category)
+
+

‘libintl.h’ (GNU): What has to be done to translate a message?. +

+
+
char * dcngettext (const char *domain, const char *msgid1, const char *msgid2, unsigned long int n, int category)
+
+

‘libintl.h’ (GNU): Additional functions for more complicated situations. +

+
+
DEAD_PROCESS
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (SVID): Manipulating the User Accounting Database. +

+
+
DEAD_PROCESS
+
+

‘utmpx.h’ (XPG4.2): XPG User Accounting Database Functions. +

+
+
DES_DECRYPT
+
+

‘rpc/des_crypt.h’ (SUNRPC): DES Encryption. +

+
+
DES_ENCRYPT
+
+

‘rpc/des_crypt.h’ (SUNRPC): DES Encryption. +

+
+
DESERR_BADPARAM
+
+

‘rpc/des_crypt.h’ (SUNRPC): DES Encryption. +

+
+
DESERR_HWERROR
+
+

‘rpc/des_crypt.h’ (SUNRPC): DES Encryption. +

+
+
DESERR_NOHWDEVICE
+
+

‘rpc/des_crypt.h’ (SUNRPC): DES Encryption. +

+
+
DESERR_NONE
+
+

‘rpc/des_crypt.h’ (SUNRPC): DES Encryption. +

+
+
int DES_FAILED (int err)
+
+

‘rpc/des_crypt.h’ (SUNRPC): DES Encryption. +

+
+
DES_HW
+
+

‘rpc/des_crypt.h’ (SUNRPC): DES Encryption. +

+
+
void des_setparity (char *key)
+
+

‘rpc/des_crypt.h’ (SUNRPC): DES Encryption. +

+
+
DES_SW
+
+

‘rpc/des_crypt.h’ (SUNRPC): DES Encryption. +

+
+
dev_t
+
+

‘sys/types.h’ (POSIX.1): The meaning of the File Attributes. +

+
+
char * dgettext (const char *domainname, const char *msgid)
+
+

‘libintl.h’ (GNU): What has to be done to translate a message?. +

+
+
double difftime (time_t time1, time_t time0)
+
+

‘time.h’ (ISO): Elapsed Time. +

+
+
DIR
+
+

‘dirent.h’ (POSIX.1): Opening a Directory Stream. +

+
+
int dirfd (DIR *dirstream)
+
+

‘dirent.h’ (GNU): Opening a Directory Stream. +

+
+
char * dirname (char *path)
+
+

‘libgen.h’ (XPG): Finding Tokens in a String. +

+
+
div_t div (int numerator, int denominator)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Integer Division. +

+
+
div_t
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Integer Division. +

+
+
char * dngettext (const char *domain, const char *msgid1, const char *msgid2, unsigned long int n)
+
+

‘libintl.h’ (GNU): Additional functions for more complicated situations. +

+
+
double drand48 (void)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (SVID): SVID Random Number Function. +

+
+
int drand48_r (struct drand48_data *buffer, double *result)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (GNU): SVID Random Number Function. +

+
+
double drem (double numerator, double denominator)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Remainder Functions. +

+
+
float dremf (float numerator, float denominator)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Remainder Functions. +

+
+
long double dreml (long double numerator, long double denominator)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Remainder Functions. +

+
+
mode_t DTTOIF (int dtype)
+
+

‘dirent.h’ (BSD): Format of a Directory Entry. +

+
+
int dup (int old)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Duplicating Descriptors. +

+
+
int dup2 (int old, int new)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Duplicating Descriptors. +

+
+
int E2BIG
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Argument list too long): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EACCES
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Permission denied): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EADDRINUSE
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Address already in use): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EADDRNOTAVAIL
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Cannot assign requested address): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EADV
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Advertise error): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EAFNOSUPPORT
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Address family not supported by protocol): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EAGAIN
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Resource temporarily unavailable): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EALREADY
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Operation already in progress): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EAUTH
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Authentication error): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EBACKGROUND
+
+

‘errno.h’ (GNU: Inappropriate operation for background process): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EBADE
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Invalid exchange): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EBADF
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Bad file descriptor): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EBADFD
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: File descriptor in bad state): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EBADMSG
+
+

‘errno.h’ (XOPEN: Bad message): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EBADR
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Invalid request descriptor): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EBADRPC
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: RPC struct is bad): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EBADRQC
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Invalid request code): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EBADSLT
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Invalid slot): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EBFONT
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Bad font file format): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EBUSY
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Device or resource busy): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ECANCELED
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Operation canceled): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ecb_crypt (char *key, char *blocks, unsigned len, unsigned mode)
+
+

‘rpc/des_crypt.h’ (SUNRPC): DES Encryption. +

+
+
int ECHILD
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: No child processes): Error Codes. +

+
+
tcflag_t ECHO
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Local Modes. +

+
+
tcflag_t ECHOCTL
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Local Modes. +

+
+
tcflag_t ECHOE
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Local Modes. +

+
+
tcflag_t ECHOK
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Local Modes. +

+
+
tcflag_t ECHOKE
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Local Modes. +

+
+
tcflag_t ECHONL
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Local Modes. +

+
+
tcflag_t ECHOPRT
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Local Modes. +

+
+
int ECHRNG
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Channel number out of range): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ECOMM
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Communication error on send): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ECONNABORTED
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Software caused connection abort): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ECONNREFUSED
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Connection refused): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ECONNRESET
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Connection reset by peer): Error Codes. +

+
+
char * ecvt (double value, int ndigit, int *decpt, int *neg)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (SVID, Unix98): Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions. +

+
+
int ecvt_r (double value, int ndigit, int *decpt, int *neg, char *buf, size_t len)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (GNU): Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions. +

+
+
int ED
+
+

‘errno.h’ (GNU: ?): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EDEADLK
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Resource deadlock avoided): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EDEADLOCK
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: File locking deadlock error): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EDESTADDRREQ
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Destination address required): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EDIED
+
+

‘errno.h’ (GNU: Translator died): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EDOM
+
+

‘errno.h’ (ISO: Numerical argument out of domain): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EDOTDOT
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: RFS specific error): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EDQUOT
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Disk quota exceeded): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EEXIST
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: File exists): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EFAULT
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Bad address): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EFBIG
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: File too large): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EFTYPE
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Inappropriate file type or format): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EGRATUITOUS
+
+

‘errno.h’ (GNU: Gratuitous error): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EGREGIOUS
+
+

‘errno.h’ (GNU: You really blew it this time): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EHOSTDOWN
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Host is down): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EHOSTUNREACH
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: No route to host): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EIDRM
+
+

‘errno.h’ (XOPEN: Identifier removed): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EIEIO
+
+

‘errno.h’ (GNU: Computer bought the farm): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EILSEQ
+
+

‘errno.h’ (ISO: Invalid or incomplete multibyte or wide character): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EINPROGRESS
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Operation now in progress): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EINTR
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Interrupted system call): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EINVAL
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Invalid argument): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EIO
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Input/output error): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EISCONN
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Transport endpoint is already connected): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EISDIR
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Is a directory): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EISNAM
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Is a named type file): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EKEYEXPIRED
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux: Key has expired): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EKEYREJECTED
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux: Key was rejected by service): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EKEYREVOKED
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux: Key has been revoked): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EL2HLT
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Obsolete: Level 2 halted): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EL2NSYNC
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Obsolete: Level 2 not synchronized): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EL3HLT
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Obsolete: Level 3 halted): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EL3RST
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Obsolete: Level 3 reset): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ELIBACC
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Can not access a needed shared library): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ELIBBAD
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Accessing a corrupted shared library): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ELIBEXEC
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Cannot exec a shared library directly): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ELIBMAX
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Attempting to link in too many shared libraries): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ELIBSCN
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: .lib section in a.out corrupted): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ELNRNG
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Link number out of range): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ELOOP
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Too many levels of symbolic links): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EMEDIUMTYPE
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Wrong medium type): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EMFILE
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Too many open files): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EMLINK
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Too many links): Error Codes. +

+
+
EMPTY
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (SVID): Manipulating the User Accounting Database. +

+
+
EMPTY
+
+

‘utmpx.h’ (XPG4.2): XPG User Accounting Database Functions. +

+
+
int EMSGSIZE
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Message too long): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EMULTIHOP
+
+

‘errno.h’ (XOPEN: Multihop attempted): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENAMETOOLONG
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: File name too long): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENAVAIL
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: No XENIX semaphores available): Error Codes. +

+
+
void encrypt (char *block, int edflag)
+
+

‘crypt.h’ (BSD, SVID): DES Encryption. +

+
+
void encrypt_r (char *block, int edflag, struct crypt_data * data)
+
+

‘crypt.h’ (GNU): DES Encryption. +

+
+
void endfsent (void)
+
+

‘fstab.h’ (BSD): The ‘fstab’ file. +

+
+
void endgrent (void)
+
+

‘grp.h’ (SVID, BSD): Scanning the List of All Groups. +

+
+
void endhostent (void)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Host Names. +

+
+
int endmntent (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘mntent.h’ (BSD): The ‘mtab’ file. +

+
+
void endnetent (void)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Networks Database. +

+
+
void endnetgrent (void)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Looking up one Netgroup. +

+
+
void endprotoent (void)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Protocols Database. +

+
+
void endpwent (void)
+
+

‘pwd.h’ (SVID, BSD): Scanning the List of All Users. +

+
+
void endservent (void)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): The Services Database. +

+
+
void endutent (void)
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (SVID): Manipulating the User Accounting Database. +

+
+
void endutxent (void)
+
+

‘utmpx.h’ (XPG4.2): XPG User Accounting Database Functions. +

+
+
int ENEEDAUTH
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Need authenticator): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENETDOWN
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Network is down): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENETRESET
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Network dropped connection on reset): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENETUNREACH
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Network is unreachable): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENFILE
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Too many open files in system): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOANO
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: No anode): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOBUFS
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: No buffer space available): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOCSI
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: No CSI structure available): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENODATA
+
+

‘errno.h’ (XOPEN: No data available): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENODEV
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: No such device): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOENT
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: No such file or directory): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOEXEC
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Exec format error): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOKEY
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux: Required key not available): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOLCK
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: No locks available): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOLINK
+
+

‘errno.h’ (XOPEN: Link has been severed): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOMEDIUM
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: No medium found): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOMEM
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Cannot allocate memory): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOMSG
+
+

‘errno.h’ (XOPEN: No message of desired type): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENONET
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Machine is not on the network): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOPKG
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Package not installed): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOPROTOOPT
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Protocol not available): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOSPC
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: No space left on device): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOSR
+
+

‘errno.h’ (XOPEN: Out of streams resources): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOSTR
+
+

‘errno.h’ (XOPEN: Device not a stream): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOSYS
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Function not implemented): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOTBLK
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Block device required): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOTCONN
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Transport endpoint is not connected): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOTDIR
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Not a directory): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOTEMPTY
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Directory not empty): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOTNAM
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Not a XENIX named type file): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOTRECOVERABLE
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux: State not recoverable): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOTSOCK
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Socket operation on non-socket): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOTSUP
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Not supported): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOTTY
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Inappropriate ioctl for device): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ENOTUNIQ
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Name not unique on network): Error Codes. +

+
+
char ** environ
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Environment Access. +

+
+
error_t envz_add (char **envz, size_t *envz_len, const char *name, const char *value)
+
+

‘envz.h’ (GNU): Envz Functions. +

+
+
char * envz_entry (const char *envz, size_t envz_len, const char *name)
+
+

‘envz.h’ (GNU): Envz Functions. +

+
+
char * envz_get (const char *envz, size_t envz_len, const char *name)
+
+

‘envz.h’ (GNU): Envz Functions. +

+
+
error_t envz_merge (char **envz, size_t *envz_len, const char *envz2, size_t envz2_len, int override)
+
+

‘envz.h’ (GNU): Envz Functions. +

+
+
void envz_strip (char **envz, size_t *envz_len)
+
+

‘envz.h’ (GNU): Envz Functions. +

+
+
int ENXIO
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: No such device or address): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EOF
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): End-Of-File and Errors. +

+
+
int EOPNOTSUPP
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Operation not supported): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EOVERFLOW
+
+

‘errno.h’ (XOPEN: Value too large for defined data type): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EOWNERDEAD
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux: Owner died): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EPERM
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Operation not permitted): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EPFNOSUPPORT
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Protocol family not supported): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EPIPE
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Broken pipe): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EPROCLIM
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Too many processes): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EPROCUNAVAIL
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: RPC bad procedure for program): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EPROGMISMATCH
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: RPC program version wrong): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EPROGUNAVAIL
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: RPC program not available): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EPROTO
+
+

‘errno.h’ (XOPEN: Protocol error): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EPROTONOSUPPORT
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Protocol not supported): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EPROTOTYPE
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Protocol wrong type for socket): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EQUIV_CLASS_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.2): Utility Program Capacity Limits. +

+
+
double erand48 (unsigned short int xsubi[3])
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (SVID): SVID Random Number Function. +

+
+
int erand48_r (unsigned short int xsubi[3], struct drand48_data *buffer, double *result)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (GNU): SVID Random Number Function. +

+
+
int ERANGE
+
+

‘errno.h’ (ISO: Numerical result out of range): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EREMCHG
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Remote address changed): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EREMOTE
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Object is remote): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EREMOTEIO
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Remote I/O error): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ERESTART
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Interrupted system call should be restarted): Error Codes. +

+
+
double erf (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
double erfc (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
float erfcf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
long double erfcl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
float erff (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
long double erfl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
int EROFS
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Read-only file system): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ERPCMISMATCH
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: RPC version wrong): Error Codes. +

+
+
void err (int status, const char *format, …)
+
+

‘err.h’ (BSD): Error Messages. +

+
+
volatile int errno
+
+

‘errno.h’ (ISO): Checking for Errors. +

+
+
void error (int status, int errnum, const char *format, …)
+
+

‘error.h’ (GNU): Error Messages. +

+
+
void error_at_line (int status, int errnum, const char *fname, unsigned int lineno, const char *format, …)
+
+

‘error.h’ (GNU): Error Messages. +

+
+
unsigned int error_message_count
+
+

‘error.h’ (GNU): Error Messages. +

+
+
int error_one_per_line
+
+

‘error.h’ (GNU): Error Messages. +

+
+
void errx (int status, const char *format, …)
+
+

‘err.h’ (BSD): Error Messages. +

+
+
int ESHUTDOWN
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ESOCKTNOSUPPORT
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Socket type not supported): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ESPIPE
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Illegal seek): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ESRCH
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: No such process): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ESRMNT
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Srmount error): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ESTALE
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Stale NFS file handle): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ESTRPIPE
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Streams pipe error): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ETIME
+
+

‘errno.h’ (XOPEN: Timer expired): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ETIMEDOUT
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Connection timed out): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ETOOMANYREFS
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Too many references: cannot splice): Error Codes. +

+
+
int ETXTBSY
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Text file busy): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EUCLEAN
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Structure needs cleaning): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EUNATCH
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Protocol driver not attached): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EUSERS
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Too many users): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EWOULDBLOCK
+
+

‘errno.h’ (BSD: Operation would block): Error Codes. +

+
+
int EXDEV
+
+

‘errno.h’ (POSIX.1: Invalid cross-device link): Error Codes. +

+
+
int execl (const char *filename, const char *arg0, …)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Executing a File. +

+
+
int execle (const char *filename, const char *arg0, char *const env[], …)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Executing a File. +

+
+
int execlp (const char *filename, const char *arg0, …)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Executing a File. +

+
+
int execv (const char *filename, char *const argv[])
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Executing a File. +

+
+
int execve (const char *filename, char *const argv[], char *const env[])
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Executing a File. +

+
+
int execvp (const char *filename, char *const argv[])
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Executing a File. +

+
+
int EXFULL
+
+

‘errno.h’ (Linux???: Exchange full): Error Codes. +

+
+
void _Exit (int status)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Termination Internals. +

+
+
void _exit (int status)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Termination Internals. +

+
+
void exit (int status)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Normal Termination. +

+
+
int EXIT_FAILURE
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Exit Status. +

+
+
int EXIT_SUCCESS
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Exit Status. +

+
+
double exp (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
double exp10 (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (GNU): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
float exp10f (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (GNU): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
long double exp10l (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (GNU): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
double exp2 (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
float exp2f (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
long double exp2l (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
float expf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
long double expl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
double expm1 (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
float expm1f (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
long double expm1l (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
int EXPR_NEST_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.2): Utility Program Capacity Limits. +

+
+
double fabs (double number)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Absolute Value. +

+
+
float fabsf (float number)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Absolute Value. +

+
+
long double fabsl (long double number)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Absolute Value. +

+
+
size_t __fbufsize (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio_ext.h’ (GNU): Controlling Which Kind of Buffering. +

+
+
int fchdir (int filedes)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (XPG): Working Directory. +

+
+
int fchmod (int filedes, int mode)
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (BSD): Assigning File Permissions. +

+
+
int fchown (int filedes, int owner, int group)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (BSD): File Owner. +

+
+
int fclean (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): Cleaning Streams. +

+
+
int fclose (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Closing Streams. +

+
+
int fcloseall (void)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): Closing Streams. +

+
+
int fcntl (int filedes, int command, …)
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): Control Operations on Files. +

+
+
char * fcvt (double value, int ndigit, int *decpt, int *neg)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (SVID, Unix98): Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions. +

+
+
int fcvt_r (double value, int ndigit, int *decpt, int *neg, char *buf, size_t len)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (SVID, Unix98): Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions. +

+
+
int fdatasync (int fildes)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX): Synchronizing I/O operations. +

+
+
int FD_CLOEXEC
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): File Descriptor Flags. +

+
+
void FD_CLR (int filedes, fd_set *set)
+
+

‘sys/types.h’ (BSD): Waiting for Input or Output. +

+
+
double fdim (double x, double y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions. +

+
+
float fdimf (float x, float y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions. +

+
+
long double fdiml (long double x, long double y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions. +

+
+
int FD_ISSET (int filedes, const fd_set *set)
+
+

‘sys/types.h’ (BSD): Waiting for Input or Output. +

+
+
FILE * fdopen (int filedes, const char *opentype)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (POSIX.1): Descriptors and Streams. +

+
+
DIR * fdopendir (int fd)
+
+

‘dirent.h’ (GNU): Opening a Directory Stream. +

+
+
void FD_SET (int filedes, fd_set *set)
+
+

‘sys/types.h’ (BSD): Waiting for Input or Output. +

+
+
fd_set
+
+

‘sys/types.h’ (BSD): Waiting for Input or Output. +

+
+
int FD_SETSIZE
+
+

‘sys/types.h’ (BSD): Waiting for Input or Output. +

+
+
int F_DUPFD
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): Duplicating Descriptors. +

+
+
void FD_ZERO (fd_set *set)
+
+

‘sys/types.h’ (BSD): Waiting for Input or Output. +

+
+
int feclearexcept (int excepts)
+
+

‘fenv.h’ (ISO): Examining the FPU status word. +

+
+
int fedisableexcept (int excepts)
+
+

‘fenv.h’ (GNU): Floating-Point Control Functions. +

+
+
FE_DIVBYZERO
+
+

‘fenv.h’ (ISO): Examining the FPU status word. +

+
+
FE_DOWNWARD
+
+

‘fenv.h’ (ISO): Rounding Modes. +

+
+
int feenableexcept (int excepts)
+
+

‘fenv.h’ (GNU): Floating-Point Control Functions. +

+
+
int fegetenv (fenv_t *envp)
+
+

‘fenv.h’ (ISO): Floating-Point Control Functions. +

+
+
int fegetexcept (int excepts)
+
+

‘fenv.h’ (GNU): Floating-Point Control Functions. +

+
+
int fegetexceptflag (fexcept_t *flagp, int excepts)
+
+

‘fenv.h’ (ISO): Examining the FPU status word. +

+
+
int fegetround (void)
+
+

‘fenv.h’ (ISO): Rounding Modes. +

+
+
int feholdexcept (fenv_t *envp)
+
+

‘fenv.h’ (ISO): Floating-Point Control Functions. +

+
+
FE_INEXACT
+
+

‘fenv.h’ (ISO): Examining the FPU status word. +

+
+
FE_INVALID
+
+

‘fenv.h’ (ISO): Examining the FPU status word. +

+
+
int feof (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): End-Of-File and Errors. +

+
+
int feof_unlocked (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): End-Of-File and Errors. +

+
+
FE_OVERFLOW
+
+

‘fenv.h’ (ISO): Examining the FPU status word. +

+
+
int feraiseexcept (int excepts)
+
+

‘fenv.h’ (ISO): Examining the FPU status word. +

+
+
int ferror (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): End-Of-File and Errors. +

+
+
int ferror_unlocked (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): End-Of-File and Errors. +

+
+
int fesetenv (const fenv_t *envp)
+
+

‘fenv.h’ (ISO): Floating-Point Control Functions. +

+
+
int fesetexceptflag (const fexcept_t *flagp, int excepts)
+
+

‘fenv.h’ (ISO): Examining the FPU status word. +

+
+
int fesetround (int round)
+
+

‘fenv.h’ (ISO): Rounding Modes. +

+
+
int fetestexcept (int excepts)
+
+

‘fenv.h’ (ISO): Examining the FPU status word. +

+
+
FE_TONEAREST
+
+

‘fenv.h’ (ISO): Rounding Modes. +

+
+
FE_TOWARDZERO
+
+

‘fenv.h’ (ISO): Rounding Modes. +

+
+
FE_UNDERFLOW
+
+

‘fenv.h’ (ISO): Examining the FPU status word. +

+
+
int feupdateenv (const fenv_t *envp)
+
+

‘fenv.h’ (ISO): Floating-Point Control Functions. +

+
+
FE_UPWARD
+
+

‘fenv.h’ (ISO): Rounding Modes. +

+
+
int fflush (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Flushing Buffers. +

+
+
int fflush_unlocked (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (POSIX): Flushing Buffers. +

+
+
int fgetc (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Character Input. +

+
+
int fgetc_unlocked (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (POSIX): Character Input. +

+
+
int F_GETFD
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): File Descriptor Flags. +

+
+
int F_GETFL
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): Getting and Setting File Status Flags. +

+
+
struct group * fgetgrent (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘grp.h’ (SVID): Scanning the List of All Groups. +

+
+
int fgetgrent_r (FILE *stream, struct group *result_buf, char *buffer, size_t buflen, struct group **result)
+
+

‘grp.h’ (GNU): Scanning the List of All Groups. +

+
+
int F_GETLK
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): File Locks. +

+
+
int F_GETOWN
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (BSD): Interrupt-Driven Input. +

+
+
int fgetpos (FILE *stream, fpos_t *position)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Portable File-Position Functions. +

+
+
int fgetpos64 (FILE *stream, fpos64_t *position)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (Unix98): Portable File-Position Functions. +

+
+
struct passwd * fgetpwent (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘pwd.h’ (SVID): Scanning the List of All Users. +

+
+
int fgetpwent_r (FILE *stream, struct passwd *result_buf, char *buffer, size_t buflen, struct passwd **result)
+
+

‘pwd.h’ (GNU): Scanning the List of All Users. +

+
+
char * fgets (char *s, int count, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Line-Oriented Input. +

+
+
char * fgets_unlocked (char *s, int count, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): Line-Oriented Input. +

+
+
wint_t fgetwc (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Character Input. +

+
+
wint_t fgetwc_unlocked (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (GNU): Character Input. +

+
+
wchar_t * fgetws (wchar_t *ws, int count, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Line-Oriented Input. +

+
+
wchar_t * fgetws_unlocked (wchar_t *ws, int count, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (GNU): Line-Oriented Input. +

+
+
FILE
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Streams. +

+
+
int FILENAME_MAX
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Limits on File System Capacity. +

+
+
int fileno (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (POSIX.1): Descriptors and Streams. +

+
+
int fileno_unlocked (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): Descriptors and Streams. +

+
+
int finite (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Floating-Point Number Classification Functions. +

+
+
int finitef (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Floating-Point Number Classification Functions. +

+
+
int finitel (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Floating-Point Number Classification Functions. +

+
+
int __flbf (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio_ext.h’ (GNU): Controlling Which Kind of Buffering. +

+
+
void flockfile (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (POSIX): Streams and Threads. +

+
+
double floor (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
float floorf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
long double floorl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
FLT_DIG
+
+

‘float.h’ (ISO): Floating Point Parameters. +

+
+
FLT_EPSILON
+
+

‘float.h’ (ISO): Floating Point Parameters. +

+
+
FLT_MANT_DIG
+
+

‘float.h’ (ISO): Floating Point Parameters. +

+
+
FLT_MAX
+
+

‘float.h’ (ISO): Floating Point Parameters. +

+
+
FLT_MAX_10_EXP
+
+

‘float.h’ (ISO): Floating Point Parameters. +

+
+
FLT_MAX_EXP
+
+

‘float.h’ (ISO): Floating Point Parameters. +

+
+
FLT_MIN
+
+

‘float.h’ (ISO): Floating Point Parameters. +

+
+
FLT_MIN_10_EXP
+
+

‘float.h’ (ISO): Floating Point Parameters. +

+
+
FLT_MIN_EXP
+
+

‘float.h’ (ISO): Floating Point Parameters. +

+
+
FLT_RADIX
+
+

‘float.h’ (ISO): Floating Point Parameters. +

+
+
FLT_ROUNDS
+
+

‘float.h’ (ISO): Floating Point Parameters. +

+
+
void _flushlbf (void)
+
+

‘stdio_ext.h’ (GNU): Flushing Buffers. +

+
+
tcflag_t FLUSHO
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Local Modes. +

+
+
double fma (double x, double y, double z)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions. +

+
+
float fmaf (float x, float y, float z)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions. +

+
+
long double fmal (long double x, long double y, long double z)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions. +

+
+
double fmax (double x, double y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions. +

+
+
float fmaxf (float x, float y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions. +

+
+
long double fmaxl (long double x, long double y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions. +

+
+
FILE * fmemopen (void *buf, size_t size, const char *opentype)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): String Streams. +

+
+
double fmin (double x, double y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions. +

+
+
float fminf (float x, float y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions. +

+
+
long double fminl (long double x, long double y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions. +

+
+
double fmod (double numerator, double denominator)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Remainder Functions. +

+
+
float fmodf (float numerator, float denominator)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Remainder Functions. +

+
+
long double fmodl (long double numerator, long double denominator)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Remainder Functions. +

+
+
int fmtmsg (long int classification, const char *label, int severity, const char *text, const char *action, const char *tag)
+
+

‘fmtmsg.h’ (XPG): Printing Formatted Messages. +

+
+
int fnmatch (const char *pattern, const char *string, int flags)
+
+

‘fnmatch.h’ (POSIX.2): Wildcard Matching. +

+
+
FNM_CASEFOLD
+
+

‘fnmatch.h’ (GNU): Wildcard Matching. +

+
+
FNM_EXTMATCH
+
+

‘fnmatch.h’ (GNU): Wildcard Matching. +

+
+
FNM_FILE_NAME
+
+

‘fnmatch.h’ (GNU): Wildcard Matching. +

+
+
FNM_LEADING_DIR
+
+

‘fnmatch.h’ (GNU): Wildcard Matching. +

+
+
FNM_NOESCAPE
+
+

‘fnmatch.h’ (POSIX.2): Wildcard Matching. +

+
+
FNM_PATHNAME
+
+

‘fnmatch.h’ (POSIX.2): Wildcard Matching. +

+
+
FNM_PERIOD
+
+

‘fnmatch.h’ (POSIX.2): Wildcard Matching. +

+
+
int F_OK
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Testing Permission to Access a File. +

+
+
FILE * fopen (const char *filename, const char *opentype)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Opening Streams. +

+
+
FILE * fopen64 (const char *filename, const char *opentype)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (Unix98): Opening Streams. +

+
+
FILE * fopencookie (void *cookie, const char *opentype, cookie_io_functions_t io-functions)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): Custom Streams and Cookies. +

+
+
int FOPEN_MAX
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Opening Streams. +

+
+
pid_t fork (void)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Creating a Process. +

+
+
int forkpty (int *amaster, char *name, const struct termios *termp, const struct winsize *winp)
+
+

‘pty.h’ (BSD): Opening a Pseudo-Terminal Pair. +

+
+
long int fpathconf (int filedes, int parameter)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Using pathconf. +

+
+
int fpclassify (float-type x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Floating-Point Number Classification Functions. +

+
+
FPE_DECOVF_TRAP
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Program Error Signals. +

+
+
FPE_FLTDIV_FAULT
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Program Error Signals. +

+
+
FPE_FLTDIV_TRAP
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Program Error Signals. +

+
+
FPE_FLTOVF_FAULT
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Program Error Signals. +

+
+
FPE_FLTOVF_TRAP
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Program Error Signals. +

+
+
FPE_FLTUND_FAULT
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Program Error Signals. +

+
+
FPE_FLTUND_TRAP
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Program Error Signals. +

+
+
FPE_INTDIV_TRAP
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Program Error Signals. +

+
+
FPE_INTOVF_TRAP
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Program Error Signals. +

+
+
size_t __fpending (FILE *stream) The __fpending
+
+

‘stdio_ext.h’ (GNU): Controlling Which Kind of Buffering. +

+
+
FPE_SUBRNG_TRAP
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Program Error Signals. +

+
+
int FP_ILOGB0
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
int FP_ILOGBNAN
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
fpos64_t
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (Unix98): Portable File-Position Functions. +

+
+
fpos_t
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Portable File-Position Functions. +

+
+
int fprintf (FILE *stream, const char *template, …)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Formatted Output Functions. +

+
+
void __fpurge (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio_ext.h’ (GNU): Flushing Buffers. +

+
+
int fputc (int c, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Simple Output by Characters or Lines. +

+
+
int fputc_unlocked (int c, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (POSIX): Simple Output by Characters or Lines. +

+
+
int fputs (const char *s, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Simple Output by Characters or Lines. +

+
+
int fputs_unlocked (const char *s, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): Simple Output by Characters or Lines. +

+
+
wint_t fputwc (wchar_t wc, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Simple Output by Characters or Lines. +

+
+
wint_t fputwc_unlocked (wint_t wc, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (POSIX): Simple Output by Characters or Lines. +

+
+
int fputws (const wchar_t *ws, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Simple Output by Characters or Lines. +

+
+
int fputws_unlocked (const wchar_t *ws, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (GNU): Simple Output by Characters or Lines. +

+
+
F_RDLCK
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): File Locks. +

+
+
size_t fread (void *data, size_t size, size_t count, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Block Input/Output. +

+
+
int __freadable (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio_ext.h’ (GNU): Opening Streams. +

+
+
int __freading (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio_ext.h’ (GNU): Opening Streams. +

+
+
size_t fread_unlocked (void *data, size_t size, size_t count, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): Block Input/Output. +

+
+
void free (void *ptr)
+
+

‘malloc.h’, ‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Freeing Memory Allocated with malloc. +

+
+
__free_hook
+
+

‘malloc.h’ (GNU): Memory Allocation Hooks. +

+
+
FILE * freopen (const char *filename, const char *opentype, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Opening Streams. +

+
+
FILE * freopen64 (const char *filename, const char *opentype, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (Unix98): Opening Streams. +

+
+
double frexp (double value, int *exponent)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Normalization Functions. +

+
+
float frexpf (float value, int *exponent)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Normalization Functions. +

+
+
long double frexpl (long double value, int *exponent)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Normalization Functions. +

+
+
int fscanf (FILE *stream, const char *template, …)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Formatted Input Functions. +

+
+
int fseek (FILE *stream, long int offset, int whence)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): File Positioning. +

+
+
int fseeko (FILE *stream, off_t offset, int whence)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (Unix98): File Positioning. +

+
+
int fseeko64 (FILE *stream, off64_t offset, int whence)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (Unix98): File Positioning. +

+
+
int F_SETFD
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): File Descriptor Flags. +

+
+
int F_SETFL
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): Getting and Setting File Status Flags. +

+
+
int F_SETLK
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): File Locks. +

+
+
int F_SETLKW
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): File Locks. +

+
+
int __fsetlocking (FILE *stream, int type)
+
+

‘stdio_ext.h’ (GNU): Streams and Threads. +

+
+
int F_SETOWN
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (BSD): Interrupt-Driven Input. +

+
+
int fsetpos (FILE *stream, const fpos_t *position)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Portable File-Position Functions. +

+
+
int fsetpos64 (FILE *stream, const fpos64_t *position)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (Unix98): Portable File-Position Functions. +

+
+
int fstat (int filedes, struct stat *buf)
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX.1): Reading the Attributes of a File. +

+
+
int fstat64 (int filedes, struct stat64 *buf)
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (Unix98): Reading the Attributes of a File. +

+
+
int fsync (int fildes)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX): Synchronizing I/O operations. +

+
+
long int ftell (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): File Positioning. +

+
+
off_t ftello (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (Unix98): File Positioning. +

+
+
off64_t ftello64 (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (Unix98): File Positioning. +

+
+
int ftruncate (int fd, off_t length)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX): File Size. +

+
+
int ftruncate64 (int id, off64_t length)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (Unix98): File Size. +

+
+
int ftrylockfile (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (POSIX): Streams and Threads. +

+
+
int ftw (const char *filename, __ftw_func_t func, int descriptors)
+
+

‘ftw.h’ (SVID): Working with Directory Trees. +

+
+
int ftw64 (const char *filename, __ftw64_func_t func, int descriptors)
+
+

‘ftw.h’ (Unix98): Working with Directory Trees. +

+
+
__ftw64_func_t
+
+

‘ftw.h’ (GNU): Working with Directory Trees. +

+
+
__ftw_func_t
+
+

‘ftw.h’ (GNU): Working with Directory Trees. +

+
+
F_UNLCK
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): File Locks. +

+
+
void funlockfile (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (POSIX): Streams and Threads. +

+
+
int futimes (int fd, struct timeval tvp[2])
+
+

‘sys/time.h’ (BSD): File Times. +

+
+
int fwide (FILE *stream, int mode)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Streams in Internationalized Applications. +

+
+
int fwprintf (FILE *stream, const wchar_t *template, …)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Formatted Output Functions. +

+
+
int __fwritable (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio_ext.h’ (GNU): Opening Streams. +

+
+
size_t fwrite (const void *data, size_t size, size_t count, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Block Input/Output. +

+
+
size_t fwrite_unlocked (const void *data, size_t size, size_t count, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): Block Input/Output. +

+
+
int __fwriting (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio_ext.h’ (GNU): Opening Streams. +

+
+
F_WRLCK
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): File Locks. +

+
+
int fwscanf (FILE *stream, const wchar_t *template, …)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Formatted Input Functions. +

+
+
double gamma (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
float gammaf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
long double gammal (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
void (*__gconv_end_fct) (struct gconv_step *)
+
+

‘gconv.h’ (GNU): The iconv Implementation in the GNU C library. +

+
+
int (*__gconv_fct) (struct __gconv_step *, struct __gconv_step_data *, const char **, const char *, size_t *, int)
+
+

‘gconv.h’ (GNU): The iconv Implementation in the GNU C library. +

+
+
int (*__gconv_init_fct) (struct __gconv_step *)
+
+

‘gconv.h’ (GNU): The iconv Implementation in the GNU C library. +

+
+
char * gcvt (double value, int ndigit, char *buf)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (SVID, Unix98): Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions. +

+
+
long int get_avphys_pages (void)
+
+

‘sys/sysinfo.h’ (GNU): How to get information about the memory subsystem?. +

+
+
int getc (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Character Input. +

+
+
int getchar (void)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Character Input. +

+
+
int getchar_unlocked (void)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (POSIX): Character Input. +

+
+
int getcontext (ucontext_t *ucp)
+
+

‘ucontext.h’ (SVID): Complete Context Control. +

+
+
int getc_unlocked (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (POSIX): Character Input. +

+
+
char * get_current_dir_name (void)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (GNU): Working Directory. +

+
+
char * getcwd (char *buffer, size_t size)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Working Directory. +

+
+
struct tm * getdate (const char *string)
+
+

‘time.h’ (Unix98): A More User-friendly Way to Parse Times and Dates. +

+
+
getdate_err
+
+

‘time.h’ (Unix98): A More User-friendly Way to Parse Times and Dates. +

+
+
int getdate_r (const char *string, struct tm *tp)
+
+

‘time.h’ (GNU): A More User-friendly Way to Parse Times and Dates. +

+
+
ssize_t getdelim (char **lineptr, size_t *n, int delimiter, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): Line-Oriented Input. +

+
+
int getdomainnname (char *name, size_t length)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (???): Host Identification. +

+
+
gid_t getegid (void)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Reading the Persona of a Process. +

+
+
char * getenv (const char *name)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Environment Access. +

+
+
uid_t geteuid (void)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Reading the Persona of a Process. +

+
+
struct fstab * getfsent (void)
+
+

‘fstab.h’ (BSD): The ‘fstab’ file. +

+
+
struct fstab * getfsfile (const char *name)
+
+

‘fstab.h’ (BSD): The ‘fstab’ file. +

+
+
struct fstab * getfsspec (const char *name)
+
+

‘fstab.h’ (BSD): The ‘fstab’ file. +

+
+
gid_t getgid (void)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Reading the Persona of a Process. +

+
+
struct group * getgrent (void)
+
+

‘grp.h’ (SVID, BSD): Scanning the List of All Groups. +

+
+
int getgrent_r (struct group *result_buf, char *buffer, size_t buflen, struct group **result)
+
+

‘grp.h’ (GNU): Scanning the List of All Groups. +

+
+
struct group * getgrgid (gid_t gid)
+
+

‘grp.h’ (POSIX.1): Looking Up One Group. +

+
+
int getgrgid_r (gid_t gid, struct group *result_buf, char *buffer, size_t buflen, struct group **result)
+
+

‘grp.h’ (POSIX.1c): Looking Up One Group. +

+
+
struct group * getgrnam (const char *name)
+
+

‘grp.h’ (SVID, BSD): Looking Up One Group. +

+
+
int getgrnam_r (const char *name, struct group *result_buf, char *buffer, size_t buflen, struct group **result)
+
+

‘grp.h’ (POSIX.1c): Looking Up One Group. +

+
+
int getgrouplist (const char *user, gid_t group, gid_t *groups, int *ngroups)
+
+

‘grp.h’ (BSD): Setting the Group IDs. +

+
+
int getgroups (int count, gid_t *groups)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Reading the Persona of a Process. +

+
+
struct hostent * gethostbyaddr (const char *addr, size_t length, int format)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Host Names. +

+
+
int gethostbyaddr_r (const char *addr, size_t length, int format, struct hostent *restrict result_buf, char *restrict buf, size_t buflen, struct hostent **restrict result, int *restrict h_errnop)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (GNU): Host Names. +

+
+
struct hostent * gethostbyname (const char *name)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Host Names. +

+
+
struct hostent * gethostbyname2 (const char *name, int af)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (IPv6 Basic API): Host Names. +

+
+
int gethostbyname2_r (const char *name, int af, struct hostent *restrict result_buf, char *restrict buf, size_t buflen, struct hostent **restrict result, int *restrict h_errnop)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (GNU): Host Names. +

+
+
int gethostbyname_r (const char *restrict name, struct hostent *restrict result_buf, char *restrict buf, size_t buflen, struct hostent **restrict result, int *restrict h_errnop)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (GNU): Host Names. +

+
+
struct hostent * gethostent (void)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Host Names. +

+
+
long int gethostid (void)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (BSD): Host Identification. +

+
+
int gethostname (char *name, size_t size)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (BSD): Host Identification. +

+
+
int getitimer (int which, struct itimerval *old)
+
+

‘sys/time.h’ (BSD): Setting an Alarm. +

+
+
ssize_t getline (char **lineptr, size_t *n, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): Line-Oriented Input. +

+
+
int getloadavg (double loadavg[], int nelem)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (BSD): Learn about the processors available. +

+
+
char * getlogin (void)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Identifying Who Logged In. +

+
+
struct mntent * getmntent (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘mntent.h’ (BSD): The ‘mtab’ file. +

+
+
struct mntent * getmntent_r (FILE *stream, struct mentent *result, char *buffer, int bufsize)
+
+

‘mntent.h’ (BSD): The ‘mtab’ file. +

+
+
struct netent * getnetbyaddr (unsigned long int net, int type)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Networks Database. +

+
+
struct netent * getnetbyname (const char *name)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Networks Database. +

+
+
struct netent * getnetent (void)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Networks Database. +

+
+
int getnetgrent (char **hostp, char **userp, char **domainp)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Looking up one Netgroup. +

+
+
int getnetgrent_r (char **hostp, char **userp, char **domainp, char *buffer, int buflen)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (GNU): Looking up one Netgroup. +

+
+
int get_nprocs (void)
+
+

‘sys/sysinfo.h’ (GNU): Learn about the processors available. +

+
+
int get_nprocs_conf (void)
+
+

‘sys/sysinfo.h’ (GNU): Learn about the processors available. +

+
+
int getopt (int argc, char **argv, const char *options)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Using the getopt function. +

+
+
int getopt_long (int argc, char *const *argv, const char *shortopts, const struct option *longopts, int *indexptr)
+
+

‘getopt.h’ (GNU): Parsing Long Options with getopt_long. +

+
+
int getopt_long_only (int argc, char *const *argv, const char *shortopts, const struct option *longopts, int *indexptr)
+
+

‘getopt.h’ (GNU): Parsing Long Options with getopt_long. +

+
+
int getpagesize (void)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (BSD): How to get information about the memory subsystem?. +

+
+
char * getpass (const char *prompt)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (BSD): Reading Passwords. +

+
+
int getpeername (int socket, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *length-ptr)
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Who is Connected to Me?. +

+
+
int getpgid (pid_t pid)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (SVID): Process Group Functions. +

+
+
pid_t getpgrp (pid_t pid)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (BSD): Process Group Functions. +

+
+
pid_t getpgrp (void)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Process Group Functions. +

+
+
long int get_phys_pages (void)
+
+

‘sys/sysinfo.h’ (GNU): How to get information about the memory subsystem?. +

+
+
pid_t getpid (void)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Process Identification. +

+
+
pid_t getppid (void)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Process Identification. +

+
+
int getpriority (int class, int id)
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (BSD,POSIX): Functions For Traditional Scheduling. +

+
+
struct protoent * getprotobyname (const char *name)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Protocols Database. +

+
+
struct protoent * getprotobynumber (int protocol)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Protocols Database. +

+
+
struct protoent * getprotoent (void)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Protocols Database. +

+
+
int getpt (void)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (GNU): Allocating Pseudo-Terminals. +

+
+
struct passwd * getpwent (void)
+
+

‘pwd.h’ (POSIX.1): Scanning the List of All Users. +

+
+
int getpwent_r (struct passwd *result_buf, char *buffer, int buflen, struct passwd **result)
+
+

‘pwd.h’ (GNU): Scanning the List of All Users. +

+
+
struct passwd * getpwnam (const char *name)
+
+

‘pwd.h’ (POSIX.1): Looking Up One User. +

+
+
int getpwnam_r (const char *name, struct passwd *result_buf, char *buffer, size_t buflen, struct passwd **result)
+
+

‘pwd.h’ (POSIX.1c): Looking Up One User. +

+
+
struct passwd * getpwuid (uid_t uid)
+
+

‘pwd.h’ (POSIX.1): Looking Up One User. +

+
+
int getpwuid_r (uid_t uid, struct passwd *result_buf, char *buffer, size_t buflen, struct passwd **result)
+
+

‘pwd.h’ (POSIX.1c): Looking Up One User. +

+
+
int getrlimit (int resource, struct rlimit *rlp)
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (BSD): Limiting Resource Usage. +

+
+
int getrlimit64 (int resource, struct rlimit64 *rlp)
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (Unix98): Limiting Resource Usage. +

+
+
int getrusage (int processes, struct rusage *rusage)
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (BSD): Resource Usage. +

+
+
char * gets (char *s)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Line-Oriented Input. +

+
+
struct servent * getservbyname (const char *name, const char *proto)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): The Services Database. +

+
+
struct servent * getservbyport (int port, const char *proto)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): The Services Database. +

+
+
struct servent * getservent (void)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): The Services Database. +

+
+
pid_t getsid (pid_t pid)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (SVID): Process Group Functions. +

+
+
int getsockname (int socket, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *length-ptr)
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Reading the Address of a Socket. +

+
+
int getsockopt (int socket, int level, int optname, void *optval, socklen_t *optlen-ptr)
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Socket Option Functions. +

+
+
int getsubopt (char **optionp, const char* const *tokens, char **valuep)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (stdlib.h): Suboptions Example. +

+
+
char * gettext (const char *msgid)
+
+

‘libintl.h’ (GNU): What has to be done to translate a message?. +

+
+
int gettimeofday (struct timeval *tp, struct timezone *tzp)
+
+

‘sys/time.h’ (BSD): High-Resolution Calendar. +

+
+
uid_t getuid (void)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Reading the Persona of a Process. +

+
+
mode_t getumask (void)
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (GNU): Assigning File Permissions. +

+
+
struct utmp * getutent (void)
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (SVID): Manipulating the User Accounting Database. +

+
+
int getutent_r (struct utmp *buffer, struct utmp **result)
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (GNU): Manipulating the User Accounting Database. +

+
+
struct utmp * getutid (const struct utmp *id)
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (SVID): Manipulating the User Accounting Database. +

+
+
int getutid_r (const struct utmp *id, struct utmp *buffer, struct utmp **result)
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (GNU): Manipulating the User Accounting Database. +

+
+
struct utmp * getutline (const struct utmp *line)
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (SVID): Manipulating the User Accounting Database. +

+
+
int getutline_r (const struct utmp *line, struct utmp *buffer, struct utmp **result)
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (GNU): Manipulating the User Accounting Database. +

+
+
int getutmp (const struct utmpx *utmpx, struct utmp *utmp)
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (GNU): XPG User Accounting Database Functions. +

+
+
int getutmpx (const struct utmp *utmp, struct utmpx *utmpx)
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (GNU): XPG User Accounting Database Functions. +

+
+
struct utmpx * getutxent (void)
+
+

‘utmpx.h’ (XPG4.2): XPG User Accounting Database Functions. +

+
+
struct utmpx * getutxid (const struct utmpx *id)
+
+

‘utmpx.h’ (XPG4.2): XPG User Accounting Database Functions. +

+
+
struct utmpx * getutxline (const struct utmpx *line)
+
+

‘utmpx.h’ (XPG4.2): XPG User Accounting Database Functions. +

+
+
int getw (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (SVID): Character Input. +

+
+
wint_t getwc (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Character Input. +

+
+
wint_t getwchar (void)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Character Input. +

+
+
wint_t getwchar_unlocked (void)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (GNU): Character Input. +

+
+
wint_t getwc_unlocked (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (GNU): Character Input. +

+
+
char * getwd (char *buffer)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (BSD): Working Directory. +

+
+
gid_t
+
+

‘sys/types.h’ (POSIX.1): Reading the Persona of a Process. +

+
+
int glob (const char *pattern, int flags, int (*errfunc) (const char *filename, int error-code), glob_t *vector-ptr)
+
+

‘glob.h’ (POSIX.2): Calling glob. +

+
+
int glob64 (const char *pattern, int flags, int (*errfunc) (const char *filename, int error-code), glob64_t *vector-ptr)
+
+

‘glob.h’ (GNU): Calling glob. +

+
+
glob64_t
+
+

‘glob.h’ (GNU): Calling glob. +

+
+
GLOB_ABORTED
+
+

‘glob.h’ (POSIX.2): Calling glob. +

+
+
GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC
+
+

‘glob.h’ (GNU): More Flags for Globbing. +

+
+
GLOB_APPEND
+
+

‘glob.h’ (POSIX.2): Flags for Globbing. +

+
+
GLOB_BRACE
+
+

‘glob.h’ (GNU): More Flags for Globbing. +

+
+
GLOB_DOOFFS
+
+

‘glob.h’ (POSIX.2): Flags for Globbing. +

+
+
GLOB_ERR
+
+

‘glob.h’ (POSIX.2): Flags for Globbing. +

+
+
void globfree (glob_t *pglob)
+
+

‘glob.h’ (POSIX.2): More Flags for Globbing. +

+
+
void globfree64 (glob64_t *pglob)
+
+

‘glob.h’ (GNU): More Flags for Globbing. +

+
+
GLOB_MAGCHAR
+
+

‘glob.h’ (GNU): More Flags for Globbing. +

+
+
GLOB_MARK
+
+

‘glob.h’ (POSIX.2): Flags for Globbing. +

+
+
GLOB_NOCHECK
+
+

‘glob.h’ (POSIX.2): Flags for Globbing. +

+
+
GLOB_NOESCAPE
+
+

‘glob.h’ (POSIX.2): Flags for Globbing. +

+
+
GLOB_NOMAGIC
+
+

‘glob.h’ (GNU): More Flags for Globbing. +

+
+
GLOB_NOMATCH
+
+

‘glob.h’ (POSIX.2): Calling glob. +

+
+
GLOB_NOSORT
+
+

‘glob.h’ (POSIX.2): Flags for Globbing. +

+
+
GLOB_NOSPACE
+
+

‘glob.h’ (POSIX.2): Calling glob. +

+
+
GLOB_ONLYDIR
+
+

‘glob.h’ (GNU): More Flags for Globbing. +

+
+
GLOB_PERIOD
+
+

‘glob.h’ (GNU): More Flags for Globbing. +

+
+
glob_t
+
+

‘glob.h’ (POSIX.2): Calling glob. +

+
+
GLOB_TILDE
+
+

‘glob.h’ (GNU): More Flags for Globbing. +

+
+
GLOB_TILDE_CHECK
+
+

‘glob.h’ (GNU): More Flags for Globbing. +

+
+
struct tm * gmtime (const time_t *time)
+
+

‘time.h’ (ISO): Broken-down Time. +

+
+
struct tm * gmtime_r (const time_t *time, struct tm *resultp)
+
+

‘time.h’ (POSIX.1c): Broken-down Time. +

+
+
_GNU_SOURCE
+
+

(GNU): Feature Test Macros. +

+
+
int grantpt (int filedes)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (SVID, XPG4.2): Allocating Pseudo-Terminals. +

+
+
int gsignal (int signum)
+
+

‘signal.h’ (SVID): Signaling Yourself. +

+
+
int gtty (int filedes, struct sgttyb *attributes)
+
+

‘sgtty.h’ (BSD): BSD Terminal Modes. +

+
+
char * hasmntopt (const struct mntent *mnt, const char *opt)
+
+

‘mntent.h’ (BSD): The ‘mtab’ file. +

+
+
int hcreate (size_t nel)
+
+

‘search.h’ (SVID): The hsearch function.. +

+
+
int hcreate_r (size_t nel, struct hsearch_data *htab)
+
+

‘search.h’ (GNU): The hsearch function.. +

+
+
void hdestroy (void)
+
+

‘search.h’ (SVID): The hsearch function.. +

+
+
void hdestroy_r (struct hsearch_data *htab)
+
+

‘search.h’ (GNU): The hsearch function.. +

+
+
HOST_NOT_FOUND
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Host Names. +

+
+
ENTRY * hsearch (ENTRY item, ACTION action)
+
+

‘search.h’ (SVID): The hsearch function.. +

+
+
int hsearch_r (ENTRY item, ACTION action, ENTRY **retval, struct hsearch_data *htab)
+
+

‘search.h’ (GNU): The hsearch function.. +

+
+
uint32_t htonl (uint32_t hostlong)
+
+

‘netinet/in.h’ (BSD): Byte Order Conversion. +

+
+
uint16_t htons (uint16_t hostshort)
+
+

‘netinet/in.h’ (BSD): Byte Order Conversion. +

+
+
double HUGE_VAL
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Error Reporting by Mathematical Functions. +

+
+
float HUGE_VALF
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Error Reporting by Mathematical Functions. +

+
+
long double HUGE_VALL
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Error Reporting by Mathematical Functions. +

+
+
tcflag_t HUPCL
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Control Modes. +

+
+
double hypot (double x, double y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
float hypotf (float x, float y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
long double hypotl (long double x, long double y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
tcflag_t ICANON
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Local Modes. +

+
+
size_t iconv (iconv_t cd, char **inbuf, size_t *inbytesleft, char **outbuf, size_t *outbytesleft)
+
+

‘iconv.h’ (XPG2): Generic Character Set Conversion Interface. +

+
+
int iconv_close (iconv_t cd)
+
+

‘iconv.h’ (XPG2): Generic Character Set Conversion Interface. +

+
+
iconv_t iconv_open (const char *tocode, const char *fromcode)
+
+

‘iconv.h’ (XPG2): Generic Character Set Conversion Interface. +

+
+
iconv_t
+
+

‘iconv.h’ (XPG2): Generic Character Set Conversion Interface. +

+
+
tcflag_t ICRNL
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Input Modes. +

+
+
tcflag_t IEXTEN
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Local Modes. +

+
+
void if_freenameindex (struct if_nameindex *ptr)
+
+

‘net/if.h’ (IPv6 basic API): Interface Naming. +

+
+
char * if_indextoname (unsigned int ifindex, char *ifname)
+
+

‘net/if.h’ (IPv6 basic API): Interface Naming. +

+
+
struct if_nameindex * if_nameindex (void)
+
+

‘net/if.h’ (IPv6 basic API): Interface Naming. +

+
+
unsigned int if_nametoindex (const char *ifname)
+
+

‘net/if.h’ (IPv6 basic API): Interface Naming. +

+
+
size_t IFNAMSIZ
+
+

‘net/if.h’ (net/if.h): Interface Naming. +

+
+
int IFTODT (mode_t mode)
+
+

‘dirent.h’ (BSD): Format of a Directory Entry. +

+
+
tcflag_t IGNBRK
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Input Modes. +

+
+
tcflag_t IGNCR
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Input Modes. +

+
+
tcflag_t IGNPAR
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Input Modes. +

+
+
int ilogb (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
int ilogbf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
int ilogbl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
intmax_t imaxabs (intmax_t number)
+
+

‘inttypes.h’ (ISO): Absolute Value. +

+
+
tcflag_t IMAXBEL
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Input Modes. +

+
+
imaxdiv_t imaxdiv (intmax_t numerator, intmax_t denominator)
+
+

‘inttypes.h’ (ISO): Integer Division. +

+
+
imaxdiv_t
+
+

‘inttypes.h’ (ISO): Integer Division. +

+
+
struct in6_addr in6addr_any
+
+

‘netinet/in.h’ (IPv6 basic API): Host Address Data Type. +

+
+
struct in6_addr in6addr_loopback
+
+

‘netinet/in.h’ (IPv6 basic API): Host Address Data Type. +

+
+
uint32_t INADDR_ANY
+
+

‘netinet/in.h’ (BSD): Host Address Data Type. +

+
+
uint32_t INADDR_BROADCAST
+
+

‘netinet/in.h’ (BSD): Host Address Data Type. +

+
+
uint32_t INADDR_LOOPBACK
+
+

‘netinet/in.h’ (BSD): Host Address Data Type. +

+
+
uint32_t INADDR_NONE
+
+

‘netinet/in.h’ (BSD): Host Address Data Type. +

+
+
char * index (const char *string, int c)
+
+

‘string.h’ (BSD): Search Functions. +

+
+
uint32_t inet_addr (const char *name)
+
+

‘arpa/inet.h’ (BSD): Host Address Functions. +

+
+
int inet_aton (const char *name, struct in_addr *addr)
+
+

‘arpa/inet.h’ (BSD): Host Address Functions. +

+
+
uint32_t inet_lnaof (struct in_addr addr)
+
+

‘arpa/inet.h’ (BSD): Host Address Functions. +

+
+
struct in_addr inet_makeaddr (uint32_t net, uint32_t local)
+
+

‘arpa/inet.h’ (BSD): Host Address Functions. +

+
+
uint32_t inet_netof (struct in_addr addr)
+
+

‘arpa/inet.h’ (BSD): Host Address Functions. +

+
+
uint32_t inet_network (const char *name)
+
+

‘arpa/inet.h’ (BSD): Host Address Functions. +

+
+
char * inet_ntoa (struct in_addr addr)
+
+

‘arpa/inet.h’ (BSD): Host Address Functions. +

+
+
const char * inet_ntop (int af, const void *cp, char *buf, size_t len)
+
+

‘arpa/inet.h’ (IPv6 basic API): Host Address Functions. +

+
+
int inet_pton (int af, const char *cp, void *buf)
+
+

‘arpa/inet.h’ (IPv6 basic API): Host Address Functions. +

+
+
float INFINITY
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Infinity and NaN. +

+
+
int initgroups (const char *user, gid_t group)
+
+

‘grp.h’ (BSD): Setting the Group IDs. +

+
+
INIT_PROCESS
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (SVID): Manipulating the User Accounting Database. +

+
+
INIT_PROCESS
+
+

‘utmpx.h’ (XPG4.2): XPG User Accounting Database Functions. +

+
+
void * initstate (unsigned int seed, void *state, size_t size)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (BSD): BSD Random Number Functions. +

+
+
int initstate_r (unsigned int seed, char *restrict statebuf, size_t statelen, struct random_data *restrict buf)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (GNU): BSD Random Number Functions. +

+
+
tcflag_t INLCR
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Input Modes. +

+
+
int innetgr (const char *netgroup, const char *host, const char *user, const char *domain)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Testing for Netgroup Membership. +

+
+
ino64_t
+
+

‘sys/types.h’ (Unix98): The meaning of the File Attributes. +

+
+
ino_t
+
+

‘sys/types.h’ (POSIX.1): The meaning of the File Attributes. +

+
+
tcflag_t INPCK
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Input Modes. +

+
+
long int telldir (DIR *dirstream)
+
+

‘dirent.h’ (BSD): Random Access in a Directory Stream. +

+
+
INT_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (ISO): Range of an Integer Type. +

+
+
INT_MIN
+
+

‘limits.h’ (ISO): Range of an Integer Type. +

+
+
int ioctl (int filedes, int command, …)
+
+

‘sys/ioctl.h’ (BSD): Generic I/O Control operations. +

+
+
int _IOFBF
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Controlling Which Kind of Buffering. +

+
+
int _IOLBF
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Controlling Which Kind of Buffering. +

+
+
int _IONBF
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Controlling Which Kind of Buffering. +

+
+
int IPPORT_RESERVED
+
+

‘netinet/in.h’ (BSD): Internet Ports. +

+
+
int IPPORT_USERRESERVED
+
+

‘netinet/in.h’ (BSD): Internet Ports. +

+
+
int isalnum (int c)
+
+

‘ctype.h’ (ISO): Classification of Characters. +

+
+
int isalpha (int c)
+
+

‘ctype.h’ (ISO): Classification of Characters. +

+
+
int isascii (int c)
+
+

‘ctype.h’ (SVID, BSD): Classification of Characters. +

+
+
int isatty (int filedes)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Identifying Terminals. +

+
+
int isblank (int c)
+
+

‘ctype.h’ (ISO): Classification of Characters. +

+
+
int iscntrl (int c)
+
+

‘ctype.h’ (ISO): Classification of Characters. +

+
+
int isdigit (int c)
+
+

‘ctype.h’ (ISO): Classification of Characters. +

+
+
int isfinite (float-type x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Floating-Point Number Classification Functions. +

+
+
int isgraph (int c)
+
+

‘ctype.h’ (ISO): Classification of Characters. +

+
+
int isgreater (real-floating x, real-floating y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Floating-Point Comparison Functions. +

+
+
int isgreaterequal (real-floating x, real-floating y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Floating-Point Comparison Functions. +

+
+
tcflag_t ISIG
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Local Modes. +

+
+
int isinf (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Floating-Point Number Classification Functions. +

+
+
int isinff (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Floating-Point Number Classification Functions. +

+
+
int isinfl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Floating-Point Number Classification Functions. +

+
+
int isless (real-floating x, real-floating y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Floating-Point Comparison Functions. +

+
+
int islessequal (real-floating x, real-floating y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Floating-Point Comparison Functions. +

+
+
int islessgreater (real-floating x, real-floating y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Floating-Point Comparison Functions. +

+
+
int islower (int c)
+
+

‘ctype.h’ (ISO): Classification of Characters. +

+
+
int isnan (float-type x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Floating-Point Number Classification Functions. +

+
+
int isnan (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Floating-Point Number Classification Functions. +

+
+
int isnanf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Floating-Point Number Classification Functions. +

+
+
int isnanl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Floating-Point Number Classification Functions. +

+
+
int isnormal (float-type x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Floating-Point Number Classification Functions. +

+
+
_ISOC99_SOURCE
+
+

(GNU): Feature Test Macros. +

+
+
int isprint (int c)
+
+

‘ctype.h’ (ISO): Classification of Characters. +

+
+
int ispunct (int c)
+
+

‘ctype.h’ (ISO): Classification of Characters. +

+
+
int isspace (int c)
+
+

‘ctype.h’ (ISO): Classification of Characters. +

+
+
tcflag_t ISTRIP
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Input Modes. +

+
+
int isunordered (real-floating x, real-floating y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Floating-Point Comparison Functions. +

+
+
int isupper (int c)
+
+

‘ctype.h’ (ISO): Classification of Characters. +

+
+
int iswalnum (wint_t wc)
+
+

‘wctype.h’ (ISO): Character class determination for wide characters. +

+
+
int iswalpha (wint_t wc)
+
+

‘wctype.h’ (ISO): Character class determination for wide characters. +

+
+
int iswblank (wint_t wc)
+
+

‘wctype.h’ (ISO): Character class determination for wide characters. +

+
+
int iswcntrl (wint_t wc)
+
+

‘wctype.h’ (ISO): Character class determination for wide characters. +

+
+
int iswctype (wint_t wc, wctype_t desc)
+
+

‘wctype.h’ (ISO): Character class determination for wide characters. +

+
+
int iswdigit (wint_t wc)
+
+

‘wctype.h’ (ISO): Character class determination for wide characters. +

+
+
int iswgraph (wint_t wc)
+
+

‘wctype.h’ (ISO): Character class determination for wide characters. +

+
+
int iswlower (wint_t wc)
+
+

‘ctype.h’ (ISO): Character class determination for wide characters. +

+
+
int iswprint (wint_t wc)
+
+

‘wctype.h’ (ISO): Character class determination for wide characters. +

+
+
int iswpunct (wint_t wc)
+
+

‘wctype.h’ (ISO): Character class determination for wide characters. +

+
+
int iswspace (wint_t wc)
+
+

‘wctype.h’ (ISO): Character class determination for wide characters. +

+
+
int iswupper (wint_t wc)
+
+

‘wctype.h’ (ISO): Character class determination for wide characters. +

+
+
int iswxdigit (wint_t wc)
+
+

‘wctype.h’ (ISO): Character class determination for wide characters. +

+
+
int isxdigit (int c)
+
+

‘ctype.h’ (ISO): Classification of Characters. +

+
+
ITIMER_PROF
+
+

‘sys/time.h’ (BSD): Setting an Alarm. +

+
+
ITIMER_REAL
+
+

‘sys/time.h’ (BSD): Setting an Alarm. +

+
+
ITIMER_VIRTUAL
+
+

‘sys/time.h’ (BSD): Setting an Alarm. +

+
+
tcflag_t IXANY
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Input Modes. +

+
+
tcflag_t IXOFF
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Input Modes. +

+
+
tcflag_t IXON
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Input Modes. +

+
+
double j0 (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
float j0f (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
long double j0l (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
double j1 (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
float j1f (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
long double j1l (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
jmp_buf
+
+

‘setjmp.h’ (ISO): Details of Non-Local Exits. +

+
+
double jn (int n, double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
float jnf (int n, float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
long double jnl (int n, long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
long int jrand48 (unsigned short int xsubi[3])
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (SVID): SVID Random Number Function. +

+
+
int jrand48_r (unsigned short int xsubi[3], struct drand48_data *buffer, long int *result)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (GNU): SVID Random Number Function. +

+
+
int kill (pid_t pid, int signum)
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Signaling Another Process. +

+
+
int killpg (int pgid, int signum)
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Signaling Another Process. +

+
+
char * l64a (long int n)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (XPG): Encode Binary Data. +

+
+
long int labs (long int number)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Absolute Value. +

+
+
LANG
+
+

‘locale.h’ (ISO): Categories of Activities that Locales Affect. +

+
+
LC_ALL
+
+

‘locale.h’ (ISO): Categories of Activities that Locales Affect. +

+
+
LC_COLLATE
+
+

‘locale.h’ (ISO): Categories of Activities that Locales Affect. +

+
+
LC_CTYPE
+
+

‘locale.h’ (ISO): Categories of Activities that Locales Affect. +

+
+
LC_MESSAGES
+
+

‘locale.h’ (XOPEN): Categories of Activities that Locales Affect. +

+
+
LC_MONETARY
+
+

‘locale.h’ (ISO): Categories of Activities that Locales Affect. +

+
+
LC_NUMERIC
+
+

‘locale.h’ (ISO): Categories of Activities that Locales Affect. +

+
+
void lcong48 (unsigned short int param[7])
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (SVID): SVID Random Number Function. +

+
+
int lcong48_r (unsigned short int param[7], struct drand48_data *buffer)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (GNU): SVID Random Number Function. +

+
+
int L_ctermid
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (POSIX.1): Identifying the Controlling Terminal. +

+
+
LC_TIME
+
+

‘locale.h’ (ISO): Categories of Activities that Locales Affect. +

+
+
int L_cuserid
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (POSIX.1): Identifying Who Logged In. +

+
+
double ldexp (double value, int exponent)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Normalization Functions. +

+
+
float ldexpf (float value, int exponent)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Normalization Functions. +

+
+
long double ldexpl (long double value, int exponent)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Normalization Functions. +

+
+
ldiv_t ldiv (long int numerator, long int denominator)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Integer Division. +

+
+
ldiv_t
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Integer Division. +

+
+
void * lfind (const void *key, void *base, size_t *nmemb, size_t size, comparison_fn_t compar)
+
+

‘search.h’ (SVID): Array Search Function. +

+
+
double lgamma (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
float lgammaf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
float lgammaf_r (float x, int *signp)
+
+

‘math.h’ (XPG): Special Functions. +

+
+
long double lgammal (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
long double lgammal_r (long double x, int *signp)
+
+

‘math.h’ (XPG): Special Functions. +

+
+
double lgamma_r (double x, int *signp)
+
+

‘math.h’ (XPG): Special Functions. +

+
+
L_INCR
+
+

‘sys/file.h’ (BSD): File Positioning. +

+
+
int LINE_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.2): Utility Program Capacity Limits. +

+
+
int link (const char *oldname, const char *newname)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Hard Links. +

+
+
int LINK_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Limits on File System Capacity. +

+
+
int lio_listio (int mode, struct aiocb *const list[], int nent, struct sigevent *sig)
+
+

‘aio.h’ (POSIX.1b): Asynchronous Read and Write Operations. +

+
+
int lio_listio64 (int mode, struct aiocb *const list, int nent, struct sigevent *sig)
+
+

‘aio.h’ (Unix98): Asynchronous Read and Write Operations. +

+
+
int listen (int socket, int n)
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Listening for Connections. +

+
+
long long int llabs (long long int number)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Absolute Value. +

+
+
lldiv_t lldiv (long long int numerator, long long int denominator)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Integer Division. +

+
+
lldiv_t
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Integer Division. +

+
+
long long int llrint (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
long long int llrintf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
long long int llrintl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
long long int llround (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
long long int llroundf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
long long int llroundl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
struct lconv * localeconv (void)
+
+

‘locale.h’ (ISO): localeconv: It is portable but …. +

+
+
struct tm * localtime (const time_t *time)
+
+

‘time.h’ (ISO): Broken-down Time. +

+
+
struct tm * localtime_r (const time_t *time, struct tm *resultp)
+
+

‘time.h’ (POSIX.1c): Broken-down Time. +

+
+
double log (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
double log10 (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
float log10f (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
long double log10l (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
double log1p (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
float log1pf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
long double log1pl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
double log2 (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
float log2f (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
long double log2l (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
double logb (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
float logbf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
long double logbl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
float logf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
void login (const struct utmp *entry)
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (BSD): Logging In and Out. +

+
+
LOGIN_PROCESS
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (SVID): Manipulating the User Accounting Database. +

+
+
LOGIN_PROCESS
+
+

‘utmpx.h’ (XPG4.2): XPG User Accounting Database Functions. +

+
+
int login_tty (int filedes)
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (BSD): Logging In and Out. +

+
+
long double logl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
int logout (const char *ut_line)
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (BSD): Logging In and Out. +

+
+
void logwtmp (const char *ut_line, const char *ut_name, const char *ut_host)
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (BSD): Logging In and Out. +

+
+
void longjmp (jmp_buf state, int value)
+
+

‘setjmp.h’ (ISO): Details of Non-Local Exits. +

+
+
LONG_LONG_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (GNU): Range of an Integer Type. +

+
+
LONG_LONG_MIN
+
+

‘limits.h’ (GNU): Range of an Integer Type. +

+
+
LONG_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (ISO): Range of an Integer Type. +

+
+
LONG_MIN
+
+

‘limits.h’ (ISO): Range of an Integer Type. +

+
+
long int lrand48 (void)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (SVID): SVID Random Number Function. +

+
+
int lrand48_r (struct drand48_data *buffer, double *result)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (GNU): SVID Random Number Function. +

+
+
long int lrint (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
long int lrintf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
long int lrintl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
long int lround (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
long int lroundf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
long int lroundl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
void * lsearch (const void *key, void *base, size_t *nmemb, size_t size, comparison_fn_t compar)
+
+

‘search.h’ (SVID): Array Search Function. +

+
+
off_t lseek (int filedes, off_t offset, int whence)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Setting the File Position of a Descriptor. +

+
+
off64_t lseek64 (int filedes, off64_t offset, int whence)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (Unix98): Setting the File Position of a Descriptor. +

+
+
L_SET
+
+

‘sys/file.h’ (BSD): File Positioning. +

+
+
int lstat (const char *filename, struct stat *buf)
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (BSD): Reading the Attributes of a File. +

+
+
int lstat64 (const char *filename, struct stat64 *buf)
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (Unix98): Reading the Attributes of a File. +

+
+
int L_tmpnam
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Temporary Files. +

+
+
int lutimes (const char *filename, struct timeval tvp[2])
+
+

‘sys/time.h’ (BSD): File Times. +

+
+
L_XTND
+
+

‘sys/file.h’ (BSD): File Positioning. +

+
+
int madvise (void *addr, size_t length, int advice)
+
+

‘sys/mman.h’ (POSIX): Memory-mapped I/O. +

+
+
void makecontext (ucontext_t *ucp, void (*func) (void), int argc, …)
+
+

‘ucontext.h’ (SVID): Complete Context Control. +

+
+
struct mallinfo mallinfo (void)
+
+

‘malloc.h’ (SVID): Statistics for Memory Allocation with malloc. +

+
+
void * malloc (size_t size)
+
+

‘malloc.h’, ‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Basic Memory Allocation. +

+
+
__malloc_hook
+
+

‘malloc.h’ (GNU): Memory Allocation Hooks. +

+
+
__malloc_initialize_hook
+
+

‘malloc.h’ (GNU): Memory Allocation Hooks. +

+
+
int MAX_CANON
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Limits on File System Capacity. +

+
+
int MAX_INPUT
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Limits on File System Capacity. +

+
+
int MAXNAMLEN
+
+

‘dirent.h’ (BSD): Limits on File System Capacity. +

+
+
int MAXSYMLINKS
+
+

‘sys/param.h’ (BSD): Symbolic Links. +

+
+
int MB_CUR_MAX
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Selecting the conversion and its properties. +

+
+
int mblen (const char *string, size_t size)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Non-reentrant Conversion of Single Characters. +

+
+
int MB_LEN_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (ISO): Selecting the conversion and its properties. +

+
+
size_t mbrlen (const char *restrict s, size_t n, mbstate_t *ps)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Converting Single Characters. +

+
+
size_t mbrtowc (wchar_t *restrict pwc, const char *restrict s, size_t n, mbstate_t *restrict ps)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Converting Single Characters. +

+
+
int mbsinit (const mbstate_t *ps)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Representing the state of the conversion. +

+
+
size_t mbsnrtowcs (wchar_t *restrict dst, const char **restrict src, size_t nmc, size_t len, mbstate_t *restrict ps)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (GNU): Converting Multibyte and Wide Character Strings. +

+
+
size_t mbsrtowcs (wchar_t *restrict dst, const char **restrict src, size_t len, mbstate_t *restrict ps)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Converting Multibyte and Wide Character Strings. +

+
+
mbstate_t
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Representing the state of the conversion. +

+
+
size_t mbstowcs (wchar_t *wstring, const char *string, size_t size)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Non-reentrant Conversion of Strings. +

+
+
int mbtowc (wchar_t *restrict result, const char *restrict string, size_t size)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Non-reentrant Conversion of Single Characters. +

+
+
int mcheck (void (*abortfn) (enum mcheck_status status))
+
+

‘mcheck.h’ (GNU): Heap Consistency Checking. +

+
+
tcflag_t MDMBUF
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Control Modes. +

+
+
void * memalign (size_t boundary, size_t size)
+
+

‘malloc.h’ (BSD): Allocating Aligned Memory Blocks. +

+
+
__memalign_hook
+
+

‘malloc.h’ (GNU): Memory Allocation Hooks. +

+
+
void * memccpy (void *restrict to, const void *restrict from, int c, size_t size)
+
+

‘string.h’ (SVID): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
void * memchr (const void *block, int c, size_t size)
+
+

‘string.h’ (ISO): Search Functions. +

+
+
int memcmp (const void *a1, const void *a2, size_t size)
+
+

‘string.h’ (ISO): String/Array Comparison. +

+
+
void * memcpy (void *restrict to, const void *restrict from, size_t size)
+
+

‘string.h’ (ISO): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
void * memfrob (void *mem, size_t length)
+
+

‘string.h’ (GNU): Trivial Encryption. +

+
+
void * memmem (const void *haystack, size_t haystack-len,

const void *needle, size_t needle-len) +

+
+

‘string.h’ (GNU): Search Functions. +

+
+
void * memmove (void *to, const void *from, size_t size)
+
+

‘string.h’ (ISO): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
void * mempcpy (void *restrict to, const void *restrict from, size_t size)
+
+

‘string.h’ (GNU): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
void * memrchr (const void *block, int c, size_t size)
+
+

‘string.h’ (GNU): Search Functions. +

+
+
void * memset (void *block, int c, size_t size)
+
+

‘string.h’ (ISO): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
int mkdir (const char *filename, mode_t mode)
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX.1): Creating Directories. +

+
+
char * mkdtemp (char *template)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (BSD): Temporary Files. +

+
+
int mkfifo (const char *filename, mode_t mode)
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX.1): FIFO Special Files. +

+
+
int mknod (const char *filename, int mode, int dev)
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (BSD): Making Special Files. +

+
+
int mkstemp (char *template)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (BSD): Temporary Files. +

+
+
char * mktemp (char *template)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (Unix): Temporary Files. +

+
+
time_t mktime (struct tm *brokentime)
+
+

‘time.h’ (ISO): Broken-down Time. +

+
+
int mlock (const void *addr, size_t len)
+
+

‘sys/mman.h’ (POSIX.1b): Functions To Lock And Unlock Pages. +

+
+
int mlockall (int flags)
+
+

‘sys/mman.h’ (POSIX.1b): Functions To Lock And Unlock Pages. +

+
+
void * mmap (void *address, size_t length,int protect, int flags, int filedes, off_t offset)
+
+

‘sys/mman.h’ (POSIX): Memory-mapped I/O. +

+
+
void * mmap64 (void *address, size_t length,int protect, int flags, int filedes, off64_t offset)
+
+

‘sys/mman.h’ (LFS): Memory-mapped I/O. +

+
+
mode_t
+
+

‘sys/types.h’ (POSIX.1): The meaning of the File Attributes. +

+
+
double modf (double value, double *integer-part)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
float modff (float value, float *integer-part)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
long double modfl (long double value, long double *integer-part)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
int mount (const char *special_file, const char *dir, const char *fstype, unsigned long int options, const void *data)
+
+

‘sys/mount.h’ (SVID, BSD): Mount, Unmount, Remount. +

+
+
long int mrand48 (void)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (SVID): SVID Random Number Function. +

+
+
int mrand48_r (struct drand48_data *buffer, double *result)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (GNU): SVID Random Number Function. +

+
+
void * mremap (void *address, size_t length, size_t new_length, int flag)
+
+

‘sys/mman.h’ (GNU): Memory-mapped I/O. +

+
+
int MSG_DONTROUTE
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Socket Data Options. +

+
+
int MSG_OOB
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Socket Data Options. +

+
+
int MSG_PEEK
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Socket Data Options. +

+
+
int msync (void *address, size_t length, int flags)
+
+

‘sys/mman.h’ (POSIX): Memory-mapped I/O. +

+
+
void mtrace (void)
+
+

‘mcheck.h’ (GNU): How to install the tracing functionality. +

+
+
int munlock (const void *addr, size_t len)
+
+

‘sys/mman.h’ (POSIX.1b): Functions To Lock And Unlock Pages. +

+
+
int munlockall (void)
+
+

‘sys/mman.h’ (POSIX.1b): Functions To Lock And Unlock Pages. +

+
+
int munmap (void *addr, size_t length)
+
+

‘sys/mman.h’ (POSIX): Memory-mapped I/O. +

+
+
void muntrace (void)
+
+

‘mcheck.h’ (GNU): How to install the tracing functionality. +

+
+
int NAME_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Limits on File System Capacity. +

+
+
float NAN
+
+

‘math.h’ (GNU): Infinity and NaN. +

+
+
double nan (const char *tagp)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Setting and modifying single bits of FP values. +

+
+
float nanf (const char *tagp)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Setting and modifying single bits of FP values. +

+
+
long double nanl (const char *tagp)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Setting and modifying single bits of FP values. +

+
+
int nanosleep (const struct timespec *requested_time, struct timespec *remaining)
+
+

‘time.h’ (POSIX.1): Sleeping. +

+
+
int NCCS
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Terminal Mode Data Types. +

+
+
double nearbyint (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
float nearbyintf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
long double nearbyintl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
NEW_TIME
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (SVID): Manipulating the User Accounting Database. +

+
+
NEW_TIME
+
+

‘utmpx.h’ (XPG4.2): XPG User Accounting Database Functions. +

+
+
double nextafter (double x, double y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Setting and modifying single bits of FP values. +

+
+
float nextafterf (float x, float y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Setting and modifying single bits of FP values. +

+
+
long double nextafterl (long double x, long double y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Setting and modifying single bits of FP values. +

+
+
double nexttoward (double x, long double y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Setting and modifying single bits of FP values. +

+
+
float nexttowardf (float x, long double y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Setting and modifying single bits of FP values. +

+
+
long double nexttowardl (long double x, long double y)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Setting and modifying single bits of FP values. +

+
+
int nftw (const char *filename, __nftw_func_t func, int descriptors, int flag)
+
+

‘ftw.h’ (XPG4.2): Working with Directory Trees. +

+
+
int nftw64 (const char *filename, __nftw64_func_t func, int descriptors, int flag)
+
+

‘ftw.h’ (Unix98): Working with Directory Trees. +

+
+
__nftw64_func_t
+
+

‘ftw.h’ (GNU): Working with Directory Trees. +

+
+
__nftw_func_t
+
+

‘ftw.h’ (GNU): Working with Directory Trees. +

+
+
char * ngettext (const char *msgid1, const char *msgid2, unsigned long int n)
+
+

‘libintl.h’ (GNU): Additional functions for more complicated situations. +

+
+
int NGROUPS_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): General Capacity Limits. +

+
+
int nice (int increment)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (BSD): Functions For Traditional Scheduling. +

+
+
nlink_t
+
+

‘sys/types.h’ (POSIX.1): The meaning of the File Attributes. +

+
+
char * nl_langinfo (nl_item item)
+
+

‘langinfo.h’ (XOPEN): Pinpoint Access to Locale Data. +

+
+
NO_ADDRESS
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Host Names. +

+
+
tcflag_t NOFLSH
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Local Modes. +

+
+
tcflag_t NOKERNINFO
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Local Modes. +

+
+
NO_RECOVERY
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Host Names. +

+
+
long int nrand48 (unsigned short int xsubi[3])
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (SVID): SVID Random Number Function. +

+
+
int nrand48_r (unsigned short int xsubi[3], struct drand48_data *buffer, long int *result)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (GNU): SVID Random Number Function. +

+
+
int NSIG
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Standard Signals. +

+
+
uint32_t ntohl (uint32_t netlong)
+
+

‘netinet/in.h’ (BSD): Byte Order Conversion. +

+
+
uint16_t ntohs (uint16_t netshort)
+
+

‘netinet/in.h’ (BSD): Byte Order Conversion. +

+
+
int ntp_adjtime (struct timex *tptr)
+
+

‘sys/timex.h’ (GNU): High Accuracy Clock. +

+
+
int ntp_gettime (struct ntptimeval *tptr)
+
+

‘sys/timex.h’ (GNU): High Accuracy Clock. +

+
+
void * NULL
+
+

‘stddef.h’ (ISO): Null Pointer Constant. +

+
+
int O_ACCMODE
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): File Access Modes. +

+
+
int O_APPEND
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): I/O Operating Modes. +

+
+
int O_ASYNC
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (BSD): I/O Operating Modes. +

+
+
void obstack_1grow (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, char c)
+
+

‘obstack.h’ (GNU): Growing Objects. +

+
+
void obstack_1grow_fast (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, char c)
+
+

‘obstack.h’ (GNU): Extra Fast Growing Objects. +

+
+
int obstack_alignment_mask (struct obstack *obstack-ptr)
+
+

‘obstack.h’ (GNU): Alignment of Data in Obstacks. +

+
+
void * obstack_alloc (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, int size)
+
+

‘obstack.h’ (GNU): Allocation in an Obstack. +

+
+
obstack_alloc_failed_handler
+
+

‘obstack.h’ (GNU): Preparing for Using Obstacks. +

+
+
void * obstack_base (struct obstack *obstack-ptr)
+
+

‘obstack.h’ (GNU): Status of an Obstack. +

+
+
void obstack_blank (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, int size)
+
+

‘obstack.h’ (GNU): Growing Objects. +

+
+
void obstack_blank_fast (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, int size)
+
+

‘obstack.h’ (GNU): Extra Fast Growing Objects. +

+
+
int obstack_chunk_size (struct obstack *obstack-ptr)
+
+

‘obstack.h’ (GNU): Obstack Chunks. +

+
+
void * obstack_copy (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, void *address, int size)
+
+

‘obstack.h’ (GNU): Allocation in an Obstack. +

+
+
void * obstack_copy0 (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, void *address, int size)
+
+

‘obstack.h’ (GNU): Allocation in an Obstack. +

+
+
void * obstack_finish (struct obstack *obstack-ptr)
+
+

‘obstack.h’ (GNU): Growing Objects. +

+
+
void obstack_free (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, void *object)
+
+

‘obstack.h’ (GNU): Freeing Objects in an Obstack. +

+
+
void obstack_grow (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, void *data, int size)
+
+

‘obstack.h’ (GNU): Growing Objects. +

+
+
void obstack_grow0 (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, void *data, int size)
+
+

‘obstack.h’ (GNU): Growing Objects. +

+
+
int obstack_init (struct obstack *obstack-ptr)
+
+

‘obstack.h’ (GNU): Preparing for Using Obstacks. +

+
+
void obstack_int_grow (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, int data)
+
+

‘obstack.h’ (GNU): Growing Objects. +

+
+
void obstack_int_grow_fast (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, int data)
+
+

‘obstack.h’ (GNU): Extra Fast Growing Objects. +

+
+
void * obstack_next_free (struct obstack *obstack-ptr)
+
+

‘obstack.h’ (GNU): Status of an Obstack. +

+
+
int obstack_object_size (struct obstack *obstack-ptr)
+
+

‘obstack.h’ (GNU): Growing Objects. +

+
+
int obstack_object_size (struct obstack *obstack-ptr)
+
+

‘obstack.h’ (GNU): Status of an Obstack. +

+
+
int obstack_printf (struct obstack *obstack, const char *template, …)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): Dynamically Allocating Formatted Output. +

+
+
void obstack_ptr_grow (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, void *data)
+
+

‘obstack.h’ (GNU): Growing Objects. +

+
+
void obstack_ptr_grow_fast (struct obstack *obstack-ptr, void *data)
+
+

‘obstack.h’ (GNU): Extra Fast Growing Objects. +

+
+
int obstack_room (struct obstack *obstack-ptr)
+
+

‘obstack.h’ (GNU): Extra Fast Growing Objects. +

+
+
int obstack_vprintf (struct obstack *obstack, const char *template, va_list ap)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): Variable Arguments Output Functions. +

+
+
int O_CREAT
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): Open-time Flags. +

+
+
int O_EXCL
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): Open-time Flags. +

+
+
int O_EXEC
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (GNU): File Access Modes. +

+
+
int O_EXLOCK
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (BSD): Open-time Flags. +

+
+
off64_t
+
+

‘sys/types.h’ (Unix98): Setting the File Position of a Descriptor. +

+
+
size_t offsetof (type, member)
+
+

‘stddef.h’ (ISO): Structure Field Offset Measurement. +

+
+
off_t
+
+

‘sys/types.h’ (POSIX.1): Setting the File Position of a Descriptor. +

+
+
int O_FSYNC
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (BSD): I/O Operating Modes. +

+
+
int O_IGNORE_CTTY
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (GNU): Open-time Flags. +

+
+
OLD_TIME
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (SVID): Manipulating the User Accounting Database. +

+
+
OLD_TIME
+
+

‘utmpx.h’ (XPG4.2): XPG User Accounting Database Functions. +

+
+
int O_NDELAY
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (BSD): I/O Operating Modes. +

+
+
int on_exit (void (*function)(int status, void *arg), void *arg)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (SunOS): Cleanups on Exit. +

+
+
tcflag_t ONLCR
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Output Modes. +

+
+
int O_NOATIME
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (GNU): I/O Operating Modes. +

+
+
int O_NOCTTY
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): Open-time Flags. +

+
+
tcflag_t ONOEOT
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Output Modes. +

+
+
int O_NOLINK
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (GNU): Open-time Flags. +

+
+
int O_NONBLOCK
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): Open-time Flags. +

+
+
int O_NONBLOCK
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): I/O Operating Modes. +

+
+
int O_NOTRANS
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (GNU): Open-time Flags. +

+
+
int open (const char *filename, int flags[, mode_t mode])
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): Opening and Closing Files. +

+
+
int open64 (const char *filename, int flags[, mode_t mode])
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (Unix98): Opening and Closing Files. +

+
+
DIR * opendir (const char *dirname)
+
+

‘dirent.h’ (POSIX.1): Opening a Directory Stream. +

+
+
void openlog (const char *ident, int option, int facility)
+
+

‘syslog.h’ (BSD): openlog. +

+
+
int OPEN_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): General Capacity Limits. +

+
+
FILE * open_memstream (char **ptr, size_t *sizeloc)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): String Streams. +

+
+
FILE * open_obstack_stream (struct obstack *obstack)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): Obstack Streams. +

+
+
int openpty (int *amaster, int *aslave, char *name, const struct termios *termp, const struct winsize *winp)
+
+

‘pty.h’ (BSD): Opening a Pseudo-Terminal Pair. +

+
+
tcflag_t OPOST
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Output Modes. +

+
+
char * optarg
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Using the getopt function. +

+
+
int opterr
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Using the getopt function. +

+
+
int optind
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Using the getopt function. +

+
+
OPTION_ALIAS
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Flags for Argp Options. +

+
+
OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Flags for Argp Options. +

+
+
OPTION_DOC
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Flags for Argp Options. +

+
+
OPTION_HIDDEN
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Flags for Argp Options. +

+
+
OPTION_NO_USAGE
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Flags for Argp Options. +

+
+
int optopt
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Using the getopt function. +

+
+
int O_RDONLY
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): File Access Modes. +

+
+
int O_RDWR
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): File Access Modes. +

+
+
int O_READ
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (GNU): File Access Modes. +

+
+
int O_SHLOCK
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (BSD): Open-time Flags. +

+
+
int O_SYNC
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (BSD): I/O Operating Modes. +

+
+
int O_TRUNC
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): Open-time Flags. +

+
+
int O_WRITE
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (GNU): File Access Modes. +

+
+
int O_WRONLY
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): File Access Modes. +

+
+
tcflag_t OXTABS
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Output Modes. +

+
+
PA_CHAR
+
+

‘printf.h’ (GNU): Parsing a Template String. +

+
+
PA_DOUBLE
+
+

‘printf.h’ (GNU): Parsing a Template String. +

+
+
PA_FLAG_LONG
+
+

‘printf.h’ (GNU): Parsing a Template String. +

+
+
PA_FLAG_LONG_DOUBLE
+
+

‘printf.h’ (GNU): Parsing a Template String. +

+
+
PA_FLAG_LONG_LONG
+
+

‘printf.h’ (GNU): Parsing a Template String. +

+
+
int PA_FLAG_MASK
+
+

‘printf.h’ (GNU): Parsing a Template String. +

+
+
PA_FLAG_PTR
+
+

‘printf.h’ (GNU): Parsing a Template String. +

+
+
PA_FLAG_SHORT
+
+

‘printf.h’ (GNU): Parsing a Template String. +

+
+
PA_FLOAT
+
+

‘printf.h’ (GNU): Parsing a Template String. +

+
+
PA_INT
+
+

‘printf.h’ (GNU): Parsing a Template String. +

+
+
PA_LAST
+
+

‘printf.h’ (GNU): Parsing a Template String. +

+
+
PA_POINTER
+
+

‘printf.h’ (GNU): Parsing a Template String. +

+
+
tcflag_t PARENB
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Control Modes. +

+
+
tcflag_t PARMRK
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Input Modes. +

+
+
tcflag_t PARODD
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Control Modes. +

+
+
size_t parse_printf_format (const char *template, size_t n, int *argtypes)
+
+

‘printf.h’ (GNU): Parsing a Template String. +

+
+
PA_STRING
+
+

‘printf.h’ (GNU): Parsing a Template String. +

+
+
long int pathconf (const char *filename, int parameter)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Using pathconf. +

+
+
int PATH_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Limits on File System Capacity. +

+
+
int pause ()
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Using pause. +

+
+
_PC_ASYNC_IO
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Using pathconf. +

+
+
_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Using pathconf. +

+
+
_PC_FILESIZEBITS
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (LFS): Using pathconf. +

+
+
_PC_LINK_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Using pathconf. +

+
+
int pclose (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (POSIX.2, SVID, BSD): Pipe to a Subprocess. +

+
+
_PC_MAX_CANON
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Using pathconf. +

+
+
_PC_MAX_INPUT
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Using pathconf. +

+
+
_PC_NAME_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Using pathconf. +

+
+
_PC_NO_TRUNC
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Using pathconf. +

+
+
_PC_PATH_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Using pathconf. +

+
+
_PC_PIPE_BUF
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Using pathconf. +

+
+
_PC_PRIO_IO
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Using pathconf. +

+
+
_PC_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Using pathconf. +

+
+
_PC_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Using pathconf. +

+
+
_PC_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Using pathconf. +

+
+
_PC_REC_XFER_ALIGN
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Using pathconf. +

+
+
_PC_SYNC_IO
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Using pathconf. +

+
+
_PC_VDISABLE
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Using pathconf. +

+
+
tcflag_t PENDIN
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Local Modes. +

+
+
void perror (const char *message)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Error Messages. +

+
+
int PF_FILE
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (GNU): Details of Local Namespace. +

+
+
int PF_INET
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): The Internet Namespace. +

+
+
int PF_INET6
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (X/Open): The Internet Namespace. +

+
+
int PF_LOCAL
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (POSIX): Details of Local Namespace. +

+
+
int PF_UNIX
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Details of Local Namespace. +

+
+
pid_t
+
+

‘sys/types.h’ (POSIX.1): Process Identification. +

+
+
int pipe (int filedes[2])
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Creating a Pipe. +

+
+
int PIPE_BUF
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Limits on File System Capacity. +

+
+
FILE * popen (const char *command, const char *mode)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (POSIX.2, SVID, BSD): Pipe to a Subprocess. +

+
+
_POSIX2_BC_BASE_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.2): Minimum Values for Utility Limits. +

+
+
_POSIX2_BC_DIM_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.2): Minimum Values for Utility Limits. +

+
+
_POSIX2_BC_SCALE_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.2): Minimum Values for Utility Limits. +

+
+
_POSIX2_BC_STRING_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.2): Minimum Values for Utility Limits. +

+
+
int _POSIX2_C_DEV
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Overall System Options. +

+
+
_POSIX2_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.2): Minimum Values for Utility Limits. +

+
+
long int _POSIX2_C_VERSION
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Which Version of POSIX is Supported. +

+
+
_POSIX2_EQUIV_CLASS_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.2): Minimum Values for Utility Limits. +

+
+
_POSIX2_EXPR_NEST_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.2): Minimum Values for Utility Limits. +

+
+
int _POSIX2_FORT_DEV
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Overall System Options. +

+
+
int _POSIX2_FORT_RUN
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Overall System Options. +

+
+
_POSIX2_LINE_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.2): Minimum Values for Utility Limits. +

+
+
int _POSIX2_LOCALEDEF
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Overall System Options. +

+
+
_POSIX2_RE_DUP_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.2): Minimum Values for General Capacity Limits. +

+
+
int _POSIX2_SW_DEV
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Overall System Options. +

+
+
_POSIX_AIO_LISTIO_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Minimum Values for General Capacity Limits. +

+
+
_POSIX_AIO_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Minimum Values for General Capacity Limits. +

+
+
_POSIX_ARG_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Minimum Values for General Capacity Limits. +

+
+
_POSIX_CHILD_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Minimum Values for General Capacity Limits. +

+
+
int _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Optional Features in File Support. +

+
+
_POSIX_C_SOURCE
+
+

(POSIX.2): Feature Test Macros. +

+
+
int _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Overall System Options. +

+
+
_POSIX_LINK_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Minimum Values for File System Limits. +

+
+
_POSIX_MAX_CANON
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Minimum Values for File System Limits. +

+
+
_POSIX_MAX_INPUT
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Minimum Values for File System Limits. +

+
+
int posix_memalign (void **memptr, size_t alignment, size_t size)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (POSIX): Allocating Aligned Memory Blocks. +

+
+
_POSIX_NAME_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Minimum Values for File System Limits. +

+
+
_POSIX_NGROUPS_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Minimum Values for General Capacity Limits. +

+
+
int _POSIX_NO_TRUNC
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Optional Features in File Support. +

+
+
_POSIX_OPEN_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Minimum Values for General Capacity Limits. +

+
+
_POSIX_PATH_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Minimum Values for File System Limits. +

+
+
_POSIX_PIPE_BUF
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Minimum Values for File System Limits. +

+
+
POSIX_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Minimum Values for File System Limits. +

+
+
POSIX_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Minimum Values for File System Limits. +

+
+
POSIX_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Minimum Values for File System Limits. +

+
+
POSIX_REC_XFER_ALIGN
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Minimum Values for File System Limits. +

+
+
int _POSIX_SAVED_IDS
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Overall System Options. +

+
+
_POSIX_SOURCE
+
+

(POSIX.1): Feature Test Macros. +

+
+
_POSIX_SSIZE_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Minimum Values for General Capacity Limits. +

+
+
_POSIX_STREAM_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Minimum Values for General Capacity Limits. +

+
+
_POSIX_TZNAME_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Minimum Values for General Capacity Limits. +

+
+
unsigned char _POSIX_VDISABLE
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Optional Features in File Support. +

+
+
long int _POSIX_VERSION
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Which Version of POSIX is Supported. +

+
+
double pow (double base, double power)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
double pow10 (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (GNU): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
float pow10f (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (GNU): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
long double pow10l (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (GNU): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
float powf (float base, float power)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
long double powl (long double base, long double power)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
ssize_t pread (int filedes, void *buffer, size_t size, off_t offset)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (Unix98): Input and Output Primitives. +

+
+
ssize_t pread64 (int filedes, void *buffer, size_t size, off64_t offset)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (Unix98): Input and Output Primitives. +

+
+
int printf (const char *template, …)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Formatted Output Functions. +

+
+
printf_arginfo_function
+
+

‘printf.h’ (GNU): Defining the Output Handler. +

+
+
printf_function
+
+

‘printf.h’ (GNU): Defining the Output Handler. +

+
+
int printf_size (FILE *fp, const struct printf_info *info, const void *const *args)
+
+

‘printf.h’ (GNU): Predefined printf Handlers. +

+
+
int printf_size_info (const struct printf_info *info, size_t n, int *argtypes)
+
+

‘printf.h’ (GNU): Predefined printf Handlers. +

+
+
PRIO_MAX
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (BSD): Functions For Traditional Scheduling. +

+
+
PRIO_MIN
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (BSD): Functions For Traditional Scheduling. +

+
+
PRIO_PGRP
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (BSD): Functions For Traditional Scheduling. +

+
+
PRIO_PROCESS
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (BSD): Functions For Traditional Scheduling. +

+
+
PRIO_USER
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (BSD): Functions For Traditional Scheduling. +

+
+
char * program_invocation_name
+
+

‘errno.h’ (GNU): Error Messages. +

+
+
char * program_invocation_short_name
+
+

‘errno.h’ (GNU): Error Messages. +

+
+
void psignal (int signum, const char *message)
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Signal Messages. +

+
+
char * P_tmpdir
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (SVID): Temporary Files. +

+
+
ptrdiff_t
+
+

‘stddef.h’ (ISO): Important Data Types. +

+
+
char * ptsname (int filedes)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (SVID, XPG4.2): Allocating Pseudo-Terminals. +

+
+
int ptsname_r (int filedes, char *buf, size_t len)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (GNU): Allocating Pseudo-Terminals. +

+
+
int putc (int c, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Simple Output by Characters or Lines. +

+
+
int putchar (int c)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Simple Output by Characters or Lines. +

+
+
int putchar_unlocked (int c)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (POSIX): Simple Output by Characters or Lines. +

+
+
int putc_unlocked (int c, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (POSIX): Simple Output by Characters or Lines. +

+
+
int putenv (char *string)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (SVID): Environment Access. +

+
+
int putpwent (const struct passwd *p, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘pwd.h’ (SVID): Writing a User Entry. +

+
+
int puts (const char *s)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Simple Output by Characters or Lines. +

+
+
struct utmp * pututline (const struct utmp *utmp)
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (SVID): Manipulating the User Accounting Database. +

+
+
struct utmpx * pututxline (const struct utmpx *utmp)
+
+

‘utmpx.h’ (XPG4.2): XPG User Accounting Database Functions. +

+
+
int putw (int w, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (SVID): Simple Output by Characters or Lines. +

+
+
wint_t putwc (wchar_t wc, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Simple Output by Characters or Lines. +

+
+
wint_t putwchar (wchar_t wc)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Simple Output by Characters or Lines. +

+
+
wint_t putwchar_unlocked (wchar_t wc)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (GNU): Simple Output by Characters or Lines. +

+
+
wint_t putwc_unlocked (wchar_t wc, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (GNU): Simple Output by Characters or Lines. +

+
+
ssize_t pwrite (int filedes, const void *buffer, size_t size, off_t offset)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (Unix98): Input and Output Primitives. +

+
+
ssize_t pwrite64 (int filedes, const void *buffer, size_t size, off64_t offset)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (Unix98): Input and Output Primitives. +

+
+
char * qecvt (long double value, int ndigit, int *decpt, int *neg)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (GNU): Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions. +

+
+
int qecvt_r (long double value, int ndigit, int *decpt, int *neg, char *buf, size_t len)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (GNU): Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions. +

+
+
char * qfcvt (long double value, int ndigit, int *decpt, int *neg)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (GNU): Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions. +

+
+
int qfcvt_r (long double value, int ndigit, int *decpt, int *neg, char *buf, size_t len)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (GNU): Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions. +

+
+
char * qgcvt (long double value, int ndigit, char *buf)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (GNU): Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions. +

+
+
void qsort (void *array, size_t count, size_t size, comparison_fn_t compare)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Array Sort Function. +

+
+
int raise (int signum)
+
+

‘signal.h’ (ISO): Signaling Yourself. +

+
+
int rand (void)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): ISO C Random Number Functions. +

+
+
int RAND_MAX
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): ISO C Random Number Functions. +

+
+
long int random (void)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (BSD): BSD Random Number Functions. +

+
+
int random_r (struct random_data *restrict buf, int32_t *restrict result)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (GNU): BSD Random Number Functions. +

+
+
int rand_r (unsigned int *seed)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (POSIX.1): ISO C Random Number Functions. +

+
+
void * rawmemchr (const void *block, int c)
+
+

‘string.h’ (GNU): Search Functions. +

+
+
ssize_t read (int filedes, void *buffer, size_t size)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Input and Output Primitives. +

+
+
struct dirent * readdir (DIR *dirstream)
+
+

‘dirent.h’ (POSIX.1): Reading and Closing a Directory Stream. +

+
+
struct dirent64 * readdir64 (DIR *dirstream)
+
+

‘dirent.h’ (LFS): Reading and Closing a Directory Stream. +

+
+
int readdir64_r (DIR *dirstream, struct dirent64 *entry, struct dirent64 **result)
+
+

‘dirent.h’ (LFS): Reading and Closing a Directory Stream. +

+
+
int readdir_r (DIR *dirstream, struct dirent *entry, struct dirent **result)
+
+

‘dirent.h’ (GNU): Reading and Closing a Directory Stream. +

+
+
int readlink (const char *filename, char *buffer, size_t size)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (BSD): Symbolic Links. +

+
+
ssize_t readv (int filedes, const struct iovec *vector, int count)
+
+

‘sys/uio.h’ (BSD): Fast Scatter-Gather I/O. +

+
+
void * realloc (void *ptr, size_t newsize)
+
+

‘malloc.h’, ‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Changing the Size of a Block. +

+
+
__realloc_hook
+
+

‘malloc.h’ (GNU): Memory Allocation Hooks. +

+
+
char * realpath (const char *restrict name, char *restrict resolved)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (XPG): Symbolic Links. +

+
+
int recv (int socket, void *buffer, size_t size, int flags)
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Receiving Data. +

+
+
int recvfrom (int socket, void *buffer, size_t size, int flags, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *length-ptr)
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Receiving Datagrams. +

+
+
int recvmsg (int socket, struct msghdr *message, int flags)
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Receiving Datagrams. +

+
+
int RE_DUP_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.2): General Capacity Limits. +

+
+
_REENTRANT
+
+

(GNU): Feature Test Macros. +

+
+
REG_BADBR
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): POSIX Regular Expression Compilation. +

+
+
REG_BADPAT
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): POSIX Regular Expression Compilation. +

+
+
REG_BADRPT
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): POSIX Regular Expression Compilation. +

+
+
int regcomp (regex_t *restrict compiled, const char *restrict pattern, int cflags)
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): POSIX Regular Expression Compilation. +

+
+
REG_EBRACE
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): POSIX Regular Expression Compilation. +

+
+
REG_EBRACK
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): POSIX Regular Expression Compilation. +

+
+
REG_ECOLLATE
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): POSIX Regular Expression Compilation. +

+
+
REG_ECTYPE
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): POSIX Regular Expression Compilation. +

+
+
REG_EESCAPE
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): POSIX Regular Expression Compilation. +

+
+
REG_EPAREN
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): POSIX Regular Expression Compilation. +

+
+
REG_ERANGE
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): POSIX Regular Expression Compilation. +

+
+
size_t regerror (int errcode, const regex_t *restrict compiled, char *restrict buffer, size_t length)
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): POSIX Regexp Matching Cleanup. +

+
+
REG_ESPACE
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): Matching a Compiled POSIX Regular Expression. +

+
+
REG_ESPACE
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): POSIX Regular Expression Compilation. +

+
+
REG_ESUBREG
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): POSIX Regular Expression Compilation. +

+
+
int regexec (const regex_t *restrict compiled, const char *restrict string, size_t nmatch, regmatch_t matchptr[restrict], int eflags)
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): Matching a Compiled POSIX Regular Expression. +

+
+
regex_t
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): POSIX Regular Expression Compilation. +

+
+
REG_EXTENDED
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): Flags for POSIX Regular Expressions. +

+
+
void regfree (regex_t *compiled)
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): POSIX Regexp Matching Cleanup. +

+
+
REG_ICASE
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): Flags for POSIX Regular Expressions. +

+
+
int register_printf_function (int spec, printf_function handler-function, printf_arginfo_function arginfo-function)
+
+

‘printf.h’ (GNU): Registering New Conversions. +

+
+
regmatch_t
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): Match Results with Subexpressions. +

+
+
REG_NEWLINE
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): Flags for POSIX Regular Expressions. +

+
+
REG_NOMATCH
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): Matching a Compiled POSIX Regular Expression. +

+
+
REG_NOSUB
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): Flags for POSIX Regular Expressions. +

+
+
REG_NOTBOL
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): Matching a Compiled POSIX Regular Expression. +

+
+
REG_NOTEOL
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): Matching a Compiled POSIX Regular Expression. +

+
+
regoff_t
+
+

‘regex.h’ (POSIX.2): Match Results with Subexpressions. +

+
+
double remainder (double numerator, double denominator)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Remainder Functions. +

+
+
float remainderf (float numerator, float denominator)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Remainder Functions. +

+
+
long double remainderl (long double numerator, long double denominator)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Remainder Functions. +

+
+
int remove (const char *filename)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Deleting Files. +

+
+
int rename (const char *oldname, const char *newname)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Renaming Files. +

+
+
void rewind (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): File Positioning. +

+
+
void rewinddir (DIR *dirstream)
+
+

‘dirent.h’ (POSIX.1): Random Access in a Directory Stream. +

+
+
char * rindex (const char *string, int c)
+
+

‘string.h’ (BSD): Search Functions. +

+
+
double rint (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
float rintf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
long double rintl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
int RLIM_INFINITY
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (BSD): Limiting Resource Usage. +

+
+
RLIMIT_AS
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (Unix98): Limiting Resource Usage. +

+
+
RLIMIT_CORE
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (BSD): Limiting Resource Usage. +

+
+
RLIMIT_CPU
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (BSD): Limiting Resource Usage. +

+
+
RLIMIT_DATA
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (BSD): Limiting Resource Usage. +

+
+
RLIMIT_FSIZE
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (BSD): Limiting Resource Usage. +

+
+
RLIMIT_MEMLOCK
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (BSD): Limiting Resource Usage. +

+
+
RLIMIT_NOFILE
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (BSD): Limiting Resource Usage. +

+
+
RLIMIT_NPROC
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (BSD): Limiting Resource Usage. +

+
+
RLIMIT_RSS
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (BSD): Limiting Resource Usage. +

+
+
RLIMIT_STACK
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (BSD): Limiting Resource Usage. +

+
+
RLIM_NLIMITS
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (BSD): Limiting Resource Usage. +

+
+
int rmdir (const char *filename)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Deleting Files. +

+
+
int R_OK
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Testing Permission to Access a File. +

+
+
double round (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
float roundf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
long double roundl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
int rpmatch (const char *response)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (stdlib.h): Yes-or-No Questions. +

+
+
RUN_LVL
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (SVID): Manipulating the User Accounting Database. +

+
+
RUN_LVL
+
+

‘utmpx.h’ (XPG4.2): XPG User Accounting Database Functions. +

+
+
RUSAGE_CHILDREN
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (BSD): Resource Usage. +

+
+
RUSAGE_SELF
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (BSD): Resource Usage. +

+
+
int SA_NOCLDSTOP
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Flags for sigaction. +

+
+
int SA_ONSTACK
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Flags for sigaction. +

+
+
int SA_RESTART
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Flags for sigaction. +

+
+
void *sbrk (ptrdiff_t delta)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (BSD): Resizing the Data Segment. +

+
+
_SC_2_C_DEV
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_2_FORT_DEV
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_2_FORT_RUN
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_2_LOCALEDEF
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_2_SW_DEV
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_2_VERSION
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_AIO_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
double scalb (double value, int exponent)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Normalization Functions. +

+
+
float scalbf (float value, int exponent)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Normalization Functions. +

+
+
long double scalbl (long double value, int exponent)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Normalization Functions. +

+
+
long long int scalbln (double x, long int n)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Normalization Functions. +

+
+
long long int scalblnf (float x, long int n)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Normalization Functions. +

+
+
long long int scalblnl (long double x, long int n)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Normalization Functions. +

+
+
long long int scalbn (double x, int n)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Normalization Functions. +

+
+
long long int scalbnf (float x, int n)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Normalization Functions. +

+
+
long long int scalbnl (long double x, int n)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Normalization Functions. +

+
+
int scandir (const char *dir, struct dirent ***namelist, int (*selector) (const struct dirent *), int (*cmp) (const void *, const void *))
+
+

‘dirent.h’ (BSD/SVID): Scanning the Content of a Directory. +

+
+
int scandir64 (const char *dir, struct dirent64 ***namelist, int (*selector) (const struct dirent64 *), int (*cmp) (const void *, const void *))
+
+

‘dirent.h’ (GNU): Scanning the Content of a Directory. +

+
+
int scanf (const char *template, …)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Formatted Input Functions. +

+
+
_SC_ARG_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_ATEXIT_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (GNU): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_AVPHYS_PAGES
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (GNU): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_BC_BASE_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_BC_DIM_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_BC_SCALE_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_BC_STRING_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_CHAR_BIT
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_CHARCLASS_NAME_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (GNU): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_CHAR_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_CHAR_MIN
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_CHILD_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_CLK_TCK
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_EQUIV_CLASS_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_FSYNC
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
SCHAR_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (ISO): Range of an Integer Type. +

+
+
SCHAR_MIN
+
+

‘limits.h’ (ISO): Range of an Integer Type. +

+
+
int sched_getaffinity (pid_t pid, size_t cpusetsize, cpu_set_t *cpuset)
+
+

‘sched.h’ (GNU): Limiting execution to certain CPUs. +

+
+
int sched_getparam (pid_t pid, const struct sched_param *param)
+
+

‘sched.h’ (POSIX): Basic Scheduling Functions. +

+
+
int sched_get_priority_max (int *policy);
+
+

‘sched.h’ (POSIX): Basic Scheduling Functions. +

+
+
int sched_get_priority_min (int *policy);
+
+

‘sched.h’ (POSIX): Basic Scheduling Functions. +

+
+
int sched_getscheduler (pid_t pid)
+
+

‘sched.h’ (POSIX): Basic Scheduling Functions. +

+
+
int sched_rr_get_interval (pid_t pid, struct timespec *interval)
+
+

‘sched.h’ (POSIX): Basic Scheduling Functions. +

+
+
int sched_setaffinity (pid_t pid, size_t cpusetsize, const cpu_set_t *cpuset)
+
+

‘sched.h’ (GNU): Limiting execution to certain CPUs. +

+
+
int sched_setparam (pid_t pid, const struct sched_param *param)
+
+

‘sched.h’ (POSIX): Basic Scheduling Functions. +

+
+
int sched_setscheduler (pid_t pid, int policy, const struct sched_param *param)
+
+

‘sched.h’ (POSIX): Basic Scheduling Functions. +

+
+
int sched_yield (void)
+
+

‘sched.h’ (POSIX): Basic Scheduling Functions. +

+
+
_SC_INT_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_INT_MIN
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_JOB_CONTROL
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_LINE_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_LONG_BIT
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_MAPPED_FILES
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_MB_LEN_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_MEMLOCK
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_MESSAGE_PASSING
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_NGROUPS_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_NL_ARGMAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_NL_LANGMAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_NL_MSGMAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_NL_NMAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_NL_SETMAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_NL_TEXTMAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (GNU): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (GNU): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_NZERO
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_OPEN_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_PAGESIZE
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (GNU): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_PHYS_PAGES
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (GNU): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_PII
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1g): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_PII_INTERNET
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1g): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_PII_INTERNET_DGRAM
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1g): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_PII_INTERNET_STREAM
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1g): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_PII_OSI
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1g): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_PII_OSI_CLTS
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1g): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_PII_OSI_COTS
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1g): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_PII_OSI_M
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1g): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_PII_SOCKET
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1g): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_PII_XTI
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1g): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_PRIORITIZED_IO
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS
+
+

‘unistdh.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_RTSIG_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_SAVED_IDS
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_SCHAR_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_SCHAR_MIN
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_SELECT
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1g): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_SEMAPHORES
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_SHRT_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_SHRT_MIN
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
SC_SSIZE_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_STREAM_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_THREADS
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_TIMER_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_TIMERS
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_T_IOV_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1g): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_TTY_NAME_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_TZNAME_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_UCHAR_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_UINT_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_UIO_MAXIOV
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1g): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_ULONG_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_USHRT_MAX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_VERSION
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_VERSION
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.2): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_WORD_BIT
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_XOPEN_CRYPT
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_XOPEN_LEGACY
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_XOPEN_REALTIME
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_XOPEN_SHM
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_XOPEN_UNIX
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_XOPEN_VERSION
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_XOPEN_XCU_VERSION
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_XOPEN_XPG2
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_XOPEN_XPG3
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
_SC_XOPEN_XPG4
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Constants for sysconf Parameters. +

+
+
unsigned short int * seed48 (unsigned short int seed16v[3])
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (SVID): SVID Random Number Function. +

+
+
int seed48_r (unsigned short int seed16v[3], struct drand48_data *buffer)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (GNU): SVID Random Number Function. +

+
+
int SEEK_CUR
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): File Positioning. +

+
+
void seekdir (DIR *dirstream, long int pos)
+
+

‘dirent.h’ (BSD): Random Access in a Directory Stream. +

+
+
int SEEK_END
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): File Positioning. +

+
+
int SEEK_SET
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): File Positioning. +

+
+
int select (int nfds, fd_set *read-fds, fd_set *write-fds, fd_set *except-fds, struct timeval *timeout)
+
+

‘sys/types.h’ (BSD): Waiting for Input or Output. +

+
+
int send (int socket, void *buffer, size_t size, int flags)
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Sending Data. +

+
+
int sendmsg (int socket, const struct msghdr *message, int flags)
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Receiving Datagrams. +

+
+
int sendto (int socket, void *buffer. size_t size, int flags, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t length)
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Sending Datagrams. +

+
+
void setbuf (FILE *stream, char *buf)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Controlling Which Kind of Buffering. +

+
+
void setbuffer (FILE *stream, char *buf, size_t size)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (BSD): Controlling Which Kind of Buffering. +

+
+
int setcontext (const ucontext_t *ucp)
+
+

‘ucontext.h’ (SVID): Complete Context Control. +

+
+
int setdomainname (const char *name, size_t length)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (???): Host Identification. +

+
+
int setegid (gid_t newgid)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Setting the Group IDs. +

+
+
int setenv (const char *name, const char *value, int replace)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (BSD): Environment Access. +

+
+
int seteuid (uid_t neweuid)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Setting the User ID. +

+
+
int setfsent (void)
+
+

‘fstab.h’ (BSD): The ‘fstab’ file. +

+
+
int setgid (gid_t newgid)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Setting the Group IDs. +

+
+
void setgrent (void)
+
+

‘grp.h’ (SVID, BSD): Scanning the List of All Groups. +

+
+
int setgroups (size_t count, gid_t *groups)
+
+

‘grp.h’ (BSD): Setting the Group IDs. +

+
+
void sethostent (int stayopen)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Host Names. +

+
+
int sethostid (long int id)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (BSD): Host Identification. +

+
+
int sethostname (const char *name, size_t length)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (BSD): Host Identification. +

+
+
int setitimer (int which, struct itimerval *new, struct itimerval *old)
+
+

‘sys/time.h’ (BSD): Setting an Alarm. +

+
+
int setjmp (jmp_buf state)
+
+

‘setjmp.h’ (ISO): Details of Non-Local Exits. +

+
+
void setkey (const char *key)
+
+

‘crypt.h’ (BSD, SVID): DES Encryption. +

+
+
void setkey_r (const char *key, struct crypt_data * data)
+
+

‘crypt.h’ (GNU): DES Encryption. +

+
+
void setlinebuf (FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (BSD): Controlling Which Kind of Buffering. +

+
+
char * setlocale (int category, const char *locale)
+
+

‘locale.h’ (ISO): How Programs Set the Locale. +

+
+
int setlogmask (int mask)
+
+

‘syslog.h’ (BSD): setlogmask. +

+
+
FILE * setmntent (const char *file, const char *mode)
+
+

‘mntent.h’ (BSD): The ‘mtab’ file. +

+
+
void setnetent (int stayopen)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Networks Database. +

+
+
int setnetgrent (const char *netgroup)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Looking up one Netgroup. +

+
+
int setpgid (pid_t pid, pid_t pgid)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Process Group Functions. +

+
+
int setpgrp (pid_t pid, pid_t pgid)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (BSD): Process Group Functions. +

+
+
int setpriority (int class, int id, int niceval)
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (BSD,POSIX): Functions For Traditional Scheduling. +

+
+
void setprotoent (int stayopen)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Protocols Database. +

+
+
void setpwent (void)
+
+

‘pwd.h’ (SVID, BSD): Scanning the List of All Users. +

+
+
int setregid (gid_t rgid, gid_t egid)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (BSD): Setting the Group IDs. +

+
+
int setreuid (uid_t ruid, uid_t euid)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (BSD): Setting the User ID. +

+
+
int setrlimit (int resource, const struct rlimit *rlp)
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (BSD): Limiting Resource Usage. +

+
+
int setrlimit64 (int resource, const struct rlimit64 *rlp)
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (Unix98): Limiting Resource Usage. +

+
+
void setservent (int stayopen)
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): The Services Database. +

+
+
pid_t setsid (void)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Process Group Functions. +

+
+
int setsockopt (int socket, int level, int optname, void *optval, socklen_t optlen)
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Socket Option Functions. +

+
+
void * setstate (void *state)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (BSD): BSD Random Number Functions. +

+
+
int setstate_r (char *restrict statebuf, struct random_data *restrict buf)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (GNU): BSD Random Number Functions. +

+
+
int settimeofday (const struct timeval *tp, const struct timezone *tzp)
+
+

‘sys/time.h’ (BSD): High-Resolution Calendar. +

+
+
int setuid (uid_t newuid)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Setting the User ID. +

+
+
void setutent (void)
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (SVID): Manipulating the User Accounting Database. +

+
+
void setutxent (void)
+
+

‘utmpx.h’ (XPG4.2): XPG User Accounting Database Functions. +

+
+
int setvbuf (FILE *stream, char *buf, int mode, size_t size)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Controlling Which Kind of Buffering. +

+
+
SHRT_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (ISO): Range of an Integer Type. +

+
+
SHRT_MIN
+
+

‘limits.h’ (ISO): Range of an Integer Type. +

+
+
int shutdown (int socket, int how)
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Closing a Socket. +

+
+
S_IEXEC
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (BSD): The Mode Bits for Access Permission. +

+
+
S_IFBLK
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (BSD): Testing the Type of a File. +

+
+
S_IFCHR
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (BSD): Testing the Type of a File. +

+
+
S_IFDIR
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (BSD): Testing the Type of a File. +

+
+
S_IFIFO
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (BSD): Testing the Type of a File. +

+
+
S_IFLNK
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (BSD): Testing the Type of a File. +

+
+
int S_IFMT
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (BSD): Testing the Type of a File. +

+
+
S_IFREG
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (BSD): Testing the Type of a File. +

+
+
S_IFSOCK
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (BSD): Testing the Type of a File. +

+
+
int SIGABRT
+
+

‘signal.h’ (ISO): Program Error Signals. +

+
+
int sigaction (int signum, const struct sigaction *restrict action, struct sigaction *restrict old-action)
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Advanced Signal Handling. +

+
+
int sigaddset (sigset_t *set, int signum)
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Signal Sets. +

+
+
int SIGALRM
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Alarm Signals. +

+
+
int sigaltstack (const stack_t *restrict stack, stack_t *restrict oldstack)
+
+

‘signal.h’ (XPG): Using a Separate Signal Stack. +

+
+
sig_atomic_t
+
+

‘signal.h’ (ISO): Atomic Types. +

+
+
SIG_BLOCK
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Process Signal Mask. +

+
+
int sigblock (int mask)
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): BSD Functions for Blocking Signals. +

+
+
int SIGBUS
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Program Error Signals. +

+
+
int SIGCHLD
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Job Control Signals. +

+
+
int SIGCLD
+
+

‘signal.h’ (SVID): Job Control Signals. +

+
+
int SIGCONT
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Job Control Signals. +

+
+
int sigdelset (sigset_t *set, int signum)
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Signal Sets. +

+
+
int sigemptyset (sigset_t *set)
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Signal Sets. +

+
+
int SIGEMT
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Program Error Signals. +

+
+
sighandler_t SIG_ERR
+
+

‘signal.h’ (ISO): Basic Signal Handling. +

+
+
int sigfillset (sigset_t *set)
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Signal Sets. +

+
+
int SIGFPE
+
+

‘signal.h’ (ISO): Program Error Signals. +

+
+
sighandler_t
+
+

‘signal.h’ (GNU): Basic Signal Handling. +

+
+
int SIGHUP
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Termination Signals. +

+
+
int SIGILL
+
+

‘signal.h’ (ISO): Program Error Signals. +

+
+
int SIGINFO
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Miscellaneous Signals. +

+
+
int SIGINT
+
+

‘signal.h’ (ISO): Termination Signals. +

+
+
int siginterrupt (int signum, int failflag)
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): BSD Function to Establish a Handler. +

+
+
int SIGIO
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Asynchronous I/O Signals. +

+
+
int SIGIOT
+
+

‘signal.h’ (Unix): Program Error Signals. +

+
+
int sigismember (const sigset_t *set, int signum)
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Signal Sets. +

+
+
sigjmp_buf
+
+

‘setjmp.h’ (POSIX.1): Non-Local Exits and Signals. +

+
+
int SIGKILL
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Termination Signals. +

+
+
void siglongjmp (sigjmp_buf state, int value)
+
+

‘setjmp.h’ (POSIX.1): Non-Local Exits and Signals. +

+
+
int SIGLOST
+
+

‘signal.h’ (GNU): Operation Error Signals. +

+
+
int sigmask (int signum)
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): BSD Functions for Blocking Signals. +

+
+
sighandler_t signal (int signum, sighandler_t action)
+
+

‘signal.h’ (ISO): Basic Signal Handling. +

+
+
int signbit (float-type x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Setting and modifying single bits of FP values. +

+
+
long long int significand (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Normalization Functions. +

+
+
long long int significandf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Normalization Functions. +

+
+
long long int significandl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (BSD): Normalization Functions. +

+
+
int sigpause (int mask)
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): BSD Functions for Blocking Signals. +

+
+
int sigpending (sigset_t *set)
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Checking for Pending Signals. +

+
+
int SIGPIPE
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Operation Error Signals. +

+
+
int SIGPOLL
+
+

‘signal.h’ (SVID): Asynchronous I/O Signals. +

+
+
int sigprocmask (int how, const sigset_t *restrict set, sigset_t *restrict oldset)
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Process Signal Mask. +

+
+
int SIGPROF
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Alarm Signals. +

+
+
int SIGQUIT
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Termination Signals. +

+
+
int SIGSEGV
+
+

‘signal.h’ (ISO): Program Error Signals. +

+
+
int sigsetjmp (sigjmp_buf state, int savesigs)
+
+

‘setjmp.h’ (POSIX.1): Non-Local Exits and Signals. +

+
+
SIG_SETMASK
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Process Signal Mask. +

+
+
int sigsetmask (int mask)
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): BSD Functions for Blocking Signals. +

+
+
sigset_t
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Signal Sets. +

+
+
int sigstack (const struct sigstack *stack, struct sigstack *oldstack)
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Using a Separate Signal Stack. +

+
+
int SIGSTOP
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Job Control Signals. +

+
+
int sigsuspend (const sigset_t *set)
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Using sigsuspend. +

+
+
int SIGSYS
+
+

‘signal.h’ (Unix): Program Error Signals. +

+
+
int SIGTERM
+
+

‘signal.h’ (ISO): Termination Signals. +

+
+
int SIGTRAP
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Program Error Signals. +

+
+
int SIGTSTP
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Job Control Signals. +

+
+
int SIGTTIN
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Job Control Signals. +

+
+
int SIGTTOU
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Job Control Signals. +

+
+
SIG_UNBLOCK
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Process Signal Mask. +

+
+
int SIGURG
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Asynchronous I/O Signals. +

+
+
int SIGUSR1
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Miscellaneous Signals. +

+
+
int SIGUSR2
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Miscellaneous Signals. +

+
+
int sigvec (int signum, const struct sigvec *action,struct sigvec *old-action)
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): BSD Function to Establish a Handler. +

+
+
int SIGVTALRM
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Alarm Signals. +

+
+
int SIGWINCH
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Miscellaneous Signals. +

+
+
int SIGXCPU
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Operation Error Signals. +

+
+
int SIGXFSZ
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Operation Error Signals. +

+
+
double sin (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
void sincos (double x, double *sinx, double *cosx)
+
+

‘math.h’ (GNU): Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
void sincosf (float x, float *sinx, float *cosx)
+
+

‘math.h’ (GNU): Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
void sincosl (long double x, long double *sinx, long double *cosx)
+
+

‘math.h’ (GNU): Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
float sinf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
double sinh (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
float sinhf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
long double sinhl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
long double sinl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
S_IREAD
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (BSD): The Mode Bits for Access Permission. +

+
+
S_IRGRP
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX.1): The Mode Bits for Access Permission. +

+
+
S_IROTH
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX.1): The Mode Bits for Access Permission. +

+
+
S_IRUSR
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX.1): The Mode Bits for Access Permission. +

+
+
S_IRWXG
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX.1): The Mode Bits for Access Permission. +

+
+
S_IRWXO
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX.1): The Mode Bits for Access Permission. +

+
+
S_IRWXU
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX.1): The Mode Bits for Access Permission. +

+
+
int S_ISBLK (mode_t m)
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX): Testing the Type of a File. +

+
+
int S_ISCHR (mode_t m)
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX): Testing the Type of a File. +

+
+
int S_ISDIR (mode_t m)
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX): Testing the Type of a File. +

+
+
int S_ISFIFO (mode_t m)
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX): Testing the Type of a File. +

+
+
S_ISGID
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX): The Mode Bits for Access Permission. +

+
+
int S_ISLNK (mode_t m)
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (GNU): Testing the Type of a File. +

+
+
int S_ISREG (mode_t m)
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX): Testing the Type of a File. +

+
+
int S_ISSOCK (mode_t m)
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (GNU): Testing the Type of a File. +

+
+
S_ISUID
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX): The Mode Bits for Access Permission. +

+
+
S_ISVTX
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (BSD): The Mode Bits for Access Permission. +

+
+
S_IWGRP
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX.1): The Mode Bits for Access Permission. +

+
+
S_IWOTH
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX.1): The Mode Bits for Access Permission. +

+
+
S_IWRITE
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (BSD): The Mode Bits for Access Permission. +

+
+
S_IWUSR
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX.1): The Mode Bits for Access Permission. +

+
+
S_IXGRP
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX.1): The Mode Bits for Access Permission. +

+
+
S_IXOTH
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX.1): The Mode Bits for Access Permission. +

+
+
S_IXUSR
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX.1): The Mode Bits for Access Permission. +

+
+
size_t
+
+

‘stddef.h’ (ISO): Important Data Types. +

+
+
unsigned int sleep (unsigned int seconds)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Sleeping. +

+
+
int snprintf (char *s, size_t size, const char *template, …)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): Formatted Output Functions. +

+
+
SO_BROADCAST
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Socket-Level Options. +

+
+
int SOCK_DGRAM
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Communication Styles. +

+
+
int socket (int namespace, int style, int protocol)
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Creating a Socket. +

+
+
int socketpair (int namespace, int style, int protocol, int filedes[2])
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Socket Pairs. +

+
+
int SOCK_RAW
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Communication Styles. +

+
+
int SOCK_RDM
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Communication Styles. +

+
+
int SOCK_SEQPACKET
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Communication Styles. +

+
+
int SOCK_STREAM
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Communication Styles. +

+
+
SO_DEBUG
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Socket-Level Options. +

+
+
SO_DONTROUTE
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Socket-Level Options. +

+
+
SO_ERROR
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Socket-Level Options. +

+
+
SO_KEEPALIVE
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Socket-Level Options. +

+
+
SO_LINGER
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Socket-Level Options. +

+
+
int SOL_SOCKET
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Socket-Level Options. +

+
+
SO_OOBINLINE
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Socket-Level Options. +

+
+
SO_RCVBUF
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Socket-Level Options. +

+
+
SO_REUSEADDR
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Socket-Level Options. +

+
+
SO_SNDBUF
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Socket-Level Options. +

+
+
SO_STYLE
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (GNU): Socket-Level Options. +

+
+
SO_TYPE
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Socket-Level Options. +

+
+
speed_t
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Line Speed. +

+
+
int sprintf (char *s, const char *template, …)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Formatted Output Functions. +

+
+
double sqrt (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
float sqrtf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
long double sqrtl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
void srand (unsigned int seed)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): ISO C Random Number Functions. +

+
+
void srand48 (long int seedval)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (SVID): SVID Random Number Function. +

+
+
int srand48_r (long int seedval, struct drand48_data *buffer)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (GNU): SVID Random Number Function. +

+
+
void srandom (unsigned int seed)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (BSD): BSD Random Number Functions. +

+
+
int srandom_r (unsigned int seed, struct random_data *buf)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (GNU): BSD Random Number Functions. +

+
+
int sscanf (const char *s, const char *template, …)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Formatted Input Functions. +

+
+
sighandler_t ssignal (int signum, sighandler_t action)
+
+

‘signal.h’ (SVID): Basic Signal Handling. +

+
+
int SSIZE_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): General Capacity Limits. +

+
+
ssize_t
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Input and Output Primitives. +

+
+
stack_t
+
+

‘signal.h’ (XPG): Using a Separate Signal Stack. +

+
+
int stat (const char *filename, struct stat *buf)
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX.1): Reading the Attributes of a File. +

+
+
int stat64 (const char *filename, struct stat64 *buf)
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (Unix98): Reading the Attributes of a File. +

+
+
FILE * stderr
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Standard Streams. +

+
+
STDERR_FILENO
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Descriptors and Streams. +

+
+
FILE * stdin
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Standard Streams. +

+
+
STDIN_FILENO
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Descriptors and Streams. +

+
+
FILE * stdout
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Standard Streams. +

+
+
STDOUT_FILENO
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Descriptors and Streams. +

+
+
int stime (time_t *newtime)
+
+

‘time.h’ (SVID, XPG): Simple Calendar Time. +

+
+
char * stpcpy (char *restrict to, const char *restrict from)
+
+

‘string.h’ (Unknown origin): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
char * stpncpy (char *restrict to, const char *restrict from, size_t size)
+
+

‘string.h’ (GNU): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
int strcasecmp (const char *s1, const char *s2)
+
+

‘string.h’ (BSD): String/Array Comparison. +

+
+
char * strcasestr (const char *haystack, const char *needle)
+
+

‘string.h’ (GNU): Search Functions. +

+
+
char * strcat (char *restrict to, const char *restrict from)
+
+

‘string.h’ (ISO): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
char * strchr (const char *string, int c)
+
+

‘string.h’ (ISO): Search Functions. +

+
+
char * strchrnul (const char *string, int c)
+
+

‘string.h’ (GNU): Search Functions. +

+
+
int strcmp (const char *s1, const char *s2)
+
+

‘string.h’ (ISO): String/Array Comparison. +

+
+
int strcoll (const char *s1, const char *s2)
+
+

‘string.h’ (ISO): Collation Functions. +

+
+
char * strcpy (char *restrict to, const char *restrict from)
+
+

‘string.h’ (ISO): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
size_t strcspn (const char *string, const char *stopset)
+
+

‘string.h’ (ISO): Search Functions. +

+
+
char * strdup (const char *s)
+
+

‘string.h’ (SVID): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
char * strdupa (const char *s)
+
+

‘string.h’ (GNU): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
int STREAM_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): General Capacity Limits. +

+
+
char * strerror (int errnum)
+
+

‘string.h’ (ISO): Error Messages. +

+
+
char * strerror_r (int errnum, char *buf, size_t n)
+
+

‘string.h’ (GNU): Error Messages. +

+
+
char * strfry (char *string)
+
+

‘string.h’ (GNU): strfry. +

+
+
size_t strftime (char *s, size_t size, const char *template, const struct tm *brokentime)
+
+

‘time.h’ (ISO): Formatting Calendar Time. +

+
+
size_t strlen (const char *s)
+
+

‘string.h’ (ISO): String Length. +

+
+
int strncasecmp (const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n)
+
+

‘string.h’ (BSD): String/Array Comparison. +

+
+
char * strncat (char *restrict to, const char *restrict from, size_t size)
+
+

‘string.h’ (ISO): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
int strncmp (const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t size)
+
+

‘string.h’ (ISO): String/Array Comparison. +

+
+
char * strncpy (char *restrict to, const char *restrict from, size_t size)
+
+

‘string.h’ (ISO): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
char * strndup (const char *s, size_t size)
+
+

‘string.h’ (GNU): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
char * strndupa (const char *s, size_t size)
+
+

‘string.h’ (GNU): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
size_t strnlen (const char *s, size_t maxlen)
+
+

‘string.h’ (GNU): String Length. +

+
+
char * strpbrk (const char *string, const char *stopset)
+
+

‘string.h’ (ISO): Search Functions. +

+
+
char * strptime (const char *s, const char *fmt, struct tm *tp)
+
+

‘time.h’ (XPG4): Interpret string according to given format. +

+
+
char * strrchr (const char *string, int c)
+
+

‘string.h’ (ISO): Search Functions. +

+
+
char * strsep (char **string_ptr, const char *delimiter)
+
+

‘string.h’ (BSD): Finding Tokens in a String. +

+
+
char * strsignal (int signum)
+
+

‘string.h’ (GNU): Signal Messages. +

+
+
size_t strspn (const char *string, const char *skipset)
+
+

‘string.h’ (ISO): Search Functions. +

+
+
char * strstr (const char *haystack, const char *needle)
+
+

‘string.h’ (ISO): Search Functions. +

+
+
double strtod (const char *restrict string, char **restrict tailptr)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Parsing of Floats. +

+
+
float strtof (const char *string, char **tailptr)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Parsing of Floats. +

+
+
intmax_t strtoimax (const char *restrict string, char **restrict tailptr, int base)
+
+

‘inttypes.h’ (ISO): Parsing of Integers. +

+
+
char * strtok (char *restrict newstring, const char *restrict delimiters)
+
+

‘string.h’ (ISO): Finding Tokens in a String. +

+
+
char * strtok_r (char *newstring, const char *delimiters, char **save_ptr)
+
+

‘string.h’ (POSIX): Finding Tokens in a String. +

+
+
long int strtol (const char *restrict string, char **restrict tailptr, int base)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Parsing of Integers. +

+
+
long double strtold (const char *string, char **tailptr)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Parsing of Floats. +

+
+
long long int strtoll (const char *restrict string, char **restrict tailptr, int base)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Parsing of Integers. +

+
+
long long int strtoq (const char *restrict string, char **restrict tailptr, int base)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (BSD): Parsing of Integers. +

+
+
unsigned long int strtoul (const char *retrict string, char **restrict tailptr, int base)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Parsing of Integers. +

+
+
unsigned long long int strtoull (const char *restrict string, char **restrict tailptr, int base)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Parsing of Integers. +

+
+
uintmax_t strtoumax (const char *restrict string, char **restrict tailptr, int base)
+
+

‘inttypes.h’ (ISO): Parsing of Integers. +

+
+
unsigned long long int strtouq (const char *restrict string, char **restrict tailptr, int base)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (BSD): Parsing of Integers. +

+
+
struct aiocb
+
+

‘aio.h’ (POSIX.1b): Perform I/O Operations in Parallel. +

+
+
struct aiocb64
+
+

‘aio.h’ (POSIX.1b): Perform I/O Operations in Parallel. +

+
+
struct aioinit
+
+

‘aio.h’ (GNU): How to optimize the AIO implementation. +

+
+
struct argp
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Specifying Argp Parsers. +

+
+
struct argp_child
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Combining Multiple Argp Parsers. +

+
+
struct argp_option
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Specifying Options in an Argp Parser. +

+
+
struct argp_state
+
+

‘argp.h’ (GNU): Argp Parsing State. +

+
+
struct dirent
+
+

‘dirent.h’ (POSIX.1): Format of a Directory Entry. +

+
+
struct exit_status
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (SVID): Manipulating the User Accounting Database. +

+
+
struct flock
+
+

‘fcntl.h’ (POSIX.1): File Locks. +

+
+
struct fstab
+
+

‘fstab.h’ (BSD): The ‘fstab’ file. +

+
+
struct FTW
+
+

‘ftw.h’ (XPG4.2): Working with Directory Trees. +

+
+
struct __gconv_step
+
+

‘gconv.h’ (GNU): The iconv Implementation in the GNU C library. +

+
+
struct __gconv_step_data
+
+

‘gconv.h’ (GNU): The iconv Implementation in the GNU C library. +

+
+
struct group
+
+

‘grp.h’ (POSIX.1): The Data Structure for a Group. +

+
+
struct hostent
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Host Names. +

+
+
struct if_nameindex
+
+

‘net/if.h’ (IPv6 basic API): Interface Naming. +

+
+
struct in6_addr
+
+

‘netinet/in.h’ (IPv6 basic API): Host Address Data Type. +

+
+
struct in_addr
+
+

‘netinet/in.h’ (BSD): Host Address Data Type. +

+
+
struct iovec
+
+

‘sys/uio.h’ (BSD): Fast Scatter-Gather I/O. +

+
+
struct itimerval
+
+

‘sys/time.h’ (BSD): Setting an Alarm. +

+
+
struct lconv
+
+

‘locale.h’ (ISO): localeconv: It is portable but …. +

+
+
struct linger
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Socket-Level Options. +

+
+
struct mallinfo
+
+

‘malloc.h’ (GNU): Statistics for Memory Allocation with malloc. +

+
+
struct mntent
+
+

‘mntent.h’ (BSD): The ‘mtab’ file. +

+
+
struct msghdr
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Receiving Datagrams. +

+
+
struct netent
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Networks Database. +

+
+
struct obstack
+
+

‘obstack.h’ (GNU): Creating Obstacks. +

+
+
struct option
+
+

‘getopt.h’ (GNU): Parsing Long Options with getopt_long. +

+
+
struct passwd
+
+

‘pwd.h’ (POSIX.1): The Data Structure that Describes a User. +

+
+
struct printf_info
+
+

‘printf.h’ (GNU): Conversion Specifier Options. +

+
+
struct protoent
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Protocols Database. +

+
+
struct random_data
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (GNU): BSD Random Number Functions. +

+
+
struct rlimit
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (BSD): Limiting Resource Usage. +

+
+
struct rlimit64
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (Unix98): Limiting Resource Usage. +

+
+
struct rusage
+
+

‘sys/resource.h’ (BSD): Resource Usage. +

+
+
struct sched_param
+
+

‘sched.h’ (POSIX): Basic Scheduling Functions. +

+
+
struct servent
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): The Services Database. +

+
+
struct sgttyb
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): BSD Terminal Modes. +

+
+
struct sigaction
+
+

‘signal.h’ (POSIX.1): Advanced Signal Handling. +

+
+
struct sigstack
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): Using a Separate Signal Stack. +

+
+
struct sigvec
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): BSD Function to Establish a Handler. +

+
+
struct sockaddr
+
+

‘sys/socket.h’ (BSD): Address Formats. +

+
+
struct sockaddr_in
+
+

‘netinet/in.h’ (BSD): Internet Socket Address Formats. +

+
+
struct sockaddr_un
+
+

‘sys/un.h’ (BSD): Details of Local Namespace. +

+
+
struct stat
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX.1): The meaning of the File Attributes. +

+
+
struct stat64
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (LFS): The meaning of the File Attributes. +

+
+
struct termios
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Terminal Mode Data Types. +

+
+
struct timespec
+
+

‘sys/time.h’ (POSIX.1): Elapsed Time. +

+
+
struct timeval
+
+

‘sys/time.h’ (BSD): Elapsed Time. +

+
+
struct timezone
+
+

‘sys/time.h’ (BSD): High-Resolution Calendar. +

+
+
struct tm
+
+

‘time.h’ (ISO): Broken-down Time. +

+
+
struct tms
+
+

‘sys/times.h’ (POSIX.1): Processor Time Inquiry. +

+
+
struct utimbuf
+
+

‘time.h’ (POSIX.1): File Times. +

+
+
struct utsname
+
+

‘sys/utsname.h’ (POSIX.1): Platform Type Identification. +

+
+
int strverscmp (const char *s1, const char *s2)
+
+

‘string.h’ (GNU): String/Array Comparison. +

+
+
size_t strxfrm (char *restrict to, const char *restrict from, size_t size)
+
+

‘string.h’ (ISO): Collation Functions. +

+
+
int stty (int filedes, struct sgttyb * attributes)
+
+

‘sgtty.h’ (BSD): BSD Terminal Modes. +

+
+
int S_TYPEISMQ (struct stat *s)
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX): Testing the Type of a File. +

+
+
int S_TYPEISSEM (struct stat *s)
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX): Testing the Type of a File. +

+
+
int S_TYPEISSHM (struct stat *s)
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX): Testing the Type of a File. +

+
+
int SUN_LEN (struct sockaddr_un * ptr)
+
+

‘sys/un.h’ (BSD): Details of Local Namespace. +

+
+
_SVID_SOURCE
+
+

(GNU): Feature Test Macros. +

+
+
int SV_INTERRUPT
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): BSD Function to Establish a Handler. +

+
+
int SV_ONSTACK
+
+

‘signal.h’ (BSD): BSD Function to Establish a Handler. +

+
+
int SV_RESETHAND
+
+

‘signal.h’ (Sun): BSD Function to Establish a Handler. +

+
+
int swapcontext (ucontext_t *restrict oucp, const ucontext_t *restrict ucp)
+
+

‘ucontext.h’ (SVID): Complete Context Control. +

+
+
int swprintf (wchar_t *s, size_t size, const wchar_t *template, …)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (GNU): Formatted Output Functions. +

+
+
int swscanf (const wchar_t *ws, const char *template, …)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Formatted Input Functions. +

+
+
int symlink (const char *oldname, const char *newname)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (BSD): Symbolic Links. +

+
+
SYMLINK_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): Minimum Values for File System Limits. +

+
+
int sync (void)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): Synchronizing I/O operations. +

+
+
long int syscall (long int sysno, ...)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (???): System Calls. +

+
+
long int sysconf (int parameter)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Definition of sysconf. +

+
+
int sysctl (int *names, int nlen, void *oldval, size_t *oldlenp, void *newval, size_t newlen)
+
+

‘sysctl.h’ (BSD): System Parameters. +

+
+
void syslog (int facility_priority, char *format, ...)
+
+

‘syslog.h’ (BSD): syslog, vsyslog. +

+
+
int system (const char *command)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Running a Command. +

+
+
sighandler_t sysv_signal (int signum, sighandler_t action)
+
+

‘signal.h’ (GNU): Basic Signal Handling. +

+
+
double tan (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
float tanf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
double tanh (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
float tanhf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
long double tanhl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Hyperbolic Functions. +

+
+
long double tanl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Trigonometric Functions. +

+
+
int tcdrain (int filedes)
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Line Control Functions. +

+
+
tcflag_t
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Terminal Mode Data Types. +

+
+
int tcflow (int filedes, int action)
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Line Control Functions. +

+
+
int tcflush (int filedes, int queue)
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Line Control Functions. +

+
+
int tcgetattr (int filedes, struct termios *termios-p)
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Terminal Mode Functions. +

+
+
pid_t tcgetpgrp (int filedes)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Functions for Controlling Terminal Access. +

+
+
pid_t tcgetsid (int fildes)
+
+

‘termios.h’ (Unix98): Functions for Controlling Terminal Access. +

+
+
TCSADRAIN
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Terminal Mode Functions. +

+
+
TCSAFLUSH
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Terminal Mode Functions. +

+
+
TCSANOW
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Terminal Mode Functions. +

+
+
TCSASOFT
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Terminal Mode Functions. +

+
+
int tcsendbreak (int filedes, int duration)
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Line Control Functions. +

+
+
int tcsetattr (int filedes, int when, const struct termios *termios-p)
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Terminal Mode Functions. +

+
+
int tcsetpgrp (int filedes, pid_t pgid)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Functions for Controlling Terminal Access. +

+
+
void * tdelete (const void *key, void **rootp, comparison_fn_t compar)
+
+

‘search.h’ (SVID): The tsearch function.. +

+
+
void tdestroy (void *vroot, __free_fn_t freefct)
+
+

‘search.h’ (GNU): The tsearch function.. +

+
+
TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (expression)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (GNU): Primitives Interrupted by Signals. +

+
+
char * tempnam (const char *dir, const char *prefix)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (SVID): Temporary Files. +

+
+
char * textdomain (const char *domainname)
+
+

‘libintl.h’ (GNU): How to determine which catalog to be used. +

+
+
void * tfind (const void *key, void *const *rootp, comparison_fn_t compar)
+
+

‘search.h’ (SVID): The tsearch function.. +

+
+
double tgamma (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (XPG, ISO): Special Functions. +

+
+
float tgammaf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (XPG, ISO): Special Functions. +

+
+
long double tgammal (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (XPG, ISO): Special Functions. +

+
+
time_t time (time_t *result)
+
+

‘time.h’ (ISO): Simple Calendar Time. +

+
+
time_t timegm (struct tm *brokentime)
+
+

‘time.h’ (???): Broken-down Time. +

+
+
time_t timelocal (struct tm *brokentime)
+
+

‘time.h’ (???): Broken-down Time. +

+
+
clock_t times (struct tms *buffer)
+
+

‘sys/times.h’ (POSIX.1): Processor Time Inquiry. +

+
+
time_t
+
+

‘time.h’ (ISO): Simple Calendar Time. +

+
+
long int timezone
+
+

‘time.h’ (SVID): Functions and Variables for Time Zones. +

+
+
FILE * tmpfile (void)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Temporary Files. +

+
+
FILE * tmpfile64 (void)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (Unix98): Temporary Files. +

+
+
int TMP_MAX
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Temporary Files. +

+
+
char * tmpnam (char *result)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Temporary Files. +

+
+
char * tmpnam_r (char *result)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): Temporary Files. +

+
+
int toascii (int c)
+
+

‘ctype.h’ (SVID, BSD): Case Conversion. +

+
+
int _tolower (int c)
+
+

‘ctype.h’ (SVID): Case Conversion. +

+
+
int tolower (int c)
+
+

‘ctype.h’ (ISO): Case Conversion. +

+
+
tcflag_t TOSTOP
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Local Modes. +

+
+
int _toupper (int c)
+
+

‘ctype.h’ (SVID): Case Conversion. +

+
+
int toupper (int c)
+
+

‘ctype.h’ (ISO): Case Conversion. +

+
+
wint_t towctrans (wint_t wc, wctrans_t desc)
+
+

‘wctype.h’ (ISO): Mapping of wide characters.. +

+
+
wint_t towlower (wint_t wc)
+
+

‘wctype.h’ (ISO): Mapping of wide characters.. +

+
+
wint_t towupper (wint_t wc)
+
+

‘wctype.h’ (ISO): Mapping of wide characters.. +

+
+
double trunc (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
int truncate (const char *filename, off_t length)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (X/Open): File Size. +

+
+
int truncate64 (const char *name, off64_t length)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (Unix98): File Size. +

+
+
float truncf (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
long double truncl (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (ISO): Rounding Functions. +

+
+
TRY_AGAIN
+
+

‘netdb.h’ (BSD): Host Names. +

+
+
void * tsearch (const void *key, void **rootp, comparison_fn_t compar)
+
+

‘search.h’ (SVID): The tsearch function.. +

+
+
char * ttyname (int filedes)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Identifying Terminals. +

+
+
int ttyname_r (int filedes, char *buf, size_t len)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Identifying Terminals. +

+
+
void twalk (const void *root, __action_fn_t action)
+
+

‘search.h’ (SVID): The tsearch function.. +

+
+
char * tzname [2]
+
+

‘time.h’ (POSIX.1): Functions and Variables for Time Zones. +

+
+
int TZNAME_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (POSIX.1): General Capacity Limits. +

+
+
void tzset (void)
+
+

‘time.h’ (POSIX.1): Functions and Variables for Time Zones. +

+
+
UCHAR_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (ISO): Range of an Integer Type. +

+
+
ucontext_t
+
+

‘ucontext.h’ (SVID): Complete Context Control. +

+
+
uid_t
+
+

‘sys/types.h’ (POSIX.1): Reading the Persona of a Process. +

+
+
UINT_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (ISO): Range of an Integer Type. +

+
+
int ulimit (int cmd, ...)
+
+

‘ulimit.h’ (BSD): Limiting Resource Usage. +

+
+
ULONG_LONG_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (ISO): Range of an Integer Type. +

+
+
ULONG_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (ISO): Range of an Integer Type. +

+
+
mode_t umask (mode_t mask)
+
+

‘sys/stat.h’ (POSIX.1): Assigning File Permissions. +

+
+
int umount (const char *file)
+
+

‘sys/mount.h’ (SVID, GNU): Mount, Unmount, Remount. +

+
+
int umount2 (const char *file, int flags)
+
+

‘sys/mount.h’ (GNU): Mount, Unmount, Remount. +

+
+
int uname (struct utsname *info)
+
+

‘sys/utsname.h’ (POSIX.1): Platform Type Identification. +

+
+
int ungetc (int c, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Using ungetc To Do Unreading. +

+
+
wint_t ungetwc (wint_t wc, FILE *stream)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Using ungetc To Do Unreading. +

+
+
union wait
+
+

‘sys/wait.h’ (BSD): BSD Process Wait Functions. +

+
+
int unlink (const char *filename)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Deleting Files. +

+
+
int unlockpt (int filedes)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (SVID, XPG4.2): Allocating Pseudo-Terminals. +

+
+
int unsetenv (const char *name)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (BSD): Environment Access. +

+
+
void updwtmp (const char *wtmp_file, const struct utmp *utmp)
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (SVID): Manipulating the User Accounting Database. +

+
+
USER_PROCESS
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (SVID): Manipulating the User Accounting Database. +

+
+
USER_PROCESS
+
+

‘utmpx.h’ (XPG4.2): XPG User Accounting Database Functions. +

+
+
USHRT_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (ISO): Range of an Integer Type. +

+
+
int utime (const char *filename, const struct utimbuf *times)
+
+

‘time.h’ (POSIX.1): File Times. +

+
+
int utimes (const char *filename, struct timeval tvp[2])
+
+

‘sys/time.h’ (BSD): File Times. +

+
+
int utmpname (const char *file)
+
+

‘utmp.h’ (SVID): Manipulating the User Accounting Database. +

+
+
int utmpxname (const char *file)
+
+

‘utmpx.h’ (XPG4.2): XPG User Accounting Database Functions. +

+
+
va_alist
+
+

‘varargs.h’ (Unix): Old-Style Variadic Functions. +

+
+
type va_arg (va_list ap, type)
+
+

‘stdarg.h’ (ISO): Argument Access Macros. +

+
+
void __va_copy (va_list dest, va_list src)
+
+

‘stdarg.h’ (GNU): Argument Access Macros. +

+
+
va_dcl
+
+

‘varargs.h’ (Unix): Old-Style Variadic Functions. +

+
+
void va_end (va_list ap)
+
+

‘stdarg.h’ (ISO): Argument Access Macros. +

+
+
va_list
+
+

‘stdarg.h’ (ISO): Argument Access Macros. +

+
+
void * valloc (size_t size)
+
+

‘malloc.h’, ‘stdlib.h’ (BSD): Allocating Aligned Memory Blocks. +

+
+
int vasprintf (char **ptr, const char *template, va_list ap)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): Variable Arguments Output Functions. +

+
+
void va_start (va_list ap)
+
+

‘varargs.h’ (Unix): Old-Style Variadic Functions. +

+
+
void va_start (va_list ap, last-required)
+
+

‘stdarg.h’ (ISO): Argument Access Macros. +

+
+
int VDISCARD
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Other Special Characters. +

+
+
int VDSUSP
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Characters that Cause Signals. +

+
+
int VEOF
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Characters for Input Editing. +

+
+
int VEOL
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Characters for Input Editing. +

+
+
int VEOL2
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Characters for Input Editing. +

+
+
int VERASE
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Characters for Input Editing. +

+
+
void verr (int status, const char *format, va_list)
+
+

‘err.h’ (BSD): Error Messages. +

+
+
void verrx (int status, const char *format, va_list)
+
+

‘err.h’ (BSD): Error Messages. +

+
+
int versionsort (const void *a, const void *b)
+
+

‘dirent.h’ (GNU): Scanning the Content of a Directory. +

+
+
int versionsort64 (const void *a, const void *b)
+
+

‘dirent.h’ (GNU): Scanning the Content of a Directory. +

+
+
pid_t vfork (void)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (BSD): Creating a Process. +

+
+
int vfprintf (FILE *stream, const char *template, va_list ap)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Variable Arguments Output Functions. +

+
+
int vfscanf (FILE *stream, const char *template, va_list ap)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Variable Arguments Input Functions. +

+
+
int vfwprintf (FILE *stream, const wchar_t *template, va_list ap)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Variable Arguments Output Functions. +

+
+
int vfwscanf (FILE *stream, const wchar_t *template, va_list ap)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Variable Arguments Input Functions. +

+
+
int VINTR
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Characters that Cause Signals. +

+
+
int VKILL
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Characters for Input Editing. +

+
+
int vlimit (int resource, int limit)
+
+

‘sys/vlimit.h’ (BSD): Limiting Resource Usage. +

+
+
int VLNEXT
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Other Special Characters. +

+
+
int VMIN
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Noncanonical Input. +

+
+
void (*) error_print_progname (void)
+
+

‘error.h’ (GNU): Error Messages. +

+
+
int vprintf (const char *template, va_list ap)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Variable Arguments Output Functions. +

+
+
int VQUIT
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Characters that Cause Signals. +

+
+
int VREPRINT
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Characters for Input Editing. +

+
+
int vscanf (const char *template, va_list ap)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Variable Arguments Input Functions. +

+
+
int vsnprintf (char *s, size_t size, const char *template, va_list ap)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (GNU): Variable Arguments Output Functions. +

+
+
int vsprintf (char *s, const char *template, va_list ap)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Variable Arguments Output Functions. +

+
+
int vsscanf (const char *s, const char *template, va_list ap)
+
+

‘stdio.h’ (ISO): Variable Arguments Input Functions. +

+
+
int VSTART
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Special Characters for Flow Control. +

+
+
int VSTATUS
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Other Special Characters. +

+
+
int VSTOP
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Special Characters for Flow Control. +

+
+
int VSUSP
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Characters that Cause Signals. +

+
+
int vswprintf (wchar_t *s, size_t size, const wchar_t *template, va_list ap)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (GNU): Variable Arguments Output Functions. +

+
+
int vswscanf (const wchar_t *s, const wchar_t *template, va_list ap)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Variable Arguments Input Functions. +

+
+
void vsyslog (int facility_priority, char *format, va_list arglist)
+
+

‘syslog.h’ (BSD): syslog, vsyslog. +

+
+
int VTIME
+
+

‘termios.h’ (POSIX.1): Noncanonical Input. +

+
+
int vtimes (struct vtimes current, struct vtimes child)
+
+

‘vtimes.h’ (vtimes.h): Resource Usage. +

+
+
void vwarn (const char *format, va_list)
+
+

‘err.h’ (BSD): Error Messages. +

+
+
void vwarnx (const char *format, va_list)
+
+

‘err.h’ (BSD): Error Messages. +

+
+
int VWERASE
+
+

‘termios.h’ (BSD): Characters for Input Editing. +

+
+
int vwprintf (const wchar_t *template, va_list ap)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Variable Arguments Output Functions. +

+
+
int vwscanf (const wchar_t *template, va_list ap)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Variable Arguments Input Functions. +

+
+
pid_t wait (int *status-ptr)
+
+

‘sys/wait.h’ (POSIX.1): Process Completion. +

+
+
pid_t wait3 (union wait *status-ptr, int options, struct rusage *usage)
+
+

‘sys/wait.h’ (BSD): BSD Process Wait Functions. +

+
+
pid_t wait4 (pid_t pid, int *status-ptr, int options, struct rusage *usage)
+
+

‘sys/wait.h’ (BSD): Process Completion. +

+
+
pid_t waitpid (pid_t pid, int *status-ptr, int options)
+
+

‘sys/wait.h’ (POSIX.1): Process Completion. +

+
+
void warn (const char *format, …)
+
+

‘err.h’ (BSD): Error Messages. +

+
+
void warnx (const char *format, …)
+
+

‘err.h’ (BSD): Error Messages. +

+
+
WCHAR_MAX
+
+

‘limits.h’ (GNU): Range of an Integer Type. +

+
+
wint_t WCHAR_MAX
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Introduction to Extended Characters. +

+
+
wint_t WCHAR_MIN
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Introduction to Extended Characters. +

+
+
wchar_t
+
+

‘stddef.h’ (ISO): Introduction to Extended Characters. +

+
+
int WCOREDUMP (int status)
+
+

‘sys/wait.h’ (BSD): Process Completion Status. +

+
+
wchar_t * wcpcpy (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *restrict wfrom)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (GNU): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
wchar_t * wcpncpy (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *restrict wfrom, size_t size)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (GNU): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
size_t wcrtomb (char *restrict s, wchar_t wc, mbstate_t *restrict ps)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Converting Single Characters. +

+
+
int wcscasecmp (const wchar_t *ws1, const wchar_T *ws2)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (GNU): String/Array Comparison. +

+
+
wchar_t * wcscat (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *restrict wfrom)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
wchar_t * wcschr (const wchar_t *wstring, int wc)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Search Functions. +

+
+
wchar_t * wcschrnul (const wchar_t *wstring, wchar_t wc)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (GNU): Search Functions. +

+
+
int wcscmp (const wchar_t *ws1, const wchar_t *ws2)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): String/Array Comparison. +

+
+
int wcscoll (const wchar_t *ws1, const wchar_t *ws2)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Collation Functions. +

+
+
wchar_t * wcscpy (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *restrict wfrom)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
size_t wcscspn (const wchar_t *wstring, const wchar_t *stopset)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Search Functions. +

+
+
wchar_t * wcsdup (const wchar_t *ws)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (GNU): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
size_t wcsftime (wchar_t *s, size_t size, const wchar_t *template, const struct tm *brokentime)
+
+

‘time.h’ (ISO/Amend1): Formatting Calendar Time. +

+
+
size_t wcslen (const wchar_t *ws)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): String Length. +

+
+
int wcsncasecmp (const wchar_t *ws1, const wchar_t *s2, size_t n)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (GNU): String/Array Comparison. +

+
+
wchar_t * wcsncat (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *restrict wfrom, size_t size)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
int wcsncmp (const wchar_t *ws1, const wchar_t *ws2, size_t size)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): String/Array Comparison. +

+
+
wchar_t * wcsncpy (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *restrict wfrom, size_t size)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
size_t wcsnlen (const wchar_t *ws, size_t maxlen)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (GNU): String Length. +

+
+
size_t wcsnrtombs (char *restrict dst, const wchar_t **restrict src, size_t nwc, size_t len, mbstate_t *restrict ps)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (GNU): Converting Multibyte and Wide Character Strings. +

+
+
wchar_t * wcspbrk (const wchar_t *wstring, const wchar_t *stopset)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Search Functions. +

+
+
wchar_t * wcsrchr (const wchar_t *wstring, wchar_t c)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Search Functions. +

+
+
size_t wcsrtombs (char *restrict dst, const wchar_t **restrict src, size_t len, mbstate_t *restrict ps)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Converting Multibyte and Wide Character Strings. +

+
+
size_t wcsspn (const wchar_t *wstring, const wchar_t *skipset)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Search Functions. +

+
+
wchar_t * wcsstr (const wchar_t *haystack, const wchar_t *needle)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Search Functions. +

+
+
double wcstod (const wchar_t *restrict string, wchar_t **restrict tailptr)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Parsing of Floats. +

+
+
float wcstof (const wchar_t *string, wchar_t **tailptr)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Parsing of Floats. +

+
+
intmax_t wcstoimax (const wchar_t *restrict string, wchar_t **restrict tailptr, int base)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Parsing of Integers. +

+
+
wchar_t * wcstok (wchar_t *newstring, const char *delimiters)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Finding Tokens in a String. +

+
+
long int wcstol (const wchar_t *restrict string, wchar_t **restrict tailptr, int base)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Parsing of Integers. +

+
+
long double wcstold (const wchar_t *string, wchar_t **tailptr)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Parsing of Floats. +

+
+
long long int wcstoll (const wchar_t *restrict string, wchar_t **restrict tailptr, int base)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Parsing of Integers. +

+
+
size_t wcstombs (char *string, const wchar_t *wstring, size_t size)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Non-reentrant Conversion of Strings. +

+
+
long long int wcstoq (const wchar_t *restrict string, wchar_t **restrict tailptr, int base)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (GNU): Parsing of Integers. +

+
+
unsigned long int wcstoul (const wchar_t *restrict string, wchar_t **restrict tailptr, int base)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Parsing of Integers. +

+
+
unsigned long long int wcstoull (const wchar_t *restrict string, wchar_t **restrict tailptr, int base)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Parsing of Integers. +

+
+
uintmax_t wcstoumax (const wchar_t *restrict string, wchar_t **restrict tailptr, int base)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Parsing of Integers. +

+
+
unsigned long long int wcstouq (const wchar_t *restrict string, wchar_t **restrict tailptr, int base)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (GNU): Parsing of Integers. +

+
+
wchar_t * wcswcs (const wchar_t *haystack, const wchar_t *needle)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (XPG): Search Functions. +

+
+
size_t wcsxfrm (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *wfrom, size_t size)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Collation Functions. +

+
+
int wctob (wint_t c)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Converting Single Characters. +

+
+
int wctomb (char *string, wchar_t wchar)
+
+

‘stdlib.h’ (ISO): Non-reentrant Conversion of Single Characters. +

+
+
wctrans_t wctrans (const char *property)
+
+

‘wctype.h’ (ISO): Mapping of wide characters.. +

+
+
wctrans_t
+
+

‘wctype.h’ (ISO): Mapping of wide characters.. +

+
+
wctype_t wctype (const char *property)
+
+

‘wctype.h’ (ISO): Character class determination for wide characters. +

+
+
wctype_t
+
+

‘wctype.h’ (ISO): Character class determination for wide characters. +

+
+
int WEOF
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): End-Of-File and Errors. +

+
+
wint_t WEOF
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Introduction to Extended Characters. +

+
+
int WEXITSTATUS (int status)
+
+

‘sys/wait.h’ (POSIX.1): Process Completion Status. +

+
+
int WIFEXITED (int status)
+
+

‘sys/wait.h’ (POSIX.1): Process Completion Status. +

+
+
int WIFSIGNALED (int status)
+
+

‘sys/wait.h’ (POSIX.1): Process Completion Status. +

+
+
int WIFSTOPPED (int status)
+
+

‘sys/wait.h’ (POSIX.1): Process Completion Status. +

+
+
wint_t
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Introduction to Extended Characters. +

+
+
wchar_t * wmemchr (const wchar_t *block, wchar_t wc, size_t size)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Search Functions. +

+
+
int wmemcmp (const wchar_t *a1, const wchar_t *a2, size_t size)
+
+

‘wcjar.h’ (ISO): String/Array Comparison. +

+
+
wchar_t * wmemcpy (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *restrict wfrom, size_t size)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
wchar_t * wmemmove (wchar *wto, const wchar_t *wfrom, size_t size)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
wchar_t * wmempcpy (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *restrict wfrom, size_t size)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (GNU): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
wchar_t * wmemset (wchar_t *block, wchar_t wc, size_t size)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Copying and Concatenation. +

+
+
int W_OK
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Testing Permission to Access a File. +

+
+
int wordexp (const char *words, wordexp_t *word-vector-ptr, int flags)
+
+

‘wordexp.h’ (POSIX.2): Calling wordexp. +

+
+
wordexp_t
+
+

‘wordexp.h’ (POSIX.2): Calling wordexp. +

+
+
void wordfree (wordexp_t *word-vector-ptr)
+
+

‘wordexp.h’ (POSIX.2): Calling wordexp. +

+
+
int wprintf (const wchar_t *template, …)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Formatted Output Functions. +

+
+
WRDE_APPEND
+
+

‘wordexp.h’ (POSIX.2): Flags for Word Expansion. +

+
+
WRDE_BADCHAR
+
+

‘wordexp.h’ (POSIX.2): Calling wordexp. +

+
+
WRDE_BADVAL
+
+

‘wordexp.h’ (POSIX.2): Calling wordexp. +

+
+
WRDE_CMDSUB
+
+

‘wordexp.h’ (POSIX.2): Calling wordexp. +

+
+
WRDE_DOOFFS
+
+

‘wordexp.h’ (POSIX.2): Flags for Word Expansion. +

+
+
WRDE_NOCMD
+
+

‘wordexp.h’ (POSIX.2): Flags for Word Expansion. +

+
+
WRDE_NOSPACE
+
+

‘wordexp.h’ (POSIX.2): Calling wordexp. +

+
+
WRDE_REUSE
+
+

‘wordexp.h’ (POSIX.2): Flags for Word Expansion. +

+
+
WRDE_SHOWERR
+
+

‘wordexp.h’ (POSIX.2): Flags for Word Expansion. +

+
+
WRDE_SYNTAX
+
+

‘wordexp.h’ (POSIX.2): Calling wordexp. +

+
+
WRDE_UNDEF
+
+

‘wordexp.h’ (POSIX.2): Flags for Word Expansion. +

+
+
ssize_t write (int filedes, const void *buffer, size_t size)
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Input and Output Primitives. +

+
+
ssize_t writev (int filedes, const struct iovec *vector, int count)
+
+

‘sys/uio.h’ (BSD): Fast Scatter-Gather I/O. +

+
+
int wscanf (const wchar_t *template, …)
+
+

‘wchar.h’ (ISO): Formatted Input Functions. +

+
+
int WSTOPSIG (int status)
+
+

‘sys/wait.h’ (POSIX.1): Process Completion Status. +

+
+
int WTERMSIG (int status)
+
+

‘sys/wait.h’ (POSIX.1): Process Completion Status. +

+
+
int X_OK
+
+

‘unistd.h’ (POSIX.1): Testing Permission to Access a File. +

+
+
_XOPEN_SOURCE
+
+

(X/Open): Feature Test Macros. +

+
+
_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED
+
+

(X/Open): Feature Test Macros. +

+
+
double y0 (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
float y0f (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
long double y0l (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
double y1 (double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
float y1f (float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
long double y1l (long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
double yn (int n, double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
float ynf (int n, float x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
long double ynl (int n, long double x)
+
+

‘math.h’ (SVID): Special Functions. +

+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ << ][ >> ]           [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_11.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_11.html @@ -0,0 +1,656 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 11. Input/Output Overview + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

11. Input/Output Overview

+ +

Most programs need to do either input (reading data) or output (writing +data), or most frequently both, in order to do anything useful. The GNU +C library provides such a large selection of input and output functions +that the hardest part is often deciding which function is most +appropriate! +

+

This chapter introduces concepts and terminology relating to input +and output. Other chapters relating to the GNU I/O facilities are: +

+
    +
  • +Input/Output on Streams, which covers the high-level functions +that operate on streams, including formatted input and output. + +
  • +Low-Level Input/Output, which covers the basic I/O and control +functions on file descriptors. + +
  • +File System Interface, which covers functions for operating on +directories and for manipulating file attributes such as access modes +and ownership. + +
  • +Pipes and FIFOs, which includes information on the basic interprocess +communication facilities. + +
  • +Sockets, which covers a more complicated interprocess communication +facility with support for networking. + +
  • +Low-Level Terminal Interface, which covers functions for changing +how input and output to terminals or other serial devices are processed. +
+ + + + + +
11.1 Input/Output Concepts   Some basic information and terminology. +
11.2 File Names   How to refer to a file. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

11.1 Input/Output Concepts

+ +

Before you can read or write the contents of a file, you must establish +a connection or communications channel to the file. This process is +called opening the file. You can open a file for reading, writing, +or both. + +

+

The connection to an open file is represented either as a stream or as a +file descriptor. You pass this as an argument to the functions that do +the actual read or write operations, to tell them which file to operate +on. Certain functions expect streams, and others are designed to +operate on file descriptors. +

+

When you have finished reading to or writing from the file, you can +terminate the connection by closing the file. Once you have +closed a stream or file descriptor, you cannot do any more input or +output operations on it. +

+ + + +
11.1.1 Streams and File Descriptors   The GNU Library provides two ways + to access the contents of files. +
11.1.2 File Position   The number of bytes from the + beginning of the file. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

11.1.1 Streams and File Descriptors

+ +

When you want to do input or output to a file, you have a choice of two +basic mechanisms for representing the connection between your program +and the file: file descriptors and streams. File descriptors are +represented as objects of type int, while streams are represented +as FILE * objects. +

+

File descriptors provide a primitive, low-level interface to input and +output operations. Both file descriptors and streams can represent a +connection to a device (such as a terminal), or a pipe or socket for +communicating with another process, as well as a normal file. But, if +you want to do control operations that are specific to a particular kind +of device, you must use a file descriptor; there are no facilities to +use streams in this way. You must also use file descriptors if your +program needs to do input or output in special modes, such as +nonblocking (or polled) input (see section File Status Flags). +

+

Streams provide a higher-level interface, layered on top of the +primitive file descriptor facilities. The stream interface treats all +kinds of files pretty much alike—the sole exception being the three +styles of buffering that you can choose (see section Stream Buffering). +

+

The main advantage of using the stream interface is that the set of +functions for performing actual input and output operations (as opposed +to control operations) on streams is much richer and more powerful than +the corresponding facilities for file descriptors. The file descriptor +interface provides only simple functions for transferring blocks of +characters, but the stream interface also provides powerful formatted +input and output functions (printf and scanf) as well as +functions for character- and line-oriented input and output. +

+

Since streams are implemented in terms of file descriptors, you can +extract the file descriptor from a stream and perform low-level +operations directly on the file descriptor. You can also initially open +a connection as a file descriptor and then make a stream associated with +that file descriptor. +

+

In general, you should stick with using streams rather than file +descriptors, unless there is some specific operation you want to do that +can only be done on a file descriptor. If you are a beginning +programmer and aren't sure what functions to use, we suggest that you +concentrate on the formatted input functions (see section Formatted Input) +and formatted output functions (see section Formatted Output). +

+

If you are concerned about portability of your programs to systems other +than GNU, you should also be aware that file descriptors are not as +portable as streams. You can expect any system running ISO C to +support streams, but non-GNU systems may not support file descriptors at +all, or may only implement a subset of the GNU functions that operate on +file descriptors. Most of the file descriptor functions in the GNU +library are included in the POSIX.1 standard, however. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

11.1.2 File Position

+ +

One of the attributes of an open file is its file position that +keeps track of where in the file the next character is to be read or +written. In the GNU system, and all POSIX.1 systems, the file position +is simply an integer representing the number of bytes from the beginning +of the file. +

+

The file position is normally set to the beginning of the file when it +is opened, and each time a character is read or written, the file +position is incremented. In other words, access to the file is normally +sequential. + + +

+

Ordinary files permit read or write operations at any position within +the file. Some other kinds of files may also permit this. Files which +do permit this are sometimes referred to as random-access files. +You can change the file position using the fseek function on a +stream (see section File Positioning) or the lseek function on a file +descriptor (see section Input and Output Primitives). If you try to change the file +position on a file that doesn't support random access, you get the +ESPIPE error. + +

+

Streams and descriptors that are opened for append access are +treated specially for output: output to such files is always +appended sequentially to the end of the file, regardless of the +file position. However, the file position is still used to control where in +the file reading is done. + +

+

If you think about it, you'll realize that several programs can read a +given file at the same time. In order for each program to be able to +read the file at its own pace, each program must have its own file +pointer, which is not affected by anything the other programs do. +

+

In fact, each opening of a file creates a separate file position. +Thus, if you open a file twice even in the same program, you get two +streams or descriptors with independent file positions. +

+

By contrast, if you open a descriptor and then duplicate it to get +another descriptor, these two descriptors share the same file position: +changing the file position of one descriptor will affect the other. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

11.2 File Names

+ +

In order to open a connection to a file, or to perform other operations +such as deleting a file, you need some way to refer to the file. Nearly +all files have names that are strings—even files which are actually +devices such as tape drives or terminals. These strings are called +file names. You specify the file name to say which file you want +to open or operate on. +

+

This section describes the conventions for file names and how the +operating system works with them. + +

+ + + + + +
11.2.1 Directories   Directories contain entries for files. +
11.2.2 File Name Resolution   A file name specifies how to look up a file. +
11.2.3 File Name Errors   Error conditions relating to file names. +
11.2.4 Portability of File Names   File name portability and syntax issues. +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

11.2.1 Directories

+ +

In order to understand the syntax of file names, you need to understand +how the file system is organized into a hierarchy of directories. +

+ + + +

A directory is a file that contains information to associate other +files with names; these associations are called links or +directory entries. Sometimes, people speak of “files in a +directory”, but in reality, a directory only contains pointers to +files, not the files themselves. +

+ +

The name of a file contained in a directory entry is called a file +name component. In general, a file name consists of a sequence of one +or more such components, separated by the slash character (‘/’). A +file name which is just one component names a file with respect to its +directory. A file name with multiple components names a directory, and +then a file in that directory, and so on. +

+

Some other documents, such as the POSIX standard, use the term +pathname for what we call a file name, and either filename +or pathname component for what this manual calls a file name +component. We don't use this terminology because a “path” is +something completely different (a list of directories to search), and we +think that “pathname” used for something else will confuse users. We +always use “file name” and “file name component” (or sometimes just +“component”, where the context is obvious) in GNU documentation. Some +macros use the POSIX terminology in their names, such as +PATH_MAX. These macros are defined by the POSIX standard, so we +cannot change their names. +

+

You can find more detailed information about operations on directories +in File System Interface. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

11.2.2 File Name Resolution

+ +

A file name consists of file name components separated by slash +(‘/’) characters. On the systems that the GNU C library supports, +multiple successive ‘/’ characters are equivalent to a single +‘/’ character. +

+ +

The process of determining what file a file name refers to is called +file name resolution. This is performed by examining the +components that make up a file name in left-to-right order, and locating +each successive component in the directory named by the previous +component. Of course, each of the files that are referenced as +directories must actually exist, be directories instead of regular +files, and have the appropriate permissions to be accessible by the +process; otherwise the file name resolution fails. +

+ + +

If a file name begins with a ‘/’, the first component in the file +name is located in the root directory of the process (usually all +processes on the system have the same root directory). Such a file name +is called an absolute file name. +

+ +

Otherwise, the first component in the file name is located in the +current working directory (see section Working Directory). This kind of +file name is called a relative file name. +

+ +

The file name components ‘.’ (“dot”) and ‘..’ (“dot-dot”) +have special meanings. Every directory has entries for these file name +components. The file name component ‘.’ refers to the directory +itself, while the file name component ‘..’ refers to its +parent directory (the directory that contains the link for the +directory in question). As a special case, ‘..’ in the root +directory refers to the root directory itself, since it has no parent; +thus ‘/..’ is the same as ‘/’. +

+

Here are some examples of file names: +

+
+
‘/a’
+

The file named ‘a’, in the root directory. +

+
+
‘/a/b’
+

The file named ‘b’, in the directory named ‘a’ in the root directory. +

+
+
‘a’
+

The file named ‘a’, in the current working directory. +

+
+
‘/a/./b’
+

This is the same as ‘/a/b’. +

+
+
‘./a’
+

The file named ‘a’, in the current working directory. +

+
+
‘../a’
+

The file named ‘a’, in the parent directory of the current working +directory. +

+
+ +

A file name that names a directory may optionally end in a ‘/’. +You can specify a file name of ‘/’ to refer to the root directory, +but the empty string is not a meaningful file name. If you want to +refer to the current working directory, use a file name of ‘.’ or +‘./’. +

+

Unlike some other operating systems, the GNU system doesn't have any +built-in support for file types (or extensions) or file versions as part +of its file name syntax. Many programs and utilities use conventions +for file names—for example, files containing C source code usually +have names suffixed with ‘.c’—but there is nothing in the file +system itself that enforces this kind of convention. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

11.2.3 File Name Errors

+ + +

Functions that accept file name arguments usually detect these +errno error conditions relating to the file name syntax or +trouble finding the named file. These errors are referred to throughout +this manual as the usual file name errors. +

+
+
EACCES
+

The process does not have search permission for a directory component +of the file name. +

+
+
ENAMETOOLONG
+

This error is used when either the total length of a file name is +greater than PATH_MAX, or when an individual file name component +has a length greater than NAME_MAX. See section Limits on File System Capacity. +

+

In the GNU system, there is no imposed limit on overall file name +length, but some file systems may place limits on the length of a +component. +

+
+
ENOENT
+

This error is reported when a file referenced as a directory component +in the file name doesn't exist, or when a component is a symbolic link +whose target file does not exist. See section Symbolic Links. +

+
+
ENOTDIR
+

A file that is referenced as a directory component in the file name +exists, but it isn't a directory. +

+
+
ELOOP
+

Too many symbolic links were resolved while trying to look up the file +name. The system has an arbitrary limit on the number of symbolic links +that may be resolved in looking up a single file name, as a primitive +way to detect loops. See section Symbolic Links. +

+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

11.2.4 Portability of File Names

+ +

The rules for the syntax of file names discussed in File Names, +are the rules normally used by the GNU system and by other POSIX +systems. However, other operating systems may use other conventions. +

+

There are two reasons why it can be important for you to be aware of +file name portability issues: +

+
    +
  • +If your program makes assumptions about file name syntax, or contains +embedded literal file name strings, it is more difficult to get it to +run under other operating systems that use different syntax conventions. + +
  • +Even if you are not concerned about running your program on machines +that run other operating systems, it may still be possible to access +files that use different naming conventions. For example, you may be +able to access file systems on another computer running a different +operating system over a network, or read and write disks in formats used +by other operating systems. +
+ +

The ISO C standard says very little about file name syntax, only that +file names are strings. In addition to varying restrictions on the +length of file names and what characters can validly appear in a file +name, different operating systems use different conventions and syntax +for concepts such as structured directories and file types or +extensions. Some concepts such as file versions might be supported in +some operating systems and not by others. +

+

The POSIX.1 standard allows implementations to put additional +restrictions on file name syntax, concerning what characters are +permitted in file names and on the length of file name and file name +component strings. However, in the GNU system, you do not need to worry +about these restrictions; any character except the null character is +permitted in a file name string, and there are no limits on the length +of file name strings. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_37.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_37.html @@ -0,0 +1,629 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: D. Library Maintenance + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

D. Library Maintenance

+ + + + +
D.1 Adding New Functions   How to add new functions or header files + to the GNU C library. +
D.2 Porting the GNU C Library   How to port the GNU C library to + a new machine or operating system. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

D.1 Adding New Functions

+ +

The process of building the library is driven by the makefiles, which +make heavy use of special features of GNU make. The makefiles +are very complex, and you probably don't want to try to understand them. +But what they do is fairly straightforward, and only requires that you +define a few variables in the right places. +

+

The library sources are divided into subdirectories, grouped by topic. +

+

The ‘string’ subdirectory has all the string-manipulation +functions, ‘math’ has all the mathematical functions, etc. +

+

Each subdirectory contains a simple makefile, called ‘Makefile’, +which defines a few make variables and then includes the global +makefile ‘Rules’ with a line like: +

+
 
include ../Rules
+
+ +

The basic variables that a subdirectory makefile defines are: +

+
+
subdir
+

The name of the subdirectory, for example ‘stdio’. +This variable must be defined. +

+
+
headers
+

The names of the header files in this section of the library, +such as ‘stdio.h’. +

+
+
routines
+
aux
+

The names of the modules (source files) in this section of the library. +These should be simple names, such as ‘strlen’ (rather than +complete file names, such as ‘strlen.c’). Use routines for +modules that define functions in the library, and aux for +auxiliary modules containing things like data definitions. But the +values of routines and aux are just concatenated, so there +really is no practical difference. +

+
+
tests
+

The names of test programs for this section of the library. These +should be simple names, such as ‘tester’ (rather than complete file +names, such as ‘tester.c’). ‘make tests’ will build and +run all the test programs. If a test program needs input, put the test +data in a file called ‘test-program.input’; it will be given to +the test program on its standard input. If a test program wants to be +run with arguments, put the arguments (all on a single line) in a file +called ‘test-program.args’. Test programs should exit with +zero status when the test passes, and nonzero status when the test +indicates a bug in the library or error in building. +

+
+
others
+

The names of “other” programs associated with this section of the +library. These are programs which are not tests per se, but are other +small programs included with the library. They are built by +‘make others’. +

+
+
install-lib
+
install-data
+
install
+

Files to be installed by ‘make install’. Files listed in +‘install-lib’ are installed in the directory specified by +‘libdir’ in ‘configparms’ or ‘Makeconfig’ +(see section Installing the GNU C Library). Files listed in install-data are +installed in the directory specified by ‘datadir’ in +‘configparms’ or ‘Makeconfig’. Files listed in install +are installed in the directory specified by ‘bindir’ in +‘configparms’ or ‘Makeconfig’. +

+
+
distribute
+

Other files from this subdirectory which should be put into a +distribution tar file. You need not list here the makefile itself or +the source and header files listed in the other standard variables. +Only define distribute if there are files used in an unusual way +that should go into the distribution. +

+
+
generated
+

Files which are generated by ‘Makefile’ in this subdirectory. +These files will be removed by ‘make clean’, and they will +never go into a distribution. +

+
+
extra-objs
+

Extra object files which are built by ‘Makefile’ in this +subdirectory. This should be a list of file names like ‘foo.o’; +the files will actually be found in whatever directory object files are +being built in. These files will be removed by ‘make clean’. +This variable is used for secondary object files needed to build +others or tests. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

D.2 Porting the GNU C Library

+ +

The GNU C library is written to be easily portable to a variety of +machines and operating systems. Machine- and operating system-dependent +functions are well separated to make it easy to add implementations for +new machines or operating systems. This section describes the layout of +the library source tree and explains the mechanisms used to select +machine-dependent code to use. +

+

All the machine-dependent and operating system-dependent files in the +library are in the subdirectory ‘sysdeps’ under the top-level +library source directory. This directory contains a hierarchy of +subdirectories (see section Layout of the ‘sysdeps’ Directory Hierarchy). +

+

Each subdirectory of ‘sysdeps’ contains source files for a +particular machine or operating system, or for a class of machine or +operating system (for example, systems by a particular vendor, or all +machines that use IEEE 754 floating-point format). A configuration +specifies an ordered list of these subdirectories. Each subdirectory +implicitly appends its parent directory to the list. For example, +specifying the list ‘unix/bsd/vax’ is equivalent to specifying the +list ‘unix/bsd/vax unix/bsd unix’. A subdirectory can also specify +that it implies other subdirectories which are not directly above it in +the directory hierarchy. If the file ‘Implies’ exists in a +subdirectory, it lists other subdirectories of ‘sysdeps’ which are +appended to the list, appearing after the subdirectory containing the +‘Implies’ file. Lines in an ‘Implies’ file that begin with a +‘#’ character are ignored as comments. For example, +‘unix/bsd/Implies’ contains: +

 
# BSD has Internet-related things.
+unix/inet
+
+

and ‘unix/Implies’ contains: +

 
posix
+
+ +

So the final list is ‘unix/bsd/vax unix/bsd unix/inet unix posix’. +

+

‘sysdeps’ has a “special” subdirectory called ‘generic’. It +is always implicitly appended to the list of subdirectories, so you +needn't put it in an ‘Implies’ file, and you should not create any +subdirectories under it intended to be new specific categories. +‘generic’ serves two purposes. First, the makefiles do not bother +to look for a system-dependent version of a file that's not in +‘generic’. This means that any system-dependent source file must +have an analogue in ‘generic’, even if the routines defined by that +file are not implemented on other platforms. Second, the ‘generic’ +version of a system-dependent file is used if the makefiles do not find +a version specific to the system you're compiling for. +

+

If it is possible to implement the routines in a ‘generic’ file in +machine-independent C, using only other machine-independent functions in +the C library, then you should do so. Otherwise, make them stubs. A +stub function is a function which cannot be implemented on a +particular machine or operating system. Stub functions always return an +error, and set errno to ENOSYS (Function not implemented). +See section Error Reporting. If you define a stub function, you must place +the statement stub_warning(function), where function +is the name of your function, after its definition; also, you must +include the file <stub-tag.h> into your file. This causes the +function to be listed in the installed <gnu/stubs.h>, and +makes GNU ld warn when the function is used. +

+

Some rare functions are only useful on specific systems and aren't +defined at all on others; these do not appear anywhere in the +system-independent source code or makefiles (including the +‘generic’ directory), only in the system-dependent ‘Makefile’ +in the specific system's subdirectory. +

+

If you come across a file that is in one of the main source directories +(‘string’, ‘stdio’, etc.), and you want to write a machine- or +operating system-dependent version of it, move the file into +‘sysdeps/generic’ and write your new implementation in the +appropriate system-specific subdirectory. Note that if a file is to be +system-dependent, it must not appear in one of the main source +directories. +

+

There are a few special files that may exist in each subdirectory of +‘sysdeps’: +

+
+
‘Makefile’
+
+

A makefile for this machine or operating system, or class of machine or +operating system. This file is included by the library makefile +‘Makerules’, which is used by the top-level makefile and the +subdirectory makefiles. It can change the variables set in the +including makefile or add new rules. It can use GNU make +conditional directives based on the variable ‘subdir’ (see above) to +select different sets of variables and rules for different sections of +the library. It can also set the make variable +‘sysdep-routines’, to specify extra modules to be included in the +library. You should use ‘sysdep-routines’ rather than adding +modules to ‘routines’ because the latter is used in determining +what to distribute for each subdirectory of the main source tree. +

+

Each makefile in a subdirectory in the ordered list of subdirectories to +be searched is included in order. Since several system-dependent +makefiles may be included, each should append to ‘sysdep-routines’ +rather than simply setting it: +

+
 
sysdep-routines := $(sysdep-routines) foo bar
+
+ +
+
‘Subdirs’
+
+

This file contains the names of new whole subdirectories under the +top-level library source tree that should be included for this system. +These subdirectories are treated just like the system-independent +subdirectories in the library source tree, such as ‘stdio’ and +‘math’. +

+

Use this when there are completely new sets of functions and header +files that should go into the library for the system this subdirectory +of ‘sysdeps’ implements. For example, +‘sysdeps/unix/inet/Subdirs’ contains ‘inet’; the ‘inet’ +directory contains various network-oriented operations which only make +sense to put in the library on systems that support the Internet. +

+
+
‘configure’
+
+

This file is a shell script fragment to be run at configuration time. +The top-level ‘configure’ script uses the shell . command to +read the ‘configure’ file in each system-dependent directory +chosen, in order. The ‘configure’ files are often generated from +‘configure.in’ files using Autoconf. +

+

A system-dependent ‘configure’ script will usually add things to +the shell variables ‘DEFS’ and ‘config_vars’; see the +top-level ‘configure’ script for details. The script can check for +‘--with-package’ options that were passed to the +top-level ‘configure’. For an option +‘--with-package=value’ ‘configure’ sets the +shell variable ‘with_package’ (with any dashes in +package converted to underscores) to value; if the option is +just ‘--with-package’ (no argument), then it sets +‘with_package’ to ‘yes’. +

+
+
‘configure.in’
+
+

This file is an Autoconf input fragment to be processed into the file +‘configure’ in this subdirectory. See (autoconf.info)Introduction section `Introduction' in Autoconf: Generating Automatic Configuration Scripts, +for a description of Autoconf. You should write either ‘configure’ +or ‘configure.in’, but not both. The first line of +‘configure.in’ should invoke the m4 macro +‘GLIBC_PROVIDES’. This macro does several AC_PROVIDE calls +for Autoconf macros which are used by the top-level ‘configure’ +script; without this, those macros might be invoked again unnecessarily +by Autoconf. +

+
+ +

That is the general system for how system-dependencies are isolated. +

+ + + +
D.2.1 Layout of the ‘sysdeps’ Directory Hierarchy   The layout of the ‘sysdeps’ hierarchy. +
D.2.2 Porting the GNU C Library to Unix Systems   Porting the library to an average + Unix-like system. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

D.2.1 Layout of the ‘sysdeps’ Directory Hierarchy

+ +

A GNU configuration name has three parts: the CPU type, the +manufacturer's name, and the operating system. ‘configure’ uses +these to pick the list of system-dependent directories to look for. If +the ‘--nfp’ option is not passed to ‘configure’, the +directory ‘machine/fpu’ is also used. The operating system +often has a base operating system; for example, if the operating +system is ‘Linux’, the base operating system is ‘unix/sysv’. +The algorithm used to pick the list of directories is simple: +‘configure’ makes a list of the base operating system, +manufacturer, CPU type, and operating system, in that order. It then +concatenates all these together with slashes in between, to produce a +directory name; for example, the configuration ‘i686-linux-gnu’ +results in ‘unix/sysv/linux/i386/i686’. ‘configure’ then +tries removing each element of the list in turn, so +‘unix/sysv/linux’ and ‘unix/sysv’ are also tried, among others. +Since the precise version number of the operating system is often not +important, and it would be very inconvenient, for example, to have +identical ‘irix6.2’ and ‘irix6.3’ directories, +‘configure’ tries successively less specific operating system names +by removing trailing suffixes starting with a period. +

+

As an example, here is the complete list of directories that would be +tried for the configuration ‘i686-linux-gnu’ (with the +‘crypt’ and ‘linuxthreads’ add-on): +

+
 
sysdeps/i386/elf
+crypt/sysdeps/unix
+linuxthreads/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux
+linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread
+linuxthreads/sysdeps/unix/sysv
+linuxthreads/sysdeps/unix
+linuxthreads/sysdeps/i386/i686
+linuxthreads/sysdeps/i386
+linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/no-cmpxchg
+sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/i386
+sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux
+sysdeps/gnu
+sysdeps/unix/common
+sysdeps/unix/mman
+sysdeps/unix/inet
+sysdeps/unix/sysv/i386/i686
+sysdeps/unix/sysv/i386
+sysdeps/unix/sysv
+sysdeps/unix/i386
+sysdeps/unix
+sysdeps/posix
+sysdeps/i386/i686
+sysdeps/i386/i486
+sysdeps/libm-i387/i686
+sysdeps/i386/fpu
+sysdeps/libm-i387
+sysdeps/i386
+sysdeps/wordsize-32
+sysdeps/ieee754
+sysdeps/libm-ieee754
+sysdeps/generic
+
+ +

Different machine architectures are conventionally subdirectories at the +top level of the ‘sysdeps’ directory tree. For example, +‘sysdeps/sparc’ and ‘sysdeps/m68k’. These contain +files specific to those machine architectures, but not specific to any +particular operating system. There might be subdirectories for +specializations of those architectures, such as +‘sysdeps/m68k/68020’. Code which is specific to the +floating-point coprocessor used with a particular machine should go in +‘sysdeps/machine/fpu’. +

+

There are a few directories at the top level of the ‘sysdeps’ +hierarchy that are not for particular machine architectures. +

+
+
‘generic’
+

As described above (see section Porting the GNU C Library), this is the subdirectory +that every configuration implicitly uses after all others. +

+
+
‘ieee754’
+

This directory is for code using the IEEE 754 floating-point format, +where the C type float is IEEE 754 single-precision format, and +double is IEEE 754 double-precision format. Usually this +directory is referred to in the ‘Implies’ file in a machine +architecture-specific directory, such as ‘m68k/Implies’. +

+
+
‘libm-ieee754’
+

This directory contains an implementation of a mathematical library +usable on platforms which use IEEE 754 conformant floating-point +arithmetic. +

+
+
‘libm-i387’
+

This is a special case. Ideally the code should be in +‘sysdeps/i386/fpu’ but for various reasons it is kept aside. +

+
+
‘posix’
+

This directory contains implementations of things in the library in +terms of POSIX.1 functions. This includes some of the POSIX.1 +functions themselves. Of course, POSIX.1 cannot be completely +implemented in terms of itself, so a configuration using just +‘posix’ cannot be complete. +

+
+
‘unix’
+

This is the directory for Unix-like things. See section Porting the GNU C Library to Unix Systems. +‘unix’ implies ‘posix’. There are some special-purpose +subdirectories of ‘unix’: +

+
+
‘unix/common’
+

This directory is for things common to both BSD and System V release 4. +Both ‘unix/bsd’ and ‘unix/sysv/sysv4’ imply ‘unix/common’. +

+
+
‘unix/inet’
+

This directory is for socket and related functions on Unix systems. +‘unix/inet/Subdirs’ enables the ‘inet’ top-level subdirectory. +‘unix/common’ implies ‘unix/inet’. +

+
+ +
+
‘mach’
+

This is the directory for things based on the Mach microkernel from CMU +(including the GNU operating system). Other basic operating systems +(VMS, for example) would have their own directories at the top level of +the ‘sysdeps’ hierarchy, parallel to ‘unix’ and ‘mach’. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

D.2.2 Porting the GNU C Library to Unix Systems

+ +

Most Unix systems are fundamentally very similar. There are variations +between different machines, and variations in what facilities are +provided by the kernel. But the interface to the operating system +facilities is, for the most part, pretty uniform and simple. +

+

The code for Unix systems is in the directory ‘unix’, at the top +level of the ‘sysdeps’ hierarchy. This directory contains +subdirectories (and subdirectory trees) for various Unix variants. +

+

The functions which are system calls in most Unix systems are +implemented in assembly code, which is generated automatically from +specifications in files named ‘syscalls.list’. There are several +such files, one in ‘sysdeps/unix’ and others in its subdirectories. +Some special system calls are implemented in files that are named with a +suffix of ‘.S’; for example, ‘_exit.S’. Files ending in +‘.S’ are run through the C preprocessor before being fed to the +assembler. +

+

These files all use a set of macros that should be defined in +‘sysdep.h’. The ‘sysdep.h’ file in ‘sysdeps/unix’ +partially defines them; a ‘sysdep.h’ file in another directory must +finish defining them for the particular machine and operating system +variant. See ‘sysdeps/unix/sysdep.h’ and the machine-specific +‘sysdep.h’ implementations to see what these macros are and what +they should do. +

+

The system-specific makefile for the ‘unix’ directory +(‘sysdeps/unix/Makefile’) gives rules to generate several files +from the Unix system you are building the library on (which is assumed +to be the target system you are building the library for). All +the generated files are put in the directory where the object files are +kept; they should not affect the source tree itself. The files +generated are ‘ioctls.h’, ‘errnos.h’, ‘sys/param.h’, and +‘errlist.c’ (for the ‘stdio’ section of the library). +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_59.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_59.html @@ -0,0 +1,391 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Function and Macro Index: T – W + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

Function and Macro Index: T – W

+
Jump to:   * +   +_ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +J +   +K +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +Q +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +Y +   +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Index Entry Section
T
tan19.2 Trigonometric Functions
tanf19.2 Trigonometric Functions
tanh19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
tanhf19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
tanhl19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
tanl19.2 Trigonometric Functions
tcdrain17.6 Line Control Functions
tcflow17.6 Line Control Functions
tcflush17.6 Line Control Functions
tcgetattr17.4.2 Terminal Mode Functions
tcgetpgrp27.7.3 Functions for Controlling Terminal Access
tcgetsid27.7.3 Functions for Controlling Terminal Access
tcsendbreak17.6 Line Control Functions
tcsetattr17.4.2 Terminal Mode Functions
tcsetpgrp27.7.3 Functions for Controlling Terminal Access
tdelete9.6 The tsearch function.
tdestroy9.6 The tsearch function.
TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY24.5 Primitives Interrupted by Signals
tempnam14.11 Temporary Files
textdomain8.2.1.2 How to determine which catalog to be used
tfind9.6 The tsearch function.
tgamma19.6 Special Functions
tgammaf19.6 Special Functions
tgammal19.6 Special Functions
time21.4.1 Simple Calendar Time
timegm21.4.3 Broken-down Time
timelocal21.4.3 Broken-down Time
times21.3.2 Processor Time Inquiry
tmpfile14.11 Temporary Files
tmpfile6414.11 Temporary Files
tmpnam14.11 Temporary Files
tmpnam_r14.11 Temporary Files
toascii4.2 Case Conversion
tolower4.2 Case Conversion
toupper4.2 Case Conversion
towctrans4.5 Mapping of wide characters.
towlower4.5 Mapping of wide characters.
towupper4.5 Mapping of wide characters.
trunc20.8.3 Rounding Functions
truncate14.9.10 File Size
truncate6414.9.10 File Size
truncf20.8.3 Rounding Functions
truncl20.8.3 Rounding Functions
tryagain28.2.2 Actions in the NSS configuration
tsearch9.6 The tsearch function.
ttyname17.1 Identifying Terminals
ttyname_r17.1 Identifying Terminals
twalk9.6 The tsearch function.
tzset21.4.8 Functions and Variables for Time Zones
U
ulimit22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
umask14.9.7 Assigning File Permissions
umount30.3.2 Mount, Unmount, Remount
umount230.3.2 Mount, Unmount, Remount
uname30.2 Platform Type Identification
unavail28.2.2 Actions in the NSS configuration
ungetc12.10.2 Using ungetc To Do Unreading
ungetwc12.10.2 Using ungetc To Do Unreading
unlink14.6 Deleting Files
unlockpt17.8.1 Allocating Pseudo-Terminals
unsetenv25.4.1 Environment Access
updwtmp29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
utime14.9.9 File Times
utimes14.9.9 File Times
utmpname29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
utmpxname29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions
V
va_alistA.2.3.1 Old-Style Variadic Functions
va_argA.2.2.5 Argument Access Macros
va_dclA.2.3.1 Old-Style Variadic Functions
va_endA.2.2.5 Argument Access Macros
va_startA.2.2.5 Argument Access Macros
va_startA.2.3.1 Old-Style Variadic Functions
valloc3.2.2.7 Allocating Aligned Memory Blocks
vasprintf12.12.9 Variable Arguments Output Functions
verr2.3 Error Messages
verrx2.3 Error Messages
versionsort14.2.6 Scanning the Content of a Directory
versionsort6414.2.6 Scanning the Content of a Directory
vfork26.4 Creating a Process
vfprintf12.12.9 Variable Arguments Output Functions
vfscanf12.14.9 Variable Arguments Input Functions
vfwprintf12.12.9 Variable Arguments Output Functions
vfwscanf12.14.9 Variable Arguments Input Functions
vlimit22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
vprintf12.12.9 Variable Arguments Output Functions
vscanf12.14.9 Variable Arguments Input Functions
vsnprintf12.12.9 Variable Arguments Output Functions
vsprintf12.12.9 Variable Arguments Output Functions
vsscanf12.14.9 Variable Arguments Input Functions
vswprintf12.12.9 Variable Arguments Output Functions
vswscanf12.14.9 Variable Arguments Input Functions
vsyslog18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
vtimes22.1 Resource Usage
vwarn2.3 Error Messages
vwarnx2.3 Error Messages
vwprintf12.12.9 Variable Arguments Output Functions
vwscanf12.14.9 Variable Arguments Input Functions
W
wait26.6 Process Completion
wait326.8 BSD Process Wait Functions
wait426.6 Process Completion
waitpid26.6 Process Completion
warn2.3 Error Messages
warnx2.3 Error Messages
WCOREDUMP26.7 Process Completion Status
wcpcpy5.4 Copying and Concatenation
wcpncpy5.4 Copying and Concatenation
wcrtomb6.3.3 Converting Single Characters
wcscasecmp5.5 String/Array Comparison
wcscat5.4 Copying and Concatenation
wcschr5.7 Search Functions
wcschrnul5.7 Search Functions
wcscmp5.5 String/Array Comparison
wcscoll5.6 Collation Functions
wcscpy5.4 Copying and Concatenation
wcscspn5.7 Search Functions
wcsdup5.4 Copying and Concatenation
wcsftime21.4.5 Formatting Calendar Time
wcslen5.3 String Length
wcsncasecmp5.5 String/Array Comparison
wcsncat5.4 Copying and Concatenation
wcsncmp5.5 String/Array Comparison
wcsncpy5.4 Copying and Concatenation
wcsnlen5.3 String Length
wcsnrtombs6.3.4 Converting Multibyte and Wide Character Strings
wcspbrk5.7 Search Functions
wcsrchr5.7 Search Functions
wcsrtombs6.3.4 Converting Multibyte and Wide Character Strings
wcsspn5.7 Search Functions
wcsstr5.7 Search Functions
wcstod20.11.2 Parsing of Floats
wcstof20.11.2 Parsing of Floats
wcstoimax20.11.1 Parsing of Integers
wcstok5.8 Finding Tokens in a String
wcstol20.11.1 Parsing of Integers
wcstold20.11.2 Parsing of Floats
wcstoll20.11.1 Parsing of Integers
wcstombs6.4.2 Non-reentrant Conversion of Strings
wcstoq20.11.1 Parsing of Integers
wcstoul20.11.1 Parsing of Integers
wcstoull20.11.1 Parsing of Integers
wcstoumax20.11.1 Parsing of Integers
wcstouq20.11.1 Parsing of Integers
wcswcs5.7 Search Functions
wcsxfrm5.6 Collation Functions
wctob6.3.3 Converting Single Characters
wctomb6.4.1 Non-reentrant Conversion of Single Characters
wctrans4.5 Mapping of wide characters.
wctype4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
WEXITSTATUS26.7 Process Completion Status
WIFEXITED26.7 Process Completion Status
WIFSIGNALED26.7 Process Completion Status
WIFSTOPPED26.7 Process Completion Status
wmemchr5.7 Search Functions
wmemcmp5.5 String/Array Comparison
wmemcpy5.4 Copying and Concatenation
wmemmove5.4 Copying and Concatenation
wmempcpy5.4 Copying and Concatenation
wmemset5.4 Copying and Concatenation
wordexp10.4.2 Calling wordexp
wordfree10.4.2 Calling wordexp
wprintf12.12.7 Formatted Output Functions
write13.2 Input and Output Primitives
writev13.6 Fast Scatter-Gather I/O
wscanf12.14.8 Formatted Input Functions
WSTOPSIG26.7 Process Completion Status
WTERMSIG26.7 Process Completion Status
+
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+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_66.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_66.html @@ -0,0 +1,318 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Variable and Constant Macro Index: M – N + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

Variable and Constant Macro Index: M – N

+
Jump to:   ( +   +_ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +X +   +Y +   +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Index Entry Section
M
M_1_PI19.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants
M_2_PI19.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants
M_2_SQRTPI19.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants
M_E19.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants
M_LN1019.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants
M_LN219.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants
M_LOG10E19.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants
M_LOG2E19.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants
M_PI19.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants
M_PI_219.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants
M_PI_419.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants
M_SQRT1_219.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants
M_SQRT219.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants
MAP_ANON13.7 Memory-mapped I/O
MAP_ANONYMOUS13.7 Memory-mapped I/O
MAP_FIXED13.7 Memory-mapped I/O
MAP_PRIVATE13.7 Memory-mapped I/O
MAP_SHARED13.7 Memory-mapped I/O
MAX_CANON31.6 Limits on File System Capacity
MAX_INPUT31.6 Limits on File System Capacity
MAXNAMLEN31.6 Limits on File System Capacity
MAXSYMLINKS14.5 Symbolic Links
MB_CUR_MAX6.3.1 Selecting the conversion and its properties
MB_LEN_MAX6.3.1 Selecting the conversion and its properties
MDMBUF17.4.6 Control Modes
MINSIGSTKSZ24.9 Using a Separate Signal Stack
MM_APPL12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages
MM_CONSOLE12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages
MM_ERROR12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages
MM_FIRM12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages
MM_HALT12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages
MM_HARD12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages
MM_INFO12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages
MM_NOSEV12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages
MM_NRECOV12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages
MM_NULLACT12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages
MM_NULLLBL12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages
MM_NULLMC12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages
MM_NULLSEV12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages
MM_NULLTAG12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages
MM_NULLTXT12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages
MM_OPSYS12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages
MM_PRINT12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages
MM_RECOVER12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages
MM_SOFT12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages
MM_UTIL12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages
MM_WARNING12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages
MNTOPT_DEFAULTS30.3.1.2 The ‘mtab’ file
MNTOPT_NOAUTO30.3.1.2 The ‘mtab’ file
MNTOPT_NOSUID30.3.1.2 The ‘mtab’ file
MNTOPT_RO30.3.1.2 The ‘mtab’ file
MNTOPT_RW30.3.1.2 The ‘mtab’ file
MNTOPT_SUID30.3.1.2 The ‘mtab’ file
MNTTAB30.3.1 Mount Information
MNTTYPE_IGNORE30.3.1.2 The ‘mtab’ file
MNTTYPE_NFS30.3.1.2 The ‘mtab’ file
MNTTYPE_SWAP30.3.1.2 The ‘mtab’ file
MON_17.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
MON_107.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
MON_117.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
MON_127.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
MON_27.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
MON_37.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
MON_47.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
MON_57.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
MON_67.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
MON_77.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
MON_87.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
MON_97.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
MON_DECIMAL_POINT7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
MON_GROUPING7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
MON_THOUSANDS_SEP7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
MOUNTED30.3.1 Mount Information
MS_ASYNC13.7 Memory-mapped I/O
MS_SYNC13.7 Memory-mapped I/O
MSG_DONTROUTE16.9.5.3 Socket Data Options
MSG_OOB16.9.5.3 Socket Data Options
MSG_PEEK16.9.5.3 Socket Data Options
N
N_CS_PRECEDES7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
N_SEP_BY_SPACE7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
N_SIGN_POSN7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
NAME_MAX31.6 Limits on File System Capacity
NAN20.5.2 Infinity and NaN
NCCS17.4.1 Terminal Mode Data Types
NDEBUGA.1 Explicitly Checking Internal Consistency
NEGATIVE_SIGN7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
netgroup28.1 NSS Basics
networks28.1 NSS Basics
NEW_TIME29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
NEW_TIME29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions
NGROUPS_MAX31.1 General Capacity Limits
NL_ARGMAX12.12.2 Output Conversion Syntax
NO_ADDRESS16.6.2.4 Host Names
NO_RECOVERY16.6.2.4 Host Names
NOEXPR7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
NOFLSH17.4.7 Local Modes
NOKERNINFO17.4.7 Local Modes
NOSTR7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
NSIG24.2 Standard Signals
NSS_STATUS_NOTFOUND28.3.2 The Interface of the Function in NSS Modules
NSS_STATUS_SUCCESS28.3.2 The Interface of the Function in NSS Modules
NSS_STATUS_TRYAGAIN28.3.2 The Interface of the Function in NSS Modules
NSS_STATUS_UNAVAIL28.3.2 The Interface of the Function in NSS Modules
NULLA.3 Null Pointer Constant
+
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+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_8.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_8.html @@ -0,0 +1,2220 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 8. Message Translation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

8. Message Translation

+ +

The program's interface with the human should be designed in a way to +ease the human the task. One of the possibilities is to use messages in +whatever language the user prefers. +

+

Printing messages in different languages can be implemented in different +ways. One could add all the different languages in the source code and +add among the variants every time a message has to be printed. This is +certainly no good solution since extending the set of languages is +difficult (the code must be changed) and the code itself can become +really big with dozens of message sets. +

+

A better solution is to keep the message sets for each language are kept +in separate files which are loaded at runtime depending on the language +selection of the user. +

+

The GNU C Library provides two different sets of functions to support +message translation. The problem is that neither of the interfaces is +officially defined by the POSIX standard. The catgets family of +functions is defined in the X/Open standard but this is derived from +industry decisions and therefore not necessarily based on reasonable +decisions. +

+

As mentioned above the message catalog handling provides easy +extendibility by using external data files which contain the message +translations. I.e., these files contain for each of the messages used +in the program a translation for the appropriate language. So the tasks +of the message handling functions are +

+
    +
  • +locate the external data file with the appropriate translations. +
  • +load the data and make it possible to address the messages +
  • +map a given key to the translated message +
+ +

The two approaches mainly differ in the implementation of this last +step. The design decisions made for this influences the whole rest. +

+ + + +
8.1 X/Open Message Catalog Handling   The catgets family of functions. +
8.2 The Uniforum approach to Message Translation   The gettext family of functions. +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

8.1 X/Open Message Catalog Handling

+ +

The catgets functions are based on the simple scheme: +

+

Associate every message to translate in the source code with a unique +identifier. To retrieve a message from a catalog file solely the +identifier is used. +

+ +

This means for the author of the program that s/he will have to make +sure the meaning of the identifier in the program code and in the +message catalogs are always the same. +

+

Before a message can be translated the catalog file must be located. +The user of the program must be able to guide the responsible function +to find whatever catalog the user wants. This is separated from what +the programmer had in mind. +

+

All the types, constants and functions for the catgets functions +are defined/declared in the ‘nl_types.h’ header file. +

+ + + + + +
8.1.1 The catgets function family  
8.1.2 Format of the message catalog files  
8.1.3 Generate Message Catalogs files   How to generate message catalogs files which + can be used by the functions. +
8.1.4 How to use the catgets interface  
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

8.1.1 The catgets function family

+ +
+
Function: nl_catd catopen (const char *cat_name, int flag) + +
+

The catgets function tries to locate the message data file names +cat_name and loads it when found. The return value is of an +opaque type and can be used in calls to the other functions to refer to +this loaded catalog. +

+

The return value is (nl_catd) -1 in case the function failed and +no catalog was loaded. The global variable errno contains a code +for the error causing the failure. But even if the function call +succeeded this does not mean that all messages can be translated. +

+

Locating the catalog file must happen in a way which lets the user of +the program influence the decision. It is up to the user to decide +about the language to use and sometimes it is useful to use alternate +catalog files. All this can be specified by the user by setting some +environment variables. +

+

The first problem is to find out where all the message catalogs are +stored. Every program could have its own place to keep all the +different files but usually the catalog files are grouped by languages +and the catalogs for all programs are kept in the same place. +

+ +

To tell the catopen function where the catalog for the program +can be found the user can set the environment variable NLSPATH to +a value which describes her/his choice. Since this value must be usable +for different languages and locales it cannot be a simple string. +Instead it is a format string (similar to printf's). An example +is +

+
 
/usr/share/locale/%L/%N:/usr/share/locale/%L/LC_MESSAGES/%N
+
+ +

First one can see that more than one directory can be specified (with +the usual syntax of separating them by colons). The next things to +observe are the format string, %L and %N in this case. +The catopen function knows about several of them and the +replacement for all of them is of course different. +

+
+
%N
+

This format element is substituted with the name of the catalog file. +This is the value of the cat_name argument given to +catgets. +

+
+
%L
+

This format element is substituted with the name of the currently +selected locale for translating messages. How this is determined is +explained below. +

+
+
%l
+

(This is the lowercase ell.) This format element is substituted with the +language element of the locale name. The string describing the selected +locale is expected to have the form +lang[_terr[.codeset]] and this format uses the +first part lang. +

+
+
%t
+

This format element is substituted by the territory part terr of +the name of the currently selected locale. See the explanation of the +format above. +

+
+
%c
+

This format element is substituted by the codeset part codeset of +the name of the currently selected locale. See the explanation of the +format above. +

+
+
%%
+

Since % is used in a meta character there must be a way to +express the % character in the result itself. Using %% +does this just like it works for printf. +

+
+ + +

Using NLSPATH allows arbitrary directories to be searched for +message catalogs while still allowing different languages to be used. +If the NLSPATH environment variable is not set, the default value +is +

+
 
prefix/share/locale/%L/%N:prefix/share/locale/%L/LC_MESSAGES/%N
+
+ +

where prefix is given to configure while installing the GNU +C Library (this value is in many cases /usr or the empty string). +

+

The remaining problem is to decide which must be used. The value +decides about the substitution of the format elements mentioned above. +First of all the user can specify a path in the message catalog name +(i.e., the name contains a slash character). In this situation the +NLSPATH environment variable is not used. The catalog must exist +as specified in the program, perhaps relative to the current working +directory. This situation in not desirable and catalogs names never +should be written this way. Beside this, this behavior is not portable +to all other platforms providing the catgets interface. +

+ + + +

Otherwise the values of environment variables from the standard +environment are examined (see section Standard Environment Variables). Which +variables are examined is decided by the flag parameter of +catopen. If the value is NL_CAT_LOCALE (which is defined +in ‘nl_types.h’) then the catopen function use the name of +the locale currently selected for the LC_MESSAGES category. +

+

If flag is zero the LANG environment variable is examined. +This is a left-over from the early days where the concept of the locales +had not even reached the level of POSIX locales. +

+

The environment variable and the locale name should have a value of the +form lang[_terr[.codeset]] as explained above. +If no environment variable is set the "C" locale is used which +prevents any translation. +

+

The return value of the function is in any case a valid string. Either +it is a translation from a message catalog or it is the same as the +string parameter. So a piece of code to decide whether a +translation actually happened must look like this: +

+
 
{
+  char *trans = catgets (desc, set, msg, input_string);
+  if (trans == input_string)
+    {
+      /* Something went wrong.  */
+    }
+}
+
+ +

When an error occurred the global variable errno is set to +

+
+
EBADF
+

The catalog does not exist. +

+
ENOMSG
+

The set/message tuple does not name an existing element in the +message catalog. +

+
+ +

While it sometimes can be useful to test for errors programs normally +will avoid any test. If the translation is not available it is no big +problem if the original, untranslated message is printed. Either the +user understands this as well or s/he will look for the reason why the +messages are not translated. +

+ +

Please note that the currently selected locale does not depend on a call +to the setlocale function. It is not necessary that the locale +data files for this locale exist and calling setlocale succeeds. +The catopen function directly reads the values of the environment +variables. +

+ +
+
Function: char * catgets (nl_catd catalog_desc, int set, int message, const char *string) + +
+

The function catgets has to be used to access the massage catalog +previously opened using the catopen function. The +catalog_desc parameter must be a value previously returned by +catopen. +

+

The next two parameters, set and message, reflect the +internal organization of the message catalog files. This will be +explained in detail below. For now it is interesting to know that a +catalog can consists of several set and the messages in each thread are +individually numbered using numbers. Neither the set number nor the +message number must be consecutive. They can be arbitrarily chosen. +But each message (unless equal to another one) must have its own unique +pair of set and message number. +

+

Since it is not guaranteed that the message catalog for the language +selected by the user exists the last parameter string helps to +handle this case gracefully. If no matching string can be found +string is returned. This means for the programmer that +

+
    +
  • +the string parameters should contain reasonable text (this also +helps to understand the program seems otherwise there would be no hint +on the string which is expected to be returned. +
  • +all string arguments should be written in the same language. +
+
+ +

It is somewhat uncomfortable to write a program using the catgets +functions if no supporting functionality is available. Since each +set/message number tuple must be unique the programmer must keep lists +of the messages at the same time the code is written. And the work +between several people working on the same project must be coordinated. +We will see some how these problems can be relaxed a bit (see section How to use the catgets interface). +

+
+
Function: int catclose (nl_catd catalog_desc) + +
+

The catclose function can be used to free the resources +associated with a message catalog which previously was opened by a call +to catopen. If the resources can be successfully freed the +function returns 0. Otherwise it return -1 and the +global variable errno is set. Errors can occur if the catalog +descriptor catalog_desc is not valid in which case errno is +set to EBADF. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

8.1.2 Format of the message catalog files

+ +

The only reasonable way the translate all the messages of a function and +store the result in a message catalog file which can be read by the +catopen function is to write all the message text to the +translator and let her/him translate them all. I.e., we must have a +file with entries which associate the set/message tuple with a specific +translation. This file format is specified in the X/Open standard and +is as follows: +

+
    +
  • +Lines containing only whitespace characters or empty lines are ignored. + +
  • +Lines which contain as the first non-whitespace character a $ +followed by a whitespace character are comment and are also ignored. + +
  • +If a line contains as the first non-whitespace characters the sequence +$set followed by a whitespace character an additional argument +is required to follow. This argument can either be: + +
      +
    • - +a number. In this case the value of this number determines the set +to which the following messages are added. + +
    • - +an identifier consisting of alphanumeric characters plus the underscore +character. In this case the set get automatically a number assigned. +This value is one added to the largest set number which so far appeared. + +

      How to use the symbolic names is explained in section How to use the catgets interface. +

      +

      It is an error if a symbol name appears more than once. All following +messages are placed in a set with this number. +

    + +
  • +If a line contains as the first non-whitespace characters the sequence +$delset followed by a whitespace character an additional argument +is required to follow. This argument can either be: + +
      +
    • - +a number. In this case the value of this number determines the set +which will be deleted. + +
    • - +an identifier consisting of alphanumeric characters plus the underscore +character. This symbolic identifier must match a name for a set which +previously was defined. It is an error if the name is unknown. +
    + +

    In both cases all messages in the specified set will be removed. They +will not appear in the output. But if this set is later again selected +with a $set command again messages could be added and these +messages will appear in the output. +

    +
  • +If a line contains after leading whitespaces the sequence +$quote, the quoting character used for this input file is +changed to the first non-whitespace character following the +$quote. If no non-whitespace character is present before the +line ends quoting is disable. + +

    By default no quoting character is used. In this mode strings are +terminated with the first unescaped line break. If there is a +$quote sequence present newline need not be escaped. Instead a +string is terminated with the first unescaped appearance of the quote +character. +

    +

    A common usage of this feature would be to set the quote character to +". Then any appearance of the " in the strings must +be escaped using the backslash (i.e., \" must be written). +

    +
  • +Any other line must start with a number or an alphanumeric identifier +(with the underscore character included). The following characters +(starting after the first whitespace character) will form the string +which gets associated with the currently selected set and the message +number represented by the number and identifier respectively. + +

    If the start of the line is a number the message number is obvious. It +is an error if the same message number already appeared for this set. +

    +

    If the leading token was an identifier the message number gets +automatically assigned. The value is the current maximum messages +number for this set plus one. It is an error if the identifier was +already used for a message in this set. It is OK to reuse the +identifier for a message in another thread. How to use the symbolic +identifiers will be explained below (see section How to use the catgets interface). There is +one limitation with the identifier: it must not be Set. The +reason will be explained below. +

    +

    The text of the messages can contain escape characters. The usual bunch +of characters known from the ISO C language are recognized +(\n, \t, \v, \b, \r, \f, +\\, and \nnn, where nnn is the octal coding of +a character code). +

+ +

Important: The handling of identifiers instead of numbers for +the set and messages is a GNU extension. Systems strictly following the +X/Open specification do not have this feature. An example for a message +catalog file is this: +

+
 
$ This is a leading comment.
+$quote "
+
+$set SetOne
+1 Message with ID 1.
+two "   Message with ID \"two\", which gets the value 2 assigned"
+
+$set SetTwo
+$ Since the last set got the number 1 assigned this set has number 2.
+4000 "The numbers can be arbitrary, they need not start at one."
+
+ +

This small example shows various aspects: +

    +
  • +Lines 1 and 9 are comments since they start with $ followed by +a whitespace. +
  • +The quoting character is set to ". Otherwise the quotes in the +message definition would have to be left away and in this case the +message with the identifier two would loose its leading whitespace. +
  • +Mixing numbered messages with message having symbolic names is no +problem and the numbering happens automatically. +
+ + +

While this file format is pretty easy it is not the best possible for +use in a running program. The catopen function would have to +parser the file and handle syntactic errors gracefully. This is not so +easy and the whole process is pretty slow. Therefore the catgets +functions expect the data in another more compact and ready-to-use file +format. There is a special program gencat which is explained in +detail in the next section. +

+

Files in this other format are not human readable. To be easy to use by +programs it is a binary file. But the format is byte order independent +so translation files can be shared by systems of arbitrary architecture +(as long as they use the GNU C Library). +

+

Details about the binary file format are not important to know since +these files are always created by the gencat program. The +sources of the GNU C Library also provide the sources for the +gencat program and so the interested reader can look through +these source files to learn about the file format. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

8.1.3 Generate Message Catalogs files

+ +

The gencat program is specified in the X/Open standard and the +GNU implementation follows this specification and so processes +all correctly formed input files. Additionally some extension are +implemented which help to work in a more reasonable way with the +catgets functions. +

+

The gencat program can be invoked in two ways: +

+
 
`gencat [Option]… [Output-File [Input-File]…]`
+
+ +

This is the interface defined in the X/Open standard. If no +Input-File parameter is given input will be read from standard +input. Multiple input files will be read as if they are concatenated. +If Output-File is also missing, the output will be written to +standard output. To provide the interface one is used to from other +programs a second interface is provided. +

+
 
`gencat [Option]… -o Output-File [Input-File]…`
+
+ +

The option ‘-o’ is used to specify the output file and all file +arguments are used as input files. +

+

Beside this one can use ‘-’ or ‘/dev/stdin’ for +Input-File to denote the standard input. Corresponding one can +use ‘-’ and ‘/dev/stdout’ for Output-File to denote +standard output. Using ‘-’ as a file name is allowed in X/Open +while using the device names is a GNU extension. +

+

The gencat program works by concatenating all input files and +then merge the resulting collection of message sets with a +possibly existing output file. This is done by removing all messages +with set/message number tuples matching any of the generated messages +from the output file and then adding all the new messages. To +regenerate a catalog file while ignoring the old contents therefore +requires to remove the output file if it exists. If the output is +written to standard output no merging takes place. +

+

The following table shows the options understood by the gencat +program. The X/Open standard does not specify any option for the +program so all of these are GNU extensions. +

+
+
‘-V’
+
‘--version’
+

Print the version information and exit. +

+
‘-h’
+
‘--help’
+

Print a usage message listing all available options, then exit successfully. +

+
‘--new’
+

Do never merge the new messages from the input files with the old content +of the output files. The old content of the output file is discarded. +

+
‘-H’
+
‘--header=name’
+

This option is used to emit the symbolic names given to sets and +messages in the input files for use in the program. Details about how +to use this are given in the next section. The name parameter to +this option specifies the name of the output file. It will contain a +number of C preprocessor #defines to associate a name with a +number. +

+

Please note that the generated file only contains the symbols from the +input files. If the output is merged with the previous content of the +output file the possibly existing symbols from the file(s) which +generated the old output files are not in the generated header file. +

+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

8.1.4 How to use the catgets interface

+ +

The catgets functions can be used in two different ways. By +following slavishly the X/Open specs and not relying on the extension +and by using the GNU extensions. We will take a look at the former +method first to understand the benefits of extensions. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

8.1.4.1 Not using symbolic names

+ +

Since the X/Open format of the message catalog files does not allow +symbol names we have to work with numbers all the time. When we start +writing a program we have to replace all appearances of translatable +strings with something like +

+
 
catgets (catdesc, set, msg, "string")
+
+ +

catgets is retrieved from a call to catopen which is +normally done once at the program start. The "string" is the +string we want to translate. The problems start with the set and +message numbers. +

+

In a bigger program several programmers usually work at the same time on +the program and so coordinating the number allocation is crucial. +Though no two different strings must be indexed by the same tuple of +numbers it is highly desirable to reuse the numbers for equal strings +with equal translations (please note that there might be strings which +are equal in one language but have different translations due to +difference contexts). +

+

The allocation process can be relaxed a bit by different set numbers for +different parts of the program. So the number of developers who have to +coordinate the allocation can be reduced. But still lists must be keep +track of the allocation and errors can easily happen. These errors +cannot be discovered by the compiler or the catgets functions. +Only the user of the program might see wrong messages printed. In the +worst cases the messages are so irritating that they cannot be +recognized as wrong. Think about the translations for "true" and +"false" being exchanged. This could result in a disaster. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

8.1.4.2 Using symbolic names

+ +

The problems mentioned in the last section derive from the fact that: +

+
    +
  1. +the numbers are allocated once and due to the possibly frequent use of +them it is difficult to change a number later. +
  2. +the numbers do not allow to guess anything about the string and +therefore collisions can easily happen. +
+ +

By constantly using symbolic names and by providing a method which maps +the string content to a symbolic name (however this will happen) one can +prevent both problems above. The cost of this is that the programmer +has to write a complete message catalog file while s/he is writing the +program itself. +

+

This is necessary since the symbolic names must be mapped to numbers +before the program sources can be compiled. In the last section it was +described how to generate a header containing the mapping of the names. +E.g., for the example message file given in the last section we could +call the gencat program as follow (assume ‘ex.msg’ contains +the sources). +

+
 
gencat -H ex.h -o ex.cat ex.msg
+
+ +

This generates a header file with the following content: +

+
 
#define SetTwoSet 0x2   /* ex.msg:8 */
+
+#define SetOneSet 0x1   /* ex.msg:4 */
+#define SetOnetwo 0x2   /* ex.msg:6 */
+
+ +

As can be seen the various symbols given in the source file are mangled +to generate unique identifiers and these identifiers get numbers +assigned. Reading the source file and knowing about the rules will +allow to predict the content of the header file (it is deterministic) +but this is not necessary. The gencat program can take care for +everything. All the programmer has to do is to put the generated header +file in the dependency list of the source files of her/his project and +to add a rules to regenerate the header of any of the input files +change. +

+

One word about the symbol mangling. Every symbol consists of two parts: +the name of the message set plus the name of the message or the special +string Set. So SetOnetwo means this macro can be used to +access the translation with identifier two in the message set +SetOne. +

+

The other names denote the names of the message sets. The special +string Set is used in the place of the message identifier. +

+

If in the code the second string of the set SetOne is used the C +code should look like this: +

+
 
catgets (catdesc, SetOneSet, SetOnetwo,
+         "   Message with ID \"two\", which gets the value 2 assigned")
+
+ +

Writing the function this way will allow to change the message number +and even the set number without requiring any change in the C source +code. (The text of the string is normally not the same; this is only +for this example.) +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

8.1.4.3 How does to this allow to develop

+ +

To illustrate the usual way to work with the symbolic version numbers +here is a little example. Assume we want to write the very complex and +famous greeting program. We start by writing the code as usual: +

+
 
#include <stdio.h>
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  printf ("Hello, world!\n");
+  return 0;
+}
+
+ +

Now we want to internationalize the message and therefore replace the +message with whatever the user wants. +

+
 
#include <nl_types.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include "msgnrs.h"
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  nl_catd catdesc = catopen ("hello.cat", NL_CAT_LOCALE);
+  printf (catgets (catdesc, SetMainSet, SetMainHello,
+                   "Hello, world!\n"));
+  catclose (catdesc);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+ +

We see how the catalog object is opened and the returned descriptor used +in the other function calls. It is not really necessary to check for +failure of any of the functions since even in these situations the +functions will behave reasonable. They simply will be return a +translation. +

+

What remains unspecified here are the constants SetMainSet and +SetMainHello. These are the symbolic names describing the +message. To get the actual definitions which match the information in +the catalog file we have to create the message catalog source file and +process it using the gencat program. +

+
 
$ Messages for the famous greeting program.
+$quote "
+
+$set Main
+Hello "Hallo, Welt!\n"
+
+ +

Now we can start building the program (assume the message catalog source +file is named ‘hello.msg’ and the program source file ‘hello.c’): +

+
 
+
% gencat -H msgnrs.h -o hello.cat hello.msg
+% cat msgnrs.h
+#define MainSet 0x1     /* hello.msg:4 */
+#define MainHello 0x1   /* hello.msg:5 */
+% gcc -o hello hello.c -I.
+% cp hello.cat /usr/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES
+% echo $LC_ALL
+de
+% ./hello
+Hallo, Welt!
+%
+
+
+ +

The call of the gencat program creates the missing header file +‘msgnrs.h’ as well as the message catalog binary. The former is +used in the compilation of ‘hello.c’ while the later is placed in a +directory in which the catopen function will try to locate it. +Please check the LC_ALL environment variable and the default path +for catopen presented in the description above. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

8.2 The Uniforum approach to Message Translation

+ +

Sun Microsystems tried to standardize a different approach to message +translation in the Uniforum group. There never was a real standard +defined but still the interface was used in Sun's operation systems. +Since this approach fits better in the development process of free +software it is also used throughout the GNU project and the GNU +‘gettext’ package provides support for this outside the GNU C +Library. +

+

The code of the ‘libintl’ from GNU ‘gettext’ is the same as +the code in the GNU C Library. So the documentation in the GNU +‘gettext’ manual is also valid for the functionality here. The +following text will describe the library functions in detail. But the +numerous helper programs are not described in this manual. Instead +people should read the GNU ‘gettext’ manual +(see (gettext)Top section `GNU gettext utilities' in Native Language Support Library and Tools). +We will only give a short overview. +

+

Though the catgets functions are available by default on more +systems the gettext interface is at least as portable as the +former. The GNU ‘gettext’ package can be used wherever the +functions are not available. +

+ + + + +
8.2.1 The gettext family of functions  
8.2.2 Programs to handle message catalogs for gettext  
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

8.2.1 The gettext family of functions

+ +

The paradigms underlying the gettext approach to message +translations is different from that of the catgets functions the +basic functionally is equivalent. There are functions of the following +categories: +

+ + + + + + + +
8.2.1.1 What has to be done to translate a message?  
8.2.1.2 How to determine which catalog to be used  
8.2.1.3 Additional functions for more complicated situations  
8.2.1.4 How to specify the output character set gettext uses  
8.2.1.5 How to use gettext in GUI programs  
8.2.1.6 User influence on gettext   The possibilities of the user to influence + the way gettext works. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

8.2.1.1 What has to be done to translate a message?

+ +

The gettext functions have a very simple interface. The most +basic function just takes the string which shall be translated as the +argument and it returns the translation. This is fundamentally +different from the catgets approach where an extra key is +necessary and the original string is only used for the error case. +

+

If the string which has to be translated is the only argument this of +course means the string itself is the key. I.e., the translation will +be selected based on the original string. The message catalogs must +therefore contain the original strings plus one translation for any such +string. The task of the gettext function is it to compare the +argument string with the available strings in the catalog and return the +appropriate translation. Of course this process is optimized so that +this process is not more expensive than an access using an atomic key +like in catgets. +

+

The gettext approach has some advantages but also some +disadvantages. Please see the GNU ‘gettext’ manual for a detailed +discussion of the pros and cons. +

+

All the definitions and declarations for gettext can be found in +the ‘libintl.h’ header file. On systems where these functions are +not part of the C library they can be found in a separate library named +‘libintl.a’ (or accordingly different for shared libraries). +

+
+
Function: char * gettext (const char *msgid) + +
+

The gettext function searches the currently selected message +catalogs for a string which is equal to msgid. If there is such a +string available it is returned. Otherwise the argument string +msgid is returned. +

+

Please note that all though the return value is char * the +returned string must not be changed. This broken type results from the +history of the function and does not reflect the way the function should +be used. +

+

Please note that above we wrote “message catalogs” (plural). This is +a specialty of the GNU implementation of these functions and we will +say more about this when we talk about the ways message catalogs are +selected (see section How to determine which catalog to be used). +

+

The gettext function does not modify the value of the global +errno variable. This is necessary to make it possible to write +something like +

+
 
  printf (gettext ("Operation failed: %m\n"));
+
+ +

Here the errno value is used in the printf function while +processing the %m format element and if the gettext +function would change this value (it is called before printf is +called) we would get a wrong message. +

+

So there is no easy way to detect a missing message catalog beside +comparing the argument string with the result. But it is normally the +task of the user to react on missing catalogs. The program cannot guess +when a message catalog is really necessary since for a user who speaks +the language the program was developed in does not need any translation. +

+ +

The remaining two functions to access the message catalog add some +functionality to select a message catalog which is not the default one. +This is important if parts of the program are developed independently. +Every part can have its own message catalog and all of them can be used +at the same time. The C library itself is an example: internally it +uses the gettext functions but since it must not depend on a +currently selected default message catalog it must specify all ambiguous +information. +

+
+
Function: char * dgettext (const char *domainname, const char *msgid) + +
+

The dgettext functions acts just like the gettext +function. It only takes an additional first argument domainname +which guides the selection of the message catalogs which are searched +for the translation. If the domainname parameter is the null +pointer the dgettext function is exactly equivalent to +gettext since the default value for the domain name is used. +

+

As for gettext the return value type is char * which is an +anachronism. The returned string must never be modified. +

+ +
+
Function: char * dcgettext (const char *domainname, const char *msgid, int category) + +
+

The dcgettext adds another argument to those which +dgettext takes. This argument category specifies the last +piece of information needed to localize the message catalog. I.e., the +domain name and the locale category exactly specify which message +catalog has to be used (relative to a given directory, see below). +

+

The dgettext function can be expressed in terms of +dcgettext by using +

+
 
dcgettext (domain, string, LC_MESSAGES)
+
+ +

instead of +

+
 
dgettext (domain, string)
+
+ +

This also shows which values are expected for the third parameter. One +has to use the available selectors for the categories available in +‘locale.h’. Normally the available values are LC_CTYPE, +LC_COLLATE, LC_MESSAGES, LC_MONETARY, +LC_NUMERIC, and LC_TIME. Please note that LC_ALL +must not be used and even though the names might suggest this, there is +no relation to the environments variables of this name. +

+

The dcgettext function is only implemented for compatibility with +other systems which have gettext functions. There is not really +any situation where it is necessary (or useful) to use a different value +but LC_MESSAGES in for the category parameter. We are +dealing with messages here and any other choice can only be irritating. +

+

As for gettext the return value type is char * which is an +anachronism. The returned string must never be modified. +

+ +

When using the three functions above in a program it is a frequent case +that the msgid argument is a constant string. So it is worth to +optimize this case. Thinking shortly about this one will realize that +as long as no new message catalog is loaded the translation of a message +will not change. This optimization is actually implemented by the +gettext, dgettext and dcgettext functions. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

8.2.1.2 How to determine which catalog to be used

+ +

The functions to retrieve the translations for a given message have a +remarkable simple interface. But to provide the user of the program +still the opportunity to select exactly the translation s/he wants and +also to provide the programmer the possibility to influence the way to +locate the search for catalogs files there is a quite complicated +underlying mechanism which controls all this. The code is complicated +the use is easy. +

+

Basically we have two different tasks to perform which can also be +performed by the catgets functions: +

+
    +
  1. +Locate the set of message catalogs. There are a number of files for +different languages and which all belong to the package. Usually they +are all stored in the filesystem below a certain directory. + +

    There can be arbitrary many packages installed and they can follow +different guidelines for the placement of their files. +

    +
  2. +Relative to the location specified by the package the actual translation +files must be searched, based on the wishes of the user. I.e., for each +language the user selects the program should be able to locate the +appropriate file. +
+ +

This is the functionality required by the specifications for +gettext and this is also what the catgets functions are +able to do. But there are some problems unresolved: +

+
    +
  • +The language to be used can be specified in several different ways. +There is no generally accepted standard for this and the user always +expects the program understand what s/he means. E.g., to select the +German translation one could write de, german, or +deutsch and the program should always react the same. + +
  • +Sometimes the specification of the user is too detailed. If s/he, e.g., +specifies de_DE.ISO-8859-1 which means German, spoken in Germany, +coded using the ISO 8859-1 character set there is the possibility +that a message catalog matching this exactly is not available. But +there could be a catalog matching de and if the character set +used on the machine is always ISO 8859-1 there is no reason why this +later message catalog should not be used. (We call this message +inheritance.) + +
  • +If a catalog for a wanted language is not available it is not always the +second best choice to fall back on the language of the developer and +simply not translate any message. Instead a user might be better able +to read the messages in another language and so the user of the program +should be able to define an precedence order of languages. +
+ +

We can divide the configuration actions in two parts: the one is +performed by the programmer, the other by the user. We will start with +the functions the programmer can use since the user configuration will +be based on this. +

+

As the functions described in the last sections already mention separate +sets of messages can be selected by a domain name. This is a +simple string which should be unique for each program part with uses a +separate domain. It is possible to use in one program arbitrary many +domains at the same time. E.g., the GNU C Library itself uses a domain +named libc while the program using the C Library could use a +domain named foo. The important point is that at any time +exactly one domain is active. This is controlled with the following +function. +

+
+
Function: char * textdomain (const char *domainname) + +
+

The textdomain function sets the default domain, which is used in +all future gettext calls, to domainname. Please note that +dgettext and dcgettext calls are not influenced if the +domainname parameter of these functions is not the null pointer. +

+

Before the first call to textdomain the default domain is +messages. This is the name specified in the specification of +the gettext API. This name is as good as any other name. No +program should ever really use a domain with this name since this can +only lead to problems. +

+

The function returns the value which is from now on taken as the default +domain. If the system went out of memory the returned value is +NULL and the global variable errno is set to ENOMEM. +Despite the return value type being char * the return string must +not be changed. It is allocated internally by the textdomain +function. +

+

If the domainname parameter is the null pointer no new default +domain is set. Instead the currently selected default domain is +returned. +

+

If the domainname parameter is the empty string the default domain +is reset to its initial value, the domain with the name messages. +This possibility is questionable to use since the domain messages +really never should be used. +

+ +
+
Function: char * bindtextdomain (const char *domainname, const char *dirname) + +
+

The bindtextdomain function can be used to specify the directory +which contains the message catalogs for domain domainname for the +different languages. To be correct, this is the directory where the +hierarchy of directories is expected. Details are explained below. +

+

For the programmer it is important to note that the translations which +come with the program have be placed in a directory hierarchy starting +at, say, ‘/foo/bar’. Then the program should make a +bindtextdomain call to bind the domain for the current program to +this directory. So it is made sure the catalogs are found. A correctly +running program does not depend on the user setting an environment +variable. +

+

The bindtextdomain function can be used several times and if the +domainname argument is different the previously bound domains +will not be overwritten. +

+

If the program which wish to use bindtextdomain at some point of +time use the chdir function to change the current working +directory it is important that the dirname strings ought to be an +absolute pathname. Otherwise the addressed directory might vary with +the time. +

+

If the dirname parameter is the null pointer bindtextdomain +returns the currently selected directory for the domain with the name +domainname. +

+

The bindtextdomain function returns a pointer to a string +containing the name of the selected directory name. The string is +allocated internally in the function and must not be changed by the +user. If the system went out of core during the execution of +bindtextdomain the return value is NULL and the global +variable errno is set accordingly. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

8.2.1.3 Additional functions for more complicated situations

+ +

The functions of the gettext family described so far (and all the +catgets functions as well) have one problem in the real world +which have been neglected completely in all existing approaches. What +is meant here is the handling of plural forms. +

+

Looking through Unix source code before the time anybody thought about +internationalization (and, sadly, even afterwards) one can often find +code similar to the following: +

+
 
   printf ("%d file%s deleted", n, n == 1 ? "" : "s");
+
+ +

After the first complaints from people internationalizing the code people +either completely avoided formulations like this or used strings like +"file(s)". Both look unnatural and should be avoided. First +tries to solve the problem correctly looked like this: +

+
 
   if (n == 1)
+     printf ("%d file deleted", n);
+   else
+     printf ("%d files deleted", n);
+
+ +

But this does not solve the problem. It helps languages where the +plural form of a noun is not simply constructed by adding an `s' but +that is all. Once again people fell into the trap of believing the +rules their language is using are universal. But the handling of plural +forms differs widely between the language families. There are two +things we can differ between (and even inside language families); +

+
    +
  • +The form how plural forms are build differs. This is a problem with +language which have many irregularities. German, for instance, is a +drastic case. Though English and German are part of the same language +family (Germanic), the almost regular forming of plural noun forms +(appending an `s') is hardly found in German. + +
  • +The number of plural forms differ. This is somewhat surprising for +those who only have experiences with Romanic and Germanic languages +since here the number is the same (there are two). + +

    But other language families have only one form or many forms. More +information on this in an extra section. +

+ +

The consequence of this is that application writers should not try to +solve the problem in their code. This would be localization since it is +only usable for certain, hardcoded language environments. Instead the +extended gettext interface should be used. +

+

These extra functions are taking instead of the one key string two +strings and an numerical argument. The idea behind this is that using +the numerical argument and the first string as a key, the implementation +can select using rules specified by the translator the right plural +form. The two string arguments then will be used to provide a return +value in case no message catalog is found (similar to the normal +gettext behavior). In this case the rules for Germanic language +is used and it is assumed that the first string argument is the singular +form, the second the plural form. +

+

This has the consequence that programs without language catalogs can +display the correct strings only if the program itself is written using +a Germanic language. This is a limitation but since the GNU C library +(as well as the GNU gettext package) are written as part of the +GNU package and the coding standards for the GNU project require program +being written in English, this solution nevertheless fulfills its +purpose. +

+
+
Function: char * ngettext (const char *msgid1, const char *msgid2, unsigned long int n) + +
+

The ngettext function is similar to the gettext function +as it finds the message catalogs in the same way. But it takes two +extra arguments. The msgid1 parameter must contain the singular +form of the string to be converted. It is also used as the key for the +search in the catalog. The msgid2 parameter is the plural form. +The parameter n is used to determine the plural form. If no +message catalog is found msgid1 is returned if n == 1, +otherwise msgid2. +

+

An example for the us of this function is: +

+
 
  printf (ngettext ("%d file removed", "%d files removed", n), n);
+
+ +

Please note that the numeric value n has to be passed to the +printf function as well. It is not sufficient to pass it only to +ngettext. +

+ +
+
Function: char * dngettext (const char *domain, const char *msgid1, const char *msgid2, unsigned long int n) + +
+

The dngettext is similar to the dgettext function in the +way the message catalog is selected. The difference is that it takes +two extra parameter to provide the correct plural form. These two +parameters are handled in the same way ngettext handles them. +

+ +
+
Function: char * dcngettext (const char *domain, const char *msgid1, const char *msgid2, unsigned long int n, int category) + +
+

The dcngettext is similar to the dcgettext function in the +way the message catalog is selected. The difference is that it takes +two extra parameter to provide the correct plural form. These two +parameters are handled in the same way ngettext handles them. +

+ + +

The problem of plural forms

+ +

A description of the problem can be found at the beginning of the last +section. Now there is the question how to solve it. Without the input +of linguists (which was not available) it was not possible to determine +whether there are only a few different forms in which plural forms are +formed or whether the number can increase with every new supported +language. +

+

Therefore the solution implemented is to allow the translator to specify +the rules of how to select the plural form. Since the formula varies +with every language this is the only viable solution except for +hardcoding the information in the code (which still would require the +possibility of extensions to not prevent the use of new languages). The +details are explained in the GNU gettext manual. Here only a +bit of information is provided. +

+

The information about the plural form selection has to be stored in the +header entry (the one with the empty (msgid string). It looks +like this: +

+
 
Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n == 1 ? 0 : 1;
+
+ +

The nplurals value must be a decimal number which specifies how +many different plural forms exist for this language. The string +following plural is an expression which is using the C language +syntax. Exceptions are that no negative number are allowed, numbers +must be decimal, and the only variable allowed is n. This +expression will be evaluated whenever one of the functions +ngettext, dngettext, or dcngettext is called. The +numeric value passed to these functions is then substituted for all uses +of the variable n in the expression. The resulting value then +must be greater or equal to zero and smaller than the value given as the +value of nplurals. +

+

The following rules are known at this point. The language with families +are listed. But this does not necessarily mean the information can be +generalized for the whole family (as can be easily seen in the table +below).(1) +

+
+
Only one form:
+

Some languages only require one single form. There is no distinction +between the singular and plural form. An appropriate header entry +would look like this: +

+
 
Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;
+
+ +

Languages with this property include: +

+
+
Finno-Ugric family
+

Hungarian +

+
Asian family
+

Japanese, Korean +

+
Turkic/Altaic family
+

Turkish +

+
+ +
+
Two forms, singular used for one only
+

This is the form used in most existing programs since it is what English +is using. A header entry would look like this: +

+
 
Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n != 1;
+
+ +

(Note: this uses the feature of C expressions that boolean expressions +have to value zero or one.) +

+

Languages with this property include: +

+
+
Germanic family
+

Danish, Dutch, English, German, Norwegian, Swedish +

+
Finno-Ugric family
+

Estonian, Finnish +

+
Latin/Greek family
+

Greek +

+
Semitic family
+

Hebrew +

+
Romance family
+

Italian, Portuguese, Spanish +

+
Artificial
+

Esperanto +

+
+ +
+
Two forms, singular used for zero and one
+

Exceptional case in the language family. The header entry would be: +

+
 
Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n>1;
+
+ +

Languages with this property include: +

+
+
Romanic family
+

French, Brazilian Portuguese +

+
+ +
+
Three forms, special case for zero
+

The header entry would be: +

+
 
Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n != 0 ? 1 : 2;
+
+ +

Languages with this property include: +

+
+
Baltic family
+

Latvian +

+
+ +
+
Three forms, special cases for one and two
+

The header entry would be: +

+
 
Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=n==1 ? 0 : n==2 ? 1 : 2;
+
+ +

Languages with this property include: +

+
+
Celtic
+

Gaeilge (Irish) +

+
+ +
+
Three forms, special case for numbers ending in 1[2-9]
+

The header entry would look like this: +

+
 
Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; \
+    plural=n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : \
+           n%10>=2 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2;
+
+ +

Languages with this property include: +

+
+
Baltic family
+

Lithuanian +

+
+ +
+
Three forms, special cases for numbers ending in 1 and 2, 3, 4, except those ending in 1[1-4]
+

The header entry would look like this: +

+
 
Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; \
+    plural=n%100/10==1 ? 2 : n%10==1 ? 0 : (n+9)%10>3 ? 2 : 1;
+
+ +

Languages with this property include: +

+
+
Slavic family
+

Croatian, Czech, Russian, Ukrainian +

+
+ +
+
Three forms, special cases for 1 and 2, 3, 4
+

The header entry would look like this: +

+
 
Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; \
+    plural=(n==1) ? 1 : (n>=2 && n<=4) ? 2 : 0;
+
+ +

Languages with this property include: +

+
+
Slavic family
+

Slovak +

+
+ +
+
Three forms, special case for one and some numbers ending in 2, 3, or 4
+

The header entry would look like this: +

+
 
Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; \
+    plural=n==1 ? 0 : \
+           n%10>=2 && n%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2;
+
+ +

Languages with this property include: +

+
+
Slavic family
+

Polish +

+
+ +
+
Four forms, special case for one and all numbers ending in 02, 03, or 04
+

The header entry would look like this: +

+
 
Plural-Forms: nplurals=4; \
+    plural=n%100==1 ? 0 : n%100==2 ? 1 : n%100==3 || n%100==4 ? 2 : 3;
+
+ +

Languages with this property include: +

+
+
Slavic family
+

Slovenian +

+
+
+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

8.2.1.4 How to specify the output character set gettext uses

+ +

gettext not only looks up a translation in a message catalog. It +also converts the translation on the fly to the desired output character +set. This is useful if the user is working in a different character set +than the translator who created the message catalog, because it avoids +distributing variants of message catalogs which differ only in the +character set. +

+

The output character set is, by default, the value of nl_langinfo +(CODESET), which depends on the LC_CTYPE part of the current +locale. But programs which store strings in a locale independent way +(e.g. UTF-8) can request that gettext and related functions +return the translations in that encoding, by use of the +bind_textdomain_codeset function. +

+

Note that the msgid argument to gettext is not subject to +character set conversion. Also, when gettext does not find a +translation for msgid, it returns msgid unchanged – +independently of the current output character set. It is therefore +recommended that all msgids be US-ASCII strings. +

+
+
Function: char * bind_textdomain_codeset (const char *domainname, const char *codeset) + +
+

The bind_textdomain_codeset function can be used to specify the +output character set for message catalogs for domain domainname. +The codeset argument must be a valid codeset name which can be used +for the iconv_open function, or a null pointer. +

+

If the codeset parameter is the null pointer, +bind_textdomain_codeset returns the currently selected codeset +for the domain with the name domainname. It returns NULL if +no codeset has yet been selected. +

+

The bind_textdomain_codeset function can be used several times. +If used multiple times with the same domainname argument, the +later call overrides the settings made by the earlier one. +

+

The bind_textdomain_codeset function returns a pointer to a +string containing the name of the selected codeset. The string is +allocated internally in the function and must not be changed by the +user. If the system went out of core during the execution of +bind_textdomain_codeset, the return value is NULL and the +global variable errno is set accordingly.

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

8.2.1.5 How to use gettext in GUI programs

+ +

One place where the gettext functions, if used normally, have big +problems is within programs with graphical user interfaces (GUIs). The +problem is that many of the strings which have to be translated are very +short. They have to appear in pull-down menus which restricts the +length. But strings which are not containing entire sentences or at +least large fragments of a sentence may appear in more than one +situation in the program but might have different translations. This is +especially true for the one-word strings which are frequently used in +GUI programs. +

+

As a consequence many people say that the gettext approach is +wrong and instead catgets should be used which indeed does not +have this problem. But there is a very simple and powerful method to +handle these kind of problems with the gettext functions. +

+

As as example consider the following fictional situation. A GUI program +has a menu bar with the following entries: +

+
 
+------------+------------+--------------------------------------+
+| File       | Printer    |                                      |
++------------+------------+--------------------------------------+
+| Open     | | Select   |
+| New      | | Open     |
++----------+ | Connect  |
+             +----------+
+
+ +

To have the strings File, Printer, Open, +New, Select, and Connect translated there has to be +at some point in the code a call to a function of the gettext +family. But in two places the string passed into the function would be +Open. The translations might not be the same and therefore we +are in the dilemma described above. +

+

One solution to this problem is to artificially enlengthen the strings +to make them unambiguous. But what would the program do if no +translation is available? The enlengthened string is not what should be +printed. So we should use a little bit modified version of the functions. +

+

To enlengthen the strings a uniform method should be used. E.g., in the +example above the strings could be chosen as +

+
 
Menu|File
+Menu|Printer
+Menu|File|Open
+Menu|File|New
+Menu|Printer|Select
+Menu|Printer|Open
+Menu|Printer|Connect
+
+ +

Now all the strings are different and if now instead of gettext +the following little wrapper function is used, everything works just +fine: +

+ +
 
  char *
+  sgettext (const char *msgid)
+  {
+    char *msgval = gettext (msgid);
+    if (msgval == msgid)
+      msgval = strrchr (msgid, '|') + 1;
+    return msgval;
+  }
+
+ +

What this little function does is to recognize the case when no +translation is available. This can be done very efficiently by a +pointer comparison since the return value is the input value. If there +is no translation we know that the input string is in the format we used +for the Menu entries and therefore contains a | character. We +simply search for the last occurrence of this character and return a +pointer to the character following it. That's it! +

+

If one now consistently uses the enlengthened string form and replaces +the gettext calls with calls to sgettext (this is normally +limited to very few places in the GUI implementation) then it is +possible to produce a program which can be internationalized. +

+

With advanced compilers (such as GNU C) one can write the +sgettext functions as an inline function or as a macro like this: +

+ +
 
#define sgettext(msgid) \
+  ({ const char *__msgid = (msgid);            \
+     char *__msgstr = gettext (__msgid);       \
+     if (__msgval == __msgid)                  \
+       __msgval = strrchr (__msgid, '|') + 1;  \
+     __msgval; })
+
+ +

The other gettext functions (dgettext, dcgettext +and the ngettext equivalents) can and should have corresponding +functions as well which look almost identical, except for the parameters +and the call to the underlying function. +

+

Now there is of course the question why such functions do not exist in +the GNU C library? There are two parts of the answer to this question. +

+
    +
  • +They are easy to write and therefore can be provided by the project they +are used in. This is not an answer by itself and must be seen together +with the second part which is: + +
  • +There is no way the C library can contain a version which can work +everywhere. The problem is the selection of the character to separate +the prefix from the actual string in the enlenghtened string. The +examples above used | which is a quite good choice because it +resembles a notation frequently used in this context and it also is a +character not often used in message strings. + +

    But what if the character is used in message strings. Or if the chose +character is not available in the character set on the machine one +compiles (e.g., | is not required to exist for ISO C; this is +why the ‘iso646.h’ file exists in ISO C programming environments). +

+ +

There is only one more comment to make left. The wrapper function above +require that the translations strings are not enlengthened themselves. +This is only logical. There is no need to disambiguate the strings +(since they are never used as keys for a search) and one also saves +quite some memory and disk space by doing this. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

8.2.1.6 User influence on gettext

+ +

The last sections described what the programmer can do to +internationalize the messages of the program. But it is finally up to +the user to select the message s/he wants to see. S/He must understand +them. +

+

The POSIX locale model uses the environment variables LC_COLLATE, +LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, LC_MONETARY, LC_NUMERIC, +and LC_TIME to select the locale which is to be used. This way +the user can influence lots of functions. As we mentioned above the +gettext functions also take advantage of this. +

+

To understand how this happens it is necessary to take a look at the +various components of the filename which gets computed to locate a +message catalog. It is composed as follows: +

+
 
dir_name/locale/LC_category/domain_name.mo
+
+ +

The default value for dir_name is system specific. It is computed +from the value given as the prefix while configuring the C library. +This value normally is ‘/usr’ or ‘/’. For the former the +complete dir_name is: +

+
 
/usr/share/locale
+
+ +

We can use ‘/usr/share’ since the ‘.mo’ files containing the +message catalogs are system independent, so all systems can use the same +files. If the program executed the bindtextdomain function for +the message domain that is currently handled, the dir_name +component is exactly the value which was given to the function as +the second parameter. I.e., bindtextdomain allows overwriting +the only system dependent and fixed value to make it possible to +address files anywhere in the filesystem. +

+

The category is the name of the locale category which was selected +in the program code. For gettext and dgettext this is +always LC_MESSAGES, for dcgettext this is selected by the +value of the third parameter. As said above it should be avoided to +ever use a category other than LC_MESSAGES. +

+

The locale component is computed based on the category used. Just +like for the setlocale function here comes the user selection +into the play. Some environment variables are examined in a fixed order +and the first environment variable set determines the return value of +the lookup process. In detail, for the category LC_xxx the +following variables in this order are examined: +

+
+
LANGUAGE
+
LC_ALL
+
LC_xxx
+
LANG
+
+ +

This looks very familiar. With the exception of the LANGUAGE +environment variable this is exactly the lookup order the +setlocale function uses. But why introducing the LANGUAGE +variable? +

+

The reason is that the syntax of the values these variables can have is +different to what is expected by the setlocale function. If we +would set LC_ALL to a value following the extended syntax that +would mean the setlocale function will never be able to use the +value of this variable as well. An additional variable removes this +problem plus we can select the language independently of the locale +setting which sometimes is useful. +

+

While for the LC_xxx variables the value should consist of +exactly one specification of a locale the LANGUAGE variable's +value can consist of a colon separated list of locale names. The +attentive reader will realize that this is the way we manage to +implement one of our additional demands above: we want to be able to +specify an ordered list of language. +

+

Back to the constructed filename we have only one component missing. +The domain_name part is the name which was either registered using +the textdomain function or which was given to dgettext or +dcgettext as the first parameter. Now it becomes obvious that a +good choice for the domain name in the program code is a string which is +closely related to the program/package name. E.g., for the GNU C +Library the domain name is libc. +

+

A limit piece of example code should show how the programmer is supposed +to work: +

+
 
{
+  setlocale (LC_ALL, "");
+  textdomain ("test-package");
+  bindtextdomain ("test-package", "/usr/local/share/locale");
+  puts (gettext ("Hello, world!"));
+}
+
+ +

At the program start the default domain is messages, and the +default locale is "C". The setlocale call sets the locale +according to the user's environment variables; remember that correct +functioning of gettext relies on the correct setting of the +LC_MESSAGES locale (for looking up the message catalog) and +of the LC_CTYPE locale (for the character set conversion). +The textdomain call changes the default domain to +test-package. The bindtextdomain call specifies that +the message catalogs for the domain test-package can be found +below the directory ‘/usr/local/share/locale’. +

+

If now the user set in her/his environment the variable LANGUAGE +to de the gettext function will try to use the +translations from the file +

+
 
/usr/local/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/test-package.mo
+
+ +

From the above descriptions it should be clear which component of this +filename is determined by which source. +

+

In the above example we assumed that the LANGUAGE environment +variable to de. This might be an appropriate selection but what +happens if the user wants to use LC_ALL because of the wider +usability and here the required value is de_DE.ISO-8859-1? We +already mentioned above that a situation like this is not infrequent. +E.g., a person might prefer reading a dialect and if this is not +available fall back on the standard language. +

+

The gettext functions know about situations like this and can +handle them gracefully. The functions recognize the format of the value +of the environment variable. It can split the value is different pieces +and by leaving out the only or the other part it can construct new +values. This happens of course in a predictable way. To understand +this one must know the format of the environment variable value. There +is one more or less standardized form, originally from the X/Open +specification: +

+

language[_territory[.codeset]][@modifier] +

+

Less specific locale names will be stripped of in the order of the +following list: +

+
    +
  1. +codeset +
  2. +normalized codeset +
  3. +territory +
  4. +modifier +
+ +

The language field will never be dropped for obvious reasons. +

+

The only new thing is the normalized codeset entry. This is +another goodie which is introduced to help reducing the chaos which +derives from the inability of the people to standardize the names of +character sets. Instead of ISO-8859-1 one can often see 8859-1, +88591, iso8859-1, or iso_8859-1. The normalized +codeset value is generated from the user-provided character set name by +applying the following rules: +

+
    +
  1. +Remove all characters beside numbers and letters. +
  2. +Fold letters to lowercase. +
  3. +If the same only contains digits prepend the string "iso". +
+ +

So all of the above name will be normalized to iso88591. This +allows the program user much more freely choosing the locale name. +

+

Even this extended functionality still does not help to solve the +problem that completely different names can be used to denote the same +locale (e.g., de and german). To be of help in this +situation the locale implementation and also the gettext +functions know about aliases. +

+

The file ‘/usr/share/locale/locale.alias’ (replace ‘/usr’ with +whatever prefix you used for configuring the C library) contains a +mapping of alternative names to more regular names. The system manager +is free to add new entries to fill her/his own needs. The selected +locale from the environment is compared with the entries in the first +column of this file ignoring the case. If they match the value of the +second column is used instead for the further handling. +

+

In the description of the format of the environment variables we already +mentioned the character set as a factor in the selection of the message +catalog. In fact, only catalogs which contain text written using the +character set of the system/program can be used (directly; there will +come a solution for this some day). This means for the user that s/he +will always have to take care for this. If in the collection of the +message catalogs there are files for the same language but coded using +different character sets the user has to be careful. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

8.2.2 Programs to handle message catalogs for gettext

+ +

The GNU C Library does not contain the source code for the programs to +handle message catalogs for the gettext functions. As part of +the GNU project the GNU gettext package contains everything the +developer needs. The functionality provided by the tools in this +package by far exceeds the abilities of the gencat program +described above for the catgets functions. +

+

There is a program msgfmt which is the equivalent program to the +gencat program. It generates from the human-readable and +-editable form of the message catalog a binary file which can be used by +the gettext functions. But there are several more programs +available. +

+

The xgettext program can be used to automatically extract the +translatable messages from a source file. I.e., the programmer need not +take care for the translations and the list of messages which have to be +translated. S/He will simply wrap the translatable string in calls to +gettext et.al and the rest will be done by xgettext. This +program has a lot of option which help to customize the output or do +help to understand the input better. +

+

Other programs help to manage development cycle when new messages appear +in the source files or when a new translation of the messages appear. +Here it should only be noted that using all the tools in GNU gettext it +is possible to completely automate the handling of message +catalog. Beside marking the translatable string in the source code and +generating the translations the developers do not have anything to do +themselves. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_19.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_19.html @@ -0,0 +1,4322 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 19. Mathematics + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

19. Mathematics

+ +

This chapter contains information about functions for performing +mathematical computations, such as trigonometric functions. Most of +these functions have prototypes declared in the header file +‘math.h’. The complex-valued functions are defined in +‘complex.h’. + + +

+

All mathematical functions which take a floating-point argument +have three variants, one each for double, float, and +long double arguments. The double versions are mostly +defined in ISO C89. The float and long double +versions are from the numeric extensions to C included in ISO C99. +

+

Which of the three versions of a function should be used depends on the +situation. For most calculations, the float functions are the +fastest. On the other hand, the long double functions have the +highest precision. double is somewhere in between. It is +usually wise to pick the narrowest type that can accommodate your data. +Not all machines have a distinct long double type; it may be the +same as double. +

+ + + + + + + + + + +
19.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants   Precise numeric values for often-used + constants. +
19.2 Trigonometric Functions   Sine, cosine, tangent, and friends. +
19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions   Arcsine, arccosine, etc. +
19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms   Also pow and sqrt. +
19.5 Hyperbolic Functions   sinh, cosh, tanh, etc. +
19.6 Special Functions   Bessel, gamma, erf. +
19.7 Known Maximum Errors in Math Functions  
19.8 Pseudo-Random Numbers   Functions for generating pseudo-random + numbers. +
19.9 Is Fast Code or Small Code preferred?   Fast code or small code. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

19.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants

+ +

The header ‘math.h’ defines several useful mathematical constants. +All values are defined as preprocessor macros starting with M_. +The values provided are: +

+
+
M_E + +
+

The base of natural logarithms. +

+
M_LOG2E + +
+

The logarithm to base 2 of M_E. +

+
M_LOG10E + +
+

The logarithm to base 10 of M_E. +

+
M_LN2 + +
+

The natural logarithm of 2. +

+
M_LN10 + +
+

The natural logarithm of 10. +

+
M_PI + +
+

Pi, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. +

+
M_PI_2 + +
+

Pi divided by two. +

+
M_PI_4 + +
+

Pi divided by four. +

+
M_1_PI + +
+

The reciprocal of pi (1/pi) +

+
M_2_PI + +
+

Two times the reciprocal of pi. +

+
M_2_SQRTPI + +
+

Two times the reciprocal of the square root of pi. +

+
M_SQRT2 + +
+

The square root of two. +

+
M_SQRT1_2 + +
+

The reciprocal of the square root of two (also the square root of 1/2). +

+
+ +

These constants come from the Unix98 standard and were also available in +4.4BSD; therefore they are only defined if _BSD_SOURCE or +_XOPEN_SOURCE=500, or a more general feature select macro, is +defined. The default set of features includes these constants. +See section Feature Test Macros. +

+

All values are of type double. As an extension, the GNU C +library also defines these constants with type long double. The +long double macros have a lowercase ‘l’ appended to their +names: M_El, M_PIl, and so forth. These are only +available if _GNU_SOURCE is defined. +

+ +

Note: Some programs use a constant named PI which has the +same value as M_PI. This constant is not standard; it may have +appeared in some old AT&T headers, and is mentioned in Stroustrup's book +on C++. It infringes on the user's name space, so the GNU C library +does not define it. Fixing programs written to expect it is simple: +replace PI with M_PI throughout, or put ‘-DPI=M_PI’ +on the compiler command line. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

19.2 Trigonometric Functions

+ +

These are the familiar sin, cos, and tan functions. +The arguments to all of these functions are in units of radians; recall +that pi radians equals 180 degrees. +

+ +

The math library normally defines M_PI to a double +approximation of pi. If strict ISO and/or POSIX compliance +are requested this constant is not defined, but you can easily define it +yourself: +

+
 
#define M_PI 3.14159265358979323846264338327
+
+ +

You can also compute the value of pi with the expression acos +(-1.0). +

+
+
Function: double sin (double x) + +
+
Function: float sinf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double sinl (long double x) + +
+

These functions return the sine of x, where x is given in +radians. The return value is in the range -1 to 1. +

+ +
+
Function: double cos (double x) + +
+
Function: float cosf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double cosl (long double x) + +
+

These functions return the cosine of x, where x is given in +radians. The return value is in the range -1 to 1. +

+ +
+
Function: double tan (double x) + +
+
Function: float tanf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double tanl (long double x) + +
+

These functions return the tangent of x, where x is given in +radians. +

+

Mathematically, the tangent function has singularities at odd multiples +of pi/2. If the argument x is too close to one of these +singularities, tan will signal overflow. +

+ +

In many applications where sin and cos are used, the sine +and cosine of the same angle are needed at the same time. It is more +efficient to compute them simultaneously, so the library provides a +function to do that. +

+
+
Function: void sincos (double x, double *sinx, double *cosx) + +
+
Function: void sincosf (float x, float *sinx, float *cosx) + +
+
Function: void sincosl (long double x, long double *sinx, long double *cosx) + +
+

These functions return the sine of x in *sinx and the +cosine of x in *cos, where x is given in +radians. Both values, *sinx and *cosx, are in +the range of -1 to 1. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. Portable programs should be prepared +to cope with its absence. +

+ + + +

ISO C99 defines variants of the trig functions which work on +complex numbers. The GNU C library provides these functions, but they +are only useful if your compiler supports the new complex types defined +by the standard. +(As of this writing GCC supports complex numbers, but there are bugs in +the implementation.) +

+
+
Function: complex double csin (complex double z) + +
+
Function: complex float csinf (complex float z) + +
+
Function: complex long double csinl (complex long double z) + +
+

These functions return the complex sine of z. +The mathematical definition of the complex sine is +

+

sin (z) = 1/(2*i) * (exp (z*i) - exp (-z*i)). +

+ +
+
Function: complex double ccos (complex double z) + +
+
Function: complex float ccosf (complex float z) + +
+
Function: complex long double ccosl (complex long double z) + +
+

These functions return the complex cosine of z. +The mathematical definition of the complex cosine is +

+

cos (z) = 1/2 * (exp (z*i) + exp (-z*i)) +

+ +
+
Function: complex double ctan (complex double z) + +
+
Function: complex float ctanf (complex float z) + +
+
Function: complex long double ctanl (complex long double z) + +
+

These functions return the complex tangent of z. +The mathematical definition of the complex tangent is +

+

tan (z) = -i * (exp (z*i) - exp (-z*i)) / (exp (z*i) + exp (-z*i)) +

+

The complex tangent has poles at pi/2 + 2n, where n is an +integer. ctan may signal overflow if z is too close to a +pole. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

+ +

These are the usual arc sine, arc cosine and arc tangent functions, +which are the inverses of the sine, cosine and tangent functions +respectively. +

+
+
Function: double asin (double x) + +
+
Function: float asinf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double asinl (long double x) + +
+

These functions compute the arc sine of x—that is, the value whose +sine is x. The value is in units of radians. Mathematically, +there are infinitely many such values; the one actually returned is the +one between -pi/2 and pi/2 (inclusive). +

+

The arc sine function is defined mathematically only +over the domain -1 to 1. If x is outside the +domain, asin signals a domain error. +

+ +
+
Function: double acos (double x) + +
+
Function: float acosf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double acosl (long double x) + +
+

These functions compute the arc cosine of x—that is, the value +whose cosine is x. The value is in units of radians. +Mathematically, there are infinitely many such values; the one actually +returned is the one between 0 and pi (inclusive). +

+

The arc cosine function is defined mathematically only +over the domain -1 to 1. If x is outside the +domain, acos signals a domain error. +

+ +
+
Function: double atan (double x) + +
+
Function: float atanf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double atanl (long double x) + +
+

These functions compute the arc tangent of x—that is, the value +whose tangent is x. The value is in units of radians. +Mathematically, there are infinitely many such values; the one actually +returned is the one between -pi/2 and pi/2 (inclusive). +

+ +
+
Function: double atan2 (double y, double x) + +
+
Function: float atan2f (float y, float x) + +
+
Function: long double atan2l (long double y, long double x) + +
+

This function computes the arc tangent of y/x, but the signs +of both arguments are used to determine the quadrant of the result, and +x is permitted to be zero. The return value is given in radians +and is in the range -pi to pi, inclusive. +

+

If x and y are coordinates of a point in the plane, +atan2 returns the signed angle between the line from the origin +to that point and the x-axis. Thus, atan2 is useful for +converting Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates. (To compute the +radial coordinate, use hypot; see Exponentiation and Logarithms.) +

+

If both x and y are zero, atan2 returns zero. +

+ + +

ISO C99 defines complex versions of the inverse trig functions. +

+
+
Function: complex double casin (complex double z) + +
+
Function: complex float casinf (complex float z) + +
+
Function: complex long double casinl (complex long double z) + +
+

These functions compute the complex arc sine of z—that is, the +value whose sine is z. The value returned is in radians. +

+

Unlike the real-valued functions, casin is defined for all +values of z. +

+ +
+
Function: complex double cacos (complex double z) + +
+
Function: complex float cacosf (complex float z) + +
+
Function: complex long double cacosl (complex long double z) + +
+

These functions compute the complex arc cosine of z—that is, the +value whose cosine is z. The value returned is in radians. +

+

Unlike the real-valued functions, cacos is defined for all +values of z. +

+ + +
+
Function: complex double catan (complex double z) + +
+
Function: complex float catanf (complex float z) + +
+
Function: complex long double catanl (complex long double z) + +
+

These functions compute the complex arc tangent of z—that is, +the value whose tangent is z. The value is in units of radians. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms

+ +
+
Function: double exp (double x) + +
+
Function: float expf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double expl (long double x) + +
+

These functions compute e (the base of natural logarithms) raised +to the power x. +

+

If the magnitude of the result is too large to be representable, +exp signals overflow. +

+ +
+
Function: double exp2 (double x) + +
+
Function: float exp2f (float x) + +
+
Function: long double exp2l (long double x) + +
+

These functions compute 2 raised to the power x. +Mathematically, exp2 (x) is the same as exp (x * log (2)). +

+ +
+
Function: double exp10 (double x) + +
+
Function: float exp10f (float x) + +
+
Function: long double exp10l (long double x) + +
+
Function: double pow10 (double x) + +
+
Function: float pow10f (float x) + +
+
Function: long double pow10l (long double x) + +
+

These functions compute 10 raised to the power x. +Mathematically, exp10 (x) is the same as exp (x * log (10)). +

+

These functions are GNU extensions. The name exp10 is +preferred, since it is analogous to exp and exp2. +

+ + +
+
Function: double log (double x) + +
+
Function: float logf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double logl (long double x) + +
+

These functions compute the natural logarithm of x. exp (log +(x)) equals x, exactly in mathematics and approximately in +C. +

+

If x is negative, log signals a domain error. If x +is zero, it returns negative infinity; if x is too close to zero, +it may signal overflow. +

+ +
+
Function: double log10 (double x) + +
+
Function: float log10f (float x) + +
+
Function: long double log10l (long double x) + +
+

These functions return the base-10 logarithm of x. +log10 (x) equals log (x) / log (10). +

+
+ +
+
Function: double log2 (double x) + +
+
Function: float log2f (float x) + +
+
Function: long double log2l (long double x) + +
+

These functions return the base-2 logarithm of x. +log2 (x) equals log (x) / log (2). +

+ +
+
Function: double logb (double x) + +
+
Function: float logbf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double logbl (long double x) + +
+

These functions extract the exponent of x and return it as a +floating-point value. If FLT_RADIX is two, logb is equal +to floor (log2 (x)), except it's probably faster. +

+

If x is de-normalized, logb returns the exponent x +would have if it were normalized. If x is infinity (positive or +negative), logb returns &infin;. If x is zero, +logb returns &infin;. It does not signal. +

+ +
+
Function: int ilogb (double x) + +
+
Function: int ilogbf (float x) + +
+
Function: int ilogbl (long double x) + +
+

These functions are equivalent to the corresponding logb +functions except that they return signed integer values. +

+ +

Since integers cannot represent infinity and NaN, ilogb instead +returns an integer that can't be the exponent of a normal floating-point +number. ‘math.h’ defines constants so you can check for this. +

+
+
Macro: int FP_ILOGB0 + +
+

ilogb returns this value if its argument is 0. The +numeric value is either INT_MIN or -INT_MAX. +

+

This macro is defined in ISO C99. +

+ +
+
Macro: int FP_ILOGBNAN + +
+

ilogb returns this value if its argument is NaN. The +numeric value is either INT_MIN or INT_MAX. +

+

This macro is defined in ISO C99. +

+ +

These values are system specific. They might even be the same. The +proper way to test the result of ilogb is as follows: +

+
 
i = ilogb (f);
+if (i == FP_ILOGB0 || i == FP_ILOGBNAN)
+  {
+    if (isnan (f))
+      {
+        /* Handle NaN.  */
+      }
+    else if (f  == 0.0)
+      {
+        /* Handle 0.0.  */
+      }
+    else
+      {
+        /* Some other value with large exponent,
+           perhaps +Inf.  */
+      }
+  }
+
+ +
+
Function: double pow (double base, double power) + +
+
Function: float powf (float base, float power) + +
+
Function: long double powl (long double base, long double power) + +
+

These are general exponentiation functions, returning base raised +to power. +

+

Mathematically, pow would return a complex number when base +is negative and power is not an integral value. pow can't +do that, so instead it signals a domain error. pow may also +underflow or overflow the destination type. +

+ + +
+
Function: double sqrt (double x) + +
+
Function: float sqrtf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double sqrtl (long double x) + +
+

These functions return the nonnegative square root of x. +

+

If x is negative, sqrt signals a domain error. +Mathematically, it should return a complex number. +

+ + +
+
Function: double cbrt (double x) + +
+
Function: float cbrtf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double cbrtl (long double x) + +
+

These functions return the cube root of x. They cannot +fail; every representable real value has a representable real cube root. +

+ +
+
Function: double hypot (double x, double y) + +
+
Function: float hypotf (float x, float y) + +
+
Function: long double hypotl (long double x, long double y) + +
+

These functions return sqrt (x*x + +y*y). This is the length of the hypotenuse of a right +triangle with sides of length x and y, or the distance +of the point (x, y) from the origin. Using this function +instead of the direct formula is wise, since the error is +much smaller. See also the function cabs in Absolute Value. +

+ +
+
Function: double expm1 (double x) + +
+
Function: float expm1f (float x) + +
+
Function: long double expm1l (long double x) + +
+

These functions return a value equivalent to exp (x) - 1. +They are computed in a way that is accurate even if x is +near zero—a case where exp (x) - 1 would be inaccurate owing +to subtraction of two numbers that are nearly equal. +

+ +
+
Function: double log1p (double x) + +
+
Function: float log1pf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double log1pl (long double x) + +
+

These functions returns a value equivalent to log (1 + x). +They are computed in a way that is accurate even if x is +near zero. +

+ + + + +

ISO C99 defines complex variants of some of the exponentiation and +logarithm functions. +

+
+
Function: complex double cexp (complex double z) + +
+
Function: complex float cexpf (complex float z) + +
+
Function: complex long double cexpl (complex long double z) + +
+

These functions return e (the base of natural +logarithms) raised to the power of z. +Mathematically, this corresponds to the value +

+

exp (z) = exp (creal (z)) * (cos (cimag (z)) + I * sin (cimag (z))) +

+ +
+
Function: complex double clog (complex double z) + +
+
Function: complex float clogf (complex float z) + +
+
Function: complex long double clogl (complex long double z) + +
+

These functions return the natural logarithm of z. +Mathematically, this corresponds to the value +

+

log (z) = log (cabs (z)) + I * carg (z) +

+

clog has a pole at 0, and will signal overflow if z equals +or is very close to 0. It is well-defined for all other values of +z. +

+ + +
+
Function: complex double clog10 (complex double z) + +
+
Function: complex float clog10f (complex float z) + +
+
Function: complex long double clog10l (complex long double z) + +
+

These functions return the base 10 logarithm of the complex value +z. Mathematically, this corresponds to the value +

+

log (z) = log10 (cabs (z)) + I * carg (z) +

+

These functions are GNU extensions. +

+ +
+
Function: complex double csqrt (complex double z) + +
+
Function: complex float csqrtf (complex float z) + +
+
Function: complex long double csqrtl (complex long double z) + +
+

These functions return the complex square root of the argument z. Unlike +the real-valued functions, they are defined for all values of z. +

+ +
+
Function: complex double cpow (complex double base, complex double power) + +
+
Function: complex float cpowf (complex float base, complex float power) + +
+
Function: complex long double cpowl (complex long double base, complex long double power) + +
+

These functions return base raised to the power of +power. This is equivalent to cexp (y * clog (x)) +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

19.5 Hyperbolic Functions

+ +

The functions in this section are related to the exponential functions; +see Exponentiation and Logarithms. +

+
+
Function: double sinh (double x) + +
+
Function: float sinhf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double sinhl (long double x) + +
+

These functions return the hyperbolic sine of x, defined +mathematically as (exp (x) - exp (-x)) / 2. They +may signal overflow if x is too large. +

+ +
+
Function: double cosh (double x) + +
+
Function: float coshf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double coshl (long double x) + +
+

These function return the hyperbolic cosine of x, +defined mathematically as (exp (x) + exp (-x)) / 2. +They may signal overflow if x is too large. +

+ +
+
Function: double tanh (double x) + +
+
Function: float tanhf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double tanhl (long double x) + +
+

These functions return the hyperbolic tangent of x, +defined mathematically as sinh (x) / cosh (x). +They may signal overflow if x is too large. +

+ + + +

There are counterparts for the hyperbolic functions which take +complex arguments. +

+
+
Function: complex double csinh (complex double z) + +
+
Function: complex float csinhf (complex float z) + +
+
Function: complex long double csinhl (complex long double z) + +
+

These functions return the complex hyperbolic sine of z, defined +mathematically as (exp (z) - exp (-z)) / 2. +

+ +
+
Function: complex double ccosh (complex double z) + +
+
Function: complex float ccoshf (complex float z) + +
+
Function: complex long double ccoshl (complex long double z) + +
+

These functions return the complex hyperbolic cosine of z, defined +mathematically as (exp (z) + exp (-z)) / 2. +

+ +
+
Function: complex double ctanh (complex double z) + +
+
Function: complex float ctanhf (complex float z) + +
+
Function: complex long double ctanhl (complex long double z) + +
+

These functions return the complex hyperbolic tangent of z, +defined mathematically as csinh (z) / ccosh (z). +

+ + + + +
+
Function: double asinh (double x) + +
+
Function: float asinhf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double asinhl (long double x) + +
+

These functions return the inverse hyperbolic sine of x—the +value whose hyperbolic sine is x. +

+ +
+
Function: double acosh (double x) + +
+
Function: float acoshf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double acoshl (long double x) + +
+

These functions return the inverse hyperbolic cosine of x—the +value whose hyperbolic cosine is x. If x is less than +1, acosh signals a domain error. +

+ +
+
Function: double atanh (double x) + +
+
Function: float atanhf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double atanhl (long double x) + +
+

These functions return the inverse hyperbolic tangent of x—the +value whose hyperbolic tangent is x. If the absolute value of +x is greater than 1, atanh signals a domain error; +if it is equal to 1, atanh returns infinity. +

+ + + +
+
Function: complex double casinh (complex double z) + +
+
Function: complex float casinhf (complex float z) + +
+
Function: complex long double casinhl (complex long double z) + +
+

These functions return the inverse complex hyperbolic sine of +z—the value whose complex hyperbolic sine is z. +

+ +
+
Function: complex double cacosh (complex double z) + +
+
Function: complex float cacoshf (complex float z) + +
+
Function: complex long double cacoshl (complex long double z) + +
+

These functions return the inverse complex hyperbolic cosine of +z—the value whose complex hyperbolic cosine is z. Unlike +the real-valued functions, there are no restrictions on the value of z. +

+ +
+
Function: complex double catanh (complex double z) + +
+
Function: complex float catanhf (complex float z) + +
+
Function: complex long double catanhl (complex long double z) + +
+

These functions return the inverse complex hyperbolic tangent of +z—the value whose complex hyperbolic tangent is z. Unlike +the real-valued functions, there are no restrictions on the value of +z. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

19.6 Special Functions

+ +

These are some more exotic mathematical functions which are sometimes +useful. Currently they only have real-valued versions. +

+
+
Function: double erf (double x) + +
+
Function: float erff (float x) + +
+
Function: long double erfl (long double x) + +
+

erf returns the error function of x. The error +function is defined as +

 
erf (x) = 2/sqrt(pi) * integral from 0 to x of exp(-t^2) dt
+
+
+ +
+
Function: double erfc (double x) + +
+
Function: float erfcf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double erfcl (long double x) + +
+

erfc returns 1.0 - erf(x), but computed in a +fashion that avoids round-off error when x is large. +

+ +
+
Function: double lgamma (double x) + +
+
Function: float lgammaf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double lgammal (long double x) + +
+

lgamma returns the natural logarithm of the absolute value of +the gamma function of x. The gamma function is defined as +

 
gamma (x) = integral from 0 to &infin; of t^(x-1) e^-t dt
+
+ + +

The sign of the gamma function is stored in the global variable +signgam, which is declared in ‘math.h’. It is 1 if +the intermediate result was positive or zero, or -1 if it was +negative. +

+

To compute the real gamma function you can use the tgamma +function or you can compute the values as follows: +

 
lgam = lgamma(x);
+gam  = signgam*exp(lgam);
+
+ +

The gamma function has singularities at the non-positive integers. +lgamma will raise the zero divide exception if evaluated at a +singularity. +

+ +
+
Function: double lgamma_r (double x, int *signp) + +
+
Function: float lgammaf_r (float x, int *signp) + +
+
Function: long double lgammal_r (long double x, int *signp) + +
+

lgamma_r is just like lgamma, but it stores the sign of +the intermediate result in the variable pointed to by signp +instead of in the signgam global. This means it is reentrant. +

+ +
+
Function: double gamma (double x) + +
+
Function: float gammaf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double gammal (long double x) + +
+

These functions exist for compatibility reasons. They are equivalent to +lgamma etc. It is better to use lgamma since for one the +name reflects better the actual computation, moreover lgamma is +standardized in ISO C99 while gamma is not. +

+ +
+
Function: double tgamma (double x) + +
+
Function: float tgammaf (float x) + +
+
Function: long double tgammal (long double x) + +
+

tgamma applies the gamma function to x. The gamma +function is defined as +

 
gamma (x) = integral from 0 to &infin; of t^(x-1) e^-t dt
+
+ +

This function was introduced in ISO C99. +

+ +
+
Function: double j0 (double x) + +
+
Function: float j0f (float x) + +
+
Function: long double j0l (long double x) + +
+

j0 returns the Bessel function of the first kind of order 0 of +x. It may signal underflow if x is too large. +

+ +
+
Function: double j1 (double x) + +
+
Function: float j1f (float x) + +
+
Function: long double j1l (long double x) + +
+

j1 returns the Bessel function of the first kind of order 1 of +x. It may signal underflow if x is too large. +

+ +
+
Function: double jn (int n, double x) + +
+
Function: float jnf (int n, float x) + +
+
Function: long double jnl (int n, long double x) + +
+

jn returns the Bessel function of the first kind of order +n of x. It may signal underflow if x is too large. +

+ +
+
Function: double y0 (double x) + +
+
Function: float y0f (float x) + +
+
Function: long double y0l (long double x) + +
+

y0 returns the Bessel function of the second kind of order 0 of +x. It may signal underflow if x is too large. If x +is negative, y0 signals a domain error; if it is zero, +y0 signals overflow and returns -&infin;. +

+ +
+
Function: double y1 (double x) + +
+
Function: float y1f (float x) + +
+
Function: long double y1l (long double x) + +
+

y1 returns the Bessel function of the second kind of order 1 of +x. It may signal underflow if x is too large. If x +is negative, y1 signals a domain error; if it is zero, +y1 signals overflow and returns -&infin;. +

+ +
+
Function: double yn (int n, double x) + +
+
Function: float ynf (int n, float x) + +
+
Function: long double ynl (int n, long double x) + +
+

yn returns the Bessel function of the second kind of order n of +x. It may signal underflow if x is too large. If x +is negative, yn signals a domain error; if it is zero, +yn signals overflow and returns -&infin;. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

19.7 Known Maximum Errors in Math Functions

+ +

This section lists the known errors of the functions in the math +library. Errors are measured in “units of the last place”. This is a +measure for the relative error. For a number z with the +representation d.d…d&middot;2^e (we assume IEEE +floating-point numbers with base 2) the ULP is represented by +

+
 
|d.d...d - (z / 2^e)| / 2^(p - 1)
+
+ +

where p is the number of bits in the mantissa of the +floating-point number representation. Ideally the error for all +functions is always less than 0.5ulps. Using rounding bits this is also +possible and normally implemented for the basic operations. To achieve +the same for the complex math functions requires a lot more work and +this has not yet been done. +

+

Therefore many of the functions in the math library have errors. The +table lists the maximum error for each function which is exposed by one +of the existing tests in the test suite. The table tries to cover as much +as possible and list the actual maximum error (or at least a ballpark +figure) but this is often not achieved due to the large search space. +

+

The table lists the ULP values for different architectures. Different +architectures have different results since their hardware support for +floating-point operations varies and also the existing hardware support +is different. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Function

Alpha

ARM

hppa/fpu

m68k/coldfire/fpu

m68k/m680x0/fpu +

acosf

-

-

-

-

- +

acos

-

-

-

-

- +

acosl

-

-

-

-

- +

acoshf

-

-

-

-

- +

acosh

-

-

-

-

- +

acoshl

-

-

-

-

1 +

asinf

-

2

-

-

- +

asin

-

1

-

-

- +

asinl

-

-

-

-

- +

asinhf

-

-

-

-

- +

asinh

-

-

-

-

- +

asinhl

-

-

-

-

1 +

atanf

-

-

-

-

- +

atan

-

-

-

-

- +

atanl

-

-

-

-

- +

atanhf

1

1

1

1

- +

atanh

-

1

-

-

- +

atanhl

-

-

-

-

1 +

atan2f

1

1

1

1

- +

atan2

-

-

-

-

- +

atan2l

1

-

-

-

1 +

cabsf

-

1

-

-

- +

cabs

-

1

-

-

- +

cabsl

-

-

-

-

- +

cacosf

-

1 + i 1

-

-

2 + i 1 +

cacos

-

1 + i 0

-

-

- +

cacosl

0 + i 1

-

-

-

1 + i 2 +

cacoshf

0 + i 1

7 + i 3

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

7 + i 1 +

cacosh

-

1 + i 1

-

-

1 + i 1 +

cacoshl

0 + i 1

-

-

-

6 + i 2 +

cargf

-

-

-

-

- +

carg

-

-

-

-

- +

cargl

-

-

-

-

- +

casinf

1 + i 0

2 + i 1

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

5 + i 1 +

casin

1 + i 0

3 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 0 +

casinl

0 + i 1

-

1 + i 0

-

3 + i 2 +

casinhf

1 + i 6

1 + i 6

1 + i 6

1 + i 6

19 + i 1 +

casinh

5 + i 3

5 + i 3

5 + i 3

5 + i 3

6 + i 13 +

casinhl

4 + i 2

-

5 + i 3

-

5 + i 6 +

catanf

0 + i 1

4 + i 1

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

0 + i 1 +

catan

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

0 + i 1 +

catanl

0 + i 1

-

0 + i 1

-

1 + i 0 +

catanhf

-

1 + i 6

-

-

- +

catanh

4 + i 0

4 + i 1

4 + i 0

4 + i 0

- +

catanhl

1 + i 1

-

4 + i 0

-

1 + i 0 +

cbrtf

-

-

-

-

- +

cbrt

1

1

1

1

- +

cbrtl

1

-

1

-

1 +

ccosf

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1 +

ccos

1 + i 0

1 + i 1

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

- +

ccosl

1 + i 1

-

1 + i 0

-

1 + i 1 +

ccoshf

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1 +

ccosh

1 + i 0

1 + i 1

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

- +

ccoshl

1 + i 1

-

1 + i 0

-

0 + i 1 +

ceilf

-

-

-

-

- +

ceil

-

-

-

-

- +

ceill

-

-

1

-

- +

cexpf

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

2 + i 1 +

cexp

-

1 + i 0

-

-

- +

cexpl

1 + i 1

-

-

-

0 + i 1 +

cimagf

-

-

-

-

- +

cimag

-

-

-

-

- +

cimagl

-

-

-

-

- +

clogf

1 + i 0

1 + i 3

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 0 +

clog

-

0 + i 1

-

-

- +

clogl

1 + i 0

-

-

-

1 + i 1 +

clog10f

1 + i 1

1 + i 5

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1 +

clog10

0 + i 1

1 + i 1

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

1 + i 1 +

clog10l

1 + i 1

-

0 + i 1

-

1 + i 2 +

conjf

-

-

-

-

- +

conj

-

-

-

-

- +

conjl

-

-

-

-

- +

copysignf

-

-

-

-

- +

copysign

-

-

-

-

- +

copysignl

-

-

-

-

- +

cosf

1

1

1

1

1 +

cos

2

2

2

2

2 +

cosl

1

-

2

-

1 +

coshf

-

-

-

-

- +

cosh

-

-

-

-

- +

coshl

-

-

-

-

- +

cpowf

4 + i 2

4 + i 2

4 + i 2

4 + i 2

2 + i 6 +

cpow

2 + i 2

2 + i 2

2 + i 2

2 + i 2

1 + i 2 +

cpowl

10 + i 1

-

2 + i 2

-

15 + i 2 +

cprojf

-

-

-

-

- +

cproj

-

-

-

-

- +

cprojl

-

-

-

-

- +

crealf

-

-

-

-

- +

creal

-

-

-

-

- +

creall

-

-

-

-

- +

csinf

-

0 + i 1

-

-

1 + i 1 +

csin

-

-

-

-

- +

csinl

1 + i 1

-

-

-

1 + i 0 +

csinhf

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1 +

csinh

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

- +

csinhl

1 + i 0

-

0 + i 1

-

1 + i 0 +

csqrtf

1 + i 0

1 + i 1

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

- +

csqrt

-

1 + i 0

-

-

- +

csqrtl

1 + i 1

-

-

-

- +

ctanf

-

1 + i 1

-

-

- +

ctan

0 + i 1

1 + i 1

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

1 + i 0 +

ctanl

1 + i 2

-

0 + i 1

-

1 + i 2 +

ctanhf

2 + i 1

2 + i 1

2 + i 1

2 + i 1

0 + i 1 +

ctanh

1 + i 0

2 + i 2

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

0 + i 1 +

ctanhl

1 + i 1

-

1 + i 0

-

0 + i 1 +

erff

-

-

-

-

- +

erf

1

1

1

1

- +

erfl

-

-

1

-

- +

erfcf

-

12

-

-

1 +

erfc

1

24

1

1

- +

erfcl

1

-

1

-

1 +

expf

-

-

-

-

- +

exp

-

-

-

-

- +

expl

-

-

-

-

- +

exp10f

2

2

2

2

- +

exp10

6

6

6

6

- +

exp10l

1

-

6

-

- +

exp2f

-

-

-

-

- +

exp2

-

-

-

-

- +

exp2l

2

-

-

-

- +

expm1f

1

1

1

1

- +

expm1

1

1

1

1

- +

expm1l

1

-

1

-

1 +

fabsf

-

-

-

-

- +

fabs

-

-

-

-

- +

fabsl

-

-

-

-

- +

fdimf

-

-

-

-

- +

fdim

-

-

-

-

- +

fdiml

-

-

-

-

- +

floorf

-

-

-

-

- +

floor

-

-

-

-

- +

floorl

-

-

1

-

- +

fmaf

-

-

-

-

- +

fma

-

-

-

-

- +

fmal

-

-

-

-

- +

fmaxf

-

-

-

-

- +

fmax

-

-

-

-

- +

fmaxl

-

-

-

-

- +

fminf

-

-

-

-

- +

fmin

-

-

-

-

- +

fminl

-

-

-

-

- +

fmodf

-

1

-

-

- +

fmod

-

2

-

-

- +

fmodl

-

-

-

-

- +

frexpf

-

-

-

-

- +

frexp

-

-

-

-

- +

frexpl

-

-

-

-

- +

gammaf

-

-

-

-

- +

gamma

-

-

-

-

- +

gammal

1

-

-

-

1 +

hypotf

1

1

1

1

1 +

hypot

-

1

-

-

- +

hypotl

-

-

-

-

- +

ilogbf

-

-

-

-

- +

ilogb

-

-

-

-

- +

ilogbl

-

-

-

-

- +

j0f

2

2

2

2

1 +

j0

2

2

2

2

1 +

j0l

2

-

2

-

1 +

j1f

2

2

2

2

2 +

j1

1

1

1

1

- +

j1l

4

-

1

-

1 +

jnf

4

4

4

4

5 +

jn

4

6

4

4

1 +

jnl

4

-

4

-

2 +

lgammaf

2

2

2

2

2 +

lgamma

1

1

1

1

1 +

lgammal

1

-

1

-

1 +

lrintf

-

-

-

-

- +

lrint

-

-

-

-

- +

lrintl

-

-

-

-

- +

llrintf

-

-

-

-

- +

llrint

-

-

-

-

- +

llrintl

-

-

-

-

- +

logf

-

1

-

-

1 +

log

-

1

-

-

- +

logl

-

-

-

-

1 +

log10f

2

2

2

2

1 +

log10

1

1

1

1

- +

log10l

1

-

1

-

2 +

log1pf

1

1

1

1

- +

log1p

-

1

-

-

- +

log1pl

1

-

-

-

1 +

log2f

-

1

-

-

- +

log2

-

1

-

-

- +

log2l

1

-

-

-

1 +

logbf

-

-

-

-

- +

logb

-

-

-

-

- +

logbl

-

-

-

-

- +

lroundf

-

-

-

-

- +

lround

-

-

-

-

- +

lroundl

-

-

-

-

- +

llroundf

-

-

-

-

- +

llround

-

-

-

-

- +

llroundl

-

-

-

-

- +

modff

-

-

-

-

- +

modf

-

-

-

-

- +

modfl

-

-

-

-

- +

nearbyintf

-

-

-

-

- +

nearbyint

-

-

-

-

- +

nearbyintl

-

-

-

-

- +

nextafterf

-

-

-

-

- +

nextafter

-

-

-

-

- +

nextafterl

-

-

-

-

- +

nexttowardf

-

-

-

-

- +

nexttoward

-

-

-

-

- +

nexttowardl

-

-

-

-

- +

powf

-

-

-

-

- +

pow

-

-

-

-

- +

powl

-

-

-

-

1 +

remainderf

-

-

-

-

- +

remainder

-

-

-

-

- +

remainderl

-

-

-

-

- +

remquof

-

-

-

-

- +

remquo

-

-

-

-

- +

remquol

-

-

-

-

- +

rintf

-

-

-

-

- +

rint

-

-

-

-

- +

rintl

-

-

-

-

- +

roundf

-

-

-

-

- +

round

-

-

-

-

- +

roundl

-

-

1

-

- +

scalbf

-

-

-

-

- +

scalb

-

-

-

-

- +

scalbl

-

-

-

-

- +

scalbnf

-

-

-

-

- +

scalbn

-

-

-

-

- +

scalbnl

-

-

-

-

- +

scalblnf

-

-

-

-

- +

scalbln

-

-

-

-

- +

scalblnl

-

-

-

-

- +

sinf

-

-

-

-

- +

sin

-

-

-

-

- +

sinl

-

-

-

-

- +

sincosf

1

1

1

1

1 +

sincos

1

1

1

1

1 +

sincosl

1

-

1

-

1 +

sinhf

-

1

-

-

- +

sinh

-

1

-

-

- +

sinhl

-

-

-

-

1 +

sqrtf

-

-

-

-

- +

sqrt

-

-

-

-

- +

sqrtl

1

-

-

-

- +

tanf

-

-

-

-

- +

tan

1

0.5

1

1

1 +

tanl

-

-

1

-

1 +

tanhf

-

1

-

-

- +

tanh

-

1

-

-

- +

tanhl

1

-

-

-

- +

tgammaf

1

1

1

1

1 +

tgamma

1

1

1

1

1 +

tgammal

1

-

1

-

1 +

truncf

-

-

-

-

- +

trunc

-

-

-

-

- +

truncl

-

-

1

-

- +

y0f

1

1

1

1

1 +

y0

2

2

2

2

1 +

y0l

3

-

2

-

2 +

y1f

2

2

2

2

2 +

y1

3

3

3

3

1 +

y1l

1

-

3

-

1 +

ynf

2

2

2

2

2 +

yn

3

3

3

3

1 +

ynl

5

-

3

-

4 +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Function

MIPS

mips/mips64/n32

mips/mips64/n64

powerpc/nofpu

Generic +

acosf

-

-

-

-

- +

acos

-

-

-

-

- +

acosl

-

-

-

1

- +

acoshf

-

-

-

-

- +

acosh

-

-

-

-

- +

acoshl

-

-

-

1

- +

asinf

-

-

-

-

- +

asin

-

-

-

-

- +

asinl

-

-

-

2

- +

asinhf

-

-

-

-

- +

asinh

-

-

-

-

- +

asinhl

-

-

-

1

- +

atanf

-

-

-

-

- +

atan

-

-

-

-

- +

atanl

-

-

-

-

- +

atanhf

1

1

1

1

- +

atanh

-

-

-

-

- +

atanhl

-

-

-

-

- +

atan2f

3

1

1

3

- +

atan2

-

-

-

-

- +

atan2l

-

1

1

1

- +

cabsf

-

-

-

-

- +

cabs

-

-

-

-

- +

cabsl

-

-

-

1

- +

cacosf

-

-

-

-

- +

cacos

-

-

-

-

- +

cacosl

-

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

1 + i 1

- +

cacoshf

7 + i 3

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

7 + i 3

- +

cacosh

1 + i 1

-

-

1 + i 1

- +

cacoshl

-

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

1 + i 1

- +

cargf

-

-

-

-

- +

carg

-

-

-

-

- +

cargl

-

-

-

-

- +

casinf

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

- +

casin

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

- +

casinl

-

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

1 + i 1

- +

casinhf

1 + i 6

1 + i 6

1 + i 6

1 + i 6

- +

casinh

5 + i 3

5 + i 3

5 + i 3

5 + i 3

- +

casinhl

-

4 + i 2

4 + i 2

4 + i 1

- +

catanf

4 + i 1

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

4 + i 1

- +

catan

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

- +

catanl

-

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

1 + i 1

- +

catanhf

0 + i 6

-

-

0 + i 6

- +

catanh

4 + i 0

4 + i 0

4 + i 0

4 + i 0

- +

catanhl

-

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

-

- +

cbrtf

-

-

-

-

- +

cbrt

1

1

1

1

- +

cbrtl

-

1

1

1

- +

ccosf

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

- +

ccos

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

- +

ccosl

-

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

- +

ccoshf

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

- +

ccosh

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

- +

ccoshl

-

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 2

- +

ceilf

-

-

-

-

- +

ceil

-

-

-

-

- +

ceill

-

-

-

-

- +

cexpf

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

- +

cexp

-

-

-

-

- +

cexpl

-

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

2 + i 1

- +

cimagf

-

-

-

-

- +

cimag

-

-

-

-

- +

cimagl

-

-

-

-

- +

clogf

1 + i 3

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 3

- +

clog

-

-

-

-

- +

clogl

-

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

2 + i 1

- +

clog10f

1 + i 5

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 5

- +

clog10

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

- +

clog10l

-

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

3 + i 1

- +

conjf

-

-

-

-

- +

conj

-

-

-

-

- +

conjl

-

-

-

-

- +

copysignf

-

-

-

-

- +

copysign

-

-

-

-

- +

copysignl

-

-

-

-

- +

cosf

1

1

1

1

- +

cos

2

2

2

2

- +

cosl

-

1

1

1

- +

coshf

-

-

-

-

- +

cosh

-

-

-

-

- +

coshl

-

-

-

1

- +

cpowf

4 + i 2

4 + i 2

4 + i 2

4 + i 2

- +

cpow

2 + i 2

2 + i 2

2 + i 2

2 + i 2

- +

cpowl

-

10 + i 1

10 + i 1

2 + i 2

- +

cprojf

-

-

-

-

- +

cproj

-

-

-

-

- +

cprojl

-

-

-

0 + i 1

- +

crealf

-

-

-

-

- +

creal

-

-

-

-

- +

creall

-

-

-

-

- +

csinf

-

-

-

-

- +

csin

-

-

-

-

- +

csinl

-

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 0

- +

csinhf

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

- +

csinh

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

- +

csinhl

-

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 1

- +

csqrtf

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

- +

csqrt

-

-

-

-

- +

csqrtl

-

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

- +

ctanf

-

-

-

-

- +

ctan

1 + i 1

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

1 + i 1

- +

ctanl

-

1 + i 2

1 + i 2

1 + i 1

- +

ctanhf

2 + i 1

2 + i 1

2 + i 1

2 + i 1

- +

ctanh

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

- +

ctanhl

-

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

- +

erff

-

-

-

-

- +

erf

1

1

1

1

- +

erfl

-

-

-

1

- +

erfcf

-

-

-

-

- +

erfc

1

1

1

1

- +

erfcl

-

1

1

1

- +

expf

-

-

-

-

- +

exp

-

-

-

-

- +

expl

-

-

-

1

- +

exp10f

2

2

2

2

- +

exp10

6

6

6

6

- +

exp10l

-

1

1

8

- +

exp2f

-

-

-

-

- +

exp2

-

-

-

-

- +

exp2l

-

2

2

2

- +

expm1f

1

1

1

1

- +

expm1

1

1

1

1

- +

expm1l

-

1

1

-

- +

fabsf

-

-

-

-

- +

fabs

-

-

-

-

- +

fabsl

-

-

-

-

- +

fdimf

-

-

-

-

- +

fdim

-

-

-

-

- +

fdiml

-

-

-

-

- +

floorf

-

-

-

-

- +

floor

-

-

-

-

- +

floorl

-

-

-

-

- +

fmaf

-

-

-

-

- +

fma

-

-

-

-

- +

fmal

-

-

-

-

- +

fmaxf

-

-

-

-

- +

fmax

-

-

-

-

- +

fmaxl

-

-

-

-

- +

fminf

-

-

-

-

- +

fmin

-

-

-

-

- +

fminl

-

-

-

-

- +

fmodf

-

-

-

-

- +

fmod

-

-

-

-

- +

fmodl

-

-

-

-

- +

frexpf

-

-

-

-

- +

frexp

-

-

-

-

- +

frexpl

-

-

-

-

- +

gammaf

-

-

-

-

- +

gamma

-

-

-

-

- +

gammal

-

1

1

1

- +

hypotf

1

1

1

1

- +

hypot

-

-

-

-

- +

hypotl

-

-

-

1

- +

ilogbf

-

-

-

-

- +

ilogb

-

-

-

-

- +

ilogbl

-

-

-

-

- +

j0f

2

2

2

2

- +

j0

2

2

2

2

- +

j0l

-

2

2

1

- +

j1f

2

2

2

2

- +

j1

1

1

1

1

- +

j1l

-

4

4

1

- +

jnf

4

4

4

4

- +

jn

4

4

4

4

- +

jnl

-

4

4

4

- +

lgammaf

2

2

2

2

- +

lgamma

1

1

1

1

- +

lgammal

-

1

1

3

- +

lrintf

-

-

-

-

- +

lrint

-

-

-

-

- +

lrintl

-

-

-

-

- +

llrintf

-

-

-

-

- +

llrint

-

-

-

-

- +

llrintl

-

-

-

-

- +

logf

-

-

-

-

- +

log

-

-

-

-

- +

logl

-

-

-

1

- +

log10f

2

2

2

2

- +

log10

1

1

1

1

- +

log10l

-

1

1

1

- +

log1pf

1

1

1

1

- +

log1p

-

-

-

-

- +

log1pl

-

1

1

1

- +

log2f

-

-

-

-

- +

log2

-

-

-

-

- +

log2l

-

1

1

1

- +

logbf

-

-

-

-

- +

logb

-

-

-

-

- +

logbl

-

-

-

-

- +

lroundf

-

-

-

-

- +

lround

-

-

-

-

- +

lroundl

-

-

-

-

- +

llroundf

-

-

-

-

- +

llround

-

-

-

-

- +

llroundl

-

-

-

-

- +

modff

-

-

-

-

- +

modf

-

-

-

-

- +

modfl

-

-

-

-

- +

nearbyintf

-

-

-

-

- +

nearbyint

-

-

-

-

- +

nearbyintl

-

-

-

-

- +

nextafterf

-

-

-

-

- +

nextafter

-

-

-

-

- +

nextafterl

-

-

-

-

- +

nexttowardf

-

-

-

-

- +

nexttoward

-

-

-

-

- +

nexttowardl

-

-

-

-

- +

powf

-

-

-

-

- +

pow

-

-

-

-

- +

powl

-

-

-

1

- +

remainderf

-

-

-

-

- +

remainder

-

-

-

-

- +

remainderl

-

-

-

-

- +

remquof

-

-

-

-

- +

remquo

-

-

-

-

- +

remquol

-

-

-

-

- +

rintf

-

-

-

-

- +

rint

-

-

-

-

- +

rintl

-

-

-

-

- +

roundf

-

-

-

-

- +

round

-

-

-

-

- +

roundl

-

-

-

-

- +

scalbf

-

-

-

-

- +

scalb

-

-

-

-

- +

scalbl

-

-

-

-

- +

scalbnf

-

-

-

-

- +

scalbn

-

-

-

-

- +

scalbnl

-

-

-

-

- +

scalblnf

-

-

-

-

- +

scalbln

-

-

-

-

- +

scalblnl

-

-

-

-

- +

sinf

-

-

-

-

- +

sin

-

-

-

-

- +

sinl

-

-

-

1

- +

sincosf

1

1

1

1

- +

sincos

1

1

1

1

- +

sincosl

-

1

1

1

- +

sinhf

-

-

-

-

- +

sinh

-

-

-

-

- +

sinhl

-

-

-

1

- +

sqrtf

-

-

-

-

- +

sqrt

-

-

-

-

- +

sqrtl

-

1

1

-

- +

tanf

-

-

-

-

- +

tan

1

1

1

1

- +

tanl

-

-

-

1

- +

tanhf

-

-

-

-

- +

tanh

-

-

-

-

- +

tanhl

-

1

1

1

- +

tgammaf

1

1

1

1

- +

tgamma

1

1

1

1

- +

tgammal

-

1

1

1

- +

truncf

-

-

-

-

- +

trunc

-

-

-

-

- +

truncl

-

-

-

-

- +

y0f

1

1

1

1

- +

y0

2

2

2

2

- +

y0l

-

3

3

2

- +

y1f

2

2

2

2

- +

y1

3

3

3

3

- +

y1l

-

1

1

2

- +

ynf

2

2

2

2

- +

yn

3

3

3

3

- +

ynl

-

5

5

2

- +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Function

ix86

IA64

PowerPC

S/390

SH4 +

acosf

-

-

-

-

- +

acos

-

-

-

-

- +

acosl

622

-

1

-

- +

acoshf

-

-

-

-

- +

acosh

-

-

-

-

- +

acoshl

-

-

1

-

- +

asinf

-

-

-

-

2 +

asin

-

-

-

-

1 +

asinl

1

-

2

-

- +

asinhf

-

-

-

-

- +

asinh

-

-

-

-

- +

asinhl

-

-

1

-

- +

atanf

-

-

-

-

- +

atan

-

-

-

-

- +

atanl

-

-

-

-

- +

atanhf

-

-

1

1

- +

atanh

-

-

-

-

1 +

atanhl

1

-

-

-

- +

atan2f

-

-

1

1

4 +

atan2

-

-

-

-

- +

atan2l

-

-

1

1

- +

cabsf

-

-

-

-

1 +

cabs

-

-

-

-

1 +

cabsl

-

-

1

-

- +

cacosf

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

-

-

1 + i 1 +

cacos

-

-

-

-

1 + i 0 +

cacosl

0 + i 2

0 + i 2

1 + i 1

0 + i 1

- +

cacoshf

9 + i 4

7 + i 0

7 + i 3

7 + i 3

7 + i 3 +

cacosh

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1 +

cacoshl

6 + i 1

7 + i 1

1 + i 0

0 + i 1

- +

cargf

-

-

-

-

- +

carg

-

-

-

-

- +

cargl

-

-

-

-

- +

casinf

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

2 + i 1 +

casin

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

3 + i 0 +

casinl

2 + i 2

2 + i 2

1 + i 1

0 + i 1

- +

casinhf

1 + i 6

1 + i 6

1 + i 6

1 + i 6

1 + i 6 +

casinh

5 + i 3

5 + i 3

5 + i 3

5 + i 3

5 + i 3 +

casinhl

5 + i 5

5 + i 5

4 + i 1

4 + i 2

- +

catanf

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

4 + i 1

4 + i 1

4 + i 1 +

catan

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

0 + i 1 +

catanl

-

-

1 + i 1

0 + i 1

- +

catanhf

1 + i 0

-

0 + i 6

0 + i 6

1 + i 6 +

catanh

2 + i 0

4 + i 0

4 + i 0

4 + i 0

4 + i 1 +

catanhl

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

-

1 + i 1

- +

cbrtf

-

-

-

-

- +

cbrt

-

-

1

1

1 +

cbrtl

1

-

1

1

- +

ccosf

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

0 + i 1 +

ccos

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 1 +

ccosl

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

- +

ccoshf

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1 +

ccosh

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 1 +

ccoshl

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

1 + i 2

1 + i 1

- +

ceilf

-

-

-

-

- +

ceil

-

-

-

-

- +

ceill

-

-

-

-

- +

cexpf

-

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1 +

cexp

-

-

-

-

1 + i 0 +

cexpl

1 + i 1

0 + i 1

2 + i 1

1 + i 1

- +

cimagf

-

-

-

-

- +

cimag

-

-

-

-

- +

cimagl

-

-

-

-

- +

clogf

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 3

1 + i 3

0 + i 3 +

clog

-

-

-

-

0 + i 1 +

clogl

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

2 + i 1

1 + i 0

- +

clog10f

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 5

1 + i 5

1 + i 5 +

clog10

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

1 + i 1 +

clog10l

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

3 + i 1

1 + i 1

- +

conjf

-

-

-

-

- +

conj

-

-

-

-

- +

conjl

-

-

-

-

- +

copysignf

-

-

-

-

- +

copysign

-

-

-

-

- +

copysignl

-

-

-

-

- +

cosf

1

1

1

1

1 +

cos

2

2

2

2

2 +

cosl

1

1

1

1

- +

coshf

-

-

-

-

- +

cosh

-

-

-

-

- +

coshl

-

-

1

-

- +

cpowf

4 + i 3

5 + i 3

5 + i 2

4 + i 2

4 + i 2 +

cpow

1 + i 2

2 + i 2

2 + i 2

2 + i 2

1 + i 1.1031 +

cpowl

763 + i 2

6 + i 4

2 + i 2

10 + i 1

- +

cprojf

-

-

-

-

- +

cproj

-

-

-

-

- +

cprojl

-

-

0 + i 1

-

- +

crealf

-

-

-

-

- +

creal

-

-

-

-

- +

creall

-

-

-

-

- +

csinf

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

-

-

0 + i 1 +

csin

-

-

-

-

- +

csinl

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 1

- +

csinhf

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1 +

csinh

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

0 + i 1 +

csinhl

1 + i 2

1 + i 2

1 + i 1

1 + i 0

- +

csqrtf

-

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 1 +

csqrt

-

-

-

-

1 + i 0 +

csqrtl

-

-

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

- +

ctanf

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

-

-

1 + i 1 +

ctan

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1 +

ctanl

439 + i 3

2 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 2

- +

ctanhf

1 + i 1

0 + i 1

2 + i 1

2 + i 1

2 + i 1 +

ctanh

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

2 + i 2 +

ctanhl

5 + i 25

1 + i 24

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

- +

erff

-

-

-

-

- +

erf

1

1

1

1

- +

erfl

-

-

1

-

- +

erfcf

1

1

1

1

12 +

erfc

1

1

1

1

24 +

erfcl

1

1

1

1

- +

expf

-

-

-

-

- +

exp

-

-

-

-

- +

expl

-

-

1

-

- +

exp10f

-

2

2

2

2 +

exp10

-

6

6

6

6 +

exp10l

8

3

8

1

- +

exp2f

-

-

-

-

- +

exp2

-

-

-

-

- +

exp2l

-

-

2

2

- +

expm1f

-

-

1

1

1 +

expm1

-

-

1

1

- +

expm1l

-

1

-

1

- +

fabsf

-

-

-

-

- +

fabs

-

-

-

-

- +

fabsl

-

-

-

-

- +

fdimf

-

-

-

-

- +

fdim

-

-

-

-

- +

fdiml

-

-

-

-

- +

floorf

-

-

-

-

- +

floor

-

-

-

-

- +

floorl

-

-

-

-

- +

fmaf

-

-

-

-

- +

fma

-

-

-

-

- +

fmal

-

-

-

-

- +

fmaxf

-

-

-

-

- +

fmax

-

-

-

-

- +

fmaxl

-

-

-

-

- +

fminf

-

-

-

-

- +

fmin

-

-

-

-

- +

fminl

-

-

-

-

- +

fmodf

-

-

-

-

1 +

fmod

-

-

-

-

2 +

fmodl

-

-

-

-

- +

frexpf

-

-

-

-

- +

frexp

-

-

-

-

- +

frexpl

-

-

-

-

- +

gammaf

-

-

-

-

- +

gamma

1

-

-

-

- +

gammal

1

1

1

1

- +

hypotf

1

1

1

1

1 +

hypot

-

-

-

-

1 +

hypotl

-

-

1

-

- +

ilogbf

-

-

-

-

- +

ilogb

-

-

-

-

- +

ilogbl

-

-

-

-

- +

j0f

2

2

2

2

2 +

j0

3

3

3

3

2 +

j0l

1

2

1

2

- +

j1f

1

2

2

2

2 +

j1

1

1

1

1

1 +

j1l

1

1

1

4

- +

jnf

2

4

4

4

4 +

jn

5

3

3

4

6 +

jnl

2

2

4

4

- +

lgammaf

2

2

2

2

2 +

lgamma

1

1

1

1

1 +

lgammal

1

1

3

1

- +

lrintf

-

-

-

-

- +

lrint

-

-

-

-

- +

lrintl

-

-

-

-

- +

llrintf

-

-

-

-

- +

llrint

-

-

-

-

- +

llrintl

-

-

-

-

- +

logf

1

1

-

-

1 +

log

-

-

-

-

1 +

logl

-

-

1

-

- +

log10f

1

1

2

2

1 +

log10

-

-

1

1

1 +

log10l

1

1

1

1

- +

log1pf

-

-

1

1

1 +

log1p

-

-

-

-

1 +

log1pl

-

-

1

1

- +

log2f

-

-

-

-

1 +

log2

-

-

-

-

1 +

log2l

-

-

1

1

- +

logbf

-

-

-

-

- +

logb

-

-

-

-

- +

logbl

-

-

-

-

- +

lroundf

-

-

-

-

- +

lround

-

-

-

-

- +

lroundl

-

-

-

-

- +

llroundf

-

-

-

-

- +

llround

-

-

-

-

- +

llroundl

-

-

-

-

- +

modff

-

-

-

-

- +

modf

-

-

-

-

- +

modfl

-

-

-

-

- +

nearbyintf

-

-

-

-

- +

nearbyint

-

-

-

-

- +

nearbyintl

-

-

-

-

- +

nextafterf

-

-

-

-

- +

nextafter

-

-

-

-

- +

nextafterl

-

-

-

-

- +

nexttowardf

-

-

-

-

- +

nexttoward

-

-

-

-

- +

nexttowardl

-

-

-

-

- +

powf

-

-

-

-

- +

pow

-

-

-

-

- +

powl

-

-

1

-

- +

remainderf

-

-

-

-

- +

remainder

-

-

-

-

- +

remainderl

-

-

-

-

- +

remquof

-

-

-

-

- +

remquo

-

-

-

-

- +

remquol

-

-

-

-

- +

rintf

-

-

-

-

- +

rint

-

-

-

-

- +

rintl

-

-

-

-

- +

roundf

-

-

-

-

- +

round

-

-

-

-

- +

roundl

-

-

-

-

- +

scalbf

-

-

-

-

- +

scalb

-

-

-

-

- +

scalbl

-

-

-

-

- +

scalbnf

-

-

-

-

- +

scalbn

-

-

-

-

- +

scalbnl

-

-

-

-

- +

scalblnf

-

-

-

-

- +

scalbln

-

-

-

-

- +

scalblnl

-

-

-

-

- +

sinf

-

-

-

-

- +

sin

-

-

-

-

- +

sinl

-

-

1

-

- +

sincosf

1

1

1

1

1 +

sincos

1

1

1

1

1 +

sincosl

1

1

1

1

- +

sinhf

-

-

-

-

1 +

sinh

1

-

-

-

1 +

sinhl

-

-

1

-

- +

sqrtf

-

-

-

-

- +

sqrt

-

-

-

-

- +

sqrtl

-

-

-

1

- +

tanf

-

-

-

-

- +

tan

1

1

1

1

0.5 +

tanl

-

-

1

-

- +

tanhf

-

-

-

-

1 +

tanh

-

-

-

-

1 +

tanhl

-

-

1

1

- +

tgammaf

1

1

1

1

1 +

tgamma

2

1

1

1

1 +

tgammal

1

1

1

1

- +

truncf

-

-

-

-

- +

trunc

-

-

-

-

- +

truncl

-

-

-

-

- +

y0f

1

1

1

1

1 +

y0

2

2

2

2

2 +

y0l

1

1

1

3

- +

y1f

2

2

2

2

2 +

y1

2

3

3

3

3 +

y1l

1

1

2

1

- +

ynf

3

2

2

2

2 +

yn

2

3

3

3

3 +

ynl

4

2

2

5

- +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Function

Sparc 32-bit

Sparc 64-bit

x86_64/fpu +

acosf

-

-

- +

acos

-

-

- +

acosl

-

-

1 +

acoshf

-

-

- +

acosh

-

-

- +

acoshl

-

-

- +

asinf

-

-

- +

asin

-

-

- +

asinl

-

-

1 +

asinhf

-

-

- +

asinh

-

-

- +

asinhl

-

-

- +

atanf

-

-

- +

atan

-

-

- +

atanl

-

-

- +

atanhf

1

1

1 +

atanh

-

-

- +

atanhl

-

-

1 +

atan2f

6

6

1 +

atan2

-

-

- +

atan2l

1

1

- +

cabsf

-

-

- +

cabs

-

-

- +

cabsl

-

-

- +

cacosf

-

-

0 + i 1 +

cacos

-

-

- +

cacosl

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

0 + i 2 +

cacoshf

7 + i 3

7 + i 3

7 + i 3 +

cacosh

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1 +

cacoshl

5 + i 1

5 + i 1

6 + i 1 +

cargf

-

-

- +

carg

-

-

- +

cargl

-

-

- +

casinf

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 1 +

casin

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 0 +

casinl

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

2 + i 2 +

casinhf

1 + i 6

1 + i 6

1 + i 6 +

casinh

5 + i 3

5 + i 3

5 + i 3 +

casinhl

4 + i 2

4 + i 2

5 + i 5 +

catanf

4 + i 1

4 + i 1

4 + i 1 +

catan

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

0 + i 1 +

catanl

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

- +

catanhf

0 + i 6

0 + i 6

0 + i 6 +

catanh

4 + i 0

4 + i 0

4 + i 0 +

catanhl

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 0 +

cbrtf

-

-

- +

cbrt

1

1

1 +

cbrtl

1

1

1 +

ccosf

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1 +

ccos

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 0 +

ccosl

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1 +

ccoshf

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1 +

ccosh

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 1 +

ccoshl

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

0 + i 1 +

ceilf

-

-

- +

ceil

-

-

- +

ceill

-

-

- +

cexpf

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1 +

cexp

-

-

- +

cexpl

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

0 + i 1 +

cimagf

-

-

- +

cimag

-

-

- +

cimagl

-

-

- +

clogf

1 + i 3

1 + i 3

1 + i 3 +

clog

-

-

- +

clogl

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 0 +

clog10f

1 + i 5

1 + i 5

1 + i 5 +

clog10

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

1 + i 1 +

clog10l

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1 +

conjf

-

-

- +

conj

-

-

- +

conjl

-

-

- +

copysignf

-

-

- +

copysign

-

-

- +

copysignl

-

-

- +

cosf

1

1

1 +

cos

2

2

2 +

cosl

1

1

1 +

coshf

-

-

- +

cosh

-

-

- +

coshl

-

-

- +

cpowf

4 + i 2

4 + i 2

5 + i 2 +

cpow

2 + i 2

2 + i 2

2 + i 2 +

cpowl

10 + i 1

10 + i 1

5 + i 2 +

cprojf

-

-

- +

cproj

-

-

- +

cprojl

-

-

- +

crealf

-

-

- +

creal

-

-

- +

creall

-

-

- +

csinf

-

-

0 + i 1 +

csin

-

-

0 + i 1 +

csinl

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 0 +

csinhf

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1 +

csinh

0 + i 1

0 + i 1

1 + i 1 +

csinhl

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 2 +

csqrtf

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 0 +

csqrt

-

-

- +

csqrtl

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

- +

ctanf

-

-

0 + i 1 +

ctan

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

1 + i 1 +

ctanl

1 + i 2

1 + i 2

439 + i 3 +

ctanhf

2 + i 1

2 + i 1

2 + i 1 +

ctanh

1 + i 0

1 + i 0

1 + i 1 +

ctanhl

1 + i 1

1 + i 1

5 + i 25 +

erff

-

-

- +

erf

1

1

1 +

erfl

-

-

- +

erfcf

-

-

- +

erfc

1

1

1 +

erfcl

1

1

1 +

expf

-

-

- +

exp

-

-

- +

expl

-

-

- +

exp10f

2

2

2 +

exp10

6

6

6 +

exp10l

1

1

8 +

exp2f

-

-

- +

exp2

-

-

- +

exp2l

2

2

- +

expm1f

1

1

1 +

expm1

1

1

1 +

expm1l

1

1

- +

fabsf

-

-

- +

fabs

-

-

- +

fabsl

-

-

- +

fdimf

-

-

- +

fdim

-

-

- +

fdiml

-

-

- +

floorf

-

-

- +

floor

-

-

- +

floorl

-

-

- +

fmaf

-

-

- +

fma

-

-

- +

fmal

-

-

- +

fmaxf

-

-

- +

fmax

-

-

- +

fmaxl

-

-

- +

fminf

-

-

- +

fmin

-

-

- +

fminl

-

-

- +

fmodf

-

-

- +

fmod

-

-

- +

fmodl

-

-

- +

frexpf

-

-

- +

frexp

-

-

- +

frexpl

-

-

- +

gammaf

-

-

- +

gamma

-

-

- +

gammal

1

1

1 +

hypotf

1

1

1 +

hypot

-

-

- +

hypotl

-

-

- +

ilogbf

-

-

- +

ilogb

-

-

- +

ilogbl

-

-

- +

j0f

2

2

2 +

j0

2

2

2 +

j0l

2

2

1 +

j1f

2

2

2 +

j1

1

1

1 +

j1l

4

4

1 +

jnf

4

4

4 +

jn

4

4

4 +

jnl

4

4

2 +

lgammaf

2

2

2 +

lgamma

1

1

1 +

lgammal

1

1

1 +

lrintf

-

-

- +

lrint

-

-

- +

lrintl

-

-

- +

llrintf

-

-

- +

llrint

-

-

- +

llrintl

-

-

- +

logf

-

-

- +

log

-

-

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y0l

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3

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2

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1

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ynf

2

2

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yn

3

3

3 +

ynl

5

5

4 +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

19.8 Pseudo-Random Numbers

+ +

This section describes the GNU facilities for generating a series of +pseudo-random numbers. The numbers generated are not truly random; +typically, they form a sequence that repeats periodically, with a period +so large that you can ignore it for ordinary purposes. The random +number generator works by remembering a seed value which it uses +to compute the next random number and also to compute a new seed. +

+

Although the generated numbers look unpredictable within one run of a +program, the sequence of numbers is exactly the same from one run +to the next. This is because the initial seed is always the same. This +is convenient when you are debugging a program, but it is unhelpful if +you want the program to behave unpredictably. If you want a different +pseudo-random series each time your program runs, you must specify a +different seed each time. For ordinary purposes, basing the seed on the +current time works well. +

+

You can obtain repeatable sequences of numbers on a particular machine type +by specifying the same initial seed value for the random number +generator. There is no standard meaning for a particular seed value; +the same seed, used in different C libraries or on different CPU types, +will give you different random numbers. +

+

The GNU library supports the standard ISO C random number functions +plus two other sets derived from BSD and SVID. The BSD and ISO C +functions provide identical, somewhat limited functionality. If only a +small number of random bits are required, we recommend you use the +ISO C interface, rand and srand. The SVID functions +provide a more flexible interface, which allows better random number +generator algorithms, provides more random bits (up to 48) per call, and +can provide random floating-point numbers. These functions are required +by the XPG standard and therefore will be present in all modern Unix +systems. +

+ + + + +
19.8.1 ISO C Random Number Functions   rand and friends. +
19.8.2 BSD Random Number Functions   random and friends. +
19.8.3 SVID Random Number Function   drand48 and friends. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

19.8.1 ISO C Random Number Functions

+ +

This section describes the random number functions that are part of +the ISO C standard. +

+

To use these facilities, you should include the header file +‘stdlib.h’ in your program. + +

+
+
Macro: int RAND_MAX + +
+

The value of this macro is an integer constant representing the largest +value the rand function can return. In the GNU library, it is +2147483647, which is the largest signed integer representable in +32 bits. In other libraries, it may be as low as 32767. +

+ +
+
Function: int rand (void) + +
+

The rand function returns the next pseudo-random number in the +series. The value ranges from 0 to RAND_MAX. +

+ +
+
Function: void srand (unsigned int seed) + +
+

This function establishes seed as the seed for a new series of +pseudo-random numbers. If you call rand before a seed has been +established with srand, it uses the value 1 as a default +seed. +

+

To produce a different pseudo-random series each time your program is +run, do srand (time (0)). +

+ +

POSIX.1 extended the C standard functions to support reproducible random +numbers in multi-threaded programs. However, the extension is badly +designed and unsuitable for serious work. +

+
+
Function: int rand_r (unsigned int *seed) + +
+

This function returns a random number in the range 0 to RAND_MAX +just as rand does. However, all its state is stored in the +seed argument. This means the RNG's state can only have as many +bits as the type unsigned int has. This is far too few to +provide a good RNG. +

+

If your program requires a reentrant RNG, we recommend you use the +reentrant GNU extensions to the SVID random number generator. The +POSIX.1 interface should only be used when the GNU extensions are not +available. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

19.8.2 BSD Random Number Functions

+ +

This section describes a set of random number generation functions that +are derived from BSD. There is no advantage to using these functions +with the GNU C library; we support them for BSD compatibility only. +

+

The prototypes for these functions are in ‘stdlib.h’. + +

+
+
Function: long int random (void) + +
+

This function returns the next pseudo-random number in the sequence. +The value returned ranges from 0 to RAND_MAX. +

+

NB: Temporarily this function was defined to return a +int32_t value to indicate that the return value always contains +32 bits even if long int is wider. The standard demands it +differently. Users must always be aware of the 32-bit limitation, +though. +

+ +
+
Function: void srandom (unsigned int seed) + +
+

The srandom function sets the state of the random number +generator based on the integer seed. If you supply a seed value +of 1, this will cause random to reproduce the default set +of random numbers. +

+

To produce a different set of pseudo-random numbers each time your +program runs, do srandom (time (0)). +

+ +
+
Function: void * initstate (unsigned int seed, void *state, size_t size) + +
+

The initstate function is used to initialize the random number +generator state. The argument state is an array of size +bytes, used to hold the state information. It is initialized based on +seed. The size must be between 8 and 256 bytes, and should be a +power of two. The bigger the state array, the better. +

+

The return value is the previous value of the state information array. +You can use this value later as an argument to setstate to +restore that state. +

+ +
+
Function: void * setstate (void *state) + +
+

The setstate function restores the random number state +information state. The argument must have been the result of +a previous call to initstate or setstate. +

+

The return value is the previous value of the state information array. +You can use this value later as an argument to setstate to +restore that state. +

+

If the function fails the return value is NULL. +

+ +

The four functions described so far in this section all work on a state +which is shared by all threads. The state is not directly accessible to +the user and can only be modified by these functions. This makes it +hard to deal with situations where each thread should have its own +pseudo-random number generator. +

+

The GNU C library contains four additional functions which contain the +state as an explicit parameter and therefore make it possible to handle +thread-local PRNGs. Beside this there are no difference. In fact, the +four functions already discussed are implemented internally using the +following interfaces. +

+

The ‘stdlib.h’ header contains a definition of the following type: +

+
+
Data Type: struct random_data + +
+

Objects of type struct random_data contain the information +necessary to represent the state of the PRNG. Although a complete +definition of the type is present the type should be treated as opaque. +

+ +

The functions modifying the state follow exactly the already described +functions. +

+
+
Function: int random_r (struct random_data *restrict buf, int32_t *restrict result) + +
+

The random_r function behaves exactly like the random +function except that it uses and modifies the state in the object +pointed to by the first parameter instead of the global state. +

+ +
+
Function: int srandom_r (unsigned int seed, struct random_data *buf) + +
+

The srandom_r function behaves exactly like the srandom +function except that it uses and modifies the state in the object +pointed to by the second parameter instead of the global state. +

+ +
+
Function: int initstate_r (unsigned int seed, char *restrict statebuf, size_t statelen, struct random_data *restrict buf) + +
+

The initstate_r function behaves exactly like the initstate +function except that it uses and modifies the state in the object +pointed to by the fourth parameter instead of the global state. +

+ +
+
Function: int setstate_r (char *restrict statebuf, struct random_data *restrict buf) + +
+

The setstate_r function behaves exactly like the setstate +function except that it uses and modifies the state in the object +pointed to by the first parameter instead of the global state. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

19.8.3 SVID Random Number Function

+ +

The C library on SVID systems contains yet another kind of random number +generator functions. They use a state of 48 bits of data. The user can +choose among a collection of functions which return the random bits +in different forms. +

+

Generally there are two kinds of function. The first uses a state of +the random number generator which is shared among several functions and +by all threads of the process. The second requires the user to handle +the state. +

+

All functions have in common that they use the same congruential +formula with the same constants. The formula is +

+
 
Y = (a * X + c) mod m
+
+ +

where X is the state of the generator at the beginning and +Y the state at the end. a and c are constants +determining the way the generator works. By default they are +

+
 
a = 0x5DEECE66D = 25214903917
+c = 0xb = 11
+
+ +

but they can also be changed by the user. m is of course 2^48 +since the state consists of a 48-bit array. +

+

The prototypes for these functions are in ‘stdlib.h’. + +

+ +
+
Function: double drand48 (void) + +
+

This function returns a double value in the range of 0.0 +to 1.0 (exclusive). The random bits are determined by the global +state of the random number generator in the C library. +

+

Since the double type according to IEEE 754 has a 52-bit +mantissa this means 4 bits are not initialized by the random number +generator. These are (of course) chosen to be the least significant +bits and they are initialized to 0. +

+ +
+
Function: double erand48 (unsigned short int xsubi[3]) + +
+

This function returns a double value in the range of 0.0 +to 1.0 (exclusive), similarly to drand48. The argument is +an array describing the state of the random number generator. +

+

This function can be called subsequently since it updates the array to +guarantee random numbers. The array should have been initialized before +initial use to obtain reproducible results. +

+ +
+
Function: long int lrand48 (void) + +
+

The lrand48 function returns an integer value in the range of +0 to 2^31 (exclusive). Even if the size of the long +int type can take more than 32 bits, no higher numbers are returned. +The random bits are determined by the global state of the random number +generator in the C library. +

+ +
+
Function: long int nrand48 (unsigned short int xsubi[3]) + +
+

This function is similar to the lrand48 function in that it +returns a number in the range of 0 to 2^31 (exclusive) but +the state of the random number generator used to produce the random bits +is determined by the array provided as the parameter to the function. +

+

The numbers in the array are updated afterwards so that subsequent calls +to this function yield different results (as is expected of a random +number generator). The array should have been initialized before the +first call to obtain reproducible results. +

+ +
+
Function: long int mrand48 (void) + +
+

The mrand48 function is similar to lrand48. The only +difference is that the numbers returned are in the range -2^31 to +2^31 (exclusive). +

+ +
+
Function: long int jrand48 (unsigned short int xsubi[3]) + +
+

The jrand48 function is similar to nrand48. The only +difference is that the numbers returned are in the range -2^31 to +2^31 (exclusive). For the xsubi parameter the same +requirements are necessary. +

+ +

The internal state of the random number generator can be initialized in +several ways. The methods differ in the completeness of the +information provided. +

+
+
Function: void srand48 (long int seedval) + +
+

The srand48 function sets the most significant 32 bits of the +internal state of the random number generator to the least +significant 32 bits of the seedval parameter. The lower 16 bits +are initialized to the value 0x330E. Even if the long +int type contains more than 32 bits only the lower 32 bits are used. +

+

Owing to this limitation, initialization of the state of this +function is not very useful. But it makes it easy to use a construct +like srand48 (time (0)). +

+

A side-effect of this function is that the values a and c +from the internal state, which are used in the congruential formula, +are reset to the default values given above. This is of importance once +the user has called the lcong48 function (see below). +

+ +
+
Function: unsigned short int * seed48 (unsigned short int seed16v[3]) + +
+

The seed48 function initializes all 48 bits of the state of the +internal random number generator from the contents of the parameter +seed16v. Here the lower 16 bits of the first element of +see16v initialize the least significant 16 bits of the internal +state, the lower 16 bits of seed16v[1] initialize the mid-order +16 bits of the state and the 16 lower bits of seed16v[2] +initialize the most significant 16 bits of the state. +

+

Unlike srand48 this function lets the user initialize all 48 bits +of the state. +

+

The value returned by seed48 is a pointer to an array containing +the values of the internal state before the change. This might be +useful to restart the random number generator at a certain state. +Otherwise the value can simply be ignored. +

+

As for srand48, the values a and c from the +congruential formula are reset to the default values. +

+ +

There is one more function to initialize the random number generator +which enables you to specify even more information by allowing you to +change the parameters in the congruential formula. +

+
+
Function: void lcong48 (unsigned short int param[7]) + +
+

The lcong48 function allows the user to change the complete state +of the random number generator. Unlike srand48 and +seed48, this function also changes the constants in the +congruential formula. +

+

From the seven elements in the array param the least significant +16 bits of the entries param[0] to param[2] +determine the initial state, the least significant 16 bits of +param[3] to param[5] determine the 48 bit +constant a and param[6] determines the 16-bit value +c. +

+ +

All the above functions have in common that they use the global +parameters for the congruential formula. In multi-threaded programs it +might sometimes be useful to have different parameters in different +threads. For this reason all the above functions have a counterpart +which works on a description of the random number generator in the +user-supplied buffer instead of the global state. +

+

Please note that it is no problem if several threads use the global +state if all threads use the functions which take a pointer to an array +containing the state. The random numbers are computed following the +same loop but if the state in the array is different all threads will +obtain an individual random number generator. +

+

The user-supplied buffer must be of type struct drand48_data. +This type should be regarded as opaque and not manipulated directly. +

+
+
Function: int drand48_r (struct drand48_data *buffer, double *result) + +
+

This function is equivalent to the drand48 function with the +difference that it does not modify the global random number generator +parameters but instead the parameters in the buffer supplied through the +pointer buffer. The random number is returned in the variable +pointed to by result. +

+

The return value of the function indicates whether the call succeeded. +If the value is less than 0 an error occurred and errno is +set to indicate the problem. +

+

This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable +programs. +

+ +
+
Function: int erand48_r (unsigned short int xsubi[3], struct drand48_data *buffer, double *result) + +
+

The erand48_r function works like erand48, but in addition +it takes an argument buffer which describes the random number +generator. The state of the random number generator is taken from the +xsubi array, the parameters for the congruential formula from the +global random number generator data. The random number is returned in +the variable pointed to by result. +

+

The return value is non-negative if the call succeeded. +

+

This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable +programs. +

+ +
+
Function: int lrand48_r (struct drand48_data *buffer, double *result) + +
+

This function is similar to lrand48, but in addition it takes a +pointer to a buffer describing the state of the random number generator +just like drand48. +

+

If the return value of the function is non-negative the variable pointed +to by result contains the result. Otherwise an error occurred. +

+

This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable +programs. +

+ +
+
Function: int nrand48_r (unsigned short int xsubi[3], struct drand48_data *buffer, long int *result) + +
+

The nrand48_r function works like nrand48 in that it +produces a random number in the range 0 to 2^31. But instead +of using the global parameters for the congruential formula it uses the +information from the buffer pointed to by buffer. The state is +described by the values in xsubi. +

+

If the return value is non-negative the variable pointed to by +result contains the result. +

+

This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable +programs. +

+ +
+
Function: int mrand48_r (struct drand48_data *buffer, double *result) + +
+

This function is similar to mrand48 but like the other reentrant +functions it uses the random number generator described by the value in +the buffer pointed to by buffer. +

+

If the return value is non-negative the variable pointed to by +result contains the result. +

+

This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable +programs. +

+ +
+
Function: int jrand48_r (unsigned short int xsubi[3], struct drand48_data *buffer, long int *result) + +
+

The jrand48_r function is similar to jrand48. Like the +other reentrant functions of this function family it uses the +congruential formula parameters from the buffer pointed to by +buffer. +

+

If the return value is non-negative the variable pointed to by +result contains the result. +

+

This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable +programs. +

+ +

Before any of the above functions are used the buffer of type +struct drand48_data should be initialized. The easiest way to do +this is to fill the whole buffer with null bytes, e.g. by +

+
 
memset (buffer, '\0', sizeof (struct drand48_data));
+
+ +

Using any of the reentrant functions of this family now will +automatically initialize the random number generator to the default +values for the state and the parameters of the congruential formula. +

+

The other possibility is to use any of the functions which explicitly +initialize the buffer. Though it might be obvious how to initialize the +buffer from looking at the parameter to the function, it is highly +recommended to use these functions since the result might not always be +what you expect. +

+
+
Function: int srand48_r (long int seedval, struct drand48_data *buffer) + +
+

The description of the random number generator represented by the +information in buffer is initialized similarly to what the function +srand48 does. The state is initialized from the parameter +seedval and the parameters for the congruential formula are +initialized to their default values. +

+

If the return value is non-negative the function call succeeded. +

+

This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable +programs. +

+ +
+
Function: int seed48_r (unsigned short int seed16v[3], struct drand48_data *buffer) + +
+

This function is similar to srand48_r but like seed48 it +initializes all 48 bits of the state from the parameter seed16v. +

+

If the return value is non-negative the function call succeeded. It +does not return a pointer to the previous state of the random number +generator like the seed48 function does. If the user wants to +preserve the state for a later re-run s/he can copy the whole buffer +pointed to by buffer. +

+

This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable +programs. +

+ +
+
Function: int lcong48_r (unsigned short int param[7], struct drand48_data *buffer) + +
+

This function initializes all aspects of the random number generator +described in buffer with the data in param. Here it is +especially true that the function does more than just copying the +contents of param and buffer. More work is required and +therefore it is important to use this function rather than initializing +the random number generator directly. +

+

If the return value is non-negative the function call succeeded. +

+

This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable +programs. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

19.9 Is Fast Code or Small Code preferred?

+ +

If an application uses many floating point functions it is often the case +that the cost of the function calls themselves is not negligible. +Modern processors can often execute the operations themselves +very fast, but the function call disrupts the instruction pipeline. +

+

For this reason the GNU C Library provides optimizations for many of the +frequently-used math functions. When GNU CC is used and the user +activates the optimizer, several new inline functions and macros are +defined. These new functions and macros have the same names as the +library functions and so are used instead of the latter. In the case of +inline functions the compiler will decide whether it is reasonable to +use them, and this decision is usually correct. +

+

This means that no calls to the library functions may be necessary, and +can increase the speed of generated code significantly. The drawback is +that code size will increase, and the increase is not always negligible. +

+

There are two kind of inline functions: Those that give the same result +as the library functions and others that might not set errno and +might have a reduced precision and/or argument range in comparison with +the library functions. The latter inline functions are only available +if the flag -ffast-math is given to GNU CC. +

+

In cases where the inline functions and macros are not wanted the symbol +__NO_MATH_INLINES should be defined before any system header is +included. This will ensure that only library functions are used. Of +course, it can be determined for each file in the project whether +giving this option is preferable or not. +

+

Not all hardware implements the entire IEEE 754 standard, and even +if it does there may be a substantial performance penalty for using some +of its features. For example, enabling traps on some processors forces +the FPU to run un-pipelined, which can more than double calculation time. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_52.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_52.html @@ -0,0 +1,335 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Function and Macro Index + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

Function and Macro Index

+ +
Jump to:   * +   +_ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +J +   +K +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +Q +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +Y +   +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Index Entry Section
*
*sbrk3.3 Resizing the Data Segment
_
__fbufsize12.20.3 Controlling Which Kind of Buffering
__flbf12.20.3 Controlling Which Kind of Buffering
__fpending12.20.3 Controlling Which Kind of Buffering
__fpurge12.20.2 Flushing Buffers
__freadable12.3 Opening Streams
__freading12.3 Opening Streams
__fsetlocking12.5 Streams and Threads
__fwritable12.3 Opening Streams
__fwriting12.3 Opening Streams
__va_copyA.2.2.5 Argument Access Macros
_Exit25.6.5 Termination Internals
_exit25.6.5 Termination Internals
_flushlbf12.20.2 Flushing Buffers
_tolower4.2 Case Conversion
_toupper4.2 Case Conversion
A
a64l5.11 Encode Binary Data
abort25.6.4 Aborting a Program
abs20.8.1 Absolute Value
accept16.9.3 Accepting Connections
access14.9.8 Testing Permission to Access a File
acos19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
acosf19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
acosh19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
acoshf19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
acoshl19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
acosl19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
addmntent30.3.1.2 The ‘mtab’ file
addseverity12.22.2 Adding Severity Classes
adjtime21.4.2 High-Resolution Calendar
adjtimex21.4.2 High-Resolution Calendar
aio_cancel13.10.4 Cancellation of AIO Operations
aio_cancel6413.10.4 Cancellation of AIO Operations
aio_error13.10.2 Getting the Status of AIO Operations
aio_error6413.10.2 Getting the Status of AIO Operations
aio_fsync13.10.3 Getting into a Consistent State
aio_fsync6413.10.3 Getting into a Consistent State
aio_init13.10.5 How to optimize the AIO implementation
aio_read13.10.1 Asynchronous Read and Write Operations
aio_read6413.10.1 Asynchronous Read and Write Operations
aio_return13.10.2 Getting the Status of AIO Operations
aio_return6413.10.2 Getting the Status of AIO Operations
aio_suspend13.10.3 Getting into a Consistent State
aio_suspend6413.10.3 Getting into a Consistent State
aio_write13.10.1 Asynchronous Read and Write Operations
aio_write6413.10.1 Asynchronous Read and Write Operations
alarm21.5 Setting an Alarm
alloca3.2.5 Automatic Storage with Variable Size
alphasort14.2.6 Scanning the Content of a Directory
alphasort6414.2.6 Scanning the Content of a Directory
argp_error25.3.5.2 Functions For Use in Argp Parsers
argp_failure25.3.5.2 Functions For Use in Argp Parsers
argp_help25.3.9 The argp_help Function
argp_parse25.3.1 The argp_parse Function
argp_state_help25.3.5.2 Functions For Use in Argp Parsers
argp_usage25.3.5.2 Functions For Use in Argp Parsers
argz_add5.12.1 Argz Functions
argz_add_sep5.12.1 Argz Functions
argz_append5.12.1 Argz Functions
argz_count5.12.1 Argz Functions
argz_create5.12.1 Argz Functions
argz_create_sep5.12.1 Argz Functions
argz_delete5.12.1 Argz Functions
argz_extract5.12.1 Argz Functions
argz_insert5.12.1 Argz Functions
argz_next5.12.1 Argz Functions
argz_replace5.12.1 Argz Functions
argz_stringify5.12.1 Argz Functions
asctime21.4.5 Formatting Calendar Time
asctime_r21.4.5 Formatting Calendar Time
asin19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
asinf19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
asinh19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
asinhf19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
asinhl19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
asinl19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
asprintf12.12.8 Dynamically Allocating Formatted Output
assertA.1 Explicitly Checking Internal Consistency
assert_perrorA.1 Explicitly Checking Internal Consistency
atan19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
atan219.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
atan2f19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
atan2l19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
atanf19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
atanh19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
atanhf19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
atanhl19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
atanl19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
atexit25.6.3 Cleanups on Exit
atof20.11.2 Parsing of Floats
atoi20.11.1 Parsing of Integers
atol20.11.1 Parsing of Integers
atoll20.11.1 Parsing of Integers
B
backtrace33.1 Backtraces
backtrace_symbols33.1 Backtraces
backtrace_symbols_fd33.1 Backtraces
basename5.8 Finding Tokens in a String
basename5.8 Finding Tokens in a String
bcmp5.5 String/Array Comparison
bcopy5.4 Copying and Concatenation
bind16.3.2 Setting the Address of a Socket
bind_textdomain_codeset8.2.1.4 How to specify the output character set gettext uses
bindtextdomain8.2.1.2 How to determine which catalog to be used
brk3.3 Resizing the Data Segment
bsearch9.2 Array Search Function
btowc6.3.3 Converting Single Characters
bzero5.4 Copying and Concatenation
+
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+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
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+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_60.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_60.html @@ -0,0 +1,230 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Function and Macro Index: Y + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Function and Macro Index: Y

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Index Entry Section
Y
y019.6 Special Functions
y0f19.6 Special Functions
y0l19.6 Special Functions
y119.6 Special Functions
y1f19.6 Special Functions
y1l19.6 Special Functions
yn19.6 Special Functions
ynf19.6 Special Functions
ynl19.6 Special Functions
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+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_27.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_27.html @@ -0,0 +1,1671 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 27. Job Control + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

27. Job Control

+ +

Job control refers to the protocol for allowing a user to move +between multiple process groups (or jobs) within a single +login session. The job control facilities are set up so that +appropriate behavior for most programs happens automatically and they +need not do anything special about job control. So you can probably +ignore the material in this chapter unless you are writing a shell or +login program. +

+

You need to be familiar with concepts relating to process creation +(see section Process Creation Concepts) and signal handling (see section Signal Handling) in order to understand this material presented in this +chapter. +

+ + + + + + + + +
27.1 Concepts of Job Control   Jobs can be controlled by a shell. +
27.2 Job Control is Optional   Not all POSIX systems support job control. +
27.3 Controlling Terminal of a Process   How a process gets its controlling terminal. +
27.4 Access to the Controlling Terminal   How processes share the controlling terminal. +
27.5 Orphaned Process Groups   Jobs left after the user logs out. +
27.6 Implementing a Job Control Shell   What a shell must do to implement job control. +
27.7 Functions for Job Control   Functions to control process groups. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

27.1 Concepts of Job Control

+ +

The fundamental purpose of an interactive shell is to read +commands from the user's terminal and create processes to execute the +programs specified by those commands. It can do this using the +fork (see section Creating a Process) and exec +(see section Executing a File) functions. +

+

A single command may run just one process—but often one command uses +several processes. If you use the ‘|’ operator in a shell command, +you explicitly request several programs in their own processes. But +even if you run just one program, it can use multiple processes +internally. For example, a single compilation command such as ‘cc +-c foo.c’ typically uses four processes (though normally only two at any +given time). If you run make, its job is to run other programs +in separate processes. +

+

The processes belonging to a single command are called a process +group or job. This is so that you can operate on all of them at +once. For example, typing C-c sends the signal SIGINT to +terminate all the processes in the foreground process group. +

+ +

A session is a larger group of processes. Normally all the +processes that stem from a single login belong to the same session. +

+

Every process belongs to a process group. When a process is created, it +becomes a member of the same process group and session as its parent +process. You can put it in another process group using the +setpgid function, provided the process group belongs to the same +session. +

+ +

The only way to put a process in a different session is to make it the +initial process of a new session, or a session leader, using the +setsid function. This also puts the session leader into a new +process group, and you can't move it out of that process group again. +

+

Usually, new sessions are created by the system login program, and the +session leader is the process running the user's login shell. +

+ +

A shell that supports job control must arrange to control which job can +use the terminal at any time. Otherwise there might be multiple jobs +trying to read from the terminal at once, and confusion about which +process should receive the input typed by the user. To prevent this, +the shell must cooperate with the terminal driver using the protocol +described in this chapter. +

+ + +

The shell can give unlimited access to the controlling terminal to only +one process group at a time. This is called the foreground job on +that controlling terminal. Other process groups managed by the shell +that are executing without such access to the terminal are called +background jobs. +

+ +

If a background job needs to read from its controlling +terminal, it is stopped by the terminal driver; if the +TOSTOP mode is set, likewise for writing. The user can stop +a foreground job by typing the SUSP character (see section Special Characters) and a program can stop any job by sending it a +SIGSTOP signal. It's the responsibility of the shell to notice +when jobs stop, to notify the user about them, and to provide mechanisms +for allowing the user to interactively continue stopped jobs and switch +jobs between foreground and background. +

+

See section Access to the Controlling Terminal, for more information about I/O to the +controlling terminal, +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

27.2 Job Control is Optional

+ +

Not all operating systems support job control. The GNU system does +support job control, but if you are using the GNU library on some other +system, that system may not support job control itself. +

+

You can use the _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL macro to test at compile-time +whether the system supports job control. See section Overall System Options. +

+

If job control is not supported, then there can be only one process +group per session, which behaves as if it were always in the foreground. +The functions for creating additional process groups simply fail with +the error code ENOSYS. +

+

The macros naming the various job control signals (see section Job Control Signals) are defined even if job control is not supported. However, +the system never generates these signals, and attempts to send a job +control signal or examine or specify their actions report errors or do +nothing. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

27.3 Controlling Terminal of a Process

+ +

One of the attributes of a process is its controlling terminal. Child +processes created with fork inherit the controlling terminal from +their parent process. In this way, all the processes in a session +inherit the controlling terminal from the session leader. A session +leader that has control of a terminal is called the controlling +process of that terminal. +

+ +

You generally do not need to worry about the exact mechanism used to +allocate a controlling terminal to a session, since it is done for you +by the system when you log in. +

+

An individual process disconnects from its controlling terminal when it +calls setsid to become the leader of a new session. +See section Process Group Functions. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

27.4 Access to the Controlling Terminal

+ +

Processes in the foreground job of a controlling terminal have +unrestricted access to that terminal; background processes do not. This +section describes in more detail what happens when a process in a +background job tries to access its controlling terminal. +

+ +

When a process in a background job tries to read from its controlling +terminal, the process group is usually sent a SIGTTIN signal. +This normally causes all of the processes in that group to stop (unless +they handle the signal and don't stop themselves). However, if the +reading process is ignoring or blocking this signal, then read +fails with an EIO error instead. +

+ +

Similarly, when a process in a background job tries to write to its +controlling terminal, the default behavior is to send a SIGTTOU +signal to the process group. However, the behavior is modified by the +TOSTOP bit of the local modes flags (see section Local Modes). If +this bit is not set (which is the default), then writing to the +controlling terminal is always permitted without sending a signal. +Writing is also permitted if the SIGTTOU signal is being ignored +or blocked by the writing process. +

+

Most other terminal operations that a program can do are treated as +reading or as writing. (The description of each operation should say +which.) +

+

For more information about the primitive read and write +functions, see Input and Output Primitives. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

27.5 Orphaned Process Groups

+ +

When a controlling process terminates, its terminal becomes free and a +new session can be established on it. (In fact, another user could log +in on the terminal.) This could cause a problem if any processes from +the old session are still trying to use that terminal. +

+

To prevent problems, process groups that continue running even after the +session leader has terminated are marked as orphaned process +groups. +

+

When a process group becomes an orphan, its processes are sent a +SIGHUP signal. Ordinarily, this causes the processes to +terminate. However, if a program ignores this signal or establishes a +handler for it (see section Signal Handling), it can continue running as in +the orphan process group even after its controlling process terminates; +but it still cannot access the terminal any more. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

27.6 Implementing a Job Control Shell

+ +

This section describes what a shell must do to implement job control, by +presenting an extensive sample program to illustrate the concepts +involved. +

+ + + + + + + + + +
27.6.1 Data Structures for the Shell   Introduction to the sample shell. +
27.6.2 Initializing the Shell   What the shell must do to take + responsibility for job control. +
27.6.3 Launching Jobs   Creating jobs to execute commands. +
27.6.4 Foreground and Background   Putting a job in foreground of background. +
27.6.5 Stopped and Terminated Jobs   Reporting job status. +
27.6.6 Continuing Stopped Jobs   How to continue a stopped job in + the foreground or background. +
27.6.7 The Missing Pieces   Other parts of the shell. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

27.6.1 Data Structures for the Shell

+ +

All of the program examples included in this chapter are part of +a simple shell program. This section presents data structures +and utility functions which are used throughout the example. +

+

The sample shell deals mainly with two data structures. The +job type contains information about a job, which is a +set of subprocesses linked together with pipes. The process type +holds information about a single subprocess. Here are the relevant +data structure declarations: +

+
 
/* A process is a single process.  */
+typedef struct process
+{
+  struct process *next;       /* next process in pipeline */
+  char **argv;                /* for exec */
+  pid_t pid;                  /* process ID */
+  char completed;             /* true if process has completed */
+  char stopped;               /* true if process has stopped */
+  int status;                 /* reported status value */
+} process;
+
+/* A job is a pipeline of processes.  */
+typedef struct job
+{
+  struct job *next;           /* next active job */
+  char *command;              /* command line, used for messages */
+  process *first_process;     /* list of processes in this job */
+  pid_t pgid;                 /* process group ID */
+  char notified;              /* true if user told about stopped job */
+  struct termios tmodes;      /* saved terminal modes */
+  int stdin, stdout, stderr;  /* standard i/o channels */
+} job;
+
+/* The active jobs are linked into a list.  This is its head.   */
+job *first_job = NULL;
+
+ +

Here are some utility functions that are used for operating on job +objects. +

+
 
/* Find the active job with the indicated pgid.  */
+job *
+find_job (pid_t pgid)
+{
+  job *j;
+
+  for (j = first_job; j; j = j->next)
+    if (j->pgid == pgid)
+      return j;
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+/* Return true if all processes in the job have stopped or completed.  */
+int
+job_is_stopped (job *j)
+{
+  process *p;
+
+  for (p = j->first_process; p; p = p->next)
+    if (!p->completed && !p->stopped)
+      return 0;
+  return 1;
+}
+
+/* Return true if all processes in the job have completed.  */
+int
+job_is_completed (job *j)
+{
+  process *p;
+
+  for (p = j->first_process; p; p = p->next)
+    if (!p->completed)
+      return 0;
+  return 1;
+}
+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

27.6.2 Initializing the Shell

+ +

When a shell program that normally performs job control is started, it +has to be careful in case it has been invoked from another shell that is +already doing its own job control. +

+

A subshell that runs interactively has to ensure that it has been placed +in the foreground by its parent shell before it can enable job control +itself. It does this by getting its initial process group ID with the +getpgrp function, and comparing it to the process group ID of the +current foreground job associated with its controlling terminal (which +can be retrieved using the tcgetpgrp function). +

+

If the subshell is not running as a foreground job, it must stop itself +by sending a SIGTTIN signal to its own process group. It may not +arbitrarily put itself into the foreground; it must wait for the user to +tell the parent shell to do this. If the subshell is continued again, +it should repeat the check and stop itself again if it is still not in +the foreground. +

+ +

Once the subshell has been placed into the foreground by its parent +shell, it can enable its own job control. It does this by calling +setpgid to put itself into its own process group, and then +calling tcsetpgrp to place this process group into the +foreground. +

+

When a shell enables job control, it should set itself to ignore all the +job control stop signals so that it doesn't accidentally stop itself. +You can do this by setting the action for all the stop signals to +SIG_IGN. +

+

A subshell that runs non-interactively cannot and should not support job +control. It must leave all processes it creates in the same process +group as the shell itself; this allows the non-interactive shell and its +child processes to be treated as a single job by the parent shell. This +is easy to do—just don't use any of the job control primitives—but +you must remember to make the shell do it. +

+ +

Here is the initialization code for the sample shell that shows how to +do all of this. +

+
 
/* Keep track of attributes of the shell.  */
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <termios.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+pid_t shell_pgid;
+struct termios shell_tmodes;
+int shell_terminal;
+int shell_is_interactive;
+
+
+/* Make sure the shell is running interactively as the foreground job
+   before proceeding. */
+
+void
+init_shell ()
+{
+
+  /* See if we are running interactively.  */
+  shell_terminal = STDIN_FILENO;
+  shell_is_interactive = isatty (shell_terminal);
+
+  if (shell_is_interactive)
+    {
+      /* Loop until we are in the foreground.  */
+      while (tcgetpgrp (shell_terminal) != (shell_pgid = getpgrp ()))
+        kill (- shell_pgid, SIGTTIN);
+
+      /* Ignore interactive and job-control signals.  */
+      signal (SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
+      signal (SIGQUIT, SIG_IGN);
+      signal (SIGTSTP, SIG_IGN);
+      signal (SIGTTIN, SIG_IGN);
+      signal (SIGTTOU, SIG_IGN);
+      signal (SIGCHLD, SIG_IGN);
+
+      /* Put ourselves in our own process group.  */
+      shell_pgid = getpid ();
+      if (setpgid (shell_pgid, shell_pgid) < 0)
+        {
+          perror ("Couldn't put the shell in its own process group");
+          exit (1);
+        }
+
+      /* Grab control of the terminal.  */
+      tcsetpgrp (shell_terminal, shell_pgid);
+
+      /* Save default terminal attributes for shell.  */
+      tcgetattr (shell_terminal, &shell_tmodes);
+    }
+}
+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

27.6.3 Launching Jobs

+ +

Once the shell has taken responsibility for performing job control on +its controlling terminal, it can launch jobs in response to commands +typed by the user. +

+

To create the processes in a process group, you use the same fork +and exec functions described in Process Creation Concepts. +Since there are multiple child processes involved, though, things are a +little more complicated and you must be careful to do things in the +right order. Otherwise, nasty race conditions can result. +

+

You have two choices for how to structure the tree of parent-child +relationships among the processes. You can either make all the +processes in the process group be children of the shell process, or you +can make one process in group be the ancestor of all the other processes +in that group. The sample shell program presented in this chapter uses +the first approach because it makes bookkeeping somewhat simpler. +

+ + +

As each process is forked, it should put itself in the new process group +by calling setpgid; see Process Group Functions. The first +process in the new group becomes its process group leader, and its +process ID becomes the process group ID for the group. +

+ +

The shell should also call setpgid to put each of its child +processes into the new process group. This is because there is a +potential timing problem: each child process must be put in the process +group before it begins executing a new program, and the shell depends on +having all the child processes in the group before it continues +executing. If both the child processes and the shell call +setpgid, this ensures that the right things happen no matter which +process gets to it first. +

+

If the job is being launched as a foreground job, the new process group +also needs to be put into the foreground on the controlling terminal +using tcsetpgrp. Again, this should be done by the shell as well +as by each of its child processes, to avoid race conditions. +

+

The next thing each child process should do is to reset its signal +actions. +

+

During initialization, the shell process set itself to ignore job +control signals; see Initializing the Shell. As a result, any child +processes it creates also ignore these signals by inheritance. This is +definitely undesirable, so each child process should explicitly set the +actions for these signals back to SIG_DFL just after it is forked. +

+

Since shells follow this convention, applications can assume that they +inherit the correct handling of these signals from the parent process. +But every application has a responsibility not to mess up the handling +of stop signals. Applications that disable the normal interpretation of +the SUSP character should provide some other mechanism for the user to +stop the job. When the user invokes this mechanism, the program should +send a SIGTSTP signal to the process group of the process, not +just to the process itself. See section Signaling Another Process. +

+

Finally, each child process should call exec in the normal way. +This is also the point at which redirection of the standard input and +output channels should be handled. See section Duplicating Descriptors, +for an explanation of how to do this. +

+

Here is the function from the sample shell program that is responsible +for launching a program. The function is executed by each child process +immediately after it has been forked by the shell, and never returns. +

+
 
void
+launch_process (process *p, pid_t pgid,
+                int infile, int outfile, int errfile,
+                int foreground)
+{
+  pid_t pid;
+
+  if (shell_is_interactive)
+    {
+      /* Put the process into the process group and give the process group
+         the terminal, if appropriate.
+         This has to be done both by the shell and in the individual
+         child processes because of potential race conditions.  */
+      pid = getpid ();
+      if (pgid == 0) pgid = pid;
+      setpgid (pid, pgid);
+      if (foreground)
+        tcsetpgrp (shell_terminal, pgid);
+
+      /* Set the handling for job control signals back to the default.  */
+      signal (SIGINT, SIG_DFL);
+      signal (SIGQUIT, SIG_DFL);
+      signal (SIGTSTP, SIG_DFL);
+      signal (SIGTTIN, SIG_DFL);
+      signal (SIGTTOU, SIG_DFL);
+      signal (SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
+    }
+
+  /* Set the standard input/output channels of the new process.  */
+  if (infile != STDIN_FILENO)
+    {
+      dup2 (infile, STDIN_FILENO);
+      close (infile);
+    }
+  if (outfile != STDOUT_FILENO)
+    {
+      dup2 (outfile, STDOUT_FILENO);
+      close (outfile);
+    }
+  if (errfile != STDERR_FILENO)
+    {
+      dup2 (errfile, STDERR_FILENO);
+      close (errfile);
+    }
+
+  /* Exec the new process.  Make sure we exit.  */
+  execvp (p->argv[0], p->argv);
+  perror ("execvp");
+  exit (1);
+}
+
+ +

If the shell is not running interactively, this function does not do +anything with process groups or signals. Remember that a shell not +performing job control must keep all of its subprocesses in the same +process group as the shell itself. +

+

Next, here is the function that actually launches a complete job. +After creating the child processes, this function calls some other +functions to put the newly created job into the foreground or background; +these are discussed in Foreground and Background. +

+
 
void
+launch_job (job *j, int foreground)
+{
+  process *p;
+  pid_t pid;
+  int mypipe[2], infile, outfile;
+
+  infile = j->stdin;
+  for (p = j->first_process; p; p = p->next)
+    {
+      /* Set up pipes, if necessary.  */
+      if (p->next)
+        {
+          if (pipe (mypipe) < 0)
+            {
+              perror ("pipe");
+              exit (1);
+            }
+          outfile = mypipe[1];
+        }
+      else
+        outfile = j->stdout;
+
+      /* Fork the child processes.  */
+      pid = fork ();
+      if (pid == 0)
+        /* This is the child process.  */
+        launch_process (p, j->pgid, infile,
+                        outfile, j->stderr, foreground);
+      else if (pid < 0)
+        {
+          /* The fork failed.  */
+          perror ("fork");
+          exit (1);
+        }
+      else
+        {
+          /* This is the parent process.  */
+          p->pid = pid;
+          if (shell_is_interactive)
+            {
+              if (!j->pgid)
+                j->pgid = pid;
+              setpgid (pid, j->pgid);
+            }
+        }
+
+      /* Clean up after pipes.  */
+      if (infile != j->stdin)
+        close (infile);
+      if (outfile != j->stdout)
+        close (outfile);
+      infile = mypipe[0];
+    }
+
+  format_job_info (j, "launched");
+
+  if (!shell_is_interactive)
+    wait_for_job (j);
+  else if (foreground)
+    put_job_in_foreground (j, 0);
+  else
+    put_job_in_background (j, 0);
+}
+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

27.6.4 Foreground and Background

+ +

Now let's consider what actions must be taken by the shell when it +launches a job into the foreground, and how this differs from what +must be done when a background job is launched. +

+ +

When a foreground job is launched, the shell must first give it access +to the controlling terminal by calling tcsetpgrp. Then, the +shell should wait for processes in that process group to terminate or +stop. This is discussed in more detail in Stopped and Terminated Jobs. +

+

When all of the processes in the group have either completed or stopped, +the shell should regain control of the terminal for its own process +group by calling tcsetpgrp again. Since stop signals caused by +I/O from a background process or a SUSP character typed by the user +are sent to the process group, normally all the processes in the job +stop together. +

+

The foreground job may have left the terminal in a strange state, so the +shell should restore its own saved terminal modes before continuing. In +case the job is merely stopped, the shell should first save the current +terminal modes so that it can restore them later if the job is +continued. The functions for dealing with terminal modes are +tcgetattr and tcsetattr; these are described in +Terminal Modes. +

+

Here is the sample shell's function for doing all of this. +

+
 
/* Put job j in the foreground.  If cont is nonzero,
+   restore the saved terminal modes and send the process group a
+   SIGCONT signal to wake it up before we block.  */
+
+void
+put_job_in_foreground (job *j, int cont)
+{
+  /* Put the job into the foreground.  */
+  tcsetpgrp (shell_terminal, j->pgid);
+
+  /* Send the job a continue signal, if necessary.  */
+  if (cont)
+    {
+      tcsetattr (shell_terminal, TCSADRAIN, &j->tmodes);
+      if (kill (- j->pgid, SIGCONT) < 0)
+        perror ("kill (SIGCONT)");
+    }
+
+  /* Wait for it to report.  */
+  wait_for_job (j);
+
+  /* Put the shell back in the foreground.  */
+  tcsetpgrp (shell_terminal, shell_pgid);
+
+  /* Restore the shell's terminal modes.  */
+  tcgetattr (shell_terminal, &j->tmodes);
+  tcsetattr (shell_terminal, TCSADRAIN, &shell_tmodes);
+}
+
+ + +

If the process group is launched as a background job, the shell should +remain in the foreground itself and continue to read commands from +the terminal. +

+

In the sample shell, there is not much that needs to be done to put +a job into the background. Here is the function it uses: +

+
 
/* Put a job in the background.  If the cont argument is true, send
+   the process group a SIGCONT signal to wake it up.  */
+
+void
+put_job_in_background (job *j, int cont)
+{
+  /* Send the job a continue signal, if necessary.  */
+  if (cont)
+    if (kill (-j->pgid, SIGCONT) < 0)
+      perror ("kill (SIGCONT)");
+}
+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

27.6.5 Stopped and Terminated Jobs

+ +

When a foreground process is launched, the shell must block until all of +the processes in that job have either terminated or stopped. It can do +this by calling the waitpid function; see Process Completion. Use the WUNTRACED option so that status is reported +for processes that stop as well as processes that terminate. +

+

The shell must also check on the status of background jobs so that it +can report terminated and stopped jobs to the user; this can be done by +calling waitpid with the WNOHANG option. A good place to +put a such a check for terminated and stopped jobs is just before +prompting for a new command. +

+ +

The shell can also receive asynchronous notification that there is +status information available for a child process by establishing a +handler for SIGCHLD signals. See section Signal Handling. +

+

In the sample shell program, the SIGCHLD signal is normally +ignored. This is to avoid reentrancy problems involving the global data +structures the shell manipulates. But at specific times when the shell +is not using these data structures—such as when it is waiting for +input on the terminal—it makes sense to enable a handler for +SIGCHLD. The same function that is used to do the synchronous +status checks (do_job_notification, in this case) can also be +called from within this handler. +

+

Here are the parts of the sample shell program that deal with checking +the status of jobs and reporting the information to the user. +

+
 
/* Store the status of the process pid that was returned by waitpid.
+   Return 0 if all went well, nonzero otherwise.  */
+
+int
+mark_process_status (pid_t pid, int status)
+{
+  job *j;
+  process *p;
+
+  if (pid > 0)
+    {
+      /* Update the record for the process.  */
+      for (j = first_job; j; j = j->next)
+        for (p = j->first_process; p; p = p->next)
+          if (p->pid == pid)
+            {
+              p->status = status;
+              if (WIFSTOPPED (status))
+                p->stopped = 1;
+              else
+                {
+                  p->completed = 1;
+                  if (WIFSIGNALED (status))
+                    fprintf (stderr, "%d: Terminated by signal %d.\n",
+                             (int) pid, WTERMSIG (p->status));
+                }
+              return 0;
+             }
+      fprintf (stderr, "No child process %d.\n", pid);
+      return -1;
+    }
+  else if (pid == 0 || errno == ECHILD)
+    /* No processes ready to report.  */
+    return -1;
+  else {
+    /* Other weird errors.  */
+    perror ("waitpid");
+    return -1;
+  }
+}
+
+/* Check for processes that have status information available,
+   without blocking.  */
+
+void
+update_status (void)
+{
+  int status;
+  pid_t pid;
+
+  do
+    pid = waitpid (WAIT_ANY, &status, WUNTRACED|WNOHANG);
+  while (!mark_process_status (pid, status));
+}
+
+/* Check for processes that have status information available,
+   blocking until all processes in the given job have reported.  */
+
+void
+wait_for_job (job *j)
+{
+  int status;
+  pid_t pid;
+
+  do
+    pid = waitpid (WAIT_ANY, &status, WUNTRACED);
+  while (!mark_process_status (pid, status)
+         && !job_is_stopped (j)
+         && !job_is_completed (j));
+}
+
+/* Format information about job status for the user to look at.  */
+
+void
+format_job_info (job *j, const char *status)
+{
+  fprintf (stderr, "%ld (%s): %s\n", (long)j->pgid, status, j->command);
+}
+
+/* Notify the user about stopped or terminated jobs.
+   Delete terminated jobs from the active job list.  */
+
+void
+do_job_notification (void)
+{
+  job *j, *jlast, *jnext;
+  process *p;
+
+  /* Update status information for child processes.  */
+  update_status ();
+
+  jlast = NULL;
+  for (j = first_job; j; j = jnext)
+    {
+      jnext = j->next;
+
+      /* If all processes have completed, tell the user the job has
+         completed and delete it from the list of active jobs.  */
+      if (job_is_completed (j)) {
+        format_job_info (j, "completed");
+        if (jlast)
+          jlast->next = jnext;
+        else
+          first_job = jnext;
+        free_job (j);
+      }
+
+      /* Notify the user about stopped jobs,
+         marking them so that we won't do this more than once.  */
+      else if (job_is_stopped (j) && !j->notified) {
+        format_job_info (j, "stopped");
+        j->notified = 1;
+        jlast = j;
+      }
+
+      /* Don't say anything about jobs that are still running.  */
+      else
+        jlast = j;
+    }
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

27.6.6 Continuing Stopped Jobs

+ +

The shell can continue a stopped job by sending a SIGCONT signal +to its process group. If the job is being continued in the foreground, +the shell should first invoke tcsetpgrp to give the job access to +the terminal, and restore the saved terminal settings. After continuing +a job in the foreground, the shell should wait for the job to stop or +complete, as if the job had just been launched in the foreground. +

+

The sample shell program handles both newly created and continued jobs +with the same pair of functions, put_job_in_foreground and +put_job_in_background. The definitions of these functions +were given in Foreground and Background. When continuing a +stopped job, a nonzero value is passed as the cont argument to +ensure that the SIGCONT signal is sent and the terminal modes +reset, as appropriate. +

+

This leaves only a function for updating the shell's internal bookkeeping +about the job being continued: +

+
 
/* Mark a stopped job J as being running again.  */
+
+void
+mark_job_as_running (job *j)
+{
+  Process *p;
+
+  for (p = j->first_process; p; p = p->next)
+    p->stopped = 0;
+  j->notified = 0;
+}
+
+/* Continue the job J.  */
+
+void
+continue_job (job *j, int foreground)
+{
+  mark_job_as_running (j);
+  if (foreground)
+    put_job_in_foreground (j, 1);
+  else
+    put_job_in_background (j, 1);
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

27.6.7 The Missing Pieces

+ +

The code extracts for the sample shell included in this chapter are only +a part of the entire shell program. In particular, nothing at all has +been said about how job and program data structures are +allocated and initialized. +

+

Most real shells provide a complex user interface that has support for +a command language; variables; abbreviations, substitutions, and pattern +matching on file names; and the like. All of this is far too complicated +to explain here! Instead, we have concentrated on showing how to +implement the core process creation and job control functions that can +be called from such a shell. +

+

Here is a table summarizing the major entry points we have presented: +

+
+
void init_shell (void)
+

Initialize the shell's internal state. See section Initializing the Shell. +

+
+
void launch_job (job *j, int foreground)
+

Launch the job j as either a foreground or background job. +See section Launching Jobs. +

+
+
void do_job_notification (void)
+

Check for and report any jobs that have terminated or stopped. Can be +called synchronously or within a handler for SIGCHLD signals. +See section Stopped and Terminated Jobs. +

+
+
void continue_job (job *j, int foreground)
+

Continue the job j. See section Continuing Stopped Jobs. +

+
+ +

Of course, a real shell would also want to provide other functions for +managing jobs. For example, it would be useful to have commands to list +all active jobs or to send a signal (such as SIGKILL) to a job. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

27.7 Functions for Job Control

+ +

This section contains detailed descriptions of the functions relating +to job control. +

+ + + + +
27.7.1 Identifying the Controlling Terminal   Determining the controlling terminal's name. +
27.7.2 Process Group Functions   Functions for manipulating process groups. +
27.7.3 Functions for Controlling Terminal Access   Functions for controlling terminal access. +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

27.7.1 Identifying the Controlling Terminal

+ +

You can use the ctermid function to get a file name that you can +use to open the controlling terminal. In the GNU library, it returns +the same string all the time: "/dev/tty". That is a special +“magic” file name that refers to the controlling terminal of the +current process (if it has one). To find the name of the specific +terminal device, use ttyname; see section Identifying Terminals. +

+

The function ctermid is declared in the header file +‘stdio.h’. + +

+
+
Function: char * ctermid (char *string) + +
+

The ctermid function returns a string containing the file name of +the controlling terminal for the current process. If string is +not a null pointer, it should be an array that can hold at least +L_ctermid characters; the string is returned in this array. +Otherwise, a pointer to a string in a static area is returned, which +might get overwritten on subsequent calls to this function. +

+

An empty string is returned if the file name cannot be determined for +any reason. Even if a file name is returned, access to the file it +represents is not guaranteed. +

+ +
+
Macro: int L_ctermid + +
+

The value of this macro is an integer constant expression that +represents the size of a string large enough to hold the file name +returned by ctermid. +

+ +

See also the isatty and ttyname functions, in +Identifying Terminals. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

27.7.2 Process Group Functions

+ +

Here are descriptions of the functions for manipulating process groups. +Your program should include the header files ‘sys/types.h’ and +‘unistd.h’ to use these functions. + + +

+
+
Function: pid_t setsid (void) + +
+

The setsid function creates a new session. The calling process +becomes the session leader, and is put in a new process group whose +process group ID is the same as the process ID of that process. There +are initially no other processes in the new process group, and no other +process groups in the new session. +

+

This function also makes the calling process have no controlling terminal. +

+

The setsid function returns the new process group ID of the +calling process if successful. A return value of -1 indicates an +error. The following errno error conditions are defined for this +function: +

+
+
EPERM
+

The calling process is already a process group leader, or there is +already another process group around that has the same process group ID. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: pid_t getsid (pid_t pid) + +
+

The getsid function returns the process group ID of the session +leader of the specified process. If a pid is 0, the +process group ID of the session leader of the current process is +returned. +

+

In case of error -1 is returned and errno is set. The +following errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
ESRCH
+

There is no process with the given process ID pid. +

+
EPERM
+

The calling process and the process specified by pid are in +different sessions, and the implementation doesn't allow to access the +process group ID of the session leader of the process with ID pid +from the calling process. +

+
+
+ +

The getpgrp function has two definitions: one derived from BSD +Unix, and one from the POSIX.1 standard. The feature test macros you +have selected (see section Feature Test Macros) determine which definition +you get. Specifically, you get the BSD version if you define +_BSD_SOURCE; otherwise, you get the POSIX version if you define +_POSIX_SOURCE or _GNU_SOURCE. Programs written for old +BSD systems will not include ‘unistd.h’, which defines +getpgrp specially under _BSD_SOURCE. You must link such +programs with the -lbsd-compat option to get the BSD definition. + + + +

+
+
POSIX.1 Function: pid_t getpgrp (void) + +
+

The POSIX.1 definition of getpgrp returns the process group ID of +the calling process. +

+ +
+
BSD Function: pid_t getpgrp (pid_t pid) + +
+

The BSD definition of getpgrp returns the process group ID of the +process pid. You can supply a value of 0 for the pid +argument to get information about the calling process. +

+ +
+
System V Function: int getpgid (pid_t pid) + +
+

getpgid is the same as the BSD function getpgrp. It +returns the process group ID of the process pid. You can supply a +value of 0 for the pid argument to get information about +the calling process. +

+

In case of error -1 is returned and errno is set. The +following errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
ESRCH
+

There is no process with the given process ID pid. +The calling process and the process specified by pid are in +different sessions, and the implementation doesn't allow to access the +process group ID of the process with ID pid from the calling +process. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int setpgid (pid_t pid, pid_t pgid) + +
+

The setpgid function puts the process pid into the process +group pgid. As a special case, either pid or pgid can +be zero to indicate the process ID of the calling process. +

+

This function fails on a system that does not support job control. +See section Job Control is Optional, for more information. +

+

If the operation is successful, setpgid returns zero. Otherwise +it returns -1. The following errno error conditions are +defined for this function: +

+
+
EACCES
+

The child process named by pid has executed an exec +function since it was forked. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The value of the pgid is not valid. +

+
+
ENOSYS
+

The system doesn't support job control. +

+
+
EPERM
+

The process indicated by the pid argument is a session leader, +or is not in the same session as the calling process, or the value of +the pgid argument doesn't match a process group ID in the same +session as the calling process. +

+
+
ESRCH
+

The process indicated by the pid argument is not the calling +process or a child of the calling process. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int setpgrp (pid_t pid, pid_t pgid) + +
+

This is the BSD Unix name for setpgid. Both functions do exactly +the same thing. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

27.7.3 Functions for Controlling Terminal Access

+ +

These are the functions for reading or setting the foreground +process group of a terminal. You should include the header files +‘sys/types.h’ and ‘unistd.h’ in your application to use +these functions. + + +

+

Although these functions take a file descriptor argument to specify +the terminal device, the foreground job is associated with the terminal +file itself and not a particular open file descriptor. +

+
+
Function: pid_t tcgetpgrp (int filedes) + +
+

This function returns the process group ID of the foreground process +group associated with the terminal open on descriptor filedes. +

+

If there is no foreground process group, the return value is a number +greater than 1 that does not match the process group ID of any +existing process group. This can happen if all of the processes in the +job that was formerly the foreground job have terminated, and no other +job has yet been moved into the foreground. +

+

In case of an error, a value of -1 is returned. The +following errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes argument is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
ENOSYS
+

The system doesn't support job control. +

+
+
ENOTTY
+

The terminal file associated with the filedes argument isn't the +controlling terminal of the calling process. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int tcsetpgrp (int filedes, pid_t pgid) + +
+

This function is used to set a terminal's foreground process group ID. +The argument filedes is a descriptor which specifies the terminal; +pgid specifies the process group. The calling process must be a +member of the same session as pgid and must have the same +controlling terminal. +

+

For terminal access purposes, this function is treated as output. If it +is called from a background process on its controlling terminal, +normally all processes in the process group are sent a SIGTTOU +signal. The exception is if the calling process itself is ignoring or +blocking SIGTTOU signals, in which case the operation is +performed and no signal is sent. +

+

If successful, tcsetpgrp returns 0. A return value of +-1 indicates an error. The following errno error +conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes argument is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The pgid argument is not valid. +

+
+
ENOSYS
+

The system doesn't support job control. +

+
+
ENOTTY
+

The filedes isn't the controlling terminal of the calling process. +

+
+
EPERM
+

The pgid isn't a process group in the same session as the calling +process. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: pid_t tcgetsid (int fildes) + +
+

This function is used to obtain the process group ID of the session +for which the terminal specified by fildes is the controlling terminal. +If the call is successful the group ID is returned. Otherwise the +return value is (pid_t) -1 and the global variable errno +is set to the following value: +

+
EBADF
+

The filedes argument is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
ENOTTY
+

The calling process does not have a controlling terminal, or the file +is not the controlling terminal. +

+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_17.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_17.html @@ -0,0 +1,2791 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 17. Low-Level Terminal Interface + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

17. Low-Level Terminal Interface

+ +

This chapter describes functions that are specific to terminal devices. +You can use these functions to do things like turn off input echoing; +set serial line characteristics such as line speed and flow control; and +change which characters are used for end-of-file, command-line editing, +sending signals, and similar control functions. +

+

Most of the functions in this chapter operate on file descriptors. +See section Low-Level Input/Output, for more information about what a file +descriptor is and how to open a file descriptor for a terminal device. +

+ + + + + + + + + +
17.1 Identifying Terminals   How to determine if a file is a terminal + device, and what its name is. +
17.2 I/O Queues   About flow control and typeahead. +
17.3 Two Styles of Input: Canonical or Not   Two basic styles of input processing. +
17.4 Terminal Modes   How to examine and modify flags controlling + details of terminal I/O: echoing, + signals, editing. Posix. +
17.5 BSD Terminal Modes   BSD compatible terminal mode setting +
17.6 Line Control Functions   Sending break sequences, clearing + terminal buffers … +
17.7 Noncanonical Mode Example   How to read single characters without echo. +
17.8 Pseudo-Terminals   How to open a pseudo-terminal. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

17.1 Identifying Terminals

+ +

The functions described in this chapter only work on files that +correspond to terminal devices. You can find out whether a file +descriptor is associated with a terminal by using the isatty +function. +

+ +

Prototypes for the functions in this section are declared in the header +file ‘unistd.h’. +

+
+
Function: int isatty (int filedes) + +
+

This function returns 1 if filedes is a file descriptor +associated with an open terminal device, and 0 otherwise. +

+ +

If a file descriptor is associated with a terminal, you can get its +associated file name using the ttyname function. See also the +ctermid function, described in Identifying the Controlling Terminal. +

+
+
Function: char * ttyname (int filedes) + +
+

If the file descriptor filedes is associated with a terminal +device, the ttyname function returns a pointer to a +statically-allocated, null-terminated string containing the file name of +the terminal file. The value is a null pointer if the file descriptor +isn't associated with a terminal, or the file name cannot be determined. +

+ +
+
Function: int ttyname_r (int filedes, char *buf, size_t len) + +
+

The ttyname_r function is similar to the ttyname function +except that it places its result into the user-specified buffer starting +at buf with length len. +

+

The normal return value from ttyname_r is 0. Otherwise an +error number is returned to indicate the error. The following +errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes argument is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
ENOTTY
+

The filedes is not associated with a terminal. +

+
+
ERANGE
+

The buffer length len is too small to store the string to be +returned. +

+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

17.2 I/O Queues

+ +

Many of the remaining functions in this section refer to the input and +output queues of a terminal device. These queues implement a form of +buffering within the kernel independent of the buffering +implemented by I/O streams (see section Input/Output on Streams). +

+ + +

The terminal input queue is also sometimes referred to as its +typeahead buffer. It holds the characters that have been received +from the terminal but not yet read by any process. +

+

The size of the input queue is described by the MAX_INPUT and +_POSIX_MAX_INPUT parameters; see Limits on File System Capacity. You +are guaranteed a queue size of at least MAX_INPUT, but the queue +might be larger, and might even dynamically change size. If input flow +control is enabled by setting the IXOFF input mode bit +(see section Input Modes), the terminal driver transmits STOP and START +characters to the terminal when necessary to prevent the queue from +overflowing. Otherwise, input may be lost if it comes in too fast from +the terminal. In canonical mode, all input stays in the queue until a +newline character is received, so the terminal input queue can fill up +when you type a very long line. See section Two Styles of Input: Canonical or Not. +

+ +

The terminal output queue is like the input queue, but for output; +it contains characters that have been written by processes, but not yet +transmitted to the terminal. If output flow control is enabled by +setting the IXON input mode bit (see section Input Modes), the +terminal driver obeys START and STOP characters sent by the terminal to +stop and restart transmission of output. +

+

Clearing the terminal input queue means discarding any characters +that have been received but not yet read. Similarly, clearing the +terminal output queue means discarding any characters that have been +written but not yet transmitted. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

17.3 Two Styles of Input: Canonical or Not

+ +

POSIX systems support two basic modes of input: canonical and +noncanonical. +

+ +

In canonical input processing mode, terminal input is processed in +lines terminated by newline ('\n'), EOF, or EOL characters. No +input can be read until an entire line has been typed by the user, and +the read function (see section Input and Output Primitives) returns at most a +single line of input, no matter how many bytes are requested. +

+

In canonical input mode, the operating system provides input editing +facilities: some characters are interpreted specially to perform editing +operations within the current line of text, such as ERASE and KILL. +See section Characters for Input Editing. +

+

The constants _POSIX_MAX_CANON and MAX_CANON parameterize +the maximum number of bytes which may appear in a single line of +canonical input. See section Limits on File System Capacity. You are guaranteed a maximum +line length of at least MAX_CANON bytes, but the maximum might be +larger, and might even dynamically change size. +

+ +

In noncanonical input processing mode, characters are not grouped +into lines, and ERASE and KILL processing is not performed. The +granularity with which bytes are read in noncanonical input mode is +controlled by the MIN and TIME settings. See section Noncanonical Input. +

+

Most programs use canonical input mode, because this gives the user a +way to edit input line by line. The usual reason to use noncanonical +mode is when the program accepts single-character commands or provides +its own editing facilities. +

+

The choice of canonical or noncanonical input is controlled by the +ICANON flag in the c_lflag member of struct termios. +See section Local Modes. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

17.4 Terminal Modes

+ +

This section describes the various terminal attributes that control how +input and output are done. The functions, data structures, and symbolic +constants are all declared in the header file ‘termios.h’. +

+

Don't confuse terminal attributes with file attributes. A device special +file which is associated with a terminal has file attributes as described +in File Attributes. These are unrelated to the attributes of the +terminal device itself, which are discussed in this section. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + +
17.4.1 Terminal Mode Data Types   The data type struct termios and + related types. +
17.4.2 Terminal Mode Functions   Functions to read and set the terminal + attributes. +
17.4.3 Setting Terminal Modes Properly   The right way to set terminal attributes + reliably. +
17.4.4 Input Modes   Flags controlling low-level input handling. +
17.4.5 Output Modes   Flags controlling low-level output handling. +
17.4.6 Control Modes   Flags controlling serial port behavior. +
17.4.7 Local Modes   Flags controlling high-level input handling. +
17.4.8 Line Speed   How to read and set the terminal line speed. +
17.4.9 Special Characters   Characters that have special effects, + and how to change them. +
17.4.10 Noncanonical Input   Controlling how long to wait for input. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

17.4.1 Terminal Mode Data Types

+ +

The entire collection of attributes of a terminal is stored in a +structure of type struct termios. This structure is used +with the functions tcgetattr and tcsetattr to read +and set the attributes. +

+
+
Data Type: struct termios + +
+

Structure that records all the I/O attributes of a terminal. The +structure includes at least the following members: +

+
+
tcflag_t c_iflag
+

A bit mask specifying flags for input modes; see Input Modes. +

+
+
tcflag_t c_oflag
+

A bit mask specifying flags for output modes; see Output Modes. +

+
+
tcflag_t c_cflag
+

A bit mask specifying flags for control modes; see Control Modes. +

+
+
tcflag_t c_lflag
+

A bit mask specifying flags for local modes; see Local Modes. +

+
+
cc_t c_cc[NCCS]
+

An array specifying which characters are associated with various +control functions; see Special Characters. +

+
+ +

The struct termios structure also contains members which +encode input and output transmission speeds, but the representation is +not specified. See section Line Speed, for how to examine and store the +speed values. +

+ +

The following sections describe the details of the members of the +struct termios structure. +

+
+
Data Type: tcflag_t + +
+

This is an unsigned integer type used to represent the various +bit masks for terminal flags. +

+ +
+
Data Type: cc_t + +
+

This is an unsigned integer type used to represent characters associated +with various terminal control functions. +

+ +
+
Macro: int NCCS + +
+

The value of this macro is the number of elements in the c_cc +array. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

17.4.2 Terminal Mode Functions

+ +
+
Function: int tcgetattr (int filedes, struct termios *termios-p) + +
+

This function is used to examine the attributes of the terminal +device with file descriptor filedes. The attributes are returned +in the structure that termios-p points to. +

+

If successful, tcgetattr returns 0. A return value of -1 +indicates an error. The following errno error conditions are +defined for this function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes argument is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
ENOTTY
+

The filedes is not associated with a terminal. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int tcsetattr (int filedes, int when, const struct termios *termios-p) + +
+

This function sets the attributes of the terminal device with file +descriptor filedes. The new attributes are taken from the +structure that termios-p points to. +

+

The when argument specifies how to deal with input and output +already queued. It can be one of the following values: +

+
+
TCSANOW
+
+

Make the change immediately. +

+
+
TCSADRAIN
+
+

Make the change after waiting until all queued output has been written. +You should usually use this option when changing parameters that affect +output. +

+
+
TCSAFLUSH
+
+

This is like TCSADRAIN, but also discards any queued input. +

+
+
TCSASOFT
+
+

This is a flag bit that you can add to any of the above alternatives. +Its meaning is to inhibit alteration of the state of the terminal +hardware. It is a BSD extension; it is only supported on BSD systems +and the GNU system. +

+

Using TCSASOFT is exactly the same as setting the CIGNORE +bit in the c_cflag member of the structure termios-p points +to. See section Control Modes, for a description of CIGNORE. +

+
+ +

If this function is called from a background process on its controlling +terminal, normally all processes in the process group are sent a +SIGTTOU signal, in the same way as if the process were trying to +write to the terminal. The exception is if the calling process itself +is ignoring or blocking SIGTTOU signals, in which case the +operation is performed and no signal is sent. See section Job Control. +

+

If successful, tcsetattr returns 0. A return value of +-1 indicates an error. The following errno error +conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes argument is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
ENOTTY
+

The filedes is not associated with a terminal. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

Either the value of the when argument is not valid, or there is +something wrong with the data in the termios-p argument. +

+
+
+ +

Although tcgetattr and tcsetattr specify the terminal +device with a file descriptor, the attributes are those of the terminal +device itself and not of the file descriptor. This means that the +effects of changing terminal attributes are persistent; if another +process opens the terminal file later on, it will see the changed +attributes even though it doesn't have anything to do with the open file +descriptor you originally specified in changing the attributes. +

+

Similarly, if a single process has multiple or duplicated file +descriptors for the same terminal device, changing the terminal +attributes affects input and output to all of these file +descriptors. This means, for example, that you can't open one file +descriptor or stream to read from a terminal in the normal +line-buffered, echoed mode; and simultaneously have another file +descriptor for the same terminal that you use to read from it in +single-character, non-echoed mode. Instead, you have to explicitly +switch the terminal back and forth between the two modes. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

17.4.3 Setting Terminal Modes Properly

+ +

When you set terminal modes, you should call tcgetattr first to +get the current modes of the particular terminal device, modify only +those modes that you are really interested in, and store the result with +tcsetattr. +

+

It's a bad idea to simply initialize a struct termios structure +to a chosen set of attributes and pass it directly to tcsetattr. +Your program may be run years from now, on systems that support members +not documented in this manual. The way to avoid setting these members +to unreasonable values is to avoid changing them. +

+

What's more, different terminal devices may require different mode +settings in order to function properly. So you should avoid blindly +copying attributes from one terminal device to another. +

+

When a member contains a collection of independent flags, as the +c_iflag, c_oflag and c_cflag members do, even +setting the entire member is a bad idea, because particular operating +systems have their own flags. Instead, you should start with the +current value of the member and alter only the flags whose values matter +in your program, leaving any other flags unchanged. +

+

Here is an example of how to set one flag (ISTRIP) in the +struct termios structure while properly preserving all the other +data in the structure: +

+
 
int
+set_istrip (int desc, int value)
+{
+  struct termios settings;
+  int result;
+
+  result = tcgetattr (desc, &settings);
+  if (result < 0)
+    {
+      perror ("error in tcgetattr");
+      return 0;
+    }
+  settings.c_iflag &= ~ISTRIP;
+  if (value)
+    settings.c_iflag |= ISTRIP;
+  result = tcsetattr (desc, TCSANOW, &settings);
+  if (result < 0)
+    {
+      perror ("error in tcsetattr");
+      return 0;
+   }
+  return 1;
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

17.4.4 Input Modes

+ +

This section describes the terminal attribute flags that control +fairly low-level aspects of input processing: handling of parity errors, +break signals, flow control, and <RET> and <LFD> characters. +

+

All of these flags are bits in the c_iflag member of the +struct termios structure. The member is an integer, and you +change flags using the operators &, | and ^. Don't +try to specify the entire value for c_iflag—instead, change +only specific flags and leave the rest untouched (see section Setting Terminal Modes Properly). +

+
+
Macro: tcflag_t INPCK + +
+
+

If this bit is set, input parity checking is enabled. If it is not set, +no checking at all is done for parity errors on input; the +characters are simply passed through to the application. +

+

Parity checking on input processing is independent of whether parity +detection and generation on the underlying terminal hardware is enabled; +see Control Modes. For example, you could clear the INPCK +input mode flag and set the PARENB control mode flag to ignore +parity errors on input, but still generate parity on output. +

+

If this bit is set, what happens when a parity error is detected depends +on whether the IGNPAR or PARMRK bits are set. If neither +of these bits are set, a byte with a parity error is passed to the +application as a '\0' character. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t IGNPAR + +
+

If this bit is set, any byte with a framing or parity error is ignored. +This is only useful if INPCK is also set. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t PARMRK + +
+

If this bit is set, input bytes with parity or framing errors are marked +when passed to the program. This bit is meaningful only when +INPCK is set and IGNPAR is not set. +

+

The way erroneous bytes are marked is with two preceding bytes, +377 and 0. Thus, the program actually reads three bytes +for one erroneous byte received from the terminal. +

+

If a valid byte has the value 0377, and ISTRIP (see below) +is not set, the program might confuse it with the prefix that marks a +parity error. So a valid byte 0377 is passed to the program as +two bytes, 0377 0377, in this case. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t ISTRIP + +
+

If this bit is set, valid input bytes are stripped to seven bits; +otherwise, all eight bits are available for programs to read. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t IGNBRK + +
+

If this bit is set, break conditions are ignored. +

+ +

A break condition is defined in the context of asynchronous +serial data transmission as a series of zero-value bits longer than a +single byte. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t BRKINT + +
+

If this bit is set and IGNBRK is not set, a break condition +clears the terminal input and output queues and raises a SIGINT +signal for the foreground process group associated with the terminal. +

+

If neither BRKINT nor IGNBRK are set, a break condition is +passed to the application as a single '\0' character if +PARMRK is not set, or otherwise as a three-character sequence +'\377', '\0', '\0'. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t IGNCR + +
+

If this bit is set, carriage return characters ('\r') are +discarded on input. Discarding carriage return may be useful on +terminals that send both carriage return and linefeed when you type the +<RET> key. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t ICRNL + +
+

If this bit is set and IGNCR is not set, carriage return characters +('\r') received as input are passed to the application as newline +characters ('\n'). +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t INLCR + +
+

If this bit is set, newline characters ('\n') received as input +are passed to the application as carriage return characters ('\r'). +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t IXOFF + +
+

If this bit is set, start/stop control on input is enabled. In other +words, the computer sends STOP and START characters as necessary to +prevent input from coming in faster than programs are reading it. The +idea is that the actual terminal hardware that is generating the input +data responds to a STOP character by suspending transmission, and to a +START character by resuming transmission. See section Special Characters for Flow Control. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t IXON + +
+

If this bit is set, start/stop control on output is enabled. In other +words, if the computer receives a STOP character, it suspends output +until a START character is received. In this case, the STOP and START +characters are never passed to the application program. If this bit is +not set, then START and STOP can be read as ordinary characters. +See section Special Characters for Flow Control. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t IXANY + +
+

If this bit is set, any input character restarts output when output has +been suspended with the STOP character. Otherwise, only the START +character restarts output. +

+

This is a BSD extension; it exists only on BSD systems and the GNU system. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t IMAXBEL + +
+

If this bit is set, then filling up the terminal input buffer sends a +BEL character (code 007) to the terminal to ring the bell. +

+

This is a BSD extension. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

17.4.5 Output Modes

+ +

This section describes the terminal flags and fields that control how +output characters are translated and padded for display. All of these +are contained in the c_oflag member of the struct termios +structure. +

+

The c_oflag member itself is an integer, and you change the flags +and fields using the operators &, |, and ^. Don't +try to specify the entire value for c_oflag—instead, change +only specific flags and leave the rest untouched (see section Setting Terminal Modes Properly). +

+
+
Macro: tcflag_t OPOST + +
+

If this bit is set, output data is processed in some unspecified way so +that it is displayed appropriately on the terminal device. This +typically includes mapping newline characters ('\n') onto +carriage return and linefeed pairs. +

+

If this bit isn't set, the characters are transmitted as-is. +

+ +

The following three bits are BSD features, and they exist only BSD +systems and the GNU system. They are effective only if OPOST is +set. +

+
+
Macro: tcflag_t ONLCR + +
+

If this bit is set, convert the newline character on output into a pair +of characters, carriage return followed by linefeed. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t OXTABS + +
+

If this bit is set, convert tab characters on output into the appropriate +number of spaces to emulate a tab stop every eight columns. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t ONOEOT + +
+

If this bit is set, discard C-d characters (code 004) on +output. These characters cause many dial-up terminals to disconnect. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

17.4.6 Control Modes

+ +

This section describes the terminal flags and fields that control +parameters usually associated with asynchronous serial data +transmission. These flags may not make sense for other kinds of +terminal ports (such as a network connection pseudo-terminal). All of +these are contained in the c_cflag member of the struct +termios structure. +

+

The c_cflag member itself is an integer, and you change the flags +and fields using the operators &, |, and ^. Don't +try to specify the entire value for c_cflag—instead, change +only specific flags and leave the rest untouched (see section Setting Terminal Modes Properly). +

+
+
Macro: tcflag_t CLOCAL + +
+

If this bit is set, it indicates that the terminal is connected +“locally” and that the modem status lines (such as carrier detect) +should be ignored. + + +

+

On many systems if this bit is not set and you call open without +the O_NONBLOCK flag set, open blocks until a modem +connection is established. +

+

If this bit is not set and a modem disconnect is detected, a +SIGHUP signal is sent to the controlling process group for the +terminal (if it has one). Normally, this causes the process to exit; +see Signal Handling. Reading from the terminal after a disconnect +causes an end-of-file condition, and writing causes an EIO error +to be returned. The terminal device must be closed and reopened to +clear the condition. + +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t HUPCL + +
+

If this bit is set, a modem disconnect is generated when all processes +that have the terminal device open have either closed the file or exited. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t CREAD + +
+

If this bit is set, input can be read from the terminal. Otherwise, +input is discarded when it arrives. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t CSTOPB + +
+

If this bit is set, two stop bits are used. Otherwise, only one stop bit +is used. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t PARENB + +
+

If this bit is set, generation and detection of a parity bit are enabled. +See section Input Modes, for information on how input parity errors are handled. +

+

If this bit is not set, no parity bit is added to output characters, and +input characters are not checked for correct parity. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t PARODD + +
+

This bit is only useful if PARENB is set. If PARODD is set, +odd parity is used, otherwise even parity is used. +

+ +

The control mode flags also includes a field for the number of bits per +character. You can use the CSIZE macro as a mask to extract the +value, like this: settings.c_cflag & CSIZE. +

+
+
Macro: tcflag_t CSIZE + +
+

This is a mask for the number of bits per character. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t CS5 + +
+

This specifies five bits per byte. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t CS6 + +
+

This specifies six bits per byte. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t CS7 + +
+

This specifies seven bits per byte. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t CS8 + +
+

This specifies eight bits per byte. +

+ +

The following four bits are BSD extensions; this exist only on BSD +systems and the GNU system. +

+
+
Macro: tcflag_t CCTS_OFLOW + +
+

If this bit is set, enable flow control of output based on the CTS wire +(RS232 protocol). +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t CRTS_IFLOW + +
+

If this bit is set, enable flow control of input based on the RTS wire +(RS232 protocol). +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t MDMBUF + +
+

If this bit is set, enable carrier-based flow control of output. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t CIGNORE + +
+

If this bit is set, it says to ignore the control modes and line speed +values entirely. This is only meaningful in a call to tcsetattr. +

+

The c_cflag member and the line speed values returned by +cfgetispeed and cfgetospeed will be unaffected by the +call. CIGNORE is useful if you want to set all the software +modes in the other members, but leave the hardware details in +c_cflag unchanged. (This is how the TCSASOFT flag to +tcsettattr works.) +

+

This bit is never set in the structure filled in by tcgetattr. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

17.4.7 Local Modes

+ +

This section describes the flags for the c_lflag member of the +struct termios structure. These flags generally control +higher-level aspects of input processing than the input modes flags +described in Input Modes, such as echoing, signals, and the choice +of canonical or noncanonical input. +

+

The c_lflag member itself is an integer, and you change the flags +and fields using the operators &, |, and ^. Don't +try to specify the entire value for c_lflag—instead, change +only specific flags and leave the rest untouched (see section Setting Terminal Modes Properly). +

+
+
Macro: tcflag_t ICANON + +
+

This bit, if set, enables canonical input processing mode. Otherwise, +input is processed in noncanonical mode. See section Two Styles of Input: Canonical or Not. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t ECHO + +
+

If this bit is set, echoing of input characters back to the terminal +is enabled. + +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t ECHOE + +
+

If this bit is set, echoing indicates erasure of input with the ERASE +character by erasing the last character in the current line from the +screen. Otherwise, the character erased is re-echoed to show what has +happened (suitable for a printing terminal). +

+

This bit only controls the display behavior; the ICANON bit by +itself controls actual recognition of the ERASE character and erasure of +input, without which ECHOE is simply irrelevant. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t ECHOPRT + +
+

This bit is like ECHOE, enables display of the ERASE character in +a way that is geared to a hardcopy terminal. When you type the ERASE +character, a ‘\’ character is printed followed by the first +character erased. Typing the ERASE character again just prints the next +character erased. Then, the next time you type a normal character, a +‘/’ character is printed before the character echoes. +

+

This is a BSD extension, and exists only in BSD systems and the +GNU system. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t ECHOK + +
+

This bit enables special display of the KILL character by moving to a +new line after echoing the KILL character normally. The behavior of +ECHOKE (below) is nicer to look at. +

+

If this bit is not set, the KILL character echoes just as it would if it +were not the KILL character. Then it is up to the user to remember that +the KILL character has erased the preceding input; there is no +indication of this on the screen. +

+

This bit only controls the display behavior; the ICANON bit by +itself controls actual recognition of the KILL character and erasure of +input, without which ECHOK is simply irrelevant. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t ECHOKE + +
+

This bit is similar to ECHOK. It enables special display of the +KILL character by erasing on the screen the entire line that has been +killed. This is a BSD extension, and exists only in BSD systems and the +GNU system. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t ECHONL + +
+

If this bit is set and the ICANON bit is also set, then the +newline ('\n') character is echoed even if the ECHO bit +is not set. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t ECHOCTL + +
+

If this bit is set and the ECHO bit is also set, echo control +characters with ‘^’ followed by the corresponding text character. +Thus, control-A echoes as ‘^A’. This is usually the preferred mode +for interactive input, because echoing a control character back to the +terminal could have some undesired effect on the terminal. +

+

This is a BSD extension, and exists only in BSD systems and the +GNU system. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t ISIG + +
+

This bit controls whether the INTR, QUIT, and SUSP characters are +recognized. The functions associated with these characters are performed +if and only if this bit is set. Being in canonical or noncanonical +input mode has no affect on the interpretation of these characters. +

+

You should use caution when disabling recognition of these characters. +Programs that cannot be interrupted interactively are very +user-unfriendly. If you clear this bit, your program should provide +some alternate interface that allows the user to interactively send the +signals associated with these characters, or to escape from the program. + +

+

See section Characters that Cause Signals. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t IEXTEN + +
+

POSIX.1 gives IEXTEN implementation-defined meaning, +so you cannot rely on this interpretation on all systems. +

+

On BSD systems and the GNU system, it enables the LNEXT and DISCARD characters. +See section Other Special Characters. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t NOFLSH + +
+

Normally, the INTR, QUIT, and SUSP characters cause input and output +queues for the terminal to be cleared. If this bit is set, the queues +are not cleared. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t TOSTOP + +
+

If this bit is set and the system supports job control, then +SIGTTOU signals are generated by background processes that +attempt to write to the terminal. See section Access to the Controlling Terminal. +

+ +

The following bits are BSD extensions; they exist only in BSD systems +and the GNU system. +

+
+
Macro: tcflag_t ALTWERASE + +
+

This bit determines how far the WERASE character should erase. The +WERASE character erases back to the beginning of a word; the question +is, where do words begin? +

+

If this bit is clear, then the beginning of a word is a nonwhitespace +character following a whitespace character. If the bit is set, then the +beginning of a word is an alphanumeric character or underscore following +a character which is none of those. +

+

See section Characters for Input Editing, for more information about the WERASE character. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t FLUSHO + +
+

This is the bit that toggles when the user types the DISCARD character. +While this bit is set, all output is discarded. See section Other Special Characters. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t NOKERNINFO + +
+

Setting this bit disables handling of the STATUS character. +See section Other Special Characters. +

+ +
+
Macro: tcflag_t PENDIN + +
+

If this bit is set, it indicates that there is a line of input that +needs to be reprinted. Typing the REPRINT character sets this bit; the +bit remains set until reprinting is finished. See section Characters for Input Editing. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

17.4.8 Line Speed

+ +

The terminal line speed tells the computer how fast to read and write +data on the terminal. +

+

If the terminal is connected to a real serial line, the terminal speed +you specify actually controls the line—if it doesn't match the +terminal's own idea of the speed, communication does not work. Real +serial ports accept only certain standard speeds. Also, particular +hardware may not support even all the standard speeds. Specifying a +speed of zero hangs up a dialup connection and turns off modem control +signals. +

+

If the terminal is not a real serial line (for example, if it is a +network connection), then the line speed won't really affect data +transmission speed, but some programs will use it to determine the +amount of padding needed. It's best to specify a line speed value that +matches the actual speed of the actual terminal, but you can safely +experiment with different values to vary the amount of padding. +

+

There are actually two line speeds for each terminal, one for input and +one for output. You can set them independently, but most often +terminals use the same speed for both directions. +

+

The speed values are stored in the struct termios structure, but +don't try to access them in the struct termios structure +directly. Instead, you should use the following functions to read and +store them: +

+
+
Function: speed_t cfgetospeed (const struct termios *termios-p) + +
+

This function returns the output line speed stored in the structure +*termios-p. +

+ +
+
Function: speed_t cfgetispeed (const struct termios *termios-p) + +
+

This function returns the input line speed stored in the structure +*termios-p. +

+ +
+
Function: int cfsetospeed (struct termios *termios-p, speed_t speed) + +
+

This function stores speed in *termios-p as the output +speed. The normal return value is 0; a value of -1 +indicates an error. If speed is not a speed, cfsetospeed +returns -1. +

+ +
+
Function: int cfsetispeed (struct termios *termios-p, speed_t speed) + +
+

This function stores speed in *termios-p as the input +speed. The normal return value is 0; a value of -1 +indicates an error. If speed is not a speed, cfsetospeed +returns -1. +

+ +
+
Function: int cfsetspeed (struct termios *termios-p, speed_t speed) + +
+

This function stores speed in *termios-p as both the +input and output speeds. The normal return value is 0; a value +of -1 indicates an error. If speed is not a speed, +cfsetspeed returns -1. This function is an extension in +4.4 BSD. +

+ +
+
Data Type: speed_t + +
+

The speed_t type is an unsigned integer data type used to +represent line speeds. +

+ +

The functions cfsetospeed and cfsetispeed report errors +only for speed values that the system simply cannot handle. If you +specify a speed value that is basically acceptable, then those functions +will succeed. But they do not check that a particular hardware device +can actually support the specified speeds—in fact, they don't know +which device you plan to set the speed for. If you use tcsetattr +to set the speed of a particular device to a value that it cannot +handle, tcsetattr returns -1. +

+

Portability note: In the GNU library, the functions above +accept speeds measured in bits per second as input, and return speed +values measured in bits per second. Other libraries require speeds to +be indicated by special codes. For POSIX.1 portability, you must use +one of the following symbols to represent the speed; their precise +numeric values are system-dependent, but each name has a fixed meaning: +B110 stands for 110 bps, B300 for 300 bps, and so on. +There is no portable way to represent any speed but these, but these are +the only speeds that typical serial lines can support. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
 
B0  B50  B75  B110  B134  B150  B200
+B300  B600  B1200  B1800  B2400  B4800
+B9600  B19200  B38400  B57600  B115200
+B230400  B460800
+
+ + + +

BSD defines two additional speed symbols as aliases: EXTA is an +alias for B19200 and EXTB is an alias for B38400. +These aliases are obsolete. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

17.4.9 Special Characters

+ +

In canonical input, the terminal driver recognizes a number of special +characters which perform various control functions. These include the +ERASE character (usually <DEL>) for editing input, and other editing +characters. The INTR character (normally C-c) for sending a +SIGINT signal, and other signal-raising characters, may be +available in either canonical or noncanonical input mode. All these +characters are described in this section. +

+

The particular characters used are specified in the c_cc member +of the struct termios structure. This member is an array; each +element specifies the character for a particular role. Each element has +a symbolic constant that stands for the index of that element—for +example, VINTR is the index of the element that specifies the INTR +character, so storing '=' in termios.c_cc[VINTR] +specifies ‘=’ as the INTR character. +

+ +

On some systems, you can disable a particular special character function +by specifying the value _POSIX_VDISABLE for that role. This +value is unequal to any possible character code. See section Optional Features in File Support, for more information about how to tell whether the operating +system you are using supports _POSIX_VDISABLE. +

+ + + + + +
17.4.9.1 Characters for Input Editing   Special characters that terminate lines and + delete text, and other editing functions. +
17.4.9.2 Characters that Cause Signals   Special characters that send or raise signals + to or for certain classes of processes. +
17.4.9.3 Special Characters for Flow Control   Special characters that suspend or resume + suspended output. +
17.4.9.4 Other Special Characters   Other special characters for BSD systems: + they can discard output, and print status. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

17.4.9.1 Characters for Input Editing

+ +

These special characters are active only in canonical input mode. +See section Two Styles of Input: Canonical or Not. +

+
+
Macro: int VEOF + +
+
+

This is the subscript for the EOF character in the special control +character array. termios.c_cc[VEOF] holds the character +itself. +

+

The EOF character is recognized only in canonical input mode. It acts +as a line terminator in the same way as a newline character, but if the +EOF character is typed at the beginning of a line it causes read +to return a byte count of zero, indicating end-of-file. The EOF +character itself is discarded. +

+

Usually, the EOF character is C-d. +

+ +
+
Macro: int VEOL + +
+
+

This is the subscript for the EOL character in the special control +character array. termios.c_cc[VEOL] holds the character +itself. +

+

The EOL character is recognized only in canonical input mode. It acts +as a line terminator, just like a newline character. The EOL character +is not discarded; it is read as the last character in the input line. +

+ +

You don't need to use the EOL character to make <RET> end a line. +Just set the ICRNL flag. In fact, this is the default state of +affairs. +

+ +
+
Macro: int VEOL2 + +
+
+

This is the subscript for the EOL2 character in the special control +character array. termios.c_cc[VEOL2] holds the character +itself. +

+

The EOL2 character works just like the EOL character (see above), but it +can be a different character. Thus, you can specify two characters to +terminate an input line, by setting EOL to one of them and EOL2 to the +other. +

+

The EOL2 character is a BSD extension; it exists only on BSD systems +and the GNU system. +

+ +
+
Macro: int VERASE + +
+
+

This is the subscript for the ERASE character in the special control +character array. termios.c_cc[VERASE] holds the +character itself. +

+

The ERASE character is recognized only in canonical input mode. When +the user types the erase character, the previous character typed is +discarded. (If the terminal generates multibyte character sequences, +this may cause more than one byte of input to be discarded.) This +cannot be used to erase past the beginning of the current line of text. +The ERASE character itself is discarded. +

+

Usually, the ERASE character is <DEL>. +

+ +
+
Macro: int VWERASE + +
+
+

This is the subscript for the WERASE character in the special control +character array. termios.c_cc[VWERASE] holds the character +itself. +

+

The WERASE character is recognized only in canonical mode. It erases an +entire word of prior input, and any whitespace after it; whitespace +characters before the word are not erased. +

+

The definition of a “word” depends on the setting of the +ALTWERASE mode; see section Local Modes. +

+

If the ALTWERASE mode is not set, a word is defined as a sequence +of any characters except space or tab. +

+

If the ALTWERASE mode is set, a word is defined as a sequence of +characters containing only letters, numbers, and underscores, optionally +followed by one character that is not a letter, number, or underscore. +

+

The WERASE character is usually C-w. +

+

This is a BSD extension. +

+ +
+
Macro: int VKILL + +
+
+

This is the subscript for the KILL character in the special control +character array. termios.c_cc[VKILL] holds the character +itself. +

+

The KILL character is recognized only in canonical input mode. When the +user types the kill character, the entire contents of the current line +of input are discarded. The kill character itself is discarded too. +

+

The KILL character is usually C-u. +

+ +
+
Macro: int VREPRINT + +
+
+

This is the subscript for the REPRINT character in the special control +character array. termios.c_cc[VREPRINT] holds the character +itself. +

+

The REPRINT character is recognized only in canonical mode. It reprints +the current input line. If some asynchronous output has come while you +are typing, this lets you see the line you are typing clearly again. +

+

The REPRINT character is usually C-r. +

+

This is a BSD extension. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

17.4.9.2 Characters that Cause Signals

+ +

These special characters may be active in either canonical or noncanonical +input mode, but only when the ISIG flag is set (see section Local Modes). +

+
+
Macro: int VINTR + +
+
+ +

This is the subscript for the INTR character in the special control +character array. termios.c_cc[VINTR] holds the character +itself. +

+

The INTR (interrupt) character raises a SIGINT signal for all +processes in the foreground job associated with the terminal. The INTR +character itself is then discarded. See section Signal Handling, for more +information about signals. +

+

Typically, the INTR character is C-c. +

+ +
+
Macro: int VQUIT + +
+
+

This is the subscript for the QUIT character in the special control +character array. termios.c_cc[VQUIT] holds the character +itself. +

+

The QUIT character raises a SIGQUIT signal for all processes in +the foreground job associated with the terminal. The QUIT character +itself is then discarded. See section Signal Handling, for more information +about signals. +

+

Typically, the QUIT character is C-\. +

+ +
+
Macro: int VSUSP + +
+
+ +

This is the subscript for the SUSP character in the special control +character array. termios.c_cc[VSUSP] holds the character +itself. +

+

The SUSP (suspend) character is recognized only if the implementation +supports job control (see section Job Control). It causes a SIGTSTP +signal to be sent to all processes in the foreground job associated with +the terminal. The SUSP character itself is then discarded. +See section Signal Handling, for more information about signals. +

+

Typically, the SUSP character is C-z. +

+ +

Few applications disable the normal interpretation of the SUSP +character. If your program does this, it should provide some other +mechanism for the user to stop the job. When the user invokes this +mechanism, the program should send a SIGTSTP signal to the +process group of the process, not just to the process itself. +See section Signaling Another Process. +

+
+
Macro: int VDSUSP + +
+
+ +

This is the subscript for the DSUSP character in the special control +character array. termios.c_cc[VDSUSP] holds the character +itself. +

+

The DSUSP (suspend) character is recognized only if the implementation +supports job control (see section Job Control). It sends a SIGTSTP +signal, like the SUSP character, but not right away—only when the +program tries to read it as input. Not all systems with job control +support DSUSP; only BSD-compatible systems (including the GNU system). +

+

See section Signal Handling, for more information about signals. +

+

Typically, the DSUSP character is C-y. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

17.4.9.3 Special Characters for Flow Control

+ +

These special characters may be active in either canonical or noncanonical +input mode, but their use is controlled by the flags IXON and +IXOFF (see section Input Modes). +

+
+
Macro: int VSTART + +
+
+

This is the subscript for the START character in the special control +character array. termios.c_cc[VSTART] holds the +character itself. +

+

The START character is used to support the IXON and IXOFF +input modes. If IXON is set, receiving a START character resumes +suspended output; the START character itself is discarded. If +IXANY is set, receiving any character at all resumes suspended +output; the resuming character is not discarded unless it is the START +character. IXOFF is set, the system may also transmit START +characters to the terminal. +

+

The usual value for the START character is C-q. You may not be +able to change this value—the hardware may insist on using C-q +regardless of what you specify. +

+ +
+
Macro: int VSTOP + +
+
+

This is the subscript for the STOP character in the special control +character array. termios.c_cc[VSTOP] holds the character +itself. +

+

The STOP character is used to support the IXON and IXOFF +input modes. If IXON is set, receiving a STOP character causes +output to be suspended; the STOP character itself is discarded. If +IXOFF is set, the system may also transmit STOP characters to the +terminal, to prevent the input queue from overflowing. +

+

The usual value for the STOP character is C-s. You may not be +able to change this value—the hardware may insist on using C-s +regardless of what you specify. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

17.4.9.4 Other Special Characters

+ +

These special characters exist only in BSD systems and the GNU system. +

+
+
Macro: int VLNEXT + +
+
+

This is the subscript for the LNEXT character in the special control +character array. termios.c_cc[VLNEXT] holds the character +itself. +

+

The LNEXT character is recognized only when IEXTEN is set, but in +both canonical and noncanonical mode. It disables any special +significance of the next character the user types. Even if the +character would normally perform some editing function or generate a +signal, it is read as a plain character. This is the analogue of the +C-q command in Emacs. “LNEXT” stands for “literal next.” +

+

The LNEXT character is usually C-v. +

+ +
+
Macro: int VDISCARD + +
+
+

This is the subscript for the DISCARD character in the special control +character array. termios.c_cc[VDISCARD] holds the character +itself. +

+

The DISCARD character is recognized only when IEXTEN is set, but +in both canonical and noncanonical mode. Its effect is to toggle the +discard-output flag. When this flag is set, all program output is +discarded. Setting the flag also discards all output currently in the +output buffer. Typing any other character resets the flag. +

+ +
+
Macro: int VSTATUS + +
+
+

This is the subscript for the STATUS character in the special control +character array. termios.c_cc[VSTATUS] holds the character +itself. +

+

The STATUS character's effect is to print out a status message about how +the current process is running. +

+

The STATUS character is recognized only in canonical mode, and only if +NOKERNINFO is not set. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

17.4.10 Noncanonical Input

+ +

In noncanonical input mode, the special editing characters such as +ERASE and KILL are ignored. The system facilities for the user to edit +input are disabled in noncanonical mode, so that all input characters +(unless they are special for signal or flow-control purposes) are passed +to the application program exactly as typed. It is up to the +application program to give the user ways to edit the input, if +appropriate. +

+

Noncanonical mode offers special parameters called MIN and TIME for +controlling whether and how long to wait for input to be available. You +can even use them to avoid ever waiting—to return immediately with +whatever input is available, or with no input. +

+

The MIN and TIME are stored in elements of the c_cc array, which +is a member of the struct termios structure. Each element of +this array has a particular role, and each element has a symbolic +constant that stands for the index of that element. VMIN and +VMAX are the names for the indices in the array of the MIN and +TIME slots. +

+
+
Macro: int VMIN + +
+
+

This is the subscript for the MIN slot in the c_cc array. Thus, +termios.c_cc[VMIN] is the value itself. +

+

The MIN slot is only meaningful in noncanonical input mode; it +specifies the minimum number of bytes that must be available in the +input queue in order for read to return. +

+ +
+
Macro: int VTIME + +
+
+

This is the subscript for the TIME slot in the c_cc array. Thus, +termios.c_cc[VTIME] is the value itself. +

+

The TIME slot is only meaningful in noncanonical input mode; it +specifies how long to wait for input before returning, in units of 0.1 +seconds. +

+ +

The MIN and TIME values interact to determine the criterion for when +read should return; their precise meanings depend on which of +them are nonzero. There are four possible cases: +

+
    +
  • +Both TIME and MIN are nonzero. + +

    In this case, TIME specifies how long to wait after each input character +to see if more input arrives. After the first character received, +read keeps waiting until either MIN bytes have arrived in all, or +TIME elapses with no further input. +

    +

    read always blocks until the first character arrives, even if +TIME elapses first. read can return more than MIN characters if +more than MIN happen to be in the queue. +

    +
  • +Both MIN and TIME are zero. + +

    In this case, read always returns immediately with as many +characters as are available in the queue, up to the number requested. +If no input is immediately available, read returns a value of +zero. +

    +
  • +MIN is zero but TIME has a nonzero value. + +

    In this case, read waits for time TIME for input to become +available; the availability of a single byte is enough to satisfy the +read request and cause read to return. When it returns, it +returns as many characters as are available, up to the number requested. +If no input is available before the timer expires, read returns a +value of zero. +

    +
  • +TIME is zero but MIN has a nonzero value. + +

    In this case, read waits until at least MIN bytes are available +in the queue. At that time, read returns as many characters as +are available, up to the number requested. read can return more +than MIN characters if more than MIN happen to be in the queue. +

+ +

What happens if MIN is 50 and you ask to read just 10 bytes? +Normally, read waits until there are 50 bytes in the buffer (or, +more generally, the wait condition described above is satisfied), and +then reads 10 of them, leaving the other 40 buffered in the operating +system for a subsequent call to read. +

+

Portability note: On some systems, the MIN and TIME slots are +actually the same as the EOF and EOL slots. This causes no serious +problem because the MIN and TIME slots are used only in noncanonical +input and the EOF and EOL slots are used only in canonical input, but it +isn't very clean. The GNU library allocates separate slots for these +uses. +

+
+
Function: void cfmakeraw (struct termios *termios-p) + +
+

This function provides an easy way to set up *termios-p for +what has traditionally been called “raw mode” in BSD. This uses +noncanonical input, and turns off most processing to give an unmodified +channel to the terminal. +

+

It does exactly this: +

 
  termios-p->c_iflag &= ~(IGNBRK|BRKINT|PARMRK|ISTRIP
+                                |INLCR|IGNCR|ICRNL|IXON);
+  termios-p->c_oflag &= ~OPOST;
+  termios-p->c_lflag &= ~(ECHO|ECHONL|ICANON|ISIG|IEXTEN);
+  termios-p->c_cflag &= ~(CSIZE|PARENB);
+  termios-p->c_cflag |= CS8;
+
+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

17.5 BSD Terminal Modes

+ +

The usual way to get and set terminal modes is with the functions described +in Terminal Modes. However, on some systems you can use the +BSD-derived functions in this section to do some of the same thing. On +many systems, these functions do not exist. Even with the GNU C library, +the functions simply fail with errno = ENOSYS with many +kernels, including Linux. +

+

The symbols used in this section are declared in ‘sgtty.h’. +

+
+
Data Type: struct sgttyb + +
+

This structure is an input or output parameter list for gtty and +stty. +

+
+
char sg_ispeed
+

Line speed for input +

+
char sg_ospeed
+

Line speed for output +

+
char sg_erase
+

Erase character +

+
char sg_kill
+

Kill character +

+
int sg_flags
+

Various flags +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int gtty (int filedes, struct sgttyb *attributes) + +
+

This function gets the attributes of a terminal. +

+

gtty sets *attributes to describe the terminal attributes +of the terminal which is open with file descriptor filedes. +

+ +
+
Function: int stty (int filedes, struct sgttyb * attributes) + +
+

This function sets the attributes of a terminal. +

+

stty sets the terminal attributes of the terminal which is open with +file descriptor filedes to those described by *filedes. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

17.6 Line Control Functions

+ +

These functions perform miscellaneous control actions on terminal +devices. As regards terminal access, they are treated like doing +output: if any of these functions is used by a background process on its +controlling terminal, normally all processes in the process group are +sent a SIGTTOU signal. The exception is if the calling process +itself is ignoring or blocking SIGTTOU signals, in which case the +operation is performed and no signal is sent. See section Job Control. +

+ +
+
Function: int tcsendbreak (int filedes, int duration) + +
+

This function generates a break condition by transmitting a stream of +zero bits on the terminal associated with the file descriptor +filedes. The duration of the break is controlled by the +duration argument. If zero, the duration is between 0.25 and 0.5 +seconds. The meaning of a nonzero value depends on the operating system. +

+

This function does nothing if the terminal is not an asynchronous serial +data port. +

+

The return value is normally zero. In the event of an error, a value +of -1 is returned. The following errno error conditions +are defined for this function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
ENOTTY
+

The filedes is not associated with a terminal device. +

+
+
+ + + + +
+
Function: int tcdrain (int filedes) + +
+

The tcdrain function waits until all queued +output to the terminal filedes has been transmitted. +

+

This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs. This +is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like memory, file +descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time tcdrain is +called. If the thread gets canceled these resources stay allocated +until the program ends. To avoid this calls to tcdrain should be +protected using cancellation handlers. +

+

The return value is normally zero. In the event of an error, a value +of -1 is returned. The following errno error conditions +are defined for this function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
ENOTTY
+

The filedes is not associated with a terminal device. +

+
+
EINTR
+

The operation was interrupted by delivery of a signal. +See section Primitives Interrupted by Signals. +

+
+
+ + + + +
+
Function: int tcflush (int filedes, int queue) + +
+

The tcflush function is used to clear the input and/or output +queues associated with the terminal file filedes. The queue +argument specifies which queue(s) to clear, and can be one of the +following values: +

+
+
+
+
TCIFLUSH
+
+

Clear any input data received, but not yet read. +

+ +
+
TCOFLUSH
+
+

Clear any output data written, but not yet transmitted. +

+ +
+
TCIOFLUSH
+
+

Clear both queued input and output. +

+
+ +

The return value is normally zero. In the event of an error, a value +of -1 is returned. The following errno error conditions +are defined for this function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
ENOTTY
+

The filedes is not associated with a terminal device. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

A bad value was supplied as the queue argument. +

+
+ +

It is unfortunate that this function is named tcflush, because +the term “flush” is normally used for quite another operation—waiting +until all output is transmitted—and using it for discarding input or +output would be confusing. Unfortunately, the name tcflush comes +from POSIX and we cannot change it. +

+ + + +
+
Function: int tcflow (int filedes, int action) + +
+

The tcflow function is used to perform operations relating to +XON/XOFF flow control on the terminal file specified by filedes. +

+

The action argument specifies what operation to perform, and can +be one of the following values: +

+
+
+
+
TCOOFF
+

Suspend transmission of output. +

+ +
+
TCOON
+

Restart transmission of output. +

+ +
+
TCIOFF
+

Transmit a STOP character. +

+ +
+
TCION
+

Transmit a START character. +

+
+ +

For more information about the STOP and START characters, see Special Characters. +

+

The return value is normally zero. In the event of an error, a value +of -1 is returned. The following errno error conditions +are defined for this function: +

+
+
+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes is not a valid file descriptor. +

+ +
+
ENOTTY
+

The filedes is not associated with a terminal device. +

+ +
+
EINVAL
+

A bad value was supplied as the action argument. +

+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

17.7 Noncanonical Mode Example

+ +

Here is an example program that shows how you can set up a terminal +device to read single characters in noncanonical input mode, without +echo. +

+
 
#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <termios.h>
+
+/* Use this variable to remember original terminal attributes. */
+
+struct termios saved_attributes;
+
+void 
+reset_input_mode (void)
+{
+  tcsetattr (STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &saved_attributes);
+}
+
+void 
+set_input_mode (void)
+{
+  struct termios tattr;
+  char *name;
+
+  /* Make sure stdin is a terminal. */
+  if (!isatty (STDIN_FILENO))
+    {
+      fprintf (stderr, "Not a terminal.\n");
+      exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+
+  /* Save the terminal attributes so we can restore them later. */
+  tcgetattr (STDIN_FILENO, &saved_attributes);
+  atexit (reset_input_mode);
+
+  /* Set the funny terminal modes. */
+  tcgetattr (STDIN_FILENO, &tattr);
+  tattr.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON|ECHO); /* Clear ICANON and ECHO. */
+  tattr.c_cc[VMIN] = 1;
+  tattr.c_cc[VTIME] = 0;
+  tcsetattr (STDIN_FILENO, TCSAFLUSH, &tattr);
+}
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  char c;
+
+  set_input_mode ();
+
+  while (1)
+    {
+      read (STDIN_FILENO, &c, 1);
+      if (c == '\004')          /* C-d */
+        break;
+      else
+        putchar (c);
+    }
+
+  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+ +

This program is careful to restore the original terminal modes before +exiting or terminating with a signal. It uses the atexit +function (see section Cleanups on Exit) to make sure this is done +by exit. +

+ +

The shell is supposed to take care of resetting the terminal modes when +a process is stopped or continued; see Job Control. But some +existing shells do not actually do this, so you may wish to establish +handlers for job control signals that reset terminal modes. The above +example does so. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

17.8 Pseudo-Terminals

+ +

A pseudo-terminal is a special interprocess communication channel +that acts like a terminal. One end of the channel is called the +master side or master pseudo-terminal device, the other side +is called the slave side. Data written to the master side is +received by the slave side as if it was the result of a user typing at +an ordinary terminal, and data written to the slave side is sent to the +master side as if it was written on an ordinary terminal. +

+

Pseudo terminals are the way programs like xterm and emacs +implement their terminal emulation functionality. +

+ + + +
17.8.1 Allocating Pseudo-Terminals   Allocating a pseudo terminal. +
17.8.2 Opening a Pseudo-Terminal Pair   How to open both sides of a + pseudo-terminal in a single operation. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

17.8.1 Allocating Pseudo-Terminals

+ +

This subsection describes functions for allocating a pseudo-terminal, +and for making this pseudo-terminal available for actual use. These +functions are declared in the header file ‘stdlib.h’. +

+
+
Function: int getpt (void) + +
+

The getpt function returns a new file descriptor for the next +available master pseudo-terminal. The normal return value from +getpt is a non-negative integer file descriptor. In the case of +an error, a value of -1 is returned instead. The following +errno conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
ENOENT
+

There are no free master pseudo-terminals available. +

+
+ +

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: int grantpt (int filedes) + +
+

The grantpt function changes the ownership and access permission +of the slave pseudo-terminal device corresponding to the master +pseudo-terminal device associated with the file descriptor +filedes. The owner is set from the real user ID of the calling +process (see section The Persona of a Process), and the group is set to a special +group (typically tty) or from the real group ID of the calling +process. The access permission is set such that the file is both +readable and writable by the owner and only writable by the group. +

+

On some systems this function is implemented by invoking a special +setuid root program (see section How an Application Can Change Persona). As a +consequence, installing a signal handler for the SIGCHLD signal +(see section Job Control Signals) may interfere with a call to +grantpt. +

+

The normal return value from grantpt is 0; a value of +-1 is returned in case of failure. The following errno +error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes argument is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The filedes argument is not associated with a master pseudo-terminal +device. +

+
+
EACCES
+

The slave pseudo-terminal device corresponding to the master associated +with filedes could not be accessed. +

+
+ +
+ +
+
Function: int unlockpt (int filedes) + +
+

The unlockpt function unlocks the slave pseudo-terminal device +corresponding to the master pseudo-terminal device associated with the +file descriptor filedes. On many systems, the slave can only be +opened after unlocking, so portable applications should always call +unlockpt before trying to open the slave. +

+

The normal return value from unlockpt is 0; a value of +-1 is returned in case of failure. The following errno +error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes argument is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The filedes argument is not associated with a master pseudo-terminal +device. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: char * ptsname (int filedes) + +
+

If the file descriptor filedes is associated with a +master pseudo-terminal device, the ptsname function returns a +pointer to a statically-allocated, null-terminated string containing the +file name of the associated slave pseudo-terminal file. This string +might be overwritten by subsequent calls to ptsname. +

+ +
+
Function: int ptsname_r (int filedes, char *buf, size_t len) + +
+

The ptsname_r function is similar to the ptsname function +except that it places its result into the user-specified buffer starting +at buf with length len. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +

Portability Note: On System V derived systems, the file +returned by the ptsname and ptsname_r functions may be +STREAMS-based, and therefore require additional processing after opening +before it actually behaves as a pseudo terminal. +

+

Typical usage of these functions is illustrated by the following example: +

 
int
+open_pty_pair (int *amaster, int *aslave)
+{
+  int master, slave;
+  char *name;
+
+  master = getpt ();
+  if (master < 0)
+    return 0;
+
+  if (grantpt (master) < 0 || unlockpt (master) < 0)
+    goto close_master;
+  name = ptsname (master);
+  if (name == NULL)
+    goto close_master;
+
+  slave = open (name, O_RDWR);
+  if (slave == -1)
+    goto close_master;
+
+  if (isastream (slave))
+    {
+      if (ioctl (slave, I_PUSH, "ptem") < 0
+          || ioctl (slave, I_PUSH, "ldterm") < 0)
+        goto close_slave;
+    }
+
+  *amaster = master;
+  *aslave = slave;
+  return 1;
+
+close_slave:
+  close (slave);
+
+close_master:
+  close (master);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

17.8.2 Opening a Pseudo-Terminal Pair

+ +

These functions, derived from BSD, are available in the separate +‘libutil’ library, and declared in ‘pty.h’. +

+
+
Function: int openpty (int *amaster, int *aslave, char *name, const struct termios *termp, const struct winsize *winp) + +
+

This function allocates and opens a pseudo-terminal pair, returning the +file descriptor for the master in *amaster, and the file +descriptor for the slave in *aslave. If the argument name +is not a null pointer, the file name of the slave pseudo-terminal +device is stored in *name. If termp is not a null pointer, +the terminal attributes of the slave are set to the ones specified in +the structure that termp points to (see section Terminal Modes). +Likewise, if the winp is not a null pointer, the screen size of +the slave is set to the values specified in the structure that +winp points to. +

+

The normal return value from openpty is 0; a value of +-1 is returned in case of failure. The following errno +conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
ENOENT
+

There are no free pseudo-terminal pairs available. +

+
+ +

Warning: Using the openpty function with name not +set to NULL is very dangerous because it provides no +protection against overflowing the string name. You should use +the ttyname function on the file descriptor returned in +*slave to find out the file name of the slave pseudo-terminal +device instead. +

+ +
+
Function: int forkpty (int *amaster, char *name, const struct termios *termp, const struct winsize *winp) + +
+

This function is similar to the openpty function, but in +addition, forks a new process (see section Creating a Process) and makes the +newly opened slave pseudo-terminal device the controlling terminal +(see section Controlling Terminal of a Process) for the child process. +

+

If the operation is successful, there are then both parent and child +processes and both see forkpty return, but with different values: +it returns a value of 0 in the child process and returns the child's +process ID in the parent process. +

+

If the allocation of a pseudo-terminal pair or the process creation +failed, forkpty returns a value of -1 in the parent +process. +

+

Warning: The forkpty function has the same problems with +respect to the name argument as openpty. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_57.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_57.html @@ -0,0 +1,337 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Function and Macro Index: M – O + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

Function and Macro Index: M – O

+
Jump to:   * +   +_ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +J +   +K +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +Q +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +Y +   +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Index Entry Section
M
madvise13.7 Memory-mapped I/O
main25.1 Program Arguments
makecontext23.4 Complete Context Control
mallinfo3.2.2.11 Statistics for Memory Allocation with malloc
malloc3.2.2.1 Basic Memory Allocation
mallopt3.2.2.8 Malloc Tunable Parameters
matherr20.5.1 FP Exceptions
mblen6.4.1 Non-reentrant Conversion of Single Characters
mbrlen6.3.3 Converting Single Characters
mbrtowc6.3.3 Converting Single Characters
mbsinit6.3.2 Representing the state of the conversion
mbsnrtowcs6.3.4 Converting Multibyte and Wide Character Strings
mbsrtowcs6.3.4 Converting Multibyte and Wide Character Strings
mbstowcs6.4.2 Non-reentrant Conversion of Strings
mbtowc6.4.1 Non-reentrant Conversion of Single Characters
mcheck3.2.2.9 Heap Consistency Checking
memalign3.2.2.7 Allocating Aligned Memory Blocks
memccpy5.4 Copying and Concatenation
memchr5.7 Search Functions
memcmp5.5 String/Array Comparison
memcpy5.4 Copying and Concatenation
memfrob5.10 Trivial Encryption
memmem5.7 Search Functions
memmove5.4 Copying and Concatenation
mempcpy5.4 Copying and Concatenation
memrchr5.7 Search Functions
memset5.4 Copying and Concatenation
mkdir14.8 Creating Directories
mkdtemp14.11 Temporary Files
mkfifo15.3 FIFO Special Files
mknod14.10 Making Special Files
mkstemp14.11 Temporary Files
mktemp14.11 Temporary Files
mktime21.4.3 Broken-down Time
mlock3.4.3 Functions To Lock And Unlock Pages
mlockall3.4.3 Functions To Lock And Unlock Pages
mmap13.7 Memory-mapped I/O
mmap6413.7 Memory-mapped I/O
modf20.8.3 Rounding Functions
modff20.8.3 Rounding Functions
modfl20.8.3 Rounding Functions
mount30.3.2 Mount, Unmount, Remount
mprobe3.2.2.9 Heap Consistency Checking
mrand4819.8.3 SVID Random Number Function
mrand48_r19.8.3 SVID Random Number Function
mremap13.7 Memory-mapped I/O
msync13.7 Memory-mapped I/O
mtrace3.2.3.1 How to install the tracing functionality
munlock3.4.3 Functions To Lock And Unlock Pages
munlockall3.4.3 Functions To Lock And Unlock Pages
munmap13.7 Memory-mapped I/O
muntrace3.2.3.1 How to install the tracing functionality
N
nan20.8.5 Setting and modifying single bits of FP values
nanf20.8.5 Setting and modifying single bits of FP values
nanl20.8.5 Setting and modifying single bits of FP values
nanosleep21.6 Sleeping
nearbyint20.8.3 Rounding Functions
nearbyintf20.8.3 Rounding Functions
nearbyintl20.8.3 Rounding Functions
nextafter20.8.5 Setting and modifying single bits of FP values
nextafterf20.8.5 Setting and modifying single bits of FP values
nextafterl20.8.5 Setting and modifying single bits of FP values
nexttoward20.8.5 Setting and modifying single bits of FP values
nexttowardf20.8.5 Setting and modifying single bits of FP values
nexttowardl20.8.5 Setting and modifying single bits of FP values
nftw14.3 Working with Directory Trees
nftw6414.3 Working with Directory Trees
ngettext8.2.1.3 Additional functions for more complicated situations
nice22.3.4.2 Functions For Traditional Scheduling
nl_langinfo7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
notfound28.2.2 Actions in the NSS configuration
nrand4819.8.3 SVID Random Number Function
nrand48_r19.8.3 SVID Random Number Function
ntohl16.6.5 Byte Order Conversion
ntohs16.6.5 Byte Order Conversion
ntp_adjtime21.4.4 High Accuracy Clock
ntp_gettime21.4.4 High Accuracy Clock
O
obstack_1grow3.2.4.6 Growing Objects
obstack_1grow_fast3.2.4.7 Extra Fast Growing Objects
obstack_alignment_mask3.2.4.9 Alignment of Data in Obstacks
obstack_alloc3.2.4.3 Allocation in an Obstack
obstack_base3.2.4.8 Status of an Obstack
obstack_blank3.2.4.6 Growing Objects
obstack_blank_fast3.2.4.7 Extra Fast Growing Objects
obstack_chunk_alloc3.2.4.2 Preparing for Using Obstacks
obstack_chunk_free3.2.4.2 Preparing for Using Obstacks
obstack_chunk_size3.2.4.10 Obstack Chunks
obstack_copy3.2.4.3 Allocation in an Obstack
obstack_copy03.2.4.3 Allocation in an Obstack
obstack_finish3.2.4.6 Growing Objects
obstack_free3.2.4.4 Freeing Objects in an Obstack
obstack_grow3.2.4.6 Growing Objects
obstack_grow03.2.4.6 Growing Objects
obstack_init3.2.4.2 Preparing for Using Obstacks
obstack_int_grow3.2.4.6 Growing Objects
obstack_int_grow_fast3.2.4.7 Extra Fast Growing Objects
obstack_next_free3.2.4.8 Status of an Obstack
obstack_object_size3.2.4.6 Growing Objects
obstack_object_size3.2.4.8 Status of an Obstack
obstack_printf12.12.8 Dynamically Allocating Formatted Output
obstack_ptr_grow3.2.4.6 Growing Objects
obstack_ptr_grow_fast3.2.4.7 Extra Fast Growing Objects
obstack_room3.2.4.7 Extra Fast Growing Objects
obstack_vprintf12.12.9 Variable Arguments Output Functions
offsetofA.5.4 Structure Field Offset Measurement
on_exit25.6.3 Cleanups on Exit
open13.1 Opening and Closing Files
open6413.1 Opening and Closing Files
open_memstream12.21.1 String Streams
open_obstack_stream12.21.2 Obstack Streams
opendir14.2.2 Opening a Directory Stream
openlog18.2.1 openlog
openpty17.8.2 Opening a Pseudo-Terminal Pair
+
Jump to:   * +   +_ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +J +   +K +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +Q +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +Y +   +
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ << ][ >> ]           [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_34.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_34.html @@ -0,0 +1,1827 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: A. C Language Facilities in the Library + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

A. C Language Facilities in the Library

+ +

Some of the facilities implemented by the C library really should be +thought of as parts of the C language itself. These facilities ought to +be documented in the C Language Manual, not in the library manual; but +since we don't have the language manual yet, and documentation for these +features has been written, we are publishing it here. +

+ + + + + + +
A.1 Explicitly Checking Internal Consistency   Using assert to abort if + something “impossible” happens. +
A.2 Variadic Functions   Defining functions with varying numbers + of args. +
A.3 Null Pointer Constant   The macro NULL. +
A.4 Important Data Types   Data types for object sizes. +
A.5 Data Type Measurements   Parameters of data type representations. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

A.1 Explicitly Checking Internal Consistency

+ +

When you're writing a program, it's often a good idea to put in checks +at strategic places for “impossible” errors or violations of basic +assumptions. These kinds of checks are helpful in debugging problems +with the interfaces between different parts of the program, for example. +

+ +

The assert macro, defined in the header file ‘assert.h’, +provides a convenient way to abort the program while printing a message +about where in the program the error was detected. +

+ +

Once you think your program is debugged, you can disable the error +checks performed by the assert macro by recompiling with the +macro NDEBUG defined. This means you don't actually have to +change the program source code to disable these checks. +

+

But disabling these consistency checks is undesirable unless they make +the program significantly slower. All else being equal, more error +checking is good no matter who is running the program. A wise user +would rather have a program crash, visibly, than have it return nonsense +without indicating anything might be wrong. +

+
+
Macro: void assert (int expression) + +
+

Verify the programmer's belief that expression is nonzero at +this point in the program. +

+

If NDEBUG is not defined, assert tests the value of +expression. If it is false (zero), assert aborts the +program (see section Aborting a Program) after printing a message of the +form: +

+
 
‘file’:linenum: function: Assertion `expression' failed.
+
+ +

on the standard error stream stderr (see section Standard Streams). +The filename and line number are taken from the C preprocessor macros +__FILE__ and __LINE__ and specify where the call to +assert was made. When using the GNU C compiler, the name of +the function which calls assert is taken from the built-in +variable __PRETTY_FUNCTION__; with older compilers, the function +name and following colon are omitted. +

+

If the preprocessor macro NDEBUG is defined before +‘assert.h’ is included, the assert macro is defined to do +absolutely nothing. +

+

Warning: Even the argument expression expression is not +evaluated if NDEBUG is in effect. So never use assert +with arguments that involve side effects. For example, assert +(++i > 0); is a bad idea, because i will not be incremented if +NDEBUG is defined. +

+ +

Sometimes the “impossible” condition you want to check for is an error +return from an operating system function. Then it is useful to display +not only where the program crashes, but also what error was returned. +The assert_perror macro makes this easy. +

+
+
Macro: void assert_perror (int errnum) + +
+

Similar to assert, but verifies that errnum is zero. +

+

If NDEBUG is not defined, assert_perror tests the value of +errnum. If it is nonzero, assert_perror aborts the program +after printing a message of the form: +

+
 
‘file’:linenum: function: error text
+
+ +

on the standard error stream. The file name, line number, and function +name are as for assert. The error text is the result of +strerror (errnum). See section Error Messages. +

+

Like assert, if NDEBUG is defined before ‘assert.h’ +is included, the assert_perror macro does absolutely nothing. It +does not evaluate the argument, so errnum should not have any side +effects. It is best for errnum to be just a simple variable +reference; often it will be errno. +

+

This macro is a GNU extension. +

+ +

Usage note: The assert facility is designed for +detecting internal inconsistency; it is not suitable for +reporting invalid input or improper usage by the user of the +program. +

+

The information in the diagnostic messages printed by the assert +and assert_perror macro is intended to help you, the programmer, +track down the cause of a bug, but is not really useful for telling a user +of your program why his or her input was invalid or why a command could not +be carried out. What's more, your program should not abort when given +invalid input, as assert would do—it should exit with nonzero +status (see section Exit Status) after printing its error messages, or perhaps +read another command or move on to the next input file. +

+

See section Error Messages, for information on printing error messages for +problems that do not represent bugs in the program. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

A.2 Variadic Functions

+ +

ISO C defines a syntax for declaring a function to take a variable +number or type of arguments. (Such functions are referred to as +varargs functions or variadic functions.) However, the +language itself provides no mechanism for such functions to access their +non-required arguments; instead, you use the variable arguments macros +defined in ‘stdarg.h’. +

+

This section describes how to declare variadic functions, how to write +them, and how to call them properly. +

+

Compatibility Note: Many older C dialects provide a similar, +but incompatible, mechanism for defining functions with variable numbers +of arguments, using ‘varargs.h’. +

+ + + + +
A.2.1 Why Variadic Functions are Used   Reasons for making functions take + variable arguments. +
A.2.2 How Variadic Functions are Defined and Used   How to define and call variadic functions. +
A.2.3 Example of a Variadic Function   A complete example. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

A.2.1 Why Variadic Functions are Used

+ +

Ordinary C functions take a fixed number of arguments. When you define +a function, you specify the data type for each argument. Every call to +the function should supply the expected number of arguments, with types +that can be converted to the specified ones. Thus, if the function +‘foo’ is declared with int foo (int, char *); then you must +call it with two arguments, a number (any kind will do) and a string +pointer. +

+

But some functions perform operations that can meaningfully accept an +unlimited number of arguments. +

+

In some cases a function can handle any number of values by operating on +all of them as a block. For example, consider a function that allocates +a one-dimensional array with malloc to hold a specified set of +values. This operation makes sense for any number of values, as long as +the length of the array corresponds to that number. Without facilities +for variable arguments, you would have to define a separate function for +each possible array size. +

+

The library function printf (see section Formatted Output) is an +example of another class of function where variable arguments are +useful. This function prints its arguments (which can vary in type as +well as number) under the control of a format template string. +

+

These are good reasons to define a variadic function which can +handle as many arguments as the caller chooses to pass. +

+

Some functions such as open take a fixed set of arguments, but +occasionally ignore the last few. Strict adherence to ISO C requires +these functions to be defined as variadic; in practice, however, the GNU +C compiler and most other C compilers let you define such a function to +take a fixed set of arguments—the most it can ever use—and then only +declare the function as variadic (or not declare its arguments +at all!). +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

A.2.2 How Variadic Functions are Defined and Used

+ +

Defining and using a variadic function involves three steps: +

+
    +
  • +Define the function as variadic, using an ellipsis +(‘…’) in the argument list, and using special macros to +access the variable arguments. See section Receiving the Argument Values. + +
  • +Declare the function as variadic, using a prototype with an +ellipsis (‘…’), in all the files which call it. +See section Syntax for Variable Arguments. + +
  • +Call the function by writing the fixed arguments followed by the +additional variable arguments. See section Calling Variadic Functions. +
+ + + + + + + + +
A.2.2.1 Syntax for Variable Arguments   How to make a prototype for a function + with variable arguments. +
A.2.2.2 Receiving the Argument Values   Steps you must follow to access the + optional argument values. +
A.2.2.3 How Many Arguments Were Supplied   How to decide whether there are more arguments. +
A.2.2.4 Calling Variadic Functions   Things you need to know about calling + variable arguments functions. +
A.2.2.5 Argument Access Macros   Detailed specification of the macros + for accessing variable arguments. +
A.2.3.1 Old-Style Variadic Functions   The pre-ISO way of defining variadic functions. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

A.2.2.1 Syntax for Variable Arguments

+ +

A function that accepts a variable number of arguments must be declared +with a prototype that says so. You write the fixed arguments as usual, +and then tack on ‘…’ to indicate the possibility of +additional arguments. The syntax of ISO C requires at least one fixed +argument before the ‘…’. For example, +

+
 
int
+func (const char *a, int b, …)
+{
+  …
+}
+
+ +

defines a function func which returns an int and takes two +required arguments, a const char * and an int. These are +followed by any number of anonymous arguments. +

+

Portability note: For some C compilers, the last required +argument must not be declared register in the function +definition. Furthermore, this argument's type must be +self-promoting: that is, the default promotions must not change +its type. This rules out array and function types, as well as +float, char (whether signed or not) and short int +(whether signed or not). This is actually an ISO C requirement. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

A.2.2.2 Receiving the Argument Values

+ +

Ordinary fixed arguments have individual names, and you can use these +names to access their values. But optional arguments have no +names—nothing but ‘…’. How can you access them? +

+ +

The only way to access them is sequentially, in the order they were +written, and you must use special macros from ‘stdarg.h’ in the +following three step process: +

+
    +
  1. +You initialize an argument pointer variable of type va_list using +va_start. The argument pointer when initialized points to the +first optional argument. + +
  2. +You access the optional arguments by successive calls to va_arg. +The first call to va_arg gives you the first optional argument, +the next call gives you the second, and so on. + +

    You can stop at any time if you wish to ignore any remaining optional +arguments. It is perfectly all right for a function to access fewer +arguments than were supplied in the call, but you will get garbage +values if you try to access too many arguments. +

    +
  3. +You indicate that you are finished with the argument pointer variable by +calling va_end. + +

    (In practice, with most C compilers, calling va_end does nothing. +This is always true in the GNU C compiler. But you might as well call +va_end just in case your program is someday compiled with a peculiar +compiler.) +

+ +

See section Argument Access Macros, for the full definitions of va_start, +va_arg and va_end. +

+

Steps 1 and 3 must be performed in the function that accepts the +optional arguments. However, you can pass the va_list variable +as an argument to another function and perform all or part of step 2 +there. +

+

You can perform the entire sequence of three steps multiple times +within a single function invocation. If you want to ignore the optional +arguments, you can do these steps zero times. +

+

You can have more than one argument pointer variable if you like. You +can initialize each variable with va_start when you wish, and +then you can fetch arguments with each argument pointer as you wish. +Each argument pointer variable will sequence through the same set of +argument values, but at its own pace. +

+

Portability note: With some compilers, once you pass an +argument pointer value to a subroutine, you must not keep using the same +argument pointer value after that subroutine returns. For full +portability, you should just pass it to va_end. This is actually +an ISO C requirement, but most ANSI C compilers work happily +regardless. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

A.2.2.3 How Many Arguments Were Supplied

+ +

There is no general way for a function to determine the number and type +of the optional arguments it was called with. So whoever designs the +function typically designs a convention for the caller to specify the number +and type of arguments. It is up to you to define an appropriate calling +convention for each variadic function, and write all calls accordingly. +

+

One kind of calling convention is to pass the number of optional +arguments as one of the fixed arguments. This convention works provided +all of the optional arguments are of the same type. +

+

A similar alternative is to have one of the required arguments be a bit +mask, with a bit for each possible purpose for which an optional +argument might be supplied. You would test the bits in a predefined +sequence; if the bit is set, fetch the value of the next argument, +otherwise use a default value. +

+

A required argument can be used as a pattern to specify both the number +and types of the optional arguments. The format string argument to +printf is one example of this (see section Formatted Output Functions). +

+

Another possibility is to pass an “end marker” value as the last +optional argument. For example, for a function that manipulates an +arbitrary number of pointer arguments, a null pointer might indicate the +end of the argument list. (This assumes that a null pointer isn't +otherwise meaningful to the function.) The execl function works +in just this way; see Executing a File. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

A.2.2.4 Calling Variadic Functions

+ +

You don't have to do anything special to call a variadic function. +Just put the arguments (required arguments, followed by optional ones) +inside parentheses, separated by commas, as usual. But you must declare +the function with a prototype and know how the argument values are converted. +

+

In principle, functions that are defined to be variadic must also +be declared to be variadic using a function prototype whenever +you call them. (See section Syntax for Variable Arguments, for how.) This is because +some C compilers use a different calling convention to pass the same set +of argument values to a function depending on whether that function +takes variable arguments or fixed arguments. +

+

In practice, the GNU C compiler always passes a given set of argument +types in the same way regardless of whether they are optional or +required. So, as long as the argument types are self-promoting, you can +safely omit declaring them. Usually it is a good idea to declare the +argument types for variadic functions, and indeed for all functions. +But there are a few functions which it is extremely convenient not to +have to declare as variadic—for example, open and +printf. +

+ + +

Since the prototype doesn't specify types for optional arguments, in a +call to a variadic function the default argument promotions are +performed on the optional argument values. This means the objects of +type char or short int (whether signed or not) are +promoted to either int or unsigned int, as +appropriate; and that objects of type float are promoted to type +double. So, if the caller passes a char as an optional +argument, it is promoted to an int, and the function can access +it with va_arg (ap, int). +

+

Conversion of the required arguments is controlled by the function +prototype in the usual way: the argument expression is converted to the +declared argument type as if it were being assigned to a variable of +that type. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

A.2.2.5 Argument Access Macros

+ +

Here are descriptions of the macros used to retrieve variable arguments. +These macros are defined in the header file ‘stdarg.h’. + +

+
+
Data Type: va_list + +
+

The type va_list is used for argument pointer variables. +

+ +
+
Macro: void va_start (va_list ap, last-required) + +
+

This macro initializes the argument pointer variable ap to point +to the first of the optional arguments of the current function; +last-required must be the last required argument to the function. +

+

See section Old-Style Variadic Functions, for an alternate definition of va_start +found in the header file ‘varargs.h’. +

+ +
+
Macro: type va_arg (va_list ap, type) + +
+

The va_arg macro returns the value of the next optional argument, +and modifies the value of ap to point to the subsequent argument. +Thus, successive uses of va_arg return successive optional +arguments. +

+

The type of the value returned by va_arg is type as +specified in the call. type must be a self-promoting type (not +char or short int or float) that matches the type +of the actual argument. +

+ +
+
Macro: void va_end (va_list ap) + +
+

This ends the use of ap. After a va_end call, further +va_arg calls with the same ap may not work. You should invoke +va_end before returning from the function in which va_start +was invoked with the same ap argument. +

+

In the GNU C library, va_end does nothing, and you need not ever +use it except for reasons of portability. + +

+ +

Sometimes it is necessary to parse the list of parameters more than once +or one wants to remember a certain position in the parameter list. To +do this, one will have to make a copy of the current value of the +argument. But va_list is an opaque type and one cannot necessarily +assign the value of one variable of type va_list to another variable +of the same type. +

+
+
Macro: void __va_copy (va_list dest, va_list src) + +
+

The __va_copy macro allows copying of objects of type +va_list even if this is not an integral type. The argument pointer +in dest is initialized to point to the same argument as the +pointer in src. +

+

This macro is a GNU extension but it will hopefully also be available in +the next update of the ISO C standard. +

+ +

If you want to use __va_copy you should always be prepared for the +possibility that this macro will not be available. On architectures where a +simple assignment is invalid, hopefully __va_copy will be available, +so one should always write something like this: +

+
 
{
+  va_list ap, save;
+  …
+#ifdef __va_copy
+  __va_copy (save, ap);
+#else
+  save = ap;
+#endif
+  …
+}
+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

A.2.3 Example of a Variadic Function

+ +

Here is a complete sample function that accepts a variable number of +arguments. The first argument to the function is the count of remaining +arguments, which are added up and the result returned. While trivial, +this function is sufficient to illustrate how to use the variable +arguments facility. +

+
 
#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int
+add_em_up (int count,...)
+{
+  va_list ap;
+  int i, sum;
+
+  va_start (ap, count);         /* Initialize the argument list. */
+
+  sum = 0;
+  for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
+    sum += va_arg (ap, int);    /* Get the next argument value. */
+
+  va_end (ap);                  /* Clean up. */
+  return sum;
+}
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  /* This call prints 16. */
+  printf ("%d\n", add_em_up (3, 5, 5, 6));
+
+  /* This call prints 55. */
+  printf ("%d\n", add_em_up (10, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10));
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

A.2.3.1 Old-Style Variadic Functions

+ +

Before ISO C, programmers used a slightly different facility for +writing variadic functions. The GNU C compiler still supports it; +currently, it is more portable than the ISO C facility, since support +for ISO C is still not universal. The header file which defines the +old-fashioned variadic facility is called ‘varargs.h’. +

+

Using ‘varargs.h’ is almost the same as using ‘stdarg.h’. +There is no difference in how you call a variadic function; +see Calling Variadic Functions. The only difference is in how you define +them. First of all, you must use old-style non-prototype syntax, like +this: +

+
 
tree
+build (va_alist)
+     va_dcl
+{
+
+ +

Secondly, you must give va_start only one argument, like this: +

+
 
  va_list p;
+  va_start (p);
+
+ +

These are the special macros used for defining old-style variadic +functions: +

+
+
Macro: va_alist + +
+

This macro stands for the argument name list required in a variadic +function. +

+ +
+
Macro: va_dcl + +
+

This macro declares the implicit argument or arguments for a variadic +function. +

+ +
+
Macro: void va_start (va_list ap) + +
+

This macro, as defined in ‘varargs.h’, initializes the argument +pointer variable ap to point to the first argument of the current +function. +

+ +

The other argument macros, va_arg and va_end, are the same +in ‘varargs.h’ as in ‘stdarg.h’; see Argument Access Macros, for +details. +

+

It does not work to include both ‘varargs.h’ and ‘stdarg.h’ in +the same compilation; they define va_start in conflicting ways. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

A.3 Null Pointer Constant

+ +

The null pointer constant is guaranteed not to point to any real object. +You can assign it to any pointer variable since it has type void +*. The preferred way to write a null pointer constant is with +NULL. +

+
+
Macro: void * NULL + +
+

This is a null pointer constant. +

+ +

You can also use 0 or (void *)0 as a null pointer +constant, but using NULL is cleaner because it makes the purpose +of the constant more evident. +

+

If you use the null pointer constant as a function argument, then for +complete portability you should make sure that the function has a +prototype declaration. Otherwise, if the target machine has two +different pointer representations, the compiler won't know which +representation to use for that argument. You can avoid the problem by +explicitly casting the constant to the proper pointer type, but we +recommend instead adding a prototype for the function you are calling. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

A.4 Important Data Types

+ +

The result of subtracting two pointers in C is always an integer, but the +precise data type varies from C compiler to C compiler. Likewise, the +data type of the result of sizeof also varies between compilers. +ISO defines standard aliases for these two types, so you can refer to +them in a portable fashion. They are defined in the header file +‘stddef.h’. + +

+
+
Data Type: ptrdiff_t + +
+

This is the signed integer type of the result of subtracting two +pointers. For example, with the declaration char *p1, *p2;, the +expression p2 - p1 is of type ptrdiff_t. This will +probably be one of the standard signed integer types (short +int, int or long int), but might be a nonstandard +type that exists only for this purpose. +

+ +
+
Data Type: size_t + +
+

This is an unsigned integer type used to represent the sizes of objects. +The result of the sizeof operator is of this type, and functions +such as malloc (see section Unconstrained Allocation) and +memcpy (see section Copying and Concatenation) accept arguments of +this type to specify object sizes. +

+

Usage Note: size_t is the preferred way to declare any +arguments or variables that hold the size of an object. +

+ +

In the GNU system size_t is equivalent to either +unsigned int or unsigned long int. These types +have identical properties on the GNU system and, for most purposes, you +can use them interchangeably. However, they are distinct as data types, +which makes a difference in certain contexts. +

+

For example, when you specify the type of a function argument in a +function prototype, it makes a difference which one you use. If the +system header files declare malloc with an argument of type +size_t and you declare malloc with an argument of type +unsigned int, you will get a compilation error if size_t +happens to be unsigned long int on your system. To avoid any +possibility of error, when a function argument or value is supposed to +have type size_t, never declare its type in any other way. +

+

Compatibility Note: Implementations of C before the advent of +ISO C generally used unsigned int for representing object sizes +and int for pointer subtraction results. They did not +necessarily define either size_t or ptrdiff_t. Unix +systems did define size_t, in ‘sys/types.h’, but the +definition was usually a signed type. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

A.5 Data Type Measurements

+ +

Most of the time, if you choose the proper C data type for each object +in your program, you need not be concerned with just how it is +represented or how many bits it uses. When you do need such +information, the C language itself does not provide a way to get it. +The header files ‘limits.h’ and ‘float.h’ contain macros +which give you this information in full detail. +

+ + + + + +
A.5.1 Computing the Width of an Integer Data Type   How many bits does an integer type hold? +
A.5.2 Range of an Integer Type   What are the largest and smallest values + that an integer type can hold? +
A.5.3 Floating Type Macros   Parameters that measure the floating point types. +
A.5.4 Structure Field Offset Measurement   Getting measurements on structure types. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

A.5.1 Computing the Width of an Integer Data Type

+ +

The most common reason that a program needs to know how many bits are in +an integer type is for using an array of long int as a bit vector. +You can access the bit at index n with +

+
 
vector[n / LONGBITS] & (1 << (n % LONGBITS))
+
+ +

provided you define LONGBITS as the number of bits in a +long int. +

+ +

There is no operator in the C language that can give you the number of +bits in an integer data type. But you can compute it from the macro +CHAR_BIT, defined in the header file ‘limits.h’. +

+
+
CHAR_BIT
+

This is the number of bits in a char—eight, on most systems. +The value has type int. +

+

You can compute the number of bits in any data type type like +this: +

+
 
sizeof (type) * CHAR_BIT
+
+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

A.5.2 Range of an Integer Type

+ +

Suppose you need to store an integer value which can range from zero to +one million. Which is the smallest type you can use? There is no +general rule; it depends on the C compiler and target machine. You can +use the ‘MIN’ and ‘MAX’ macros in ‘limits.h’ to determine +which type will work. +

+

Each signed integer type has a pair of macros which give the smallest +and largest values that it can hold. Each unsigned integer type has one +such macro, for the maximum value; the minimum value is, of course, +zero. +

+

The values of these macros are all integer constant expressions. The +‘MAX’ and ‘MIN’ macros for char and short +int types have values of type int. The ‘MAX’ and +‘MIN’ macros for the other types have values of the same type +described by the macro—thus, ULONG_MAX has type +unsigned long int. +

+
+
SCHAR_MIN + +
+
+

This is the minimum value that can be represented by a signed char. +

+
+
SCHAR_MAX + +
+
UCHAR_MAX + +
+
+

These are the maximum values that can be represented by a +signed char and unsigned char, respectively. +

+
+
CHAR_MIN + +
+
+

This is the minimum value that can be represented by a char. +It's equal to SCHAR_MIN if char is signed, or zero +otherwise. +

+
+
CHAR_MAX + +
+
+

This is the maximum value that can be represented by a char. +It's equal to SCHAR_MAX if char is signed, or +UCHAR_MAX otherwise. +

+
+
SHRT_MIN + +
+
+

This is the minimum value that can be represented by a signed +short int. On most machines that the GNU C library runs on, +short integers are 16-bit quantities. +

+
+
SHRT_MAX + +
+
USHRT_MAX + +
+
+

These are the maximum values that can be represented by a +signed short int and unsigned short int, +respectively. +

+
+
INT_MIN + +
+
+

This is the minimum value that can be represented by a signed +int. On most machines that the GNU C system runs on, an int is +a 32-bit quantity. +

+
+
INT_MAX + +
+
UINT_MAX + +
+
+

These are the maximum values that can be represented by, respectively, +the type signed int and the type unsigned int. +

+
+
LONG_MIN + +
+
+

This is the minimum value that can be represented by a signed +long int. On most machines that the GNU C system runs on, long +integers are 32-bit quantities, the same size as int. +

+
+
LONG_MAX + +
+
ULONG_MAX + +
+
+

These are the maximum values that can be represented by a +signed long int and unsigned long int, respectively. +

+
+
LONG_LONG_MIN + +
+
+

This is the minimum value that can be represented by a signed +long long int. On most machines that the GNU C system runs on, +long long integers are 64-bit quantities. +

+
+
LONG_LONG_MAX + +
+
ULONG_LONG_MAX + +
+
+

These are the maximum values that can be represented by a signed +long long int and unsigned long long int, respectively. +

+
+
WCHAR_MAX + +
+
+

This is the maximum value that can be represented by a wchar_t. +See section Introduction to Extended Characters. +

+
+ +

The header file ‘limits.h’ also defines some additional constants +that parameterize various operating system and file system limits. These +constants are described in System Configuration Parameters. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

A.5.3 Floating Type Macros

+ +

The specific representation of floating point numbers varies from +machine to machine. Because floating point numbers are represented +internally as approximate quantities, algorithms for manipulating +floating point data often need to take account of the precise details of +the machine's floating point representation. +

+

Some of the functions in the C library itself need this information; for +example, the algorithms for printing and reading floating point numbers +(see section Input/Output on Streams) and for calculating trigonometric and +irrational functions (see section Mathematics) use it to avoid round-off +error and loss of accuracy. User programs that implement numerical +analysis techniques also often need this information in order to +minimize or compute error bounds. +

+

The header file ‘float.h’ describes the format used by your +machine. +

+ + + + +
A.5.3.1 Floating Point Representation Concepts   Definitions of terminology. +
A.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters   Details of specific macros. +
A.5.3.3 IEEE Floating Point   The measurements for one common + representation. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

A.5.3.1 Floating Point Representation Concepts

+ +

This section introduces the terminology for describing floating point +representations. +

+

You are probably already familiar with most of these concepts in terms +of scientific or exponential notation for floating point numbers. For +example, the number 123456.0 could be expressed in exponential +notation as 1.23456e+05, a shorthand notation indicating that the +mantissa 1.23456 is multiplied by the base 10 raised to +power 5. +

+

More formally, the internal representation of a floating point number +can be characterized in terms of the following parameters: +

+
    +
  • + +The sign is either -1 or 1. + +
  • + + +The base or radix for exponentiation, an integer greater +than 1. This is a constant for a particular representation. + +
  • + +The exponent to which the base is raised. The upper and lower +bounds of the exponent value are constants for a particular +representation. + + +

    Sometimes, in the actual bits representing the floating point number, +the exponent is biased by adding a constant to it, to make it +always be represented as an unsigned quantity. This is only important +if you have some reason to pick apart the bit fields making up the +floating point number by hand, which is something for which the GNU +library provides no support. So this is ignored in the discussion that +follows. +

    +
  • + + +The mantissa or significand is an unsigned integer which is a +part of each floating point number. + +
  • + +The precision of the mantissa. If the base of the representation +is b, then the precision is the number of base-b digits in +the mantissa. This is a constant for a particular representation. + + +

    Many floating point representations have an implicit hidden bit in +the mantissa. This is a bit which is present virtually in the mantissa, +but not stored in memory because its value is always 1 in a normalized +number. The precision figure (see above) includes any hidden bits. +

    +

    Again, the GNU library provides no facilities for dealing with such +low-level aspects of the representation. +

+ +

The mantissa of a floating point number represents an implicit fraction +whose denominator is the base raised to the power of the precision. Since +the largest representable mantissa is one less than this denominator, the +value of the fraction is always strictly less than 1. The +mathematical value of a floating point number is then the product of this +fraction, the sign, and the base raised to the exponent. +

+ +

We say that the floating point number is normalized if the +fraction is at least 1/b, where b is the base. In +other words, the mantissa would be too large to fit if it were +multiplied by the base. Non-normalized numbers are sometimes called +denormal; they contain less precision than the representation +normally can hold. +

+

If the number is not normalized, then you can subtract 1 from the +exponent while multiplying the mantissa by the base, and get another +floating point number with the same value. Normalization consists +of doing this repeatedly until the number is normalized. Two distinct +normalized floating point numbers cannot be equal in value. +

+

(There is an exception to this rule: if the mantissa is zero, it is +considered normalized. Another exception happens on certain machines +where the exponent is as small as the representation can hold. Then +it is impossible to subtract 1 from the exponent, so a number +may be normalized even if its fraction is less than 1/b.) +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

A.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters

+ +

These macro definitions can be accessed by including the header file +‘float.h’ in your program. +

+

Macro names starting with ‘FLT_’ refer to the float type, +while names beginning with ‘DBL_’ refer to the double type +and names beginning with ‘LDBL_’ refer to the long double +type. (If GCC does not support long double as a distinct data +type on a target machine then the values for the ‘LDBL_’ constants +are equal to the corresponding constants for the double type.) +

+

Of these macros, only FLT_RADIX is guaranteed to be a constant +expression. The other macros listed here cannot be reliably used in +places that require constant expressions, such as ‘#if’ +preprocessing directives or in the dimensions of static arrays. +

+

Although the ISO C standard specifies minimum and maximum values for +most of these parameters, the GNU C implementation uses whatever values +describe the floating point representation of the target machine. So in +principle GNU C actually satisfies the ISO C requirements only if the +target machine is suitable. In practice, all the machines currently +supported are suitable. +

+
+
FLT_ROUNDS + +
+

This value characterizes the rounding mode for floating point addition. +The following values indicate standard rounding modes: +

+ +
+
-1
+

The mode is indeterminable. +

+
0
+

Rounding is towards zero. +

+
1
+

Rounding is to the nearest number. +

+
2
+

Rounding is towards positive infinity. +

+
3
+

Rounding is towards negative infinity. +

+
+ +

Any other value represents a machine-dependent nonstandard rounding +mode. +

+

On most machines, the value is 1, in accordance with the IEEE +standard for floating point. +

+

Here is a table showing how certain values round for each possible value +of FLT_ROUNDS, if the other aspects of the representation match +the IEEE single-precision standard. +

+
 
                0      1             2             3
+ 1.00000003    1.0    1.0           1.00000012    1.0
+ 1.00000007    1.0    1.00000012    1.00000012    1.0
+-1.00000003   -1.0   -1.0          -1.0          -1.00000012
+-1.00000007   -1.0   -1.00000012   -1.0          -1.00000012
+
+ +
+
FLT_RADIX + +
+

This is the value of the base, or radix, of the exponent representation. +This is guaranteed to be a constant expression, unlike the other macros +described in this section. The value is 2 on all machines we know of +except the IBM 360 and derivatives. +

+
+
FLT_MANT_DIG + +
+

This is the number of base-FLT_RADIX digits in the floating point +mantissa for the float data type. The following expression +yields 1.0 (even though mathematically it should not) due to the +limited number of mantissa digits: +

+
 
float radix = FLT_RADIX;
+
+1.0f + 1.0f / radix / radix / … / radix
+
+ +

where radix appears FLT_MANT_DIG times. +

+
+
DBL_MANT_DIG + +
+
LDBL_MANT_DIG + +
+

This is the number of base-FLT_RADIX digits in the floating point +mantissa for the data types double and long double, +respectively. +

+
+
FLT_DIG + +
+
+

This is the number of decimal digits of precision for the float +data type. Technically, if p and b are the precision and +base (respectively) for the representation, then the decimal precision +q is the maximum number of decimal digits such that any floating +point number with q base 10 digits can be rounded to a floating +point number with p base b digits and back again, without +change to the q decimal digits. +

+

The value of this macro is supposed to be at least 6, to satisfy +ISO C. +

+
+
DBL_DIG + +
+
LDBL_DIG + +
+
+

These are similar to FLT_DIG, but for the data types +double and long double, respectively. The values of these +macros are supposed to be at least 10. +

+
+
FLT_MIN_EXP + +
+

This is the smallest possible exponent value for type float. +More precisely, is the minimum negative integer such that the value +FLT_RADIX raised to this power minus 1 can be represented as a +normalized floating point number of type float. +

+
+
DBL_MIN_EXP + +
+
LDBL_MIN_EXP + +
+
+

These are similar to FLT_MIN_EXP, but for the data types +double and long double, respectively. +

+
+
FLT_MIN_10_EXP + +
+

This is the minimum negative integer such that 10 raised to this +power minus 1 can be represented as a normalized floating point number +of type float. This is supposed to be -37 or even less. +

+
+
DBL_MIN_10_EXP + +
+
LDBL_MIN_10_EXP + +
+

These are similar to FLT_MIN_10_EXP, but for the data types +double and long double, respectively. +

+
+
FLT_MAX_EXP + +
+

This is the largest possible exponent value for type float. More +precisely, this is the maximum positive integer such that value +FLT_RADIX raised to this power minus 1 can be represented as a +floating point number of type float. +

+
+
DBL_MAX_EXP + +
+
LDBL_MAX_EXP + +
+

These are similar to FLT_MAX_EXP, but for the data types +double and long double, respectively. +

+
+
FLT_MAX_10_EXP + +
+

This is the maximum positive integer such that 10 raised to this +power minus 1 can be represented as a normalized floating point number +of type float. This is supposed to be at least 37. +

+
+
DBL_MAX_10_EXP + +
+
LDBL_MAX_10_EXP + +
+

These are similar to FLT_MAX_10_EXP, but for the data types +double and long double, respectively. +

+
+
FLT_MAX + +
+
+

The value of this macro is the maximum number representable in type +float. It is supposed to be at least 1E+37. The value +has type float. +

+

The smallest representable number is - FLT_MAX. +

+
+
DBL_MAX + +
+
LDBL_MAX + +
+
+

These are similar to FLT_MAX, but for the data types +double and long double, respectively. The type of the +macro's value is the same as the type it describes. +

+
+
FLT_MIN + +
+
+

The value of this macro is the minimum normalized positive floating +point number that is representable in type float. It is supposed +to be no more than 1E-37. +

+
+
DBL_MIN + +
+
LDBL_MIN + +
+
+

These are similar to FLT_MIN, but for the data types +double and long double, respectively. The type of the +macro's value is the same as the type it describes. +

+
+
FLT_EPSILON + +
+
+

This is the minimum positive floating point number of type float +such that 1.0 + FLT_EPSILON != 1.0 is true. It's supposed to +be no greater than 1E-5. +

+
+
DBL_EPSILON + +
+
LDBL_EPSILON + +
+
+

These are similar to FLT_EPSILON, but for the data types +double and long double, respectively. The type of the +macro's value is the same as the type it describes. The values are not +supposed to be greater than 1E-9. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

A.5.3.3 IEEE Floating Point

+ +

Here is an example showing how the floating type measurements come out +for the most common floating point representation, specified by the +IEEE Standard for Binary Floating Point Arithmetic (ANSI/IEEE Std +754-1985). Nearly all computers designed since the 1980s use this +format. +

+

The IEEE single-precision float representation uses a base of 2. There +is a sign bit, a mantissa with 23 bits plus one hidden bit (so the total +precision is 24 base-2 digits), and an 8-bit exponent that can represent +values in the range -125 to 128, inclusive. +

+

So, for an implementation that uses this representation for the +float data type, appropriate values for the corresponding +parameters are: +

+
 
FLT_RADIX                             2
+FLT_MANT_DIG                         24
+FLT_DIG                               6
+FLT_MIN_EXP                        -125
+FLT_MIN_10_EXP                      -37
+FLT_MAX_EXP                         128
+FLT_MAX_10_EXP                      +38
+FLT_MIN                 1.17549435E-38F
+FLT_MAX                 3.40282347E+38F
+FLT_EPSILON             1.19209290E-07F
+
+ +

Here are the values for the double data type: +

+
 
DBL_MANT_DIG                         53
+DBL_DIG                              15
+DBL_MIN_EXP                       -1021
+DBL_MIN_10_EXP                     -307
+DBL_MAX_EXP                        1024
+DBL_MAX_10_EXP                      308
+DBL_MAX         1.7976931348623157E+308
+DBL_MIN         2.2250738585072014E-308
+DBL_EPSILON     2.2204460492503131E-016
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

A.5.4 Structure Field Offset Measurement

+ +

You can use offsetof to measure the location within a structure +type of a particular structure member. +

+
+
Macro: size_t offsetof (type, member) + +
+

This expands to a integer constant expression that is the offset of the +structure member named member in the structure type type. +For example, offsetof (struct s, elem) is the offset, in bytes, +of the member elem in a struct s. +

+

This macro won't work if member is a bit field; you get an error +from the C compiler in that case. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_48.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_48.html @@ -0,0 +1,351 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Concept Index: T – W + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

Concept Index: T – W

+
Jump to:   / +   +4 +   +_ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +J +   +K +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +Q +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +Y +   +Z +   +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Index Entry Section
T
TCP (Internet protocol)16.6.6 Protocols Database
template, for printf12.12 Formatted Output
template, for scanf12.14 Formatted Input
TERM environment variable25.4.2 Standard Environment Variables
terminal flow control17.6 Line Control Functions
terminal identification17.1 Identifying Terminals
terminal input queue17.2 I/O Queues
terminal input queue, clearing17.6 Line Control Functions
terminal input signal24.2.5 Job Control Signals
terminal line control functions17.6 Line Control Functions
terminal line speed17.4.8 Line Speed
terminal line speed17.4.8 Line Speed
terminal mode data types17.4.1 Terminal Mode Data Types
terminal mode functions17.4.2 Terminal Mode Functions
terminal modes, BSD17.5 BSD Terminal Modes
terminal output queue17.2 I/O Queues
terminal output queue, flushing17.6 Line Control Functions
terminal output signal24.2.5 Job Control Signals
terminated jobs, detecting27.6.5 Stopped and Terminated Jobs
termination signal24.2.2 Termination Signals
testing access permission14.9.8 Testing Permission to Access a File
testing exit status of child process26.6 Process Completion
text stream12.17 Text and Binary Streams
thrashing22.4.1 Overview about traditional Unix memory handling
thread of control25. The Basic Program/System Interface
threads12.5 Streams and Threads
ticks, clock21.3 Processor And CPU Time
tilde expansion10.4.1 The Stages of Word Expansion
time21.1 Time Basics
TIME termios slot17.4.10 Noncanonical Input
time zone21.4.7 Specifying the Time Zone with TZ
time zone database21.4.7 Specifying the Time Zone with TZ
time, elapsed21.1 Time Basics
time, high precision21.4.4 High Accuracy Clock
timer, profiling21.5 Setting an Alarm
timer, real-time21.5 Setting an Alarm
timer, virtual21.5 Setting an Alarm
timers, setting21.5 Setting an Alarm
timespec21.2 Elapsed Time
timeval21.2 Elapsed Time
timing error in signal handling24.7.7 Remembering a Signal to Act On Later
TMPDIR environment variable14.11 Temporary Files
tokenizing strings5.8 Finding Tokens in a String
tools, for installing libraryC.3 Recommended Tools for Compilation
transmitting datagrams16.10.1 Sending Datagrams
tree, directory14.3 Working with Directory Trees
triangulation6.5.4 The iconv Implementation in the GNU C library
trigonometric functions19.2 Trigonometric Functions
type measurements, floatingA.5.3 Floating Type Macros
type measurements, integerA.5.1 Computing the Width of an Integer Data Type
type modifier character (printf)12.12.2 Output Conversion Syntax
type modifier character (scanf)12.14.2 Input Conversion Syntax
typeahead buffer17.2 I/O Queues
TZ environment variable25.4.2 Standard Environment Variables
U
UCS-26.1 Introduction to Extended Characters
UCS-46.1 Introduction to Extended Characters
ulps19.7 Known Maximum Errors in Math Functions
umask14.9.7 Assigning File Permissions
unbuffered stream12.20.1 Buffering Concepts
unconstrained memory allocation3.2.2 Unconstrained Allocation
undefining macros that shadow functions1.3.2 Macro Definitions of Functions
underflow exception20.5.1 FP Exceptions
Unicode6.1 Introduction to Extended Characters
Unix, Berkeley1.2.3 Berkeley Unix
Unix, System V1.2.4 SVID (The System V Interface Description)
unlinking a file14.6 Deleting Files
unordered comparison20.8.6 Floating-Point Comparison Functions
unreading characters12.10 Unreading
upgrading from libc5C.4 Specific advice for GNU/Linux systems
upper-case character4.1 Classification of Characters
upper-case character4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
urgent data signal24.2.4 Asynchronous I/O Signals
urgent socket condition16.9.8 Out-of-Band Data
usage limits22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
usage messages, in argp25.3.5.2 Functions For Use in Argp Parsers
user accounting database29.12 The User Accounting Database
user database29.13 User Database
user ID29.1 User and Group IDs
user ID, determining29.11 Identifying Who Logged In
user name29.1 User and Group IDs
user signals24.2.7 Miscellaneous Signals
usual file name errors11.2.3 File Name Errors
UTF-166.1 Introduction to Extended Characters
UTF-76.1 Introduction to Extended Characters
UTF-86.1 Introduction to Extended Characters
UTF-86.1 Introduction to Extended Characters
V
va_copy5.4 Copying and Concatenation
variable number of argumentsA.2 Variadic Functions
variable substitution10.4.1 The Stages of Word Expansion
variable-sized arrays3.2.5.4 GNU C Variable-Size Arrays
variadic function argument accessA.2.2.2 Receiving the Argument Values
variadic function prototypesA.2.2.1 Syntax for Variable Arguments
variadic functionsA.2 Variadic Functions
variadic functions, callingA.2.2.4 Calling Variadic Functions
virtual time alarm signal24.2.3 Alarm Signals
virtual timer21.5 Setting an Alarm
volatile declarations24.4.6 Signal Handling and Nonreentrant Functions
W
waiting for a signal24.8 Waiting for a Signal
waiting for completion of child process26.6 Process Completion
waiting for input or output13.8 Waiting for Input or Output
WERASE character17.4.9.1 Characters for Input Editing
whitespace character4.1 Classification of Characters
whitespace character4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
wide character6.1 Introduction to Extended Characters
wide character string5.1 Representation of Strings
wide character string5.1 Representation of Strings
width of integer typeA.5.1 Computing the Width of an Integer Data Type
wildcard expansion10.4.1 The Stages of Word Expansion
wint_t5.2 String and Array Conventions
word expansion10.4 Shell-Style Word Expansion
working directory14.1 Working Directory
write lock13.15 File Locks
writing to a file descriptor13.2 Input and Output Primitives
writing to a socket16.9.5 Transferring Data
writing to a stream, by blocks12.11 Block Input/Output
writing to a stream, by characters12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines
writing to a stream, formatted12.12 Formatted Output
+
Jump to:   / +   +4 +   +_ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +J +   +K +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +Q +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +Y +   +Z +   +
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_70.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_70.html @@ -0,0 +1,454 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Program and File Index + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

Program and File Index

+ +
Jump to:   - +   +/ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +K +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +Z +   +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Index Entry Section
-
-lbsd-compat1.3.4 Feature Test Macros
-lbsd-compat27.7.2 Process Group Functions
/
/etc/group29.14 Group Database
/etc/hosts16.6.2.4 Host Names
/etc/localtime21.4.7 Specifying the Time Zone with TZ
/etc/networks16.13 Networks Database
/etc/passwd29.13 User Database
/etc/protocols16.6.6 Protocols Database
/etc/services16.6.4 The Services Database
/share/lib/zoneinfo21.4.7 Specifying the Time Zone with TZ
A
argp.h25.3 Parsing Program Options with Argp
argz.h5.12.1 Argz Functions
arpa/inet.h16.6.2.3 Host Address Functions
assert.hA.1 Explicitly Checking Internal Consistency
B
bsd-compat1.3.4 Feature Test Macros
bsd-compat27.7.2 Process Group Functions
C
cd14.1 Working Directory
chgrp14.9.4 File Owner
chown14.9.4 File Owner
complex.h19. Mathematics
complex.h20.9 Complex Numbers
complex.h20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers
ctype.h4. Character Handling
ctype.h4.1 Classification of Characters
ctype.h4.2 Case Conversion
D
dirent.h1.3.3 Reserved Names
dirent.h14.2.1 Format of a Directory Entry
dirent.h14.2.2 Opening a Directory Stream
dirent.h14.2.3 Reading and Closing a Directory Stream
dirent.h14.2.5 Random Access in a Directory Stream
E
envz.h5.12.2 Envz Functions
errno.h2. Error Reporting
errno.h2.1 Checking for Errors
errno.h2.1 Checking for Errors
errno.h2.2 Error Codes
execinfo.h33.1 Backtraces
F
fcntl.h1.3.3 Reserved Names
fcntl.h13.1 Opening and Closing Files
fcntl.h13.11 Control Operations on Files
fcntl.h13.12 Duplicating Descriptors
fcntl.h13.13 File Descriptor Flags
fcntl.h13.14 File Status Flags
fcntl.h13.15 File Locks
fcntl.h13.16 Interrupt-Driven Input
float.hA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
fnmatch.h10.1 Wildcard Matching
G
gcc1.2.1 ISO C
gconv.h6.5.4.3 iconv module data structures
grp.h1.3.3 Reserved Names
grp.h29.7 Setting the Group IDs
grp.h29.7 Setting the Group IDs
grp.h29.14.1 The Data Structure for a Group
H
hostid30.1 Host Identification
hostname30.1 Host Identification
I
iconv.h6.5.1 Generic Character Set Conversion Interface
iconv.h6.5.1 Generic Character Set Conversion Interface
iconv.h6.5.1 Generic Character Set Conversion Interface
K
kill24.2.2 Termination Signals
ksh10.1 Wildcard Matching
L
langinfo.h7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
limits.h1.3.3 Reserved Names
limits.h6.3.1 Selecting the conversion and its properties
limits.h31.1 General Capacity Limits
limits.h31.6 Limits on File System Capacity
limits.hA.5.1 Computing the Width of an Integer Data Type
locale7.4 How Programs Set the Locale
locale.h7.4 How Programs Set the Locale
locale.h7.6.1 localeconv: It is portable but …
localtime21.4.7 Specifying the Time Zone with TZ
ls14.9 File Attributes
M
malloc.h3.2.2.8 Malloc Tunable Parameters
malloc.h3.2.2.10 Memory Allocation Hooks
malloc.h3.2.2.11 Statistics for Memory Allocation with malloc
math.h19. Mathematics
math.h20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions
math.h20.8.1 Absolute Value
math.h20.8.2 Normalization Functions
math.h20.8.3 Rounding Functions
mcheck.h3.2.2.9 Heap Consistency Checking
mkdir14.8 Creating Directories
N
netdb.h16.6.2.4 Host Names
netdb.h16.6.4 The Services Database
netdb.h16.6.6 Protocols Database
netdb.h16.13 Networks Database
netinet/in.h16.6.1 Internet Socket Address Formats
netinet/in.h16.6.2.2 Host Address Data Type
netinet/in.h16.6.3 Internet Ports
netinet/in.h16.6.5 Byte Order Conversion
O
obstack.h3.2.4.1 Creating Obstacks
P
printf.h12.13.1 Registering New Conversions
printf.h12.13.2 Conversion Specifier Options
pwd.h1.3.3 Reserved Names
pwd.h29.13.1 The Data Structure that Describes a User
S
setjmp.h23.2 Details of Non-Local Exits
setjmp.h23.3 Non-Local Exits and Signals
sh26.1 Running a Command
signal.h1.3.3 Reserved Names
signal.h24.2 Standard Signals
signal.h24.3.1 Basic Signal Handling
signal.h24.3.2 Advanced Signal Handling
signal.h24.3.5 Flags for sigaction
signal.h24.6.1 Signaling Yourself
signal.h24.6.2 Signaling Another Process
signal.h24.7.2 Signal Sets
signal.h24.7.3 Process Signal Mask
signal.h24.7.6 Checking for Pending Signals
signal.h24.10 BSD Signal Handling
stdarg.hA.2.2.2 Receiving the Argument Values
stdarg.hA.2.2.5 Argument Access Macros
stddef.hA.4 Important Data Types
stdint.h20.1 Integers
stdio.h12.1 Streams
stdio.h12.2 Standard Streams
stdio.h12.3 Opening Streams
stdio.h12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines
stdio.h12.8 Character Input
stdio.h12.11 Block Input/Output
stdio.h12.12.7 Formatted Output Functions
stdio.h12.12.9 Variable Arguments Output Functions
stdio.h12.14.8 Formatted Input Functions
stdio.h12.18 File Positioning
stdio.h12.19 Portable File-Position Functions
stdio.h12.20.2 Flushing Buffers
stdio.h12.20.3 Controlling Which Kind of Buffering
stdio.h12.21.1 String Streams
stdio.h12.21.3.1 Custom Streams and Cookies
stdio.h13.4 Descriptors and Streams
stdio.h14.6 Deleting Files
stdio.h14.11 Temporary Files
stdio.h24.2.8 Signal Messages
stdio.h27.7.1 Identifying the Controlling Terminal
stdio.h29.11 Identifying Who Logged In
stdlib.h3.2.2.1 Basic Memory Allocation
stdlib.h3.2.2.3 Freeing Memory Allocated with malloc
stdlib.h3.2.2.4 Changing the Size of a Block
stdlib.h3.2.2.5 Allocating Cleared Space
stdlib.h3.2.2.7 Allocating Aligned Memory Blocks
stdlib.h3.2.5 Automatic Storage with Variable Size
stdlib.h6.3.1 Selecting the conversion and its properties
stdlib.h6.4.1 Non-reentrant Conversion of Single Characters
stdlib.h9.2 Array Search Function
stdlib.h9.3 Array Sort Function
stdlib.h14.11 Temporary Files
stdlib.h17.8.1 Allocating Pseudo-Terminals
stdlib.h19.8.1 ISO C Random Number Functions
stdlib.h19.8.2 BSD Random Number Functions
stdlib.h19.8.3 SVID Random Number Function
stdlib.h20.2 Integer Division
stdlib.h20.8.1 Absolute Value
stdlib.h20.11.1 Parsing of Integers
stdlib.h20.11.2 Parsing of Floats
stdlib.h25.4.1 Environment Access
stdlib.h25.6.2 Exit Status
stdlib.h25.6.4 Aborting a Program
stdlib.h26.1 Running a Command
string.h5.3 String Length
string.h5.4 Copying and Concatenation
string.h5.5 String/Array Comparison
string.h5.6 Collation Functions
string.h5.7 Search Functions
string.h5.8 Finding Tokens in a String
string.h5.10 Trivial Encryption
string.h24.2.8 Signal Messages
sys/param.h30.1 Host Identification
sys/resource.h22.1 Resource Usage
sys/resource.h22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
sys/resource.h22.3.4.2 Functions For Traditional Scheduling
sys/socket.h16.2 Communication Styles
sys/socket.h16.3.1 Address Formats
sys/socket.h16.3.2 Setting the Address of a Socket
sys/socket.h16.3.3 Reading the Address of a Socket
sys/socket.h16.5.2 Details of Local Namespace
sys/socket.h16.6 The Internet Namespace
sys/socket.h16.8.1 Creating a Socket
sys/socket.h16.8.2 Closing a Socket
sys/socket.h16.8.3 Socket Pairs
sys/socket.h16.9.5.1 Sending Data
sys/socket.h16.9.5.2 Receiving Data
sys/socket.h16.9.5.3 Socket Data Options
sys/socket.h16.10.1 Sending Datagrams
sys/socket.h16.12.1 Socket Option Functions
sys/socket.h16.12.2 Socket-Level Options
sys/stat.h1.3.3 Reserved Names
sys/stat.h14.8 Creating Directories
sys/stat.h14.9.1 The meaning of the File Attributes
sys/stat.h14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File
sys/stat.h14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission
sys/stat.h14.9.7 Assigning File Permissions
sys/stat.h14.10 Making Special Files
sys/stat.h15.3 FIFO Special Files
sys/time.h14.9.9 File Times
sys/time.h21.4.2 High-Resolution Calendar
sys/time.h21.5 Setting an Alarm
sys/times.h1.3.3 Reserved Names
sys/times.h21.3.2 Processor Time Inquiry
sys/timex.h21.4.4 High Accuracy Clock
sys/types.h13.8 Waiting for Input or Output
sys/types.h26.3 Process Identification
sys/types.h27.7.2 Process Group Functions
sys/types.h27.7.3 Functions for Controlling Terminal Access
sys/types.h29.5 Reading the Persona of a Process
sys/types.h29.6 Setting the User ID
sys/types.h29.7 Setting the Group IDs
sys/un.h16.5.2 Details of Local Namespace
sys/utsname.h30.2 Platform Type Identification
sys/vlimit.h22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
sys/vtimes.h22.1 Resource Usage
sys/wait.h26.6 Process Completion
sys/wait.h26.7 Process Completion Status
sys/wait.h26.8 BSD Process Wait Functions
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Concept Index: Y – Z

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Index Entry Section
Y
YP30.1 Host Identification
YP domain name30.1 Host Identification
YP domain name30.1 Host Identification
YP domain name30.1 Host Identification
Z
zero divide20.5.1 FP Exceptions
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Variable and Constant Macro Index: A – C

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Index Entry Section
A
ABDAY_17.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ABDAY_27.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ABDAY_37.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ABDAY_47.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ABDAY_57.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ABDAY_67.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ABDAY_77.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ABMON_17.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ABMON_107.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ABMON_117.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ABMON_127.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ABMON_27.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ABMON_37.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ABMON_47.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ABMON_57.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ABMON_67.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ABMON_77.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ABMON_87.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ABMON_97.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ACCOUNTING29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
AF_FILE16.3.1 Address Formats
AF_INET16.3.1 Address Formats
AF_LOCAL16.3.1 Address Formats
AF_UNIX16.3.1 Address Formats
AF_UNSPEC16.3.1 Address Formats
aliases28.1 NSS Basics
ALT_DIGITS7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ALTWERASE17.4.7 Local Modes
AM_STR7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ARG_MAX31.1 General Capacity Limits
argp_err_exit_status25.3.2 Argp Global Variables
ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN25.3.5 Argp Parser Functions
ARGP_HELP_BUG_ADDR25.3.10 Flags for the argp_help Function
ARGP_HELP_DOC25.3.10 Flags for the argp_help Function
ARGP_HELP_EXIT_ERR25.3.10 Flags for the argp_help Function
ARGP_HELP_EXIT_OK25.3.10 Flags for the argp_help Function
ARGP_HELP_LONG25.3.10 Flags for the argp_help Function
ARGP_HELP_LONG_ONLY25.3.10 Flags for the argp_help Function
ARGP_HELP_POST_DOC25.3.10 Flags for the argp_help Function
ARGP_HELP_PRE_DOC25.3.10 Flags for the argp_help Function
ARGP_HELP_SEE25.3.10 Flags for the argp_help Function
ARGP_HELP_SHORT_USAGE25.3.10 Flags for the argp_help Function
ARGP_HELP_STD_ERR25.3.10 Flags for the argp_help Function
ARGP_HELP_STD_HELP25.3.10 Flags for the argp_help Function
ARGP_HELP_STD_USAGE25.3.10 Flags for the argp_help Function
ARGP_HELP_USAGE25.3.10 Flags for the argp_help Function
ARGP_IN_ORDER25.3.7 Flags for argp_parse
ARGP_KEY_ARG25.3.5.1 Special Keys for Argp Parser Functions
ARGP_KEY_ARGS25.3.5.1 Special Keys for Argp Parser Functions
ARGP_KEY_END25.3.5.1 Special Keys for Argp Parser Functions
ARGP_KEY_ERROR25.3.5.1 Special Keys for Argp Parser Functions
ARGP_KEY_FINI25.3.5.1 Special Keys for Argp Parser Functions
ARGP_KEY_HELP_ARGS_DOC25.3.8.1 Special Keys for Argp Help Filter Functions
ARGP_KEY_HELP_DUP_ARGS_NOTE25.3.8.1 Special Keys for Argp Help Filter Functions
ARGP_KEY_HELP_EXTRA25.3.8.1 Special Keys for Argp Help Filter Functions
ARGP_KEY_HELP_HEADER25.3.8.1 Special Keys for Argp Help Filter Functions
ARGP_KEY_HELP_POST_DOC25.3.8.1 Special Keys for Argp Help Filter Functions
ARGP_KEY_HELP_PRE_DOC25.3.8.1 Special Keys for Argp Help Filter Functions
ARGP_KEY_INIT25.3.5.1 Special Keys for Argp Parser Functions
ARGP_KEY_NO_ARGS25.3.5.1 Special Keys for Argp Parser Functions
ARGP_KEY_SUCCESS25.3.5.1 Special Keys for Argp Parser Functions
ARGP_LONG_ONLY25.3.7 Flags for argp_parse
ARGP_NO_ARGS25.3.7 Flags for argp_parse
ARGP_NO_ERRS25.3.7 Flags for argp_parse
ARGP_NO_EXIT25.3.7 Flags for argp_parse
ARGP_NO_HELP25.3.7 Flags for argp_parse
ARGP_PARSE_ARGV025.3.7 Flags for argp_parse
argp_program_bug_address25.3.2 Argp Global Variables
argp_program_version25.3.2 Argp Global Variables
argp_program_version_hook25.3.2 Argp Global Variables
ARGP_SILENT25.3.7 Flags for argp_parse
B
B017.4.8 Line Speed
B11017.4.8 Line Speed
B11520017.4.8 Line Speed
B120017.4.8 Line Speed
B13417.4.8 Line Speed
B15017.4.8 Line Speed
B180017.4.8 Line Speed
B1920017.4.8 Line Speed
B20017.4.8 Line Speed
B23040017.4.8 Line Speed
B240017.4.8 Line Speed
B30017.4.8 Line Speed
B3840017.4.8 Line Speed
B46080017.4.8 Line Speed
B480017.4.8 Line Speed
B5017.4.8 Line Speed
B5760017.4.8 Line Speed
B60017.4.8 Line Speed
B7517.4.8 Line Speed
B960017.4.8 Line Speed
BC_BASE_MAX31.10 Utility Program Capacity Limits
BC_DIM_MAX31.10 Utility Program Capacity Limits
BC_SCALE_MAX31.10 Utility Program Capacity Limits
BC_STRING_MAX31.10 Utility Program Capacity Limits
BOOT_TIME29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
BOOT_TIME29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions
BRKINT17.4.4 Input Modes
BUFSIZ12.20.3 Controlling Which Kind of Buffering
C
CCTS_OFLOW17.4.6 Control Modes
CHAR_MAXA.5.2 Range of an Integer Type
CHAR_MINA.5.2 Range of an Integer Type
CHILD_MAX31.1 General Capacity Limits
CIGNORE17.4.6 Control Modes
CLK_TCK21.3.1 CPU Time Inquiry
CLOCAL17.4.6 Control Modes
CLOCKS_PER_SEC21.3.1 CPU Time Inquiry
CODESET7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX31.10 Utility Program Capacity Limits
COREFILE24.2.1 Program Error Signals
CPU_SETSIZE22.3.5 Limiting execution to certain CPUs
CREAD17.4.6 Control Modes
CRNCYSTR7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
CRTS_IFLOW17.4.6 Control Modes
CS517.4.6 Control Modes
CS617.4.6 Control Modes
CS717.4.6 Control Modes
CS817.4.6 Control Modes
CSIZE17.4.6 Control Modes
CSTOPB17.4.6 Control Modes
CURRENCY_SYMBOL7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
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Concept Index: D – F

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Index Entry Section
D
data loss on sockets16.1 Socket Concepts
databases28. System Databases and Name Service Switch
datagram socket16.10 Datagram Socket Operations
datagrams, transmitting16.10.1 Sending Datagrams
date21.1 Time Basics
Daylight Saving Time21.4.3 Broken-down Time
decimal digit character4.1 Classification of Characters
decimal-point separator7.6.1.1 Generic Numeric Formatting Parameters
declaration (compared to definition)1.3.1 Header Files
declaring variadic functionsA.2.2.4 Calling Variadic Functions
decompose complex numbers20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers
default action (for a signal)24.1.3 How Signals Are Delivered
default action for a signal24.3.1 Basic Signal Handling
default argument promotionsA.2.2.4 Calling Variadic Functions
default value, and NSS28.2.3 Notes on the NSS Configuration File
defining new printf conversions12.13 Customizing printf
definition (compared to declaration)1.3.1 Header Files
delayed suspend character17.4.9.2 Characters that Cause Signals
deleting a directory14.6 Deleting Files
deleting a file14.6 Deleting Files
delivery of signals24.1.3 How Signals Are Delivered
descriptors and streams13.5 Dangers of Mixing Streams and Descriptors
digit character4.1 Classification of Characters
digit character4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
directories, accessing14.2 Accessing Directories
directories, creating14.8 Creating Directories
directories, deleting14.6 Deleting Files
directory11.2.1 Directories
directory entry11.2.1 Directories
directory hierarchy14.3 Working with Directory Trees
directory stream14.2 Accessing Directories
disadvantages of alloca3.2.5.3 Disadvantages of alloca
DISCARD character17.4.9.4 Other Special Characters
division by zero20.5.1 FP Exceptions
DNS30.1 Host Identification
DNS server unavailable28.2.2 Actions in the NSS configuration
domain (of socket)16.1 Socket Concepts
domain error20.5.4 Error Reporting by Mathematical Functions
domain name30.1 Host Identification
Domain Name System30.1 Host Identification
dot notation, for Internet addresses16.6.2.1 Internet Host Addresses
DSUSP character17.4.9.2 Characters that Cause Signals
duplicating file descriptors13.12 Duplicating Descriptors
dynamic memory allocation3.2.1 Memory Allocation in C Programs
dynamic memory allocation3.2.1.1 Dynamic Memory Allocation
E
EBCDIC6.1 Introduction to Extended Characters
echo of terminal input17.4.7 Local Modes
effective group ID29.2 The Persona of a Process
effective user ID29.2 The Persona of a Process
efficiency and malloc3.2.2.6 Efficiency Considerations for malloc
efficiency and obstacks3.2.4.7 Extra Fast Growing Objects
efficiency of chunks3.2.4.10 Obstack Chunks
EINTR, and restarting interrupted primitives24.5 Primitives Interrupted by Signals
elapsed time21.1 Time Basics
elapsed time21.2 Elapsed Time
encryption5.10 Trivial Encryption
end of file, on a stream12.15 End-Of-File and Errors
end-of-file, on a file descriptor13.2 Input and Output Primitives
environment25.4 Environment Variables
environment access25.4.1 Environment Access
environment representation25.4.1 Environment Access
environment variable25.4 Environment Variables
environment vectors, null-character separated5.12 Argz and Envz Vectors
envz vectors (environment vectors)5.12 Argz and Envz Vectors
EOF character17.4.9.1 Characters for Input Editing
EOL character17.4.9.1 Characters for Input Editing
EOL2 character17.4.9.1 Characters for Input Editing
epoch21.4.1 Simple Calendar Time
ERASE character17.4.9.1 Characters for Input Editing
errno25.5 System Calls
error codes2. Error Reporting
error messages, in argp25.3.5.2 Functions For Use in Argp Parsers
error reporting2. Error Reporting
errors, mathematical20.5.4 Error Reporting by Mathematical Functions
establishing a handler24.3 Specifying Signal Actions
ethers28.1 NSS Basics
EUC6.1 Introduction to Extended Characters
EUC-JP6.5.4 The iconv Implementation in the GNU C library
exception20.5.1 FP Exceptions
exception24.2.1 Program Error Signals
exclusive lock13.15 File Locks
exec functions26.5 Executing a File
execing a program3.1 Process Memory Concepts
executable3.1 Process Memory Concepts
executing a file26.5 Executing a File
exit status25.6.2 Exit Status
exit status value25.6 Program Termination
exiting a program3.1 Process Memory Concepts
expansion of shell words10.4 Shell-Style Word Expansion
exponent (of floating point number)A.5.3.1 Floating Point Representation Concepts
exponentiation functions19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
extending printf12.13 Customizing printf
extracting file descriptor from stream13.4 Descriptors and Streams
F
fcntl function13.11 Control Operations on Files
FDL, GNU Free Documentation LicenseH. GNU Free Documentation License
feature test macros1.3.4 Feature Test Macros
field splitting10.4.1 The Stages of Word Expansion
FIFO special file15. Pipes and FIFOs
file access permission14.9.6 How Your Access to a File is Decided
file access time14.9.9 File Times
file attribute modification time14.9.9 File Times
file attributes14.9.1 The meaning of the File Attributes
file creation mask14.9.7 Assigning File Permissions
file descriptor flags13.13 File Descriptor Flags
file descriptor sets, for select13.8 Waiting for Input or Output
file descriptors, standard13.4 Descriptors and Streams
file locks13.15 File Locks
file modification time14.9.9 File Times
file name11.2 File Names
file name component11.2.1 Directories
file name errors11.2.3 File Name Errors
file name resolution11.2.2 File Name Resolution
file name translation flags13.14.2 Open-time Flags
file names, multiple14.4 Hard Links
file owner14.9.4 File Owner
file permission bits14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission
file pointer12.1 Streams
file position11.1.2 File Position
file positioning on a file descriptor13.3 Setting the File Position of a Descriptor
file positioning on a stream12.18 File Positioning
file status flags13.14 File Status Flags
files, accessing3.1 Process Memory Concepts
filtering i/o through subprocess15.2 Pipe to a Subprocess
flag character (printf)12.12.2 Output Conversion Syntax
flag character (scanf)12.14.2 Input Conversion Syntax
flags for sigaction24.3.5 Flags for sigaction
flags, file name translation13.14.2 Open-time Flags
flags, open-time action13.14.2 Open-time Flags
floating point20.3 Floating Point Numbers
floating point, IEEEA.5.3.3 IEEE Floating Point
floating type measurementsA.5.3 Floating Type Macros
floating-point classes20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions
floating-point exception24.2.1 Program Error Signals
flow control, terminal17.6 Line Control Functions
flushing a stream12.20.2 Flushing Buffers
flushing terminal output queue17.6 Line Control Functions
foreground job27.1 Concepts of Job Control
foreground job, launching27.6.4 Foreground and Background
forking a process26.2 Process Creation Concepts
format string, for printf12.12 Formatted Output
format string, for scanf12.14 Formatted Input
formatted input from a stream12.14 Formatted Input
formatted messages12.22 Formatted Messages
formatted output to a stream12.12 Formatted Output
FP arithmetic20.8.5 Setting and modifying single bits of FP values
FQDN30.1 Host Identification
frame, real memory3.1 Process Memory Concepts
free documentationF. Free Software Needs Free Documentation
freeing (obstacks)3.2.4.4 Freeing Objects in an Obstack
freeing memory3.1 Process Memory Concepts
freeing memory allocated with malloc3.2.2.3 Freeing Memory Allocated with malloc
fully buffered stream12.20.1 Buffering Concepts
function prototypes (variadic)A.2.2.1 Syntax for Variable Arguments
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Table of Contents

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Variable and Constant Macro Index: I – L

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Index Entry Section
I
I20.9 Complex Numbers
ICANON17.4.7 Local Modes
ICRNL17.4.4 Input Modes
IEXTEN17.4.7 Local Modes
IFNAMSIZ16.4 Interface Naming
IGNBRK17.4.4 Input Modes
IGNCR17.4.4 Input Modes
IGNPAR17.4.4 Input Modes
IMAXBEL17.4.4 Input Modes
in6addr_any16.6.2.2 Host Address Data Type
in6addr_loopback16.6.2.2 Host Address Data Type
INADDR_ANY16.6.2.2 Host Address Data Type
INADDR_BROADCAST16.6.2.2 Host Address Data Type
INADDR_LOOPBACK16.6.2.2 Host Address Data Type
INADDR_NONE16.6.2.2 Host Address Data Type
INFINITY20.5.2 Infinity and NaN
INIT_PROCESS29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
INIT_PROCESS29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions
INLCR17.4.4 Input Modes
INPCK17.4.4 Input Modes
INT_CURR_SYMBOL7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
INT_FRAC_DIGITS7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
INT_MAXA.5.2 Range of an Integer Type
INT_MINA.5.2 Range of an Integer Type
INT_N_CS_PRECEDES7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
INT_N_SEP_BY_SPACE7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
INT_N_SIGN_POSN7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
INT_P_CS_PRECEDES7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
INT_P_SEP_BY_SPACE7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
INT_P_SIGN_POSN7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
IPPORT_RESERVED16.6.3 Internet Ports
IPPORT_USERRESERVED16.6.3 Internet Ports
ISIG17.4.7 Local Modes
ISTRIP17.4.4 Input Modes
ITIMER_PROF21.5 Setting an Alarm
ITIMER_REAL21.5 Setting an Alarm
ITIMER_VIRTUAL21.5 Setting an Alarm
IXANY17.4.4 Input Modes
IXOFF17.4.4 Input Modes
IXON17.4.4 Input Modes
L
L_ctermid27.7.1 Identifying the Controlling Terminal
L_cuserid29.11 Identifying Who Logged In
L_INCR12.18 File Positioning
L_SET12.18 File Positioning
L_tmpnam14.11 Temporary Files
L_XTND12.18 File Positioning
LANG7.3 Categories of Activities that Locales Affect
LANGUAGE7.3 Categories of Activities that Locales Affect
LC_ALL7.3 Categories of Activities that Locales Affect
LC_COLLATE7.3 Categories of Activities that Locales Affect
LC_CTYPE7.3 Categories of Activities that Locales Affect
LC_MESSAGES7.3 Categories of Activities that Locales Affect
LC_MONETARY7.3 Categories of Activities that Locales Affect
LC_NUMERIC7.3 Categories of Activities that Locales Affect
LC_TIME7.3 Categories of Activities that Locales Affect
LDBL_DIGA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
LDBL_EPSILONA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
LDBL_MANT_DIGA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
LDBL_MAXA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
LDBL_MAX_10_EXPA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
LDBL_MAX_EXPA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
LDBL_MINA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
LDBL_MIN_10_EXPA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
LDBL_MIN_EXPA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
LINE_MAX31.10 Utility Program Capacity Limits
LINK_MAX31.6 Limits on File System Capacity
LIO_NOP13.10 Perform I/O Operations in Parallel
LIO_READ13.10 Perform I/O Operations in Parallel
LIO_WRITE13.10 Perform I/O Operations in Parallel
LOG_ALERT18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_AUTH18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_AUTHPRIV18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_CRIT18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_CRON18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_DAEMON18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_DEBUG18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_EMERG18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_ERR18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_FTP18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_INFO18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_LOCAL018.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_LOCAL118.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_LOCAL218.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_LOCAL318.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_LOCAL418.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_LOCAL518.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_LOCAL618.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_LOCAL718.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_LPR18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_MAIL18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_NEWS18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_NOTICE18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_SYSLOG18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_USER18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_UUCP18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOG_WARNING18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
LOGIN_PROCESS29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
LOGIN_PROCESS29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions
LONG_LONG_MAXA.5.2 Range of an Integer Type
LONG_LONG_MINA.5.2 Range of an Integer Type
LONG_MAXA.5.2 Range of an Integer Type
LONG_MINA.5.2 Range of an Integer Type
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+

Function and Macro Index: C

+
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Index Entry Section
C
cabs20.8.1 Absolute Value
cabsf20.8.1 Absolute Value
cabsl20.8.1 Absolute Value
cacos19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
cacosf19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
cacosh19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
cacoshf19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
cacoshl19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
cacosl19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
calloc3.2.2.5 Allocating Cleared Space
canonicalize_file_name14.5 Symbolic Links
carg20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers
cargf20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers
cargl20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers
casin19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
casinf19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
casinh19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
casinhf19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
casinhl19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
casinl19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
catan19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
catanf19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
catanh19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
catanhf19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
catanhl19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
catanl19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
catclose8.1.1 The catgets function family
catgets8.1.1 The catgets function family
catopen8.1.1 The catgets function family
cbc_crypt32.4 DES Encryption
cbrt19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
cbrtf19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
cbrtl19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
ccos19.2 Trigonometric Functions
ccosf19.2 Trigonometric Functions
ccosh19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
ccoshf19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
ccoshl19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
ccosl19.2 Trigonometric Functions
ceil20.8.3 Rounding Functions
ceilf20.8.3 Rounding Functions
ceill20.8.3 Rounding Functions
cexp19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
cexpf19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
cexpl19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
cfgetispeed17.4.8 Line Speed
cfgetospeed17.4.8 Line Speed
cfmakeraw17.4.10 Noncanonical Input
cfree3.2.2.3 Freeing Memory Allocated with malloc
cfsetispeed17.4.8 Line Speed
cfsetospeed17.4.8 Line Speed
cfsetspeed17.4.8 Line Speed
chdir14.1 Working Directory
chmod14.9.7 Assigning File Permissions
chmod14.9.7 Assigning File Permissions
chown14.9.4 File Owner
cimag20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers
cimagf20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers
cimagl20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers
clearenv25.4.1 Environment Access
clearerr12.16 Recovering from errors
clearerr_unlocked12.16 Recovering from errors
clock21.3.1 CPU Time Inquiry
clog19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
clog1019.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
clog10f19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
clog10l19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
clogf19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
clogl19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
close13.1 Opening and Closing Files
closedir14.2.3 Reading and Closing a Directory Stream
closelog18.2.3 closelog
confstr31.12 String-Valued Parameters
conj20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers
conjf20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers
conjl20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers
connect16.9.1 Making a Connection
copysign20.8.5 Setting and modifying single bits of FP values
copysignf20.8.5 Setting and modifying single bits of FP values
copysignl20.8.5 Setting and modifying single bits of FP values
cos19.2 Trigonometric Functions
cosf19.2 Trigonometric Functions
cosh19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
coshf19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
coshl19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
cosl19.2 Trigonometric Functions
cpow19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
cpowf19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
cpowl19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
cproj20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers
cprojf20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers
cprojl20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers
CPU_CLR22.3.5 Limiting execution to certain CPUs
CPU_ISSET22.3.5 Limiting execution to certain CPUs
CPU_SET22.3.5 Limiting execution to certain CPUs
CPU_ZERO22.3.5 Limiting execution to certain CPUs
creal20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers
crealf20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers
creall20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers
creat13.1 Opening and Closing Files
creat6413.1 Opening and Closing Files
crypt32.3 Encrypting Passwords
crypt_r32.3 Encrypting Passwords
csin19.2 Trigonometric Functions
csinf19.2 Trigonometric Functions
csinh19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
csinhf19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
csinhl19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
csinl19.2 Trigonometric Functions
csqrt19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
csqrtf19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
csqrtl19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
ctan19.2 Trigonometric Functions
ctanf19.2 Trigonometric Functions
ctanh19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
ctanhf19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
ctanhl19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
ctanl19.2 Trigonometric Functions
ctermid27.7.1 Identifying the Controlling Terminal
ctime21.4.5 Formatting Calendar Time
ctime_r21.4.5 Formatting Calendar Time
cuserid29.11 Identifying Who Logged In
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Concept Index: Q – S

+
Jump to:   / +   +4 +   +_ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +J +   +K +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +Q +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +Y +   +Z +   +
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Index Entry Section
Q
quick sort function (for arrays)9.3 Array Sort Function
QUIT character17.4.9.2 Characters that Cause Signals
quit signal24.2.2 Termination Signals
quit signal24.2.2 Termination Signals
quote removal10.4.1 The Stages of Word Expansion
R
race conditions, relating to job control27.6.3 Launching Jobs
race conditions, relating to signals24.4.4 Signals Arriving While a Handler Runs
radix (of floating point number)A.5.3.1 Floating Point Representation Concepts
raising signals24.6 Generating Signals
random numbers19.8 Pseudo-Random Numbers
random-access files11.1.2 File Position
range error20.5.4 Error Reporting by Mathematical Functions
range of integer typeA.5.2 Range of an Integer Type
read lock13.15 File Locks
reading from a directory14.2 Accessing Directories
reading from a file descriptor13.2 Input and Output Primitives
reading from a socket16.9.5 Transferring Data
reading from a stream, by blocks12.11 Block Input/Output
reading from a stream, by characters12.8 Character Input
reading from a stream, formatted12.14 Formatted Input
ready to run22.3.1 Absolute Priority
real group ID29.2 The Persona of a Process
real user ID29.2 The Persona of a Process
real-time timer21.5 Setting an Alarm
realtime CPU scheduling22.3.1 Absolute Priority
realtime processing3.4.1 Why Lock Pages
realtime scheduling22.3.2 Realtime Scheduling
receiving datagrams16.10.2 Receiving Datagrams
record locking13.15 File Locks
redirecting input and output13.12 Duplicating Descriptors
reentrant functions24.4.6 Signal Handling and Nonreentrant Functions
reentrant NSS functions28.3.1 The Naming Scheme of the NSS Modules
relative file name11.2.2 File Name Resolution
removal of quotes10.4.1 The Stages of Word Expansion
removing a file14.6 Deleting Files
removing macros that shadow functions1.3.2 Macro Definitions of Functions
renaming a file14.7 Renaming Files
reporting bugsC.5 Reporting Bugs
reporting errors2. Error Reporting
REPRINT character17.4.9.1 Characters for Input Editing
reserved names1.3.3 Reserved Names
resource limits22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
restarting interrupted primitives24.5 Primitives Interrupted by Signals
restrictions on signal handler functions24.4.6 Signal Handling and Nonreentrant Functions
root directory11.2.2 File Name Resolution
Rot135.10 Trivial Encryption
rpc28.1 NSS Basics
runnable process22.3.1 Absolute Priority
running a command26.1 Running a Command
S
saved set-group-ID29.4 How an Application Can Change Persona
saved set-user-ID29.4 How an Application Can Change Persona
scanning the group list29.14.3 Scanning the List of All Groups
scanning the user list29.13.3 Scanning the List of All Users
scatter-gather13.6 Fast Scatter-Gather I/O
scheduling, traditional22.3.4 Traditional Scheduling
search function (for arrays)9.2 Array Search Function
search functions (for strings)5.7 Search Functions
seed (for random numbers)19.8 Pseudo-Random Numbers
seeking on a file descriptor13.3 Setting the File Position of a Descriptor
seeking on a stream12.18 File Positioning
segmentation violation24.2.1 Program Error Signals
sending a datagram16.10.1 Sending Datagrams
sending signals24.6 Generating Signals
sequential-access files11.1.2 File Position
server16.9 Using Sockets with Connections
services28.1 NSS Basics
services database16.6.4 The Services Database
session27. Job Control
session27.1 Concepts of Job Control
session leader27.1 Concepts of Job Control
setting an alarm21.5 Setting an Alarm
setuid programs29.4 How an Application Can Change Persona
setuid programs and file access14.9.8 Testing Permission to Access a File
severity class12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages
severity class12.22.2 Adding Severity Classes
sgettext8.2.1.5 How to use gettext in GUI programs
sgettext8.2.1.5 How to use gettext in GUI programs
shadow28.1 NSS Basics
shadowing functions with macros1.3.2 Macro Definitions of Functions
shared lock13.15 File Locks
shared memory22.4.1 Overview about traditional Unix memory handling
shell27.1 Concepts of Job Control
shift state6.3.2 Representing the state of the conversion
Shift_JIS6.1 Introduction to Extended Characters
shrinking objects3.2.4.6 Growing Objects
shutting down a socket16.8.2 Closing a Socket
sigaction flags24.3.5 Flags for sigaction
sigaction function24.3.2 Advanced Signal Handling
SIGCHLD, handling of27.6.5 Stopped and Terminated Jobs
sign (of floating point number)A.5.3.1 Floating Point Representation Concepts
signal20.5.1 FP Exceptions
signal24. Signal Handling
signal action24.1.3 How Signals Are Delivered
signal actions24.3 Specifying Signal Actions
signal flags24.3.5 Flags for sigaction
signal function24.3.1 Basic Signal Handling
signal handler function24.4 Defining Signal Handlers
signal mask24.7.3 Process Signal Mask
signal messages24.2.8 Signal Messages
signal names24.2 Standard Signals
signal number24.2 Standard Signals
signal set24.7.2 Signal Sets
signals, generating24.6 Generating Signals
signedness20.1 Integers
significand (of floating point number)A.5.3.1 Floating Point Representation Concepts
SIGTTIN, from background job27.4 Access to the Controlling Terminal
SIGTTOU, from background job27.4 Access to the Controlling Terminal
simple time21.4 Calendar Time
single-byte string5.1 Representation of Strings
size of string5.1 Representation of Strings
SJIS6.1 Introduction to Extended Characters
socket16. Sockets
socket address (name) binding16.3 Socket Addresses
socket domain16.1 Socket Concepts
socket namespace16.1 Socket Concepts
socket option level16.12 Socket Options
socket options16.12 Socket Options
socket pair16.8.3 Socket Pairs
socket protocol16.1 Socket Concepts
socket shutdown16.8.2 Closing a Socket
socket, client actions16.9.1 Making a Connection
socket, closing16.8.2 Closing a Socket
socket, connecting16.9.1 Making a Connection
socket, creating16.8.1 Creating a Socket
socket, initiating a connection16.9.1 Making a Connection
sockets, accepting connections16.9.3 Accepting Connections
sockets, listening16.9.2 Listening for Connections
sockets, server actions16.9.2 Listening for Connections
soft limit22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
soft link14.5 Symbolic Links
sort function (for arrays)9.3 Array Sort Function
sparse files13.3 Setting the File Position of a Descriptor
special files14.10 Making Special Files
special functions19.6 Special Functions
specified action (for a signal)24.1.3 How Signals Are Delivered
speed of execution3.4.1 Why Lock Pages
square root function19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
stable sorting9.3 Array Sort Function
standard dot notation, for Internet addresses16.6.2.1 Internet Host Addresses
standard environment variables25.4.2 Standard Environment Variables
standard error file descriptor13.4 Descriptors and Streams
standard error stream12.2 Standard Streams
standard file descriptors13.4 Descriptors and Streams
standard input file descriptor13.4 Descriptors and Streams
standard input stream12.2 Standard Streams
standard output file descriptor13.4 Descriptors and Streams
standard output stream12.2 Standard Streams
standard streams12.2 Standard Streams
standards1.2 Standards and Portability
START character17.4.9.3 Special Characters for Flow Control
startup of program25.1 Program Arguments
stateful6.3.2 Representing the state of the conversion
stateful6.3.3 Converting Single Characters
stateful6.3.4 Converting Multibyte and Wide Character Strings
stateful6.5.1 Generic Character Set Conversion Interface
stateful6.5.2 A complete iconv example
stateful6.5.4.4 iconv module interfaces
static memory allocation3.2.1 Memory Allocation in C Programs
static storage class3.2.1 Memory Allocation in C Programs
STATUS character17.4.9.4 Other Special Characters
status codes2. Error Reporting
status of a file14.9.1 The meaning of the File Attributes
status of obstack3.2.4.8 Status of an Obstack
sticky bit14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission
STOP character17.4.9.3 Special Characters for Flow Control
stop signal24.2.5 Job Control Signals
stopped job27.1 Concepts of Job Control
stopped jobs, continuing27.6.6 Continuing Stopped Jobs
stopped jobs, detecting27.6.5 Stopped and Terminated Jobs
storage allocation3. Virtual Memory Allocation And Paging
stream (sockets)16.1 Socket Concepts
stream orientation12.3 Opening Streams
stream orientation12.6 Streams in Internationalized Applications
stream, for I/O to a string12.21.1 String Streams
streams and descriptors13.5 Dangers of Mixing Streams and Descriptors
streams, and file descriptors13.4 Descriptors and Streams
streams, C++12.6 Streams in Internationalized Applications
streams, standard12.2 Standard Streams
string5.1 Representation of Strings
string allocation5.1 Representation of Strings
string collation functions5.6 Collation Functions
string comparison functions5.5 String/Array Comparison
string concatenation functions5.4 Copying and Concatenation
string copy functions5.4 Copying and Concatenation
string length5.1 Representation of Strings
string literal5.1 Representation of Strings
string search functions5.7 Search Functions
string stream12.21.1 String Streams
string vectors, null-character separated5.12 Argz and Envz Vectors
string, representation of5.1 Representation of Strings
style of communication (of a socket)16.1 Socket Concepts
subshell27.6.2 Initializing the Shell
substitution of variables and commands10.4.1 The Stages of Word Expansion
successive signals24.4.5 Signals Close Together Merge into One
summer time21.4.3 Broken-down Time
SunOS1.2.3 Berkeley Unix
supplementary group IDs29.2 The Persona of a Process
SUSP character17.4.9.2 Characters that Cause Signals
suspend character17.4.9.2 Characters that Cause Signals
SVID1.2.4 SVID (The System V Interface Description)
swap space3.1 Process Memory Concepts
symbolic link14.5 Symbolic Links
symbolic link, opening13.14.2 Open-time Flags
synchronizing13.9 Synchronizing I/O operations
synchronizing13.10.3 Getting into a Consistent State
syntax error messages, in argp25.3.5.2 Functions For Use in Argp Parsers
syntax, for program arguments25.1.1 Program Argument Syntax Conventions
syntax, for reading numbers20.11 Parsing of Numbers
sysconf22.4.2 How to get information about the memory subsystem?
sysconf22.4.2 How to get information about the memory subsystem?
sysconf22.5 Learn about the processors available
sysconf22.5 Learn about the processors available
system call25.5 System Calls
system call number25.5 System Calls
System V Unix1.2.4 SVID (The System V Interface Description)
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+

13. Low-Level Input/Output

+ +

This chapter describes functions for performing low-level input/output +operations on file descriptors. These functions include the primitives +for the higher-level I/O functions described in Input/Output on Streams, as +well as functions for performing low-level control operations for which +there are no equivalents on streams. +

+

Stream-level I/O is more flexible and usually more convenient; +therefore, programmers generally use the descriptor-level functions only +when necessary. These are some of the usual reasons: +

+
    +
  • +For reading binary files in large chunks. + +
  • +For reading an entire file into core before parsing it. + +
  • +To perform operations other than data transfer, which can only be done +with a descriptor. (You can use fileno to get the descriptor +corresponding to a stream.) + +
  • +To pass descriptors to a child process. (The child can create its own +stream to use a descriptor that it inherits, but cannot inherit a stream +directly.) +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
13.1 Opening and Closing Files   How to open and close file + descriptors. +
13.2 Input and Output Primitives   Reading and writing data. +
13.3 Setting the File Position of a Descriptor   Setting a descriptor's file + position. +
13.4 Descriptors and Streams   Converting descriptor to stream + or vice-versa. +
13.5 Dangers of Mixing Streams and Descriptors   Precautions needed if you use both + descriptors and streams. +
13.6 Fast Scatter-Gather I/O   Fast I/O to discontinuous buffers. +
13.7 Memory-mapped I/O   Using files like memory. +
13.8 Waiting for Input or Output   How to check for input or output + on multiple file descriptors. +
13.9 Synchronizing I/O operations   Making sure all I/O actions completed. +
13.10 Perform I/O Operations in Parallel   Perform I/O in parallel. +
13.11 Control Operations on Files   Various other operations on file + descriptors. +
13.12 Duplicating Descriptors   Fcntl commands for duplicating + file descriptors. +
13.13 File Descriptor Flags   Fcntl commands for manipulating + flags associated with file + descriptors. +
13.14 File Status Flags   Fcntl commands for manipulating + flags associated with open files. +
13.15 File Locks   Fcntl commands for implementing + file locking. +
13.16 Interrupt-Driven Input   Getting an asynchronous signal when + input arrives. +
13.17 Generic I/O Control operations  
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

13.1 Opening and Closing Files

+ +

This section describes the primitives for opening and closing files +using file descriptors. The open and creat functions are +declared in the header file ‘fcntl.h’, while close is +declared in ‘unistd.h’. + + +

+
+
Function: int open (const char *filename, int flags[, mode_t mode]) + +
+

The open function creates and returns a new file descriptor +for the file named by filename. Initially, the file position +indicator for the file is at the beginning of the file. The argument +mode is used only when a file is created, but it doesn't hurt +to supply the argument in any case. +

+

The flags argument controls how the file is to be opened. This is +a bit mask; you create the value by the bitwise OR of the appropriate +parameters (using the ‘|’ operator in C). +See section File Status Flags, for the parameters available. +

+

The normal return value from open is a non-negative integer file +descriptor. In the case of an error, a value of -1 is returned +instead. In addition to the usual file name errors (see section File Name Errors), the following errno error conditions are defined +for this function: +

+
+
EACCES
+

The file exists but is not readable/writable as requested by the flags +argument, the file does not exist and the directory is unwritable so +it cannot be created. +

+
+
EEXIST
+

Both O_CREAT and O_EXCL are set, and the named file already +exists. +

+
+
EINTR
+

The open operation was interrupted by a signal. +See section Primitives Interrupted by Signals. +

+
+
EISDIR
+

The flags argument specified write access, and the file is a directory. +

+
+
EMFILE
+

The process has too many files open. +The maximum number of file descriptors is controlled by the +RLIMIT_NOFILE resource limit; see section Limiting Resource Usage. +

+
+
ENFILE
+

The entire system, or perhaps the file system which contains the +directory, cannot support any additional open files at the moment. +(This problem cannot happen on the GNU system.) +

+
+
ENOENT
+

The named file does not exist, and O_CREAT is not specified. +

+
+
ENOSPC
+

The directory or file system that would contain the new file cannot be +extended, because there is no disk space left. +

+
+
ENXIO
+

O_NONBLOCK and O_WRONLY are both set in the flags +argument, the file named by filename is a FIFO (see section Pipes and FIFOs), and no process has the file open for reading. +

+
+
EROFS
+

The file resides on a read-only file system and any of O_WRONLY, +O_RDWR, and O_TRUNC are set in the flags argument, +or O_CREAT is set and the file does not already exist. +

+
+ + +

If on a 32 bit machine the sources are translated with +_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 the function open returns a file +descriptor opened in the large file mode which enables the file handling +functions to use files up to 2^63 bytes in size and offset from +-2^63 to 2^63. This happens transparently for the user +since all of the lowlevel file handling functions are equally replaced. +

+

This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs. This +is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like memory, file +descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time open is +called. If the thread gets canceled these resources stay allocated +until the program ends. To avoid this calls to open should be +protected using cancellation handlers. +

+

The open function is the underlying primitive for the fopen +and freopen functions, that create streams. +

+ +
+
Function: int open64 (const char *filename, int flags[, mode_t mode]) + +
+

This function is similar to open. It returns a file descriptor +which can be used to access the file named by filename. The only +difference is that on 32 bit systems the file is opened in the +large file mode. I.e., file length and file offsets can exceed 31 bits. +

+

When the sources are translated with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this +function is actually available under the name open. I.e., the +new, extended API using 64 bit file sizes and offsets transparently +replaces the old API. +

+ +
+
Obsolete function: int creat (const char *filename, mode_t mode) + +
+

This function is obsolete. The call: +

+
 
creat (filename, mode)
+
+ +

is equivalent to: +

+
 
open (filename, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, mode)
+
+ +

If on a 32 bit machine the sources are translated with +_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 the function creat returns a file +descriptor opened in the large file mode which enables the file handling +functions to use files up to 2^63 in size and offset from +-2^63 to 2^63. This happens transparently for the user +since all of the lowlevel file handling functions are equally replaced. +

+ +
+
Obsolete function: int creat64 (const char *filename, mode_t mode) + +
+

This function is similar to creat. It returns a file descriptor +which can be used to access the file named by filename. The only +the difference is that on 32 bit systems the file is opened in the +large file mode. I.e., file length and file offsets can exceed 31 bits. +

+

To use this file descriptor one must not use the normal operations but +instead the counterparts named *64, e.g., read64. +

+

When the sources are translated with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this +function is actually available under the name open. I.e., the +new, extended API using 64 bit file sizes and offsets transparently +replaces the old API. +

+ +
+
Function: int close (int filedes) + +
+

The function close closes the file descriptor filedes. +Closing a file has the following consequences: +

+
    +
  • +The file descriptor is deallocated. + +
  • +Any record locks owned by the process on the file are unlocked. + +
  • +When all file descriptors associated with a pipe or FIFO have been closed, +any unread data is discarded. +
+ +

This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs. This +is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like memory, file +descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time close is +called. If the thread gets canceled these resources stay allocated +until the program ends. To avoid this, calls to close should be +protected using cancellation handlers. +

+

The normal return value from close is 0; a value of -1 +is returned in case of failure. The following errno error +conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes argument is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
EINTR
+

The close call was interrupted by a signal. +See section Primitives Interrupted by Signals. +Here is an example of how to handle EINTR properly: +

+
 
TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (close (desc));
+
+ +
+
ENOSPC
+
EIO
+
EDQUOT
+

When the file is accessed by NFS, these errors from write can sometimes +not be detected until close. See section Input and Output Primitives, for details +on their meaning. +

+
+ +

Please note that there is no separate close64 function. +This is not necessary since this function does not determine nor depend +on the mode of the file. The kernel which performs the close +operation knows which mode the descriptor is used for and can handle +this situation. +

+ +

To close a stream, call fclose (see section Closing Streams) instead +of trying to close its underlying file descriptor with close. +This flushes any buffered output and updates the stream object to +indicate that it is closed. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

13.2 Input and Output Primitives

+ +

This section describes the functions for performing primitive input and +output operations on file descriptors: read, write, and +lseek. These functions are declared in the header file +‘unistd.h’. + +

+
+
Data Type: ssize_t + +
+

This data type is used to represent the sizes of blocks that can be +read or written in a single operation. It is similar to size_t, +but must be a signed type. +

+ + +
+
Function: ssize_t read (int filedes, void *buffer, size_t size) + +
+

The read function reads up to size bytes from the file +with descriptor filedes, storing the results in the buffer. +(This is not necessarily a character string, and no terminating null +character is added.) +

+ +

The return value is the number of bytes actually read. This might be +less than size; for example, if there aren't that many bytes left +in the file or if there aren't that many bytes immediately available. +The exact behavior depends on what kind of file it is. Note that +reading less than size bytes is not an error. +

+

A value of zero indicates end-of-file (except if the value of the +size argument is also zero). This is not considered an error. +If you keep calling read while at end-of-file, it will keep +returning zero and doing nothing else. +

+

If read returns at least one character, there is no way you can +tell whether end-of-file was reached. But if you did reach the end, the +next read will return zero. +

+

In case of an error, read returns -1. The following +errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EAGAIN
+

Normally, when no input is immediately available, read waits for +some input. But if the O_NONBLOCK flag is set for the file +(see section File Status Flags), read returns immediately without +reading any data, and reports this error. +

+

Compatibility Note: Most versions of BSD Unix use a different +error code for this: EWOULDBLOCK. In the GNU library, +EWOULDBLOCK is an alias for EAGAIN, so it doesn't matter +which name you use. +

+

On some systems, reading a large amount of data from a character special +file can also fail with EAGAIN if the kernel cannot find enough +physical memory to lock down the user's pages. This is limited to +devices that transfer with direct memory access into the user's memory, +which means it does not include terminals, since they always use +separate buffers inside the kernel. This problem never happens in the +GNU system. +

+

Any condition that could result in EAGAIN can instead result in a +successful read which returns fewer bytes than requested. +Calling read again immediately would result in EAGAIN. +

+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes argument is not a valid file descriptor, +or is not open for reading. +

+
+
EINTR
+

read was interrupted by a signal while it was waiting for input. +See section Primitives Interrupted by Signals. A signal will not necessary cause +read to return EINTR; it may instead result in a +successful read which returns fewer bytes than requested. +

+
+
EIO
+

For many devices, and for disk files, this error code indicates +a hardware error. +

+

EIO also occurs when a background process tries to read from the +controlling terminal, and the normal action of stopping the process by +sending it a SIGTTIN signal isn't working. This might happen if +the signal is being blocked or ignored, or because the process group is +orphaned. See section Job Control, for more information about job control, +and Signal Handling, for information about signals. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

In some systems, when reading from a character or block device, position +and size offsets must be aligned to a particular block size. This error +indicates that the offsets were not properly aligned. +

+
+ +

Please note that there is no function named read64. This is not +necessary since this function does not directly modify or handle the +possibly wide file offset. Since the kernel handles this state +internally, the read function can be used for all cases. +

+

This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs. This +is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like memory, file +descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time read is +called. If the thread gets canceled these resources stay allocated +until the program ends. To avoid this, calls to read should be +protected using cancellation handlers. +

+

The read function is the underlying primitive for all of the +functions that read from streams, such as fgetc. +

+ +
+
Function: ssize_t pread (int filedes, void *buffer, size_t size, off_t offset) + +
+

The pread function is similar to the read function. The +first three arguments are identical, and the return values and error +codes also correspond. +

+

The difference is the fourth argument and its handling. The data block +is not read from the current position of the file descriptor +filedes. Instead the data is read from the file starting at +position offset. The position of the file descriptor itself is +not affected by the operation. The value is the same as before the call. +

+

When the source file is compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 the +pread function is in fact pread64 and the type +off_t has 64 bits, which makes it possible to handle files up to +2^63 bytes in length. +

+

The return value of pread describes the number of bytes read. +In the error case it returns -1 like read does and the +error codes are also the same, with these additions: +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The value given for offset is negative and therefore illegal. +

+
+
ESPIPE
+

The file descriptor filedes is associate with a pipe or a FIFO and +this device does not allow positioning of the file pointer. +

+
+ +

The function is an extension defined in the Unix Single Specification +version 2. +

+ +
+
Function: ssize_t pread64 (int filedes, void *buffer, size_t size, off64_t offset) + +
+

This function is similar to the pread function. The difference +is that the offset parameter is of type off64_t instead of +off_t which makes it possible on 32 bit machines to address +files larger than 2^31 bytes and up to 2^63 bytes. The +file descriptor filedes must be opened using open64 since +otherwise the large offsets possible with off64_t will lead to +errors with a descriptor in small file mode. +

+

When the source file is compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a +32 bit machine this function is actually available under the name +pread and so transparently replaces the 32 bit interface. +

+ + +
+
Function: ssize_t write (int filedes, const void *buffer, size_t size) + +
+

The write function writes up to size bytes from +buffer to the file with descriptor filedes. The data in +buffer is not necessarily a character string and a null character is +output like any other character. +

+

The return value is the number of bytes actually written. This may be +size, but can always be smaller. Your program should always call +write in a loop, iterating until all the data is written. +

+

Once write returns, the data is enqueued to be written and can be +read back right away, but it is not necessarily written out to permanent +storage immediately. You can use fsync when you need to be sure +your data has been permanently stored before continuing. (It is more +efficient for the system to batch up consecutive writes and do them all +at once when convenient. Normally they will always be written to disk +within a minute or less.) Modern systems provide another function +fdatasync which guarantees integrity only for the file data and +is therefore faster. +You can use the O_FSYNC open mode to make write always +store the data to disk before returning; see section I/O Operating Modes. +

+

In the case of an error, write returns -1. The following +errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EAGAIN
+

Normally, write blocks until the write operation is complete. +But if the O_NONBLOCK flag is set for the file (see section Control Operations on Files), it returns immediately without writing any data and +reports this error. An example of a situation that might cause the +process to block on output is writing to a terminal device that supports +flow control, where output has been suspended by receipt of a STOP +character. +

+

Compatibility Note: Most versions of BSD Unix use a different +error code for this: EWOULDBLOCK. In the GNU library, +EWOULDBLOCK is an alias for EAGAIN, so it doesn't matter +which name you use. +

+

On some systems, writing a large amount of data from a character special +file can also fail with EAGAIN if the kernel cannot find enough +physical memory to lock down the user's pages. This is limited to +devices that transfer with direct memory access into the user's memory, +which means it does not include terminals, since they always use +separate buffers inside the kernel. This problem does not arise in the +GNU system. +

+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes argument is not a valid file descriptor, +or is not open for writing. +

+
+
EFBIG
+

The size of the file would become larger than the implementation can support. +

+
+
EINTR
+

The write operation was interrupted by a signal while it was +blocked waiting for completion. A signal will not necessarily cause +write to return EINTR; it may instead result in a +successful write which writes fewer bytes than requested. +See section Primitives Interrupted by Signals. +

+
+
EIO
+

For many devices, and for disk files, this error code indicates +a hardware error. +

+
+
ENOSPC
+

The device containing the file is full. +

+
+
EPIPE
+

This error is returned when you try to write to a pipe or FIFO that +isn't open for reading by any process. When this happens, a SIGPIPE +signal is also sent to the process; see Signal Handling. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

In some systems, when writing to a character or block device, position +and size offsets must be aligned to a particular block size. This error +indicates that the offsets were not properly aligned. +

+
+ +

Unless you have arranged to prevent EINTR failures, you should +check errno after each failing call to write, and if the +error was EINTR, you should simply repeat the call. +See section Primitives Interrupted by Signals. The easy way to do this is with the +macro TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY, as follows: +

+
 
nbytes = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (write (desc, buffer, count));
+
+ +

Please note that there is no function named write64. This is not +necessary since this function does not directly modify or handle the +possibly wide file offset. Since the kernel handles this state +internally the write function can be used for all cases. +

+

This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs. This +is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like memory, file +descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time write is +called. If the thread gets canceled these resources stay allocated +until the program ends. To avoid this, calls to write should be +protected using cancellation handlers. +

+

The write function is the underlying primitive for all of the +functions that write to streams, such as fputc. +

+ +
+
Function: ssize_t pwrite (int filedes, const void *buffer, size_t size, off_t offset) + +
+

The pwrite function is similar to the write function. The +first three arguments are identical, and the return values and error codes +also correspond. +

+

The difference is the fourth argument and its handling. The data block +is not written to the current position of the file descriptor +filedes. Instead the data is written to the file starting at +position offset. The position of the file descriptor itself is +not affected by the operation. The value is the same as before the call. +

+

When the source file is compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 the +pwrite function is in fact pwrite64 and the type +off_t has 64 bits, which makes it possible to handle files up to +2^63 bytes in length. +

+

The return value of pwrite describes the number of written bytes. +In the error case it returns -1 like write does and the +error codes are also the same, with these additions: +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The value given for offset is negative and therefore illegal. +

+
+
ESPIPE
+

The file descriptor filedes is associated with a pipe or a FIFO and +this device does not allow positioning of the file pointer. +

+
+ +

The function is an extension defined in the Unix Single Specification +version 2. +

+ +
+
Function: ssize_t pwrite64 (int filedes, const void *buffer, size_t size, off64_t offset) + +
+

This function is similar to the pwrite function. The difference +is that the offset parameter is of type off64_t instead of +off_t which makes it possible on 32 bit machines to address +files larger than 2^31 bytes and up to 2^63 bytes. The +file descriptor filedes must be opened using open64 since +otherwise the large offsets possible with off64_t will lead to +errors with a descriptor in small file mode. +

+

When the source file is compiled using _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a +32 bit machine this function is actually available under the name +pwrite and so transparently replaces the 32 bit interface. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

13.3 Setting the File Position of a Descriptor

+ +

Just as you can set the file position of a stream with fseek, you +can set the file position of a descriptor with lseek. This +specifies the position in the file for the next read or +write operation. See section File Positioning, for more information +on the file position and what it means. +

+

To read the current file position value from a descriptor, use +lseek (desc, 0, SEEK_CUR). +

+ + + +
+
Function: off_t lseek (int filedes, off_t offset, int whence) + +
+

The lseek function is used to change the file position of the +file with descriptor filedes. +

+

The whence argument specifies how the offset should be +interpreted, in the same way as for the fseek function, and it must +be one of the symbolic constants SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, or +SEEK_END. +

+
+
SEEK_SET
+

Specifies that whence is a count of characters from the beginning +of the file. +

+
+
SEEK_CUR
+

Specifies that whence is a count of characters from the current +file position. This count may be positive or negative. +

+
+
SEEK_END
+

Specifies that whence is a count of characters from the end of +the file. A negative count specifies a position within the current +extent of the file; a positive count specifies a position past the +current end. If you set the position past the current end, and +actually write data, you will extend the file with zeros up to that +position. +

+
+ +

The return value from lseek is normally the resulting file +position, measured in bytes from the beginning of the file. +You can use this feature together with SEEK_CUR to read the +current file position. +

+

If you want to append to the file, setting the file position to the +current end of file with SEEK_END is not sufficient. Another +process may write more data after you seek but before you write, +extending the file so the position you write onto clobbers their data. +Instead, use the O_APPEND operating mode; see section I/O Operating Modes. +

+

You can set the file position past the current end of the file. This +does not by itself make the file longer; lseek never changes the +file. But subsequent output at that position will extend the file. +Characters between the previous end of file and the new position are +filled with zeros. Extending the file in this way can create a +“hole”: the blocks of zeros are not actually allocated on disk, so the +file takes up less space than it appears to; it is then called a +“sparse file”. + + +

+

If the file position cannot be changed, or the operation is in some way +invalid, lseek returns a value of -1. The following +errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The whence argument value is not valid, or the resulting +file offset is not valid. A file offset is invalid. +

+
+
ESPIPE
+

The filedes corresponds to an object that cannot be positioned, +such as a pipe, FIFO or terminal device. (POSIX.1 specifies this error +only for pipes and FIFOs, but in the GNU system, you always get +ESPIPE if the object is not seekable.) +

+
+ +

When the source file is compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 the +lseek function is in fact lseek64 and the type +off_t has 64 bits which makes it possible to handle files up to +2^63 bytes in length. +

+

This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs. This +is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like memory, file +descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time lseek is +called. If the thread gets canceled these resources stay allocated +until the program ends. To avoid this calls to lseek should be +protected using cancellation handlers. +

+

The lseek function is the underlying primitive for the +fseek, fseeko, ftell, ftello and +rewind functions, which operate on streams instead of file +descriptors. +

+ +
+
Function: off64_t lseek64 (int filedes, off64_t offset, int whence) + +
+

This function is similar to the lseek function. The difference +is that the offset parameter is of type off64_t instead of +off_t which makes it possible on 32 bit machines to address +files larger than 2^31 bytes and up to 2^63 bytes. The +file descriptor filedes must be opened using open64 since +otherwise the large offsets possible with off64_t will lead to +errors with a descriptor in small file mode. +

+

When the source file is compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a +32 bits machine this function is actually available under the name +lseek and so transparently replaces the 32 bit interface. +

+ +

You can have multiple descriptors for the same file if you open the file +more than once, or if you duplicate a descriptor with dup. +Descriptors that come from separate calls to open have independent +file positions; using lseek on one descriptor has no effect on the +other. For example, +

+
 
{
+  int d1, d2;
+  char buf[4];
+  d1 = open ("foo", O_RDONLY);
+  d2 = open ("foo", O_RDONLY);
+  lseek (d1, 1024, SEEK_SET);
+  read (d2, buf, 4);
+}
+
+ +

will read the first four characters of the file ‘foo’. (The +error-checking code necessary for a real program has been omitted here +for brevity.) +

+

By contrast, descriptors made by duplication share a common file +position with the original descriptor that was duplicated. Anything +which alters the file position of one of the duplicates, including +reading or writing data, affects all of them alike. Thus, for example, +

+
 
{
+  int d1, d2, d3;
+  char buf1[4], buf2[4];
+  d1 = open ("foo", O_RDONLY);
+  d2 = dup (d1);
+  d3 = dup (d2);
+  lseek (d3, 1024, SEEK_SET);
+  read (d1, buf1, 4);
+  read (d2, buf2, 4);
+}
+
+ +

will read four characters starting with the 1024'th character of +‘foo’, and then four more characters starting with the 1028'th +character. +

+
+
Data Type: off_t + +
+

This is an arithmetic data type used to represent file sizes. +In the GNU system, this is equivalent to fpos_t or long int. +

+

If the source is compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this type +is transparently replaced by off64_t. +

+ +
+
Data Type: off64_t + +
+

This type is used similar to off_t. The difference is that even +on 32 bit machines, where the off_t type would have 32 bits, +off64_t has 64 bits and so is able to address files up to +2^63 bytes in length. +

+

When compiling with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this type is +available under the name off_t. +

+ +

These aliases for the ‘SEEK_…’ constants exist for the sake +of compatibility with older BSD systems. They are defined in two +different header files: ‘fcntl.h’ and ‘sys/file.h’. +

+
+
L_SET
+

An alias for SEEK_SET. +

+
+
L_INCR
+

An alias for SEEK_CUR. +

+
+
L_XTND
+

An alias for SEEK_END. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

13.4 Descriptors and Streams

+ +

Given an open file descriptor, you can create a stream for it with the +fdopen function. You can get the underlying file descriptor for +an existing stream with the fileno function. These functions are +declared in the header file ‘stdio.h’. + +

+
+
Function: FILE * fdopen (int filedes, const char *opentype) + +
+

The fdopen function returns a new stream for the file descriptor +filedes. +

+

The opentype argument is interpreted in the same way as for the +fopen function (see section Opening Streams), except that +the ‘b’ option is not permitted; this is because GNU makes no +distinction between text and binary files. Also, "w" and +"w+" do not cause truncation of the file; these have an effect only +when opening a file, and in this case the file has already been opened. +You must make sure that the opentype argument matches the actual +mode of the open file descriptor. +

+

The return value is the new stream. If the stream cannot be created +(for example, if the modes for the file indicated by the file descriptor +do not permit the access specified by the opentype argument), a +null pointer is returned instead. +

+

In some other systems, fdopen may fail to detect that the modes +for file descriptor do not permit the access specified by +opentype. The GNU C library always checks for this. +

+ +

For an example showing the use of the fdopen function, +see Creating a Pipe. +

+
+
Function: int fileno (FILE *stream) + +
+

This function returns the file descriptor associated with the stream +stream. If an error is detected (for example, if the stream +is not valid) or if stream does not do I/O to a file, +fileno returns -1. +

+ +
+
Function: int fileno_unlocked (FILE *stream) + +
+

The fileno_unlocked function is equivalent to the fileno +function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream if the state +is FSETLOCKING_INTERNAL. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ + + +

There are also symbolic constants defined in ‘unistd.h’ for the +file descriptors belonging to the standard streams stdin, +stdout, and stderr; see Standard Streams. + +

+
+
STDIN_FILENO
+
+

This macro has value 0, which is the file descriptor for +standard input. + +

+
+
STDOUT_FILENO
+
+

This macro has value 1, which is the file descriptor for +standard output. + +

+
+
STDERR_FILENO
+
+

This macro has value 2, which is the file descriptor for +standard error output. +

+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

13.5 Dangers of Mixing Streams and Descriptors

+ +

You can have multiple file descriptors and streams (let's call both +streams and descriptors “channels” for short) connected to the same +file, but you must take care to avoid confusion between channels. There +are two cases to consider: linked channels that share a single +file position value, and independent channels that have their own +file positions. +

+

It's best to use just one channel in your program for actual data +transfer to any given file, except when all the access is for input. +For example, if you open a pipe (something you can only do at the file +descriptor level), either do all I/O with the descriptor, or construct a +stream from the descriptor with fdopen and then do all I/O with +the stream. +

+ + + + +
13.5.1 Linked Channels   Dealing with channels sharing a file position. +
13.5.2 Independent Channels   Dealing with separately opened, unlinked channels. +
13.5.3 Cleaning Streams   Cleaning a stream makes it safe to use + another channel. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

13.5.1 Linked Channels

+ +

Channels that come from a single opening share the same file position; +we call them linked channels. Linked channels result when you +make a stream from a descriptor using fdopen, when you get a +descriptor from a stream with fileno, when you copy a descriptor +with dup or dup2, and when descriptors are inherited +during fork. For files that don't support random access, such as +terminals and pipes, all channels are effectively linked. On +random-access files, all append-type output streams are effectively +linked to each other. +

+ +

If you have been using a stream for I/O (or have just opened the stream), +and you want to do I/O using +another channel (either a stream or a descriptor) that is linked to it, +you must first clean up the stream that you have been using. +See section Cleaning Streams. +

+

Terminating a process, or executing a new program in the process, +destroys all the streams in the process. If descriptors linked to these +streams persist in other processes, their file positions become +undefined as a result. To prevent this, you must clean up the streams +before destroying them. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

13.5.2 Independent Channels

+ +

When you open channels (streams or descriptors) separately on a seekable +file, each channel has its own file position. These are called +independent channels. +

+

The system handles each channel independently. Most of the time, this +is quite predictable and natural (especially for input): each channel +can read or write sequentially at its own place in the file. However, +if some of the channels are streams, you must take these precautions: +

+
    +
  • +You should clean an output stream after use, before doing anything else +that might read or write from the same part of the file. + +
  • +You should clean an input stream before reading data that may have been +modified using an independent channel. Otherwise, you might read +obsolete data that had been in the stream's buffer. +
+ +

If you do output to one channel at the end of the file, this will +certainly leave the other independent channels positioned somewhere +before the new end. You cannot reliably set their file positions to the +new end of file before writing, because the file can always be extended +by another process between when you set the file position and when you +write the data. Instead, use an append-type descriptor or stream; they +always output at the current end of the file. In order to make the +end-of-file position accurate, you must clean the output channel you +were using, if it is a stream. +

+

It's impossible for two channels to have separate file pointers for a +file that doesn't support random access. Thus, channels for reading or +writing such files are always linked, never independent. Append-type +channels are also always linked. For these channels, follow the rules +for linked channels; see Linked Channels. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

13.5.3 Cleaning Streams

+ +

On the GNU system, you can clean up any stream with fclean: +

+
+
Function: int fclean (FILE *stream) + +
+

Clean up the stream stream so that its buffer is empty. If +stream is doing output, force it out. If stream is doing +input, give the data in the buffer back to the system, arranging to +reread it. +

+ +

On other systems, you can use fflush to clean a stream in most +cases. +

+

You can skip the fclean or fflush if you know the stream +is already clean. A stream is clean whenever its buffer is empty. For +example, an unbuffered stream is always clean. An input stream that is +at end-of-file is clean. A line-buffered stream is clean when the last +character output was a newline. However, a just-opened input stream +might not be clean, as its input buffer might not be empty. +

+

There is one case in which cleaning a stream is impossible on most +systems. This is when the stream is doing input from a file that is not +random-access. Such streams typically read ahead, and when the file is +not random access, there is no way to give back the excess data already +read. When an input stream reads from a random-access file, +fflush does clean the stream, but leaves the file pointer at an +unpredictable place; you must set the file pointer before doing any +further I/O. On the GNU system, using fclean avoids both of +these problems. +

+

Closing an output-only stream also does fflush, so this is a +valid way of cleaning an output stream. On the GNU system, closing an +input stream does fclean. +

+

You need not clean a stream before using its descriptor for control +operations such as setting terminal modes; these operations don't affect +the file position and are not affected by it. You can use any +descriptor for these operations, and all channels are affected +simultaneously. However, text already “output” to a stream but still +buffered by the stream will be subject to the new terminal modes when +subsequently flushed. To make sure “past” output is covered by the +terminal settings that were in effect at the time, flush the output +streams for that terminal before setting the modes. See section Terminal Modes. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

13.6 Fast Scatter-Gather I/O

+ +

Some applications may need to read or write data to multiple buffers, +which are separated in memory. Although this can be done easily enough +with multiple calls to read and write, it is inefficient +because there is overhead associated with each kernel call. +

+

Instead, many platforms provide special high-speed primitives to perform +these scatter-gather operations in a single kernel call. The GNU C +library will provide an emulation on any system that lacks these +primitives, so they are not a portability threat. They are defined in +sys/uio.h. +

+

These functions are controlled with arrays of iovec structures, +which describe the location and size of each buffer. +

+
+
Data Type: struct iovec + +
+

The iovec structure describes a buffer. It contains two fields: +

+
+
void *iov_base
+

Contains the address of a buffer. +

+
+
size_t iov_len
+

Contains the length of the buffer. +

+
+
+
+ +
+
Function: ssize_t readv (int filedes, const struct iovec *vector, int count) + +
+

The readv function reads data from filedes and scatters it +into the buffers described in vector, which is taken to be +count structures long. As each buffer is filled, data is sent to the +next. +

+

Note that readv is not guaranteed to fill all the buffers. +It may stop at any point, for the same reasons read would. +

+

The return value is a count of bytes (not buffers) read, 0 +indicating end-of-file, or -1 indicating an error. The possible +errors are the same as in read. +

+
+ +
+
Function: ssize_t writev (int filedes, const struct iovec *vector, int count) + +
+

The writev function gathers data from the buffers described in +vector, which is taken to be count structures long, and writes +them to filedes. As each buffer is written, it moves on to the +next. +

+

Like readv, writev may stop midstream under the same +conditions write would. +

+

The return value is a count of bytes written, or -1 indicating an +error. The possible errors are the same as in write. +

+
+ + +

Note that if the buffers are small (under about 1kB), high-level streams +may be easier to use than these functions. However, readv and +writev are more efficient when the individual buffers themselves +(as opposed to the total output), are large. In that case, a high-level +stream would not be able to cache the data effectively. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

13.7 Memory-mapped I/O

+ +

On modern operating systems, it is possible to mmap (pronounced +“em-map”) a file to a region of memory. When this is done, the file can +be accessed just like an array in the program. +

+

This is more efficient than read or write, as only the regions +of the file that a program actually accesses are loaded. Accesses to +not-yet-loaded parts of the mmapped region are handled in the same way as +swapped out pages. +

+

Since mmapped pages can be stored back to their file when physical +memory is low, it is possible to mmap files orders of magnitude larger +than both the physical memory and swap space. The only limit is +address space. The theoretical limit is 4GB on a 32-bit machine - +however, the actual limit will be smaller since some areas will be +reserved for other purposes. If the LFS interface is used the file size +on 32-bit systems is not limited to 2GB (offsets are signed which +reduces the addressable area of 4GB by half); the full 64-bit are +available. +

+

Memory mapping only works on entire pages of memory. Thus, addresses +for mapping must be page-aligned, and length values will be rounded up. +To determine the size of a page the machine uses one should use +

+ +
 
size_t page_size = (size_t) sysconf (_SC_PAGESIZE);
+
+ +

These functions are declared in ‘sys/mman.h’. +

+
+
Function: void * mmap (void *address, size_t length,int protect, int flags, int filedes, off_t offset) + +
+

The mmap function creates a new mapping, connected to bytes +(offset) to (offset + length - 1) in the file open on +filedes. A new reference for the file specified by filedes +is created, which is not removed by closing the file. +

+

address gives a preferred starting address for the mapping. +NULL expresses no preference. Any previous mapping at that +address is automatically removed. The address you give may still be +changed, unless you use the MAP_FIXED flag. +

+ + + +

protect contains flags that control what kind of access is +permitted. They include PROT_READ, PROT_WRITE, and +PROT_EXEC, which permit reading, writing, and execution, +respectively. Inappropriate access will cause a segfault (see section Program Error Signals). +

+

Note that most hardware designs cannot support write permission without +read permission, and many do not distinguish read and execute permission. +Thus, you may receive wider permissions than you ask for, and mappings of +write-only files may be denied even if you do not use PROT_READ. +

+

flags contains flags that control the nature of the map. +One of MAP_SHARED or MAP_PRIVATE must be specified. +

+

They include: +

+
+
MAP_PRIVATE + +
+

This specifies that writes to the region should never be written back +to the attached file. Instead, a copy is made for the process, and the +region will be swapped normally if memory runs low. No other process will +see the changes. +

+

Since private mappings effectively revert to ordinary memory +when written to, you must have enough virtual memory for a copy of +the entire mmapped region if you use this mode with PROT_WRITE. +

+
+
MAP_SHARED + +
+

This specifies that writes to the region will be written back to the +file. Changes made will be shared immediately with other processes +mmaping the same file. +

+

Note that actual writing may take place at any time. You need to use +msync, described below, if it is important that other processes +using conventional I/O get a consistent view of the file. +

+
+
MAP_FIXED + +
+

This forces the system to use the exact mapping address specified in +address and fail if it can't. +

+
+
MAP_ANONYMOUS + +
+
MAP_ANON + +
+

This flag tells the system to create an anonymous mapping, not connected +to a file. filedes and off are ignored, and the region is +initialized with zeros. +

+

Anonymous maps are used as the basic primitive to extend the heap on some +systems. They are also useful to share data between multiple tasks +without creating a file. +

+

On some systems using private anonymous mmaps is more efficient than using +malloc for large blocks. This is not an issue with the GNU C library, +as the included malloc automatically uses mmap where appropriate. +

+ +
+
+ +

mmap returns the address of the new mapping, or -1 for an +error. +

+

Possible errors include: +

+
+
EINVAL
+
+

Either address was unusable, or inconsistent flags were +given. +

+
+
EACCES
+
+

filedes was not open for the type of access specified in protect. +

+
+
ENOMEM
+
+

Either there is not enough memory for the operation, or the process is +out of address space. +

+
+
ENODEV
+
+

This file is of a type that doesn't support mapping. +

+
+
ENOEXEC
+
+

The file is on a filesystem that doesn't support mapping. +

+ +
+
+ +
+ +
+
Function: void * mmap64 (void *address, size_t length,int protect, int flags, int filedes, off64_t offset) + +
+

The mmap64 function is equivalent to the mmap function but +the offset parameter is of type off64_t. On 32-bit systems +this allows the file associated with the filedes descriptor to be +larger than 2GB. filedes must be a descriptor returned from a +call to open64 or fopen64 and freopen64 where the +descriptor is retrieved with fileno. +

+

When the sources are translated with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this +function is actually available under the name mmap. I.e., the +new, extended API using 64 bit file sizes and offsets transparently +replaces the old API. +

+ +
+
Function: int munmap (void *addr, size_t length) + +
+

munmap removes any memory maps from (addr) to (addr + +length). length should be the length of the mapping. +

+

It is safe to unmap multiple mappings in one command, or include unmapped +space in the range. It is also possible to unmap only part of an existing +mapping. However, only entire pages can be removed. If length is not +an even number of pages, it will be rounded up. +

+

It returns 0 for success and -1 for an error. +

+

One error is possible: +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The memory range given was outside the user mmap range or wasn't page +aligned. +

+
+
+ +
+ +
+
Function: int msync (void *address, size_t length, int flags) + +
+

When using shared mappings, the kernel can write the file at any time +before the mapping is removed. To be certain data has actually been +written to the file and will be accessible to non-memory-mapped I/O, it +is necessary to use this function. +

+

It operates on the region address to (address + length). +It may be used on part of a mapping or multiple mappings, however the +region given should not contain any unmapped space. +

+

flags can contain some options: +

+
+
MS_SYNC + +
+
+

This flag makes sure the data is actually written to disk. +Normally msync only makes sure that accesses to a file with +conventional I/O reflect the recent changes. +

+
+
MS_ASYNC + +
+
+

This tells msync to begin the synchronization, but not to wait for +it to complete. +

+ +
+
+ +

msync returns 0 for success and -1 for +error. Errors include: +

+
+
EINVAL
+

An invalid region was given, or the flags were invalid. +

+
+
EFAULT
+

There is no existing mapping in at least part of the given region. +

+
+
+ +
+ +
+
Function: void * mremap (void *address, size_t length, size_t new_length, int flag) + +
+

This function can be used to change the size of an existing memory +area. address and length must cover a region entirely mapped +in the same mmap statement. A new mapping with the same +characteristics will be returned with the length new_length. +

+

One option is possible, MREMAP_MAYMOVE. If it is given in +flags, the system may remove the existing mapping and create a new +one of the desired length in another location. +

+

The address of the resulting mapping is returned, or -1. Possible +error codes include: +

+
+
EFAULT
+

There is no existing mapping in at least part of the original region, or +the region covers two or more distinct mappings. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The address given is misaligned or inappropriate. +

+
+
EAGAIN
+

The region has pages locked, and if extended it would exceed the +process's resource limit for locked pages. See section Limiting Resource Usage. +

+
+
ENOMEM
+

The region is private writable, and insufficient virtual memory is +available to extend it. Also, this error will occur if +MREMAP_MAYMOVE is not given and the extension would collide with +another mapped region. +

+
+
+
+ +

This function is only available on a few systems. Except for performing +optional optimizations one should not rely on this function. +

+

Not all file descriptors may be mapped. Sockets, pipes, and most devices +only allow sequential access and do not fit into the mapping abstraction. +In addition, some regular files may not be mmapable, and older kernels may +not support mapping at all. Thus, programs using mmap should +have a fallback method to use should it fail. See (standards)Mmap section `Mmap' in GNU Coding Standards. +

+
+
Function: int madvise (void *addr, size_t length, int advice) + +
+

This function can be used to provide the system with advice about +the intended usage patterns of the memory region starting at addr +and extending length bytes. +

+

The valid BSD values for advice are: +

+
+
MADV_NORMAL
+

The region should receive no further special treatment. +

+
+
MADV_RANDOM
+

The region will be accessed via random page references. The kernel +should page-in the minimal number of pages for each page fault. +

+
+
MADV_SEQUENTIAL
+

The region will be accessed via sequential page references. This +may cause the kernel to aggressively read-ahead, expecting further +sequential references after any page fault within this region. +

+
+
MADV_WILLNEED
+

The region will be needed. The pages within this region may +be pre-faulted in by the kernel. +

+
+
MADV_DONTNEED
+

The region is no longer needed. The kernel may free these pages, +causing any changes to the pages to be lost, as well as swapped +out pages to be discarded. +

+
+
+ +

The POSIX names are slightly different, but with the same meanings: +

+
+
POSIX_MADV_NORMAL
+

This corresponds with BSD's MADV_NORMAL. +

+
+
POSIX_MADV_RANDOM
+

This corresponds with BSD's MADV_RANDOM. +

+
+
POSIX_MADV_SEQUENTIAL
+

This corresponds with BSD's MADV_SEQUENTIAL. +

+
+
POSIX_MADV_WILLNEED
+

This corresponds with BSD's MADV_WILLNEED. +

+
+
POSIX_MADV_DONTNEED
+

This corresponds with BSD's MADV_DONTNEED. +

+
+
+ +

msync returns 0 for success and -1 for +error. Errors include: +

+
EINVAL
+

An invalid region was given, or the advice was invalid. +

+
+
EFAULT
+

There is no existing mapping in at least part of the given region. +

+
+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

13.8 Waiting for Input or Output

+ +

Sometimes a program needs to accept input on multiple input channels +whenever input arrives. For example, some workstations may have devices +such as a digitizing tablet, function button box, or dial box that are +connected via normal asynchronous serial interfaces; good user interface +style requires responding immediately to input on any device. Another +example is a program that acts as a server to several other processes +via pipes or sockets. +

+

You cannot normally use read for this purpose, because this +blocks the program until input is available on one particular file +descriptor; input on other channels won't wake it up. You could set +nonblocking mode and poll each file descriptor in turn, but this is very +inefficient. +

+

A better solution is to use the select function. This blocks the +program until input or output is ready on a specified set of file +descriptors, or until a timer expires, whichever comes first. This +facility is declared in the header file ‘sys/types.h’. + +

+

In the case of a server socket (see section Listening for Connections), we say that +“input” is available when there are pending connections that could be +accepted (see section Accepting Connections). accept for server +sockets blocks and interacts with select just as read does +for normal input. +

+ +

The file descriptor sets for the select function are specified +as fd_set objects. Here is the description of the data type +and some macros for manipulating these objects. +

+
+
Data Type: fd_set + +
+

The fd_set data type represents file descriptor sets for the +select function. It is actually a bit array. +

+ +
+
Macro: int FD_SETSIZE + +
+

The value of this macro is the maximum number of file descriptors that a +fd_set object can hold information about. On systems with a +fixed maximum number, FD_SETSIZE is at least that number. On +some systems, including GNU, there is no absolute limit on the number of +descriptors open, but this macro still has a constant value which +controls the number of bits in an fd_set; if you get a file +descriptor with a value as high as FD_SETSIZE, you cannot put +that descriptor into an fd_set. +

+ +
+
Macro: void FD_ZERO (fd_set *set) + +
+

This macro initializes the file descriptor set set to be the +empty set. +

+ +
+
Macro: void FD_SET (int filedes, fd_set *set) + +
+

This macro adds filedes to the file descriptor set set. +

+

The filedes parameter must not have side effects since it is +evaluated more than once. +

+ +
+
Macro: void FD_CLR (int filedes, fd_set *set) + +
+

This macro removes filedes from the file descriptor set set. +

+

The filedes parameter must not have side effects since it is +evaluated more than once. +

+ +
+
Macro: int FD_ISSET (int filedes, const fd_set *set) + +
+

This macro returns a nonzero value (true) if filedes is a member +of the file descriptor set set, and zero (false) otherwise. +

+

The filedes parameter must not have side effects since it is +evaluated more than once. +

+ +

Next, here is the description of the select function itself. +

+
+
Function: int select (int nfds, fd_set *read-fds, fd_set *write-fds, fd_set *except-fds, struct timeval *timeout) + +
+

The select function blocks the calling process until there is +activity on any of the specified sets of file descriptors, or until the +timeout period has expired. +

+

The file descriptors specified by the read-fds argument are +checked to see if they are ready for reading; the write-fds file +descriptors are checked to see if they are ready for writing; and the +except-fds file descriptors are checked for exceptional +conditions. You can pass a null pointer for any of these arguments if +you are not interested in checking for that kind of condition. +

+

A file descriptor is considered ready for reading if a read +call will not block. This usually includes the read offset being at +the end of the file or there is an error to report. A server socket +is considered ready for reading if there is a pending connection which +can be accepted with accept; see section Accepting Connections. A +client socket is ready for writing when its connection is fully +established; see section Making a Connection. +

+

“Exceptional conditions” does not mean errors—errors are reported +immediately when an erroneous system call is executed, and do not +constitute a state of the descriptor. Rather, they include conditions +such as the presence of an urgent message on a socket. (See section Sockets, +for information on urgent messages.) +

+

The select function checks only the first nfds file +descriptors. The usual thing is to pass FD_SETSIZE as the value +of this argument. +

+

The timeout specifies the maximum time to wait. If you pass a +null pointer for this argument, it means to block indefinitely until one +of the file descriptors is ready. Otherwise, you should provide the +time in struct timeval format; see High-Resolution Calendar. Specify zero as the time (a struct timeval containing +all zeros) if you want to find out which descriptors are ready without +waiting if none are ready. +

+

The normal return value from select is the total number of ready file +descriptors in all of the sets. Each of the argument sets is overwritten +with information about the descriptors that are ready for the corresponding +operation. Thus, to see if a particular descriptor desc has input, +use FD_ISSET (desc, read-fds) after select returns. +

+

If select returns because the timeout period expires, it returns +a value of zero. +

+

Any signal will cause select to return immediately. So if your +program uses signals, you can't rely on select to keep waiting +for the full time specified. If you want to be sure of waiting for a +particular amount of time, you must check for EINTR and repeat +the select with a newly calculated timeout based on the current +time. See the example below. See also Primitives Interrupted by Signals. +

+

If an error occurs, select returns -1 and does not modify +the argument file descriptor sets. The following errno error +conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

One of the file descriptor sets specified an invalid file descriptor. +

+
+
EINTR
+

The operation was interrupted by a signal. See section Primitives Interrupted by Signals. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The timeout argument is invalid; one of the components is negative +or too large. +

+
+
+ +

Portability Note: The select function is a BSD Unix +feature. +

+

Here is an example showing how you can use select to establish a +timeout period for reading from a file descriptor. The input_timeout +function blocks the calling process until input is available on the +file descriptor, or until the timeout period expires. +

+
 
#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+
+int
+input_timeout (int filedes, unsigned int seconds)
+{
+  fd_set set;
+  struct timeval timeout;
+
+  /* Initialize the file descriptor set. */
+  FD_ZERO (&set);
+  FD_SET (filedes, &set);
+
+  /* Initialize the timeout data structure. */
+  timeout.tv_sec = seconds;
+  timeout.tv_usec = 0;
+
+  /* select returns 0 if timeout, 1 if input available, -1 if error. */
+  return TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (select (FD_SETSIZE,
+                                     &set, NULL, NULL,
+                                     &timeout));
+}
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  fprintf (stderr, "select returned %d.\n",
+           input_timeout (STDIN_FILENO, 5));
+  return 0;
+}
+
+ +

There is another example showing the use of select to multiplex +input from multiple sockets in Byte Stream Connection Server Example. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

13.9 Synchronizing I/O operations

+ +

In most modern operating systems, the normal I/O operations are not +executed synchronously. I.e., even if a write system call +returns, this does not mean the data is actually written to the media, +e.g., the disk. +

+

In situations where synchronization points are necessary, you can use +special functions which ensure that all operations finish before +they return. +

+
+
Function: int sync (void) + +
+

A call to this function will not return as long as there is data which +has not been written to the device. All dirty buffers in the kernel will +be written and so an overall consistent system can be achieved (if no +other process in parallel writes data). +

+

A prototype for sync can be found in ‘unistd.h’. +

+

The return value is zero to indicate no error. +

+ +

Programs more often want to ensure that data written to a given file is +committed, rather than all data in the system. For this, sync is overkill. +

+ +
+
Function: int fsync (int fildes) + +
+

The fsync function can be used to make sure all data associated with +the open file fildes is written to the device associated with the +descriptor. The function call does not return unless all actions have +finished. +

+

A prototype for fsync can be found in ‘unistd.h’. +

+

This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs. This +is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like memory, file +descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time fsync is +called. If the thread gets canceled these resources stay allocated +until the program ends. To avoid this, calls to fsync should be +protected using cancellation handlers. +

+

The return value of the function is zero if no error occurred. Otherwise +it is -1 and the global variable errno is set to the +following values: +

+
EBADF
+

The descriptor fildes is not valid. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

No synchronization is possible since the system does not implement this. +

+
+
+ +

Sometimes it is not even necessary to write all data associated with a +file descriptor. E.g., in database files which do not change in size it +is enough to write all the file content data to the device. +Meta-information, like the modification time etc., are not that important +and leaving such information uncommitted does not prevent a successful +recovering of the file in case of a problem. +

+
+
Function: int fdatasync (int fildes) + +
+

When a call to the fdatasync function returns, it is ensured +that all of the file data is written to the device. For all pending I/O +operations, the parts guaranteeing data integrity finished. +

+

Not all systems implement the fdatasync operation. On systems +missing this functionality fdatasync is emulated by a call to +fsync since the performed actions are a superset of those +required by fdatasync. +

+

The prototype for fdatasync is in ‘unistd.h’. +

+

The return value of the function is zero if no error occurred. Otherwise +it is -1 and the global variable errno is set to the +following values: +

+
EBADF
+

The descriptor fildes is not valid. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

No synchronization is possible since the system does not implement this. +

+
+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

13.10 Perform I/O Operations in Parallel

+ +

The POSIX.1b standard defines a new set of I/O operations which can +significantly reduce the time an application spends waiting at I/O. The +new functions allow a program to initiate one or more I/O operations and +then immediately resume normal work while the I/O operations are +executed in parallel. This functionality is available if the +‘unistd.h’ file defines the symbol _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO. +

+

These functions are part of the library with realtime functions named +‘librt’. They are not actually part of the ‘libc’ binary. +The implementation of these functions can be done using support in the +kernel (if available) or using an implementation based on threads at +userlevel. In the latter case it might be necessary to link applications +with the thread library ‘libpthread’ in addition to ‘librt’. +

+

All AIO operations operate on files which were opened previously. There +might be arbitrarily many operations running for one file. The +asynchronous I/O operations are controlled using a data structure named +struct aiocb (AIO control block). It is defined in +‘aio.h’ as follows. +

+
+
Data Type: struct aiocb + +
+

The POSIX.1b standard mandates that the struct aiocb structure +contains at least the members described in the following table. There +might be more elements which are used by the implementation, but +depending upon these elements is not portable and is highly deprecated. +

+
+
int aio_fildes
+

This element specifies the file descriptor to be used for the +operation. It must be a legal descriptor, otherwise the operation will +fail. +

+

The device on which the file is opened must allow the seek operation. +I.e., it is not possible to use any of the AIO operations on devices +like terminals where an lseek call would lead to an error. +

+
+
off_t aio_offset
+

This element specifies the offset in the file at which the operation (input +or output) is performed. Since the operations are carried out in arbitrary +order and more than one operation for one file descriptor can be +started, one cannot expect a current read/write position of the file +descriptor. +

+
+
volatile void *aio_buf
+

This is a pointer to the buffer with the data to be written or the place +where the read data is stored. +

+
+
size_t aio_nbytes
+

This element specifies the length of the buffer pointed to by aio_buf. +

+
+
int aio_reqprio
+

If the platform has defined _POSIX_PRIORITIZED_IO and +_POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING, the AIO requests are +processed based on the current scheduling priority. The +aio_reqprio element can then be used to lower the priority of the +AIO operation. +

+
+
struct sigevent aio_sigevent
+

This element specifies how the calling process is notified once the +operation terminates. If the sigev_notify element is +SIGEV_NONE, no notification is sent. If it is SIGEV_SIGNAL, +the signal determined by sigev_signo is sent. Otherwise, +sigev_notify must be SIGEV_THREAD. In this case, a thread +is created which starts executing the function pointed to by +sigev_notify_function. +

+
+
int aio_lio_opcode
+

This element is only used by the lio_listio and +lio_listio64 functions. Since these functions allow an +arbitrary number of operations to start at once, and each operation can be +input or output (or nothing), the information must be stored in the +control block. The possible values are: +

+
+
LIO_READ + +
+

Start a read operation. Read from the file at position +aio_offset and store the next aio_nbytes bytes in the +buffer pointed to by aio_buf. +

+
+
LIO_WRITE + +
+

Start a write operation. Write aio_nbytes bytes starting at +aio_buf into the file starting at position aio_offset. +

+
+
LIO_NOP + +
+

Do nothing for this control block. This value is useful sometimes when +an array of struct aiocb values contains holes, i.e., some of the +values must not be handled although the whole array is presented to the +lio_listio function. +

+
+
+
+ +

When the sources are compiled using _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a +32 bit machine, this type is in fact struct aiocb64, since the LFS +interface transparently replaces the struct aiocb definition. +

+ +

For use with the AIO functions defined in the LFS, there is a similar type +defined which replaces the types of the appropriate members with larger +types but otherwise is equivalent to struct aiocb. Particularly, +all member names are the same. +

+
+
Data Type: struct aiocb64 + +
+
+
int aio_fildes
+

This element specifies the file descriptor which is used for the +operation. It must be a legal descriptor since otherwise the operation +fails for obvious reasons. +

+

The device on which the file is opened must allow the seek operation. +I.e., it is not possible to use any of the AIO operations on devices +like terminals where an lseek call would lead to an error. +

+
+
off64_t aio_offset
+

This element specifies at which offset in the file the operation (input +or output) is performed. Since the operation are carried in arbitrary +order and more than one operation for one file descriptor can be +started, one cannot expect a current read/write position of the file +descriptor. +

+
+
volatile void *aio_buf
+

This is a pointer to the buffer with the data to be written or the place +where the read data is stored. +

+
+
size_t aio_nbytes
+

This element specifies the length of the buffer pointed to by aio_buf. +

+
+
int aio_reqprio
+

If for the platform _POSIX_PRIORITIZED_IO and +_POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING are defined the AIO requests are +processed based on the current scheduling priority. The +aio_reqprio element can then be used to lower the priority of the +AIO operation. +

+
+
struct sigevent aio_sigevent
+

This element specifies how the calling process is notified once the +operation terminates. If the sigev_notify, element is +SIGEV_NONE no notification is sent. If it is SIGEV_SIGNAL, +the signal determined by sigev_signo is sent. Otherwise, +sigev_notify must be SIGEV_THREAD in which case a thread +which starts executing the function pointed to by +sigev_notify_function. +

+
+
int aio_lio_opcode
+

This element is only used by the lio_listio and +[lio_listio64 functions. Since these functions allow an +arbitrary number of operations to start at once, and since each operation can be +input or output (or nothing), the information must be stored in the +control block. See the description of struct aiocb for a description +of the possible values. +

+
+ +

When the sources are compiled using _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a +32 bit machine, this type is available under the name struct +aiocb64, since the LFS transparently replaces the old interface. +

+ + + + + + + +
13.10.1 Asynchronous Read and Write Operations  
13.10.2 Getting the Status of AIO Operations  
13.10.3 Getting into a Consistent State   Getting into a consistent state. +
13.10.4 Cancellation of AIO Operations  
13.10.5 How to optimize the AIO implementation  
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

13.10.1 Asynchronous Read and Write Operations

+ +
+
Function: int aio_read (struct aiocb *aiocbp) + +
+

This function initiates an asynchronous read operation. It +immediately returns after the operation was enqueued or when an +error was encountered. +

+

The first aiocbp->aio_nbytes bytes of the file for which +aiocbp->aio_fildes is a descriptor are written to the buffer +starting at aiocbp->aio_buf. Reading starts at the absolute +position aiocbp->aio_offset in the file. +

+

If prioritized I/O is supported by the platform the +aiocbp->aio_reqprio value is used to adjust the priority before +the request is actually enqueued. +

+

The calling process is notified about the termination of the read +request according to the aiocbp->aio_sigevent value. +

+

When aio_read returns, the return value is zero if no error +occurred that can be found before the process is enqueued. If such an +early error is found, the function returns -1 and sets +errno to one of the following values: +

+
+
EAGAIN
+

The request was not enqueued due to (temporarily) exceeded resource +limitations. +

+
ENOSYS
+

The aio_read function is not implemented. +

+
EBADF
+

The aiocbp->aio_fildes descriptor is not valid. This condition +need not be recognized before enqueueing the request and so this error +might also be signaled asynchronously. +

+
EINVAL
+

The aiocbp->aio_offset or aiocbp->aio_reqpiro value is +invalid. This condition need not be recognized before enqueueing the +request and so this error might also be signaled asynchronously. +

+
+ +

If aio_read returns zero, the current status of the request +can be queried using aio_error and aio_return functions. +As long as the value returned by aio_error is EINPROGRESS +the operation has not yet completed. If aio_error returns zero, +the operation successfully terminated, otherwise the value is to be +interpreted as an error code. If the function terminated, the result of +the operation can be obtained using a call to aio_return. The +returned value is the same as an equivalent call to read would +have returned. Possible error codes returned by aio_error are: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The aiocbp->aio_fildes descriptor is not valid. +

+
ECANCELED
+

The operation was canceled before the operation was finished +(see section Cancellation of AIO Operations) +

+
EINVAL
+

The aiocbp->aio_offset value is invalid. +

+
+ +

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this +function is in fact aio_read64 since the LFS interface transparently +replaces the normal implementation. +

+ +
+
Function: int aio_read64 (struct aiocb *aiocbp) + +
+

This function is similar to the aio_read function. The only +difference is that on 32 bit machines, the file descriptor should +be opened in the large file mode. Internally, aio_read64 uses +functionality equivalent to lseek64 (see section Setting the File Position of a Descriptor) to position the file descriptor correctly for the reading, +as opposed to lseek functionality used in aio_read. +

+

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64, this +function is available under the name aio_read and so transparently +replaces the interface for small files on 32 bit machines. +

+ +

To write data asynchronously to a file, there exists an equivalent pair +of functions with a very similar interface. +

+
+
Function: int aio_write (struct aiocb *aiocbp) + +
+

This function initiates an asynchronous write operation. The function +call immediately returns after the operation was enqueued or if before +this happens an error was encountered. +

+

The first aiocbp->aio_nbytes bytes from the buffer starting at +aiocbp->aio_buf are written to the file for which +aiocbp->aio_fildes is an descriptor, starting at the absolute +position aiocbp->aio_offset in the file. +

+

If prioritized I/O is supported by the platform, the +aiocbp->aio_reqprio value is used to adjust the priority before +the request is actually enqueued. +

+

The calling process is notified about the termination of the read +request according to the aiocbp->aio_sigevent value. +

+

When aio_write returns, the return value is zero if no error +occurred that can be found before the process is enqueued. If such an +early error is found the function returns -1 and sets +errno to one of the following values. +

+
+
EAGAIN
+

The request was not enqueued due to (temporarily) exceeded resource +limitations. +

+
ENOSYS
+

The aio_write function is not implemented. +

+
EBADF
+

The aiocbp->aio_fildes descriptor is not valid. This condition +may not be recognized before enqueueing the request, and so this error +might also be signaled asynchronously. +

+
EINVAL
+

The aiocbp->aio_offset or aiocbp->aio_reqprio value is +invalid. This condition may not be recognized before enqueueing the +request and so this error might also be signaled asynchronously. +

+
+ +

In the case aio_write returns zero, the current status of the +request can be queried using aio_error and aio_return +functions. As long as the value returned by aio_error is +EINPROGRESS the operation has not yet completed. If +aio_error returns zero, the operation successfully terminated, +otherwise the value is to be interpreted as an error code. If the +function terminated, the result of the operation can be get using a call +to aio_return. The returned value is the same as an equivalent +call to read would have returned. Possible error codes returned +by aio_error are: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The aiocbp->aio_fildes descriptor is not valid. +

+
ECANCELED
+

The operation was canceled before the operation was finished. +(see section Cancellation of AIO Operations) +

+
EINVAL
+

The aiocbp->aio_offset value is invalid. +

+
+ +

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64, this +function is in fact aio_write64 since the LFS interface transparently +replaces the normal implementation. +

+ +
+
Function: int aio_write64 (struct aiocb *aiocbp) + +
+

This function is similar to the aio_write function. The only +difference is that on 32 bit machines the file descriptor should +be opened in the large file mode. Internally aio_write64 uses +functionality equivalent to lseek64 (see section Setting the File Position of a Descriptor) to position the file descriptor correctly for the writing, +as opposed to lseek functionality used in aio_write. +

+

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64, this +function is available under the name aio_write and so transparently +replaces the interface for small files on 32 bit machines. +

+ +

Besides these functions with the more or less traditional interface, +POSIX.1b also defines a function which can initiate more than one +operation at a time, and which can handle freely mixed read and write +operations. It is therefore similar to a combination of readv and +writev. +

+
+
Function: int lio_listio (int mode, struct aiocb *const list[], int nent, struct sigevent *sig) + +
+

The lio_listio function can be used to enqueue an arbitrary +number of read and write requests at one time. The requests can all be +meant for the same file, all for different files or every solution in +between. +

+

lio_listio gets the nent requests from the array pointed to +by list. The operation to be performed is determined by the +aio_lio_opcode member in each element of list. If this +field is LIO_READ a read operation is enqueued, similar to a call +of aio_read for this element of the array (except that the way +the termination is signalled is different, as we will see below). If +the aio_lio_opcode member is LIO_WRITE a write operation +is enqueued. Otherwise the aio_lio_opcode must be LIO_NOP +in which case this element of list is simply ignored. This +“operation” is useful in situations where one has a fixed array of +struct aiocb elements from which only a few need to be handled at +a time. Another situation is where the lio_listio call was +canceled before all requests are processed (see section Cancellation of AIO Operations) and the remaining requests have to be reissued. +

+

The other members of each element of the array pointed to by +list must have values suitable for the operation as described in +the documentation for aio_read and aio_write above. +

+

The mode argument determines how lio_listio behaves after +having enqueued all the requests. If mode is LIO_WAIT it +waits until all requests terminated. Otherwise mode must be +LIO_NOWAIT and in this case the function returns immediately after +having enqueued all the requests. In this case the caller gets a +notification of the termination of all requests according to the +sig parameter. If sig is NULL no notification is +send. Otherwise a signal is sent or a thread is started, just as +described in the description for aio_read or aio_write. +

+

If mode is LIO_WAIT, the return value of lio_listio +is 0 when all requests completed successfully. Otherwise the +function return -1 and errno is set accordingly. To find +out which request or requests failed one has to use the aio_error +function on all the elements of the array list. +

+

In case mode is LIO_NOWAIT, the function returns 0 if +all requests were enqueued correctly. The current state of the requests +can be found using aio_error and aio_return as described +above. If lio_listio returns -1 in this mode, the +global variable errno is set accordingly. If a request did not +yet terminate, a call to aio_error returns EINPROGRESS. If +the value is different, the request is finished and the error value (or +0) is returned and the result of the operation can be retrieved +using aio_return. +

+

Possible values for errno are: +

+
+
EAGAIN
+

The resources necessary to queue all the requests are not available at +the moment. The error status for each element of list must be +checked to determine which request failed. +

+

Another reason could be that the system wide limit of AIO requests is +exceeded. This cannot be the case for the implementation on GNU systems +since no arbitrary limits exist. +

+
EINVAL
+

The mode parameter is invalid or nent is larger than +AIO_LISTIO_MAX. +

+
EIO
+

One or more of the request's I/O operations failed. The error status of +each request should be checked to determine which one failed. +

+
ENOSYS
+

The lio_listio function is not supported. +

+
+ +

If the mode parameter is LIO_NOWAIT and the caller cancels +a request, the error status for this request returned by +aio_error is ECANCELED. +

+

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64, this +function is in fact lio_listio64 since the LFS interface +transparently replaces the normal implementation. +

+ +
+
Function: int lio_listio64 (int mode, struct aiocb *const list, int nent, struct sigevent *sig) + +
+

This function is similar to the lio_listio function. The only +difference is that on 32 bit machines, the file descriptor should +be opened in the large file mode. Internally, lio_listio64 uses +functionality equivalent to lseek64 (see section Setting the File Position of a Descriptor) to position the file descriptor correctly for the reading or +writing, as opposed to lseek functionality used in +lio_listio. +

+

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64, this +function is available under the name lio_listio and so +transparently replaces the interface for small files on 32 bit +machines. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

13.10.2 Getting the Status of AIO Operations

+ +

As already described in the documentation of the functions in the last +section, it must be possible to get information about the status of an I/O +request. When the operation is performed truly asynchronously (as with +aio_read and aio_write and with lio_listio when the +mode is LIO_NOWAIT), one sometimes needs to know whether a +specific request already terminated and if so, what the result was. +The following two functions allow you to get this kind of information. +

+
+
Function: int aio_error (const struct aiocb *aiocbp) + +
+

This function determines the error state of the request described by the +struct aiocb variable pointed to by aiocbp. If the +request has not yet terminated the value returned is always +EINPROGRESS. Once the request has terminated the value +aio_error returns is either 0 if the request completed +successfully or it returns the value which would be stored in the +errno variable if the request would have been done using +read, write, or fsync. +

+

The function can return ENOSYS if it is not implemented. It +could also return EINVAL if the aiocbp parameter does not +refer to an asynchronous operation whose return status is not yet known. +

+

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this +function is in fact aio_error64 since the LFS interface +transparently replaces the normal implementation. +

+ +
+
Function: int aio_error64 (const struct aiocb64 *aiocbp) + +
+

This function is similar to aio_error with the only difference +that the argument is a reference to a variable of type struct +aiocb64. +

+

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this +function is available under the name aio_error and so +transparently replaces the interface for small files on 32 bit +machines. +

+ +
+
Function: ssize_t aio_return (const struct aiocb *aiocbp) + +
+

This function can be used to retrieve the return status of the operation +carried out by the request described in the variable pointed to by +aiocbp. As long as the error status of this request as returned +by aio_error is EINPROGRESS the return of this function is +undefined. +

+

Once the request is finished this function can be used exactly once to +retrieve the return value. Following calls might lead to undefined +behavior. The return value itself is the value which would have been +returned by the read, write, or fsync call. +

+

The function can return ENOSYS if it is not implemented. It +could also return EINVAL if the aiocbp parameter does not +refer to an asynchronous operation whose return status is not yet known. +

+

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this +function is in fact aio_return64 since the LFS interface +transparently replaces the normal implementation. +

+ +
+
Function: int aio_return64 (const struct aiocb64 *aiocbp) + +
+

This function is similar to aio_return with the only difference +that the argument is a reference to a variable of type struct +aiocb64. +

+

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this +function is available under the name aio_return and so +transparently replaces the interface for small files on 32 bit +machines. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

13.10.3 Getting into a Consistent State

+ +

When dealing with asynchronous operations it is sometimes necessary to +get into a consistent state. This would mean for AIO that one wants to +know whether a certain request or a group of request were processed. +This could be done by waiting for the notification sent by the system +after the operation terminated, but this sometimes would mean wasting +resources (mainly computation time). Instead POSIX.1b defines two +functions which will help with most kinds of consistency. +

+

The aio_fsync and aio_fsync64 functions are only available +if the symbol _POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO is defined in ‘unistd.h’. +

+ +
+
Function: int aio_fsync (int op, struct aiocb *aiocbp) + +
+

Calling this function forces all I/O operations operating queued at the +time of the function call operating on the file descriptor +aiocbp->aio_fildes into the synchronized I/O completion state +(see section Synchronizing I/O operations). The aio_fsync function returns +immediately but the notification through the method described in +aiocbp->aio_sigevent will happen only after all requests for this +file descriptor have terminated and the file is synchronized. This also +means that requests for this very same file descriptor which are queued +after the synchronization request are not affected. +

+

If op is O_DSYNC the synchronization happens as with a call +to fdatasync. Otherwise op should be O_SYNC and +the synchronization happens as with fsync. +

+

As long as the synchronization has not happened, a call to +aio_error with the reference to the object pointed to by +aiocbp returns EINPROGRESS. Once the synchronization is +done aio_error return 0 if the synchronization was not +successful. Otherwise the value returned is the value to which the +fsync or fdatasync function would have set the +errno variable. In this case nothing can be assumed about the +consistency for the data written to this file descriptor. +

+

The return value of this function is 0 if the request was +successfully enqueued. Otherwise the return value is -1 and +errno is set to one of the following values: +

+
+
EAGAIN
+

The request could not be enqueued due to temporary lack of resources. +

+
EBADF
+

The file descriptor aiocbp->aio_fildes is not valid or not open +for writing. +

+
EINVAL
+

The implementation does not support I/O synchronization or the op +parameter is other than O_DSYNC and O_SYNC. +

+
ENOSYS
+

This function is not implemented. +

+
+ +

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this +function is in fact aio_fsync64 since the LFS interface +transparently replaces the normal implementation. +

+ +
+
Function: int aio_fsync64 (int op, struct aiocb64 *aiocbp) + +
+

This function is similar to aio_fsync with the only difference +that the argument is a reference to a variable of type struct +aiocb64. +

+

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this +function is available under the name aio_fsync and so +transparently replaces the interface for small files on 32 bit +machines. +

+ +

Another method of synchronization is to wait until one or more requests of a +specific set terminated. This could be achieved by the aio_* +functions to notify the initiating process about the termination but in +some situations this is not the ideal solution. In a program which +constantly updates clients somehow connected to the server it is not +always the best solution to go round robin since some connections might +be slow. On the other hand letting the aio_* function notify the +caller might also be not the best solution since whenever the process +works on preparing data for on client it makes no sense to be +interrupted by a notification since the new client will not be handled +before the current client is served. For situations like this +aio_suspend should be used. +

+
+
Function: int aio_suspend (const struct aiocb *const list[], int nent, const struct timespec *timeout) + +
+

When calling this function, the calling thread is suspended until at +least one of the requests pointed to by the nent elements of the +array list has completed. If any of the requests has already +completed at the time aio_suspend is called, the function returns +immediately. Whether a request has terminated or not is determined by +comparing the error status of the request with EINPROGRESS. If +an element of list is NULL, the entry is simply ignored. +

+

If no request has finished, the calling process is suspended. If +timeout is NULL, the process is not woken until a request +has finished. If timeout is not NULL, the process remains +suspended at least as long as specified in timeout. In this case, +aio_suspend returns with an error. +

+

The return value of the function is 0 if one or more requests +from the list have terminated. Otherwise the function returns +-1 and errno is set to one of the following values: +

+
+
EAGAIN
+

None of the requests from the list completed in the time specified +by timeout. +

+
EINTR
+

A signal interrupted the aio_suspend function. This signal might +also be sent by the AIO implementation while signalling the termination +of one of the requests. +

+
ENOSYS
+

The aio_suspend function is not implemented. +

+
+ +

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this +function is in fact aio_suspend64 since the LFS interface +transparently replaces the normal implementation. +

+ +
+
Function: int aio_suspend64 (const struct aiocb64 *const list[], int nent, const struct timespec *timeout) + +
+

This function is similar to aio_suspend with the only difference +that the argument is a reference to a variable of type struct +aiocb64. +

+

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this +function is available under the name aio_suspend and so +transparently replaces the interface for small files on 32 bit +machines. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

13.10.4 Cancellation of AIO Operations

+ +

When one or more requests are asynchronously processed, it might be +useful in some situations to cancel a selected operation, e.g., if it +becomes obvious that the written data is no longer accurate and would +have to be overwritten soon. As an example, assume an application, which +writes data in files in a situation where new incoming data would have +to be written in a file which will be updated by an enqueued request. +The POSIX AIO implementation provides such a function, but this function +is not capable of forcing the cancellation of the request. It is up to the +implementation to decide whether it is possible to cancel the operation +or not. Therefore using this function is merely a hint. +

+
+
Function: int aio_cancel (int fildes, struct aiocb *aiocbp) + +
+

The aio_cancel function can be used to cancel one or more +outstanding requests. If the aiocbp parameter is NULL, the +function tries to cancel all of the outstanding requests which would process +the file descriptor fildes (i.e., whose aio_fildes member +is fildes). If aiocbp is not NULL, aio_cancel +attempts to cancel the specific request pointed to by aiocbp. +

+

For requests which were successfully canceled, the normal notification +about the termination of the request should take place. I.e., depending +on the struct sigevent object which controls this, nothing +happens, a signal is sent or a thread is started. If the request cannot +be canceled, it terminates the usual way after performing the operation. +

+

After a request is successfully canceled, a call to aio_error with +a reference to this request as the parameter will return +ECANCELED and a call to aio_return will return -1. +If the request wasn't canceled and is still running the error status is +still EINPROGRESS. +

+

The return value of the function is AIO_CANCELED if there were +requests which haven't terminated and which were successfully canceled. +If there is one or more requests left which couldn't be canceled, the +return value is AIO_NOTCANCELED. In this case aio_error +must be used to find out which of the, perhaps multiple, requests (in +aiocbp is NULL) weren't successfully canceled. If all +requests already terminated at the time aio_cancel is called the +return value is AIO_ALLDONE. +

+

If an error occurred during the execution of aio_cancel the +function returns -1 and sets errno to one of the following +values. +

+
+
EBADF
+

The file descriptor fildes is not valid. +

+
ENOSYS
+

aio_cancel is not implemented. +

+
+ +

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64, this +function is in fact aio_cancel64 since the LFS interface +transparently replaces the normal implementation. +

+ +
+
Function: int aio_cancel64 (int fildes, struct aiocb64 *aiocbp) + +
+

This function is similar to aio_cancel with the only difference +that the argument is a reference to a variable of type struct +aiocb64. +

+

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64, this +function is available under the name aio_cancel and so +transparently replaces the interface for small files on 32 bit +machines. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

13.10.5 How to optimize the AIO implementation

+ +

The POSIX standard does not specify how the AIO functions are +implemented. They could be system calls, but it is also possible to +emulate them at userlevel. +

+

At the point of this writing, the available implementation is a userlevel +implementation which uses threads for handling the enqueued requests. +While this implementation requires making some decisions about +limitations, hard limitations are something which is best avoided +in the GNU C library. Therefore, the GNU C library provides a means +for tuning the AIO implementation according to the individual use. +

+
+
Data Type: struct aioinit + +
+

This data type is used to pass the configuration or tunable parameters +to the implementation. The program has to initialize the members of +this struct and pass it to the implementation using the aio_init +function. +

+
+
int aio_threads
+

This member specifies the maximal number of threads which may be used +at any one time. +

+
int aio_num
+

This number provides an estimate on the maximal number of simultaneously +enqueued requests. +

+
int aio_locks
+

Unused. +

+
int aio_usedba
+

Unused. +

+
int aio_debug
+

Unused. +

+
int aio_numusers
+

Unused. +

+
int aio_reserved[2]
+

Unused. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: void aio_init (const struct aioinit *init) + +
+

This function must be called before any other AIO function. Calling it +is completely voluntary, as it is only meant to help the AIO +implementation perform better. +

+

Before calling the aio_init, function the members of a variable of +type struct aioinit must be initialized. Then a reference to +this variable is passed as the parameter to aio_init which itself +may or may not pay attention to the hints. +

+

The function has no return value and no error cases are defined. It is +a extension which follows a proposal from the SGI implementation in +Irix 6. It is not covered by POSIX.1b or Unix98. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

13.11 Control Operations on Files

+ +

This section describes how you can perform various other operations on +file descriptors, such as inquiring about or setting flags describing +the status of the file descriptor, manipulating record locks, and the +like. All of these operations are performed by the function fcntl. +

+

The second argument to the fcntl function is a command that +specifies which operation to perform. The function and macros that name +various flags that are used with it are declared in the header file +‘fcntl.h’. Many of these flags are also used by the open +function; see Opening and Closing Files. + +

+
+
Function: int fcntl (int filedes, int command, …) + +
+

The fcntl function performs the operation specified by +command on the file descriptor filedes. Some commands +require additional arguments to be supplied. These additional arguments +and the return value and error conditions are given in the detailed +descriptions of the individual commands. +

+

Briefly, here is a list of what the various commands are. +

+
+
F_DUPFD
+

Duplicate the file descriptor (return another file descriptor pointing +to the same open file). See section Duplicating Descriptors. +

+
+
F_GETFD
+

Get flags associated with the file descriptor. See section File Descriptor Flags. +

+
+
F_SETFD
+

Set flags associated with the file descriptor. See section File Descriptor Flags. +

+
+
F_GETFL
+

Get flags associated with the open file. See section File Status Flags. +

+
+
F_SETFL
+

Set flags associated with the open file. See section File Status Flags. +

+
+
F_GETLK
+

Get a file lock. See section File Locks. +

+
+
F_SETLK
+

Set or clear a file lock. See section File Locks. +

+
+
F_SETLKW
+

Like F_SETLK, but wait for completion. See section File Locks. +

+
+
F_GETOWN
+

Get process or process group ID to receive SIGIO signals. +See section Interrupt-Driven Input. +

+
+
F_SETOWN
+

Set process or process group ID to receive SIGIO signals. +See section Interrupt-Driven Input. +

+
+ +

This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs. This +is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like memory, file +descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time fcntl is +called. If the thread gets canceled these resources stay allocated +until the program ends. To avoid this calls to fcntl should be +protected using cancellation handlers. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

13.12 Duplicating Descriptors

+ + +

You can duplicate a file descriptor, or allocate another file +descriptor that refers to the same open file as the original. Duplicate +descriptors share one file position and one set of file status flags +(see section File Status Flags), but each has its own set of file descriptor +flags (see section File Descriptor Flags). +

+

The major use of duplicating a file descriptor is to implement +redirection of input or output: that is, to change the +file or pipe that a particular file descriptor corresponds to. +

+

You can perform this operation using the fcntl function with the +F_DUPFD command, but there are also convenient functions +dup and dup2 for duplicating descriptors. +

+ + +

The fcntl function and flags are declared in ‘fcntl.h’, +while prototypes for dup and dup2 are in the header file +‘unistd.h’. +

+
+
Function: int dup (int old) + +
+

This function copies descriptor old to the first available +descriptor number (the first number not currently open). It is +equivalent to fcntl (old, F_DUPFD, 0). +

+ +
+
Function: int dup2 (int old, int new) + +
+

This function copies the descriptor old to descriptor number +new. +

+

If old is an invalid descriptor, then dup2 does nothing; it +does not close new. Otherwise, the new duplicate of old +replaces any previous meaning of descriptor new, as if new +were closed first. +

+

If old and new are different numbers, and old is a +valid descriptor number, then dup2 is equivalent to: +

+
 
close (new);
+fcntl (old, F_DUPFD, new)
+
+ +

However, dup2 does this atomically; there is no instant in the +middle of calling dup2 at which new is closed and not yet a +duplicate of old. +

+ +
+
Macro: int F_DUPFD + +
+

This macro is used as the command argument to fcntl, to +copy the file descriptor given as the first argument. +

+

The form of the call in this case is: +

+
 
fcntl (old, F_DUPFD, next-filedes)
+
+ +

The next-filedes argument is of type int and specifies that +the file descriptor returned should be the next available one greater +than or equal to this value. +

+

The return value from fcntl with this command is normally the value +of the new file descriptor. A return value of -1 indicates an +error. The following errno error conditions are defined for +this command: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The old argument is invalid. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The next-filedes argument is invalid. +

+
+
EMFILE
+

There are no more file descriptors available—your program is already +using the maximum. In BSD and GNU, the maximum is controlled by a +resource limit that can be changed; see section Limiting Resource Usage, for +more information about the RLIMIT_NOFILE limit. +

+
+ +

ENFILE is not a possible error code for dup2 because +dup2 does not create a new opening of a file; duplicate +descriptors do not count toward the limit which ENFILE +indicates. EMFILE is possible because it refers to the limit on +distinct descriptor numbers in use in one process. +

+ +

Here is an example showing how to use dup2 to do redirection. +Typically, redirection of the standard streams (like stdin) is +done by a shell or shell-like program before calling one of the +exec functions (see section Executing a File) to execute a new +program in a child process. When the new program is executed, it +creates and initializes the standard streams to point to the +corresponding file descriptors, before its main function is +invoked. +

+

So, to redirect standard input to a file, the shell could do something +like: +

+
 
pid = fork ();
+if (pid == 0)
+  {
+    char *filename;
+    char *program;
+    int file;
+    …
+    file = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (open (filename, O_RDONLY));
+    dup2 (file, STDIN_FILENO);
+    TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (close (file));
+    execv (program, NULL);
+  }
+
+ +

There is also a more detailed example showing how to implement redirection +in the context of a pipeline of processes in Launching Jobs. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

13.13 File Descriptor Flags

+ +

File descriptor flags are miscellaneous attributes of a file +descriptor. These flags are associated with particular file +descriptors, so that if you have created duplicate file descriptors +from a single opening of a file, each descriptor has its own set of flags. +

+

Currently there is just one file descriptor flag: FD_CLOEXEC, +which causes the descriptor to be closed if you use any of the +exec… functions (see section Executing a File). +

+

The symbols in this section are defined in the header file +‘fcntl.h’. + +

+
+
Macro: int F_GETFD + +
+

This macro is used as the command argument to fcntl, to +specify that it should return the file descriptor flags associated +with the filedes argument. +

+

The normal return value from fcntl with this command is a +nonnegative number which can be interpreted as the bitwise OR of the +individual flags (except that currently there is only one flag to use). +

+

In case of an error, fcntl returns -1. The following +errno error conditions are defined for this command: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes argument is invalid. +

+
+
+ + +
+
Macro: int F_SETFD + +
+

This macro is used as the command argument to fcntl, to +specify that it should set the file descriptor flags associated with the +filedes argument. This requires a third int argument to +specify the new flags, so the form of the call is: +

+
 
fcntl (filedes, F_SETFD, new-flags)
+
+ +

The normal return value from fcntl with this command is an +unspecified value other than -1, which indicates an error. +The flags and error conditions are the same as for the F_GETFD +command. +

+ +

The following macro is defined for use as a file descriptor flag with +the fcntl function. The value is an integer constant usable +as a bit mask value. +

+
+
Macro: int FD_CLOEXEC + +
+
+

This flag specifies that the file descriptor should be closed when +an exec function is invoked; see Executing a File. When +a file descriptor is allocated (as with open or dup), +this bit is initially cleared on the new file descriptor, meaning that +descriptor will survive into the new program after exec. +

+ +

If you want to modify the file descriptor flags, you should get the +current flags with F_GETFD and modify the value. Don't assume +that the flags listed here are the only ones that are implemented; your +program may be run years from now and more flags may exist then. For +example, here is a function to set or clear the flag FD_CLOEXEC +without altering any other flags: +

+
 
/* Set the FD_CLOEXEC flag of desc if value is nonzero,
+   or clear the flag if value is 0.
+   Return 0 on success, or -1 on error with errno set. */
+
+int
+set_cloexec_flag (int desc, int value)
+{
+  int oldflags = fcntl (desc, F_GETFD, 0);
+  /* If reading the flags failed, return error indication now. */
+  if (oldflags < 0)
+    return oldflags;
+  /* Set just the flag we want to set. */
+  if (value != 0)
+    oldflags |= FD_CLOEXEC;
+  else
+    oldflags &= ~FD_CLOEXEC;
+  /* Store modified flag word in the descriptor. */
+  return fcntl (desc, F_SETFD, oldflags);
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

13.14 File Status Flags

+ +

File status flags are used to specify attributes of the opening of a +file. Unlike the file descriptor flags discussed in File Descriptor Flags, the file status flags are shared by duplicated file descriptors +resulting from a single opening of the file. The file status flags are +specified with the flags argument to open; +see section Opening and Closing Files. +

+

File status flags fall into three categories, which are described in the +following sections. +

+
    +
  • +File Access Modes, specify what type of access is allowed to the +file: reading, writing, or both. They are set by open and are +returned by fcntl, but cannot be changed. + +
  • +Open-time Flags, control details of what open will do. +These flags are not preserved after the open call. + +
  • +I/O Operating Modes, affect how operations such as read and +write are done. They are set by open, and can be fetched or +changed with fcntl. +
+ +

The symbols in this section are defined in the header file +‘fcntl.h’. + +

+ + + + + +
13.14.1 File Access Modes   Whether the descriptor can read or write. +
13.14.2 Open-time Flags   Details of open. +
13.14.3 I/O Operating Modes   Special modes to control I/O operations. +
13.14.4 Getting and Setting File Status Flags   Fetching and changing these flags. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

13.14.1 File Access Modes

+ +

The file access modes allow a file descriptor to be used for reading, +writing, or both. (In the GNU system, they can also allow none of these, +and allow execution of the file as a program.) The access modes are chosen +when the file is opened, and never change. +

+
+
Macro: int O_RDONLY + +
+

Open the file for read access. +

+ +
+
Macro: int O_WRONLY + +
+

Open the file for write access. +

+ +
+
Macro: int O_RDWR + +
+

Open the file for both reading and writing. +

+ +

In the GNU system (and not in other systems), O_RDONLY and +O_WRONLY are independent bits that can be bitwise-ORed together, +and it is valid for either bit to be set or clear. This means that +O_RDWR is the same as O_RDONLY|O_WRONLY. A file access +mode of zero is permissible; it allows no operations that do input or +output to the file, but does allow other operations such as +fchmod. On the GNU system, since “read-only” or “write-only” +is a misnomer, ‘fcntl.h’ defines additional names for the file +access modes. These names are preferred when writing GNU-specific code. +But most programs will want to be portable to other POSIX.1 systems and +should use the POSIX.1 names above instead. +

+
+
Macro: int O_READ + +
+

Open the file for reading. Same as O_RDONLY; only defined on GNU. +

+ +
+
Macro: int O_WRITE + +
+

Open the file for writing. Same as O_WRONLY; only defined on GNU. +

+ +
+
Macro: int O_EXEC + +
+

Open the file for executing. Only defined on GNU. +

+ +

To determine the file access mode with fcntl, you must extract +the access mode bits from the retrieved file status flags. In the GNU +system, you can just test the O_READ and O_WRITE bits in +the flags word. But in other POSIX.1 systems, reading and writing +access modes are not stored as distinct bit flags. The portable way to +extract the file access mode bits is with O_ACCMODE. +

+
+
Macro: int O_ACCMODE + +
+

This macro stands for a mask that can be bitwise-ANDed with the file +status flag value to produce a value representing the file access mode. +The mode will be O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY, or O_RDWR. +(In the GNU system it could also be zero, and it never includes the +O_EXEC bit.) +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

13.14.2 Open-time Flags

+ +

The open-time flags specify options affecting how open will behave. +These options are not preserved once the file is open. The exception to +this is O_NONBLOCK, which is also an I/O operating mode and so it +is saved. See section Opening and Closing Files, for how to call +open. +

+

There are two sorts of options specified by open-time flags. +

+
    +
  • +File name translation flags affect how open looks up the +file name to locate the file, and whether the file can be created. + + + +
  • +Open-time action flags specify extra operations that open will +perform on the file once it is open. + + +
+ +

Here are the file name translation flags. +

+
+
Macro: int O_CREAT + +
+

If set, the file will be created if it doesn't already exist. + +

+ +
+
Macro: int O_EXCL + +
+

If both O_CREAT and O_EXCL are set, then open fails +if the specified file already exists. This is guaranteed to never +clobber an existing file. +

+ +
+
Macro: int O_NONBLOCK + +
+
+

This prevents open from blocking for a “long time” to open the +file. This is only meaningful for some kinds of files, usually devices +such as serial ports; when it is not meaningful, it is harmless and +ignored. Often opening a port to a modem blocks until the modem reports +carrier detection; if O_NONBLOCK is specified, open will +return immediately without a carrier. +

+

Note that the O_NONBLOCK flag is overloaded as both an I/O operating +mode and a file name translation flag. This means that specifying +O_NONBLOCK in open also sets nonblocking I/O mode; +see section I/O Operating Modes. To open the file without blocking but do normal +I/O that blocks, you must call open with O_NONBLOCK set and +then call fcntl to turn the bit off. +

+ +
+
Macro: int O_NOCTTY + +
+

If the named file is a terminal device, don't make it the controlling +terminal for the process. See section Job Control, for information about +what it means to be the controlling terminal. +

+

In the GNU system and 4.4 BSD, opening a file never makes it the +controlling terminal and O_NOCTTY is zero. However, other +systems may use a nonzero value for O_NOCTTY and set the +controlling terminal when you open a file that is a terminal device; so +to be portable, use O_NOCTTY when it is important to avoid this. + +

+ +

The following three file name translation flags exist only in the GNU system. +

+
+
Macro: int O_IGNORE_CTTY + +
+

Do not recognize the named file as the controlling terminal, even if it +refers to the process's existing controlling terminal device. Operations +on the new file descriptor will never induce job control signals. +See section Job Control. +

+ +
+
Macro: int O_NOLINK + +
+

If the named file is a symbolic link, open the link itself instead of +the file it refers to. (fstat on the new file descriptor will +return the information returned by lstat on the link's name.) + +

+ +
+
Macro: int O_NOTRANS + +
+

If the named file is specially translated, do not invoke the translator. +Open the bare file the translator itself sees. +

+ + +

The open-time action flags tell open to do additional operations +which are not really related to opening the file. The reason to do them +as part of open instead of in separate calls is that open +can do them atomically. +

+
+
Macro: int O_TRUNC + +
+

Truncate the file to zero length. This option is only useful for +regular files, not special files such as directories or FIFOs. POSIX.1 +requires that you open the file for writing to use O_TRUNC. In +BSD and GNU you must have permission to write the file to truncate it, +but you need not open for write access. +

+

This is the only open-time action flag specified by POSIX.1. There is +no good reason for truncation to be done by open, instead of by +calling ftruncate afterwards. The O_TRUNC flag existed in +Unix before ftruncate was invented, and is retained for backward +compatibility. +

+ +

The remaining operating modes are BSD extensions. They exist only +on some systems. On other systems, these macros are not defined. +

+
+
Macro: int O_SHLOCK + +
+

Acquire a shared lock on the file, as with flock. +See section File Locks. +

+

If O_CREAT is specified, the locking is done atomically when +creating the file. You are guaranteed that no other process will get +the lock on the new file first. +

+ +
+
Macro: int O_EXLOCK + +
+

Acquire an exclusive lock on the file, as with flock. +See section File Locks. This is atomic like O_SHLOCK. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

13.14.3 I/O Operating Modes

+ +

The operating modes affect how input and output operations using a file +descriptor work. These flags are set by open and can be fetched +and changed with fcntl. +

+
+
Macro: int O_APPEND + +
+

The bit that enables append mode for the file. If set, then all +write operations write the data at the end of the file, extending +it, regardless of the current file position. This is the only reliable +way to append to a file. In append mode, you are guaranteed that the +data you write will always go to the current end of the file, regardless +of other processes writing to the file. Conversely, if you simply set +the file position to the end of file and write, then another process can +extend the file after you set the file position but before you write, +resulting in your data appearing someplace before the real end of file. +

+ +
+
Macro: int O_NONBLOCK + +
+

The bit that enables nonblocking mode for the file. If this bit is set, +read requests on the file can return immediately with a failure +status if there is no input immediately available, instead of blocking. +Likewise, write requests can also return immediately with a +failure status if the output can't be written immediately. +

+

Note that the O_NONBLOCK flag is overloaded as both an I/O +operating mode and a file name translation flag; see section Open-time Flags. +

+ +
+
Macro: int O_NDELAY + +
+

This is an obsolete name for O_NONBLOCK, provided for +compatibility with BSD. It is not defined by the POSIX.1 standard. +

+ +

The remaining operating modes are BSD and GNU extensions. They exist only +on some systems. On other systems, these macros are not defined. +

+
+
Macro: int O_ASYNC + +
+

The bit that enables asynchronous input mode. If set, then SIGIO +signals will be generated when input is available. See section Interrupt-Driven Input. +

+

Asynchronous input mode is a BSD feature. +

+ +
+
Macro: int O_FSYNC + +
+

The bit that enables synchronous writing for the file. If set, each +write call will make sure the data is reliably stored on disk before +returning.

+

Synchronous writing is a BSD feature. +

+ +
+
Macro: int O_SYNC + +
+

This is another name for O_FSYNC. They have the same value. +

+ +
+
Macro: int O_NOATIME + +
+

If this bit is set, read will not update the access time of the +file. See section File Times. This is used by programs that do backups, so +that backing a file up does not count as reading it. +Only the owner of the file or the superuser may use this bit. +

+

This is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

13.14.4 Getting and Setting File Status Flags

+ +

The fcntl function can fetch or change file status flags. +

+
+
Macro: int F_GETFL + +
+

This macro is used as the command argument to fcntl, to +read the file status flags for the open file with descriptor +filedes. +

+

The normal return value from fcntl with this command is a +nonnegative number which can be interpreted as the bitwise OR of the +individual flags. Since the file access modes are not single-bit values, +you can mask off other bits in the returned flags with O_ACCMODE +to compare them. +

+

In case of an error, fcntl returns -1. The following +errno error conditions are defined for this command: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes argument is invalid. +

+
+
+ +
+
Macro: int F_SETFL + +
+

This macro is used as the command argument to fcntl, to set +the file status flags for the open file corresponding to the +filedes argument. This command requires a third int +argument to specify the new flags, so the call looks like this: +

+
 
fcntl (filedes, F_SETFL, new-flags)
+
+ +

You can't change the access mode for the file in this way; that is, +whether the file descriptor was opened for reading or writing. +

+

The normal return value from fcntl with this command is an +unspecified value other than -1, which indicates an error. The +error conditions are the same as for the F_GETFL command. +

+ +

If you want to modify the file status flags, you should get the current +flags with F_GETFL and modify the value. Don't assume that the +flags listed here are the only ones that are implemented; your program +may be run years from now and more flags may exist then. For example, +here is a function to set or clear the flag O_NONBLOCK without +altering any other flags: +

+
 
/* Set the O_NONBLOCK flag of desc if value is nonzero,
+   or clear the flag if value is 0.
+   Return 0 on success, or -1 on error with errno set. */
+
+int
+set_nonblock_flag (int desc, int value)
+{
+  int oldflags = fcntl (desc, F_GETFL, 0);
+  /* If reading the flags failed, return error indication now. */
+  if (oldflags == -1)
+    return -1;
+  /* Set just the flag we want to set. */
+  if (value != 0)
+    oldflags |= O_NONBLOCK;
+  else
+    oldflags &= ~O_NONBLOCK;
+  /* Store modified flag word in the descriptor. */
+  return fcntl (desc, F_SETFL, oldflags);
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

13.15 File Locks

+ +

The remaining fcntl commands are used to support record +locking, which permits multiple cooperating programs to prevent each +other from simultaneously accessing parts of a file in error-prone +ways. +

+ + +

An exclusive or write lock gives a process exclusive access +for writing to the specified part of the file. While a write lock is in +place, no other process can lock that part of the file. +

+ + +

A shared or read lock prohibits any other process from +requesting a write lock on the specified part of the file. However, +other processes can request read locks. +

+

The read and write functions do not actually check to see +whether there are any locks in place. If you want to implement a +locking protocol for a file shared by multiple processes, your application +must do explicit fcntl calls to request and clear locks at the +appropriate points. +

+

Locks are associated with processes. A process can only have one kind +of lock set for each byte of a given file. When any file descriptor for +that file is closed by the process, all of the locks that process holds +on that file are released, even if the locks were made using other +descriptors that remain open. Likewise, locks are released when a +process exits, and are not inherited by child processes created using +fork (see section Creating a Process). +

+

When making a lock, use a struct flock to specify what kind of +lock and where. This data type and the associated macros for the +fcntl function are declared in the header file ‘fcntl.h’. + +

+
+
Data Type: struct flock + +
+

This structure is used with the fcntl function to describe a file +lock. It has these members: +

+
+
short int l_type
+

Specifies the type of the lock; one of F_RDLCK, F_WRLCK, or +F_UNLCK. +

+
+
short int l_whence
+

This corresponds to the whence argument to fseek or +lseek, and specifies what the offset is relative to. Its value +can be one of SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, or SEEK_END. +

+
+
off_t l_start
+

This specifies the offset of the start of the region to which the lock +applies, and is given in bytes relative to the point specified by +l_whence member. +

+
+
off_t l_len
+

This specifies the length of the region to be locked. A value of +0 is treated specially; it means the region extends to the end of +the file. +

+
+
pid_t l_pid
+

This field is the process ID (see section Process Creation Concepts) of the +process holding the lock. It is filled in by calling fcntl with +the F_GETLK command, but is ignored when making a lock. +

+
+
+ +
+
Macro: int F_GETLK + +
+

This macro is used as the command argument to fcntl, to +specify that it should get information about a lock. This command +requires a third argument of type struct flock * to be passed +to fcntl, so that the form of the call is: +

+
 
fcntl (filedes, F_GETLK, lockp)
+
+ +

If there is a lock already in place that would block the lock described +by the lockp argument, information about that lock overwrites +*lockp. Existing locks are not reported if they are +compatible with making a new lock as specified. Thus, you should +specify a lock type of F_WRLCK if you want to find out about both +read and write locks, or F_RDLCK if you want to find out about +write locks only. +

+

There might be more than one lock affecting the region specified by the +lockp argument, but fcntl only returns information about +one of them. The l_whence member of the lockp structure is +set to SEEK_SET and the l_start and l_len fields +set to identify the locked region. +

+

If no lock applies, the only change to the lockp structure is to +update the l_type to a value of F_UNLCK. +

+

The normal return value from fcntl with this command is an +unspecified value other than -1, which is reserved to indicate an +error. The following errno error conditions are defined for +this command: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes argument is invalid. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

Either the lockp argument doesn't specify valid lock information, +or the file associated with filedes doesn't support locks. +

+
+
+ +
+
Macro: int F_SETLK + +
+

This macro is used as the command argument to fcntl, to +specify that it should set or clear a lock. This command requires a +third argument of type struct flock * to be passed to +fcntl, so that the form of the call is: +

+
 
fcntl (filedes, F_SETLK, lockp)
+
+ +

If the process already has a lock on any part of the region, the old lock +on that part is replaced with the new lock. You can remove a lock +by specifying a lock type of F_UNLCK. +

+

If the lock cannot be set, fcntl returns immediately with a value +of -1. This function does not block waiting for other processes +to release locks. If fcntl succeeds, it return a value other +than -1. +

+

The following errno error conditions are defined for this +function: +

+
+
EAGAIN
+
EACCES
+

The lock cannot be set because it is blocked by an existing lock on the +file. Some systems use EAGAIN in this case, and other systems +use EACCES; your program should treat them alike, after +F_SETLK. (The GNU system always uses EAGAIN.) +

+
+
EBADF
+

Either: the filedes argument is invalid; you requested a read lock +but the filedes is not open for read access; or, you requested a +write lock but the filedes is not open for write access. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

Either the lockp argument doesn't specify valid lock information, +or the file associated with filedes doesn't support locks. +

+
+
ENOLCK
+

The system has run out of file lock resources; there are already too +many file locks in place. +

+

Well-designed file systems never report this error, because they have no +limitation on the number of locks. However, you must still take account +of the possibility of this error, as it could result from network access +to a file system on another machine. +

+
+
+ +
+
Macro: int F_SETLKW + +
+

This macro is used as the command argument to fcntl, to +specify that it should set or clear a lock. It is just like the +F_SETLK command, but causes the process to block (or wait) +until the request can be specified. +

+

This command requires a third argument of type struct flock *, as +for the F_SETLK command. +

+

The fcntl return values and errors are the same as for the +F_SETLK command, but these additional errno error conditions +are defined for this command: +

+
+
EINTR
+

The function was interrupted by a signal while it was waiting. +See section Primitives Interrupted by Signals. +

+
+
EDEADLK
+

The specified region is being locked by another process. But that +process is waiting to lock a region which the current process has +locked, so waiting for the lock would result in deadlock. The system +does not guarantee that it will detect all such conditions, but it lets +you know if it notices one. +

+
+
+ + +

The following macros are defined for use as values for the l_type +member of the flock structure. The values are integer constants. +

+
+
+
+
F_RDLCK
+

This macro is used to specify a read (or shared) lock. +

+ +
+
F_WRLCK
+

This macro is used to specify a write (or exclusive) lock. +

+ +
+
F_UNLCK
+

This macro is used to specify that the region is unlocked. +

+
+ +

As an example of a situation where file locking is useful, consider a +program that can be run simultaneously by several different users, that +logs status information to a common file. One example of such a program +might be a game that uses a file to keep track of high scores. Another +example might be a program that records usage or accounting information +for billing purposes. +

+

Having multiple copies of the program simultaneously writing to the +file could cause the contents of the file to become mixed up. But +you can prevent this kind of problem by setting a write lock on the +file before actually writing to the file. +

+

If the program also needs to read the file and wants to make sure that +the contents of the file are in a consistent state, then it can also use +a read lock. While the read lock is set, no other process can lock +that part of the file for writing. +

+ +

Remember that file locks are only a voluntary protocol for +controlling access to a file. There is still potential for access to +the file by programs that don't use the lock protocol. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

13.16 Interrupt-Driven Input

+ +

If you set the O_ASYNC status flag on a file descriptor +(see section File Status Flags), a SIGIO signal is sent whenever +input or output becomes possible on that file descriptor. The process +or process group to receive the signal can be selected by using the +F_SETOWN command to the fcntl function. If the file +descriptor is a socket, this also selects the recipient of SIGURG +signals that are delivered when out-of-band data arrives on that socket; +see Out-of-Band Data. (SIGURG is sent in any situation +where select would report the socket as having an “exceptional +condition”. See section Waiting for Input or Output.) +

+

If the file descriptor corresponds to a terminal device, then SIGIO +signals are sent to the foreground process group of the terminal. +See section Job Control. +

+ +

The symbols in this section are defined in the header file +‘fcntl.h’. +

+
+
Macro: int F_GETOWN + +
+

This macro is used as the command argument to fcntl, to +specify that it should get information about the process or process +group to which SIGIO signals are sent. (For a terminal, this is +actually the foreground process group ID, which you can get using +tcgetpgrp; see Functions for Controlling Terminal Access.) +

+

The return value is interpreted as a process ID; if negative, its +absolute value is the process group ID. +

+

The following errno error condition is defined for this command: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes argument is invalid. +

+
+
+ +
+
Macro: int F_SETOWN + +
+

This macro is used as the command argument to fcntl, to +specify that it should set the process or process group to which +SIGIO signals are sent. This command requires a third argument +of type pid_t to be passed to fcntl, so that the form of +the call is: +

+
 
fcntl (filedes, F_SETOWN, pid)
+
+ +

The pid argument should be a process ID. You can also pass a +negative number whose absolute value is a process group ID. +

+

The return value from fcntl with this command is -1 +in case of error and some other value if successful. The following +errno error conditions are defined for this command: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes argument is invalid. +

+
+
ESRCH
+

There is no process or process group corresponding to pid. +

+
+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

13.17 Generic I/O Control operations

+ +

The GNU system can handle most input/output operations on many different +devices and objects in terms of a few file primitives - read, +write and lseek. However, most devices also have a few +peculiar operations which do not fit into this model. Such as: +

+
    +
  • +Changing the character font used on a terminal. + +
  • +Telling a magnetic tape system to rewind or fast forward. (Since they +cannot move in byte increments, lseek is inapplicable). + +
  • +Ejecting a disk from a drive. + +
  • +Playing an audio track from a CD-ROM drive. + +
  • +Maintaining routing tables for a network. + +
+ +

Although some such objects such as sockets and terminals +(2) have special functions of their own, it would +not be practical to create functions for all these cases. +

+

Instead these minor operations, known as IOCTLs, are assigned code +numbers and multiplexed through the ioctl function, defined in +sys/ioctl.h. The code numbers themselves are defined in many +different headers. +

+
+
Function: int ioctl (int filedes, int command, …) + +
+

The ioctl function performs the generic I/O operation +command on filedes. +

+

A third argument is usually present, either a single number or a pointer +to a structure. The meaning of this argument, the returned value, and +any error codes depends upon the command used. Often -1 is +returned for a failure. +

+
+ +

On some systems, IOCTLs used by different devices share the same numbers. +Thus, although use of an inappropriate IOCTL usually only produces +an error, you should not attempt to use device-specific IOCTLs on an +unknown device. +

+

Most IOCTLs are OS-specific and/or only used in special system utilities, +and are thus beyond the scope of this document. For an example of the use +of an IOCTL, see Out-of-Band Data. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_46.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_46.html @@ -0,0 +1,386 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Concept Index: N – P + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

Concept Index: N – P

+
Jump to:   / +   +4 +   +_ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +J +   +K +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +Q +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +Y +   +Z +   +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Index Entry Section
N
name of running program2.3 Error Messages
name of socket16.3 Socket Addresses
Name Service Switch28. System Databases and Name Service Switch
name space1.3.3 Reserved Names
names of signals24.2 Standard Signals
namespace (of socket)16.1 Socket Concepts
NaN20.5.2 Infinity and NaN
NaN20.8.5 Setting and modifying single bits of FP values
netgroup28.1 NSS Basics
Netgroup29.16.1 Netgroup Data
network byte order16.6.5 Byte Order Conversion
network number16.6.2.1 Internet Host Addresses
network protocol16.1 Socket Concepts
networks28.1 NSS Basics
networks database16.13 Networks Database
NIS30.1 Host Identification
NIS domain name30.1 Host Identification
NIS domain name30.1 Host Identification
NIS domain name30.1 Host Identification
nisplus, and booting28.2.2 Actions in the NSS configuration
nisplus, and completeness28.2.2 Actions in the NSS configuration
NLSPATH environment variable8.1.1 The catgets function family
NLSPATH environment variable25.4.2 Standard Environment Variables
non-blocking open13.14.2 Open-time Flags
non-local exit, from signal handler24.4.3 Nonlocal Control Transfer in Handlers
non-local exits23. Non-Local Exits
noncanonical input processing17.3 Two Styles of Input: Canonical or Not
normalization functions (floating-point)20.8.2 Normalization Functions
normalized floating point numberA.5.3.1 Floating Point Representation Concepts
not a number20.5.2 Infinity and NaN
NSS28. System Databases and Name Service Switch
‘nsswitch.conf’28.2 The NSS Configuration File
null character5.1 Representation of Strings
null pointer constantA.3 Null Pointer Constant
null wide character5.1 Representation of Strings
number of arguments passedA.2.2.3 How Many Arguments Were Supplied
number syntax, parsing20.11 Parsing of Numbers
numeric value formatting7.6.1 localeconv: It is portable but …
O
obstack status3.2.4.8 Status of an Obstack
obstacks3.2.4 Obstacks
open-time action flags13.14.2 Open-time Flags
opening a file11.1 Input/Output Concepts
opening a file descriptor13.1 Opening and Closing Files
opening a pipe15.1 Creating a Pipe
opening a pseudo-terminal pair17.8.2 Opening a Pseudo-Terminal Pair
opening a socket16.8.1 Creating a Socket
opening a socket pair16.8.3 Socket Pairs
opening a stream12.3 Opening Streams
Optimization19.9 Is Fast Code or Small Code preferred?
optimizing NSS28.2.3 Notes on the NSS Configuration File
option parsing with argp25.3 Parsing Program Options with Argp
optional argumentsA.2 Variadic Functions
optional POSIX features31.2 Overall System Options
orientation, stream12.3 Opening Streams
orientation, stream12.6 Streams in Internationalized Applications
orphaned process group27.5 Orphaned Process Groups
out-of-band data16.9.8 Out-of-Band Data
output conversions, for printf12.12.3 Table of Output Conversions
output possible signal24.2.4 Asynchronous I/O Signals
overflow exception20.5.1 FP Exceptions
owner of a file14.9.4 File Owner
P
packet16.1 Socket Concepts
page boundary3.2.2.7 Allocating Aligned Memory Blocks
page fault3.1 Process Memory Concepts
page fault, copy-on-write3.4.2 Locked Memory Details
page frame3.1 Process Memory Concepts
page, memory22.4.1 Overview about traditional Unix memory handling
page, virtual memory3.1 Process Memory Concepts
paging3.1 Process Memory Concepts
paging3.4 Locking Pages
parameter promotion5.2 String and Array Conventions
parent directory11.2.2 File Name Resolution
parent process26. Processes
parent process26.2 Process Creation Concepts
parity checking17.4.4 Input Modes
parsing a template string12.12.10 Parsing a Template String
parsing numbers (in formatted input)20.11 Parsing of Numbers
parsing program arguments25.1.2 Parsing Program Arguments
parsing tokens from a string5.8 Finding Tokens in a String
passwd28.1 NSS Basics
password database29.13 User Database
PATH environment variable25.4.2 Standard Environment Variables
pause function24.8 Waiting for a Signal
peeking at input12.10 Unreading
pending signals24.1.3 How Signals Are Delivered
pending signals, checking for24.7.6 Checking for Pending Signals
period of time21.1 Time Basics
permission to access a file14.9.6 How Your Access to a File is Decided
persona29.2 The Persona of a Process
physical address22.4.1 Overview about traditional Unix memory handling
physical memory22.4.1 Overview about traditional Unix memory handling
pi (trigonometric constant)19.2 Trigonometric Functions
pipe15. Pipes and FIFOs
pipe signal24.2.6 Operation Error Signals
pipe to a subprocess15.2 Pipe to a Subprocess
port number16.6.3 Internet Ports
positioning a file descriptor13.3 Setting the File Position of a Descriptor
positioning a stream12.18 File Positioning
positive difference20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions
POSIX1.2.2 POSIX (The Portable Operating System Interface)
POSIX capacity limits31.1 General Capacity Limits
POSIX optional features31.2 Overall System Options
POSIX.11.2.2 POSIX (The Portable Operating System Interface)
POSIX.21.2.2 POSIX (The Portable Operating System Interface)
power functions19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
precision (of floating point number)A.5.3.1 Floating Point Representation Concepts
precision (printf)12.12.2 Output Conversion Syntax
predicates on arrays5.5 String/Array Comparison
predicates on characters4.1 Classification of Characters
predicates on strings5.5 String/Array Comparison
preemptive scheduling22.3.1 Absolute Priority
primitives, interrupting24.5 Primitives Interrupted by Signals
printing character4.1 Classification of Characters
printing character4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
priority of a process22.3 Process CPU Priority And Scheduling
priority, absolute22.3.1 Absolute Priority
process25. The Basic Program/System Interface
process26. Processes
process completion26.6 Process Completion
process group functions27.7 Functions for Job Control
process group ID27.6.3 Launching Jobs
process group leader27.6.3 Launching Jobs
process groups27. Job Control
process ID26.2 Process Creation Concepts
process image26.2 Process Creation Concepts
process lifetime26.2 Process Creation Concepts
process priority22.3 Process CPU Priority And Scheduling
process signal mask24.7.3 Process Signal Mask
process termination25.6 Program Termination
processor time21.1 Time Basics
processor time21.3.2 Processor Time Inquiry
profiling alarm signal24.2.3 Alarm Signals
profiling timer21.5 Setting an Alarm
program25. The Basic Program/System Interface
program argument syntax25.1.1 Program Argument Syntax Conventions
program arguments25.1 Program Arguments
program arguments, parsing25.1.2 Parsing Program Arguments
program error signals24.2.1 Program Error Signals
program name2.3 Error Messages
program startup25.1 Program Arguments
program termination25.6 Program Termination
program termination signals24.2.2 Termination Signals
programming your own streams12.21.3 Programming Your Own Custom Streams
project complex numbers20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers
protocol (of socket)16.1 Socket Concepts
protocol family16.1 Socket Concepts
protocols28.1 NSS Basics
protocols database16.6.6 Protocols Database
prototypes for variadic functionsA.2.2.1 Syntax for Variable Arguments
pseudo-random numbers19.8 Pseudo-Random Numbers
pseudo-terminals17.8 Pseudo-Terminals
punctuation character4.1 Classification of Characters
punctuation character4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
pushing input back12.10 Unreading
+
Jump to:   / +   +4 +   +_ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +J +   +K +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +Q +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +Y +   +Z +   +
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_44.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_44.html @@ -0,0 +1,337 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Concept Index: G – J + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

Concept Index: G – J

+
Jump to:   / +   +4 +   +_ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +J +   +K +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +Q +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +Y +   +Z +   +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Index Entry Section
G
gamma function19.6 Special Functions
gcvt_r20.12 Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions
gencat8.1.3 Generate Message Catalogs files
generation of signals24.1.2 Concepts of Signal Generation
generic i/o control operations13.17 Generic I/O Control operations
globbing10.2 Globbing
graphic character4.1 Classification of Characters
graphic character4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
Gregorian calendar21.4 Calendar Time
group28.1 NSS Basics
group database29.14 Group Database
group ID29.1 User and Group IDs
group name29.1 User and Group IDs
group owner of a file14.9.4 File Owner
grouping of digits7.6.1.1 Generic Numeric Formatting Parameters
growing objects (in obstacks)3.2.4.6 Growing Objects
H
handling multiple signals24.4.5 Signals Close Together Merge into One
hangup signal24.2.2 Termination Signals
hard limit22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
hard link14.4 Hard Links
header files1.3.1 Header Files
heap consistency checking3.2.2.9 Heap Consistency Checking
heap, dynamic allocation from3.2.2 Unconstrained Allocation
heap, freeing memory from3.2.2.3 Freeing Memory Allocated with malloc
hexadecimal digit character4.1 Classification of Characters
hexadecimal digit character4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
hidden bit (of floating point number mantissa)A.5.3.1 Floating Point Representation Concepts
hierarchy, directory14.3 Working with Directory Trees
high-priority data16.9.8 Out-of-Band Data
high-resolution time21.4 Calendar Time
holes in files13.3 Setting the File Position of a Descriptor
home directory25.4.2 Standard Environment Variables
HOME environment variable25.4.2 Standard Environment Variables
hook functions (of custom streams)12.21.3.2 Custom Stream Hook Functions
host address, Internet16.6.2.1 Internet Host Addresses
host name30.1 Host Identification
hostname30.1 Host Identification
hosts28.1 NSS Basics
hosts database16.6.2.4 Host Names
how many argumentsA.2.2.3 How Many Arguments Were Supplied
hyperbolic functions19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
hyperbolic functions19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
I
identifying terminals17.1 Identifying Terminals
IEEE 75420.3 Floating Point Numbers
IEEE floating point20.3 Floating Point Numbers
IEEE floating point representationA.5.3.3 IEEE Floating Point
IEEE Std 1003.11.2.2 POSIX (The Portable Operating System Interface)
IEEE Std 1003.21.2.2 POSIX (The Portable Operating System Interface)
ignore action for a signal24.3.1 Basic Signal Handling
illegal instruction24.2.1 Program Error Signals
impossible eventsA.1 Explicitly Checking Internal Consistency
independent channels13.5.2 Independent Channels
inexact exception20.5.1 FP Exceptions
infinity20.5.2 Infinity and NaN
initial signal actions24.3.6 Initial Signal Actions
inode number14.9.1 The meaning of the File Attributes
input available signal24.2.4 Asynchronous I/O Signals
input conversions, for scanf12.14.3 Table of Input Conversions
input from multiple files13.8 Waiting for Input or Output
installation toolsC.3 Recommended Tools for Compilation
installingC.2 Installing the C Library
integer20.1 Integers
integer division functions20.2 Integer Division
integer type rangeA.5.2 Range of an Integer Type
integer type widthA.5.1 Computing the Width of an Integer Data Type
interactive signals, from terminal17.4.7 Local Modes
interactive stop signal24.2.5 Job Control Signals
internal representation6.1 Introduction to Extended Characters
internationalization7. Locales and Internationalization
Internet host address16.6.2.1 Internet Host Addresses
Internet namespace, for sockets16.6 The Internet Namespace
interprocess communication, with FIFO15.3 FIFO Special Files
interprocess communication, with pipes15.1 Creating a Pipe
interprocess communication, with signals24.6.4 Using kill for Communication
interprocess communication, with sockets16. Sockets
interrupt character17.4.9.2 Characters that Cause Signals
interrupt signal24.2.2 Termination Signals
interrupt-driven input13.16 Interrupt-Driven Input
interrupting primitives24.5 Primitives Interrupted by Signals
interval21.1 Time Basics
interval timer, setting21.5 Setting an Alarm
INTR character17.4.9.2 Characters that Cause Signals
invalid exception20.5.1 FP Exceptions
inverse complex hyperbolic functions19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
inverse complex trigonometric functions19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
inverse hyperbolic functions19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
inverse trigonometric functions19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
invocation of program25.1 Program Arguments
IOCTLs13.17 Generic I/O Control operations
ISO 106466.1 Introduction to Extended Characters
ISO 20226.1 Introduction to Extended Characters
ISO 69376.1 Introduction to Extended Characters
ISO C1.2.1 ISO C
ISO-2022-JP6.5.4 The iconv Implementation in the GNU C library
ISO/IEC 9945-11.2.2 POSIX (The Portable Operating System Interface)
ISO/IEC 9945-21.2.2 POSIX (The Portable Operating System Interface)
J
job27. Job Control
job control27. Job Control
job control functions27.7 Functions for Job Control
job control is optional27.2 Job Control is Optional
job control signals24.2.5 Job Control Signals
job control, enabling27.6.2 Initializing the Shell
job control, enabling27.6.2 Initializing the Shell
+
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+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc.html @@ -0,0 +1,1978 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Main Menu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

This is Edition 0.12, last updated 2007-10-27, of +The GNU C Library Reference Manual, for Version 2.8 +(EGLIBC) +of the GNU C Library. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
1. Introduction   Purpose of the GNU C Library. +
2. Error Reporting   How library functions report errors. +
3. Virtual Memory Allocation And Paging   Allocating virtual memory and controlling + paging. +
4. Character Handling   Character testing and conversion functions. +
5. String and Array Utilities   Utilities for copying and comparing strings + and arrays. +
6. Character Set Handling   Support for extended character sets. +
7. Locales and Internationalization   The country and language can affect the + behavior of library functions. +
8. Message Translation   How to make the program speak the user's + language. +
9. Searching and Sorting   General searching and sorting functions. +
10. Pattern Matching   Matching shell “globs” and regular + expressions. +
11. Input/Output Overview   Introduction to the I/O facilities. +
12. Input/Output on Streams   High-level, portable I/O facilities. +
13. Low-Level Input/Output   Low-level, less portable I/O. +
14. File System Interface   Functions for manipulating files. +
15. Pipes and FIFOs   A simple interprocess communication + mechanism. +
16. Sockets   A more complicated IPC mechanism, with + networking support. +
17. Low-Level Terminal Interface   How to change the characteristics of a + terminal device. +
18. Syslog   System logging and messaging. +
19. Mathematics   Math functions, useful constants, random + numbers. +
20. Arithmetic Functions   Low level arithmetic functions. +
21. Date and Time   Functions for getting the date and time and + formatting them nicely. +
22. Resource Usage And Limitation   Functions for examining resource usage and + getting and setting limits. +
23. Non-Local Exits   Jumping out of nested function calls. +
24. Signal Handling   How to send, block, and handle signals. +
25. The Basic Program/System Interface   Writing the beginning and end of your + program. +
26. Processes   How to create processes and run other + programs. +
27. Job Control   All about process groups and sessions. +
28. System Databases and Name Service Switch   Accessing system databases. +
29. Users and Groups   How users are identified and classified. +
30. System Management   Controlling the system and getting + information about it. +
31. System Configuration Parameters   Parameters describing operating system + limits. +
32. DES Encryption and Password Handling   DES encryption and password handling. +
33. Debugging support   Functions to help debugging applications. +
+Appendices
+
+
A. C Language Facilities in the Library   C language features provided by the library. +
B. Summary of Library Facilities   A summary showing the syntax, header file, + and derivation of each library feature. +
C. Installing the GNU C Library   How to install the GNU C library. +
D. Library Maintenance   How to enhance and port the GNU C Library. +
E. Contributors to the GNU C Library   Who wrote what parts of the GNU C library. +
F. Free Software Needs Free Documentation  
G. GNU Lesser General Public License   The GNU Lesser General Public License says + how you can copy and share the GNU C Library. +
H. GNU Free Documentation License   This manual is under the GNU Free + Documentation License. +
+Indices
+
+
Concept Index   Index of concepts and names. +
Type Index   Index of types and type qualifiers. +
Function and Macro Index   Index of functions and function-like macros. +
Variable and Constant Macro Index   Index of variables and variable-like macros. +
Program and File Index   Index of programs and files. +
+ --- The Detailed Node Listing ---
+
+Introduction
+
+
1.1 Getting Started   What this manual is for and how to use it. +
1.2 Standards and Portability   Standards and sources upon which the GNU + C library is based. +
1.3 Using the Library   Some practical uses for the library. +
1.4 Roadmap to the Manual   Overview of the remaining chapters in + this manual. +
+Standards and Portability
+
+
1.2.1 ISO C   The international standard for the C + programming language. +
1.2.2 POSIX (The Portable Operating System Interface)   The ISO/IEC 9945 (aka IEEE 1003) standards + for operating systems. +
1.2.3 Berkeley Unix   BSD and SunOS. +
1.2.4 SVID (The System V Interface Description)   The System V Interface Description. +
1.2.5 XPG (The X/Open Portability Guide)   The X/Open Portability Guide. +
+Using the Library
+
+
1.3.1 Header Files   How to include the header files in your + programs. +
1.3.2 Macro Definitions of Functions   Some functions in the library may really + be implemented as macros. +
1.3.3 Reserved Names   The C standard reserves some names for + the library, and some for users. +
1.3.4 Feature Test Macros   How to control what names are defined. +
+Error Reporting
+
+
2.1 Checking for Errors   How errors are reported by library functions. +
2.2 Error Codes   Error code macros; all of these expand + into integer constant values. +
2.3 Error Messages   Mapping error codes onto error messages. +
+Memory
+
+
3.1 Process Memory Concepts   An introduction to concepts and terminology. +
3.2 Allocating Storage For Program Data   Allocating storage for your program data +
3.4 Locking Pages   Preventing page faults +
3.3 Resizing the Data Segment   brk, sbrk +
+Memory Allocation
+
+
3.2.1 Memory Allocation in C Programs   How to get different kinds of allocation in C. +
3.2.2 Unconstrained Allocation   The malloc facility allows fully general + dynamic allocation. +
3.2.3 Allocation Debugging   Finding memory leaks and not freed memory. +
3.2.4 Obstacks   Obstacks are less general than malloc + but more efficient and convenient. +
3.2.5 Automatic Storage with Variable Size   Allocation of variable-sized blocks + of automatic storage that are freed when the + calling function returns. +
+Unconstrained Allocation
+
+
3.2.2.1 Basic Memory Allocation   Simple use of malloc. +
3.2.2.2 Examples of malloc   Examples of malloc. xmalloc. +
3.2.2.3 Freeing Memory Allocated with malloc   Use free to free a block you + got with malloc. +
3.2.2.4 Changing the Size of a Block   Use realloc to make a block + bigger or smaller. +
3.2.2.5 Allocating Cleared Space   Use calloc to allocate a + block and clear it. +
3.2.2.6 Efficiency Considerations for malloc   Efficiency considerations in use of + these functions. +
3.2.2.7 Allocating Aligned Memory Blocks   Allocating specially aligned memory. +
3.2.2.8 Malloc Tunable Parameters   Use mallopt to adjust allocation + parameters. +
3.2.2.9 Heap Consistency Checking   Automatic checking for errors. +
3.2.2.10 Memory Allocation Hooks   You can use these hooks for debugging + programs that use malloc. +
3.2.2.11 Statistics for Memory Allocation with malloc   Getting information about how much + memory your program is using. +
3.2.2.12 Summary of malloc-Related Functions   Summary of malloc and related functions. +
+Allocation Debugging
+
+
3.2.3.1 How to install the tracing functionality  
3.2.3.2 Example program excerpts   Example programs excerpts. +
3.2.3.3 Some more or less clever ideas  
3.2.3.4 Interpreting the traces   What do all these lines mean? +
+Obstacks
+
+
3.2.4.1 Creating Obstacks   How to declare an obstack in your program. +
3.2.4.2 Preparing for Using Obstacks   Preparations needed before you can + use obstacks. +
3.2.4.3 Allocation in an Obstack   Allocating objects in an obstack. +
3.2.4.4 Freeing Objects in an Obstack   Freeing objects in an obstack. +
3.2.4.5 Obstack Functions and Macros   The obstack functions are both + functions and macros. +
3.2.4.6 Growing Objects   Making an object bigger by stages. +
3.2.4.7 Extra Fast Growing Objects   Extra-high-efficiency (though more + complicated) growing objects. +
3.2.4.8 Status of an Obstack   Inquiries about the status of an obstack. +
3.2.4.9 Alignment of Data in Obstacks   Controlling alignment of objects in obstacks. +
3.2.4.10 Obstack Chunks   How obstacks obtain and release chunks; + efficiency considerations. +
3.2.4.11 Summary of Obstack Functions   +
+Variable Size Automatic
+
+
3.2.5.1 alloca Example   Example of using alloca. +
3.2.5.2 Advantages of alloca   Reasons to use alloca. +
3.2.5.3 Disadvantages of alloca   Reasons to avoid alloca. +
3.2.5.4 GNU C Variable-Size Arrays   Only in GNU C, here is an alternative + method of allocating dynamically and + freeing automatically. +
+Locking Pages
+
+
3.4.1 Why Lock Pages   Reasons to read this section. +
3.4.2 Locked Memory Details   Everything you need to know locked + memory +
3.4.3 Functions To Lock And Unlock Pages   Here's how to do it. +
+Character Handling
+
+
4.1 Classification of Characters   Testing whether characters are + letters, digits, punctuation, etc. +
+
4.2 Case Conversion   Case mapping, and the like. +
4.3 Character class determination for wide characters  
4.4 Notes on using the wide character classes  
4.5 Mapping of wide characters.  
+String and Array Utilities
+
+
5.1 Representation of Strings   Introduction to basic concepts. +
5.2 String and Array Conventions   Whether to use a string function or an + arbitrary array function. +
5.3 String Length   Determining the length of a string. +
5.4 Copying and Concatenation   Functions to copy the contents of strings + and arrays. +
5.5 String/Array Comparison   Functions for byte-wise and character-wise + comparison. +
5.6 Collation Functions   Functions for collating strings. +
5.7 Search Functions   Searching for a specific element or substring. +
5.8 Finding Tokens in a String   Splitting a string into tokens by looking + for delimiters. +
5.9 strfry   Function for flash-cooking a string. +
5.10 Trivial Encryption   Obscuring data. +
5.11 Encode Binary Data   Encoding and Decoding of Binary Data. +
5.12 Argz and Envz Vectors   Null-separated string vectors. +
+Argz and Envz Vectors
+
+
5.12.1 Argz Functions   Operations on argz vectors. +
5.12.2 Envz Functions   Additional operations on environment vectors. +
+Character Set Handling
+
+
6.1 Introduction to Extended Characters  
6.2 Overview about Character Handling Functions  
6.3 Restartable Multibyte Conversion Functions   Restartable multibyte conversion + Functions. +
6.4 Non-reentrant Conversion Function  
6.5 Generic Charset Conversion  
+Restartable multibyte conversion
+
+
6.3.1 Selecting the conversion and its properties  
6.3.2 Representing the state of the conversion  
6.3.3 Converting Single Characters  
6.3.4 Converting Multibyte and Wide Character Strings  
6.3.5 A Complete Multibyte Conversion Example  
+Non-reentrant Conversion
+
+
6.4.1 Non-reentrant Conversion of Single Characters  
6.4.2 Non-reentrant Conversion of Strings  
6.4.3 States in Non-reentrant Functions  
+Generic Charset Conversion
+
+
6.5.1 Generic Character Set Conversion Interface  
6.5.2 A complete iconv example  
6.5.3 Some Details about other iconv Implementations  
6.5.4 The iconv Implementation in the GNU C library  
+Locales
+
+
7.1 What Effects a Locale Has   Actions affected by the choice of + locale. +
7.2 Choosing a Locale   How the user specifies a locale. +
7.3 Categories of Activities that Locales Affect   Different purposes for which you can + select a locale. +
7.4 How Programs Set the Locale   How a program specifies the locale + with library functions. +
7.5 Standard Locales   Locale names available on all systems. +
7.6 Accessing Locale Information   How to access the information for the locale. +
7.7 A dedicated function to format numbers  
7.8 Yes-or-No Questions   Check a Response against the locale. +
+Locale Information
+
+
7.6.1 localeconv: It is portable but …   ISO C's localeconv. +
7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data   X/Open's nl_langinfo. +
+The Lame Way to Locale Data
+
+
7.6.1.1 Generic Numeric Formatting Parameters   Parameters for formatting numbers and + currency amounts. +
7.6.1.2 Printing the Currency Symbol   How to print the symbol that identifies an + amount of money (e.g. ‘$’). +
7.6.1.3 Printing the Sign of a Monetary Amount   How to print the (positive or negative) sign + for a monetary amount, if one exists. +
+Message Translation
+
+
8.1 X/Open Message Catalog Handling   The catgets family of functions. +
8.2 The Uniforum approach to Message Translation   The gettext family of functions. +
+Message catalogs a la X/Open
+
+
8.1.1 The catgets function family  
8.1.2 Format of the message catalog files  
8.1.3 Generate Message Catalogs files   How to generate message catalogs files which + can be used by the functions. +
8.1.4 How to use the catgets interface  
+The Uniforum approach
+
+
8.2.1 The gettext family of functions  
8.2.2 Programs to handle message catalogs for gettext  
+Message catalogs with gettext
+
+
8.2.1.1 What has to be done to translate a message?  
8.2.1.2 How to determine which catalog to be used  
8.2.1.3 Additional functions for more complicated situations  
8.2.1.4 How to specify the output character set gettext uses  
8.2.1.5 How to use gettext in GUI programs  
8.2.1.6 User influence on gettext   The possibilities of the user to influence + the way gettext works. +
+Searching and Sorting
+
+
9.1 Defining the Comparison Function   Defining how to compare two objects. + Since the sort and search facilities + are general, you have to specify the + ordering. +
9.2 Array Search Function   The bsearch function. +
9.3 Array Sort Function   The qsort function. +
9.4 Searching and Sorting Example   An example program. +
9.5 The hsearch function.  
9.6 The tsearch function.  
+Pattern Matching
+
+
10.1 Wildcard Matching   Matching a wildcard pattern against a single string. +
10.2 Globbing   Finding the files that match a wildcard pattern. +
10.3 Regular Expression Matching   Matching regular expressions against strings. +
10.4 Shell-Style Word Expansion   Expanding shell variables, nested commands, + arithmetic, and wildcards. + This is what the shell does with shell commands. +
+Globbing
+
+
10.2.1 Calling glob   Basic use of glob. +
10.2.2 Flags for Globbing   Flags that enable various options in glob. +
10.2.3 More Flags for Globbing   GNU specific extensions to glob. +
+Regular Expressions
+
+
10.3.1 POSIX Regular Expression Compilation   Using regcomp to prepare to match. +
10.3.2 Flags for POSIX Regular Expressions   Syntax variations for regcomp. +
10.3.3 Matching a Compiled POSIX Regular Expression   Using regexec to match the compiled + pattern that you get from regcomp. +
10.3.4 Match Results with Subexpressions   Finding which parts of the string were matched. +
10.3.5 Complications in Subexpression Matching   Find points of which parts were matched. +
10.3.6 POSIX Regexp Matching Cleanup   Freeing storage; reporting errors. +
+Word Expansion
+
+
10.4.1 The Stages of Word Expansion   What word expansion does to a string. +
10.4.2 Calling wordexp   How to call wordexp. +
10.4.3 Flags for Word Expansion   Options you can enable in wordexp. +
10.4.4 wordexp Example   A sample program that does word expansion. +
10.4.5 Details of Tilde Expansion   Details of how tilde expansion works. +
10.4.6 Details of Variable Substitution   Different types of variable substitution. +
+I/O Overview
+
+
11.1 Input/Output Concepts   Some basic information and terminology. +
11.2 File Names   How to refer to a file. +
+I/O Concepts
+
+
11.1.1 Streams and File Descriptors   The GNU Library provides two ways + to access the contents of files. +
11.1.2 File Position   The number of bytes from the + beginning of the file. +
+File Names
+
+
11.2.1 Directories   Directories contain entries for files. +
11.2.2 File Name Resolution   A file name specifies how to look up a file. +
11.2.3 File Name Errors   Error conditions relating to file names. +
11.2.4 Portability of File Names   File name portability and syntax issues. +
+I/O on Streams
+
+
12.1 Streams   About the data type representing a stream. +
12.2 Standard Streams   Streams to the standard input and output + devices are created for you. +
12.3 Opening Streams   How to create a stream to talk to a file. +
12.4 Closing Streams   Close a stream when you are finished with it. +
12.5 Streams and Threads   Issues with streams in threaded programs. +
12.6 Streams in Internationalized Applications   Streams in internationalized applications. +
12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines   Unformatted output by characters and lines. +
12.8 Character Input   Unformatted input by characters and words. +
12.9 Line-Oriented Input   Reading a line or a record from a stream. +
12.10 Unreading   Peeking ahead/pushing back input just read. +
12.11 Block Input/Output   Input and output operations on blocks of data. +
12.12 Formatted Output   printf and related functions. +
12.13 Customizing printf   You can define new conversion specifiers for + printf and friends. +
12.14 Formatted Input   scanf and related functions. +
12.15 End-Of-File and Errors   How you can tell if an I/O error happens. +
12.16 Recovering from errors   What you can do about errors. +
12.17 Text and Binary Streams   Some systems distinguish between text files + and binary files. +
12.18 File Positioning   About random-access streams. +
12.19 Portable File-Position Functions   Random access on peculiar ISO C systems. +
12.20 Stream Buffering   How to control buffering of streams. +
12.21 Other Kinds of Streams   Streams that do not necessarily correspond + to an open file. +
12.22 Formatted Messages   Print strictly formatted messages. +
+Unreading
+
+
12.10.1 What Unreading Means   An explanation of unreading with pictures. +
12.10.2 Using ungetc To Do Unreading   How to call ungetc to do unreading. +
+Formatted Output
+
+
12.12.1 Formatted Output Basics   Some examples to get you started. +
12.12.2 Output Conversion Syntax   General syntax of conversion + specifications. +
12.12.3 Table of Output Conversions   Summary of output conversions and + what they do. +
12.12.4 Integer Conversions   Details about formatting of integers. +
12.12.5 Floating-Point Conversions   Details about formatting of + floating-point numbers. +
12.12.6 Other Output Conversions   Details about formatting of strings, + characters, pointers, and the like. +
12.12.7 Formatted Output Functions   Descriptions of the actual functions. +
12.12.8 Dynamically Allocating Formatted Output   Functions that allocate memory for the output. +
12.12.9 Variable Arguments Output Functions   vprintf and friends. +
12.12.10 Parsing a Template String   What kinds of args does a given template + call for? +
12.12.11 Example of Parsing a Template String   Sample program using parse_printf_format. +
+Customizing Printf
+
+
12.13.1 Registering New Conversions   Using register_printf_function + to register a new output conversion. +
12.13.2 Conversion Specifier Options   The handler must be able to get + the options specified in the + template when it is called. +
12.13.3 Defining the Output Handler   Defining the handler and arginfo + functions that are passed as arguments + to register_printf_function. +
12.13.4 printf Extension Example   How to define a printf + handler function. +
12.13.5 Predefined printf Handlers   Predefined printf handlers. +
+Formatted Input
+
+
12.14.1 Formatted Input Basics   Some basics to get you started. +
12.14.2 Input Conversion Syntax   Syntax of conversion specifications. +
12.14.3 Table of Input Conversions   Summary of input conversions and what they do. +
12.14.4 Numeric Input Conversions   Details of conversions for reading numbers. +
12.14.5 String Input Conversions   Details of conversions for reading strings. +
12.14.6 Dynamically Allocating String Conversions   String conversions that malloc the buffer. +
12.14.7 Other Input Conversions   Details of miscellaneous other conversions. +
12.14.8 Formatted Input Functions   Descriptions of the actual functions. +
12.14.9 Variable Arguments Input Functions   vscanf and friends. +
+Stream Buffering
+
+
12.20.1 Buffering Concepts   Terminology is defined here. +
12.20.2 Flushing Buffers   How to ensure that output buffers are flushed. +
12.20.3 Controlling Which Kind of Buffering   How to specify what kind of buffering to use. +
+Other Kinds of Streams
+
+
12.21.1 String Streams   Streams that get data from or put data in + a string or memory buffer. +
12.21.2 Obstack Streams   Streams that store data in an obstack. +
12.21.3 Programming Your Own Custom Streams   Defining your own streams with an arbitrary + input data source and/or output data sink. +
+Custom Streams
+
+
12.21.3.1 Custom Streams and Cookies   The cookie records where to fetch or + store data that is read or written. +
12.21.3.2 Custom Stream Hook Functions   How you should define the four hook + functions that a custom stream needs. +
+Formatted Messages
+
+
12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages   The fmtmsg function. +
12.22.2 Adding Severity Classes   Add more severity classes. +
12.22.3 How to use fmtmsg and addseverity  
+Low-Level I/O
+
+
13.1 Opening and Closing Files   How to open and close file + descriptors. +
13.2 Input and Output Primitives   Reading and writing data. +
13.3 Setting the File Position of a Descriptor   Setting a descriptor's file + position. +
13.4 Descriptors and Streams   Converting descriptor to stream + or vice-versa. +
13.5 Dangers of Mixing Streams and Descriptors   Precautions needed if you use both + descriptors and streams. +
13.6 Fast Scatter-Gather I/O   Fast I/O to discontinuous buffers. +
13.7 Memory-mapped I/O   Using files like memory. +
13.8 Waiting for Input or Output   How to check for input or output + on multiple file descriptors. +
13.9 Synchronizing I/O operations   Making sure all I/O actions completed. +
13.10 Perform I/O Operations in Parallel   Perform I/O in parallel. +
13.11 Control Operations on Files   Various other operations on file + descriptors. +
13.12 Duplicating Descriptors   Fcntl commands for duplicating + file descriptors. +
13.13 File Descriptor Flags   Fcntl commands for manipulating + flags associated with file + descriptors. +
13.14 File Status Flags   Fcntl commands for manipulating + flags associated with open files. +
13.15 File Locks   Fcntl commands for implementing + file locking. +
13.16 Interrupt-Driven Input   Getting an asynchronous signal when + input arrives. +
13.17 Generic I/O Control operations  
+Stream/Descriptor Precautions
+
+
13.5.1 Linked Channels   Dealing with channels sharing a file position. +
13.5.2 Independent Channels   Dealing with separately opened, unlinked channels. +
13.5.3 Cleaning Streams   Cleaning a stream makes it safe to use + another channel. +
+Asynchronous I/O
+
+
13.10.1 Asynchronous Read and Write Operations  
13.10.2 Getting the Status of AIO Operations  
13.10.3 Getting into a Consistent State   Getting into a consistent state. +
13.10.4 Cancellation of AIO Operations  
13.10.5 How to optimize the AIO implementation  
+File Status Flags
+
+
13.14.1 File Access Modes   Whether the descriptor can read or write. +
13.14.2 Open-time Flags   Details of open. +
13.14.3 I/O Operating Modes   Special modes to control I/O operations. +
13.14.4 Getting and Setting File Status Flags   Fetching and changing these flags. +
+File System Interface
+
+
14.1 Working Directory   This is used to resolve relative + file names. +
14.2 Accessing Directories   Finding out what files a directory + contains. +
14.3 Working with Directory Trees   Apply actions to all files or a selectable + subset of a directory hierarchy. +
14.4 Hard Links   Adding alternate names to a file. +
14.5 Symbolic Links   A file that “points to” a file name. +
14.6 Deleting Files   How to delete a file, and what that means. +
14.7 Renaming Files   Changing a file's name. +
14.8 Creating Directories   A system call just for creating a directory. +
14.9 File Attributes   Attributes of individual files. +
14.10 Making Special Files   How to create special files. +
14.11 Temporary Files   Naming and creating temporary files. +
+Accessing Directories
+
+
14.2.1 Format of a Directory Entry   Format of one directory entry. +
14.2.2 Opening a Directory Stream   How to open a directory stream. +
14.2.3 Reading and Closing a Directory Stream   How to read directory entries from the stream. +
14.2.4 Simple Program to List a Directory   A very simple directory listing program. +
14.2.5 Random Access in a Directory Stream   Rereading part of the directory + already read with the same stream. +
14.2.6 Scanning the Content of a Directory   Get entries for user selected subset of + contents in given directory. +
14.2.7 Simple Program to List a Directory, Mark II   Revised version of the program. +
+File Attributes
+
+
14.9.1 The meaning of the File Attributes   The names of the file attributes, + and what their values mean. +
14.9.2 Reading the Attributes of a File   How to read the attributes of a file. +
14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File   Distinguishing ordinary files, + directories, links… +
14.9.4 File Owner   How ownership for new files is determined, + and how to change it. +
14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission   How information about a file's access + mode is stored. +
14.9.6 How Your Access to a File is Decided   How the system decides who can access a file. +
14.9.7 Assigning File Permissions   How permissions for new files are assigned, + and how to change them. +
14.9.8 Testing Permission to Access a File   How to find out if your process can + access a file. +
14.9.9 File Times   About the time attributes of a file. +
14.9.10 File Size   Manually changing the size of a file. +
+Pipes and FIFOs
+
+
15.1 Creating a Pipe   Making a pipe with the pipe function. +
15.2 Pipe to a Subprocess   Using a pipe to communicate with a + child process. +
15.3 FIFO Special Files   Making a FIFO special file. +
15.4 Atomicity of Pipe I/O   When pipe (or FIFO) I/O is atomic. +
+Sockets
+
+
16.1 Socket Concepts   Basic concepts you need to know about. +
16.2 Communication Styles  Stream communication, datagrams and other styles. +
16.3 Socket Addresses   How socket names (“addresses”) work. +
16.4 Interface Naming   Identifying specific network interfaces. +
16.5 The Local Namespace   Details about the local namespace. +
16.6 The Internet Namespace   Details about the Internet namespace. +
16.7 Other Namespaces   Other namespaces not documented fully here. +
16.8 Opening and Closing Sockets   Creating sockets and destroying them. +
16.9 Using Sockets with Connections   Operations on sockets with connection state. +
16.10 Datagram Socket Operations   Operations on datagram sockets. +
16.11 The inetd Daemon   Inetd is a daemon that starts servers on request. + The most convenient way to write a server + is to make it work with Inetd. +
16.12 Socket Options   Miscellaneous low-level socket options. +
16.13 Networks Database   Accessing the database of network names. +
+Socket Addresses
+
+
16.3.1 Address Formats   About struct sockaddr. +
16.3.2 Setting the Address of a Socket   Binding an address to a socket. +
16.3.3 Reading the Address of a Socket   Reading the address of a socket. +
+Local Namespace
+
+
16.5.1 Local Namespace Concepts   What you need to understand. +
16.5.2 Details of Local Namespace   Address format, symbolic names, etc. +
16.5.3 Example of Local-Namespace Sockets   Example of creating a socket. +
+Internet Namespace
+
+
16.6.1 Internet Socket Address Formats   How socket addresses are specified in the + Internet namespace. +
16.6.2 Host Addresses   All about host addresses of Internet host. +
16.6.6 Protocols Database   Referring to protocols by name. +
16.6.3 Internet Ports   Internet port numbers. +
16.6.4 The Services Database   Ports may have symbolic names. +
16.6.5 Byte Order Conversion   Different hosts may use different byte + ordering conventions; you need to + canonicalize host address and port number. +
16.6.7 Internet Socket Example   Putting it all together. +
+Host Addresses
+
+
16.6.2.1 Internet Host Addresses   What a host number consists of. +
16.6.2.2 Host Address Data Type   Data type for a host number. +
16.6.2.3 Host Address Functions   Functions to operate on them. +
16.6.2.4 Host Names   Translating host names to host numbers. +
+Open/Close Sockets
+
+
16.8.1 Creating a Socket   How to open a socket. +
16.8.2 Closing a Socket   How to close a socket. +
16.8.3 Socket Pairs   These are created like pipes. +
+Connections
+
+
16.9.1 Making a Connection   What the client program must do. +
16.9.2 Listening for Connections   How a server program waits for requests. +
16.9.3 Accepting Connections   What the server does when it gets a request. +
16.9.4 Who is Connected to Me?   Getting the address of the + other side of a connection. +
16.9.5 Transferring Data   How to send and receive data. +
16.9.6 Byte Stream Socket Example   An example program: a client for communicating + over a byte stream socket in the Internet namespace. +
16.9.7 Byte Stream Connection Server Example   A corresponding server program. +
16.9.8 Out-of-Band Data   This is an advanced feature. +
+Transferring Data
+
+
16.9.5.1 Sending Data   Sending data with send. +
16.9.5.2 Receiving Data   Reading data with recv. +
16.9.5.3 Socket Data Options   Using send and recv. +
+Datagrams
+
+
16.10.1 Sending Datagrams   Sending packets on a datagram socket. +
16.10.2 Receiving Datagrams   Receiving packets on a datagram socket. +
16.10.3 Datagram Socket Example   An example program: packets sent over a + datagram socket in the local namespace. +
16.10.4 Example of Reading Datagrams   Another program, that receives those packets. +
+Inetd
+
+
16.11.1 inetd Servers   +
16.11.2 Configuring inetd   +
+Socket Options
+
+
16.12.1 Socket Option Functions   The basic functions for setting and getting + socket options. +
16.12.2 Socket-Level Options   Details of the options at the socket level. +
+Low-Level Terminal Interface
+
+
17.1 Identifying Terminals   How to determine if a file is a terminal + device, and what its name is. +
17.2 I/O Queues   About flow control and typeahead. +
17.3 Two Styles of Input: Canonical or Not   Two basic styles of input processing. +
17.4 Terminal Modes   How to examine and modify flags controlling + details of terminal I/O: echoing, + signals, editing. Posix. +
17.5 BSD Terminal Modes   BSD compatible terminal mode setting +
17.6 Line Control Functions   Sending break sequences, clearing + terminal buffers … +
17.7 Noncanonical Mode Example   How to read single characters without echo. +
17.8 Pseudo-Terminals   How to open a pseudo-terminal. +
+Terminal Modes
+
+
17.4.1 Terminal Mode Data Types   The data type struct termios and + related types. +
17.4.2 Terminal Mode Functions   Functions to read and set the terminal + attributes. +
17.4.3 Setting Terminal Modes Properly   The right way to set terminal attributes + reliably. +
17.4.4 Input Modes   Flags controlling low-level input handling. +
17.4.5 Output Modes   Flags controlling low-level output handling. +
17.4.6 Control Modes   Flags controlling serial port behavior. +
17.4.7 Local Modes   Flags controlling high-level input handling. +
17.4.8 Line Speed   How to read and set the terminal line speed. +
17.4.9 Special Characters   Characters that have special effects, + and how to change them. +
17.4.10 Noncanonical Input   Controlling how long to wait for input. +
+Special Characters
+
+
17.4.9.1 Characters for Input Editing   Special characters that terminate lines and + delete text, and other editing functions. +
17.4.9.2 Characters that Cause Signals   Special characters that send or raise signals + to or for certain classes of processes. +
17.4.9.3 Special Characters for Flow Control   Special characters that suspend or resume + suspended output. +
17.4.9.4 Other Special Characters   Other special characters for BSD systems: + they can discard output, and print status. +
+Pseudo-Terminals
+
+
17.8.1 Allocating Pseudo-Terminals   Allocating a pseudo terminal. +
17.8.2 Opening a Pseudo-Terminal Pair   How to open both sides of a + pseudo-terminal in a single operation. +
+Syslog
+
+
18.1 Overview of Syslog   Overview of a system's Syslog facility +
18.2 Submitting Syslog Messages   Functions to submit messages to Syslog +
+Submitting Syslog Messages
+
+
18.2.1 openlog   Open connection to Syslog +
18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog   Submit message to Syslog +
18.2.3 closelog   Close connection to Syslog +
18.2.4 setlogmask   Cause certain messages to be ignored +
18.2.5 Syslog Example   Example of all of the above +
+Mathematics
+
+
19.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants   Precise numeric values for often-used + constants. +
19.2 Trigonometric Functions   Sine, cosine, tangent, and friends. +
19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions   Arcsine, arccosine, etc. +
19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms   Also pow and sqrt. +
19.5 Hyperbolic Functions   sinh, cosh, tanh, etc. +
19.6 Special Functions   Bessel, gamma, erf. +
19.7 Known Maximum Errors in Math Functions  
19.8 Pseudo-Random Numbers   Functions for generating pseudo-random + numbers. +
19.9 Is Fast Code or Small Code preferred?   Fast code or small code. +
+Pseudo-Random Numbers
+
+
19.8.1 ISO C Random Number Functions   rand and friends. +
19.8.2 BSD Random Number Functions   random and friends. +
19.8.3 SVID Random Number Function   drand48 and friends. +
+Arithmetic
+
+
20.1 Integers   Basic integer types and concepts +
20.2 Integer Division   Integer division with guaranteed rounding. +
20.3 Floating Point Numbers   Basic concepts. IEEE 754. +
20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions   The five kinds of floating-point number. +
20.5 Errors in Floating-Point Calculations   When something goes wrong in a calculation. +
20.6 Rounding Modes   Controlling how results are rounded. +
20.7 Floating-Point Control Functions   Saving and restoring the FPU's state. +
20.8 Arithmetic Functions   Fundamental operations provided by the library. +
20.9 Complex Numbers   The types. Writing complex constants. +
20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers   Projection, conjugation, decomposition. +
20.11 Parsing of Numbers   Converting strings to numbers. +
20.12 Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions   An archaic way to convert numbers to strings. +
+Floating Point Errors
+
+
20.5.1 FP Exceptions   IEEE 754 math exceptions and how to detect them. +
20.5.2 Infinity and NaN   Special values returned by calculations. +
20.5.3 Examining the FPU status word   Checking for exceptions after the fact. +
20.5.4 Error Reporting by Mathematical Functions   How the math functions report errors. +
+Arithmetic Functions
+
+
20.8.1 Absolute Value   Absolute values of integers and floats. +
20.8.2 Normalization Functions   Extracting exponents and putting them back. +
20.8.3 Rounding Functions   Rounding floats to integers. +
20.8.4 Remainder Functions   Remainders on division, precisely defined. +
20.8.5 Setting and modifying single bits of FP values   Sign bit adjustment. Adding epsilon. +
20.8.6 Floating-Point Comparison Functions   Comparisons without risk of exceptions. +
20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions   Max, min, positive difference, multiply-add. +
+Parsing of Numbers
+
+
20.11.1 Parsing of Integers   Functions for conversion of integer values. +
20.11.2 Parsing of Floats   Functions for conversion of floating-point + values. +
+Date and Time
+
+
21.1 Time Basics   Concepts and definitions. +
21.2 Elapsed Time   Data types to represent elapsed times +
21.3 Processor And CPU Time   Time a program has spent executing. +
21.4 Calendar Time   Manipulation of “real” dates and times. +
21.5 Setting an Alarm   Sending a signal after a specified time. +
21.6 Sleeping   Waiting for a period of time. +
+Processor And CPU Time
+
+
21.3.1 CPU Time Inquiry   The clock function. +
21.3.2 Processor Time Inquiry   The times function. +
+Calendar Time
+
+
21.4.1 Simple Calendar Time   Facilities for manipulating calendar time. +
21.4.2 High-Resolution Calendar   A time representation with greater precision. +
21.4.3 Broken-down Time   Facilities for manipulating local time. +
21.4.4 High Accuracy Clock   Maintaining a high accuracy system clock. +
21.4.5 Formatting Calendar Time   Converting times to strings. +
21.4.6 Convert textual time and date information back   Convert textual time and date information back + into broken-down time values. +
21.4.7 Specifying the Time Zone with TZ   How users specify the time zone. +
21.4.8 Functions and Variables for Time Zones   Functions to examine or specify the time zone. +
21.4.9 Time Functions Example   An example program showing use of some of + the time functions. +
+Parsing Date and Time
+
+
21.4.6.1 Interpret string according to given format  
21.4.6.2 A More User-friendly Way to Parse Times and Dates   User-friendly function to parse data and + time strings. +
+Resource Usage And Limitation
+
+
22.1 Resource Usage   Measuring various resources used. +
22.2 Limiting Resource Usage   Specifying limits on resource usage. +
22.3 Process CPU Priority And Scheduling   Reading or setting process run priority. +
22.4 Querying memory available resources  
22.5 Learn about the processors available  
+Priority
+
+
22.3.1 Absolute Priority   The first tier of priority. Posix +
22.3.2 Realtime Scheduling   Scheduling among the process nobility +
22.3.3 Basic Scheduling Functions   Get/set scheduling policy, priority +
22.3.4 Traditional Scheduling   Scheduling among the vulgar masses +
22.3.5 Limiting execution to certain CPUs  
+Traditional Scheduling
+
+
22.3.4.1 Introduction To Traditional Scheduling   +
22.3.4.2 Functions For Traditional Scheduling   +
+Memory Resources
+
+
22.4.1 Overview about traditional Unix memory handling  
22.4.2 How to get information about the memory subsystem?  
+Non-Local Exits
+
+
23.1 Introduction to Non-Local Exits   When and how to use these facilities. +
23.2 Details of Non-Local Exits   Functions for non-local exits. +
23.3 Non-Local Exits and Signals   Portability issues. +
23.4 Complete Context Control   Complete context control a la System V. +
+Signal Handling
+
+
24.1 Basic Concepts of Signals   Introduction to the signal facilities. +
24.2 Standard Signals   Particular kinds of signals with + standard names and meanings. +
24.3 Specifying Signal Actions   Specifying what happens when a + particular signal is delivered. +
24.4 Defining Signal Handlers   How to write a signal handler function. +
24.5 Primitives Interrupted by Signals   Signal handlers affect use of open, + read, write and other functions. +
24.6 Generating Signals   How to send a signal to a process. +
24.7 Blocking Signals   Making the system hold signals temporarily. +
24.8 Waiting for a Signal   Suspending your program until a signal + arrives. +
24.9 Using a Separate Signal Stack  
24.10 BSD Signal Handling   Additional functions for backward + compatibility with BSD. +
+Concepts of Signals
+
+
24.1.1 Some Kinds of Signals   Some examples of what can cause a signal. +
24.1.2 Concepts of Signal Generation   Concepts of why and how signals occur. +
24.1.3 How Signals Are Delivered   Concepts of what a signal does to the + process. +
+Standard Signals
+
+
24.2.1 Program Error Signals   Used to report serious program errors. +
24.2.2 Termination Signals   Used to interrupt and/or terminate the + program. +
24.2.3 Alarm Signals   Used to indicate expiration of timers. +
24.2.4 Asynchronous I/O Signals   Used to indicate input is available. +
24.2.5 Job Control Signals   Signals used to support job control. +
24.2.6 Operation Error Signals   Used to report operational system errors. +
24.2.7 Miscellaneous Signals  
24.2.8 Signal Messages   Printing a message describing a signal. +
+Signal Actions
+
+
24.3.1 Basic Signal Handling   The simple signal function. +
24.3.2 Advanced Signal Handling   The more powerful sigaction function. +
24.3.3 Interaction of signal and sigaction   How those two functions interact. +
24.3.4 sigaction Function Example   An example of using the sigaction function. +
24.3.5 Flags for sigaction   Specifying options for signal handling. +
24.3.6 Initial Signal Actions   How programs inherit signal actions. +
+Defining Handlers
+
+
24.4.1 Signal Handlers that Return   Handlers that return normally, and what + this means. +
24.4.2 Handlers That Terminate the Process   How handler functions terminate a program. +
24.4.3 Nonlocal Control Transfer in Handlers   Nonlocal transfer of control out of a + signal handler. +
24.4.4 Signals Arriving While a Handler Runs   What happens when signals arrive while + the handler is already occupied. +
24.4.5 Signals Close Together Merge into One   When a second signal arrives before the + first is handled. +
24.4.6 Signal Handling and Nonreentrant Functions   Do not call any functions unless you know they + are reentrant with respect to signals. +
24.4.7 Atomic Data Access and Signal Handling   A single handler can run in the middle of + reading or writing a single object. +
+Atomic Data Access
+
+
24.4.7.1 Problems with Non-Atomic Access   A program illustrating interrupted access. +
24.4.7.2 Atomic Types   Data types that guarantee no interruption. +
24.4.7.3 Atomic Usage Patterns   Proving that interruption is harmless. +
+Generating Signals
+
+
24.6.1 Signaling Yourself   A process can send a signal to itself. +
24.6.2 Signaling Another Process   Send a signal to another process. +
24.6.3 Permission for using kill  
24.6.4 Using kill for Communication  
+Blocking Signals
+
+
24.7.1 Why Blocking Signals is Useful   The purpose of blocking signals. +
24.7.2 Signal Sets   How to specify which signals to + block. +
24.7.3 Process Signal Mask   Blocking delivery of signals to your + process during normal execution. +
24.7.4 Blocking to Test for Delivery of a Signal  
24.7.5 Blocking Signals for a Handler   Blocking additional signals while a + handler is being run. +
24.7.6 Checking for Pending Signals  
24.7.7 Remembering a Signal to Act On Later   How you can get almost the same + effect as blocking a signal, by + handling it and setting a flag + to be tested later. +
+Waiting for a Signal
+
+
24.8.1 Using pause   The simple way, using pause. +
24.8.2 Problems with pause   Why the simple way is often not very good. +
24.8.3 Using sigsuspend   Reliably waiting for a specific signal. +
+BSD Signal Handling
+
+
24.10.1 BSD Function to Establish a Handler  
24.10.2 BSD Functions for Blocking Signals  
+Program Basics
+
+
25.1 Program Arguments   Parsing your program's command-line arguments. +
25.4 Environment Variables   Less direct parameters affecting your program +
25.5 System Calls   Requesting service from the system +
25.6 Program Termination   Telling the system you're done; return status +
+Program Arguments
+
+
25.1.1 Program Argument Syntax Conventions   By convention, options start with a hyphen. +
25.1.2 Parsing Program Arguments   Ways to parse program options and arguments. +
+Parsing Program Arguments
+
+
25.2 Parsing program options using getopt  
25.3 Parsing Program Options with Argp   Parsing program options using argp_parse. +
25.3.12.1 Parsing of Suboptions   Some programs need more detailed options. +
25.3.13 Parsing of Suboptions Example   This shows how it could be done for mount. +
+Environment Variables
+
+
25.4.1 Environment Access   How to get and set the values of + environment variables. +
25.4.2 Standard Environment Variables   These environment variables have + standard interpretations. +
+Program Termination
+
+
25.6.1 Normal Termination   If a program calls exit, a + process terminates normally. +
25.6.2 Exit Status   The exit status provides information + about why the process terminated. +
25.6.3 Cleanups on Exit   A process can run its own cleanup + functions upon normal termination. +
25.6.4 Aborting a Program   The abort function causes + abnormal program termination. +
25.6.5 Termination Internals   What happens when a process terminates. +
+Processes
+
+
26.1 Running a Command   The easy way to run another program. +
26.2 Process Creation Concepts   An overview of the hard way to do it. +
26.3 Process Identification   How to get the process ID of a process. +
26.4 Creating a Process   How to fork a child process. +
26.5 Executing a File   How to make a process execute another program. +
26.6 Process Completion   How to tell when a child process has completed. +
26.7 Process Completion Status   How to interpret the status value + returned from a child process. +
26.8 BSD Process Wait Functions   More functions, for backward compatibility. +
26.9 Process Creation Example   A complete example program. +
+Job Control
+
+
27.1 Concepts of Job Control   Jobs can be controlled by a shell. +
27.2 Job Control is Optional   Not all POSIX systems support job control. +
27.3 Controlling Terminal of a Process   How a process gets its controlling terminal. +
27.4 Access to the Controlling Terminal   How processes share the controlling terminal. +
27.5 Orphaned Process Groups   Jobs left after the user logs out. +
27.6 Implementing a Job Control Shell   What a shell must do to implement job control. +
27.7 Functions for Job Control   Functions to control process groups. +
+Implementing a Shell
+
+
27.6.1 Data Structures for the Shell   Introduction to the sample shell. +
27.6.2 Initializing the Shell   What the shell must do to take + responsibility for job control. +
27.6.3 Launching Jobs   Creating jobs to execute commands. +
27.6.4 Foreground and Background   Putting a job in foreground of background. +
27.6.5 Stopped and Terminated Jobs   Reporting job status. +
27.6.6 Continuing Stopped Jobs   How to continue a stopped job in + the foreground or background. +
27.6.7 The Missing Pieces   Other parts of the shell. +
+Functions for Job Control
+
+
27.7.1 Identifying the Controlling Terminal   Determining the controlling terminal's name. +
27.7.2 Process Group Functions   Functions for manipulating process groups. +
27.7.3 Functions for Controlling Terminal Access   Functions for controlling terminal access. +
+Name Service Switch
+
+
28.1 NSS Basics   What is this NSS good for. +
28.2 The NSS Configuration File   Configuring NSS. +
28.3 NSS Module Internals   How does it work internally. +
28.4 Extending NSS   What to do to add services or databases. +
+NSS Configuration File
+
+
28.2.1 Services in the NSS configuration File   Service names in the NSS configuration. +
28.2.2 Actions in the NSS configuration   React appropriately to the lookup result. +
28.2.3 Notes on the NSS Configuration File   Things to take care about while + configuring NSS. +
+NSS Module Internals
+
+
28.3.1 The Naming Scheme of the NSS Modules   Construction of the interface function of + the NSS modules. +
28.3.2 The Interface of the Function in NSS Modules   Programming interface in the NSS module + functions. +
+Extending NSS
+
+
28.4.1 Adding another Service to NSS   What is to do to add a new service. +
28.4.2 Internals of the NSS Module Functions   Guidelines for writing new NSS + service functions. +
+Users and Groups
+
+
29.1 User and Group IDs   Each user has a unique numeric ID; + likewise for groups. +
29.2 The Persona of a Process   The user IDs and group IDs of a process. +
29.3 Why Change the Persona of a Process?   Why a program might need to change + its user and/or group IDs. +
29.4 How an Application Can Change Persona   Changing the user and group IDs. +
29.5 Reading the Persona of a Process   How to examine the user and group IDs. +
+
29.6 Setting the User ID   Functions for setting the user ID. +
29.7 Setting the Group IDs   Functions for setting the group IDs. +
+
29.8 Enabling and Disabling Setuid Access   Turning setuid access on and off. +
29.9 Setuid Program Example   The pertinent parts of one sample program. +
29.10 Tips for Writing Setuid Programs   How to avoid granting unlimited access. +
+
29.11 Identifying Who Logged In   Getting the name of the user who logged in, + or of the real user ID of the current process. +
+
29.12 The User Accounting Database   Keeping information about users and various + actions in databases. +
+
29.13 User Database   Functions and data structures for + accessing the user database. +
29.14 Group Database   Functions and data structures for + accessing the group database. +
29.15 User and Group Database Example   Example program showing the use of database + inquiry functions. +
29.16 Netgroup Database   Functions for accessing the netgroup database. +
+User Accounting Database
+
+
29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database   Scanning and modifying the user + accounting database. +
29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions   A standardized way for doing the same thing. +
29.12.3 Logging In and Out   Functions from BSD that modify the user + accounting database. +
+User Database
+
+
29.13.1 The Data Structure that Describes a User   What each user record contains. +
29.13.2 Looking Up One User   How to look for a particular user. +
29.13.3 Scanning the List of All Users   Scanning the list of all users, one by one. +
29.13.4 Writing a User Entry   How a program can rewrite a user's record. +
+Group Database
+
+
29.14.1 The Data Structure for a Group   What each group record contains. +
29.14.2 Looking Up One Group   How to look for a particular group. +
29.14.3 Scanning the List of All Groups   Scanning the list of all groups. +
+Netgroup Database
+
+
29.16.1 Netgroup Data   Data in the Netgroup database and where + it comes from. +
29.16.2 Looking up one Netgroup   How to look for a particular netgroup. +
29.16.3 Testing for Netgroup Membership   How to test for netgroup membership. +
+System Management
+
+
30.1 Host Identification   Determining the name of the machine. +
30.2 Platform Type Identification   Determining operating system and basic + machine type +
30.3 Controlling and Querying Mounts   Controlling/querying mounts +
30.4 System Parameters   Getting and setting various system parameters +
+Filesystem Handling
+
+
30.3.1 Mount Information   What is or could be mounted? +
30.3.2 Mount, Unmount, Remount   Controlling what is mounted and how +
+Mount Information
+
+
30.3.1.1 The ‘fstab’ file  
30.3.1.2 The ‘mtab’ file  
30.3.1.3 Other (Non-libc) Sources of Mount Information   Other (non-libc) sources of mount information +
+System Configuration
+
+
31.1 General Capacity Limits   Constants and functions that describe + various process-related limits that have + one uniform value for any given machine. +
31.2 Overall System Options   Optional POSIX features. +
31.3 Which Version of POSIX is Supported   Version numbers of POSIX.1 and POSIX.2. +
31.4 Using sysconf   Getting specific configuration values + of general limits and system options. +
31.5 Minimum Values for General Capacity Limits   Minimum values for general limits. +
+
31.6 Limits on File System Capacity   Size limitations that pertain to individual files. + These can vary between file systems + or even from file to file. +
31.7 Optional Features in File Support   Optional features that some files may support. +
31.8 Minimum Values for File System Limits   Minimum values for file limits. +
31.9 Using pathconf   Getting the limit values for a particular file. +
+
31.10 Utility Program Capacity Limits   Capacity limits of some POSIX.2 utility programs. +
31.11 Minimum Values for Utility Limits   Minimum allowable values of those limits. +
+
31.12 String-Valued Parameters   Getting the default search path. +
+Sysconf
+
+
31.4.1 Definition of sysconf   Detailed specifications of sysconf. +
31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters   The list of parameters sysconf can read. +
31.4.3 Examples of sysconf   How to use sysconf and the parameter + macros properly together. +
+Cryptographic Functions
+
+
32.1 Legal Problems   This software can get you locked up, or worse. +
32.2 Reading Passwords   Prompting the user for a password. +
32.3 Encrypting Passwords   A one-way function for passwords. +
32.4 DES Encryption   Routines for DES encryption. +
+Debugging Support
+
+
33.1 Backtraces   Obtaining and printing a back trace of the + current stack. +
+Language Features
+
+
A.1 Explicitly Checking Internal Consistency   Using assert to abort if + something “impossible” happens. +
A.2 Variadic Functions   Defining functions with varying numbers + of args. +
A.3 Null Pointer Constant   The macro NULL. +
A.4 Important Data Types   Data types for object sizes. +
A.5 Data Type Measurements   Parameters of data type representations. +
+Variadic Functions
+
+
A.2.1 Why Variadic Functions are Used   Reasons for making functions take + variable arguments. +
A.2.2 How Variadic Functions are Defined and Used   How to define and call variadic functions. +
A.2.3 Example of a Variadic Function   A complete example. +
+How Variadic
+
+
A.2.2.1 Syntax for Variable Arguments   How to make a prototype for a function + with variable arguments. +
A.2.2.2 Receiving the Argument Values   Steps you must follow to access the + optional argument values. +
A.2.2.3 How Many Arguments Were Supplied   How to decide whether there are more arguments. +
A.2.2.4 Calling Variadic Functions   Things you need to know about calling + variable arguments functions. +
A.2.2.5 Argument Access Macros   Detailed specification of the macros + for accessing variable arguments. +
A.2.3.1 Old-Style Variadic Functions   The pre-ISO way of defining variadic functions. +
+Data Type Measurements
+
+
A.5.1 Computing the Width of an Integer Data Type   How many bits does an integer type hold? +
A.5.2 Range of an Integer Type   What are the largest and smallest values + that an integer type can hold? +
A.5.3 Floating Type Macros   Parameters that measure the floating point types. +
A.5.4 Structure Field Offset Measurement   Getting measurements on structure types. +
+Floating Type Macros
+
+
A.5.3.1 Floating Point Representation Concepts   Definitions of terminology. +
A.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters   Details of specific macros. +
A.5.3.3 IEEE Floating Point   The measurements for one common + representation. +
+Installation
+
+
C.1 Configuring and compiling GNU Libc   How to compile and test GNU libc. +
C.2 Installing the C Library   How to install it once you've got it + compiled. +
C.3 Recommended Tools for Compilation   You'll need these first. +
C.4 Specific advice for GNU/Linux systems  
C.5 Reporting Bugs   So they'll get fixed. +
+Maintenance
+
+
D.1 Adding New Functions   How to add new functions or header files + to the GNU C library. +
D.2 Porting the GNU C Library   How to port the GNU C library to + a new machine or operating system. +
+Porting
+
+
D.2.1 Layout of the ‘sysdeps’ Directory Hierarchy   The layout of the ‘sysdeps’ hierarchy. +
D.2.2 Porting the GNU C Library to Unix Systems   Porting the library to an average + Unix-like system. +
+
+ + + + + +
[Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_38.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_38.html @@ -0,0 +1,320 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: E. Contributors to the GNU C Library + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

E. Contributors to the GNU C Library

+ +

The GNU C library was written originally by Roland McGrath, and is +currently maintained by Ulrich Drepper. Some parts of the library were +contributed or worked on by other people. +

+
    +
  • +The getopt function and related code was written by +Richard Stallman, David J. MacKenzie, and Roland McGrath. + +
  • +The merge sort function qsort was written by Michael J. Haertel. + +
  • +The quick sort function used as a fallback by qsort was written +by Douglas C. Schmidt. + +
  • +The memory allocation functions malloc, realloc and +free and related code were written by Michael J. Haertel, +Wolfram Gloger, and Doug Lea. + +
  • +Fast implementations of many of the string functions (memcpy, +strlen, etc.) were written by Torbjörn Granlund. + +
  • +The ‘tar.h’ header file was written by David J. MacKenzie. + +
  • +The port to the MIPS DECStation running Ultrix 4 +(mips-dec-ultrix4) +was contributed by Brendan Kehoe and Ian Lance Taylor. + +
  • +The DES encryption function crypt and related functions were +contributed by Michael Glad. + +
  • +The ftw and nftw functions were contributed by Ulrich Drepper. + +
  • +The startup code to support SunOS shared libraries was contributed by +Tom Quinn. + +
  • +The mktime function was contributed by Paul Eggert. + +
  • +The port to the Sequent Symmetry running Dynix version 3 +(i386-sequent-bsd) was contributed by Jason Merrill. + +
  • +The timezone support code is derived from the public-domain timezone +package by Arthur David Olson and his many contributors. + +
  • +The port to the DEC Alpha running OSF/1 (alpha-dec-osf1) was +contributed by Brendan Kehoe, using some code written by Roland McGrath. + +
  • +The port to SGI machines running Irix 4 (mips-sgi-irix4) was +contributed by Tom Quinn. + +
  • +The port of the Mach and Hurd code to the MIPS architecture +(mips-anything-gnu) was contributed by Kazumoto Kojima. + +
  • +The floating-point printing function used by printf and friends +and the floating-point reading function used by scanf, +strtod and friends were written by Ulrich Drepper. The +multi-precision integer functions used in those functions are taken from +GNU MP, which was contributed by Torbjörn Granlund. + +
  • +The internationalization support in the library, and the support +programs locale and localedef, were written by Ulrich +Drepper. Ulrich Drepper adapted the support code for message catalogs +(‘libintl.h’, etc.) from the GNU gettext package, which he +also wrote. He also contributed the catgets support and the +entire suite of multi-byte and wide-character support functions +(‘wctype.h’, ‘wchar.h’, etc.). + +
  • +The implementations of the ‘nsswitch.conf’ mechanism and the files +and DNS backends for it were designed and written by Ulrich Drepper and +Roland McGrath, based on a backend interface defined by Peter Eriksson. + +
  • +The port to Linux i386/ELF (i386-anything-linux) was +contributed by Ulrich Drepper, based in large part on work done in +Hongjiu Lu's Linux version of the GNU C Library. + +
  • +The port to Linux/m68k (m68k-anything-linux) was +contributed by Andreas Schwab. + +
  • +The ports to Linux/ARM (arm-ANYTHING-linuxaout) and ARM +standalone (arm-ANYTHING-none), as well as parts of the +IPv6 support code, were contributed by Philip Blundell. + +
  • +Richard Henderson contributed the ELF dynamic linking code and other +support for the Alpha processor. + +
  • +David Mosberger-Tang contributed the port to Linux/Alpha +(alpha-anything-linux). + +
  • +The port to Linux on PowerPC (powerpc-anything-linux) +was contributed by Geoffrey Keating. + +
  • +Miles Bader wrote the argp argument-parsing package, and the argz/envz +interfaces. + +
  • +Stephen R. van den Berg contributed a highly-optimized strstr function. + +
  • +Ulrich Drepper contributed the hsearch and drand48 +families of functions; reentrant ‘…_r’ versions of the +random family; System V shared memory and IPC support code; and +several highly-optimized string functions for ix86 processors. + +
  • +The math functions are taken from fdlibm-5.1 by Sun +Microsystems, as modified by J.T. Conklin, Ian Lance Taylor, +Ulrich Drepper, Andreas Schwab, and Roland McGrath. + +
  • +The libio library used to implement stdio functions on +some platforms was written by Per Bothner and modified by Ulrich Drepper. + +
  • +Eric Youngdale and Ulrich Drepper implemented versioning of objects on +the symbol level. + +
  • +Thorsten Kukuk provided an implementation for NIS (YP) and NIS+, +securelevel 0, 1 and 2. + +
  • +Andreas Jaeger provided a test suite for the math library. + +
  • +Mark Kettenis implemented the utmpx interface and an utmp daemon. + +
  • +Ulrich Drepper added character conversion functions (iconv). + +
  • +Thorsten Kukuk provided an implementation for a caching daemon for NSS +(nscd). + +
  • +Tim Waugh provided an implementation of the POSIX.2 wordexp function family. + +
  • +Mark Kettenis provided a Hesiod NSS module. + +
  • +The Internet-related code (most of the ‘inet’ subdirectory) and +several other miscellaneous functions and header files have been +included from 4.4 BSD with little or no modification. The copying +permission notice for this code can be found in the file ‘LICENSES’ +in the source distribution. + +
  • +The random number generation functions random, srandom, +setstate and initstate, which are also the basis for the +rand and srand functions, were written by Earl T. Cohen +for the University of California at Berkeley and are copyrighted by the +Regents of the University of California. They have undergone minor +changes to fit into the GNU C library and to fit the ISO C standard, +but the functional code is Berkeley's. + +
  • +The DNS resolver code is taken directly from BIND 4.9.5, which +includes copyrighted code from UC Berkeley and from Digital Equipment +Corporation. See the file ‘LICENSES’ for the text of the DEC license. + +
  • +The code to support Sun RPC is taken verbatim from Sun's +RPCSRC-4.0 distribution; see the file ‘LICENSES’ for the +text of the license. + +
  • +Some of the support code for Mach is taken from Mach 3.0 by CMU; +the file if_ppp.h is also copyright by CMU, but under a different license; +see the file ‘LICENSES’ for the text of the licenses. + +
  • +Many of the IA64 math functions are taken from a collection of +“Highly Optimized Mathematical Functions for Itanium” that Intel +makes available under a free license; see the file ‘LICENSES’ for +details. + +
  • +The getaddrinfo and getnameinfo functions and supporting +code were written by Craig Metz; see the file ‘LICENSES’ for +details on their licensing. + +
  • +Many of the IEEE 64-bit double precision math functions +(in the ‘sysdeps/ieee754/dbl-64’ subdirectory) come +from the IBM Accurate Mathematical Library, contributed by IBM. + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_2.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_2.html @@ -0,0 +1,1805 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 2. Error Reporting + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

2. Error Reporting

+ +

Many functions in the GNU C library detect and report error conditions, +and sometimes your programs need to check for these error conditions. +For example, when you open an input file, you should verify that the +file was actually opened correctly, and print an error message or take +other appropriate action if the call to the library function failed. +

+

This chapter describes how the error reporting facility works. Your +program should include the header file ‘errno.h’ to use this +facility. + +

+ + + + +
2.1 Checking for Errors   How errors are reported by library functions. +
2.2 Error Codes   Error code macros; all of these expand + into integer constant values. +
2.3 Error Messages   Mapping error codes onto error messages. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

2.1 Checking for Errors

+ +

Most library functions return a special value to indicate that they have +failed. The special value is typically -1, a null pointer, or a +constant such as EOF that is defined for that purpose. But this +return value tells you only that an error has occurred. To find out +what kind of error it was, you need to look at the error code stored in the +variable errno. This variable is declared in the header file +‘errno.h’. + +

+
+
Variable: volatile int errno + +
+

The variable errno contains the system error number. You can +change the value of errno. +

+

Since errno is declared volatile, it might be changed +asynchronously by a signal handler; see Defining Signal Handlers. +However, a properly written signal handler saves and restores the value +of errno, so you generally do not need to worry about this +possibility except when writing signal handlers. +

+

The initial value of errno at program startup is zero. Many +library functions are guaranteed to set it to certain nonzero values +when they encounter certain kinds of errors. These error conditions are +listed for each function. These functions do not change errno +when they succeed; thus, the value of errno after a successful +call is not necessarily zero, and you should not use errno to +determine whether a call failed. The proper way to do that is +documented for each function. If the call failed, you can +examine errno. +

+

Many library functions can set errno to a nonzero value as a +result of calling other library functions which might fail. You should +assume that any library function might alter errno when the +function returns an error. +

+

Portability Note: ISO C specifies errno as a +“modifiable lvalue” rather than as a variable, permitting it to be +implemented as a macro. For example, its expansion might involve a +function call, like *_errno (). In fact, that is what it is +on the GNU system itself. The GNU library, on non-GNU systems, does +whatever is right for the particular system. +

+

There are a few library functions, like sqrt and atan, +that return a perfectly legitimate value in case of an error, but also +set errno. For these functions, if you want to check to see +whether an error occurred, the recommended method is to set errno +to zero before calling the function, and then check its value afterward. +

+ + +

All the error codes have symbolic names; they are macros defined in +‘errno.h’. The names start with ‘E’ and an upper-case +letter or digit; you should consider names of this form to be +reserved names. See section Reserved Names. +

+

The error code values are all positive integers and are all distinct, +with one exception: EWOULDBLOCK and EAGAIN are the same. +Since the values are distinct, you can use them as labels in a +switch statement; just don't use both EWOULDBLOCK and +EAGAIN. Your program should not make any other assumptions about +the specific values of these symbolic constants. +

+

The value of errno doesn't necessarily have to correspond to any +of these macros, since some library functions might return other error +codes of their own for other situations. The only values that are +guaranteed to be meaningful for a particular library function are the +ones that this manual lists for that function. +

+

On non-GNU systems, almost any system call can return EFAULT if +it is given an invalid pointer as an argument. Since this could only +happen as a result of a bug in your program, and since it will not +happen on the GNU system, we have saved space by not mentioning +EFAULT in the descriptions of individual functions. +

+

In some Unix systems, many system calls can also return EFAULT if +given as an argument a pointer into the stack, and the kernel for some +obscure reason fails in its attempt to extend the stack. If this ever +happens, you should probably try using statically or dynamically +allocated memory instead of stack memory on that system. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

2.2 Error Codes

+ +

The error code macros are defined in the header file ‘errno.h’. +All of them expand into integer constant values. Some of these error +codes can't occur on the GNU system, but they can occur using the GNU +library on other systems. +

+
+
Macro: int EPERM + +
+

Operation not permitted; only the owner of the file (or other resource) +or processes with special privileges can perform the operation. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ENOENT + +
+

No such file or directory. This is a “file doesn't exist” error +for ordinary files that are referenced in contexts where they are +expected to already exist. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ESRCH + +
+

No process matches the specified process ID. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EINTR + +
+

Interrupted function call; an asynchronous signal occurred and prevented +completion of the call. When this happens, you should try the call +again. +

+

You can choose to have functions resume after a signal that is handled, +rather than failing with EINTR; see Primitives Interrupted by Signals. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EIO + +
+

Input/output error; usually used for physical read or write errors. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ENXIO + +
+

No such device or address. The system tried to use the device +represented by a file you specified, and it couldn't find the device. +This can mean that the device file was installed incorrectly, or that +the physical device is missing or not correctly attached to the +computer. +

+ +
+
Macro: int E2BIG + +
+

Argument list too long; used when the arguments passed to a new program +being executed with one of the exec functions (see section Executing a File) occupy too much memory space. This condition never arises in the +GNU system. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ENOEXEC + +
+

Invalid executable file format. This condition is detected by the +exec functions; see Executing a File. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EBADF + +
+

Bad file descriptor; for example, I/O on a descriptor that has been +closed or reading from a descriptor open only for writing (or vice +versa). +

+ +
+
Macro: int ECHILD + +
+

There are no child processes. This error happens on operations that are +supposed to manipulate child processes, when there aren't any processes +to manipulate. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EDEADLK + +
+

Deadlock avoided; allocating a system resource would have resulted in a +deadlock situation. The system does not guarantee that it will notice +all such situations. This error means you got lucky and the system +noticed; it might just hang. See section File Locks, for an example. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ENOMEM + +
+

No memory available. The system cannot allocate more virtual memory +because its capacity is full. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EACCES + +
+

Permission denied; the file permissions do not allow the attempted operation. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EFAULT + +
+

Bad address; an invalid pointer was detected. +In the GNU system, this error never happens; you get a signal instead. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ENOTBLK + +
+

A file that isn't a block special file was given in a situation that +requires one. For example, trying to mount an ordinary file as a file +system in Unix gives this error. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EBUSY + +
+

Resource busy; a system resource that can't be shared is already in use. +For example, if you try to delete a file that is the root of a currently +mounted filesystem, you get this error. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EEXIST + +
+

File exists; an existing file was specified in a context where it only +makes sense to specify a new file. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EXDEV + +
+

An attempt to make an improper link across file systems was detected. +This happens not only when you use link (see section Hard Links) but +also when you rename a file with rename (see section Renaming Files). +

+ +
+
Macro: int ENODEV + +
+

The wrong type of device was given to a function that expects a +particular sort of device. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ENOTDIR + +
+

A file that isn't a directory was specified when a directory is required. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EISDIR + +
+

File is a directory; you cannot open a directory for writing, +or create or remove hard links to it. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EINVAL + +
+

Invalid argument. This is used to indicate various kinds of problems +with passing the wrong argument to a library function. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EMFILE + +
+

The current process has too many files open and can't open any more. +Duplicate descriptors do count toward this limit. +

+

In BSD and GNU, the number of open files is controlled by a resource +limit that can usually be increased. If you get this error, you might +want to increase the RLIMIT_NOFILE limit or make it unlimited; +see section Limiting Resource Usage. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ENFILE + +
+

There are too many distinct file openings in the entire system. Note +that any number of linked channels count as just one file opening; see +Linked Channels. This error never occurs in the GNU system. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ENOTTY + +
+

Inappropriate I/O control operation, such as trying to set terminal +modes on an ordinary file. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ETXTBSY + +
+

An attempt to execute a file that is currently open for writing, or +write to a file that is currently being executed. Often using a +debugger to run a program is considered having it open for writing and +will cause this error. (The name stands for “text file busy”.) This +is not an error in the GNU system; the text is copied as necessary. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EFBIG + +
+

File too big; the size of a file would be larger than allowed by the system. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ENOSPC + +
+

No space left on device; write operation on a file failed because the +disk is full. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ESPIPE + +
+

Invalid seek operation (such as on a pipe). +

+ +
+
Macro: int EROFS + +
+

An attempt was made to modify something on a read-only file system. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EMLINK + +
+

Too many links; the link count of a single file would become too large. +rename can cause this error if the file being renamed already has +as many links as it can take (see section Renaming Files). +

+ +
+
Macro: int EPIPE + +
+

Broken pipe; there is no process reading from the other end of a pipe. +Every library function that returns this error code also generates a +SIGPIPE signal; this signal terminates the program if not handled +or blocked. Thus, your program will never actually see EPIPE +unless it has handled or blocked SIGPIPE. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EDOM + +
+

Domain error; used by mathematical functions when an argument value does +not fall into the domain over which the function is defined. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ERANGE + +
+

Range error; used by mathematical functions when the result value is +not representable because of overflow or underflow. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EAGAIN + +
+

Resource temporarily unavailable; the call might work if you try again +later. The macro EWOULDBLOCK is another name for EAGAIN; +they are always the same in the GNU C library. +

+

This error can happen in a few different situations: +

+
    +
  • +An operation that would block was attempted on an object that has +non-blocking mode selected. Trying the same operation again will block +until some external condition makes it possible to read, write, or +connect (whatever the operation). You can use select to find out +when the operation will be possible; see section Waiting for Input or Output. + +

    Portability Note: In many older Unix systems, this condition +was indicated by EWOULDBLOCK, which was a distinct error code +different from EAGAIN. To make your program portable, you should +check for both codes and treat them the same. +

    +
  • +A temporary resource shortage made an operation impossible. fork +can return this error. It indicates that the shortage is expected to +pass, so your program can try the call again later and it may succeed. +It is probably a good idea to delay for a few seconds before trying it +again, to allow time for other processes to release scarce resources. +Such shortages are usually fairly serious and affect the whole system, +so usually an interactive program should report the error to the user +and return to its command loop. +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EWOULDBLOCK + +
+

In the GNU C library, this is another name for EAGAIN (above). +The values are always the same, on every operating system. +

+

C libraries in many older Unix systems have EWOULDBLOCK as a +separate error code. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EINPROGRESS + +
+

An operation that cannot complete immediately was initiated on an object +that has non-blocking mode selected. Some functions that must always +block (such as connect; see section Making a Connection) never return +EAGAIN. Instead, they return EINPROGRESS to indicate that +the operation has begun and will take some time. Attempts to manipulate +the object before the call completes return EALREADY. You can +use the select function to find out when the pending operation +has completed; see section Waiting for Input or Output. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EALREADY + +
+

An operation is already in progress on an object that has non-blocking +mode selected. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ENOTSOCK + +
+

A file that isn't a socket was specified when a socket is required. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EMSGSIZE + +
+

The size of a message sent on a socket was larger than the supported +maximum size. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EPROTOTYPE + +
+

The socket type does not support the requested communications protocol. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ENOPROTOOPT + +
+

You specified a socket option that doesn't make sense for the +particular protocol being used by the socket. See section Socket Options. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EPROTONOSUPPORT + +
+

The socket domain does not support the requested communications protocol +(perhaps because the requested protocol is completely invalid). +See section Creating a Socket. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ESOCKTNOSUPPORT + +
+

The socket type is not supported. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EOPNOTSUPP + +
+

The operation you requested is not supported. Some socket functions +don't make sense for all types of sockets, and others may not be +implemented for all communications protocols. In the GNU system, this +error can happen for many calls when the object does not support the +particular operation; it is a generic indication that the server knows +nothing to do for that call. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EPFNOSUPPORT + +
+

The socket communications protocol family you requested is not supported. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EAFNOSUPPORT + +
+

The address family specified for a socket is not supported; it is +inconsistent with the protocol being used on the socket. See section Sockets. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EADDRINUSE + +
+

The requested socket address is already in use. See section Socket Addresses. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EADDRNOTAVAIL + +
+

The requested socket address is not available; for example, you tried +to give a socket a name that doesn't match the local host name. +See section Socket Addresses. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ENETDOWN + +
+

A socket operation failed because the network was down. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ENETUNREACH + +
+

A socket operation failed because the subnet containing the remote host +was unreachable. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ENETRESET + +
+

A network connection was reset because the remote host crashed. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ECONNABORTED + +
+

A network connection was aborted locally. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ECONNRESET + +
+

A network connection was closed for reasons outside the control of the +local host, such as by the remote machine rebooting or an unrecoverable +protocol violation. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ENOBUFS + +
+

The kernel's buffers for I/O operations are all in use. In GNU, this +error is always synonymous with ENOMEM; you may get one or the +other from network operations. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EISCONN + +
+

You tried to connect a socket that is already connected. +See section Making a Connection. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ENOTCONN + +
+

The socket is not connected to anything. You get this error when you +try to transmit data over a socket, without first specifying a +destination for the data. For a connectionless socket (for datagram +protocols, such as UDP), you get EDESTADDRREQ instead. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EDESTADDRREQ + +
+

No default destination address was set for the socket. You get this +error when you try to transmit data over a connectionless socket, +without first specifying a destination for the data with connect. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ESHUTDOWN + +
+

The socket has already been shut down. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ETOOMANYREFS + +
+

??? +

+ +
+
Macro: int ETIMEDOUT + +
+

A socket operation with a specified timeout received no response during +the timeout period. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ECONNREFUSED + +
+

A remote host refused to allow the network connection (typically because +it is not running the requested service). +

+ +
+
Macro: int ELOOP + +
+

Too many levels of symbolic links were encountered in looking up a file name. +This often indicates a cycle of symbolic links. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ENAMETOOLONG + +
+

Filename too long (longer than PATH_MAX; see section Limits on File System Capacity) or host name too long (in gethostname or +sethostname; see section Host Identification). +

+ +
+
Macro: int EHOSTDOWN + +
+

The remote host for a requested network connection is down. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EHOSTUNREACH + +
+

The remote host for a requested network connection is not reachable. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ENOTEMPTY + +
+

Directory not empty, where an empty directory was expected. Typically, +this error occurs when you are trying to delete a directory. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EPROCLIM + +
+

This means that the per-user limit on new process would be exceeded by +an attempted fork. See section Limiting Resource Usage, for details on +the RLIMIT_NPROC limit. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EUSERS + +
+

The file quota system is confused because there are too many users. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EDQUOT + +
+

The user's disk quota was exceeded. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ESTALE + +
+

Stale NFS file handle. This indicates an internal confusion in the NFS +system which is due to file system rearrangements on the server host. +Repairing this condition usually requires unmounting and remounting +the NFS file system on the local host. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EREMOTE + +
+

An attempt was made to NFS-mount a remote file system with a file name that +already specifies an NFS-mounted file. +(This is an error on some operating systems, but we expect it to work +properly on the GNU system, making this error code impossible.) +

+ +
+
Macro: int EBADRPC + +
+

??? +

+ +
+
Macro: int ERPCMISMATCH + +
+

??? +

+ +
+
Macro: int EPROGUNAVAIL + +
+

??? +

+ +
+
Macro: int EPROGMISMATCH + +
+

??? +

+ +
+
Macro: int EPROCUNAVAIL + +
+

??? +

+ +
+
Macro: int ENOLCK + +
+

No locks available. This is used by the file locking facilities; see +File Locks. This error is never generated by the GNU system, but +it can result from an operation to an NFS server running another +operating system. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EFTYPE + +
+

Inappropriate file type or format. The file was the wrong type for the +operation, or a data file had the wrong format. +

+

On some systems chmod returns this error if you try to set the +sticky bit on a non-directory file; see section Assigning File Permissions. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EAUTH + +
+

??? +

+ +
+
Macro: int ENEEDAUTH + +
+

??? +

+ +
+
Macro: int ENOSYS + +
+

Function not implemented. This indicates that the function called is +not implemented at all, either in the C library itself or in the +operating system. When you get this error, you can be sure that this +particular function will always fail with ENOSYS unless you +install a new version of the C library or the operating system. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ENOTSUP + +
+

Not supported. A function returns this error when certain parameter +values are valid, but the functionality they request is not available. +This can mean that the function does not implement a particular command +or option value or flag bit at all. For functions that operate on some +object given in a parameter, such as a file descriptor or a port, it +might instead mean that only that specific object (file +descriptor, port, etc.) is unable to support the other parameters given; +different file descriptors might support different ranges of parameter +values. +

+

If the entire function is not available at all in the implementation, +it returns ENOSYS instead. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EILSEQ + +
+

While decoding a multibyte character the function came along an invalid +or an incomplete sequence of bytes or the given wide character is invalid. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EBACKGROUND + +
+

In the GNU system, servers supporting the term protocol return +this error for certain operations when the caller is not in the +foreground process group of the terminal. Users do not usually see this +error because functions such as read and write translate +it into a SIGTTIN or SIGTTOU signal. See section Job Control, +for information on process groups and these signals. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EDIED + +
+

In the GNU system, opening a file returns this error when the file is +translated by a program and the translator program dies while starting +up, before it has connected to the file. +

+ +
+
Macro: int ED + +
+

The experienced user will know what is wrong. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EGREGIOUS + +
+

You did what? +

+ +
+
Macro: int EIEIO + +
+

Go home and have a glass of warm, dairy-fresh milk. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EGRATUITOUS + +
+

This error code has no purpose. +

+ +
+
Macro: int EBADMSG + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EIDRM + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EMULTIHOP + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ENODATA + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ENOLINK + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ENOMSG + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ENOSR + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ENOSTR + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EOVERFLOW + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EPROTO + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ETIME + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ECANCELED + +
+

Operation canceled; an asynchronous operation was canceled before it +completed. See section Perform I/O Operations in Parallel. When you call aio_cancel, +the normal result is for the operations affected to complete with this +error; see section Cancellation of AIO Operations. +

+ + +

The following error codes are defined by the Linux/i386 kernel. +They are not yet documented. +

+
+
Macro: int ERESTART + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ECHRNG + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EL2NSYNC + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EL3HLT + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EL3RST + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ELNRNG + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EUNATCH + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ENOCSI + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EL2HLT + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EBADE + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EBADR + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EXFULL + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ENOANO + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EBADRQC + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EBADSLT + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EDEADLOCK + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EBFONT + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ENONET + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ENOPKG + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EADV + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ESRMNT + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ECOMM + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EDOTDOT + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ENOTUNIQ + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EBADFD + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EREMCHG + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ELIBACC + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ELIBBAD + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ELIBSCN + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ELIBMAX + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ELIBEXEC + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ESTRPIPE + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EUCLEAN + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ENOTNAM + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ENAVAIL + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EISNAM + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EREMOTEIO + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ENOMEDIUM + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EMEDIUMTYPE + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ENOKEY + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EKEYEXPIRED + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EKEYREVOKED + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EKEYREJECTED + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int EOWNERDEAD + +
+
+ +
+
Macro: int ENOTRECOVERABLE + +
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

2.3 Error Messages

+ +

The library has functions and variables designed to make it easy for +your program to report informative error messages in the customary +format about the failure of a library call. The functions +strerror and perror give you the standard error message +for a given error code; the variable +program_invocation_short_name gives you convenient access to the +name of the program that encountered the error. +

+
+
Function: char * strerror (int errnum) + +
+

The strerror function maps the error code (see section Checking for Errors) specified by the errnum argument to a descriptive error +message string. The return value is a pointer to this string. +

+

The value errnum normally comes from the variable errno. +

+

You should not modify the string returned by strerror. Also, if +you make subsequent calls to strerror, the string might be +overwritten. (But it's guaranteed that no library function ever calls +strerror behind your back.) +

+

The function strerror is declared in ‘string.h’. +

+ +
+
Function: char * strerror_r (int errnum, char *buf, size_t n) + +
+

The strerror_r function works like strerror but instead of +returning the error message in a statically allocated buffer shared by +all threads in the process, it returns a private copy for the +thread. This might be either some permanent global data or a message +string in the user supplied buffer starting at buf with the +length of n bytes. +

+

At most n characters are written (including the NUL byte) so it is +up to the user to select the buffer large enough. +

+

This function should always be used in multi-threaded programs since +there is no way to guarantee the string returned by strerror +really belongs to the last call of the current thread. +

+

This function strerror_r is a GNU extension and it is declared in +‘string.h’. +

+ +
+
Function: void perror (const char *message) + +
+

This function prints an error message to the stream stderr; +see Standard Streams. The orientation of stderr is not +changed. +

+

If you call perror with a message that is either a null +pointer or an empty string, perror just prints the error message +corresponding to errno, adding a trailing newline. +

+

If you supply a non-null message argument, then perror +prefixes its output with this string. It adds a colon and a space +character to separate the message from the error string corresponding +to errno. +

+

The function perror is declared in ‘stdio.h’. +

+ +

strerror and perror produce the exact same message for any +given error code; the precise text varies from system to system. On the +GNU system, the messages are fairly short; there are no multi-line +messages or embedded newlines. Each error message begins with a capital +letter and does not include any terminating punctuation. +

+

Compatibility Note: The strerror function was introduced +in ISO C89. Many older C systems do not support this function yet. +

+ + +

Many programs that don't read input from the terminal are designed to +exit if any system call fails. By convention, the error message from +such a program should start with the program's name, sans directories. +You can find that name in the variable +program_invocation_short_name; the full file name is stored the +variable program_invocation_name. +

+
+
Variable: char * program_invocation_name + +
+

This variable's value is the name that was used to invoke the program +running in the current process. It is the same as argv[0]. Note +that this is not necessarily a useful file name; often it contains no +directory names. See section Program Arguments. +

+ +
+
Variable: char * program_invocation_short_name + +
+

This variable's value is the name that was used to invoke the program +running in the current process, with directory names removed. (That is +to say, it is the same as program_invocation_name minus +everything up to the last slash, if any.) +

+ +

The library initialization code sets up both of these variables before +calling main. +

+

Portability Note: These two variables are GNU extensions. If +you want your program to work with non-GNU libraries, you must save the +value of argv[0] in main, and then strip off the directory +names yourself. We added these extensions to make it possible to write +self-contained error-reporting subroutines that require no explicit +cooperation from main. +

+

Here is an example showing how to handle failure to open a file +correctly. The function open_sesame tries to open the named file +for reading and returns a stream if successful. The fopen +library function returns a null pointer if it couldn't open the file for +some reason. In that situation, open_sesame constructs an +appropriate error message using the strerror function, and +terminates the program. If we were going to make some other library +calls before passing the error code to strerror, we'd have to +save it in a local variable instead, because those other library +functions might overwrite errno in the meantime. +

+
 
#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+FILE *
+open_sesame (char *name)
+{
+  FILE *stream;
+
+  errno = 0;
+  stream = fopen (name, "r");
+  if (stream == NULL)
+    {
+      fprintf (stderr, "%s: Couldn't open file %s; %s\n",
+               program_invocation_short_name, name, strerror (errno));
+      exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+  else
+    return stream;
+}
+
+ +

Using perror has the advantage that the function is portable and +available on all systems implementing ISO C. But often the text +perror generates is not what is wanted and there is no way to +extend or change what perror does. The GNU coding standard, for +instance, requires error messages to be preceded by the program name and +programs which read some input files should should provide information +about the input file name and the line number in case an error is +encountered while reading the file. For these occasions there are two +functions available which are widely used throughout the GNU project. +These functions are declared in ‘error.h’. +

+
+
Function: void error (int status, int errnum, const char *format, …) + +
+

The error function can be used to report general problems during +program execution. The format argument is a format string just +like those given to the printf family of functions. The +arguments required for the format can follow the format parameter. +Just like perror, error also can report an error code in +textual form. But unlike perror the error value is explicitly +passed to the function in the errnum parameter. This eliminates +the problem mentioned above that the error reporting function must be +called immediately after the function causing the error since otherwise +errno might have a different value. +

+

The error prints first the program name. If the application +defined a global variable error_print_progname and points it to a +function this function will be called to print the program name. +Otherwise the string from the global variable program_name is +used. The program name is followed by a colon and a space which in turn +is followed by the output produced by the format string. If the +errnum parameter is non-zero the format string output is followed +by a colon and a space, followed by the error message for the error code +errnum. In any case is the output terminated with a newline. +

+

The output is directed to the stderr stream. If the +stderr wasn't oriented before the call it will be narrow-oriented +afterwards. +

+

The function will return unless the status parameter has a +non-zero value. In this case the function will call exit with +the status value for its parameter and therefore never return. If +error returns the global variable error_message_count is +incremented by one to keep track of the number of errors reported. +

+ +
+
Function: void error_at_line (int status, int errnum, const char *fname, unsigned int lineno, const char *format, …) + +
+

The error_at_line function is very similar to the error +function. The only difference are the additional parameters fname +and lineno. The handling of the other parameters is identical to +that of error except that between the program name and the string +generated by the format string additional text is inserted. +

+

Directly following the program name a colon, followed by the file name +pointer to by fname, another colon, and a value of lineno is +printed. +

+

This additional output of course is meant to be used to locate an error +in an input file (like a programming language source code file etc). +

+

If the global variable error_one_per_line is set to a non-zero +value error_at_line will avoid printing consecutive messages for +the same file and line. Repetition which are not directly following +each other are not caught. +

+

Just like error this function only returned if status is +zero. Otherwise exit is called with the non-zero value. If +error returns the global variable error_message_count is +incremented by one to keep track of the number of errors reported. +

+ +

As mentioned above the error and error_at_line functions +can be customized by defining a variable named +error_print_progname. +

+
+
Variable: void (*) error_print_progname (void) + +
+

If the error_print_progname variable is defined to a non-zero +value the function pointed to is called by error or +error_at_line. It is expected to print the program name or do +something similarly useful. +

+

The function is expected to be print to the stderr stream and +must be able to handle whatever orientation the stream has. +

+

The variable is global and shared by all threads. +

+ +
+
Variable: unsigned int error_message_count + +
+

The error_message_count variable is incremented whenever one of +the functions error or error_at_line returns. The +variable is global and shared by all threads. +

+ +
+
Variable: int error_one_per_line + +
+

The error_one_per_line variable influences only +error_at_line. Normally the error_at_line function +creates output for every invocation. If error_one_per_line is +set to a non-zero value error_at_line keeps track of the last +file name and line number for which an error was reported and avoid +directly following messages for the same file and line. This variable +is global and shared by all threads. +

+ +

A program which read some input file and reports errors in it could look +like this: +

+
 
{
+  char *line = NULL;
+  size_t len = 0;
+  unsigned int lineno = 0;
+
+  error_message_count = 0;
+  while (! feof_unlocked (fp))
+    {
+      ssize_t n = getline (&line, &len, fp);
+      if (n <= 0)
+        /* End of file or error.  */
+        break;
+      ++lineno;
+
+      /* Process the line.  */
+      …
+
+      if (Detect error in line)
+        error_at_line (0, errval, filename, lineno,
+                       "some error text %s", some_variable);
+    }
+
+  if (error_message_count != 0)
+    error (EXIT_FAILURE, 0, "%u errors found", error_message_count);
+}
+
+ +

error and error_at_line are clearly the functions of +choice and enable the programmer to write applications which follow the +GNU coding standard. The GNU libc additionally contains functions which +are used in BSD for the same purpose. These functions are declared in +‘err.h’. It is generally advised to not use these functions. They +are included only for compatibility. +

+
+
Function: void warn (const char *format, …) + +
+

The warn function is roughly equivalent to a call like +

 
  error (0, errno, format, the parameters)
+
+

except that the global variables error respects and modifies +are not used. +

+ +
+
Function: void vwarn (const char *format, va_list) + +
+

The vwarn function is just like warn except that the +parameters for the handling of the format string format are passed +in as an value of type va_list. +

+ +
+
Function: void warnx (const char *format, …) + +
+

The warnx function is roughly equivalent to a call like +

 
  error (0, 0, format, the parameters)
+
+

except that the global variables error respects and modifies +are not used. The difference to warn is that no error number +string is printed. +

+ +
+
Function: void vwarnx (const char *format, va_list) + +
+

The vwarnx function is just like warnx except that the +parameters for the handling of the format string format are passed +in as an value of type va_list. +

+ +
+
Function: void err (int status, const char *format, …) + +
+

The err function is roughly equivalent to a call like +

 
  error (status, errno, format, the parameters)
+
+

except that the global variables error respects and modifies +are not used and that the program is exited even if status is zero. +

+ +
+
Function: void verr (int status, const char *format, va_list) + +
+

The verr function is just like err except that the +parameters for the handling of the format string format are passed +in as an value of type va_list. +

+ +
+
Function: void errx (int status, const char *format, …) + +
+

The errx function is roughly equivalent to a call like +

 
  error (status, 0, format, the parameters)
+
+

except that the global variables error respects and modifies +are not used and that the program is exited even if status +is zero. The difference to err is that no error number +string is printed. +

+ +
+
Function: void verrx (int status, const char *format, va_list) + +
+

The verrx function is just like errx except that the +parameters for the handling of the format string format are passed +in as an value of type va_list. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ << ][ >> ]           [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_18.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_18.html @@ -0,0 +1,830 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 18. Syslog + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

18. Syslog

+ + +

This chapter describes facilities for issuing and logging messages of +system administration interest. This chapter has nothing to do with +programs issuing messages to their own users or keeping private logs +(One would typically do that with the facilities described in +Input/Output on Streams). +

+

Most systems have a facility called “Syslog” that allows programs to +submit messages of interest to system administrators and can be +configured to pass these messages on in various ways, such as printing +on the console, mailing to a particular person, or recording in a log +file for future reference. +

+

A program uses the facilities in this chapter to submit such messages. +

+ + + +
18.1 Overview of Syslog   Overview of a system's Syslog facility +
18.2 Submitting Syslog Messages   Functions to submit messages to Syslog +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

18.1 Overview of Syslog

+ +

System administrators have to deal with lots of different kinds of +messages from a plethora of subsystems within each system, and usually +lots of systems as well. For example, an FTP server might report every +connection it gets. The kernel might report hardware failures on a disk +drive. A DNS server might report usage statistics at regular intervals. +

+

Some of these messages need to be brought to a system administrator's +attention immediately. And it may not be just any system administrator +– there may be a particular system administrator who deals with a +particular kind of message. Other messages just need to be recorded for +future reference if there is a problem. Still others may need to have +information extracted from them by an automated process that generates +monthly reports. +

+

To deal with these messages, most Unix systems have a facility called +"Syslog." It is generally based on a daemon called “Syslogd” +Syslogd listens for messages on a Unix domain socket named +‘/dev/log’. Based on classification information in the messages +and its configuration file (usually ‘/etc/syslog.conf’), Syslogd +routes them in various ways. Some of the popular routings are: +

+
    +
  • +Write to the system console +
  • +Mail to a specific user +
  • +Write to a log file +
  • +Pass to another daemon +
  • +Discard +
+ +

Syslogd can also handle messages from other systems. It listens on the +syslog UDP port as well as the local socket for messages. +

+

Syslog can handle messages from the kernel itself. But the kernel +doesn't write to ‘/dev/log’; rather, another daemon (sometimes +called “Klogd”) extracts messages from the kernel and passes them on to +Syslog as any other process would (and it properly identifies them as +messages from the kernel). +

+

Syslog can even handle messages that the kernel issued before Syslogd or +Klogd was running. A Linux kernel, for example, stores startup messages +in a kernel message ring and they are normally still there when Klogd +later starts up. Assuming Syslogd is running by the time Klogd starts, +Klogd then passes everything in the message ring to it. +

+

In order to classify messages for disposition, Syslog requires any process +that submits a message to it to provide two pieces of classification +information with it: +

+
+
facility
+

This identifies who submitted the message. There are a small number of +facilities defined. The kernel, the mail subsystem, and an FTP server +are examples of recognized facilities. For the complete list, +See section syslog, vsyslog. Keep in mind that these are +essentially arbitrary classifications. "Mail subsystem" doesn't have any +more meaning than the system administrator gives to it. +

+
+
priority
+

This tells how important the content of the message is. Examples of +defined priority values are: debug, informational, warning, critical. +For the complete list, see syslog, vsyslog. Except for +the fact that the priorities have a defined order, the meaning of each +of these priorities is entirely determined by the system administrator. +

+
+
+ +

A “facility/priority” is a number that indicates both the facility +and the priority. +

+

Warning: This terminology is not universal. Some people use +“level” to refer to the priority and “priority” to refer to the +combination of facility and priority. A Linux kernel has a concept of a +message “level,” which corresponds both to a Syslog priority and to a +Syslog facility/priority (It can be both because the facility code for +the kernel is zero, and that makes priority and facility/priority the +same value). +

+

The GNU C library provides functions to submit messages to Syslog. They +do it by writing to the ‘/dev/log’ socket. See section Submitting Syslog Messages. +

+

The GNU C library functions only work to submit messages to the Syslog +facility on the same system. To submit a message to the Syslog facility +on another system, use the socket I/O functions to write a UDP datagram +to the syslog UDP port on that system. See section Sockets. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

18.2 Submitting Syslog Messages

+ +

The GNU C library provides functions to submit messages to the Syslog +facility: +

+ + + + + + +
18.2.1 openlog   Open connection to Syslog +
18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog   Submit message to Syslog +
18.2.3 closelog   Close connection to Syslog +
18.2.4 setlogmask   Cause certain messages to be ignored +
18.2.5 Syslog Example   Example of all of the above +
+ +

These functions only work to submit messages to the Syslog facility on +the same system. To submit a message to the Syslog facility on another +system, use the socket I/O functions to write a UDP datagram to the +syslog UDP port on that system. See section Sockets. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

18.2.1 openlog

+ +

The symbols referred to in this section are declared in the file +‘syslog.h’. +

+
+
Function: void openlog (const char *ident, int option, int facility) + +
+

openlog opens or reopens a connection to Syslog in preparation +for submitting messages. +

+

ident is an arbitrary identification string which future +syslog invocations will prefix to each message. This is intended +to identify the source of the message, and people conventionally set it +to the name of the program that will submit the messages. +

+

If ident is NULL, or if openlog is not called, the default +identification string used in Syslog messages will be the program name, +taken from argv[0]. +

+

Please note that the string pointer ident will be retained +internally by the Syslog routines. You must not free the memory that +ident points to. It is also dangerous to pass a reference to an +automatic variable since leaving the scope would mean ending the +lifetime of the variable. If you want to change the ident string, +you must call openlog again; overwriting the string pointed to by +ident is not thread-safe. +

+

You can cause the Syslog routines to drop the reference to ident and +go back to the default string (the program name taken from argv[0]), by +calling closelog: See section closelog. +

+

In particular, if you are writing code for a shared library that might get +loaded and then unloaded (e.g. a PAM module), and you use openlog, +you must call closelog before any point where your library might +get unloaded, as in this example: +

+
 
#include <syslog.h>
+
+void
+shared_library_function (void)
+{
+  openlog ("mylibrary", option, priority);
+
+  syslog (LOG_INFO, "shared library has been invoked");
+
+  closelog ();
+}
+
+ +

Without the call to closelog, future invocations of syslog +by the program using the shared library may crash, if the library gets +unloaded and the memory containing the string "mylibrary" becomes +unmapped. This is a limitation of the BSD syslog interface. +

+

openlog may or may not open the ‘/dev/log’ socket, depending +on option. If it does, it tries to open it and connect it as a +stream socket. If that doesn't work, it tries to open it and connect it +as a datagram socket. The socket has the “Close on Exec” attribute, +so the kernel will close it if the process performs an exec. +

+

You don't have to use openlog. If you call syslog without +having called openlog, syslog just opens the connection +implicitly and uses defaults for the information in ident and +options. +

+

options is a bit string, with the bits as defined by the following +single bit masks: +

+
+
LOG_PERROR
+

If on, openlog sets up the connection so that any syslog +on this connection writes its message to the calling process' Standard +Error stream in addition to submitting it to Syslog. If off, syslog +does not write the message to Standard Error. +

+
+
LOG_CONS
+

If on, openlog sets up the connection so that a syslog on +this connection that fails to submit a message to Syslog writes the +message instead to system console. If off, syslog does not write +to the system console (but of course Syslog may write messages it +receives to the console). +

+
+
LOG_PID
+

When on, openlog sets up the connection so that a syslog +on this connection inserts the calling process' Process ID (PID) into +the message. When off, openlog does not insert the PID. +

+
+
LOG_NDELAY
+

When on, openlog opens and connects the ‘/dev/log’ socket. +When off, a future syslog call must open and connect the socket. +

+

Portability note: In early systems, the sense of this bit was +exactly the opposite. +

+
+
LOG_ODELAY
+

This bit does nothing. It exists for backward compatibility. +

+
+
+ +

If any other bit in options is on, the result is undefined. +

+

facility is the default facility code for this connection. A +syslog on this connection that specifies default facility causes +this facility to be associated with the message. See syslog for +possible values. A value of zero means the default default, which is +LOG_USER. +

+

If a Syslog connection is already open when you call openlog, +openlog “reopens” the connection. Reopening is like opening +except that if you specify zero for the default facility code, the +default facility code simply remains unchanged and if you specify +LOG_NDELAY and the socket is already open and connected, openlog +just leaves it that way. +

+ +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog

+ +

The symbols referred to in this section are declared in the file +‘syslog.h’. +

+
+
Function: void syslog (int facility_priority, char *format, ...) + +
+

syslog submits a message to the Syslog facility. It does this by +writing to the Unix domain socket /dev/log. +

+

syslog submits the message with the facility and priority indicated +by facility_priority. The macro LOG_MAKEPRI generates a +facility/priority from a facility and a priority, as in the following +example: +

+
 
LOG_MAKEPRI(LOG_USER, LOG_WARNING)
+
+ +

The possible values for the facility code are (macros): +

+ +
+
LOG_USER + +
+

A miscellaneous user process +

+
LOG_MAIL + +
+

Mail +

+
LOG_DAEMON + +
+

A miscellaneous system daemon +

+
LOG_AUTH + +
+

Security (authorization) +

+
LOG_SYSLOG + +
+

Syslog +

+
LOG_LPR + +
+

Central printer +

+
LOG_NEWS + +
+

Network news (e.g. Usenet) +

+
LOG_UUCP + +
+

UUCP +

+
LOG_CRON + +
+

Cron and At +

+
LOG_AUTHPRIV + +
+

Private security (authorization) +

+
LOG_FTP + +
+

Ftp server +

+
LOG_LOCAL0 + +
+

Locally defined +

+
LOG_LOCAL1 + +
+

Locally defined +

+
LOG_LOCAL2 + +
+

Locally defined +

+
LOG_LOCAL3 + +
+

Locally defined +

+
LOG_LOCAL4 + +
+

Locally defined +

+
LOG_LOCAL5 + +
+

Locally defined +

+
LOG_LOCAL6 + +
+

Locally defined +

+
LOG_LOCAL7 + +
+

Locally defined +

+
+ +

Results are undefined if the facility code is anything else. +

+

NB: syslog recognizes one other facility code: that of +the kernel. But you can't specify that facility code with these +functions. If you try, it looks the same to syslog as if you are +requesting the default facility. But you wouldn't want to anyway, +because any program that uses the GNU C library is not the kernel. +

+

You can use just a priority code as facility_priority. In that +case, syslog assumes the default facility established when the +Syslog connection was opened. See section Syslog Example. +

+

The possible values for the priority code are (macros): +

+
+
LOG_EMERG + +
+

The message says the system is unusable. +

+
LOG_ALERT + +
+

Action on the message must be taken immediately. +

+
LOG_CRIT + +
+

The message states a critical condition. +

+
LOG_ERR + +
+

The message describes an error. +

+
LOG_WARNING + +
+

The message is a warning. +

+
LOG_NOTICE + +
+

The message describes a normal but important event. +

+
LOG_INFO + +
+

The message is purely informational. +

+
LOG_DEBUG + +
+

The message is only for debugging purposes. +

+
+ +

Results are undefined if the priority code is anything else. +

+

If the process does not presently have a Syslog connection open (i.e., +it did not call openlog), syslog implicitly opens the +connection the same as openlog would, with the following defaults +for information that would otherwise be included in an openlog +call: The default identification string is the program name. The +default default facility is LOG_USER. The default for all the +connection options in options is as if those bits were off. +syslog leaves the Syslog connection open. +

+

If the ‘dev/log’ socket is not open and connected, syslog +opens and connects it, the same as openlog with the +LOG_NDELAY option would. +

+

syslog leaves ‘/dev/log’ open and connected unless its attempt +to send the message failed, in which case syslog closes it (with the +hope that a future implicit open will restore the Syslog connection to a +usable state). +

+

Example: +

+
 
+#include <syslog.h>
+syslog (LOG_MAKEPRI(LOG_LOCAL1, LOG_ERROR),
+        "Unable to make network connection to %s.  Error=%m", host);
+
+
+ +
+ + +
+
Function: void vsyslog (int facility_priority, char *format, va_list arglist) + +
+

This is functionally identical to syslog, with the BSD style variable +length argument. +

+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

18.2.3 closelog

+ +

The symbols referred to in this section are declared in the file +‘syslog.h’. +

+
+
Function: void closelog (void) + +
+

closelog closes the current Syslog connection, if there is one. +This includes closing the ‘dev/log’ socket, if it is open. +closelog also sets the identification string for Syslog messages +back to the default, if openlog was called with a non-NULL argument +to ident. The default identification string is the program name +taken from argv[0]. +

+

If you are writing shared library code that uses openlog to +generate custom syslog output, you should use closelog to drop the +GNU C library's internal reference to the ident pointer when you are +done. Please read the section on openlog for more information: +See section openlog. +

+

closelog does not flush any buffers. You do not have to call +closelog before re-opening a Syslog connection with initlog. +Syslog connections are automatically closed on exec or exit. +

+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

18.2.4 setlogmask

+ +

The symbols referred to in this section are declared in the file +‘syslog.h’. +

+
+
Function: int setlogmask (int mask) + +
+

setlogmask sets a mask (the “logmask”) that determines which +future syslog calls shall be ignored. If a program has not +called setlogmask, syslog doesn't ignore any calls. You +can use setlogmask to specify that messages of particular +priorities shall be ignored in the future. +

+

A setlogmask call overrides any previous setlogmask call. +

+

Note that the logmask exists entirely independently of opening and +closing of Syslog connections. +

+

Setting the logmask has a similar effect to, but is not the same as, +configuring Syslog. The Syslog configuration may cause Syslog to +discard certain messages it receives, but the logmask causes certain +messages never to get submitted to Syslog in the first place. +

+

mask is a bit string with one bit corresponding to each of the +possible message priorities. If the bit is on, syslog handles +messages of that priority normally. If it is off, syslog +discards messages of that priority. Use the message priority macros +described in syslog, vsyslog and the LOG_MASK to construct +an appropriate mask value, as in this example: +

+
 
LOG_MASK(LOG_EMERG) | LOG_MASK(LOG_ERROR)
+
+ +

or +

+
 
~(LOG_MASK(LOG_INFO))
+
+ +

There is also a LOG_UPTO macro, which generates a mask with the bits +on for a certain priority and all priorities above it: +

+
 
LOG_UPTO(LOG_ERROR)
+
+ +

The unfortunate naming of the macro is due to the fact that internally, +higher numbers are used for lower message priorities. +

+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

18.2.5 Syslog Example

+ +

Here is an example of openlog, syslog, and closelog: +

+

This example sets the logmask so that debug and informational messages +get discarded without ever reaching Syslog. So the second syslog +in the example does nothing. +

+
 
#include <syslog.h>
+
+setlogmask (LOG_UPTO (LOG_NOTICE));
+
+openlog ("exampleprog", LOG_CONS | LOG_PID | LOG_NDELAY, LOG_LOCAL1);
+
+syslog (LOG_NOTICE, "Program started by User %d", getuid ());
+syslog (LOG_INFO, "A tree falls in a forest");
+
+closelog ();
+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_63.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_63.html @@ -0,0 +1,427 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Variable and Constant Macro Index: D – E + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

Variable and Constant Macro Index: D – E

+
Jump to:   ( +   +_ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +X +   +Y +   +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Index Entry Section
D
D_FMT7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
D_T_FMT7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
DAY_17.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
DAY_27.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
DAY_37.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
DAY_47.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
DAY_57.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
DAY_67.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
DAY_77.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
daylight21.4.8 Functions and Variables for Time Zones
DBL_DIGA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
DBL_EPSILONA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
DBL_MANT_DIGA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
DBL_MAXA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
DBL_MAX_10_EXPA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
DBL_MAX_EXPA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
DBL_MINA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
DBL_MIN_10_EXPA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
DBL_MIN_EXPA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
DEAD_PROCESS29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
DEAD_PROCESS29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions
DECIMAL_POINT7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
DES_DECRYPT32.4 DES Encryption
DES_ENCRYPT32.4 DES Encryption
DES_HW32.4 DES Encryption
DES_SW32.4 DES Encryption
DESERR_BADPARAM32.4 DES Encryption
DESERR_HWERROR32.4 DES Encryption
DESERR_NOHWDEVICE32.4 DES Encryption
DESERR_NONE32.4 DES Encryption
DT_BLK14.2.1 Format of a Directory Entry
DT_CHR14.2.1 Format of a Directory Entry
DT_DIR14.2.1 Format of a Directory Entry
DT_FIFO14.2.1 Format of a Directory Entry
DT_REG14.2.1 Format of a Directory Entry
DT_SOCK14.2.1 Format of a Directory Entry
DT_UNKNOWN14.2.1 Format of a Directory Entry
E
E2BIG2.2 Error Codes
EACCES2.2 Error Codes
EADDRINUSE2.2 Error Codes
EADDRNOTAVAIL2.2 Error Codes
EADV2.2 Error Codes
EAFNOSUPPORT2.2 Error Codes
EAGAIN2.2 Error Codes
EALREADY2.2 Error Codes
EAUTH2.2 Error Codes
EBACKGROUND2.2 Error Codes
EBADE2.2 Error Codes
EBADF2.2 Error Codes
EBADF17.6 Line Control Functions
EBADFD2.2 Error Codes
EBADMSG2.2 Error Codes
EBADR2.2 Error Codes
EBADRPC2.2 Error Codes
EBADRQC2.2 Error Codes
EBADSLT2.2 Error Codes
EBFONT2.2 Error Codes
EBUSY2.2 Error Codes
ECANCELED2.2 Error Codes
ECHILD2.2 Error Codes
ECHO17.4.7 Local Modes
ECHOCTL17.4.7 Local Modes
ECHOE17.4.7 Local Modes
ECHOK17.4.7 Local Modes
ECHOKE17.4.7 Local Modes
ECHONL17.4.7 Local Modes
ECHOPRT17.4.7 Local Modes
ECHRNG2.2 Error Codes
ECOMM2.2 Error Codes
ECONNABORTED2.2 Error Codes
ECONNREFUSED2.2 Error Codes
ECONNRESET2.2 Error Codes
ED2.2 Error Codes
EDEADLK2.2 Error Codes
EDEADLOCK2.2 Error Codes
EDESTADDRREQ2.2 Error Codes
EDIED2.2 Error Codes
EDOM2.2 Error Codes
EDOTDOT2.2 Error Codes
EDQUOT2.2 Error Codes
EEXIST2.2 Error Codes
EFAULT2.2 Error Codes
EFBIG2.2 Error Codes
EFTYPE2.2 Error Codes
EGRATUITOUS2.2 Error Codes
EGREGIOUS2.2 Error Codes
EHOSTDOWN2.2 Error Codes
EHOSTUNREACH2.2 Error Codes
EIDRM2.2 Error Codes
EIEIO2.2 Error Codes
EILSEQ2.2 Error Codes
EINPROGRESS2.2 Error Codes
EINTR2.2 Error Codes
EINVAL2.2 Error Codes
EINVAL17.6 Line Control Functions
EIO2.2 Error Codes
EISCONN2.2 Error Codes
EISDIR2.2 Error Codes
EISNAM2.2 Error Codes
EKEYEXPIRED2.2 Error Codes
EKEYREJECTED2.2 Error Codes
EKEYREVOKED2.2 Error Codes
EL2HLT2.2 Error Codes
EL2NSYNC2.2 Error Codes
EL3HLT2.2 Error Codes
EL3RST2.2 Error Codes
ELIBACC2.2 Error Codes
ELIBBAD2.2 Error Codes
ELIBEXEC2.2 Error Codes
ELIBMAX2.2 Error Codes
ELIBSCN2.2 Error Codes
ELNRNG2.2 Error Codes
ELOOP2.2 Error Codes
EMEDIUMTYPE2.2 Error Codes
EMFILE2.2 Error Codes
EMLINK2.2 Error Codes
EMPTY29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
EMPTY29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions
EMSGSIZE2.2 Error Codes
EMULTIHOP2.2 Error Codes
ENAMETOOLONG2.2 Error Codes
ENAVAIL2.2 Error Codes
ENEEDAUTH2.2 Error Codes
ENETDOWN2.2 Error Codes
ENETRESET2.2 Error Codes
ENETUNREACH2.2 Error Codes
ENFILE2.2 Error Codes
ENOANO2.2 Error Codes
ENOBUFS2.2 Error Codes
ENOCSI2.2 Error Codes
ENODATA2.2 Error Codes
ENODEV2.2 Error Codes
ENOENT2.2 Error Codes
ENOEXEC2.2 Error Codes
ENOKEY2.2 Error Codes
ENOLCK2.2 Error Codes
ENOLINK2.2 Error Codes
ENOMEDIUM2.2 Error Codes
ENOMEM2.2 Error Codes
ENOMSG2.2 Error Codes
ENONET2.2 Error Codes
ENOPKG2.2 Error Codes
ENOPROTOOPT2.2 Error Codes
ENOSPC2.2 Error Codes
ENOSR2.2 Error Codes
ENOSTR2.2 Error Codes
ENOSYS2.2 Error Codes
ENOTBLK2.2 Error Codes
ENOTCONN2.2 Error Codes
ENOTDIR2.2 Error Codes
ENOTEMPTY2.2 Error Codes
ENOTNAM2.2 Error Codes
ENOTRECOVERABLE2.2 Error Codes
ENOTSOCK2.2 Error Codes
ENOTSUP2.2 Error Codes
ENOTTY2.2 Error Codes
ENOTTY17.6 Line Control Functions
ENOTUNIQ2.2 Error Codes
environ25.4.1 Environment Access
ENXIO2.2 Error Codes
EOF12.15 End-Of-File and Errors
EOPNOTSUPP2.2 Error Codes
EOVERFLOW2.2 Error Codes
EOWNERDEAD2.2 Error Codes
EPERM2.2 Error Codes
EPFNOSUPPORT2.2 Error Codes
EPIPE2.2 Error Codes
EPROCLIM2.2 Error Codes
EPROCUNAVAIL2.2 Error Codes
EPROGMISMATCH2.2 Error Codes
EPROGUNAVAIL2.2 Error Codes
EPROTO2.2 Error Codes
EPROTONOSUPPORT2.2 Error Codes
EPROTOTYPE2.2 Error Codes
EQUIV_CLASS_MAX31.10 Utility Program Capacity Limits
ERA7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ERA_D_FMT7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ERA_D_T_FMT7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ERA_T_FMT7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ERA_YEAR7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
ERANGE2.2 Error Codes
EREMCHG2.2 Error Codes
EREMOTE2.2 Error Codes
EREMOTEIO2.2 Error Codes
ERESTART2.2 Error Codes
EROFS2.2 Error Codes
ERPCMISMATCH2.2 Error Codes
errno2.1 Checking for Errors
error_message_count2.3 Error Messages
error_one_per_line2.3 Error Messages
ESHUTDOWN2.2 Error Codes
ESOCKTNOSUPPORT2.2 Error Codes
ESPIPE2.2 Error Codes
ESRCH2.2 Error Codes
ESRMNT2.2 Error Codes
ESTALE2.2 Error Codes
ESTRPIPE2.2 Error Codes
ethers28.1 NSS Basics
ETIME2.2 Error Codes
ETIMEDOUT2.2 Error Codes
ETOOMANYREFS2.2 Error Codes
ETXTBSY2.2 Error Codes
EUCLEAN2.2 Error Codes
EUNATCH2.2 Error Codes
EUSERS2.2 Error Codes
EWOULDBLOCK2.2 Error Codes
EXDEV2.2 Error Codes
EXFULL2.2 Error Codes
EXIT_FAILURE25.6.2 Exit Status
EXIT_SUCCESS25.6.2 Exit Status
EXPR_NEST_MAX31.10 Utility Program Capacity Limits
EXTA17.4.8 Line Speed
EXTB17.4.8 Line Speed
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+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_10.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_10.html @@ -0,0 +1,2005 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 10. Pattern Matching + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

10. Pattern Matching

+ +

The GNU C Library provides pattern matching facilities for two kinds of +patterns: regular expressions and file-name wildcards. The library also +provides a facility for expanding variable and command references and +parsing text into words in the way the shell does. +

+ + + + + +
10.1 Wildcard Matching   Matching a wildcard pattern against a single string. +
10.2 Globbing   Finding the files that match a wildcard pattern. +
10.3 Regular Expression Matching   Matching regular expressions against strings. +
10.4 Shell-Style Word Expansion   Expanding shell variables, nested commands, + arithmetic, and wildcards. + This is what the shell does with shell commands. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

10.1 Wildcard Matching

+ +

This section describes how to match a wildcard pattern against a +particular string. The result is a yes or no answer: does the +string fit the pattern or not. The symbols described here are all +declared in ‘fnmatch.h’. +

+
+
Function: int fnmatch (const char *pattern, const char *string, int flags) + +
+

This function tests whether the string string matches the pattern +pattern. It returns 0 if they do match; otherwise, it +returns the nonzero value FNM_NOMATCH. The arguments +pattern and string are both strings. +

+

The argument flags is a combination of flag bits that alter the +details of matching. See below for a list of the defined flags. +

+

In the GNU C Library, fnmatch cannot experience an “error”—it +always returns an answer for whether the match succeeds. However, other +implementations of fnmatch might sometimes report “errors”. +They would do so by returning nonzero values that are not equal to +FNM_NOMATCH. +

+ +

These are the available flags for the flags argument: +

+
+
FNM_FILE_NAME
+

Treat the ‘/’ character specially, for matching file names. If +this flag is set, wildcard constructs in pattern cannot match +‘/’ in string. Thus, the only way to match ‘/’ is with +an explicit ‘/’ in pattern. +

+
+
FNM_PATHNAME
+

This is an alias for FNM_FILE_NAME; it comes from POSIX.2. We +don't recommend this name because we don't use the term “pathname” for +file names. +

+
+
FNM_PERIOD
+

Treat the ‘.’ character specially if it appears at the beginning of +string. If this flag is set, wildcard constructs in pattern +cannot match ‘.’ as the first character of string. +

+

If you set both FNM_PERIOD and FNM_FILE_NAME, then the +special treatment applies to ‘.’ following ‘/’ as well as to +‘.’ at the beginning of string. (The shell uses the +FNM_PERIOD and FNM_FILE_NAME flags together for matching +file names.) +

+
+
FNM_NOESCAPE
+

Don't treat the ‘\’ character specially in patterns. Normally, +‘\’ quotes the following character, turning off its special meaning +(if any) so that it matches only itself. When quoting is enabled, the +pattern ‘\?’ matches only the string ‘?’, because the question +mark in the pattern acts like an ordinary character. +

+

If you use FNM_NOESCAPE, then ‘\’ is an ordinary character. +

+
+
FNM_LEADING_DIR
+

Ignore a trailing sequence of characters starting with a ‘/’ in +string; that is to say, test whether string starts with a +directory name that pattern matches. +

+

If this flag is set, either ‘foo*’ or ‘foobar’ as a pattern +would match the string ‘foobar/frobozz’. +

+
+
FNM_CASEFOLD
+

Ignore case in comparing string to pattern. +

+
+
FNM_EXTMATCH
+
+ +

Recognize beside the normal patterns also the extended patterns +introduced in ‘ksh’. The patterns are written in the form +explained in the following table where pattern-list is a | +separated list of patterns. +

+
+
?(pattern-list)
+

The pattern matches if zero or one occurrences of any of the patterns +in the pattern-list allow matching the input string. +

+
+
*(pattern-list)
+

The pattern matches if zero or more occurrences of any of the patterns +in the pattern-list allow matching the input string. +

+
+
+(pattern-list)
+

The pattern matches if one or more occurrences of any of the patterns +in the pattern-list allow matching the input string. +

+
+
@(pattern-list)
+

The pattern matches if exactly one occurrence of any of the patterns in +the pattern-list allows matching the input string. +

+
+
!(pattern-list)
+

The pattern matches if the input string cannot be matched with any of +the patterns in the pattern-list. +

+
+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

10.2 Globbing

+ +

The archetypal use of wildcards is for matching against the files in a +directory, and making a list of all the matches. This is called +globbing. +

+

You could do this using fnmatch, by reading the directory entries +one by one and testing each one with fnmatch. But that would be +slow (and complex, since you would have to handle subdirectories by +hand). +

+

The library provides a function glob to make this particular use +of wildcards convenient. glob and the other symbols in this +section are declared in ‘glob.h’. +

+ + + + +
10.2.1 Calling glob   Basic use of glob. +
10.2.2 Flags for Globbing   Flags that enable various options in glob. +
10.2.3 More Flags for Globbing   GNU specific extensions to glob. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

10.2.1 Calling glob

+ +

The result of globbing is a vector of file names (strings). To return +this vector, glob uses a special data type, glob_t, which +is a structure. You pass glob the address of the structure, and +it fills in the structure's fields to tell you about the results. +

+
+
Data Type: glob_t + +
+

This data type holds a pointer to a word vector. More precisely, it +records both the address of the word vector and its size. The GNU +implementation contains some more fields which are non-standard +extensions. +

+
+
gl_pathc
+

The number of elements in the vector, excluding the initial null entries +if the GLOB_DOOFFS flag is used (see gl_offs below). +

+
+
gl_pathv
+

The address of the vector. This field has type char **. +

+
+
gl_offs
+

The offset of the first real element of the vector, from its nominal +address in the gl_pathv field. Unlike the other fields, this +is always an input to glob, rather than an output from it. +

+

If you use a nonzero offset, then that many elements at the beginning of +the vector are left empty. (The glob function fills them with +null pointers.) +

+

The gl_offs field is meaningful only if you use the +GLOB_DOOFFS flag. Otherwise, the offset is always zero +regardless of what is in this field, and the first real element comes at +the beginning of the vector. +

+
+
gl_closedir
+

The address of an alternative implementation of the closedir +function. It is used if the GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC bit is set in +the flag parameter. The type of this field is +void (*) (void *). +

+

This is a GNU extension. +

+
+
gl_readdir
+

The address of an alternative implementation of the readdir +function used to read the contents of a directory. It is used if the +GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC bit is set in the flag parameter. The type of +this field is struct dirent *(*) (void *). +

+

This is a GNU extension. +

+
+
gl_opendir
+

The address of an alternative implementation of the opendir +function. It is used if the GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC bit is set in +the flag parameter. The type of this field is +void *(*) (const char *). +

+

This is a GNU extension. +

+
+
gl_stat
+

The address of an alternative implementation of the stat function +to get information about an object in the filesystem. It is used if the +GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC bit is set in the flag parameter. The type of +this field is int (*) (const char *, struct stat *). +

+

This is a GNU extension. +

+
+
gl_lstat
+

The address of an alternative implementation of the lstat +function to get information about an object in the filesystems, not +following symbolic links. It is used if the GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC bit +is set in the flag parameter. The type of this field is int +(*) (const char *, struct stat *). +

+

This is a GNU extension. +

+
+
+ +

For use in the glob64 function ‘glob.h’ contains another +definition for a very similar type. glob64_t differs from +glob_t only in the types of the members gl_readdir, +gl_stat, and gl_lstat. +

+
+
Data Type: glob64_t + +
+

This data type holds a pointer to a word vector. More precisely, it +records both the address of the word vector and its size. The GNU +implementation contains some more fields which are non-standard +extensions. +

+
+
gl_pathc
+

The number of elements in the vector, excluding the initial null entries +if the GLOB_DOOFFS flag is used (see gl_offs below). +

+
+
gl_pathv
+

The address of the vector. This field has type char **. +

+
+
gl_offs
+

The offset of the first real element of the vector, from its nominal +address in the gl_pathv field. Unlike the other fields, this +is always an input to glob, rather than an output from it. +

+

If you use a nonzero offset, then that many elements at the beginning of +the vector are left empty. (The glob function fills them with +null pointers.) +

+

The gl_offs field is meaningful only if you use the +GLOB_DOOFFS flag. Otherwise, the offset is always zero +regardless of what is in this field, and the first real element comes at +the beginning of the vector. +

+
+
gl_closedir
+

The address of an alternative implementation of the closedir +function. It is used if the GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC bit is set in +the flag parameter. The type of this field is +void (*) (void *). +

+

This is a GNU extension. +

+
+
gl_readdir
+

The address of an alternative implementation of the readdir64 +function used to read the contents of a directory. It is used if the +GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC bit is set in the flag parameter. The type of +this field is struct dirent64 *(*) (void *). +

+

This is a GNU extension. +

+
+
gl_opendir
+

The address of an alternative implementation of the opendir +function. It is used if the GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC bit is set in +the flag parameter. The type of this field is +void *(*) (const char *). +

+

This is a GNU extension. +

+
+
gl_stat
+

The address of an alternative implementation of the stat64 function +to get information about an object in the filesystem. It is used if the +GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC bit is set in the flag parameter. The type of +this field is int (*) (const char *, struct stat64 *). +

+

This is a GNU extension. +

+
+
gl_lstat
+

The address of an alternative implementation of the lstat64 +function to get information about an object in the filesystems, not +following symbolic links. It is used if the GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC bit +is set in the flag parameter. The type of this field is int +(*) (const char *, struct stat64 *). +

+

This is a GNU extension. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int glob (const char *pattern, int flags, int (*errfunc) (const char *filename, int error-code), glob_t *vector-ptr) + +
+

The function glob does globbing using the pattern pattern +in the current directory. It puts the result in a newly allocated +vector, and stores the size and address of this vector into +*vector-ptr. The argument flags is a combination of +bit flags; see Flags for Globbing, for details of the flags. +

+

The result of globbing is a sequence of file names. The function +glob allocates a string for each resulting word, then +allocates a vector of type char ** to store the addresses of +these strings. The last element of the vector is a null pointer. +This vector is called the word vector. +

+

To return this vector, glob stores both its address and its +length (number of elements, not counting the terminating null pointer) +into *vector-ptr. +

+

Normally, glob sorts the file names alphabetically before +returning them. You can turn this off with the flag GLOB_NOSORT +if you want to get the information as fast as possible. Usually it's +a good idea to let glob sort them—if you process the files in +alphabetical order, the users will have a feel for the rate of progress +that your application is making. +

+

If glob succeeds, it returns 0. Otherwise, it returns one +of these error codes: +

+
+
GLOB_ABORTED + +
+

There was an error opening a directory, and you used the flag +GLOB_ERR or your specified errfunc returned a nonzero +value. +for an explanation of the GLOB_ERR flag and errfunc. +

+
+
GLOB_NOMATCH + +
+

The pattern didn't match any existing files. If you use the +GLOB_NOCHECK flag, then you never get this error code, because +that flag tells glob to pretend that the pattern matched +at least one file. +

+
+
GLOB_NOSPACE + +
+

It was impossible to allocate memory to hold the result. +

+
+ +

In the event of an error, glob stores information in +*vector-ptr about all the matches it has found so far. +

+

It is important to notice that the glob function will not fail if +it encounters directories or files which cannot be handled without the +LFS interfaces. The implementation of glob is supposed to use +these functions internally. This at least is the assumptions made by +the Unix standard. The GNU extension of allowing the user to provide +own directory handling and stat functions complicates things a +bit. If these callback functions are used and a large file or directory +is encountered glob can fail. +

+ +
+
Function: int glob64 (const char *pattern, int flags, int (*errfunc) (const char *filename, int error-code), glob64_t *vector-ptr) + +
+

The glob64 function was added as part of the Large File Summit +extensions but is not part of the original LFS proposal. The reason for +this is simple: it is not necessary. The necessity for a glob64 +function is added by the extensions of the GNU glob +implementation which allows the user to provide own directory handling +and stat functions. The readdir and stat functions +do depend on the choice of _FILE_OFFSET_BITS since the definition +of the types struct dirent and struct stat will change +depending on the choice. +

+

Beside this difference the glob64 works just like glob in +all aspects. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

10.2.2 Flags for Globbing

+ +

This section describes the flags that you can specify in the +flags argument to glob. Choose the flags you want, +and combine them with the C bitwise OR operator |. +

+
+
GLOB_APPEND + +
+

Append the words from this expansion to the vector of words produced by +previous calls to glob. This way you can effectively expand +several words as if they were concatenated with spaces between them. +

+

In order for appending to work, you must not modify the contents of the +word vector structure between calls to glob. And, if you set +GLOB_DOOFFS in the first call to glob, you must also +set it when you append to the results. +

+

Note that the pointer stored in gl_pathv may no longer be valid +after you call glob the second time, because glob might +have relocated the vector. So always fetch gl_pathv from the +glob_t structure after each glob call; never save +the pointer across calls. +

+
+
GLOB_DOOFFS + +
+

Leave blank slots at the beginning of the vector of words. +The gl_offs field says how many slots to leave. +The blank slots contain null pointers. +

+
+
GLOB_ERR + +
+

Give up right away and report an error if there is any difficulty +reading the directories that must be read in order to expand pattern +fully. Such difficulties might include a directory in which you don't +have the requisite access. Normally, glob tries its best to keep +on going despite any errors, reading whatever directories it can. +

+

You can exercise even more control than this by specifying an +error-handler function errfunc when you call glob. If +errfunc is not a null pointer, then glob doesn't give up +right away when it can't read a directory; instead, it calls +errfunc with two arguments, like this: +

+
 
(*errfunc) (filename, error-code)
+
+ +

The argument filename is the name of the directory that +glob couldn't open or couldn't read, and error-code is the +errno value that was reported to glob. +

+

If the error handler function returns nonzero, then glob gives up +right away. Otherwise, it continues. +

+
+
GLOB_MARK + +
+

If the pattern matches the name of a directory, append ‘/’ to the +directory's name when returning it. +

+
+
GLOB_NOCHECK + +
+

If the pattern doesn't match any file names, return the pattern itself +as if it were a file name that had been matched. (Normally, when the +pattern doesn't match anything, glob returns that there were no +matches.) +

+
+
GLOB_NOSORT + +
+

Don't sort the file names; return them in no particular order. +(In practice, the order will depend on the order of the entries in +the directory.) The only reason not to sort is to save time. +

+
+
GLOB_NOESCAPE + +
+

Don't treat the ‘\’ character specially in patterns. Normally, +‘\’ quotes the following character, turning off its special meaning +(if any) so that it matches only itself. When quoting is enabled, the +pattern ‘\?’ matches only the string ‘?’, because the question +mark in the pattern acts like an ordinary character. +

+

If you use GLOB_NOESCAPE, then ‘\’ is an ordinary character. +

+

glob does its work by calling the function fnmatch +repeatedly. It handles the flag GLOB_NOESCAPE by turning on the +FNM_NOESCAPE flag in calls to fnmatch. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

10.2.3 More Flags for Globbing

+ +

Beside the flags described in the last section, the GNU implementation of +glob allows a few more flags which are also defined in the +‘glob.h’ file. Some of the extensions implement functionality +which is available in modern shell implementations. +

+
+
GLOB_PERIOD + +
+

The . character (period) is treated special. It cannot be +matched by wildcards. See section Wildcard Matching, FNM_PERIOD. +

+
+
GLOB_MAGCHAR + +
+

The GLOB_MAGCHAR value is not to be given to glob in the +flags parameter. Instead, glob sets this bit in the +gl_flags element of the glob_t structure provided as the +result if the pattern used for matching contains any wildcard character. +

+
+
GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC + +
+

Instead of the using the using the normal functions for accessing the +filesystem the glob implementation uses the user-supplied +functions specified in the structure pointed to by pglob +parameter. For more information about the functions refer to the +sections about directory handling see Accessing Directories, and +Reading the Attributes of a File. +

+
+
GLOB_BRACE + +
+

If this flag is given the handling of braces in the pattern is changed. +It is now required that braces appear correctly grouped. I.e., for each +opening brace there must be a closing one. Braces can be used +recursively. So it is possible to define one brace expression in +another one. It is important to note that the range of each brace +expression is completely contained in the outer brace expression (if +there is one). +

+

The string between the matching braces is separated into single +expressions by splitting at , (comma) characters. The commas +themselves are discarded. Please note what we said above about recursive +brace expressions. The commas used to separate the subexpressions must +be at the same level. Commas in brace subexpressions are not matched. +They are used during expansion of the brace expression of the deeper +level. The example below shows this +

+
 
glob ("{foo/{,bar,biz},baz}", GLOB_BRACE, NULL, &result)
+
+ +

is equivalent to the sequence +

+
 
glob ("foo/", GLOB_BRACE, NULL, &result)
+glob ("foo/bar", GLOB_BRACE|GLOB_APPEND, NULL, &result)
+glob ("foo/biz", GLOB_BRACE|GLOB_APPEND, NULL, &result)
+glob ("baz", GLOB_BRACE|GLOB_APPEND, NULL, &result)
+
+ +

if we leave aside error handling. +

+
+
GLOB_NOMAGIC + +
+

If the pattern contains no wildcard constructs (it is a literal file name), +return it as the sole “matching” word, even if no file exists by that name. +

+
+
GLOB_TILDE + +
+

If this flag is used the character ~ (tilde) is handled special +if it appears at the beginning of the pattern. Instead of being taken +verbatim it is used to represent the home directory of a known user. +

+

If ~ is the only character in pattern or it is followed by a +/ (slash), the home directory of the process owner is +substituted. Using getlogin and getpwnam the information +is read from the system databases. As an example take user bart +with his home directory at ‘/home/bart’. For him a call like +

+
 
glob ("~/bin/*", GLOB_TILDE, NULL, &result)
+
+ +

would return the contents of the directory ‘/home/bart/bin’. +Instead of referring to the own home directory it is also possible to +name the home directory of other users. To do so one has to append the +user name after the tilde character. So the contents of user +homer's ‘bin’ directory can be retrieved by +

+
 
glob ("~homer/bin/*", GLOB_TILDE, NULL, &result)
+
+ +

If the user name is not valid or the home directory cannot be determined +for some reason the pattern is left untouched and itself used as the +result. I.e., if in the last example home is not available the +tilde expansion yields to "~homer/bin/*" and glob is not +looking for a directory named ~homer. +

+

This functionality is equivalent to what is available in C-shells if the +nonomatch flag is set. +

+
+
GLOB_TILDE_CHECK + +
+

If this flag is used glob behaves like as if GLOB_TILDE is +given. The only difference is that if the user name is not available or +the home directory cannot be determined for other reasons this leads to +an error. glob will return GLOB_NOMATCH instead of using +the pattern itself as the name. +

+

This functionality is equivalent to what is available in C-shells if +nonomatch flag is not set. +

+
+
GLOB_ONLYDIR + +
+

If this flag is used the globbing function takes this as a +hint that the caller is only interested in directories +matching the pattern. If the information about the type of the file +is easily available non-directories will be rejected but no extra +work will be done to determine the information for each file. I.e., +the caller must still be able to filter directories out. +

+

This functionality is only available with the GNU glob +implementation. It is mainly used internally to increase the +performance but might be useful for a user as well and therefore is +documented here. +

+
+ +

Calling glob will in most cases allocate resources which are used +to represent the result of the function call. If the same object of +type glob_t is used in multiple call to glob the resources +are freed or reused so that no leaks appear. But this does not include +the time when all glob calls are done. +

+
+
Function: void globfree (glob_t *pglob) + +
+

The globfree function frees all resources allocated by previous +calls to glob associated with the object pointed to by +pglob. This function should be called whenever the currently used +glob_t typed object isn't used anymore. +

+ +
+
Function: void globfree64 (glob64_t *pglob) + +
+

This function is equivalent to globfree but it frees records of +type glob64_t which were allocated by glob64. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

10.3 Regular Expression Matching

+ +

The GNU C library supports two interfaces for matching regular +expressions. One is the standard POSIX.2 interface, and the other is +what the GNU system has had for many years. +

+

Both interfaces are declared in the header file ‘regex.h’. +If you define _POSIX_C_SOURCE, then only the POSIX.2 +functions, structures, and constants are declared. +

+ + + + + + + +
10.3.1 POSIX Regular Expression Compilation   Using regcomp to prepare to match. +
10.3.2 Flags for POSIX Regular Expressions   Syntax variations for regcomp. +
10.3.3 Matching a Compiled POSIX Regular Expression   Using regexec to match the compiled + pattern that you get from regcomp. +
10.3.4 Match Results with Subexpressions   Finding which parts of the string were matched. +
10.3.5 Complications in Subexpression Matching   Find points of which parts were matched. +
10.3.6 POSIX Regexp Matching Cleanup   Freeing storage; reporting errors. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

10.3.1 POSIX Regular Expression Compilation

+ +

Before you can actually match a regular expression, you must +compile it. This is not true compilation—it produces a special +data structure, not machine instructions. But it is like ordinary +compilation in that its purpose is to enable you to “execute” the +pattern fast. (See section Matching a Compiled POSIX Regular Expression, for how to use the +compiled regular expression for matching.) +

+

There is a special data type for compiled regular expressions: +

+
+
Data Type: regex_t + +
+

This type of object holds a compiled regular expression. +It is actually a structure. It has just one field that your programs +should look at: +

+
+
re_nsub
+

This field holds the number of parenthetical subexpressions in the +regular expression that was compiled. +

+
+ +

There are several other fields, but we don't describe them here, because +only the functions in the library should use them. +

+ +

After you create a regex_t object, you can compile a regular +expression into it by calling regcomp. +

+
+
Function: int regcomp (regex_t *restrict compiled, const char *restrict pattern, int cflags) + +
+

The function regcomp “compiles” a regular expression into a +data structure that you can use with regexec to match against a +string. The compiled regular expression format is designed for +efficient matching. regcomp stores it into *compiled. +

+

It's up to you to allocate an object of type regex_t and pass its +address to regcomp. +

+

The argument cflags lets you specify various options that control +the syntax and semantics of regular expressions. See section Flags for POSIX Regular Expressions. +

+

If you use the flag REG_NOSUB, then regcomp omits from +the compiled regular expression the information necessary to record +how subexpressions actually match. In this case, you might as well +pass 0 for the matchptr and nmatch arguments when +you call regexec. +

+

If you don't use REG_NOSUB, then the compiled regular expression +does have the capacity to record how subexpressions match. Also, +regcomp tells you how many subexpressions pattern has, by +storing the number in compiled->re_nsub. You can use that +value to decide how long an array to allocate to hold information about +subexpression matches. +

+

regcomp returns 0 if it succeeds in compiling the regular +expression; otherwise, it returns a nonzero error code (see the table +below). You can use regerror to produce an error message string +describing the reason for a nonzero value; see POSIX Regexp Matching Cleanup. +

+
+ +

Here are the possible nonzero values that regcomp can return: +

+
+
REG_BADBR
+

There was an invalid ‘\{…\}’ construct in the regular +expression. A valid ‘\{…\}’ construct must contain either +a single number, or two numbers in increasing order separated by a +comma. +

+
+
REG_BADPAT
+

There was a syntax error in the regular expression. +

+
+
REG_BADRPT
+

A repetition operator such as ‘?’ or ‘*’ appeared in a bad +position (with no preceding subexpression to act on). +

+
+
REG_ECOLLATE
+

The regular expression referred to an invalid collating element (one not +defined in the current locale for string collation). See section Categories of Activities that Locales Affect. +

+
+
REG_ECTYPE
+

The regular expression referred to an invalid character class name. +

+
+
REG_EESCAPE
+

The regular expression ended with ‘\’. +

+
+
REG_ESUBREG
+

There was an invalid number in the ‘\digit’ construct. +

+
+
REG_EBRACK
+

There were unbalanced square brackets in the regular expression. +

+
+
REG_EPAREN
+

An extended regular expression had unbalanced parentheses, +or a basic regular expression had unbalanced ‘\(’ and ‘\)’. +

+
+
REG_EBRACE
+

The regular expression had unbalanced ‘\{’ and ‘\}’. +

+
+
REG_ERANGE
+

One of the endpoints in a range expression was invalid. +

+
+
REG_ESPACE
+

regcomp ran out of memory. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

10.3.2 Flags for POSIX Regular Expressions

+ +

These are the bit flags that you can use in the cflags operand when +compiling a regular expression with regcomp. +

+
+
REG_EXTENDED
+

Treat the pattern as an extended regular expression, rather than as a +basic regular expression. +

+
+
REG_ICASE
+

Ignore case when matching letters. +

+
+
REG_NOSUB
+

Don't bother storing the contents of the matches-ptr array. +

+
+
REG_NEWLINE
+

Treat a newline in string as dividing string into multiple +lines, so that ‘$’ can match before the newline and ‘^’ can +match after. Also, don't permit ‘.’ to match a newline, and don't +permit ‘[^…]’ to match a newline. +

+

Otherwise, newline acts like any other ordinary character. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

10.3.3 Matching a Compiled POSIX Regular Expression

+ +

Once you have compiled a regular expression, as described in POSIX Regular Expression Compilation, you can match it against strings using +regexec. A match anywhere inside the string counts as success, +unless the regular expression contains anchor characters (‘^’ or +‘$’). +

+
+
Function: int regexec (const regex_t *restrict compiled, const char *restrict string, size_t nmatch, regmatch_t matchptr[restrict], int eflags) + +
+

This function tries to match the compiled regular expression +*compiled against string. +

+

regexec returns 0 if the regular expression matches; +otherwise, it returns a nonzero value. See the table below for +what nonzero values mean. You can use regerror to produce an +error message string describing the reason for a nonzero value; +see POSIX Regexp Matching Cleanup. +

+

The argument eflags is a word of bit flags that enable various +options. +

+

If you want to get information about what part of string actually +matched the regular expression or its subexpressions, use the arguments +matchptr and nmatch. Otherwise, pass 0 for +nmatch, and NULL for matchptr. See section Match Results with Subexpressions. +

+ +

You must match the regular expression with the same set of current +locales that were in effect when you compiled the regular expression. +

+

The function regexec accepts the following flags in the +eflags argument: +

+
+
REG_NOTBOL
+

Do not regard the beginning of the specified string as the beginning of +a line; more generally, don't make any assumptions about what text might +precede it. +

+
+
REG_NOTEOL
+

Do not regard the end of the specified string as the end of a line; more +generally, don't make any assumptions about what text might follow it. +

+
+ +

Here are the possible nonzero values that regexec can return: +

+
+
REG_NOMATCH
+

The pattern didn't match the string. This isn't really an error. +

+
+
REG_ESPACE
+

regexec ran out of memory. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

10.3.4 Match Results with Subexpressions

+ +

When regexec matches parenthetical subexpressions of +pattern, it records which parts of string they match. It +returns that information by storing the offsets into an array whose +elements are structures of type regmatch_t. The first element of +the array (index 0) records the part of the string that matched +the entire regular expression. Each other element of the array records +the beginning and end of the part that matched a single parenthetical +subexpression. +

+
+
Data Type: regmatch_t + +
+

This is the data type of the matcharray array that you pass to +regexec. It contains two structure fields, as follows: +

+
+
rm_so
+

The offset in string of the beginning of a substring. Add this +value to string to get the address of that part. +

+
+
rm_eo
+

The offset in string of the end of the substring. +

+
+
+ +
+
Data Type: regoff_t + +
+

regoff_t is an alias for another signed integer type. +The fields of regmatch_t have type regoff_t. +

+ +

The regmatch_t elements correspond to subexpressions +positionally; the first element (index 1) records where the first +subexpression matched, the second element records the second +subexpression, and so on. The order of the subexpressions is the order +in which they begin. +

+

When you call regexec, you specify how long the matchptr +array is, with the nmatch argument. This tells regexec how +many elements to store. If the actual regular expression has more than +nmatch subexpressions, then you won't get offset information about +the rest of them. But this doesn't alter whether the pattern matches a +particular string or not. +

+

If you don't want regexec to return any information about where +the subexpressions matched, you can either supply 0 for +nmatch, or use the flag REG_NOSUB when you compile the +pattern with regcomp. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

10.3.5 Complications in Subexpression Matching

+ +

Sometimes a subexpression matches a substring of no characters. This +happens when ‘f\(o*\)’ matches the string ‘fum’. (It really +matches just the ‘f’.) In this case, both of the offsets identify +the point in the string where the null substring was found. In this +example, the offsets are both 1. +

+

Sometimes the entire regular expression can match without using some of +its subexpressions at all—for example, when ‘ba\(na\)*’ matches the +string ‘ba’, the parenthetical subexpression is not used. When +this happens, regexec stores -1 in both fields of the +element for that subexpression. +

+

Sometimes matching the entire regular expression can match a particular +subexpression more than once—for example, when ‘ba\(na\)*’ +matches the string ‘bananana’, the parenthetical subexpression +matches three times. When this happens, regexec usually stores +the offsets of the last part of the string that matched the +subexpression. In the case of ‘bananana’, these offsets are +6 and 8. +

+

But the last match is not always the one that is chosen. It's more +accurate to say that the last opportunity to match is the one +that takes precedence. What this means is that when one subexpression +appears within another, then the results reported for the inner +subexpression reflect whatever happened on the last match of the outer +subexpression. For an example, consider ‘\(ba\(na\)*s \)*’ matching +the string ‘bananas bas ’. The last time the inner expression +actually matches is near the end of the first word. But it is +considered again in the second word, and fails to match there. +regexec reports nonuse of the “na” subexpression. +

+

Another place where this rule applies is when the regular expression +

 
\(ba\(na\)*s \|nefer\(ti\)* \)*
+
+

matches ‘bananas nefertiti’. The “na” subexpression does match +in the first word, but it doesn't match in the second word because the +other alternative is used there. Once again, the second repetition of +the outer subexpression overrides the first, and within that second +repetition, the “na” subexpression is not used. So regexec +reports nonuse of the “na” subexpression. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

10.3.6 POSIX Regexp Matching Cleanup

+ +

When you are finished using a compiled regular expression, you can +free the storage it uses by calling regfree. +

+
+
Function: void regfree (regex_t *compiled) + +
+

Calling regfree frees all the storage that *compiled +points to. This includes various internal fields of the regex_t +structure that aren't documented in this manual. +

+

regfree does not free the object *compiled itself. +

+ +

You should always free the space in a regex_t structure with +regfree before using the structure to compile another regular +expression. +

+

When regcomp or regexec reports an error, you can use +the function regerror to turn it into an error message string. +

+
+
Function: size_t regerror (int errcode, const regex_t *restrict compiled, char *restrict buffer, size_t length) + +
+

This function produces an error message string for the error code +errcode, and stores the string in length bytes of memory +starting at buffer. For the compiled argument, supply the +same compiled regular expression structure that regcomp or +regexec was working with when it got the error. Alternatively, +you can supply NULL for compiled; you will still get a +meaningful error message, but it might not be as detailed. +

+

If the error message can't fit in length bytes (including a +terminating null character), then regerror truncates it. +The string that regerror stores is always null-terminated +even if it has been truncated. +

+

The return value of regerror is the minimum length needed to +store the entire error message. If this is less than length, then +the error message was not truncated, and you can use it. Otherwise, you +should call regerror again with a larger buffer. +

+

Here is a function which uses regerror, but always dynamically +allocates a buffer for the error message: +

+
 
char *get_regerror (int errcode, regex_t *compiled)
+{
+  size_t length = regerror (errcode, compiled, NULL, 0);
+  char *buffer = xmalloc (length);
+  (void) regerror (errcode, compiled, buffer, length);
+  return buffer;
+}
+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

10.4 Shell-Style Word Expansion

+ +

Word expansion means the process of splitting a string into +words and substituting for variables, commands, and wildcards +just as the shell does. +

+

For example, when you write ‘ls -l foo.c’, this string is split +into three separate words—‘ls’, ‘-l’ and ‘foo.c’. +This is the most basic function of word expansion. +

+

When you write ‘ls *.c’, this can become many words, because +the word ‘*.c’ can be replaced with any number of file names. +This is called wildcard expansion, and it is also a part of +word expansion. +

+

When you use ‘echo $PATH’ to print your path, you are taking +advantage of variable substitution, which is also part of word +expansion. +

+

Ordinary programs can perform word expansion just like the shell by +calling the library function wordexp. +

+ + + + + + + +
10.4.1 The Stages of Word Expansion   What word expansion does to a string. +
10.4.2 Calling wordexp   How to call wordexp. +
10.4.3 Flags for Word Expansion   Options you can enable in wordexp. +
10.4.4 wordexp Example   A sample program that does word expansion. +
10.4.5 Details of Tilde Expansion   Details of how tilde expansion works. +
10.4.6 Details of Variable Substitution   Different types of variable substitution. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

10.4.1 The Stages of Word Expansion

+ +

When word expansion is applied to a sequence of words, it performs the +following transformations in the order shown here: +

+
    +
  1. + +Tilde expansion: Replacement of ‘~foo’ with the name of +the home directory of ‘foo’. + +
  2. +Next, three different transformations are applied in the same step, +from left to right: + +
      +
    • + + +Variable substitution: Environment variables are substituted for +references such as ‘$foo’. + +
    • + +Command substitution: Constructs such as ‘`cat foo`’ and +the equivalent ‘$(cat foo)’ are replaced with the output from +the inner command. + +
    • + +Arithmetic expansion: Constructs such as ‘$(($x-1))’ are +replaced with the result of the arithmetic computation. +
    + +
  3. + +Field splitting: subdivision of the text into words. + +
  4. + +Wildcard expansion: The replacement of a construct such as ‘*.c’ +with a list of ‘.c’ file names. Wildcard expansion applies to an +entire word at a time, and replaces that word with 0 or more file names +that are themselves words. + +
  5. + + +Quote removal: The deletion of string-quotes, now that they have +done their job by inhibiting the above transformations when appropriate. +
+ +

For the details of these transformations, and how to write the constructs +that use them, see The BASH Manual (to appear). +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

10.4.2 Calling wordexp

+ +

All the functions, constants and data types for word expansion are +declared in the header file ‘wordexp.h’. +

+

Word expansion produces a vector of words (strings). To return this +vector, wordexp uses a special data type, wordexp_t, which +is a structure. You pass wordexp the address of the structure, +and it fills in the structure's fields to tell you about the results. +

+
+
Data Type: wordexp_t + +
+

This data type holds a pointer to a word vector. More precisely, it +records both the address of the word vector and its size. +

+
+
we_wordc
+

The number of elements in the vector. +

+
+
we_wordv
+

The address of the vector. This field has type char **. +

+
+
we_offs
+

The offset of the first real element of the vector, from its nominal +address in the we_wordv field. Unlike the other fields, this +is always an input to wordexp, rather than an output from it. +

+

If you use a nonzero offset, then that many elements at the beginning of +the vector are left empty. (The wordexp function fills them with +null pointers.) +

+

The we_offs field is meaningful only if you use the +WRDE_DOOFFS flag. Otherwise, the offset is always zero +regardless of what is in this field, and the first real element comes at +the beginning of the vector. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int wordexp (const char *words, wordexp_t *word-vector-ptr, int flags) + +
+

Perform word expansion on the string words, putting the result in +a newly allocated vector, and store the size and address of this vector +into *word-vector-ptr. The argument flags is a +combination of bit flags; see Flags for Word Expansion, for details of +the flags. +

+

You shouldn't use any of the characters ‘|&;<>’ in the string +words unless they are quoted; likewise for newline. If you use +these characters unquoted, you will get the WRDE_BADCHAR error +code. Don't use parentheses or braces unless they are quoted or part of +a word expansion construct. If you use quotation characters ‘'"`’, +they should come in pairs that balance. +

+

The results of word expansion are a sequence of words. The function +wordexp allocates a string for each resulting word, then +allocates a vector of type char ** to store the addresses of +these strings. The last element of the vector is a null pointer. +This vector is called the word vector. +

+

To return this vector, wordexp stores both its address and its +length (number of elements, not counting the terminating null pointer) +into *word-vector-ptr. +

+

If wordexp succeeds, it returns 0. Otherwise, it returns one +of these error codes: +

+
+
WRDE_BADCHAR
+

The input string words contains an unquoted invalid character such +as ‘|’. +

+
+
WRDE_BADVAL
+

The input string refers to an undefined shell variable, and you used the flag +WRDE_UNDEF to forbid such references. +

+
+
WRDE_CMDSUB
+

The input string uses command substitution, and you used the flag +WRDE_NOCMD to forbid command substitution. +

+
+
WRDE_NOSPACE
+

It was impossible to allocate memory to hold the result. In this case, +wordexp can store part of the results—as much as it could +allocate room for. +

+
+
WRDE_SYNTAX
+

There was a syntax error in the input string. For example, an unmatched +quoting character is a syntax error. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: void wordfree (wordexp_t *word-vector-ptr) + +
+

Free the storage used for the word-strings and vector that +*word-vector-ptr points to. This does not free the +structure *word-vector-ptr itself—only the other +data it points to. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

10.4.3 Flags for Word Expansion

+ +

This section describes the flags that you can specify in the +flags argument to wordexp. Choose the flags you want, +and combine them with the C operator |. +

+
+
WRDE_APPEND
+

Append the words from this expansion to the vector of words produced by +previous calls to wordexp. This way you can effectively expand +several words as if they were concatenated with spaces between them. +

+

In order for appending to work, you must not modify the contents of the +word vector structure between calls to wordexp. And, if you set +WRDE_DOOFFS in the first call to wordexp, you must also +set it when you append to the results. +

+
+
WRDE_DOOFFS
+

Leave blank slots at the beginning of the vector of words. +The we_offs field says how many slots to leave. +The blank slots contain null pointers. +

+
+
WRDE_NOCMD
+

Don't do command substitution; if the input requests command substitution, +report an error. +

+
+
WRDE_REUSE
+

Reuse a word vector made by a previous call to wordexp. +Instead of allocating a new vector of words, this call to wordexp +will use the vector that already exists (making it larger if necessary). +

+

Note that the vector may move, so it is not safe to save an old pointer +and use it again after calling wordexp. You must fetch +we_pathv anew after each call. +

+
+
WRDE_SHOWERR
+

Do show any error messages printed by commands run by command substitution. +More precisely, allow these commands to inherit the standard error output +stream of the current process. By default, wordexp gives these +commands a standard error stream that discards all output. +

+
+
WRDE_UNDEF
+

If the input refers to a shell variable that is not defined, report an +error. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

10.4.4 wordexp Example

+ +

Here is an example of using wordexp to expand several strings +and use the results to run a shell command. It also shows the use of +WRDE_APPEND to concatenate the expansions and of wordfree +to free the space allocated by wordexp. +

+
 
int
+expand_and_execute (const char *program, const char **options)
+{
+  wordexp_t result;
+  pid_t pid
+  int status, i;
+
+  /* Expand the string for the program to run.  */
+  switch (wordexp (program, &result, 0))
+    {
+    case 0:			/* Successful.  */
+      break;
+    case WRDE_NOSPACE:
+      /* If the error was WRDE_NOSPACE,
+         then perhaps part of the result was allocated.  */
+      wordfree (&result);
+    default:                    /* Some other error.  */
+      return -1;
+    }
+
+  /* Expand the strings specified for the arguments.  */
+  for (i = 0; options[i] != NULL; i++)
+    {
+      if (wordexp (options[i], &result, WRDE_APPEND))
+        {
+          wordfree (&result);
+          return -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+  pid = fork ();
+  if (pid == 0)
+    {
+      /* This is the child process.  Execute the command. */
+      execv (result.we_wordv[0], result.we_wordv);
+      exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+  else if (pid < 0)
+    /* The fork failed.  Report failure.  */
+    status = -1;
+  else
+    /* This is the parent process.  Wait for the child to complete.  */
+    if (waitpid (pid, &status, 0) != pid)
+      status = -1;
+
+  wordfree (&result);
+  return status;
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

10.4.5 Details of Tilde Expansion

+ +

It's a standard part of shell syntax that you can use ‘~’ at the +beginning of a file name to stand for your own home directory. You +can use ‘~user’ to stand for user's home directory. +

+

Tilde expansion is the process of converting these abbreviations +to the directory names that they stand for. +

+

Tilde expansion applies to the ‘~’ plus all following characters up +to whitespace or a slash. It takes place only at the beginning of a +word, and only if none of the characters to be transformed is quoted in +any way. +

+

Plain ‘~’ uses the value of the environment variable HOME +as the proper home directory name. ‘~’ followed by a user name +uses getpwname to look up that user in the user database, and +uses whatever directory is recorded there. Thus, ‘~’ followed +by your own name can give different results from plain ‘~’, if +the value of HOME is not really your home directory. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

10.4.6 Details of Variable Substitution

+ +

Part of ordinary shell syntax is the use of ‘$variable’ to +substitute the value of a shell variable into a command. This is called +variable substitution, and it is one part of doing word expansion. +

+

There are two basic ways you can write a variable reference for +substitution: +

+
+
${variable}
+

If you write braces around the variable name, then it is completely +unambiguous where the variable name ends. You can concatenate +additional letters onto the end of the variable value by writing them +immediately after the close brace. For example, ‘${foo}s’ +expands into ‘tractors’. +

+
+
$variable
+

If you do not put braces around the variable name, then the variable +name consists of all the alphanumeric characters and underscores that +follow the ‘$’. The next punctuation character ends the variable +name. Thus, ‘$foo-bar’ refers to the variable foo and expands +into ‘tractor-bar’. +

+
+ +

When you use braces, you can also use various constructs to modify the +value that is substituted, or test it in various ways. +

+
+
${variable:-default}
+

Substitute the value of variable, but if that is empty or +undefined, use default instead. +

+
+
${variable:=default}
+

Substitute the value of variable, but if that is empty or +undefined, use default instead and set the variable to +default. +

+
+
${variable:?message}
+

If variable is defined and not empty, substitute its value. +

+

Otherwise, print message as an error message on the standard error +stream, and consider word expansion a failure. +

+ +
+
${variable:+replacement}
+

Substitute replacement, but only if variable is defined and +nonempty. Otherwise, substitute nothing for this construct. +

+
+ +
+
${#variable}
+

Substitute a numeral which expresses in base ten the number of +characters in the value of variable. ‘${#foo}’ stands for +‘7’, because ‘tractor’ is seven characters. +

+
+ +

These variants of variable substitution let you remove part of the +variable's value before substituting it. The prefix and +suffix are not mere strings; they are wildcard patterns, just +like the patterns that you use to match multiple file names. But +in this context, they match against parts of the variable value +rather than against file names. +

+
+
${variable%%suffix}
+

Substitute the value of variable, but first discard from that +variable any portion at the end that matches the pattern suffix. +

+

If there is more than one alternative for how to match against +suffix, this construct uses the longest possible match. +

+

Thus, ‘${foo%%r*}’ substitutes ‘t’, because the largest +match for ‘r*’ at the end of ‘tractor’ is ‘ractor’. +

+
+
${variable%suffix}
+

Substitute the value of variable, but first discard from that +variable any portion at the end that matches the pattern suffix. +

+

If there is more than one alternative for how to match against +suffix, this construct uses the shortest possible alternative. +

+

Thus, ‘${foo%r*}’ substitutes ‘tracto’, because the shortest +match for ‘r*’ at the end of ‘tractor’ is just ‘r’. +

+
+
${variable##prefix}
+

Substitute the value of variable, but first discard from that +variable any portion at the beginning that matches the pattern prefix. +

+

If there is more than one alternative for how to match against +prefix, this construct uses the longest possible match. +

+

Thus, ‘${foo##*t}’ substitutes ‘or’, because the largest +match for ‘*t’ at the beginning of ‘tractor’ is ‘tract’. +

+
+
${variable#prefix}
+

Substitute the value of variable, but first discard from that +variable any portion at the beginning that matches the pattern prefix. +

+

If there is more than one alternative for how to match against +prefix, this construct uses the shortest possible alternative. +

+

Thus, ‘${foo#*t}’ substitutes ‘ractor’, because the shortest +match for ‘*t’ at the beginning of ‘tractor’ is just ‘t’. +

+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_5.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_5.html @@ -0,0 +1,3125 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 5. String and Array Utilities + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

5. String and Array Utilities

+ +

Operations on strings (or arrays of characters) are an important part of +many programs. The GNU C library provides an extensive set of string +utility functions, including functions for copying, concatenating, +comparing, and searching strings. Many of these functions can also +operate on arbitrary regions of storage; for example, the memcpy +function can be used to copy the contents of any kind of array. +

+

It's fairly common for beginning C programmers to “reinvent the wheel” +by duplicating this functionality in their own code, but it pays to +become familiar with the library functions and to make use of them, +since this offers benefits in maintenance, efficiency, and portability. +

+

For instance, you could easily compare one string to another in two +lines of C code, but if you use the built-in strcmp function, +you're less likely to make a mistake. And, since these library +functions are typically highly optimized, your program may run faster +too. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
5.1 Representation of Strings   Introduction to basic concepts. +
5.2 String and Array Conventions   Whether to use a string function or an + arbitrary array function. +
5.3 String Length   Determining the length of a string. +
5.4 Copying and Concatenation   Functions to copy the contents of strings + and arrays. +
5.5 String/Array Comparison   Functions for byte-wise and character-wise + comparison. +
5.6 Collation Functions   Functions for collating strings. +
5.7 Search Functions   Searching for a specific element or substring. +
5.8 Finding Tokens in a String   Splitting a string into tokens by looking + for delimiters. +
5.9 strfry   Function for flash-cooking a string. +
5.10 Trivial Encryption   Obscuring data. +
5.11 Encode Binary Data   Encoding and Decoding of Binary Data. +
5.12 Argz and Envz Vectors   Null-separated string vectors. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

5.1 Representation of Strings

+ +

This section is a quick summary of string concepts for beginning C +programmers. It describes how character strings are represented in C +and some common pitfalls. If you are already familiar with this +material, you can skip this section. +

+ + +

A string is an array of char objects. But string-valued +variables are usually declared to be pointers of type char *. +Such variables do not include space for the text of a string; that has +to be stored somewhere else—in an array variable, a string constant, +or dynamically allocated memory (see section Allocating Storage For Program Data). It's up to +you to store the address of the chosen memory space into the pointer +variable. Alternatively you can store a null pointer in the +pointer variable. The null pointer does not point anywhere, so +attempting to reference the string it points to gets an error. +

+ +

“string” normally refers to multibyte character strings as opposed to +wide character strings. Wide character strings are arrays of type +wchar_t and as for multibyte character strings usually pointers +of type wchar_t * are used. +

+ + +

By convention, a null character, '\0', marks the end of a +multibyte character string and the null wide character, +L'\0', marks the end of a wide character string. For example, in +testing to see whether the char * variable p points to a +null character marking the end of a string, you can write +!*p or *p == '\0'. +

+

A null character is quite different conceptually from a null pointer, +although both are represented by the integer 0. +

+ +

String literals appear in C program source as strings of +characters between double-quote characters (‘"’) where the initial +double-quote character is immediately preceded by a capital ‘L’ +(ell) character (as in L"foo"). In ISO C, string literals +can also be formed by string concatenation: "a" "b" is the +same as "ab". For wide character strings one can either use +L"a" L"b" or L"a" "b". Modification of string literals is +not allowed by the GNU C compiler, because literals are placed in +read-only storage. +

+

Character arrays that are declared const cannot be modified +either. It's generally good style to declare non-modifiable string +pointers to be of type const char *, since this often allows the +C compiler to detect accidental modifications as well as providing some +amount of documentation about what your program intends to do with the +string. +

+

The amount of memory allocated for the character array may extend past +the null character that normally marks the end of the string. In this +document, the term allocated size is always used to refer to the +total amount of memory allocated for the string, while the term +length refers to the number of characters up to (but not +including) the terminating null character. + + + + + +

+

A notorious source of program bugs is trying to put more characters in a +string than fit in its allocated size. When writing code that extends +strings or moves characters into a pre-allocated array, you should be +very careful to keep track of the length of the text and make explicit +checks for overflowing the array. Many of the library functions +do not do this for you! Remember also that you need to allocate +an extra byte to hold the null character that marks the end of the +string. +

+ + +

Originally strings were sequences of bytes where each byte represents a +single character. This is still true today if the strings are encoded +using a single-byte character encoding. Things are different if the +strings are encoded using a multibyte encoding (for more information on +encodings see Introduction to Extended Characters). There is no difference in +the programming interface for these two kind of strings; the programmer +has to be aware of this and interpret the byte sequences accordingly. +

+

But since there is no separate interface taking care of these +differences the byte-based string functions are sometimes hard to use. +Since the count parameters of these functions specify bytes a call to +strncpy could cut a multibyte character in the middle and put an +incomplete (and therefore unusable) byte sequence in the target buffer. +

+ +

To avoid these problems later versions of the ISO C standard +introduce a second set of functions which are operating on wide +characters (see section Introduction to Extended Characters). These functions don't have +the problems the single-byte versions have since every wide character is +a legal, interpretable value. This does not mean that cutting wide +character strings at arbitrary points is without problems. It normally +is for alphabet-based languages (except for non-normalized text) but +languages based on syllables still have the problem that more than one +wide character is necessary to complete a logical unit. This is a +higher level problem which the C library functions are not designed +to solve. But it is at least good that no invalid byte sequences can be +created. Also, the higher level functions can also much easier operate +on wide character than on multibyte characters so that a general advise +is to use wide characters internally whenever text is more than simply +copied. +

+

The remaining of this chapter will discuss the functions for handling +wide character strings in parallel with the discussion of the multibyte +character strings since there is almost always an exact equivalent +available. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

5.2 String and Array Conventions

+ +

This chapter describes both functions that work on arbitrary arrays or +blocks of memory, and functions that are specific to null-terminated +arrays of characters and wide characters. +

+

Functions that operate on arbitrary blocks of memory have names +beginning with ‘mem’ and ‘wmem’ (such as memcpy and +wmemcpy) and invariably take an argument which specifies the size +(in bytes and wide characters respectively) of the block of memory to +operate on. The array arguments and return values for these functions +have type void * or wchar_t. As a matter of style, the +elements of the arrays used with the ‘mem’ functions are referred +to as “bytes”. You can pass any kind of pointer to these functions, +and the sizeof operator is useful in computing the value for the +size argument. Parameters to the ‘wmem’ functions must be of type +wchar_t *. These functions are not really usable with anything +but arrays of this type. +

+

In contrast, functions that operate specifically on strings and wide +character strings have names beginning with ‘str’ and ‘wcs’ +respectively (such as strcpy and wcscpy) and look for a +null character to terminate the string instead of requiring an explicit +size argument to be passed. (Some of these functions accept a specified +maximum length, but they also check for premature termination with a +null character.) The array arguments and return values for these +functions have type char * and wchar_t * respectively, and +the array elements are referred to as “characters” and “wide +characters”. +

+

In many cases, there are both ‘mem’ and ‘str’/‘wcs’ +versions of a function. The one that is more appropriate to use depends +on the exact situation. When your program is manipulating arbitrary +arrays or blocks of storage, then you should always use the ‘mem’ +functions. On the other hand, when you are manipulating null-terminated +strings it is usually more convenient to use the ‘str’/‘wcs’ +functions, unless you already know the length of the string in advance. +The ‘wmem’ functions should be used for wide character arrays with +known size. +

+ + +

Some of the memory and string functions take single characters as +arguments. Since a value of type char is automatically promoted +into an value of type int when used as a parameter, the functions +are declared with int as the type of the parameter in question. +In case of the wide character function the situation is similarly: the +parameter type for a single wide character is wint_t and not +wchar_t. This would for many implementations not be necessary +since the wchar_t is large enough to not be automatically +promoted, but since the ISO C standard does not require such a +choice of types the wint_t type is used. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

5.3 String Length

+ +

You can get the length of a string using the strlen function. +This function is declared in the header file ‘string.h’. + +

+
+
Function: size_t strlen (const char *s) + +
+

The strlen function returns the length of the null-terminated +string s in bytes. (In other words, it returns the offset of the +terminating null character within the array.) +

+

For example, +

 
strlen ("hello, world")
+    ⇒ 12
+
+ +

When applied to a character array, the strlen function returns +the length of the string stored there, not its allocated size. You can +get the allocated size of the character array that holds a string using +the sizeof operator: +

+
 
char string[32] = "hello, world";
+sizeof (string)
+    ⇒ 32
+strlen (string)
+    ⇒ 12
+
+ +

But beware, this will not work unless string is the character +array itself, not a pointer to it. For example: +

+
 
char string[32] = "hello, world";
+char *ptr = string;
+sizeof (string)
+    ⇒ 32
+sizeof (ptr)
+    ⇒ 4  /* (on a machine with 4 byte pointers) */
+
+ +

This is an easy mistake to make when you are working with functions that +take string arguments; those arguments are always pointers, not arrays. +

+

It must also be noted that for multibyte encoded strings the return +value does not have to correspond to the number of characters in the +string. To get this value the string can be converted to wide +characters and wcslen can be used or something like the following +code can be used: +

+
 
/* The input is in string.
+   The length is expected in n.  */
+{
+  mbstate_t t;
+  char *scopy = string;
+  /* In initial state.  */
+  memset (&t, '\0', sizeof (t));
+  /* Determine number of characters.  */
+  n = mbsrtowcs (NULL, &scopy, strlen (scopy), &t);
+}
+
+ +

This is cumbersome to do so if the number of characters (as opposed to +bytes) is needed often it is better to work with wide characters. +

+ +

The wide character equivalent is declared in ‘wchar.h’. +

+
+
Function: size_t wcslen (const wchar_t *ws) + +
+

The wcslen function is the wide character equivalent to +strlen. The return value is the number of wide characters in the +wide character string pointed to by ws (this is also the offset of +the terminating null wide character of ws). +

+

Since there are no multi wide character sequences making up one +character the return value is not only the offset in the array, it is +also the number of wide characters. +

+

This function was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90. +

+ +
+
Function: size_t strnlen (const char *s, size_t maxlen) + +
+

The strnlen function returns the length of the string s in +bytes if this length is smaller than maxlen bytes. Otherwise it +returns maxlen. Therefore this function is equivalent to +(strlen (s) < n ? strlen (s) : maxlen) but it +is more efficient and works even if the string s is not +null-terminated. +

+
 
char string[32] = "hello, world";
+strnlen (string, 32)
+    ⇒ 12
+strnlen (string, 5)
+    ⇒ 5
+
+ +

This function is a GNU extension and is declared in ‘string.h’. +

+ +
+
Function: size_t wcsnlen (const wchar_t *ws, size_t maxlen) + +
+

wcsnlen is the wide character equivalent to strnlen. The +maxlen parameter specifies the maximum number of wide characters. +

+

This function is a GNU extension and is declared in ‘wchar.h’. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

5.4 Copying and Concatenation

+ +

You can use the functions described in this section to copy the contents +of strings and arrays, or to append the contents of one string to +another. The ‘str’ and ‘mem’ functions are declared in the +header file ‘string.h’ while the ‘wstr’ and ‘wmem’ +functions are declared in the file ‘wchar.h’. + + + + + + + +

+

A helpful way to remember the ordering of the arguments to the functions +in this section is that it corresponds to an assignment expression, with +the destination array specified to the left of the source array. All +of these functions return the address of the destination array. +

+

Most of these functions do not work properly if the source and +destination arrays overlap. For example, if the beginning of the +destination array overlaps the end of the source array, the original +contents of that part of the source array may get overwritten before it +is copied. Even worse, in the case of the string functions, the null +character marking the end of the string may be lost, and the copy +function might get stuck in a loop trashing all the memory allocated to +your program. +

+

All functions that have problems copying between overlapping arrays are +explicitly identified in this manual. In addition to functions in this +section, there are a few others like sprintf (see section Formatted Output Functions) and scanf (see section Formatted Input Functions). +

+
+
Function: void * memcpy (void *restrict to, const void *restrict from, size_t size) + +
+

The memcpy function copies size bytes from the object +beginning at from into the object beginning at to. The +behavior of this function is undefined if the two arrays to and +from overlap; use memmove instead if overlapping is possible. +

+

The value returned by memcpy is the value of to. +

+

Here is an example of how you might use memcpy to copy the +contents of an array: +

+
 
struct foo *oldarray, *newarray;
+int arraysize;
+…
+memcpy (new, old, arraysize * sizeof (struct foo));
+
+
+ +
+
Function: wchar_t * wmemcpy (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *restrict wfrom, size_t size) + +
+

The wmemcpy function copies size wide characters from the object +beginning at wfrom into the object beginning at wto. The +behavior of this function is undefined if the two arrays wto and +wfrom overlap; use wmemmove instead if overlapping is possible. +

+

The following is a possible implementation of wmemcpy but there +are more optimizations possible. +

+
 
wchar_t *
+wmemcpy (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *restrict wfrom,
+         size_t size)
+{
+  return (wchar_t *) memcpy (wto, wfrom, size * sizeof (wchar_t));
+}
+
+ +

The value returned by wmemcpy is the value of wto. +

+

This function was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90. +

+ +
+
Function: void * mempcpy (void *restrict to, const void *restrict from, size_t size) + +
+

The mempcpy function is nearly identical to the memcpy +function. It copies size bytes from the object beginning at +from into the object pointed to by to. But instead of +returning the value of to it returns a pointer to the byte +following the last written byte in the object beginning at to. +I.e., the value is ((void *) ((char *) to + size)). +

+

This function is useful in situations where a number of objects shall be +copied to consecutive memory positions. +

+
 
void *
+combine (void *o1, size_t s1, void *o2, size_t s2)
+{
+  void *result = malloc (s1 + s2);
+  if (result != NULL)
+    mempcpy (mempcpy (result, o1, s1), o2, s2);
+  return result;
+}
+
+ +

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: wchar_t * wmempcpy (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *restrict wfrom, size_t size) + +
+

The wmempcpy function is nearly identical to the wmemcpy +function. It copies size wide characters from the object +beginning at wfrom into the object pointed to by wto. But +instead of returning the value of wto it returns a pointer to the +wide character following the last written wide character in the object +beginning at wto. I.e., the value is wto + size. +

+

This function is useful in situations where a number of objects shall be +copied to consecutive memory positions. +

+

The following is a possible implementation of wmemcpy but there +are more optimizations possible. +

+
 
wchar_t *
+wmempcpy (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *restrict wfrom,
+          size_t size)
+{
+  return (wchar_t *) mempcpy (wto, wfrom, size * sizeof (wchar_t));
+}
+
+ +

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: void * memmove (void *to, const void *from, size_t size) + +
+

memmove copies the size bytes at from into the +size bytes at to, even if those two blocks of space +overlap. In the case of overlap, memmove is careful to copy the +original values of the bytes in the block at from, including those +bytes which also belong to the block at to. +

+

The value returned by memmove is the value of to. +

+ +
+
Function: wchar_t * wmemmove (wchar *wto, const wchar_t *wfrom, size_t size) + +
+

wmemmove copies the size wide characters at wfrom +into the size wide characters at wto, even if those two +blocks of space overlap. In the case of overlap, memmove is +careful to copy the original values of the wide characters in the block +at wfrom, including those wide characters which also belong to the +block at wto. +

+

The following is a possible implementation of wmemcpy but there +are more optimizations possible. +

+
 
wchar_t *
+wmempcpy (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *restrict wfrom,
+          size_t size)
+{
+  return (wchar_t *) mempcpy (wto, wfrom, size * sizeof (wchar_t));
+}
+
+ +

The value returned by wmemmove is the value of wto. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: void * memccpy (void *restrict to, const void *restrict from, int c, size_t size) + +
+

This function copies no more than size bytes from from to +to, stopping if a byte matching c is found. The return +value is a pointer into to one byte past where c was copied, +or a null pointer if no byte matching c appeared in the first +size bytes of from. +

+ +
+
Function: void * memset (void *block, int c, size_t size) + +
+

This function copies the value of c (converted to an +unsigned char) into each of the first size bytes of the +object beginning at block. It returns the value of block. +

+ +
+
Function: wchar_t * wmemset (wchar_t *block, wchar_t wc, size_t size) + +
+

This function copies the value of wc into each of the first +size wide characters of the object beginning at block. It +returns the value of block. +

+ +
+
Function: char * strcpy (char *restrict to, const char *restrict from) + +
+

This copies characters from the string from (up to and including +the terminating null character) into the string to. Like +memcpy, this function has undefined results if the strings +overlap. The return value is the value of to. +

+ +
+
Function: wchar_t * wcscpy (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *restrict wfrom) + +
+

This copies wide characters from the string wfrom (up to and +including the terminating null wide character) into the string +wto. Like wmemcpy, this function has undefined results if +the strings overlap. The return value is the value of wto. +

+ +
+
Function: char * strncpy (char *restrict to, const char *restrict from, size_t size) + +
+

This function is similar to strcpy but always copies exactly +size characters into to. +

+

If the length of from is more than size, then strncpy +copies just the first size characters. Note that in this case +there is no null terminator written into to. +

+

If the length of from is less than size, then strncpy +copies all of from, followed by enough null characters to add up +to size characters in all. This behavior is rarely useful, but it +is specified by the ISO C standard. +

+

The behavior of strncpy is undefined if the strings overlap. +

+

Using strncpy as opposed to strcpy is a way to avoid bugs +relating to writing past the end of the allocated space for to. +However, it can also make your program much slower in one common case: +copying a string which is probably small into a potentially large buffer. +In this case, size may be large, and when it is, strncpy will +waste a considerable amount of time copying null characters. +

+ +
+
Function: wchar_t * wcsncpy (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *restrict wfrom, size_t size) + +
+

This function is similar to wcscpy but always copies exactly +size wide characters into wto. +

+

If the length of wfrom is more than size, then +wcsncpy copies just the first size wide characters. Note +that in this case there is no null terminator written into wto. +

+

If the length of wfrom is less than size, then +wcsncpy copies all of wfrom, followed by enough null wide +characters to add up to size wide characters in all. This +behavior is rarely useful, but it is specified by the ISO C +standard. +

+

The behavior of wcsncpy is undefined if the strings overlap. +

+

Using wcsncpy as opposed to wcscpy is a way to avoid bugs +relating to writing past the end of the allocated space for wto. +However, it can also make your program much slower in one common case: +copying a string which is probably small into a potentially large buffer. +In this case, size may be large, and when it is, wcsncpy will +waste a considerable amount of time copying null wide characters. +

+ +
+
Function: char * strdup (const char *s) + +
+

This function copies the null-terminated string s into a newly +allocated string. The string is allocated using malloc; see +Unconstrained Allocation. If malloc cannot allocate space +for the new string, strdup returns a null pointer. Otherwise it +returns a pointer to the new string. +

+ +
+
Function: wchar_t * wcsdup (const wchar_t *ws) + +
+

This function copies the null-terminated wide character string ws +into a newly allocated string. The string is allocated using +malloc; see Unconstrained Allocation. If malloc +cannot allocate space for the new string, wcsdup returns a null +pointer. Otherwise it returns a pointer to the new wide character +string. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: char * strndup (const char *s, size_t size) + +
+

This function is similar to strdup but always copies at most +size characters into the newly allocated string. +

+

If the length of s is more than size, then strndup +copies just the first size characters and adds a closing null +terminator. Otherwise all characters are copied and the string is +terminated. +

+

This function is different to strncpy in that it always +terminates the destination string. +

+

strndup is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: char * stpcpy (char *restrict to, const char *restrict from) + +
+

This function is like strcpy, except that it returns a pointer to +the end of the string to (that is, the address of the terminating +null character to + strlen (from)) rather than the beginning. +

+

For example, this program uses stpcpy to concatenate ‘foo’ +and ‘bar’ to produce ‘foobar’, which it then prints. +

+
 
#include <string.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  char buffer[10];
+  char *to = buffer;
+  to = stpcpy (to, "foo");
+  to = stpcpy (to, "bar");
+  puts (buffer);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+ +

This function is not part of the ISO or POSIX standards, and is not +customary on Unix systems, but we did not invent it either. Perhaps it +comes from MS-DOG. +

+

Its behavior is undefined if the strings overlap. The function is +declared in ‘string.h’. +

+ +
+
Function: wchar_t * wcpcpy (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *restrict wfrom) + +
+

This function is like wcscpy, except that it returns a pointer to +the end of the string wto (that is, the address of the terminating +null character wto + strlen (wfrom)) rather than the beginning. +

+

This function is not part of ISO or POSIX but was found useful while +developing the GNU C Library itself. +

+

The behavior of wcpcpy is undefined if the strings overlap. +

+

wcpcpy is a GNU extension and is declared in ‘wchar.h’. +

+ +
+
Function: char * stpncpy (char *restrict to, const char *restrict from, size_t size) + +
+

This function is similar to stpcpy but copies always exactly +size characters into to. +

+

If the length of from is more then size, then stpncpy +copies just the first size characters and returns a pointer to the +character directly following the one which was copied last. Note that in +this case there is no null terminator written into to. +

+

If the length of from is less than size, then stpncpy +copies all of from, followed by enough null characters to add up +to size characters in all. This behavior is rarely useful, but it +is implemented to be useful in contexts where this behavior of the +strncpy is used. stpncpy returns a pointer to the +first written null character. +

+

This function is not part of ISO or POSIX but was found useful while +developing the GNU C Library itself. +

+

Its behavior is undefined if the strings overlap. The function is +declared in ‘string.h’. +

+ +
+
Function: wchar_t * wcpncpy (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *restrict wfrom, size_t size) + +
+

This function is similar to wcpcpy but copies always exactly +wsize characters into wto. +

+

If the length of wfrom is more then size, then +wcpncpy copies just the first size wide characters and +returns a pointer to the wide character directly following the last +non-null wide character which was copied last. Note that in this case +there is no null terminator written into wto. +

+

If the length of wfrom is less than size, then wcpncpy +copies all of wfrom, followed by enough null characters to add up +to size characters in all. This behavior is rarely useful, but it +is implemented to be useful in contexts where this behavior of the +wcsncpy is used. wcpncpy returns a pointer to the +first written null character. +

+

This function is not part of ISO or POSIX but was found useful while +developing the GNU C Library itself. +

+

Its behavior is undefined if the strings overlap. +

+

wcpncpy is a GNU extension and is declared in ‘wchar.h’. +

+ +
+
Macro: char * strdupa (const char *s) + +
+

This macro is similar to strdup but allocates the new string +using alloca instead of malloc (see section Automatic Storage with Variable Size). This means of course the returned string has the same +limitations as any block of memory allocated using alloca. +

+

For obvious reasons strdupa is implemented only as a macro; +you cannot get the address of this function. Despite this limitation +it is a useful function. The following code shows a situation where +using malloc would be a lot more expensive. +

+
 
#include <paths.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+const char path[] = _PATH_STDPATH;
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  char *wr_path = strdupa (path);
+  char *cp = strtok (wr_path, ":");
+
+  while (cp != NULL)
+    {
+      puts (cp);
+      cp = strtok (NULL, ":");
+    }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+ +

Please note that calling strtok using path directly is +invalid. It is also not allowed to call strdupa in the argument +list of strtok since strdupa uses alloca +(see section Automatic Storage with Variable Size) can interfere with the parameter +passing. +

+

This function is only available if GNU CC is used. +

+ +
+
Macro: char * strndupa (const char *s, size_t size) + +
+

This function is similar to strndup but like strdupa it +allocates the new string using alloca +see section Automatic Storage with Variable Size. The same advantages and limitations +of strdupa are valid for strndupa, too. +

+

This function is implemented only as a macro, just like strdupa. +Just as strdupa this macro also must not be used inside the +parameter list in a function call. +

+

strndupa is only available if GNU CC is used. +

+ +
+
Function: char * strcat (char *restrict to, const char *restrict from) + +
+

The strcat function is similar to strcpy, except that the +characters from from are concatenated or appended to the end of +to, instead of overwriting it. That is, the first character from +from overwrites the null character marking the end of to. +

+

An equivalent definition for strcat would be: +

+
 
char *
+strcat (char *restrict to, const char *restrict from)
+{
+  strcpy (to + strlen (to), from);
+  return to;
+}
+
+ +

This function has undefined results if the strings overlap. +

+ +
+
Function: wchar_t * wcscat (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *restrict wfrom) + +
+

The wcscat function is similar to wcscpy, except that the +characters from wfrom are concatenated or appended to the end of +wto, instead of overwriting it. That is, the first character from +wfrom overwrites the null character marking the end of wto. +

+

An equivalent definition for wcscat would be: +

+
 
wchar_t *
+wcscat (wchar_t *wto, const wchar_t *wfrom)
+{
+  wcscpy (wto + wcslen (wto), wfrom);
+  return wto;
+}
+
+ +

This function has undefined results if the strings overlap. +

+ +

Programmers using the strcat or wcscat function (or the +following strncat or wcsncar functions for that matter) +can easily be recognized as lazy and reckless. In almost all situations +the lengths of the participating strings are known (it better should be +since how can one otherwise ensure the allocated size of the buffer is +sufficient?) Or at least, one could know them if one keeps track of the +results of the various function calls. But then it is very inefficient +to use strcat/wcscat. A lot of time is wasted finding the +end of the destination string so that the actual copying can start. +This is a common example: +

+ + +
 
/* This function concatenates arbitrarily many strings.  The last
+   parameter must be NULL.  */
+char *
+concat (const char *str, …)
+{
+  va_list ap, ap2;
+  size_t total = 1;
+  const char *s;
+  char *result;
+
+  va_start (ap, str);
+  /* Actually va_copy, but this is the name more gcc versions
+     understand.  */
+  __va_copy (ap2, ap);
+
+  /* Determine how much space we need.  */
+  for (s = str; s != NULL; s = va_arg (ap, const char *))
+    total += strlen (s);
+
+  va_end (ap);
+
+  result = (char *) malloc (total);
+  if (result != NULL)
+    {
+      result[0] = '\0';
+
+      /* Copy the strings.  */
+      for (s = str; s != NULL; s = va_arg (ap2, const char *))
+        strcat (result, s);
+    }
+
+  va_end (ap2);
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+ +

This looks quite simple, especially the second loop where the strings +are actually copied. But these innocent lines hide a major performance +penalty. Just imagine that ten strings of 100 bytes each have to be +concatenated. For the second string we search the already stored 100 +bytes for the end of the string so that we can append the next string. +For all strings in total the comparisons necessary to find the end of +the intermediate results sums up to 5500! If we combine the copying +with the search for the allocation we can write this function more +efficient: +

+
 
char *
+concat (const char *str, …)
+{
+  va_list ap;
+  size_t allocated = 100;
+  char *result = (char *) malloc (allocated);
+
+  if (result != NULL)
+    {
+      char *newp;
+      char *wp;
+
+      va_start (ap, str);
+
+      wp = result;
+      for (s = str; s != NULL; s = va_arg (ap, const char *))
+        {
+          size_t len = strlen (s);
+
+          /* Resize the allocated memory if necessary.  */
+          if (wp + len + 1 > result + allocated)
+            {
+              allocated = (allocated + len) * 2;
+              newp = (char *) realloc (result, allocated);
+              if (newp == NULL)
+                {
+                  free (result);
+                  return NULL;
+                }
+              wp = newp + (wp - result);
+              result = newp;
+            }
+
+          wp = mempcpy (wp, s, len);
+        }
+
+      /* Terminate the result string.  */
+      *wp++ = '\0';
+
+      /* Resize memory to the optimal size.  */
+      newp = realloc (result, wp - result);
+      if (newp != NULL)
+        result = newp;
+
+      va_end (ap);
+    }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+ +

With a bit more knowledge about the input strings one could fine-tune +the memory allocation. The difference we are pointing to here is that +we don't use strcat anymore. We always keep track of the length +of the current intermediate result so we can safe us the search for the +end of the string and use mempcpy. Please note that we also +don't use stpcpy which might seem more natural since we handle +with strings. But this is not necessary since we already know the +length of the string and therefore can use the faster memory copying +function. The example would work for wide characters the same way. +

+

Whenever a programmer feels the need to use strcat she or he +should think twice and look through the program whether the code cannot +be rewritten to take advantage of already calculated results. Again: it +is almost always unnecessary to use strcat. +

+
+
Function: char * strncat (char *restrict to, const char *restrict from, size_t size) + +
+

This function is like strcat except that not more than size +characters from from are appended to the end of to. A +single null character is also always appended to to, so the total +allocated size of to must be at least size + 1 bytes +longer than its initial length. +

+

The strncat function could be implemented like this: +

+
 
char *
+strncat (char *to, const char *from, size_t size)
+{
+  to[strlen (to) + size] = '\0';
+  strncpy (to + strlen (to), from, size);
+  return to;
+}
+
+ +

The behavior of strncat is undefined if the strings overlap. +

+ +
+
Function: wchar_t * wcsncat (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *restrict wfrom, size_t size) + +
+

This function is like wcscat except that not more than size +characters from from are appended to the end of to. A +single null character is also always appended to to, so the total +allocated size of to must be at least size + 1 bytes +longer than its initial length. +

+

The wcsncat function could be implemented like this: +

+
 
wchar_t *
+wcsncat (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *restrict wfrom,
+         size_t size)
+{
+  wto[wcslen (to) + size] = L'\0';
+  wcsncpy (wto + wcslen (wto), wfrom, size);
+  return wto;
+}
+
+ +

The behavior of wcsncat is undefined if the strings overlap. +

+ +

Here is an example showing the use of strncpy and strncat +(the wide character version is equivalent). Notice how, in the call to +strncat, the size parameter is computed to avoid +overflowing the character array buffer. +

+
 
#include <string.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#define SIZE 10
+
+static char buffer[SIZE];
+
+main ()
+{
+  strncpy (buffer, "hello", SIZE);
+  puts (buffer);
+  strncat (buffer, ", world", SIZE - strlen (buffer) - 1);
+  puts (buffer);
+}
+
+ +

The output produced by this program looks like: +

+
 
hello
+hello, wo
+
+ +
+
Function: void bcopy (const void *from, void *to, size_t size) + +
+

This is a partially obsolete alternative for memmove, derived from +BSD. Note that it is not quite equivalent to memmove, because the +arguments are not in the same order and there is no return value. +

+ +
+
Function: void bzero (void *block, size_t size) + +
+

This is a partially obsolete alternative for memset, derived from +BSD. Note that it is not as general as memset, because the only +value it can store is zero. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

5.5 String/Array Comparison

+ +

You can use the functions in this section to perform comparisons on the +contents of strings and arrays. As well as checking for equality, these +functions can also be used as the ordering functions for sorting +operations. See section Searching and Sorting, for an example of this. +

+

Unlike most comparison operations in C, the string comparison functions +return a nonzero value if the strings are not equivalent rather +than if they are. The sign of the value indicates the relative ordering +of the first characters in the strings that are not equivalent: a +negative value indicates that the first string is “less” than the +second, while a positive value indicates that the first string is +“greater”. +

+

The most common use of these functions is to check only for equality. +This is canonically done with an expression like ‘! strcmp (s1, s2)’. +

+

All of these functions are declared in the header file ‘string.h’. + +

+
+
Function: int memcmp (const void *a1, const void *a2, size_t size) + +
+

The function memcmp compares the size bytes of memory +beginning at a1 against the size bytes of memory beginning +at a2. The value returned has the same sign as the difference +between the first differing pair of bytes (interpreted as unsigned +char objects, then promoted to int). +

+

If the contents of the two blocks are equal, memcmp returns +0. +

+ +
+
Function: int wmemcmp (const wchar_t *a1, const wchar_t *a2, size_t size) + +
+

The function wmemcmp compares the size wide characters +beginning at a1 against the size wide characters beginning +at a2. The value returned is smaller than or larger than zero +depending on whether the first differing wide character is a1 is +smaller or larger than the corresponding character in a2. +

+

If the contents of the two blocks are equal, wmemcmp returns +0. +

+ +

On arbitrary arrays, the memcmp function is mostly useful for +testing equality. It usually isn't meaningful to do byte-wise ordering +comparisons on arrays of things other than bytes. For example, a +byte-wise comparison on the bytes that make up floating-point numbers +isn't likely to tell you anything about the relationship between the +values of the floating-point numbers. +

+

wmemcmp is really only useful to compare arrays of type +wchar_t since the function looks at sizeof (wchar_t) bytes +at a time and this number of bytes is system dependent. +

+

You should also be careful about using memcmp to compare objects +that can contain “holes”, such as the padding inserted into structure +objects to enforce alignment requirements, extra space at the end of +unions, and extra characters at the ends of strings whose length is less +than their allocated size. The contents of these “holes” are +indeterminate and may cause strange behavior when performing byte-wise +comparisons. For more predictable results, perform an explicit +component-wise comparison. +

+

For example, given a structure type definition like: +

+
 
struct foo
+  {
+    unsigned char tag;
+    union
+      {
+        double f;
+        long i;
+        char *p;
+      } value;
+  };
+
+ +

you are better off writing a specialized comparison function to compare +struct foo objects instead of comparing them with memcmp. +

+
+
Function: int strcmp (const char *s1, const char *s2) + +
+

The strcmp function compares the string s1 against +s2, returning a value that has the same sign as the difference +between the first differing pair of characters (interpreted as +unsigned char objects, then promoted to int). +

+

If the two strings are equal, strcmp returns 0. +

+

A consequence of the ordering used by strcmp is that if s1 +is an initial substring of s2, then s1 is considered to be +“less than” s2. +

+

strcmp does not take sorting conventions of the language the +strings are written in into account. To get that one has to use +strcoll. +

+ +
+
Function: int wcscmp (const wchar_t *ws1, const wchar_t *ws2) + +
+

The wcscmp function compares the wide character string ws1 +against ws2. The value returned is smaller than or larger than zero +depending on whether the first differing wide character is ws1 is +smaller or larger than the corresponding character in ws2. +

+

If the two strings are equal, wcscmp returns 0. +

+

A consequence of the ordering used by wcscmp is that if ws1 +is an initial substring of ws2, then ws1 is considered to be +“less than” ws2. +

+

wcscmp does not take sorting conventions of the language the +strings are written in into account. To get that one has to use +wcscoll. +

+ +
+
Function: int strcasecmp (const char *s1, const char *s2) + +
+

This function is like strcmp, except that differences in case are +ignored. How uppercase and lowercase characters are related is +determined by the currently selected locale. In the standard "C" +locale the characters Ä and ä do not match but in a locale which +regards these characters as parts of the alphabet they do match. +

+

strcasecmp is derived from BSD. +

+ +
+
Function: int wcscasecmp (const wchar_t *ws1, const wchar_T *ws2) + +
+

This function is like wcscmp, except that differences in case are +ignored. How uppercase and lowercase characters are related is +determined by the currently selected locale. In the standard "C" +locale the characters Ä and ä do not match but in a locale which +regards these characters as parts of the alphabet they do match. +

+

wcscasecmp is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: int strncmp (const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t size) + +
+

This function is the similar to strcmp, except that no more than +size characters are compared. In other words, if the two +strings are the same in their first size characters, the +return value is zero. +

+ +
+
Function: int wcsncmp (const wchar_t *ws1, const wchar_t *ws2, size_t size) + +
+

This function is the similar to wcscmp, except that no more than +size wide characters are compared. In other words, if the two +strings are the same in their first size wide characters, the +return value is zero. +

+ +
+
Function: int strncasecmp (const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n) + +
+

This function is like strncmp, except that differences in case +are ignored. Like strcasecmp, it is locale dependent how +uppercase and lowercase characters are related. +

+

strncasecmp is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: int wcsncasecmp (const wchar_t *ws1, const wchar_t *s2, size_t n) + +
+

This function is like wcsncmp, except that differences in case +are ignored. Like wcscasecmp, it is locale dependent how +uppercase and lowercase characters are related. +

+

wcsncasecmp is a GNU extension. +

+ +

Here are some examples showing the use of strcmp and +strncmp (equivalent examples can be constructed for the wide +character functions). These examples assume the use of the ASCII +character set. (If some other character set—say, EBCDIC—is used +instead, then the glyphs are associated with different numeric codes, +and the return values and ordering may differ.) +

+
 
strcmp ("hello", "hello")
+    ⇒ 0    /* These two strings are the same. */
+strcmp ("hello", "Hello")
+    ⇒ 32   /* Comparisons are case-sensitive. */
+strcmp ("hello", "world")
+    ⇒ -15  /* The character 'h' comes before 'w'. */
+strcmp ("hello", "hello, world")
+    ⇒ -44  /* Comparing a null character against a comma. */
+strncmp ("hello", "hello, world", 5)
+    ⇒ 0    /* The initial 5 characters are the same. */
+strncmp ("hello, world", "hello, stupid world!!!", 5)
+    ⇒ 0    /* The initial 5 characters are the same. */
+
+ +
+
Function: int strverscmp (const char *s1, const char *s2) + +
+

The strverscmp function compares the string s1 against +s2, considering them as holding indices/version numbers. Return +value follows the same conventions as found in the strverscmp +function. In fact, if s1 and s2 contain no digits, +strverscmp behaves like strcmp. +

+

Basically, we compare strings normally (character by character), until +we find a digit in each string - then we enter a special comparison +mode, where each sequence of digits is taken as a whole. If we reach the +end of these two parts without noticing a difference, we return to the +standard comparison mode. There are two types of numeric parts: +"integral" and "fractional" (those begin with a '0'). The types +of the numeric parts affect the way we sort them: +

+
    +
  • +integral/integral: we compare values as you would expect. + +
  • +fractional/integral: the fractional part is less than the integral one. +Again, no surprise. + +
  • +fractional/fractional: the things become a bit more complex. +If the common prefix contains only leading zeroes, the longest part is less +than the other one; else the comparison behaves normally. +
+ +
 
strverscmp ("no digit", "no digit")
+    ⇒ 0    /* same behavior as strcmp. */
+strverscmp ("item#99", "item#100")
+    ⇒ <0   /* same prefix, but 99 < 100. */
+strverscmp ("alpha1", "alpha001")
+    ⇒ >0   /* fractional part inferior to integral one. */
+strverscmp ("part1_f012", "part1_f01")
+    ⇒ >0   /* two fractional parts. */
+strverscmp ("foo.009", "foo.0")
+    ⇒ <0   /* idem, but with leading zeroes only. */
+
+ +

This function is especially useful when dealing with filename sorting, +because filenames frequently hold indices/version numbers. +

+

strverscmp is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: int bcmp (const void *a1, const void *a2, size_t size) + +
+

This is an obsolete alias for memcmp, derived from BSD. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

5.6 Collation Functions

+ + +

In some locales, the conventions for lexicographic ordering differ from +the strict numeric ordering of character codes. For example, in Spanish +most glyphs with diacritical marks such as accents are not considered +distinct letters for the purposes of collation. On the other hand, the +two-character sequence ‘ll’ is treated as a single letter that is +collated immediately after ‘l’. +

+

You can use the functions strcoll and strxfrm (declared in +the headers file ‘string.h’) and wcscoll and wcsxfrm +(declared in the headers file ‘wchar’) to compare strings using a +collation ordering appropriate for the current locale. The locale used +by these functions in particular can be specified by setting the locale +for the LC_COLLATE category; see Locales and Internationalization. + + +

+

In the standard C locale, the collation sequence for strcoll is +the same as that for strcmp. Similarly, wcscoll and +wcscmp are the same in this situation. +

+

Effectively, the way these functions work is by applying a mapping to +transform the characters in a string to a byte sequence that represents +the string's position in the collating sequence of the current locale. +Comparing two such byte sequences in a simple fashion is equivalent to +comparing the strings with the locale's collating sequence. +

+

The functions strcoll and wcscoll perform this translation +implicitly, in order to do one comparison. By contrast, strxfrm +and wcsxfrm perform the mapping explicitly. If you are making +multiple comparisons using the same string or set of strings, it is +likely to be more efficient to use strxfrm or wcsxfrm to +transform all the strings just once, and subsequently compare the +transformed strings with strcmp or wcscmp. +

+
+
Function: int strcoll (const char *s1, const char *s2) + +
+

The strcoll function is similar to strcmp but uses the +collating sequence of the current locale for collation (the +LC_COLLATE locale). +

+ +
+
Function: int wcscoll (const wchar_t *ws1, const wchar_t *ws2) + +
+

The wcscoll function is similar to wcscmp but uses the +collating sequence of the current locale for collation (the +LC_COLLATE locale). +

+ +

Here is an example of sorting an array of strings, using strcoll +to compare them. The actual sort algorithm is not written here; it +comes from qsort (see section Array Sort Function). The job of the +code shown here is to say how to compare the strings while sorting them. +(Later on in this section, we will show a way to do this more +efficiently using strxfrm.) +

+
 
/* This is the comparison function used with qsort. */
+
+int
+compare_elements (char **p1, char **p2)
+{
+  return strcoll (*p1, *p2);
+}
+
+/* This is the entry point---the function to sort
+   strings using the locale's collating sequence. */
+
+void
+sort_strings (char **array, int nstrings)
+{
+  /* Sort temp_array by comparing the strings. */
+  qsort (array, nstrings,
+         sizeof (char *), compare_elements);
+}
+
+ + +
+
Function: size_t strxfrm (char *restrict to, const char *restrict from, size_t size) + +
+

The function strxfrm transforms the string from using the +collation transformation determined by the locale currently selected for +collation, and stores the transformed string in the array to. Up +to size characters (including a terminating null character) are +stored. +

+

The behavior is undefined if the strings to and from +overlap; see Copying and Concatenation. +

+

The return value is the length of the entire transformed string. This +value is not affected by the value of size, but if it is greater +or equal than size, it means that the transformed string did not +entirely fit in the array to. In this case, only as much of the +string as actually fits was stored. To get the whole transformed +string, call strxfrm again with a bigger output array. +

+

The transformed string may be longer than the original string, and it +may also be shorter. +

+

If size is zero, no characters are stored in to. In this +case, strxfrm simply returns the number of characters that would +be the length of the transformed string. This is useful for determining +what size the allocated array should be. It does not matter what +to is if size is zero; to may even be a null pointer. +

+ +
+
Function: size_t wcsxfrm (wchar_t *restrict wto, const wchar_t *wfrom, size_t size) + +
+

The function wcsxfrm transforms wide character string wfrom +using the collation transformation determined by the locale currently +selected for collation, and stores the transformed string in the array +wto. Up to size wide characters (including a terminating null +character) are stored. +

+

The behavior is undefined if the strings wto and wfrom +overlap; see Copying and Concatenation. +

+

The return value is the length of the entire transformed wide character +string. This value is not affected by the value of size, but if +it is greater or equal than size, it means that the transformed +wide character string did not entirely fit in the array wto. In +this case, only as much of the wide character string as actually fits +was stored. To get the whole transformed wide character string, call +wcsxfrm again with a bigger output array. +

+

The transformed wide character string may be longer than the original +wide character string, and it may also be shorter. +

+

If size is zero, no characters are stored in to. In this +case, wcsxfrm simply returns the number of wide characters that +would be the length of the transformed wide character string. This is +useful for determining what size the allocated array should be (remember +to multiply with sizeof (wchar_t)). It does not matter what +wto is if size is zero; wto may even be a null pointer. +

+ +

Here is an example of how you can use strxfrm when +you plan to do many comparisons. It does the same thing as the previous +example, but much faster, because it has to transform each string only +once, no matter how many times it is compared with other strings. Even +the time needed to allocate and free storage is much less than the time +we save, when there are many strings. +

+
 
struct sorter { char *input; char *transformed; };
+
+/* This is the comparison function used with qsort
+   to sort an array of struct sorter. */
+
+int
+compare_elements (struct sorter *p1, struct sorter *p2)
+{
+  return strcmp (p1->transformed, p2->transformed);
+}
+
+/* This is the entry point---the function to sort
+   strings using the locale's collating sequence. */
+
+void
+sort_strings_fast (char **array, int nstrings)
+{
+  struct sorter temp_array[nstrings];
+  int i;
+
+  /* Set up temp_array.  Each element contains
+     one input string and its transformed string. */
+  for (i = 0; i < nstrings; i++)
+    {
+      size_t length = strlen (array[i]) * 2;
+      char *transformed;
+      size_t transformed_length;
+
+      temp_array[i].input = array[i];
+
+      /* First try a buffer perhaps big enough.  */
+      transformed = (char *) xmalloc (length);
+
+      /* Transform array[i].  */
+      transformed_length = strxfrm (transformed, array[i], length);
+
+      /* If the buffer was not large enough, resize it
+         and try again.  */
+      if (transformed_length >= length)
+        {
+          /* Allocate the needed space. +1 for terminating
+             NUL character.  */
+          transformed = (char *) xrealloc (transformed,
+                                           transformed_length + 1);
+
+          /* The return value is not interesting because we know
+             how long the transformed string is.  */
+          (void) strxfrm (transformed, array[i],
+                          transformed_length + 1);
+        }
+
+      temp_array[i].transformed = transformed;
+    }
+
+  /* Sort temp_array by comparing transformed strings. */
+  qsort (temp_array, sizeof (struct sorter),
+         nstrings, compare_elements);
+
+  /* Put the elements back in the permanent array
+     in their sorted order. */
+  for (i = 0; i < nstrings; i++)
+    array[i] = temp_array[i].input;
+
+  /* Free the strings we allocated. */
+  for (i = 0; i < nstrings; i++)
+    free (temp_array[i].transformed);
+}
+
+ +

The interesting part of this code for the wide character version would +look like this: +

+
 
void
+sort_strings_fast (wchar_t **array, int nstrings)
+{
+  …
+      /* Transform array[i].  */
+      transformed_length = wcsxfrm (transformed, array[i], length);
+
+      /* If the buffer was not large enough, resize it
+         and try again.  */
+      if (transformed_length >= length)
+        {
+          /* Allocate the needed space. +1 for terminating
+             NUL character.  */
+          transformed = (wchar_t *) xrealloc (transformed,
+                                              (transformed_length + 1)
+                                              * sizeof (wchar_t));
+
+          /* The return value is not interesting because we know
+             how long the transformed string is.  */
+          (void) wcsxfrm (transformed, array[i],
+                          transformed_length + 1);
+        }
+  …
+
+ +

Note the additional multiplication with sizeof (wchar_t) in the +realloc call. +

+

Compatibility Note: The string collation functions are a new +feature of ISO C90. Older C dialects have no equivalent feature. +The wide character versions were introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO +C90. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

5.7 Search Functions

+ +

This section describes library functions which perform various kinds +of searching operations on strings and arrays. These functions are +declared in the header file ‘string.h’. + + + +

+
+
Function: void * memchr (const void *block, int c, size_t size) + +
+

This function finds the first occurrence of the byte c (converted +to an unsigned char) in the initial size bytes of the +object beginning at block. The return value is a pointer to the +located byte, or a null pointer if no match was found. +

+ +
+
Function: wchar_t * wmemchr (const wchar_t *block, wchar_t wc, size_t size) + +
+

This function finds the first occurrence of the wide character wc +in the initial size wide characters of the object beginning at +block. The return value is a pointer to the located wide +character, or a null pointer if no match was found. +

+ +
+
Function: void * rawmemchr (const void *block, int c) + +
+

Often the memchr function is used with the knowledge that the +byte c is available in the memory block specified by the +parameters. But this means that the size parameter is not really +needed and that the tests performed with it at runtime (to check whether +the end of the block is reached) are not needed. +

+

The rawmemchr function exists for just this situation which is +surprisingly frequent. The interface is similar to memchr except +that the size parameter is missing. The function will look beyond +the end of the block pointed to by block in case the programmer +made an error in assuming that the byte c is present in the block. +In this case the result is unspecified. Otherwise the return value is a +pointer to the located byte. +

+

This function is of special interest when looking for the end of a +string. Since all strings are terminated by a null byte a call like +

+
 
   rawmemchr (str, '\0')
+
+ +

will never go beyond the end of the string. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: void * memrchr (const void *block, int c, size_t size) + +
+

The function memrchr is like memchr, except that it searches +backwards from the end of the block defined by block and size +(instead of forwards from the front). +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: char * strchr (const char *string, int c) + +
+

The strchr function finds the first occurrence of the character +c (converted to a char) in the null-terminated string +beginning at string. The return value is a pointer to the located +character, or a null pointer if no match was found. +

+

For example, +

 
strchr ("hello, world", 'l')
+    ⇒ "llo, world"
+strchr ("hello, world", '?')
+    ⇒ NULL
+
+ +

The terminating null character is considered to be part of the string, +so you can use this function get a pointer to the end of a string by +specifying a null character as the value of the c argument. It +would be better (but less portable) to use strchrnul in this +case, though. +

+ +
+
Function: wchar_t * wcschr (const wchar_t *wstring, int wc) + +
+

The wcschr function finds the first occurrence of the wide +character wc in the null-terminated wide character string +beginning at wstring. The return value is a pointer to the +located wide character, or a null pointer if no match was found. +

+

The terminating null character is considered to be part of the wide +character string, so you can use this function get a pointer to the end +of a wide character string by specifying a null wude character as the +value of the wc argument. It would be better (but less portable) +to use wcschrnul in this case, though. +

+ +
+
Function: char * strchrnul (const char *string, int c) + +
+

strchrnul is the same as strchr except that if it does +not find the character, it returns a pointer to string's terminating +null character rather than a null pointer. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: wchar_t * wcschrnul (const wchar_t *wstring, wchar_t wc) + +
+

wcschrnul is the same as wcschr except that if it does not +find the wide character, it returns a pointer to wide character string's +terminating null wide character rather than a null pointer. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +

One useful, but unusual, use of the strchr +function is when one wants to have a pointer pointing to the NUL byte +terminating a string. This is often written in this way: +

+
 
  s += strlen (s);
+
+ +

This is almost optimal but the addition operation duplicated a bit of +the work already done in the strlen function. A better solution +is this: +

+
 
  s = strchr (s, '\0');
+
+ +

There is no restriction on the second parameter of strchr so it +could very well also be the NUL character. Those readers thinking very +hard about this might now point out that the strchr function is +more expensive than the strlen function since we have two abort +criteria. This is right. But in the GNU C library the implementation of +strchr is optimized in a special way so that strchr +actually is faster. +

+
+
Function: char * strrchr (const char *string, int c) + +
+

The function strrchr is like strchr, except that it searches +backwards from the end of the string string (instead of forwards +from the front). +

+

For example, +

 
strrchr ("hello, world", 'l')
+    ⇒ "ld"
+
+
+ +
+
Function: wchar_t * wcsrchr (const wchar_t *wstring, wchar_t c) + +
+

The function wcsrchr is like wcschr, except that it searches +backwards from the end of the string wstring (instead of forwards +from the front). +

+ +
+
Function: char * strstr (const char *haystack, const char *needle) + +
+

This is like strchr, except that it searches haystack for a +substring needle rather than just a single character. It +returns a pointer into the string haystack that is the first +character of the substring, or a null pointer if no match was found. If +needle is an empty string, the function returns haystack. +

+

For example, +

 
strstr ("hello, world", "l")
+    ⇒ "llo, world"
+strstr ("hello, world", "wo")
+    ⇒ "world"
+
+
+ +
+
Function: wchar_t * wcsstr (const wchar_t *haystack, const wchar_t *needle) + +
+

This is like wcschr, except that it searches haystack for a +substring needle rather than just a single wide character. It +returns a pointer into the string haystack that is the first wide +character of the substring, or a null pointer if no match was found. If +needle is an empty string, the function returns haystack. +

+ +
+
Function: wchar_t * wcswcs (const wchar_t *haystack, const wchar_t *needle) + +
+

wcswcs is an deprecated alias for wcsstr. This is the +name originally used in the X/Open Portability Guide before the +Amendment 1 to ISO C90 was published. +

+ + +
+
Function: char * strcasestr (const char *haystack, const char *needle) + +
+

This is like strstr, except that it ignores case in searching for +the substring. Like strcasecmp, it is locale dependent how +uppercase and lowercase characters are related. +

+ +

For example, +

 
strcasestr ("hello, world", "L")
+    ⇒ "llo, world"
+strcasestr ("hello, World", "wo")
+    ⇒ "World"
+
+
+ + +
+
Function: void * memmem (const void *haystack, size_t haystack-len,
const void *needle, size_t needle-len) + +
+

This is like strstr, but needle and haystack are byte +arrays rather than null-terminated strings. needle-len is the +length of needle and haystack-len is the length of +haystack. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: size_t strspn (const char *string, const char *skipset) + +
+

The strspn (“string span”) function returns the length of the +initial substring of string that consists entirely of characters that +are members of the set specified by the string skipset. The order +of the characters in skipset is not important. +

+

For example, +

 
strspn ("hello, world", "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz")
+    ⇒ 5
+
+ +

Note that “character” is here used in the sense of byte. In a string +using a multibyte character encoding (abstract) character consisting of +more than one byte are not treated as an entity. Each byte is treated +separately. The function is not locale-dependent. +

+ +
+
Function: size_t wcsspn (const wchar_t *wstring, const wchar_t *skipset) + +
+

The wcsspn (“wide character string span”) function returns the +length of the initial substring of wstring that consists entirely +of wide characters that are members of the set specified by the string +skipset. The order of the wide characters in skipset is not +important. +

+ +
+
Function: size_t strcspn (const char *string, const char *stopset) + +
+

The strcspn (“string complement span”) function returns the length +of the initial substring of string that consists entirely of characters +that are not members of the set specified by the string stopset. +(In other words, it returns the offset of the first character in string +that is a member of the set stopset.) +

+

For example, +

 
strcspn ("hello, world", " \t\n,.;!?")
+    ⇒ 5
+
+ +

Note that “character” is here used in the sense of byte. In a string +using a multibyte character encoding (abstract) character consisting of +more than one byte are not treated as an entity. Each byte is treated +separately. The function is not locale-dependent. +

+ +
+
Function: size_t wcscspn (const wchar_t *wstring, const wchar_t *stopset) + +
+

The wcscspn (“wide character string complement span”) function +returns the length of the initial substring of wstring that +consists entirely of wide characters that are not members of the +set specified by the string stopset. (In other words, it returns +the offset of the first character in string that is a member of +the set stopset.) +

+ +
+
Function: char * strpbrk (const char *string, const char *stopset) + +
+

The strpbrk (“string pointer break”) function is related to +strcspn, except that it returns a pointer to the first character +in string that is a member of the set stopset instead of the +length of the initial substring. It returns a null pointer if no such +character from stopset is found. +

+

For example, +

+
 
strpbrk ("hello, world", " \t\n,.;!?")
+    ⇒ ", world"
+
+ +

Note that “character” is here used in the sense of byte. In a string +using a multibyte character encoding (abstract) character consisting of +more than one byte are not treated as an entity. Each byte is treated +separately. The function is not locale-dependent. +

+ +
+
Function: wchar_t * wcspbrk (const wchar_t *wstring, const wchar_t *stopset) + +
+

The wcspbrk (“wide character string pointer break”) function is +related to wcscspn, except that it returns a pointer to the first +wide character in wstring that is a member of the set +stopset instead of the length of the initial substring. It +returns a null pointer if no such character from stopset is found. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

5.7.1 Compatibility String Search Functions

+ +
+
Function: char * index (const char *string, int c) + +
+

index is another name for strchr; they are exactly the same. +New code should always use strchr since this name is defined in +ISO C while index is a BSD invention which never was available +on System V derived systems. +

+ +
+
Function: char * rindex (const char *string, int c) + +
+

rindex is another name for strrchr; they are exactly the same. +New code should always use strrchr since this name is defined in +ISO C while rindex is a BSD invention which never was available +on System V derived systems. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

5.8 Finding Tokens in a String

+ +

It's fairly common for programs to have a need to do some simple kinds +of lexical analysis and parsing, such as splitting a command string up +into tokens. You can do this with the strtok function, declared +in the header file ‘string.h’. + +

+
+
Function: char * strtok (char *restrict newstring, const char *restrict delimiters) + +
+

A string can be split into tokens by making a series of calls to the +function strtok. +

+

The string to be split up is passed as the newstring argument on +the first call only. The strtok function uses this to set up +some internal state information. Subsequent calls to get additional +tokens from the same string are indicated by passing a null pointer as +the newstring argument. Calling strtok with another +non-null newstring argument reinitializes the state information. +It is guaranteed that no other library function ever calls strtok +behind your back (which would mess up this internal state information). +

+

The delimiters argument is a string that specifies a set of delimiters +that may surround the token being extracted. All the initial characters +that are members of this set are discarded. The first character that is +not a member of this set of delimiters marks the beginning of the +next token. The end of the token is found by looking for the next +character that is a member of the delimiter set. This character in the +original string newstring is overwritten by a null character, and the +pointer to the beginning of the token in newstring is returned. +

+

On the next call to strtok, the searching begins at the next +character beyond the one that marked the end of the previous token. +Note that the set of delimiters delimiters do not have to be the +same on every call in a series of calls to strtok. +

+

If the end of the string newstring is reached, or if the remainder of +string consists only of delimiter characters, strtok returns +a null pointer. +

+

Note that “character” is here used in the sense of byte. In a string +using a multibyte character encoding (abstract) character consisting of +more than one byte are not treated as an entity. Each byte is treated +separately. The function is not locale-dependent. +

+ +
+
Function: wchar_t * wcstok (wchar_t *newstring, const char *delimiters) + +
+

A string can be split into tokens by making a series of calls to the +function wcstok. +

+

The string to be split up is passed as the newstring argument on +the first call only. The wcstok function uses this to set up +some internal state information. Subsequent calls to get additional +tokens from the same wide character string are indicated by passing a +null pointer as the newstring argument. Calling wcstok +with another non-null newstring argument reinitializes the state +information. It is guaranteed that no other library function ever calls +wcstok behind your back (which would mess up this internal state +information). +

+

The delimiters argument is a wide character string that specifies +a set of delimiters that may surround the token being extracted. All +the initial wide characters that are members of this set are discarded. +The first wide character that is not a member of this set of +delimiters marks the beginning of the next token. The end of the token +is found by looking for the next wide character that is a member of the +delimiter set. This wide character in the original wide character +string newstring is overwritten by a null wide character, and the +pointer to the beginning of the token in newstring is returned. +

+

On the next call to wcstok, the searching begins at the next +wide character beyond the one that marked the end of the previous token. +Note that the set of delimiters delimiters do not have to be the +same on every call in a series of calls to wcstok. +

+

If the end of the wide character string newstring is reached, or +if the remainder of string consists only of delimiter wide characters, +wcstok returns a null pointer. +

+

Note that “character” is here used in the sense of byte. In a string +using a multibyte character encoding (abstract) character consisting of +more than one byte are not treated as an entity. Each byte is treated +separately. The function is not locale-dependent. +

+ +

Warning: Since strtok and wcstok alter the string +they is parsing, you should always copy the string to a temporary buffer +before parsing it with strtok/wcstok (see section Copying and Concatenation). If you allow strtok or wcstok to modify +a string that came from another part of your program, you are asking for +trouble; that string might be used for other purposes after +strtok or wcstok has modified it, and it would not have +the expected value. +

+

The string that you are operating on might even be a constant. Then +when strtok or wcstok tries to modify it, your program +will get a fatal signal for writing in read-only memory. See section Program Error Signals. Even if the operation of strtok or wcstok +would not require a modification of the string (e.g., if there is +exactly one token) the string can (and in the GNU libc case will) be +modified. +

+

This is a special case of a general principle: if a part of a program +does not have as its purpose the modification of a certain data +structure, then it is error-prone to modify the data structure +temporarily. +

+

The functions strtok and wcstok are not reentrant. +See section Signal Handling and Nonreentrant Functions, for a discussion of where and why reentrancy is +important. +

+

Here is a simple example showing the use of strtok. +

+
 
#include <string.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+…
+
+const char string[] = "words separated by spaces -- and, punctuation!";
+const char delimiters[] = " .,;:!-";
+char *token, *cp;
+
+…
+
+cp = strdupa (string);                /* Make writable copy.  */
+token = strtok (cp, delimiters);      /* token => "words" */
+token = strtok (NULL, delimiters);    /* token => "separated" */
+token = strtok (NULL, delimiters);    /* token => "by" */
+token = strtok (NULL, delimiters);    /* token => "spaces" */
+token = strtok (NULL, delimiters);    /* token => "and" */
+token = strtok (NULL, delimiters);    /* token => "punctuation" */
+token = strtok (NULL, delimiters);    /* token => NULL */
+
+ +

The GNU C library contains two more functions for tokenizing a string +which overcome the limitation of non-reentrancy. They are only +available for multibyte character strings. +

+
+
Function: char * strtok_r (char *newstring, const char *delimiters, char **save_ptr) + +
+

Just like strtok, this function splits the string into several +tokens which can be accessed by successive calls to strtok_r. +The difference is that the information about the next token is stored in +the space pointed to by the third argument, save_ptr, which is a +pointer to a string pointer. Calling strtok_r with a null +pointer for newstring and leaving save_ptr between the calls +unchanged does the job without hindering reentrancy. +

+

This function is defined in POSIX.1 and can be found on many systems +which support multi-threading. +

+ +
+
Function: char * strsep (char **string_ptr, const char *delimiter) + +
+

This function has a similar functionality as strtok_r with the +newstring argument replaced by the save_ptr argument. The +initialization of the moving pointer has to be done by the user. +Successive calls to strsep move the pointer along the tokens +separated by delimiter, returning the address of the next token +and updating string_ptr to point to the beginning of the next +token. +

+

One difference between strsep and strtok_r is that if the +input string contains more than one character from delimiter in a +row strsep returns an empty string for each pair of characters +from delimiter. This means that a program normally should test +for strsep returning an empty string before processing it. +

+

This function was introduced in 4.3BSD and therefore is widely available. +

+ +

Here is how the above example looks like when strsep is used. +

+
 
#include <string.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+…
+
+const char string[] = "words separated by spaces -- and, punctuation!";
+const char delimiters[] = " .,;:!-";
+char *running;
+char *token;
+
+…
+
+running = strdupa (string);
+token = strsep (&running, delimiters);    /* token => "words" */
+token = strsep (&running, delimiters);    /* token => "separated" */
+token = strsep (&running, delimiters);    /* token => "by" */
+token = strsep (&running, delimiters);    /* token => "spaces" */
+token = strsep (&running, delimiters);    /* token => "" */
+token = strsep (&running, delimiters);    /* token => "" */
+token = strsep (&running, delimiters);    /* token => "" */
+token = strsep (&running, delimiters);    /* token => "and" */
+token = strsep (&running, delimiters);    /* token => "" */
+token = strsep (&running, delimiters);    /* token => "punctuation" */
+token = strsep (&running, delimiters);    /* token => "" */
+token = strsep (&running, delimiters);    /* token => NULL */
+
+ +
+
Function: char * basename (const char *filename) + +
+

The GNU version of the basename function returns the last +component of the path in filename. This function is the preferred +usage, since it does not modify the argument, filename, and +respects trailing slashes. The prototype for basename can be +found in ‘string.h’. Note, this function is overriden by the XPG +version, if ‘libgen.h’ is included. +

+

Example of using GNU basename: +

+
 
#include <string.h>
+
+int
+main (int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+  char *prog = basename (argv[0]);
+
+  if (argc < 2)
+    {
+      fprintf (stderr, "Usage %s <arg>\n", prog);
+      exit (1);
+    }
+
+  …
+}
+
+ +

Portability Note: This function may produce different results +on different systems. +

+
+ +
+
Function: char * basename (char *path) + +
+

This is the standard XPG defined basename. It is similar in +spirit to the GNU version, but may modify the path by removing +trailing '/' characters. If the path is made up entirely of '/' +characters, then "/" will be returned. Also, if path is +NULL or an empty string, then "." is returned. The prototype for +the XPG version can be found in ‘libgen.h’. +

+

Example of using XPG basename: +

+
 
#include <libgen.h>
+
+int
+main (int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+  char *prog;
+  char *path = strdupa (argv[0]);
+
+  prog = basename (path);
+
+  if (argc < 2)
+    {
+      fprintf (stderr, "Usage %s <arg>\n", prog);
+      exit (1);
+    }
+
+  …
+
+}
+
+
+ +
+
Function: char * dirname (char *path) + +
+

The dirname function is the compliment to the XPG version of +basename. It returns the parent directory of the file specified +by path. If path is NULL, an empty string, or +contains no '/' characters, then "." is returned. The prototype for this +function can be found in ‘libgen.h’. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

5.9 strfry

+ +

The function below addresses the perennial programming quandary: “How do +I take good data in string form and painlessly turn it into garbage?” +This is actually a fairly simple task for C programmers who do not use +the GNU C library string functions, but for programs based on the GNU C +library, the strfry function is the preferred method for +destroying string data. +

+

The prototype for this function is in ‘string.h’. +

+
+
Function: char * strfry (char *string) + +
+

strfry creates a pseudorandom anagram of a string, replacing the +input with the anagram in place. For each position in the string, +strfry swaps it with a position in the string selected at random +(from a uniform distribution). The two positions may be the same. +

+

The return value of strfry is always string. +

+

Portability Note: This function is unique to the GNU C library. +

+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

5.10 Trivial Encryption

+ + +

The memfrob function converts an array of data to something +unrecognizable and back again. It is not encryption in its usual sense +since it is easy for someone to convert the encrypted data back to clear +text. The transformation is analogous to Usenet's “Rot13” encryption +method for obscuring offensive jokes from sensitive eyes and such. +Unlike Rot13, memfrob works on arbitrary binary data, not just +text. + +

+

For true encryption, See section DES Encryption and Password Handling. +

+

This function is declared in ‘string.h’. + +

+
+
Function: void * memfrob (void *mem, size_t length) + +
+

memfrob transforms (frobnicates) each byte of the data structure +at mem, which is length bytes long, by bitwise exclusive +oring it with binary 00101010. It does the transformation in place and +its return value is always mem. +

+

Note that memfrob a second time on the same data structure +returns it to its original state. +

+

This is a good function for hiding information from someone who doesn't +want to see it or doesn't want to see it very much. To really prevent +people from retrieving the information, use stronger encryption such as +that described in See section DES Encryption and Password Handling. +

+

Portability Note: This function is unique to the GNU C library. +

+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

5.11 Encode Binary Data

+ +

To store or transfer binary data in environments which only support text +one has to encode the binary data by mapping the input bytes to +characters in the range allowed for storing or transfering. SVID +systems (and nowadays XPG compliant systems) provide minimal support for +this task. +

+
+
Function: char * l64a (long int n) + +
+

This function encodes a 32-bit input value using characters from the +basic character set. It returns a pointer to a 7 character buffer which +contains an encoded version of n. To encode a series of bytes the +user must copy the returned string to a destination buffer. It returns +the empty string if n is zero, which is somewhat bizarre but +mandated by the standard.
+Warning: Since a static buffer is used this function should not +be used in multi-threaded programs. There is no thread-safe alternative +to this function in the C library.
+Compatibility Note: The XPG standard states that the return +value of l64a is undefined if n is negative. In the GNU +implementation, l64a treats its argument as unsigned, so it will +return a sensible encoding for any nonzero n; however, portable +programs should not rely on this. +

+

To encode a large buffer l64a must be called in a loop, once for +each 32-bit word of the buffer. For example, one could do something +like this: +

+
 
char *
+encode (const void *buf, size_t len)
+{
+  /* We know in advance how long the buffer has to be. */
+  unsigned char *in = (unsigned char *) buf;
+  char *out = malloc (6 + ((len + 3) / 4) * 6 + 1);
+  char *cp = out, *p;
+
+  /* Encode the length. */
+  /* Using `htonl' is necessary so that the data can be
+     decoded even on machines with different byte order.
+     `l64a' can return a string shorter than 6 bytes, so 
+     we pad it with encoding of 0 ('.') at the end by 
+     hand. */
+
+  p = stpcpy (cp, l64a (htonl (len)));
+  cp = mempcpy (p, "......", 6 - (p - cp));
+
+  while (len > 3)
+    {
+      unsigned long int n = *in++;
+      n = (n << 8) | *in++;
+      n = (n << 8) | *in++;
+      n = (n << 8) | *in++;
+      len -= 4;
+      p = stpcpy (cp, l64a (htonl (n)));
+      cp = mempcpy (p, "......", 6 - (p - cp));
+    }
+  if (len > 0)
+    {
+      unsigned long int n = *in++;
+      if (--len > 0)
+        {
+          n = (n << 8) | *in++;
+          if (--len > 0)
+            n = (n << 8) | *in;
+        }
+      cp = stpcpy (cp, l64a (htonl (n)));
+    }
+  *cp = '\0';
+  return out;
+}
+
+ +

It is strange that the library does not provide the complete +functionality needed but so be it. +

+
+ +

To decode data produced with l64a the following function should be +used. +

+
+
Function: long int a64l (const char *string) + +
+

The parameter string should contain a string which was produced by +a call to l64a. The function processes at least 6 characters of +this string, and decodes the characters it finds according to the table +below. It stops decoding when it finds a character not in the table, +rather like atoi; if you have a buffer which has been broken into +lines, you must be careful to skip over the end-of-line characters. +

+

The decoded number is returned as a long int value. +

+ +

The l64a and a64l functions use a base 64 encoding, in +which each character of an encoded string represents six bits of an +input word. These symbols are used for the base 64 digits: +

+ + + + + + + + + + +

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7 +

0

.

/

0

1 +

2

3

4

5 +

8

6

7

8

9 +

A

B

C

D +

16

E

F

G

H +

I

J

K

L +

24

M

N

O

P +

Q

R

S

T +

32

U

V

W

X +

Y

Z

a

b +

40

c

d

e

f +

g

h

i

j +

48

k

l

m

n +

o

p

q

r +

56

s

t

u

v +

w

x

y

z +

+ +

This encoding scheme is not standard. There are some other encoding +methods which are much more widely used (UU encoding, MIME encoding). +Generally, it is better to use one of these encodings. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

5.12 Argz and Envz Vectors

+ +

argz vectors are vectors of strings in a contiguous block of +memory, each element separated from its neighbors by null-characters +('\0'). +

+ + +

Envz vectors are an extension of argz vectors where each element is a +name-value pair, separated by a '=' character (as in a Unix +environment). +

+ + + +
5.12.1 Argz Functions   Operations on argz vectors. +
5.12.2 Envz Functions   Additional operations on environment vectors. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

5.12.1 Argz Functions

+ +

Each argz vector is represented by a pointer to the first element, of +type char *, and a size, of type size_t, both of which can +be initialized to 0 to represent an empty argz vector. All argz +functions accept either a pointer and a size argument, or pointers to +them, if they will be modified. +

+

The argz functions use malloc/realloc to allocate/grow +argz vectors, and so any argz vector creating using these functions may +be freed by using free; conversely, any argz function that may +grow a string expects that string to have been allocated using +malloc (those argz functions that only examine their arguments or +modify them in place will work on any sort of memory). +See section Unconstrained Allocation. +

+

All argz functions that do memory allocation have a return type of +error_t, and return 0 for success, and ENOMEM if an +allocation error occurs. +

+ +

These functions are declared in the standard include file ‘argz.h’. +

+
+
Function: error_t argz_create (char *const argv[], char **argz, size_t *argz_len) + +
+

The argz_create function converts the Unix-style argument vector +argv (a vector of pointers to normal C strings, terminated by +(char *)0; see section Program Arguments) into an argz vector with +the same elements, which is returned in argz and argz_len. +

+ +
+
Function: error_t argz_create_sep (const char *string, int sep, char **argz, size_t *argz_len) + +
+

The argz_create_sep function converts the null-terminated string +string into an argz vector (returned in argz and +argz_len) by splitting it into elements at every occurrence of the +character sep. +

+ +
+
Function: size_t argz_count (const char *argz, size_t arg_len) + +
+

Returns the number of elements in the argz vector argz and +argz_len. +

+ +
+
Function: void argz_extract (char *argz, size_t argz_len, char **argv) + +
+

The argz_extract function converts the argz vector argz and +argz_len into a Unix-style argument vector stored in argv, +by putting pointers to every element in argz into successive +positions in argv, followed by a terminator of 0. +Argv must be pre-allocated with enough space to hold all the +elements in argz plus the terminating (char *)0 +((argz_count (argz, argz_len) + 1) * sizeof (char *) +bytes should be enough). Note that the string pointers stored into +argv point into argz—they are not copies—and so +argz must be copied if it will be changed while argv is +still active. This function is useful for passing the elements in +argz to an exec function (see section Executing a File). +

+ +
+
Function: void argz_stringify (char *argz, size_t len, int sep) + +
+

The argz_stringify converts argz into a normal string with +the elements separated by the character sep, by replacing each +'\0' inside argz (except the last one, which terminates the +string) with sep. This is handy for printing argz in a +readable manner. +

+ +
+
Function: error_t argz_add (char **argz, size_t *argz_len, const char *str) + +
+

The argz_add function adds the string str to the end of the +argz vector *argz, and updates *argz and +*argz_len accordingly. +

+ +
+
Function: error_t argz_add_sep (char **argz, size_t *argz_len, const char *str, int delim) + +
+

The argz_add_sep function is similar to argz_add, but +str is split into separate elements in the result at occurrences of +the character delim. This is useful, for instance, for +adding the components of a Unix search path to an argz vector, by using +a value of ':' for delim. +

+ +
+
Function: error_t argz_append (char **argz, size_t *argz_len, const char *buf, size_t buf_len) + +
+

The argz_append function appends buf_len bytes starting at +buf to the argz vector *argz, reallocating +*argz to accommodate it, and adding buf_len to +*argz_len. +

+ +
+
Function: void argz_delete (char **argz, size_t *argz_len, char *entry) + +
+

If entry points to the beginning of one of the elements in the +argz vector *argz, the argz_delete function will +remove this entry and reallocate *argz, modifying +*argz and *argz_len accordingly. Note that as +destructive argz functions usually reallocate their argz argument, +pointers into argz vectors such as entry will then become invalid. +

+ +
+
Function: error_t argz_insert (char **argz, size_t *argz_len, char *before, const char *entry) + +
+

The argz_insert function inserts the string entry into the +argz vector *argz at a point just before the existing +element pointed to by before, reallocating *argz and +updating *argz and *argz_len. If before +is 0, entry is added to the end instead (as if by +argz_add). Since the first element is in fact the same as +*argz, passing in *argz as the value of +before will result in entry being inserted at the beginning. +

+ +
+
Function: char * argz_next (char *argz, size_t argz_len, const char *entry) + +
+

The argz_next function provides a convenient way of iterating +over the elements in the argz vector argz. It returns a pointer +to the next element in argz after the element entry, or +0 if there are no elements following entry. If entry +is 0, the first element of argz is returned. +

+

This behavior suggests two styles of iteration: +

+
 
    char *entry = 0;
+    while ((entry = argz_next (argz, argz_len, entry)))
+      action;
+
+ +

(the double parentheses are necessary to make some C compilers shut up +about what they consider a questionable while-test) and: +

+
 
    char *entry;
+    for (entry = argz;
+         entry;
+         entry = argz_next (argz, argz_len, entry))
+      action;
+
+ +

Note that the latter depends on argz having a value of 0 if +it is empty (rather than a pointer to an empty block of memory); this +invariant is maintained for argz vectors created by the functions here. +

+ +
+
Function: error_t argz_replace (char **argz, size_t *argz_len, const char *str, const char *with, unsigned *replace_count) + +
+

Replace any occurrences of the string str in argz with +with, reallocating argz as necessary. If +replace_count is non-zero, *replace_count will be +incremented by number of replacements performed. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

5.12.2 Envz Functions

+ +

Envz vectors are just argz vectors with additional constraints on the form +of each element; as such, argz functions can also be used on them, where it +makes sense. +

+

Each element in an envz vector is a name-value pair, separated by a '=' +character; if multiple '=' characters are present in an element, those +after the first are considered part of the value, and treated like all other +non-'\0' characters. +

+

If no '=' characters are present in an element, that element is +considered the name of a “null” entry, as distinct from an entry with an +empty value: envz_get will return 0 if given the name of null +entry, whereas an entry with an empty value would result in a value of +""; envz_entry will still find such entries, however. Null +entries can be removed with envz_strip function. +

+

As with argz functions, envz functions that may allocate memory (and thus +fail) have a return type of error_t, and return either 0 or +ENOMEM. +

+ +

These functions are declared in the standard include file ‘envz.h’. +

+
+
Function: char * envz_entry (const char *envz, size_t envz_len, const char *name) + +
+

The envz_entry function finds the entry in envz with the name +name, and returns a pointer to the whole entry—that is, the argz +element which begins with name followed by a '=' character. If +there is no entry with that name, 0 is returned. +

+ +
+
Function: char * envz_get (const char *envz, size_t envz_len, const char *name) + +
+

The envz_get function finds the entry in envz with the name +name (like envz_entry), and returns a pointer to the value +portion of that entry (following the '='). If there is no entry with +that name (or only a null entry), 0 is returned. +

+ +
+
Function: error_t envz_add (char **envz, size_t *envz_len, const char *name, const char *value) + +
+

The envz_add function adds an entry to *envz +(updating *envz and *envz_len) with the name +name, and value value. If an entry with the same name +already exists in envz, it is removed first. If value is +0, then the new entry will the special null type of entry +(mentioned above). +

+ +
+
Function: error_t envz_merge (char **envz, size_t *envz_len, const char *envz2, size_t envz2_len, int override) + +
+

The envz_merge function adds each entry in envz2 to envz, +as if with envz_add, updating *envz and +*envz_len. If override is true, then values in envz2 +will supersede those with the same name in envz, otherwise not. +

+

Null entries are treated just like other entries in this respect, so a null +entry in envz can prevent an entry of the same name in envz2 from +being added to envz, if override is false. +

+ +
+
Function: void envz_strip (char **envz, size_t *envz_len) + +
+

The envz_strip function removes any null entries from envz, +updating *envz and *envz_len. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_64.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_64.html @@ -0,0 +1,322 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Variable and Constant Macro Index: F – H + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

Variable and Constant Macro Index: F – H

+
Jump to:   ( +   +_ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +X +   +Y +   +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Index Entry Section
F
F_DUPFD13.12 Duplicating Descriptors
F_GETFD13.13 File Descriptor Flags
F_GETFL13.14.4 Getting and Setting File Status Flags
F_GETLK13.15 File Locks
F_GETOWN13.16 Interrupt-Driven Input
F_OK14.9.8 Testing Permission to Access a File
F_RDLCK13.15 File Locks
F_SETFD13.13 File Descriptor Flags
F_SETFL13.14.4 Getting and Setting File Status Flags
F_SETLK13.15 File Locks
F_SETLKW13.15 File Locks
F_SETOWN13.16 Interrupt-Driven Input
F_UNLCK13.15 File Locks
F_WRLCK13.15 File Locks
FD_CLOEXEC13.13 File Descriptor Flags
FD_SETSIZE13.8 Waiting for Input or Output
FE_DFL_ENV20.7 Floating-Point Control Functions
FE_DIVBYZERO20.5.3 Examining the FPU status word
FE_DOWNWARD20.6 Rounding Modes
FE_INEXACT20.5.3 Examining the FPU status word
FE_INVALID20.5.3 Examining the FPU status word
FE_NOMASK_ENV20.7 Floating-Point Control Functions
FE_OVERFLOW20.5.3 Examining the FPU status word
FE_TONEAREST20.6 Rounding Modes
FE_TOWARDZERO20.6 Rounding Modes
FE_UNDERFLOW20.5.3 Examining the FPU status word
FE_UPWARD20.6 Rounding Modes
FILENAME_MAX31.6 Limits on File System Capacity
FLT_DIGA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
FLT_EPSILONA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
FLT_MANT_DIGA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
FLT_MAXA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
FLT_MAX_10_EXPA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
FLT_MAX_EXPA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
FLT_MINA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
FLT_MIN_10_EXPA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
FLT_MIN_EXPA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
FLT_RADIXA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
FLT_ROUNDSA.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters
FLUSHO17.4.7 Local Modes
FOPEN_MAX12.3 Opening Streams
FP_FAST_FMA20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions
FP_ILOGB019.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
FP_ILOGBNAN19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
FP_INFINITE20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions
FP_NAN20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions
FP_NORMAL20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions
FP_SUBNORMAL20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions
FP_ZERO20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions
FPE_DECOVF_TRAP24.2.1 Program Error Signals
FPE_FLTDIV_TRAP24.2.1 Program Error Signals
FPE_FLTOVF_TRAP24.2.1 Program Error Signals
FPE_FLTUND_TRAP24.2.1 Program Error Signals
FPE_INTDIV_TRAP24.2.1 Program Error Signals
FPE_INTOVF_TRAP24.2.1 Program Error Signals
FPE_SUBRNG_TRAP24.2.1 Program Error Signals
FRAC_DIGITS7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
FSETLOCKING_BYCALLER12.5 Streams and Threads
FSETLOCKING_INTERNAL12.5 Streams and Threads
FSETLOCKING_QUERY12.5 Streams and Threads
FSTAB30.3.1 Mount Information
FSTAB_RO30.3.1.1 The ‘fstab’ file
FSTAB_RQ30.3.1.1 The ‘fstab’ file
FSTAB_RW30.3.1.1 The ‘fstab’ file
FSTAB_SW30.3.1.1 The ‘fstab’ file
FSTAB_XX30.3.1.1 The ‘fstab’ file
FTW_ACTIONRETVAL14.3 Working with Directory Trees
FTW_CHDIR14.3 Working with Directory Trees
FTW_D14.3 Working with Directory Trees
FTW_DEPTH14.3 Working with Directory Trees
FTW_DNR14.3 Working with Directory Trees
FTW_DP14.3 Working with Directory Trees
FTW_F14.3 Working with Directory Trees
FTW_MOUNT14.3 Working with Directory Trees
FTW_NS14.3 Working with Directory Trees
FTW_PHYS14.3 Working with Directory Trees
FTW_SL14.3 Working with Directory Trees
FTW_SLN14.3 Working with Directory Trees
G
getdate_err21.4.6.2 A More User-friendly Way to Parse Times and Dates
GLOB_ABORTED10.2.1 Calling glob
GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC10.2.3 More Flags for Globbing
GLOB_APPEND10.2.2 Flags for Globbing
GLOB_BRACE10.2.3 More Flags for Globbing
GLOB_DOOFFS10.2.2 Flags for Globbing
GLOB_ERR10.2.2 Flags for Globbing
GLOB_MAGCHAR10.2.3 More Flags for Globbing
GLOB_MARK10.2.2 Flags for Globbing
GLOB_NOCHECK10.2.2 Flags for Globbing
GLOB_NOESCAPE10.2.2 Flags for Globbing
GLOB_NOMAGIC10.2.3 More Flags for Globbing
GLOB_NOMATCH10.2.1 Calling glob
GLOB_NOSORT10.2.2 Flags for Globbing
GLOB_NOSPACE10.2.1 Calling glob
GLOB_ONLYDIR10.2.3 More Flags for Globbing
GLOB_PERIOD10.2.3 More Flags for Globbing
GLOB_TILDE10.2.3 More Flags for Globbing
GLOB_TILDE_CHECK10.2.3 More Flags for Globbing
group28.1 NSS Basics
GROUPING7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
H
h_errno16.6.2.4 Host Names
HOST_NOT_FOUND16.6.2.4 Host Names
hosts28.1 NSS Basics
HUGE_VAL20.5.4 Error Reporting by Mathematical Functions
HUGE_VALF20.5.4 Error Reporting by Mathematical Functions
HUGE_VALL20.5.4 Error Reporting by Mathematical Functions
HUPCL17.4.6 Control Modes
+
Jump to:   ( +   +_ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +W +   +X +   +Y +   +
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_36.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_36.html @@ -0,0 +1,703 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: C. Installing the GNU C Library + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

C. Installing the GNU C Library

+ +

Before you do anything else, you should read the file ‘FAQ’ located +at the top level of the source tree. This file answers common questions +and describes problems you may experience with compilation and +installation. It is updated more frequently than this manual. +

+

Features can be added to GNU Libc via add-on bundles. These are +separate tar files, which you unpack into the top level of the source +tree. Then you give configure the ‘--enable-add-ons’ option +to activate them, and they will be compiled into the library. +

+

You will need recent versions of several GNU tools: definitely GCC and +GNU Make, and possibly others. See section Recommended Tools for Compilation, below. +

+ + + + + + +
C.1 Configuring and compiling GNU Libc   How to compile and test GNU libc. +
C.2 Installing the C Library   How to install it once you've got it + compiled. +
C.3 Recommended Tools for Compilation   You'll need these first. +
C.4 Specific advice for GNU/Linux systems  
C.5 Reporting Bugs   So they'll get fixed. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

C.1 Configuring and compiling GNU Libc

+ +

GNU libc cannot be compiled in the source directory. You must build +it in a separate build directory. For example, if you have unpacked +the glibc sources in ‘/src/gnu/glibc-2.4’, create a directory +‘/src/gnu/glibc-build’ to put the object files in. This allows +removing the whole build directory in case an error occurs, which is +the safest way to get a fresh start and should always be done. +

+

From your object directory, run the shell script ‘configure’ located +at the top level of the source tree. In the scenario above, you'd type +

+
 
$ ../glibc-2.4/configure args…
+
+ +

Please note that even though you're building in a separate build +directory, the compilation needs to modify a few files in the source +directory, especially some files in the manual subdirectory. +

+

configure takes many options, but the only one that is usually +mandatory is ‘--prefix’. This option tells configure +where you want glibc installed. This defaults to ‘/usr/local’, +but the normal setting to install as the standard system library is +‘--prefix=/usr’ for GNU/Linux systems and ‘--prefix=’ (an +empty prefix) for GNU/Hurd systems. +

+

It may also be useful to set the CC and CFLAGS variables in +the environment when running configure. CC selects the C +compiler that will be used, and CFLAGS sets optimization options +for the compiler. +

+

The following list describes all of the available options for + configure: +

+
+
‘--prefix=directory’
+

Install machine-independent data files in subdirectories of +‘directory’. The default is to install in ‘/usr/local’. +

+
+
‘--exec-prefix=directory’
+

Install the library and other machine-dependent files in subdirectories +of ‘directory’. The default is to the ‘--prefix’ +directory if that option is specified, or ‘/usr/local’ otherwise. +

+
+
‘--with-headers=directory’
+

Look for kernel header files in directory, not +‘/usr/include’. Glibc needs information from the kernel's private +header files. Glibc will normally look in ‘/usr/include’ for them, +but if you specify this option, it will look in DIRECTORY instead. +

+

This option is primarily of use on a system where the headers in +‘/usr/include’ come from an older version of glibc. Conflicts can +occasionally happen in this case. Note that Linux libc5 qualifies as an +older version of glibc. You can also use this option if you want to +compile glibc with a newer set of kernel headers than the ones found in +‘/usr/include’. +

+
+
‘--enable-add-ons[=list]’
+

Specify add-on packages to include in the build. If this option is +specified with no list, it enables all the add-on packages it finds in +the main source directory; this is the default behavior. You may +specify an explicit list of add-ons to use in list, separated by +spaces or commas (if you use spaces, remember to quote them from the +shell). Each add-on in list can be an absolute directory name +or can be a directory name relative to the main source directory, or +relative to the build directory (that is, the current working directory). +For example, ‘--enable-add-ons=nptl,../glibc-libidn-2.4’. +

+
+
‘--enable-kernel=version’
+

This option is currently only useful on GNU/Linux systems. The +version parameter should have the form X.Y.Z and describes the +smallest version of the Linux kernel the generated library is expected +to support. The higher the version number is, the less +compatibility code is added, and the faster the code gets. +

+
+
‘--with-binutils=directory’
+

Use the binutils (assembler and linker) in ‘directory’, not +the ones the C compiler would default to. You can use this option if +the default binutils on your system cannot deal with all the constructs +in the GNU C library. In that case, configure will detect the +problem and suppress these constructs, so that the library will still be +usable, but functionality may be lost—for example, you can't build a +shared libc with old binutils. +

+
+
‘--without-fp’
+

Use this option if your computer lacks hardware floating-point support +and your operating system does not emulate an FPU. +

+

these +

+
+
‘--disable-shared’
+

Don't build shared libraries even if it is possible. Not all systems +support shared libraries; you need ELF support and (currently) the GNU +linker. +

+
+
‘--disable-profile’
+

Don't build libraries with profiling information. You may want to use +this option if you don't plan to do profiling. +

+
+
‘--enable-omitfp’
+

Use maximum optimization for the normal (static and shared) +libraries, and compile separate static libraries with debugging +information and no optimization. We recommend not doing this. The extra +optimization doesn't gain you much, it may provoke compiler bugs, and you +won't be able to trace bugs through the C library. +

+
+
‘--disable-versioning’
+

Don't compile the shared libraries with symbol version information. +Doing this will make the resulting library incompatible with old +binaries, so it's not recommended. +

+
+
‘--enable-static-nss’
+

Compile static versions of the NSS (Name Service Switch) libraries. +This is not recommended because it defeats the purpose of NSS; a program +linked statically with the NSS libraries cannot be dynamically +reconfigured to use a different name database. +

+
+
‘--without-tls’
+

By default the C library is built with support for thread-local storage +if the used tools support it. By using ‘--without-tls’ this can be +prevented though there generally is no reason since it creates +compatibility problems. +

+
+
‘--build=build-system’
+
‘--host=host-system’
+

These options are for cross-compiling. If you specify both options and +build-system is different from host-system, configure +will prepare to cross-compile glibc from build-system to be used +on host-system. You'll probably need the ‘--with-headers’ +option too, and you may have to override configure's selection of +the compiler and/or binutils. +

+

If you only specify ‘--host’, configure will prepare for a +native compile but use what you specify instead of guessing what your +system is. This is most useful to change the CPU submodel. For example, +if configure guesses your machine as i586-pc-linux-gnu but +you want to compile a library for 386es, give +‘--host=i386-pc-linux-gnu’ or just ‘--host=i386-linux’ and add +the appropriate compiler flags (‘-mcpu=i386’ will do the trick) to +CFLAGS. +

+

If you specify just ‘--build’, configure will get confused. +

+
+ +

To build the library and related programs, type make. This will +produce a lot of output, some of which may look like errors from +make but isn't. Look for error messages from make +containing ‘***’. Those indicate that something is seriously wrong. +

+

The compilation process can take a long time, depending on the +configuration and the speed of your machine. Some complex modules may +take a very long time to compile, as much as several minutes on slower +machines. Do not panic if the compiler appears to hang. +

+

If you want to run a parallel make, simply pass the ‘-j’ option +with an appropriate numeric parameter to make. You need a recent +GNU make version, though. +

+

To build and run test programs which exercise some of the library +facilities, type make check. If it does not complete +successfully, do not use the built library, and report a bug after +verifying that the problem is not already known. See section Reporting Bugs, +for instructions on reporting bugs. Note that some of the tests assume +they are not being run by root. We recommend you compile and +test glibc as an unprivileged user. +

+

Before reporting bugs make sure there is no problem with your system. +The tests (and later installation) use some pre-existing files of the +system such as ‘/etc/passwd’, ‘/etc/nsswitch.conf’ and others. +These files must all contain correct and sensible content. +

+

To format the GNU C Library Reference Manual for printing, type +make dvi. You need a working TeX installation to do this. +The distribution already includes the on-line formatted version of the +manual, as Info files. You can regenerate those with make +info, but it shouldn't be necessary. +

+

The library has a number of special-purpose configuration parameters +which you can find in ‘Makeconfig’. These can be overwritten with +the file ‘configparms’. To change them, create a +‘configparms’ in your build directory and add values as appropriate +for your system. The file is included and parsed by make and has +to follow the conventions for makefiles. +

+

It is easy to configure the GNU C library for cross-compilation by +setting a few variables in ‘configparms’. Set CC to the +cross-compiler for the target you configured the library for; it is +important to use this same CC value when running +configure, like this: ‘CC=target-gcc configure +target’. Set BUILD_CC to the compiler to use for programs +run on the build system as part of compiling the library. You may need to +set AR and RANLIB to cross-compiling versions of ar +and ranlib if the native tools are not configured to work with +object files for the target you configured for. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

C.2 Installing the C Library

+ +

To install the library and its header files, and the Info files of the +manual, type env LANGUAGE=C LC_ALL=C make install. This will +build things, if necessary, before installing them; however, you should +still compile everything first. If you are installing glibc as your +primary C library, we recommend that you shut the system down to +single-user mode first, and reboot afterward. This minimizes the risk +of breaking things when the library changes out from underneath. +

+

If you're upgrading from Linux libc5 or some other C library, you need to +replace the ‘/usr/include’ with a fresh directory before installing +it. The new ‘/usr/include’ should contain the Linux headers, but +nothing else. +

+

You must first build the library (‘make’), optionally check it +(‘make check’), switch the include directories and then install +(‘make install’). The steps must be done in this order. Not moving +the directory before install will result in an unusable mixture of header +files from both libraries, but configuring, building, and checking the +library requires the ability to compile and run programs against the old +library. +

+

If you are upgrading from a previous installation of glibc 2.0 or 2.1, +‘make install’ will do the entire job. You do not need to remove +the old includes – if you want to do so anyway you must then follow the +order given above. +

+

You may also need to reconfigure GCC to work with the new library. The +easiest way to do that is to figure out the compiler switches to make it +work again (‘-Wl,--dynamic-linker=/lib/ld-linux.so.2’ should work on +GNU/Linux systems) and use them to recompile gcc. You can also edit the specs +file (‘/usr/lib/gcc-lib/TARGET/VERSION/specs’), but that +is a bit of a black art. +

+

You can install glibc somewhere other than where you configured it to go +by setting the install_root variable on the command line for +‘make install’. The value of this variable is prepended to all the +paths for installation. This is useful when setting up a chroot +environment or preparing a binary distribution. The directory should be +specified with an absolute file name. +

+

Glibc 2.2 includes a daemon called nscd, which you +may or may not want to run. nscd caches name service lookups; it +can dramatically improve performance with NIS+, and may help with DNS as +well. +

+

One auxiliary program, ‘/usr/libexec/pt_chown’, is installed setuid +root. This program is invoked by the grantpt function; it +sets the permissions on a pseudoterminal so it can be used by the +calling process. This means programs like xterm and +screen do not have to be setuid to get a pty. (There may be +other reasons why they need privileges.) If you are using a 2.1 or +newer Linux kernel with the devptsfs or devfs filesystems +providing pty slaves, you don't need this program; otherwise you do. +The source for ‘pt_chown’ is in ‘login/programs/pt_chown.c’. +

+

After installation you might want to configure the timezone and locale +installation of your system. The GNU C library comes with a locale +database which gets configured with localedef. For example, to +set up a German locale with name de_DE, simply issue the command +‘localedef -i de_DE -f ISO-8859-1 de_DE’. To configure all locales +that are supported by glibc, you can issue from your build directory the +command ‘make localedata/install-locales’. +

+

To configure the locally used timezone, set the TZ environment +variable. The script tzselect helps you to select the right value. +As an example, for Germany, tzselect would tell you to use +‘TZ='Europe/Berlin'’. For a system wide installation (the given +paths are for an installation with ‘--prefix=/usr’), link the +timezone file which is in ‘/usr/share/zoneinfo’ to the file +‘/etc/localtime’. For Germany, you might execute ‘ln -s +/usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Berlin /etc/localtime’. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

C.3 Recommended Tools for Compilation

+ +

We recommend installing the following GNU tools before attempting to +build the GNU C library: +

+
    +
  • +GNU make 3.79 or newer + +

    You need the latest version of GNU make. Modifying the GNU C +Library to work with other make programs would be so difficult that +we recommend you port GNU make instead. Really. We +recommend GNU make version 3.79. All earlier versions have severe +bugs or lack features. +

    +
  • +GCC 3.4 or newer, GCC 4.1 recommended + +

    The GNU C library can only be compiled with the GNU C compiler family. +For the 2.3 releases, GCC 3.2 or higher is required; GCC 3.4 is the +compiler we advise to use for 2.3 versions. +For the 2.4 release, GCC 3.4 or higher is required; as of this +writing, GCC 4.1 is the compiler we advise to use for current versions. +On certain machines including powerpc64, compilers prior to GCC +4.0 have bugs that prevent them compiling the C library code in the +2.4 release. On other machines, GCC 4.1 is required to build the C +library with support for the correct long double type format; +these include powerpc (32 bit), s390 and s390x. +

    +

    You can use whatever compiler you like to compile programs that use GNU +libc, but be aware that both GCC 2.7 and 2.8 have bugs in their +floating-point support that may be triggered by the math library. +

    +

    Check the FAQ for any special compiler issues on particular platforms. +

    +
  • +GNU binutils 2.15 or later + +

    You must use GNU binutils (as and ld) to build the GNU C library. +No other assembler or linker has the necessary functionality at the +moment. +

    +
  • +GNU texinfo 3.12f + +

    To correctly translate and install the Texinfo documentation you need +this version of the texinfo package. Earlier versions do not +understand all the tags used in the document, and the installation +mechanism for the info files is not present or works differently. +

    +
  • +GNU awk 3.0, or higher + +

    Awk is used in several places to generate files. +gawk 3.0 is known to work. +

    +
  • +Perl 5 + +

    Perl is not required, but it is used if present to test the +installation. We may decide to use it elsewhere in the future. +

    +
  • +GNU sed 3.02 or newer + +

    Sed is used in several places to generate files. Most scripts work +with any version of sed. The known exception is the script +po2test.sed in the intl subdirectory which is used to +generate msgs.h for the test suite. This script works correctly +only with GNU sed 3.02. If you like to run the test suite, you +should definitely upgrade sed. +

    +
+ +

If you change any of the ‘configure.in’ files you will also need +

+
    +
  • +GNU autoconf 2.53 or higher +
+ +

and if you change any of the message translation files you will need +

+
    +
  • +GNU gettext 0.10.36 or later +
+ +

You may also need these packages if you upgrade your source tree using +patches, although we try to avoid this. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

C.4 Specific advice for GNU/Linux systems

+ +

If you are installing GNU libc on a GNU/Linux system, you need to have the +header files from a 2.2 or newer kernel around for reference. For some +architectures, like ia64, sh and hppa, you need at least headers from +kernel 2.3.99 (sh and hppa) or 2.4.0 (ia64). You do not need to use +that kernel, just have its headers where glibc can access at them. The +easiest way to do this is to unpack it in a directory such as +‘/usr/src/linux-2.2.1’. In that directory, run ‘make config’ +and accept all the defaults. Then run ‘make +include/linux/version.h’. Finally, configure glibc with the option +‘--with-headers=/usr/src/linux-2.2.1/include’. Use the most recent +kernel you can get your hands on. +

+

An alternate tactic is to unpack the 2.2 kernel and run ‘make +config’ as above; then, rename or delete ‘/usr/include’, create a +new ‘/usr/include’, and make symbolic links of +‘/usr/include/linux’ and ‘/usr/include/asm’ into the kernel +sources. You can then configure glibc with no special options. This +tactic is recommended if you are upgrading from libc5, since you need to +get rid of the old header files anyway. +

+

After installing GNU libc, you may need to remove or rename +‘/usr/include/linux’ and ‘/usr/include/asm’, and replace them +with copies of ‘include/linux’ and +‘include/asm-$ARCHITECTURE’ taken from the Linux source +package which supplied kernel headers for building the library. +ARCHITECTURE will be the machine architecture for which the +library was built, such as ‘i386’ or ‘alpha’. You do not need +to do this if you did not specify an alternate kernel header source +using ‘--with-headers’. The intent here is that these directories +should be copies of, not symlinks to, the kernel headers used to +build the library. +

+

Note that ‘/usr/include/net’ and ‘/usr/include/scsi’ should +not be symlinks into the kernel sources. GNU libc provides its +own versions of these files. +

+

GNU/Linux expects some components of the libc installation to be in +‘/lib’ and some in ‘/usr/lib’. This is handled automatically +if you configure glibc with ‘--prefix=/usr’. If you set some other +prefix or allow it to default to ‘/usr/local’, then all the +components are installed there. +

+

If you are upgrading from libc5, you need to recompile every shared +library on your system against the new library for the sake of new code, +but keep the old libraries around for old binaries to use. This is +complicated and difficult. Consult the Glibc2 HOWTO at +http://www.imaxx.net/~thrytis/glibc for details. +

+

You cannot use nscd with 2.0 kernels, due to bugs in the +kernel-side thread support. nscd happens to hit these bugs +particularly hard, but you might have problems with any threaded +program. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

C.5 Reporting Bugs

+ +

There are probably bugs in the GNU C library. There are certainly +errors and omissions in this manual. If you report them, they will get +fixed. If you don't, no one will ever know about them and they will +remain unfixed for all eternity, if not longer. +

+

It is a good idea to verify that the problem has not already been +reported. Bugs are documented in two places: The file ‘BUGS’ +describes a number of well known bugs and the upstream GNU C library +bug tracking system has a +WWW interface at +http://sources.redhat.com/bugzilla/. The WWW +interface gives you access to open and closed reports. A closed report +normally includes a patch or a hint on solving the problem. +

+

To report a bug, first you must find it. With any luck, this will be the +hard part. Once you've found a bug, make sure it's really a bug. A +good way to do this is to see if the GNU C library behaves the same way +some other C library does. If so, probably you are wrong and the +libraries are right (but not necessarily). If not, one of the libraries +is probably wrong. It might not be the GNU library. Many historical +Unix C libraries permit things that we don't, such as closing a file +twice. +

+

If you think you have found some way in which the GNU C library does not +conform to the ISO and POSIX standards (see section Standards and Portability), that is definitely a bug. Report it! +

+

Once you're sure you've found a bug, try to narrow it down to the +smallest test case that reproduces the problem. In the case of a C +library, you really only need to narrow it down to one library +function call, if possible. This should not be too difficult. +

+

The final step when you have a simple test case is to report the bug. +Do this at <http://www.eglibc.org/issues/>. +

+

If you are not sure how a function should behave, and this manual +doesn't tell you, that's a bug in the manual. Report that too! If the +function's behavior disagrees with the manual, then either the library +or the manual has a bug, so report the disagreement. If you find any +errors or omissions in this manual, please report them to the +bug database. If you refer to specific +sections of the manual, please include the section names for easier +identification. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_14.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_14.html @@ -0,0 +1,4159 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 14. File System Interface + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

14. File System Interface

+ +

This chapter describes the GNU C library's functions for manipulating +files. Unlike the input and output functions (see section Input/Output on Streams; +see section Low-Level Input/Output), these functions are concerned with operating +on the files themselves rather than on their contents. +

+

Among the facilities described in this chapter are functions for +examining or modifying directories, functions for renaming and deleting +files, and functions for examining and setting file attributes such as +access permissions and modification times. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
14.1 Working Directory   This is used to resolve relative + file names. +
14.2 Accessing Directories   Finding out what files a directory + contains. +
14.3 Working with Directory Trees   Apply actions to all files or a selectable + subset of a directory hierarchy. +
14.4 Hard Links   Adding alternate names to a file. +
14.5 Symbolic Links   A file that “points to” a file name. +
14.6 Deleting Files   How to delete a file, and what that means. +
14.7 Renaming Files   Changing a file's name. +
14.8 Creating Directories   A system call just for creating a directory. +
14.9 File Attributes   Attributes of individual files. +
14.10 Making Special Files   How to create special files. +
14.11 Temporary Files   Naming and creating temporary files. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

14.1 Working Directory

+ +

Each process has associated with it a directory, called its current +working directory or simply working directory, that is used in +the resolution of relative file names (see section File Name Resolution). +

+

When you log in and begin a new session, your working directory is +initially set to the home directory associated with your login account +in the system user database. You can find any user's home directory +using the getpwuid or getpwnam functions; see User Database. +

+

Users can change the working directory using shell commands like +cd. The functions described in this section are the primitives +used by those commands and by other programs for examining and changing +the working directory. + +

+

Prototypes for these functions are declared in the header file +‘unistd.h’. + +

+
+
Function: char * getcwd (char *buffer, size_t size) + +
+

The getcwd function returns an absolute file name representing +the current working directory, storing it in the character array +buffer that you provide. The size argument is how you tell +the system the allocation size of buffer. +

+

The GNU library version of this function also permits you to specify a +null pointer for the buffer argument. Then getcwd +allocates a buffer automatically, as with malloc +(see section Unconstrained Allocation). If the size is greater than +zero, then the buffer is that large; otherwise, the buffer is as large +as necessary to hold the result. +

+

The return value is buffer on success and a null pointer on failure. +The following errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The size argument is zero and buffer is not a null pointer. +

+
+
ERANGE
+

The size argument is less than the length of the working directory +name. You need to allocate a bigger array and try again. +

+
+
EACCES
+

Permission to read or search a component of the file name was denied. +

+
+
+ +

You could implement the behavior of GNU's getcwd (NULL, 0) +using only the standard behavior of getcwd: +

+
 
char *
+gnu_getcwd ()
+{
+  size_t size = 100;
+
+  while (1)
+    {
+      char *buffer = (char *) xmalloc (size);
+      if (getcwd (buffer, size) == buffer)
+        return buffer;
+      free (buffer);
+      if (errno != ERANGE)
+        return 0;
+      size *= 2;
+    }
+}
+
+ +

See section Examples of malloc, for information about xmalloc, which is +not a library function but is a customary name used in most GNU +software. +

+
+
Deprecated Function: char * getwd (char *buffer) + +
+

This is similar to getcwd, but has no way to specify the size of +the buffer. The GNU library provides getwd only +for backwards compatibility with BSD. +

+

The buffer argument should be a pointer to an array at least +PATH_MAX bytes long (see section Limits on File System Capacity). In the GNU +system there is no limit to the size of a file name, so this is not +necessarily enough space to contain the directory name. That is why +this function is deprecated. +

+ +
+
Function: char * get_current_dir_name (void) + +
+
+

This get_current_dir_name function is basically equivalent to +getcwd (NULL, 0). The only difference is that the value of +the PWD variable is returned if this value is correct. This is a +subtle difference which is visible if the path described by the +PWD value is using one or more symbol links in which case the +value returned by getcwd can resolve the symbol links and +therefore yield a different result. +

+

This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: int chdir (const char *filename) + +
+

This function is used to set the process's working directory to +filename. +

+

The normal, successful return value from chdir is 0. A +value of -1 is returned to indicate an error. The errno +error conditions defined for this function are the usual file name +syntax errors (see section File Name Errors), plus ENOTDIR if the +file filename is not a directory. +

+ +
+
Function: int fchdir (int filedes) + +
+

This function is used to set the process's working directory to +directory associated with the file descriptor filedes. +

+

The normal, successful return value from fchdir is 0. A +value of -1 is returned to indicate an error. The following +errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EACCES
+

Read permission is denied for the directory named by dirname. +

+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes argument is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
ENOTDIR
+

The file descriptor filedes is not associated with a directory. +

+
+
EINTR
+

The function call was interrupt by a signal. +

+
+
EIO
+

An I/O error occurred. +

+
+
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

14.2 Accessing Directories

+ +

The facilities described in this section let you read the contents of a +directory file. This is useful if you want your program to list all the +files in a directory, perhaps as part of a menu. +

+ +

The opendir function opens a directory stream whose +elements are directory entries. Alternatively fdopendir can be +used which can have advantages if the program needs to have more +control over the way the directory is opened for reading. This +allows, for instance, to pass the O_NOATIME flag to +open. +

+

You use the readdir function on the directory stream to +retrieve these entries, represented as struct dirent +objects. The name of the file for each entry is stored in the +d_name member of this structure. There are obvious parallels +here to the stream facilities for ordinary files, described in +Input/Output on Streams. +

+ + + + + + + + +
14.2.1 Format of a Directory Entry   Format of one directory entry. +
14.2.2 Opening a Directory Stream   How to open a directory stream. +
14.2.3 Reading and Closing a Directory Stream   How to read directory entries from the stream. +
14.2.4 Simple Program to List a Directory   A very simple directory listing program. +
14.2.5 Random Access in a Directory Stream   Rereading part of the directory + already read with the same stream. +
14.2.6 Scanning the Content of a Directory   Get entries for user selected subset of + contents in given directory. +
14.2.7 Simple Program to List a Directory, Mark II   Revised version of the program. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

14.2.1 Format of a Directory Entry

+ +

This section describes what you find in a single directory entry, as you +might obtain it from a directory stream. All the symbols are declared +in the header file ‘dirent.h’. +

+
+
Data Type: struct dirent + +
+

This is a structure type used to return information about directory +entries. It contains the following fields: +

+
+
char d_name[]
+

This is the null-terminated file name component. This is the only +field you can count on in all POSIX systems. +

+
+
ino_t d_fileno
+

This is the file serial number. For BSD compatibility, you can also +refer to this member as d_ino. In the GNU system and most POSIX +systems, for most files this the same as the st_ino member that +stat will return for the file. See section File Attributes. +

+
+
unsigned char d_namlen
+

This is the length of the file name, not including the terminating null +character. Its type is unsigned char because that is the integer +type of the appropriate size +

+
+
unsigned char d_type
+

This is the type of the file, possibly unknown. The following constants +are defined for its value: +

+
+
DT_UNKNOWN + +
+

The type is unknown. On some systems this is the only value returned. +

+
+
DT_REG + +
+

A regular file. +

+
+
DT_DIR + +
+

A directory. +

+
+
DT_FIFO + +
+

A named pipe, or FIFO. See section FIFO Special Files. +

+
+
DT_SOCK + +
+

A local-domain socket.

+
+
DT_CHR + +
+

A character device. +

+
+
DT_BLK + +
+

A block device. +

+
+ +

This member is a BSD extension. The symbol _DIRENT_HAVE_D_TYPE +is defined if this member is available. On systems where it is used, it +corresponds to the file type bits in the st_mode member of +struct statbuf. If the value cannot be determine the member +value is DT_UNKNOWN. These two macros convert between d_type +values and st_mode values: +

+
+
Function: int IFTODT (mode_t mode) + +
+

This returns the d_type value corresponding to mode. +

+ +
+
Function: mode_t DTTOIF (int dtype) + +
+

This returns the st_mode value corresponding to dtype. +

+
+
+ +

This structure may contain additional members in the future. Their +availability is always announced in the compilation environment by a +macro names _DIRENT_HAVE_D_xxx where xxx is replaced +by the name of the new member. For instance, the member d_reclen +available on some systems is announced through the macro +_DIRENT_HAVE_D_RECLEN. +

+

When a file has multiple names, each name has its own directory entry. +The only way you can tell that the directory entries belong to a +single file is that they have the same value for the d_fileno +field. +

+

File attributes such as size, modification times etc., are part of the +file itself, not of any particular directory entry. See section File Attributes. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

14.2.2 Opening a Directory Stream

+ +

This section describes how to open a directory stream. All the symbols +are declared in the header file ‘dirent.h’. +

+
+
Data Type: DIR + +
+

The DIR data type represents a directory stream. +

+ +

You shouldn't ever allocate objects of the struct dirent or +DIR data types, since the directory access functions do that for +you. Instead, you refer to these objects using the pointers returned by +the following functions. +

+
+
Function: DIR * opendir (const char *dirname) + +
+

The opendir function opens and returns a directory stream for +reading the directory whose file name is dirname. The stream has +type DIR *. +

+

If unsuccessful, opendir returns a null pointer. In addition to +the usual file name errors (see section File Name Errors), the +following errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EACCES
+

Read permission is denied for the directory named by dirname. +

+
+
EMFILE
+

The process has too many files open. +

+
+
ENFILE
+

The entire system, or perhaps the file system which contains the +directory, cannot support any additional open files at the moment. +(This problem cannot happen on the GNU system.) +

+
+
ENOMEM
+

Not enough memory available. +

+
+ +

The DIR type is typically implemented using a file descriptor, +and the opendir function in terms of the open function. +See section Low-Level Input/Output. Directory streams and the underlying +file descriptors are closed on exec (see section Executing a File). +

+ +

The directory which is opened for reading by opendir is +identified by the name. In some situations this is not sufficient. +Or the way opendir implicitly creates a file descriptor for the +directory is not the way a program might want it. In these cases an +alternative interface can be used. +

+
+
Function: DIR * fdopendir (int fd) + +
+

The fdopendir function works just like opendir but +instead of taking a file name and opening a file descriptor for the +directory the caller is required to provide a file descriptor. This +file descriptor is then used in subsequent uses of the returned +directory stream object. +

+

The caller must make sure the file descriptor is associated with a +directory and it allows reading. +

+

If the fdopendir call returns successfully the file descriptor +is now under the control of the system. It can be used in the same +way the descriptor implicitly created by opendir can be used +but the program must not close the descriptor. +

+

In case the function is unsuccessful it returns a null pointer and the +file descriptor remains to be usable by the program. The following +errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The file descriptor is not valid. +

+
+
ENOTDIR
+

The file descriptor is not associated with a directory. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The descriptor does not allow reading the directory content. +

+
+
ENOMEM
+

Not enough memory available. +

+
+
+ +

In some situations it can be desirable to get hold of the file +descriptor which is created by the opendir call. For instance, +to switch the current working directory to the directory just read the +fchdir function could be used. Historically the DIR type +was exposed and programs could access the fields. This does not happen +in the GNU C library. Instead a separate function is provided to allow +access. +

+
+
Function: int dirfd (DIR *dirstream) + +
+

The function dirfd returns the file descriptor associated with +the directory stream dirstream. This descriptor can be used until +the directory is closed with closedir. If the directory stream +implementation is not using file descriptors the return value is +-1. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

14.2.3 Reading and Closing a Directory Stream

+ +

This section describes how to read directory entries from a directory +stream, and how to close the stream when you are done with it. All the +symbols are declared in the header file ‘dirent.h’. +

+
+
Function: struct dirent * readdir (DIR *dirstream) + +
+

This function reads the next entry from the directory. It normally +returns a pointer to a structure containing information about the file. +This structure is statically allocated and can be rewritten by a +subsequent call. +

+

Portability Note: On some systems readdir may not +return entries for ‘.’ and ‘..’, even though these are always +valid file names in any directory. See section File Name Resolution. +

+

If there are no more entries in the directory or an error is detected, +readdir returns a null pointer. The following errno error +conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The dirstream argument is not valid. +

+
+ +

readdir is not thread safe. Multiple threads using +readdir on the same dirstream may overwrite the return +value. Use readdir_r when this is critical. +

+ +
+
Function: int readdir_r (DIR *dirstream, struct dirent *entry, struct dirent **result) + +
+

This function is the reentrant version of readdir. Like +readdir it returns the next entry from the directory. But to +prevent conflicts between simultaneously running threads the result is +not stored in statically allocated memory. Instead the argument +entry points to a place to store the result. +

+

Normally readdir_r returns zero and sets *result +to entry. If there are no more entries in the directory or an +error is detected, readdir_r sets *result to a +null pointer and returns a nonzero error code, also stored in +errno, as described for readdir. +

+

Portability Note: On some systems readdir_r may not +return a NUL terminated string for the file name, even when there is no +d_reclen field in struct dirent and the file +name is the maximum allowed size. Modern systems all have the +d_reclen field, and on old systems multi-threading is not +critical. In any case there is no such problem with the readdir +function, so that even on systems without the d_reclen member one +could use multiple threads by using external locking. +

+

It is also important to look at the definition of the struct +dirent type. Simply passing a pointer to an object of this type for +the second parameter of readdir_r might not be enough. Some +systems don't define the d_name element sufficiently long. In +this case the user has to provide additional space. There must be room +for at least NAME_MAX + 1 characters in the d_name array. +Code to call readdir_r could look like this: +

+
 
  union
+  {
+    struct dirent d;
+    char b[offsetof (struct dirent, d_name) + NAME_MAX + 1];
+  } u;
+
+  if (readdir_r (dir, &u.d, &res) == 0)
+    …
+
+
+ +

To support large filesystems on 32-bit machines there are LFS variants +of the last two functions. +

+
+
Function: struct dirent64 * readdir64 (DIR *dirstream) + +
+

The readdir64 function is just like the readdir function +except that it returns a pointer to a record of type struct +dirent64. Some of the members of this data type (notably d_ino) +might have a different size to allow large filesystems. +

+

In all other aspects this function is equivalent to readdir. +

+ +
+
Function: int readdir64_r (DIR *dirstream, struct dirent64 *entry, struct dirent64 **result) + +
+

The readdir64_r function is equivalent to the readdir_r +function except that it takes parameters of base type struct +dirent64 instead of struct dirent in the second and third +position. The same precautions mentioned in the documentation of +readdir_r also apply here. +

+ +
+
Function: int closedir (DIR *dirstream) + +
+

This function closes the directory stream dirstream. It returns +0 on success and -1 on failure. +

+

The following errno error conditions are defined for this +function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The dirstream argument is not valid. +

+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

14.2.4 Simple Program to List a Directory

+ +

Here's a simple program that prints the names of the files in +the current working directory: +

+
 
#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  DIR *dp;
+  struct dirent *ep;
+
+  dp = opendir ("./");
+  if (dp != NULL)
+    {
+      while (ep = readdir (dp))
+        puts (ep->d_name);
+      (void) closedir (dp);
+    }
+  else
+    perror ("Couldn't open the directory");
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+ +

The order in which files appear in a directory tends to be fairly +random. A more useful program would sort the entries (perhaps by +alphabetizing them) before printing them; see +Scanning the Content of a Directory, and Array Sort Function. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

14.2.5 Random Access in a Directory Stream

+ +

This section describes how to reread parts of a directory that you have +already read from an open directory stream. All the symbols are +declared in the header file ‘dirent.h’. +

+
+
Function: void rewinddir (DIR *dirstream) + +
+

The rewinddir function is used to reinitialize the directory +stream dirstream, so that if you call readdir it +returns information about the first entry in the directory again. This +function also notices if files have been added or removed to the +directory since it was opened with opendir. (Entries for these +files might or might not be returned by readdir if they were +added or removed since you last called opendir or +rewinddir.) +

+ +
+
Function: long int telldir (DIR *dirstream) + +
+

The telldir function returns the file position of the directory +stream dirstream. You can use this value with seekdir to +restore the directory stream to that position. +

+ +
+
Function: void seekdir (DIR *dirstream, long int pos) + +
+

The seekdir function sets the file position of the directory +stream dirstream to pos. The value pos must be the +result of a previous call to telldir on this particular stream; +closing and reopening the directory can invalidate values returned by +telldir. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

14.2.6 Scanning the Content of a Directory

+ +

A higher-level interface to the directory handling functions is the +scandir function. With its help one can select a subset of the +entries in a directory, possibly sort them and get a list of names as +the result. +

+
+
Function: int scandir (const char *dir, struct dirent ***namelist, int (*selector) (const struct dirent *), int (*cmp) (const void *, const void *)) + +
+

The scandir function scans the contents of the directory selected +by dir. The result in *namelist is an array of pointers to +structure of type struct dirent which describe all selected +directory entries and which is allocated using malloc. Instead +of always getting all directory entries returned, the user supplied +function selector can be used to decide which entries are in the +result. Only the entries for which selector returns a non-zero +value are selected. +

+

Finally the entries in *namelist are sorted using the +user-supplied function cmp. The arguments passed to the cmp +function are of type struct dirent **, therefore one cannot +directly use the strcmp or strcoll functions; instead see +the functions alphasort and versionsort below. +

+

The return value of the function is the number of entries placed in +*namelist. If it is -1 an error occurred (either the +directory could not be opened for reading or the malloc call failed) and +the global variable errno contains more information on the error. +

+ +

As described above the fourth argument to the scandir function +must be a pointer to a sorting function. For the convenience of the +programmer the GNU C library contains implementations of functions which +are very helpful for this purpose. +

+
+
Function: int alphasort (const void *a, const void *b) + +
+

The alphasort function behaves like the strcoll function +(see section String/Array Comparison). The difference is that the arguments +are not string pointers but instead they are of type +struct dirent **. +

+

The return value of alphasort is less than, equal to, or greater +than zero depending on the order of the two entries a and b. +

+ +
+
Function: int versionsort (const void *a, const void *b) + +
+

The versionsort function is like alphasort except that it +uses the strverscmp function internally. +

+ +

If the filesystem supports large files we cannot use the scandir +anymore since the dirent structure might not able to contain all +the information. The LFS provides the new type struct +dirent64. To use this we need a new function. +

+
+
Function: int scandir64 (const char *dir, struct dirent64 ***namelist, int (*selector) (const struct dirent64 *), int (*cmp) (const void *, const void *)) + +
+

The scandir64 function works like the scandir function +except that the directory entries it returns are described by elements +of type struct dirent64. The function pointed to by +selector is again used to select the desired entries, except that +selector now must point to a function which takes a +struct dirent64 * parameter. +

+

Similarly the cmp function should expect its two arguments to be +of type struct dirent64 **. +

+ +

As cmp is now a function of a different type, the functions +alphasort and versionsort cannot be supplied for that +argument. Instead we provide the two replacement functions below. +

+
+
Function: int alphasort64 (const void *a, const void *b) + +
+

The alphasort64 function behaves like the strcoll function +(see section String/Array Comparison). The difference is that the arguments +are not string pointers but instead they are of type +struct dirent64 **. +

+

Return value of alphasort64 is less than, equal to, or greater +than zero depending on the order of the two entries a and b. +

+ +
+
Function: int versionsort64 (const void *a, const void *b) + +
+

The versionsort64 function is like alphasort64, excepted that it +uses the strverscmp function internally. +

+ +

It is important not to mix the use of scandir and the 64-bit +comparison functions or vice versa. There are systems on which this +works but on others it will fail miserably. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

14.2.7 Simple Program to List a Directory, Mark II

+ +

Here is a revised version of the directory lister found above +(see section Simple Program to List a Directory). Using the scandir function we +can avoid the functions which work directly with the directory contents. +After the call the returned entries are available for direct use. +

+
 
#include <stdio.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+
+static int
+one (const struct dirent *unused)
+{
+  return 1;
+}
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  struct dirent **eps;
+  int n;
+
+  n = scandir ("./", &eps, one, alphasort);
+  if (n >= 0)
+    {
+      int cnt;
+      for (cnt = 0; cnt < n; ++cnt)
+        puts (eps[cnt]->d_name);
+    }
+  else
+    perror ("Couldn't open the directory");
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+ +

Note the simple selector function in this example. Since we want to see +all directory entries we always return 1. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

14.3 Working with Directory Trees

+ +

The functions described so far for handling the files in a directory +have allowed you to either retrieve the information bit by bit, or to +process all the files as a group (see scandir). Sometimes it is +useful to process whole hierarchies of directories and their contained +files. The X/Open specification defines two functions to do this. The +simpler form is derived from an early definition in System V systems +and therefore this function is available on SVID-derived systems. The +prototypes and required definitions can be found in the ‘ftw.h’ +header. +

+

There are four functions in this family: ftw, nftw and +their 64-bit counterparts ftw64 and nftw64. These +functions take as one of their arguments a pointer to a callback +function of the appropriate type. +

+
+
Data Type: __ftw_func_t + +
+
 
int (*) (const char *, const struct stat *, int)
+
+ +

The type of callback functions given to the ftw function. The +first parameter points to the file name, the second parameter to an +object of type struct stat which is filled in for the file named +in the first parameter. +

+

The last parameter is a flag giving more information about the current +file. It can have the following values: +

+
+
FTW_F + +
+

The item is either a normal file or a file which does not fit into one +of the following categories. This could be special files, sockets etc. +

+
FTW_D + +
+

The item is a directory. +

+
FTW_NS + +
+

The stat call failed and so the information pointed to by the +second paramater is invalid. +

+
FTW_DNR + +
+

The item is a directory which cannot be read. +

+
FTW_SL + +
+

The item is a symbolic link. Since symbolic links are normally followed +seeing this value in a ftw callback function means the referenced +file does not exist. The situation for nftw is different. +

+

This value is only available if the program is compiled with +_BSD_SOURCE or _XOPEN_EXTENDED defined before including +the first header. The original SVID systems do not have symbolic links. +

+
+ +

If the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this +type is in fact __ftw64_func_t since this mode changes +struct stat to be struct stat64. +

+ +

For the LFS interface and for use in the function ftw64, the +header ‘ftw.h’ defines another function type. +

+
+
Data Type: __ftw64_func_t + +
+
 
int (*) (const char *, const struct stat64 *, int)
+
+ +

This type is used just like __ftw_func_t for the callback +function, but this time is called from ftw64. The second +parameter to the function is a pointer to a variable of type +struct stat64 which is able to represent the larger values. +

+ +
+
Data Type: __nftw_func_t + +
+
 
int (*) (const char *, const struct stat *, int, struct FTW *)
+
+ + + +

The first three arguments are the same as for the __ftw_func_t +type. However for the third argument some additional values are defined +to allow finer differentiation: +

+
FTW_DP
+

The current item is a directory and all subdirectories have already been +visited and reported. This flag is returned instead of FTW_D if +the FTW_DEPTH flag is passed to nftw (see below). +

+
FTW_SLN
+

The current item is a stale symbolic link. The file it points to does +not exist. +

+
+ +

The last parameter of the callback function is a pointer to a structure +with some extra information as described below. +

+

If the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this +type is in fact __nftw64_func_t since this mode changes +struct stat to be struct stat64. +

+ +

For the LFS interface there is also a variant of this data type +available which has to be used with the nftw64 function. +

+
+
Data Type: __nftw64_func_t + +
+
 
int (*) (const char *, const struct stat64 *, int, struct FTW *)
+
+ +

This type is used just like __nftw_func_t for the callback +function, but this time is called from nftw64. The second +parameter to the function is this time a pointer to a variable of type +struct stat64 which is able to represent the larger values. +

+ +
+
Data Type: struct FTW + +
+

The information contained in this structure helps in interpreting the +name parameter and gives some information about the current state of the +traversal of the directory hierarchy. +

+
+
int base
+

The value is the offset into the string passed in the first parameter to +the callback function of the beginning of the file name. The rest of +the string is the path of the file. This information is especially +important if the FTW_CHDIR flag was set in calling nftw +since then the current directory is the one the current item is found +in. +

+
int level
+

Whilst processing, the code tracks how many directories down it has gone +to find the current file. This nesting level starts at 0 for +files in the initial directory (or is zero for the initial file if a +file was passed). +

+
+
+ + +
+
Function: int ftw (const char *filename, __ftw_func_t func, int descriptors) + +
+

The ftw function calls the callback function given in the +parameter func for every item which is found in the directory +specified by filename and all directories below. The function +follows symbolic links if necessary but does not process an item twice. +If filename is not a directory then it itself is the only object +returned to the callback function. +

+

The file name passed to the callback function is constructed by taking +the filename parameter and appending the names of all passed +directories and then the local file name. So the callback function can +use this parameter to access the file. ftw also calls +stat for the file and passes that information on to the callback +function. If this stat call was not successful the failure is +indicated by setting the third argument of the callback function to +FTW_NS. Otherwise it is set according to the description given +in the account of __ftw_func_t above. +

+

The callback function is expected to return 0 to indicate that no +error occurred and that processing should continue. If an error +occurred in the callback function or it wants ftw to return +immediately, the callback function can return a value other than +0. This is the only correct way to stop the function. The +program must not use setjmp or similar techniques to continue +from another place. This would leave resources allocated by the +ftw function unfreed. +

+

The descriptors parameter to ftw specifies how many file +descriptors it is allowed to consume. The function runs faster the more +descriptors it can use. For each level in the directory hierarchy at +most one descriptor is used, but for very deep ones any limit on open +file descriptors for the process or the system may be exceeded. +Moreover, file descriptor limits in a multi-threaded program apply to +all the threads as a group, and therefore it is a good idea to supply a +reasonable limit to the number of open descriptors. +

+

The return value of the ftw function is 0 if all callback +function calls returned 0 and all actions performed by the +ftw succeeded. If a function call failed (other than calling +stat on an item) the function returns -1. If a callback +function returns a value other than 0 this value is returned as +the return value of ftw. +

+

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a +32-bit system this function is in fact ftw64, i.e., the LFS +interface transparently replaces the old interface. +

+ +
+
Function: int ftw64 (const char *filename, __ftw64_func_t func, int descriptors) + +
+

This function is similar to ftw but it can work on filesystems +with large files. File information is reported using a variable of type +struct stat64 which is passed by reference to the callback +function. +

+

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a +32-bit system this function is available under the name ftw and +transparently replaces the old implementation. +

+ +
+
Function: int nftw (const char *filename, __nftw_func_t func, int descriptors, int flag) + +
+

The nftw function works like the ftw functions. They call +the callback function func for all items found in the directory +filename and below. At most descriptors file descriptors +are consumed during the nftw call. +

+

One difference is that the callback function is of a different type. It +is of type struct FTW * and provides the callback function +with the extra information described above. +

+

A second difference is that nftw takes a fourth argument, which +is 0 or a bitwise-OR combination of any of the following values. +

+
+
FTW_PHYS + +
+

While traversing the directory symbolic links are not followed. Instead +symbolic links are reported using the FTW_SL value for the type +parameter to the callback function. If the file referenced by a +symbolic link does not exist FTW_SLN is returned instead. +

+
FTW_MOUNT + +
+

The callback function is only called for items which are on the same +mounted filesystem as the directory given by the filename +parameter to nftw. +

+
FTW_CHDIR + +
+

If this flag is given the current working directory is changed to the +directory of the reported object before the callback function is called. +When ntfw finally returns the current directory is restored to +its original value. +

+
FTW_DEPTH + +
+

If this option is specified then all subdirectories and files within +them are processed before processing the top directory itself +(depth-first processing). This also means the type flag given to the +callback function is FTW_DP and not FTW_D. +

+
FTW_ACTIONRETVAL + +
+

If this option is specified then return values from callbacks +are handled differently. If the callback returns FTW_CONTINUE, +walking continues normally. FTW_STOP means walking stops +and FTW_STOP is returned to the caller. If FTW_SKIP_SUBTREE +is returned by the callback with FTW_D argument, the subtree +is skipped and walking continues with next sibling of the directory. +If FTW_SKIP_SIBLINGS is returned by the callback, all siblings +of the current entry are skipped and walking continues in its parent. +No other return values should be returned from the callbacks if +this option is set. This option is a GNU extension. +

+
+ +

The return value is computed in the same way as for ftw. +nftw returns 0 if no failures occurred and all callback +functions returned 0. In case of internal errors, such as memory +problems, the return value is -1 and errno is set +accordingly. If the return value of a callback invocation was non-zero +then that value is returned. +

+

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a +32-bit system this function is in fact nftw64, i.e., the LFS +interface transparently replaces the old interface. +

+ +
+
Function: int nftw64 (const char *filename, __nftw64_func_t func, int descriptors, int flag) + +
+

This function is similar to nftw but it can work on filesystems +with large files. File information is reported using a variable of type +struct stat64 which is passed by reference to the callback +function. +

+

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a +32-bit system this function is available under the name nftw and +transparently replaces the old implementation. +

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

14.4 Hard Links

+ +

In POSIX systems, one file can have many names at the same time. All of +the names are equally real, and no one of them is preferred to the +others. +

+

To add a name to a file, use the link function. (The new name is +also called a hard link to the file.) Creating a new link to a +file does not copy the contents of the file; it simply makes a new name +by which the file can be known, in addition to the file's existing name +or names. +

+

One file can have names in several directories, so the organization +of the file system is not a strict hierarchy or tree. +

+

In most implementations, it is not possible to have hard links to the +same file in multiple file systems. link reports an error if you +try to make a hard link to the file from another file system when this +cannot be done. +

+

The prototype for the link function is declared in the header +file ‘unistd.h’. + +

+
+
Function: int link (const char *oldname, const char *newname) + +
+

The link function makes a new link to the existing file named by +oldname, under the new name newname. +

+

This function returns a value of 0 if it is successful and +-1 on failure. In addition to the usual file name errors +(see section File Name Errors) for both oldname and newname, the +following errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EACCES
+

You are not allowed to write to the directory in which the new link is +to be written. +

+
+
EEXIST
+

There is already a file named newname. If you want to replace +this link with a new link, you must remove the old link explicitly first. +

+
+
EMLINK
+

There are already too many links to the file named by oldname. +(The maximum number of links to a file is LINK_MAX; see +Limits on File System Capacity.) +

+
+
ENOENT
+

The file named by oldname doesn't exist. You can't make a link to +a file that doesn't exist. +

+
+
ENOSPC
+

The directory or file system that would contain the new link is full +and cannot be extended. +

+
+
EPERM
+

In the GNU system and some others, you cannot make links to directories. +Many systems allow only privileged users to do so. This error +is used to report the problem. +

+
+
EROFS
+

The directory containing the new link can't be modified because it's on +a read-only file system. +

+
+
EXDEV
+

The directory specified in newname is on a different file system +than the existing file. +

+
+
EIO
+

A hardware error occurred while trying to read or write the to filesystem. +

+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

14.5 Symbolic Links

+ +

The GNU system supports soft links or symbolic links. This +is a kind of “file” that is essentially a pointer to another file +name. Unlike hard links, symbolic links can be made to directories or +across file systems with no restrictions. You can also make a symbolic +link to a name which is not the name of any file. (Opening this link +will fail until a file by that name is created.) Likewise, if the +symbolic link points to an existing file which is later deleted, the +symbolic link continues to point to the same file name even though the +name no longer names any file. +

+

The reason symbolic links work the way they do is that special things +happen when you try to open the link. The open function realizes +you have specified the name of a link, reads the file name contained in +the link, and opens that file name instead. The stat function +likewise operates on the file that the symbolic link points to, instead +of on the link itself. +

+

By contrast, other operations such as deleting or renaming the file +operate on the link itself. The functions readlink and +lstat also refrain from following symbolic links, because their +purpose is to obtain information about the link. link, the +function that makes a hard link, does too. It makes a hard link to the +symbolic link, which one rarely wants. +

+

Some systems have for some functions operating on files have a limit on +how many symbolic links are followed when resolving a path name. The +limit if it exists is published in the ‘sys/param.h’ header file. +

+
+
Macro: int MAXSYMLINKS + +
+

The macro MAXSYMLINKS specifies how many symlinks some function +will follow before returning ELOOP. Not all functions behave the +same and this value is not the same a that returned for +_SC_SYMLOOP by sysconf. In fact, the sysconf +result can indicate that there is no fixed limit although +MAXSYMLINKS exists and has a finite value. +

+ +

Prototypes for most of the functions listed in this section are in +‘unistd.h’. + +

+
+
Function: int symlink (const char *oldname, const char *newname) + +
+

The symlink function makes a symbolic link to oldname named +newname. +

+

The normal return value from symlink is 0. A return value +of -1 indicates an error. In addition to the usual file name +syntax errors (see section File Name Errors), the following errno +error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EEXIST
+

There is already an existing file named newname. +

+
+
EROFS
+

The file newname would exist on a read-only file system. +

+
+
ENOSPC
+

The directory or file system cannot be extended to make the new link. +

+
+
EIO
+

A hardware error occurred while reading or writing data on the disk. +

+
+
+
+ +
+
Function: int readlink (const char *filename, char *buffer, size_t size) + +
+

The readlink function gets the value of the symbolic link +filename. The file name that the link points to is copied into +buffer. This file name string is not null-terminated; +readlink normally returns the number of characters copied. The +size argument specifies the maximum number of characters to copy, +usually the allocation size of buffer. +

+

If the return value equals size, you cannot tell whether or not +there was room to return the entire name. So make a bigger buffer and +call readlink again. Here is an example: +

+
 
char *
+readlink_malloc (const char *filename)
+{
+  int size = 100;
+  char *buffer = NULL;
+
+  while (1)
+    {
+      buffer = (char *) xrealloc (buffer, size);
+      int nchars = readlink (filename, buffer, size);
+      if (nchars < 0)
+        {
+          free (buffer);
+          return NULL;
+        }
+      if (nchars < size)
+        return buffer;
+      size *= 2;
+    }
+}
+
+ +

A value of -1 is returned in case of error. In addition to the +usual file name errors (see section File Name Errors), the following +errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The named file is not a symbolic link. +

+
+
EIO
+

A hardware error occurred while reading or writing data on the disk. +

+
+
+ +

In some situations it is desirable to resolve all the +symbolic links to get the real +name of a file where no prefix names a symbolic link which is followed +and no filename in the path is . or ... This is for +instance desirable if files have to be compare in which case different +names can refer to the same inode. +

+
+
Function: char * canonicalize_file_name (const char *name) + +
+

The canonicalize_file_name function returns the absolute name of +the file named by name which contains no ., .. +components nor any repeated path separators (/) or symlinks. The +result is passed back as the return value of the function in a block of +memory allocated with malloc. If the result is not used anymore +the memory should be freed with a call to free. +

+

If any of the path components is missing the function returns a NULL +pointer. This is also what is returned if the length of the path +reaches or exceeds PATH_MAX characters. In any case +errno is set accordingly. +

+
+
ENAMETOOLONG
+

The resulting path is too long. This error only occurs on systems which +have a limit on the file name length. +

+
+
EACCES
+

At least one of the path components is not readable. +

+
+
ENOENT
+

The input file name is empty. +

+
+
ENOENT
+

At least one of the path components does not exist. +

+
+
ELOOP
+

More than MAXSYMLINKS many symlinks have been followed. +

+
+ +

This function is a GNU extension and is declared in ‘stdlib.h’. +

+ +

The Unix standard includes a similar function which differs from +canonicalize_file_name in that the user has to provide the buffer +where the result is placed in. +

+
+
Function: char * realpath (const char *restrict name, char *restrict resolved) + +
+

A call to realpath where the resolved parameter is +NULL behaves exactly like canonicalize_file_name. The +function allocates a buffer for the file name and returns a pointer to +it. If resolved is not NULL it points to a buffer into +which the result is copied. It is the callers responsibility to +allocate a buffer which is large enough. On systems which define +PATH_MAX this means the buffer must be large enough for a +pathname of this size. For systems without limitations on the pathname +length the requirement cannot be met and programs should not call +realpath with anything but NULL for the second parameter. +

+

One other difference is that the buffer resolved (if nonzero) will +contain the part of the path component which does not exist or is not +readable if the function returns NULL and errno is set to +EACCES or ENOENT. +

+

This function is declared in ‘stdlib.h’. +

+ +

The advantage of using this function is that it is more widely +available. The drawback is that it reports failures for long path on +systems which have no limits on the file name length. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

14.6 Deleting Files

+ +

You can delete a file with unlink or remove. +

+

Deletion actually deletes a file name. If this is the file's only name, +then the file is deleted as well. If the file has other remaining names +(see section Hard Links), it remains accessible under those names. +

+
+
Function: int unlink (const char *filename) + +
+

The unlink function deletes the file name filename. If +this is a file's sole name, the file itself is also deleted. (Actually, +if any process has the file open when this happens, deletion is +postponed until all processes have closed the file.) +

+ +

The function unlink is declared in the header file ‘unistd.h’. +

+

This function returns 0 on successful completion, and -1 +on error. In addition to the usual file name errors +(see section File Name Errors), the following errno error conditions are +defined for this function: +

+
+
EACCES
+

Write permission is denied for the directory from which the file is to be +removed, or the directory has the sticky bit set and you do not own the file. +

+
+
EBUSY
+

This error indicates that the file is being used by the system in such a +way that it can't be unlinked. For example, you might see this error if +the file name specifies the root directory or a mount point for a file +system. +

+
+
ENOENT
+

The file name to be deleted doesn't exist. +

+
+
EPERM
+

On some systems unlink cannot be used to delete the name of a +directory, or at least can only be used this way by a privileged user. +To avoid such problems, use rmdir to delete directories. (In the +GNU system unlink can never delete the name of a directory.) +

+
+
EROFS
+

The directory containing the file name to be deleted is on a read-only +file system and can't be modified. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int rmdir (const char *filename) + +
+
+ +

The rmdir function deletes a directory. The directory must be +empty before it can be removed; in other words, it can only contain +entries for ‘.’ and ‘..’. +

+

In most other respects, rmdir behaves like unlink. There +are two additional errno error conditions defined for +rmdir: +

+
+
ENOTEMPTY
+
EEXIST
+

The directory to be deleted is not empty. +

+
+ +

These two error codes are synonymous; some systems use one, and some use +the other. The GNU system always uses ENOTEMPTY. +

+

The prototype for this function is declared in the header file +‘unistd.h’. + +

+ +
+
Function: int remove (const char *filename) + +
+

This is the ISO C function to remove a file. It works like +unlink for files and like rmdir for directories. +remove is declared in ‘stdio.h’. + +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

14.7 Renaming Files

+ +

The rename function is used to change a file's name. +

+ +
+
Function: int rename (const char *oldname, const char *newname) + +
+

The rename function renames the file oldname to +newname. The file formerly accessible under the name +oldname is afterwards accessible as newname instead. (If +the file had any other names aside from oldname, it continues to +have those names.) +

+

The directory containing the name newname must be on the same file +system as the directory containing the name oldname. +

+

One special case for rename is when oldname and +newname are two names for the same file. The consistent way to +handle this case is to delete oldname. However, in this case +POSIX requires that rename do nothing and report success—which +is inconsistent. We don't know what your operating system will do. +

+

If oldname is not a directory, then any existing file named +newname is removed during the renaming operation. However, if +newname is the name of a directory, rename fails in this +case. +

+

If oldname is a directory, then either newname must not +exist or it must name a directory that is empty. In the latter case, +the existing directory named newname is deleted first. The name +newname must not specify a subdirectory of the directory +oldname which is being renamed. +

+

One useful feature of rename is that the meaning of newname +changes “atomically” from any previously existing file by that name to +its new meaning (i.e., the file that was called oldname). There is +no instant at which newname is non-existent “in between” the old +meaning and the new meaning. If there is a system crash during the +operation, it is possible for both names to still exist; but +newname will always be intact if it exists at all. +

+

If rename fails, it returns -1. In addition to the usual +file name errors (see section File Name Errors), the following +errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EACCES
+

One of the directories containing newname or oldname +refuses write permission; or newname and oldname are +directories and write permission is refused for one of them. +

+
+
EBUSY
+

A directory named by oldname or newname is being used by +the system in a way that prevents the renaming from working. This includes +directories that are mount points for filesystems, and directories +that are the current working directories of processes. +

+
+
ENOTEMPTY
+
EEXIST
+

The directory newname isn't empty. The GNU system always returns +ENOTEMPTY for this, but some other systems return EEXIST. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

oldname is a directory that contains newname. +

+
+
EISDIR
+

newname is a directory but the oldname isn't. +

+
+
EMLINK
+

The parent directory of newname would have too many links +(entries). +

+
+
ENOENT
+

The file oldname doesn't exist. +

+
+
ENOSPC
+

The directory that would contain newname has no room for another +entry, and there is no space left in the file system to expand it. +

+
+
EROFS
+

The operation would involve writing to a directory on a read-only file +system. +

+
+
EXDEV
+

The two file names newname and oldname are on different +file systems. +

+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

14.8 Creating Directories

+ +

Directories are created with the mkdir function. (There is also +a shell command mkdir which does the same thing.) +

+
+
Function: int mkdir (const char *filename, mode_t mode) + +
+

The mkdir function creates a new, empty directory with name +filename. +

+

The argument mode specifies the file permissions for the new +directory file. See section The Mode Bits for Access Permission, for more information about +this. +

+

A return value of 0 indicates successful completion, and +-1 indicates failure. In addition to the usual file name syntax +errors (see section File Name Errors), the following errno error +conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EACCES
+

Write permission is denied for the parent directory in which the new +directory is to be added. +

+
+
EEXIST
+

A file named filename already exists. +

+
+
EMLINK
+

The parent directory has too many links (entries). +

+

Well-designed file systems never report this error, because they permit +more links than your disk could possibly hold. However, you must still +take account of the possibility of this error, as it could result from +network access to a file system on another machine. +

+
+
ENOSPC
+

The file system doesn't have enough room to create the new directory. +

+
+
EROFS
+

The parent directory of the directory being created is on a read-only +file system and cannot be modified. +

+
+ +

To use this function, your program should include the header file +‘sys/stat.h’. + +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

14.9 File Attributes

+ +

When you issue an ‘ls -l’ shell command on a file, it gives you +information about the size of the file, who owns it, when it was last +modified, etc. These are called the file attributes, and are +associated with the file itself and not a particular one of its names. +

+

This section contains information about how you can inquire about and +modify the attributes of a file. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + +
14.9.1 The meaning of the File Attributes   The names of the file attributes, + and what their values mean. +
14.9.2 Reading the Attributes of a File   How to read the attributes of a file. +
14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File   Distinguishing ordinary files, + directories, links… +
14.9.4 File Owner   How ownership for new files is determined, + and how to change it. +
14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission   How information about a file's access + mode is stored. +
14.9.6 How Your Access to a File is Decided   How the system decides who can access a file. +
14.9.7 Assigning File Permissions   How permissions for new files are assigned, + and how to change them. +
14.9.8 Testing Permission to Access a File   How to find out if your process can + access a file. +
14.9.9 File Times   About the time attributes of a file. +
14.9.10 File Size   Manually changing the size of a file. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

14.9.1 The meaning of the File Attributes

+ +

When you read the attributes of a file, they come back in a structure +called struct stat. This section describes the names of the +attributes, their data types, and what they mean. For the functions +to read the attributes of a file, see Reading the Attributes of a File. +

+

The header file ‘sys/stat.h’ declares all the symbols defined +in this section. + +

+
+
Data Type: struct stat + +
+

The stat structure type is used to return information about the +attributes of a file. It contains at least the following members: +

+
+
mode_t st_mode
+

Specifies the mode of the file. This includes file type information +(see section Testing the Type of a File) and the file permission bits +(see section The Mode Bits for Access Permission). +

+
+
ino_t st_ino
+

The file serial number, which distinguishes this file from all other +files on the same device. +

+
+
dev_t st_dev
+

Identifies the device containing the file. The st_ino and +st_dev, taken together, uniquely identify the file. The +st_dev value is not necessarily consistent across reboots or +system crashes, however. +

+
+
nlink_t st_nlink
+

The number of hard links to the file. This count keeps track of how +many directories have entries for this file. If the count is ever +decremented to zero, then the file itself is discarded as soon as no +process still holds it open. Symbolic links are not counted in the +total. +

+
+
uid_t st_uid
+

The user ID of the file's owner. See section File Owner. +

+
+
gid_t st_gid
+

The group ID of the file. See section File Owner. +

+
+
off_t st_size
+

This specifies the size of a regular file in bytes. For files that are +really devices this field isn't usually meaningful. For symbolic links +this specifies the length of the file name the link refers to. +

+
+
time_t st_atime
+

This is the last access time for the file. See section File Times. +

+
+
unsigned long int st_atime_usec
+

This is the fractional part of the last access time for the file. +See section File Times. +

+
+
time_t st_mtime
+

This is the time of the last modification to the contents of the file. +See section File Times. +

+
+
unsigned long int st_mtime_usec
+

This is the fractional part of the time of the last modification to the +contents of the file. See section File Times. +

+
+
time_t st_ctime
+

This is the time of the last modification to the attributes of the file. +See section File Times. +

+
+
unsigned long int st_ctime_usec
+

This is the fractional part of the time of the last modification to the +attributes of the file. See section File Times. +

+
+
blkcnt_t st_blocks
+

This is the amount of disk space that the file occupies, measured in +units of 512-byte blocks. +

+

The number of disk blocks is not strictly proportional to the size of +the file, for two reasons: the file system may use some blocks for +internal record keeping; and the file may be sparse—it may have +“holes” which contain zeros but do not actually take up space on the +disk. +

+

You can tell (approximately) whether a file is sparse by comparing this +value with st_size, like this: +

+
 
(st.st_blocks * 512 < st.st_size)
+
+ +

This test is not perfect because a file that is just slightly sparse +might not be detected as sparse at all. For practical applications, +this is not a problem. +

+
+
unsigned int st_blksize
+

The optimal block size for reading of writing this file, in bytes. You +might use this size for allocating the buffer space for reading of +writing the file. (This is unrelated to st_blocks.) +

+
+
+ +

The extensions for the Large File Support (LFS) require, even on 32-bit +machines, types which can handle file sizes up to 2^63. +Therefore a new definition of struct stat is necessary. +

+
+
Data Type: struct stat64 + +
+

The members of this type are the same and have the same names as those +in struct stat. The only difference is that the members +st_ino, st_size, and st_blocks have a different +type to support larger values. +

+
+
mode_t st_mode
+

Specifies the mode of the file. This includes file type information +(see section Testing the Type of a File) and the file permission bits +(see section The Mode Bits for Access Permission). +

+
+
ino64_t st_ino
+

The file serial number, which distinguishes this file from all other +files on the same device. +

+
+
dev_t st_dev
+

Identifies the device containing the file. The st_ino and +st_dev, taken together, uniquely identify the file. The +st_dev value is not necessarily consistent across reboots or +system crashes, however. +

+
+
nlink_t st_nlink
+

The number of hard links to the file. This count keeps track of how +many directories have entries for this file. If the count is ever +decremented to zero, then the file itself is discarded as soon as no +process still holds it open. Symbolic links are not counted in the +total. +

+
+
uid_t st_uid
+

The user ID of the file's owner. See section File Owner. +

+
+
gid_t st_gid
+

The group ID of the file. See section File Owner. +

+
+
off64_t st_size
+

This specifies the size of a regular file in bytes. For files that are +really devices this field isn't usually meaningful. For symbolic links +this specifies the length of the file name the link refers to. +

+
+
time_t st_atime
+

This is the last access time for the file. See section File Times. +

+
+
unsigned long int st_atime_usec
+

This is the fractional part of the last access time for the file. +See section File Times. +

+
+
time_t st_mtime
+

This is the time of the last modification to the contents of the file. +See section File Times. +

+
+
unsigned long int st_mtime_usec
+

This is the fractional part of the time of the last modification to the +contents of the file. See section File Times. +

+
+
time_t st_ctime
+

This is the time of the last modification to the attributes of the file. +See section File Times. +

+
+
unsigned long int st_ctime_usec
+

This is the fractional part of the time of the last modification to the +attributes of the file. See section File Times. +

+
+
blkcnt64_t st_blocks
+

This is the amount of disk space that the file occupies, measured in +units of 512-byte blocks. +

+
+
unsigned int st_blksize
+

The optimal block size for reading of writing this file, in bytes. You +might use this size for allocating the buffer space for reading of +writing the file. (This is unrelated to st_blocks.) +

+
+
+ +

Some of the file attributes have special data type names which exist +specifically for those attributes. (They are all aliases for well-known +integer types that you know and love.) These typedef names are defined +in the header file ‘sys/types.h’ as well as in ‘sys/stat.h’. +Here is a list of them. +

+
+
Data Type: mode_t + +
+

This is an integer data type used to represent file modes. In the +GNU system, this is equivalent to unsigned int. +

+ + +
+
Data Type: ino_t + +
+

This is an arithmetic data type used to represent file serial numbers. +(In Unix jargon, these are sometimes called inode numbers.) +In the GNU system, this type is equivalent to unsigned long int. +

+

If the source is compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this type +is transparently replaced by ino64_t. +

+ +
+
Data Type: ino64_t + +
+

This is an arithmetic data type used to represent file serial numbers +for the use in LFS. In the GNU system, this type is equivalent to +unsigned long long int. +

+

When compiling with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this type is +available under the name ino_t. +

+ +
+
Data Type: dev_t + +
+

This is an arithmetic data type used to represent file device numbers. +In the GNU system, this is equivalent to int. +

+ +
+
Data Type: nlink_t + +
+

This is an arithmetic data type used to represent file link counts. +In the GNU system, this is equivalent to unsigned short int. +

+ +
+
Data Type: blkcnt_t + +
+

This is an arithmetic data type used to represent block counts. +In the GNU system, this is equivalent to unsigned long int. +

+

If the source is compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this type +is transparently replaced by blkcnt64_t. +

+ +
+
Data Type: blkcnt64_t + +
+

This is an arithmetic data type used to represent block counts for the +use in LFS. In the GNU system, this is equivalent to unsigned +long long int. +

+

When compiling with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this type is +available under the name blkcnt_t. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

14.9.2 Reading the Attributes of a File

+ +

To examine the attributes of files, use the functions stat, +fstat and lstat. They return the attribute information in +a struct stat object. All three functions are declared in the +header file ‘sys/stat.h’. +

+
+
Function: int stat (const char *filename, struct stat *buf) + +
+

The stat function returns information about the attributes of the +file named by filename in the structure pointed to by buf. +

+

If filename is the name of a symbolic link, the attributes you get +describe the file that the link points to. If the link points to a +nonexistent file name, then stat fails reporting a nonexistent +file. +

+

The return value is 0 if the operation is successful, or +-1 on failure. In addition to the usual file name errors +(see section File Name Errors, the following errno error conditions +are defined for this function: +

+
+
ENOENT
+

The file named by filename doesn't exist. +

+
+ +

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this +function is in fact stat64 since the LFS interface transparently +replaces the normal implementation. +

+ +
+
Function: int stat64 (const char *filename, struct stat64 *buf) + +
+

This function is similar to stat but it is also able to work on +files larger then 2^31 bytes on 32-bit systems. To be able to do +this the result is stored in a variable of type struct stat64 to +which buf must point. +

+

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this +function is available under the name stat and so transparently +replaces the interface for small files on 32-bit machines. +

+ +
+
Function: int fstat (int filedes, struct stat *buf) + +
+

The fstat function is like stat, except that it takes an +open file descriptor as an argument instead of a file name. +See section Low-Level Input/Output. +

+

Like stat, fstat returns 0 on success and -1 +on failure. The following errno error conditions are defined for +fstat: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes argument is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+ +

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this +function is in fact fstat64 since the LFS interface transparently +replaces the normal implementation. +

+ +
+
Function: int fstat64 (int filedes, struct stat64 *buf) + +
+

This function is similar to fstat but is able to work on large +files on 32-bit platforms. For large files the file descriptor +filedes should be obtained by open64 or creat64. +The buf pointer points to a variable of type struct stat64 +which is able to represent the larger values. +

+

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this +function is available under the name fstat and so transparently +replaces the interface for small files on 32-bit machines. +

+ +
+
Function: int lstat (const char *filename, struct stat *buf) + +
+

The lstat function is like stat, except that it does not +follow symbolic links. If filename is the name of a symbolic +link, lstat returns information about the link itself; otherwise +lstat works like stat. See section Symbolic Links. +

+

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this +function is in fact lstat64 since the LFS interface transparently +replaces the normal implementation. +

+ +
+
Function: int lstat64 (const char *filename, struct stat64 *buf) + +
+

This function is similar to lstat but it is also able to work on +files larger then 2^31 bytes on 32-bit systems. To be able to do +this the result is stored in a variable of type struct stat64 to +which buf must point. +

+

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 this +function is available under the name lstat and so transparently +replaces the interface for small files on 32-bit machines. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File

+ +

The file mode, stored in the st_mode field of the file +attributes, contains two kinds of information: the file type code, and +the access permission bits. This section discusses only the type code, +which you can use to tell whether the file is a directory, socket, +symbolic link, and so on. For details about access permissions see +The Mode Bits for Access Permission. +

+

There are two ways you can access the file type information in a file +mode. Firstly, for each file type there is a predicate macro +which examines a given file mode and returns whether it is of that type +or not. Secondly, you can mask out the rest of the file mode to leave +just the file type code, and compare this against constants for each of +the supported file types. +

+

All of the symbols listed in this section are defined in the header file +‘sys/stat.h’. + +

+

The following predicate macros test the type of a file, given the value +m which is the st_mode field returned by stat on +that file: +

+
+
Macro: int S_ISDIR (mode_t m) + +
+

This macro returns non-zero if the file is a directory. +

+ +
+
Macro: int S_ISCHR (mode_t m) + +
+

This macro returns non-zero if the file is a character special file (a +device like a terminal). +

+ +
+
Macro: int S_ISBLK (mode_t m) + +
+

This macro returns non-zero if the file is a block special file (a device +like a disk). +

+ +
+
Macro: int S_ISREG (mode_t m) + +
+

This macro returns non-zero if the file is a regular file. +

+ +
+
Macro: int S_ISFIFO (mode_t m) + +
+

This macro returns non-zero if the file is a FIFO special file, or a +pipe. See section Pipes and FIFOs. +

+ +
+
Macro: int S_ISLNK (mode_t m) + +
+

This macro returns non-zero if the file is a symbolic link. +See section Symbolic Links. +

+ +
+
Macro: int S_ISSOCK (mode_t m) + +
+

This macro returns non-zero if the file is a socket. See section Sockets. +

+ +

An alternate non-POSIX method of testing the file type is supported for +compatibility with BSD. The mode can be bitwise AND-ed with +S_IFMT to extract the file type code, and compared to the +appropriate constant. For example, +

+
 
S_ISCHR (mode)
+
+ +

is equivalent to: +

+
 
((mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFCHR)
+
+ +
+
Macro: int S_IFMT + +
+

This is a bit mask used to extract the file type code from a mode value. +

+ +

These are the symbolic names for the different file type codes: +

+
+
S_IFDIR
+
+

This is the file type constant of a directory file. +

+
+
S_IFCHR
+
+

This is the file type constant of a character-oriented device file. +

+
+
S_IFBLK
+
+

This is the file type constant of a block-oriented device file. +

+
+
S_IFREG
+
+

This is the file type constant of a regular file. +

+
+
S_IFLNK
+
+

This is the file type constant of a symbolic link. +

+
+
S_IFSOCK
+
+

This is the file type constant of a socket. +

+
+
S_IFIFO
+
+

This is the file type constant of a FIFO or pipe. +

+
+ +

The POSIX.1b standard introduced a few more objects which possibly can +be implemented as object in the filesystem. These are message queues, +semaphores, and shared memory objects. To allow differentiating these +objects from other files the POSIX standard introduces three new test +macros. But unlike the other macros it does not take the value of the +st_mode field as the parameter. Instead they expect a pointer to +the whole struct stat structure. +

+
+
Macro: int S_TYPEISMQ (struct stat *s) + +
+

If the system implement POSIX message queues as distinct objects and the +file is a message queue object, this macro returns a non-zero value. +In all other cases the result is zero. +

+ +
+
Macro: int S_TYPEISSEM (struct stat *s) + +
+

If the system implement POSIX semaphores as distinct objects and the +file is a semaphore object, this macro returns a non-zero value. +In all other cases the result is zero. +

+ +
+
Macro: int S_TYPEISSHM (struct stat *s) + +
+

If the system implement POSIX shared memory objects as distinct objects +and the file is an shared memory object, this macro returns a non-zero +value. In all other cases the result is zero. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

14.9.4 File Owner

+ +

Every file has an owner which is one of the registered user names +defined on the system. Each file also has a group which is one of +the defined groups. The file owner can often be useful for showing you +who edited the file (especially when you edit with GNU Emacs), but its +main purpose is for access control. +

+

The file owner and group play a role in determining access because the +file has one set of access permission bits for the owner, another set +that applies to users who belong to the file's group, and a third set of +bits that applies to everyone else. See section How Your Access to a File is Decided, for the +details of how access is decided based on this data. +

+

When a file is created, its owner is set to the effective user ID of the +process that creates it (see section The Persona of a Process). The file's group ID +may be set to either the effective group ID of the process, or the group +ID of the directory that contains the file, depending on the system +where the file is stored. When you access a remote file system, it +behaves according to its own rules, not according to the system your +program is running on. Thus, your program must be prepared to encounter +either kind of behavior no matter what kind of system you run it on. +

+ + +

You can change the owner and/or group owner of an existing file using +the chown function. This is the primitive for the chown +and chgrp shell commands. +

+ +

The prototype for this function is declared in ‘unistd.h’. +

+
+
Function: int chown (const char *filename, uid_t owner, gid_t group) + +
+

The chown function changes the owner of the file filename to +owner, and its group owner to group. +

+

Changing the owner of the file on certain systems clears the set-user-ID +and set-group-ID permission bits. (This is because those bits may not +be appropriate for the new owner.) Other file permission bits are not +changed. +

+

The return value is 0 on success and -1 on failure. +In addition to the usual file name errors (see section File Name Errors), +the following errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EPERM
+

This process lacks permission to make the requested change. +

+

Only privileged users or the file's owner can change the file's group. +On most file systems, only privileged users can change the file owner; +some file systems allow you to change the owner if you are currently the +owner. When you access a remote file system, the behavior you encounter +is determined by the system that actually holds the file, not by the +system your program is running on. +

+

See section Optional Features in File Support, for information about the +_POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED macro. +

+
+
EROFS
+

The file is on a read-only file system. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int fchown (int filedes, int owner, int group) + +
+

This is like chown, except that it changes the owner of the open +file with descriptor filedes. +

+

The return value from fchown is 0 on success and -1 +on failure. The following errno error codes are defined for this +function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes argument is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The filedes argument corresponds to a pipe or socket, not an ordinary +file. +

+
+
EPERM
+

This process lacks permission to make the requested change. For details +see chmod above. +

+
+
EROFS
+

The file resides on a read-only file system. +

+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission

+ +

The file mode, stored in the st_mode field of the file +attributes, contains two kinds of information: the file type code, and +the access permission bits. This section discusses only the access +permission bits, which control who can read or write the file. +See section Testing the Type of a File, for information about the file type code. +

+

All of the symbols listed in this section are defined in the header file +‘sys/stat.h’. + +

+ +

These symbolic constants are defined for the file mode bits that control +access permission for the file: +

+
+
S_IRUSR
+
+
+
S_IREAD
+
+

Read permission bit for the owner of the file. On many systems this bit +is 0400. S_IREAD is an obsolete synonym provided for BSD +compatibility. +

+
+
S_IWUSR
+
+
+
S_IWRITE
+
+

Write permission bit for the owner of the file. Usually 0200. +S_IWRITE is an obsolete synonym provided for BSD compatibility. +

+
+
S_IXUSR
+
+
+
S_IEXEC
+
+

Execute (for ordinary files) or search (for directories) permission bit +for the owner of the file. Usually 0100. S_IEXEC is an obsolete +synonym provided for BSD compatibility. +

+
+
S_IRWXU
+
+

This is equivalent to ‘(S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IXUSR)’. +

+
+
S_IRGRP
+
+

Read permission bit for the group owner of the file. Usually 040. +

+
+
S_IWGRP
+
+

Write permission bit for the group owner of the file. Usually 020. +

+
+
S_IXGRP
+
+

Execute or search permission bit for the group owner of the file. +Usually 010. +

+
+
S_IRWXG
+
+

This is equivalent to ‘(S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP | S_IXGRP)’. +

+
+
S_IROTH
+
+

Read permission bit for other users. Usually 04. +

+
+
S_IWOTH
+
+

Write permission bit for other users. Usually 02. +

+
+
S_IXOTH
+
+

Execute or search permission bit for other users. Usually 01. +

+
+
S_IRWXO
+
+

This is equivalent to ‘(S_IROTH | S_IWOTH | S_IXOTH)’. +

+
+
S_ISUID
+
+

This is the set-user-ID on execute bit, usually 04000. +See section How an Application Can Change Persona. +

+
+
S_ISGID
+
+

This is the set-group-ID on execute bit, usually 02000. +See section How an Application Can Change Persona. +

+ +
+
S_ISVTX
+
+

This is the sticky bit, usually 01000. +

+

For a directory it gives permission to delete a file in that directory +only if you own that file. Ordinarily, a user can either delete all the +files in a directory or cannot delete any of them (based on whether the +user has write permission for the directory). The same restriction +applies—you must have both write permission for the directory and own +the file you want to delete. The one exception is that the owner of the +directory can delete any file in the directory, no matter who owns it +(provided the owner has given himself write permission for the +directory). This is commonly used for the ‘/tmp’ directory, where +anyone may create files but not delete files created by other users. +

+

Originally the sticky bit on an executable file modified the swapping +policies of the system. Normally, when a program terminated, its pages +in core were immediately freed and reused. If the sticky bit was set on +the executable file, the system kept the pages in core for a while as if +the program were still running. This was advantageous for a program +likely to be run many times in succession. This usage is obsolete in +modern systems. When a program terminates, its pages always remain in +core as long as there is no shortage of memory in the system. When the +program is next run, its pages will still be in core if no shortage +arose since the last run. +

+

On some modern systems where the sticky bit has no useful meaning for an +executable file, you cannot set the bit at all for a non-directory. +If you try, chmod fails with EFTYPE; +see section Assigning File Permissions. +

+

Some systems (particularly SunOS) have yet another use for the sticky +bit. If the sticky bit is set on a file that is not executable, +it means the opposite: never cache the pages of this file at all. The +main use of this is for the files on an NFS server machine which are +used as the swap area of diskless client machines. The idea is that the +pages of the file will be cached in the client's memory, so it is a +waste of the server's memory to cache them a second time. With this +usage the sticky bit also implies that the filesystem may fail to record +the file's modification time onto disk reliably (the idea being that +no-one cares for a swap file). +

+

This bit is only available on BSD systems (and those derived from +them). Therefore one has to use the _BSD_SOURCE feature select +macro to get the definition (see section Feature Test Macros). +

+
+ +

The actual bit values of the symbols are listed in the table above +so you can decode file mode values when debugging your programs. +These bit values are correct for most systems, but they are not +guaranteed. +

+

Warning: Writing explicit numbers for file permissions is bad +practice. Not only is it not portable, it also requires everyone who +reads your program to remember what the bits mean. To make your program +clean use the symbolic names. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

14.9.6 How Your Access to a File is Decided

+ +

Recall that the operating system normally decides access permission for +a file based on the effective user and group IDs of the process and its +supplementary group IDs, together with the file's owner, group and +permission bits. These concepts are discussed in detail in The Persona of a Process. +

+

If the effective user ID of the process matches the owner user ID of the +file, then permissions for read, write, and execute/search are +controlled by the corresponding “user” (or “owner”) bits. Likewise, +if any of the effective group ID or supplementary group IDs of the +process matches the group owner ID of the file, then permissions are +controlled by the “group” bits. Otherwise, permissions are controlled +by the “other” bits. +

+

Privileged users, like ‘root’, can access any file regardless of +its permission bits. As a special case, for a file to be executable +even by a privileged user, at least one of its execute bits must be set. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

14.9.7 Assigning File Permissions

+ +

The primitive functions for creating files (for example, open or +mkdir) take a mode argument, which specifies the file +permissions to give the newly created file. This mode is modified by +the process's file creation mask, or umask, before it is +used. +

+

The bits that are set in the file creation mask identify permissions +that are always to be disabled for newly created files. For example, if +you set all the “other” access bits in the mask, then newly created +files are not accessible at all to processes in the “other” category, +even if the mode argument passed to the create function would +permit such access. In other words, the file creation mask is the +complement of the ordinary access permissions you want to grant. +

+

Programs that create files typically specify a mode argument that +includes all the permissions that make sense for the particular file. +For an ordinary file, this is typically read and write permission for +all classes of users. These permissions are then restricted as +specified by the individual user's own file creation mask. +

+ +

To change the permission of an existing file given its name, call +chmod. This function uses the specified permission bits and +ignores the file creation mask. +

+ +

In normal use, the file creation mask is initialized by the user's login +shell (using the umask shell command), and inherited by all +subprocesses. Application programs normally don't need to worry about +the file creation mask. It will automatically do what it is supposed to +do. +

+

When your program needs to create a file and bypass the umask for its +access permissions, the easiest way to do this is to use fchmod +after opening the file, rather than changing the umask. In fact, +changing the umask is usually done only by shells. They use the +umask function. +

+

The functions in this section are declared in ‘sys/stat.h’. + +

+
+
Function: mode_t umask (mode_t mask) + +
+

The umask function sets the file creation mask of the current +process to mask, and returns the previous value of the file +creation mask. +

+

Here is an example showing how to read the mask with umask +without changing it permanently: +

+
 
mode_t
+read_umask (void)
+{
+  mode_t mask = umask (0);
+  umask (mask);
+  return mask;
+}
+
+ +

However, it is better to use getumask if you just want to read +the mask value, because it is reentrant (at least if you use the GNU +operating system). +

+ +
+
Function: mode_t getumask (void) + +
+

Return the current value of the file creation mask for the current +process. This function is a GNU extension. +

+ +
+
Function: int chmod (const char *filename, mode_t mode) + +
+

The chmod function sets the access permission bits for the file +named by filename to mode. +

+

If filename is a symbolic link, chmod changes the +permissions of the file pointed to by the link, not those of the link +itself. +

+

This function returns 0 if successful and -1 if not. In +addition to the usual file name errors (see section File Name Errors), the following errno error conditions are defined for +this function: +

+
+
ENOENT
+

The named file doesn't exist. +

+
+
EPERM
+

This process does not have permission to change the access permissions +of this file. Only the file's owner (as judged by the effective user ID +of the process) or a privileged user can change them. +

+
+
EROFS
+

The file resides on a read-only file system. +

+
+
EFTYPE
+

mode has the S_ISVTX bit (the “sticky bit”) set, +and the named file is not a directory. Some systems do not allow setting the +sticky bit on non-directory files, and some do (and only some of those +assign a useful meaning to the bit for non-directory files). +

+

You only get EFTYPE on systems where the sticky bit has no useful +meaning for non-directory files, so it is always safe to just clear the +bit in mode and call chmod again. See section The Mode Bits for Access Permission, +for full details on the sticky bit. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int fchmod (int filedes, int mode) + +
+

This is like chmod, except that it changes the permissions of the +currently open file given by filedes. +

+

The return value from fchmod is 0 on success and -1 +on failure. The following errno error codes are defined for this +function: +

+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes argument is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

The filedes argument corresponds to a pipe or socket, or something +else that doesn't really have access permissions. +

+
+
EPERM
+

This process does not have permission to change the access permissions +of this file. Only the file's owner (as judged by the effective user ID +of the process) or a privileged user can change them. +

+
+
EROFS
+

The file resides on a read-only file system. +

+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

14.9.8 Testing Permission to Access a File

+ +

In some situations it is desirable to allow programs to access files or +devices even if this is not possible with the permissions granted to the +user. One possible solution is to set the setuid-bit of the program +file. If such a program is started the effective user ID of the +process is changed to that of the owner of the program file. So to +allow write access to files like ‘/etc/passwd’, which normally can +be written only by the super-user, the modifying program will have to be +owned by root and the setuid-bit must be set. +

+

But beside the files the program is intended to change the user should +not be allowed to access any file to which s/he would not have access +anyway. The program therefore must explicitly check whether the +user would have the necessary access to a file, before it reads or +writes the file. +

+

To do this, use the function access, which checks for access +permission based on the process's real user ID rather than the +effective user ID. (The setuid feature does not alter the real user ID, +so it reflects the user who actually ran the program.) +

+

There is another way you could check this access, which is easy to +describe, but very hard to use. This is to examine the file mode bits +and mimic the system's own access computation. This method is +undesirable because many systems have additional access control +features; your program cannot portably mimic them, and you would not +want to try to keep track of the diverse features that different systems +have. Using access is simple and automatically does whatever is +appropriate for the system you are using. +

+

access is only only appropriate to use in setuid programs. +A non-setuid program will always use the effective ID rather than the +real ID. +

+ +

The symbols in this section are declared in ‘unistd.h’. +

+
+
Function: int access (const char *filename, int how) + +
+

The access function checks to see whether the file named by +filename can be accessed in the way specified by the how +argument. The how argument either can be the bitwise OR of the +flags R_OK, W_OK, X_OK, or the existence test +F_OK. +

+

This function uses the real user and group IDs of the calling +process, rather than the effective IDs, to check for access +permission. As a result, if you use the function from a setuid +or setgid program (see section How an Application Can Change Persona), it gives +information relative to the user who actually ran the program. +

+

The return value is 0 if the access is permitted, and -1 +otherwise. (In other words, treated as a predicate function, +access returns true if the requested access is denied.) +

+

In addition to the usual file name errors (see section File Name Errors), the following errno error conditions are defined for +this function: +

+
+
EACCES
+

The access specified by how is denied. +

+
+
ENOENT
+

The file doesn't exist. +

+
+
EROFS
+

Write permission was requested for a file on a read-only file system. +

+
+
+ +

These macros are defined in the header file ‘unistd.h’ for use +as the how argument to the access function. The values +are integer constants. + +

+
+
Macro: int R_OK + +
+

Flag meaning test for read permission. +

+ +
+
Macro: int W_OK + +
+

Flag meaning test for write permission. +

+ +
+
Macro: int X_OK + +
+

Flag meaning test for execute/search permission. +

+ +
+
Macro: int F_OK + +
+

Flag meaning test for existence of the file. +

+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
+

14.9.9 File Times

+ +

Each file has three time stamps associated with it: its access time, +its modification time, and its attribute modification time. These +correspond to the st_atime, st_mtime, and st_ctime +members of the stat structure; see File Attributes. +

+

All of these times are represented in calendar time format, as +time_t objects. This data type is defined in ‘time.h’. +For more information about representation and manipulation of time +values, see Calendar Time. + +

+

Reading from a file updates its access time attribute, and writing +updates its modification time. When a file is created, all three +time stamps for that file are set to the current time. In addition, the +attribute change time and modification time fields of the directory that +contains the new entry are updated. +

+

Adding a new name for a file with the link function updates the +attribute change time field of the file being linked, and both the +attribute change time and modification time fields of the directory +containing the new name. These same fields are affected if a file name +is deleted with unlink, remove or rmdir. Renaming +a file with rename affects only the attribute change time and +modification time fields of the two parent directories involved, and not +the times for the file being renamed. +

+

Changing the attributes of a file (for example, with chmod) +updates its attribute change time field. +

+

You can also change some of the time stamps of a file explicitly using +the utime function—all except the attribute change time. You +need to include the header file ‘utime.h’ to use this facility. + +

+
+
Data Type: struct utimbuf + +
+

The utimbuf structure is used with the utime function to +specify new access and modification times for a file. It contains the +following members: +

+
+
time_t actime
+

This is the access time for the file. +

+
+
time_t modtime
+

This is the modification time for the file. +

+
+
+ +
+
Function: int utime (const char *filename, const struct utimbuf *times) + +
+

This function is used to modify the file times associated with the file +named filename. +

+

If times is a null pointer, then the access and modification times +of the file are set to the current time. Otherwise, they are set to the +values from the actime and modtime members (respectively) +of the utimbuf structure pointed to by times. +

+

The attribute modification time for the file is set to the current time +in either case (since changing the time stamps is itself a modification +of the file attributes). +

+

The utime function returns 0 if successful and -1 +on failure. In addition to the usual file name errors +(see section File Name Errors), the following errno error conditions +are defined for this function: +

+
+
EACCES
+

There is a permission problem in the case where a null pointer was +passed as the times argument. In order to update the time stamp on +the file, you must either be the owner of the file, have write +permission for the file, or be a privileged user. +

+
+
ENOENT
+

The file doesn't exist. +

+
+
EPERM
+

If the times argument is not a null pointer, you must either be +the owner of the file or be a privileged user. +

+
+
EROFS
+

The file lives on a read-only file system. +

+
+
+ +

Each of the three time stamps has a corresponding microsecond part, +which extends its resolution. These fields are called +st_atime_usec, st_mtime_usec, and st_ctime_usec; +each has a value between 0 and 999,999, which indicates the time in +microseconds. They correspond to the tv_usec field of a +timeval structure; see High-Resolution Calendar. +

+

The utimes function is like utime, but also lets you specify +the fractional part of the file times. The prototype for this function is +in the header file ‘sys/time.h’. + +

+
+
Function: int utimes (const char *filename, struct timeval tvp[2]) + +
+

This function sets the file access and modification times of the file +filename. The new file access time is specified by +tvp[0], and the new modification time by +tvp[1]. Similar to utime, if tvp is a null +pointer then the access and modification times of the file are set to +the current time. This function comes from BSD. +

+

The return values and error conditions are the same as for the utime +function. +

+ +
+
Function: int lutimes (const char *filename, struct timeval tvp[2]) + +
+

This function is like utimes, except that it does not follow +symbolic links. If filename is the name of a symbolic link, +lutimes sets the file access and modification times of the +symbolic link special file itself (as seen by lstat; +see section Symbolic Links) while utimes sets the file access and +modification times of the file the symbolic link refers to. This +function comes from FreeBSD, and is not available on all platforms (if +not available, it will fail with ENOSYS). +

+

The return values and error conditions are the same as for the utime +function. +

+ +
+
Function: int futimes (int fd, struct timeval tvp[2]) + +
+

This function is like utimes, except that it takes an open file +descriptor as an argument instead of a file name. See section Low-Level Input/Output. This function comes from FreeBSD, and is not available on all +platforms (if not available, it will fail with ENOSYS). +

+

Like utimes, futimes returns 0 on success and -1 +on failure. The following errno error conditions are defined for +futimes: +

+
+
EACCES
+

There is a permission problem in the case where a null pointer was +passed as the times argument. In order to update the time stamp on +the file, you must either be the owner of the file, have write +permission for the file, or be a privileged user. +

+
+
EBADF
+

The filedes argument is not a valid file descriptor. +

+
+
EPERM
+

If the times argument is not a null pointer, you must either be +the owner of the file or be a privileged user. +

+
+
EROFS
+

The file lives on a read-only file system. +

+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

14.9.10 File Size

+ +

Normally file sizes are maintained automatically. A file begins with a +size of 0 and is automatically extended when data is written past +its end. It is also possible to empty a file completely by an +open or fopen call. +

+

However, sometimes it is necessary to reduce the size of a file. +This can be done with the truncate and ftruncate functions. +They were introduced in BSD Unix. ftruncate was later added to +POSIX.1. +

+

Some systems allow you to extend a file (creating holes) with these +functions. This is useful when using memory-mapped I/O +(see section Memory-mapped I/O), where files are not automatically extended. +However, it is not portable but must be implemented if mmap +allows mapping of files (i.e., _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES is defined). +

+

Using these functions on anything other than a regular file gives +undefined results. On many systems, such a call will appear to +succeed, without actually accomplishing anything. +

+
+
Function: int truncate (const char *filename, off_t length) + +
+

The truncate function changes the size of filename to +length. If length is shorter than the previous length, data +at the end will be lost. The file must be writable by the user to +perform this operation. +

+

If length is longer, holes will be added to the end. However, some +systems do not support this feature and will leave the file unchanged. +

+

When the source file is compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 the +truncate function is in fact truncate64 and the type +off_t has 64 bits which makes it possible to handle files up to +2^63 bytes in length. +

+

The return value is 0 for success, or -1 for an error. In +addition to the usual file name errors, the following errors may occur: +

+
+
EACCES
+

The file is a directory or not writable. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

length is negative. +

+
+
EFBIG
+

The operation would extend the file beyond the limits of the operating system. +

+
+
EIO
+

A hardware I/O error occurred. +

+
+
EPERM
+

The file is "append-only" or "immutable". +

+
+
EINTR
+

The operation was interrupted by a signal. +

+
+
+ +
+ +
+
Function: int truncate64 (const char *name, off64_t length) + +
+

This function is similar to the truncate function. The +difference is that the length argument is 64 bits wide even on 32 +bits machines, which allows the handling of files with sizes up to +2^63 bytes. +

+

When the source file is compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a +32 bits machine this function is actually available under the name +truncate and so transparently replaces the 32 bits interface. +

+ +
+
Function: int ftruncate (int fd, off_t length) + +
+

This is like truncate, but it works on a file descriptor fd +for an opened file instead of a file name to identify the object. The +file must be opened for writing to successfully carry out the operation. +

+

The POSIX standard leaves it implementation defined what happens if the +specified new length of the file is bigger than the original size. +The ftruncate function might simply leave the file alone and do +nothing or it can increase the size to the desired size. In this later +case the extended area should be zero-filled. So using ftruncate +is no reliable way to increase the file size but if it is possible it is +probably the fastest way. The function also operates on POSIX shared +memory segments if these are implemented by the system. +

+

ftruncate is especially useful in combination with mmap. +Since the mapped region must have a fixed size one cannot enlarge the +file by writing something beyond the last mapped page. Instead one has +to enlarge the file itself and then remap the file with the new size. +The example below shows how this works. +

+

When the source file is compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 the +ftruncate function is in fact ftruncate64 and the type +off_t has 64 bits which makes it possible to handle files up to +2^63 bytes in length. +

+

The return value is 0 for success, or -1 for an error. The +following errors may occur: +

+
+
EBADF
+

fd does not correspond to an open file. +

+
+
EACCES
+

fd is a directory or not open for writing. +

+
+
EINVAL
+

length is negative. +

+
+
EFBIG
+

The operation would extend the file beyond the limits of the operating system. +

+
+
EIO
+

A hardware I/O error occurred. +

+
+
EPERM
+

The file is "append-only" or "immutable". +

+
+
EINTR
+

The operation was interrupted by a signal. +

+ +
+
+ +
+ +
+
Function: int ftruncate64 (int id, off64_t length) + +
+

This function is similar to the ftruncate function. The +difference is that the length argument is 64 bits wide even on 32 +bits machines which allows the handling of files with sizes up to +2^63 bytes. +

+

When the source file is compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a +32 bits machine this function is actually available under the name +ftruncate and so transparently replaces the 32 bits interface. +

+ +

As announced here is a little example of how to use ftruncate in +combination with mmap: +

+
 
int fd;
+void *start;
+size_t len;
+
+int
+add (off_t at, void *block, size_t size)
+{
+  if (at + size > len)
+    {
+      /* Resize the file and remap.  */
+      size_t ps = sysconf (_SC_PAGESIZE);
+      size_t ns = (at + size + ps - 1) & ~(ps - 1);
+      void *np;
+      if (ftruncate (fd, ns) < 0)
+        return -1;
+      np = mmap (NULL, ns, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
+      if (np == MAP_FAILED)
+        return -1;
+      start = np;
+      len = ns;
+    }
+  memcpy ((char *) start + at, block, size);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+ +

The function add writes a block of memory at an arbitrary +position in the file. If the current size of the file is too small it +is extended. Note the it is extended by a round number of pages. This +is a requirement of mmap. The program has to keep track of the +real size, and when it has finished a final ftruncate call should +set the real size of the file. +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

14.10 Making Special Files

+ +

The mknod function is the primitive for making special files, +such as files that correspond to devices. The GNU library includes +this function for compatibility with BSD. +

+

The prototype for mknod is declared in ‘sys/stat.h’. + +

+
+
Function: int mknod (const char *filename, int mode, int dev) + +
+

The mknod function makes a special file with name filename. +The mode specifies the mode of the file, and may include the various +special file bits, such as S_IFCHR (for a character special file) +or S_IFBLK (for a block special file). See section Testing the Type of a File. +

+

The dev argument specifies which device the special file refers to. +Its exact interpretation depends on the kind of special file being created. +

+

The return value is 0 on success and -1 on error. In addition +to the usual file name errors (see section File Name Errors), the +following errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EPERM
+

The calling process is not privileged. Only the superuser can create +special files. +

+
+
ENOSPC
+

The directory or file system that would contain the new file is full +and cannot be extended. +

+
+
EROFS
+

The directory containing the new file can't be modified because it's on +a read-only file system. +

+
+
EEXIST
+

There is already a file named filename. If you want to replace +this file, you must remove the old file explicitly first. +

+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

14.11 Temporary Files

+ +

If you need to use a temporary file in your program, you can use the +tmpfile function to open it. Or you can use the tmpnam +(better: tmpnam_r) function to provide a name for a temporary +file and then you can open it in the usual way with fopen. +

+

The tempnam function is like tmpnam but lets you choose +what directory temporary files will go in, and something about what +their file names will look like. Important for multi-threaded programs +is that tempnam is reentrant, while tmpnam is not since it +returns a pointer to a static buffer. +

+

These facilities are declared in the header file ‘stdio.h’. + +

+
+
Function: FILE * tmpfile (void) + +
+

This function creates a temporary binary file for update mode, as if by +calling fopen with mode "wb+". The file is deleted +automatically when it is closed or when the program terminates. (On +some other ISO C systems the file may fail to be deleted if the program +terminates abnormally). +

+

This function is reentrant. +

+

When the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a +32-bit system this function is in fact tmpfile64, i.e., the LFS +interface transparently replaces the old interface. +

+ +
+
Function: FILE * tmpfile64 (void) + +
+

This function is similar to tmpfile, but the stream it returns a +pointer to was opened using tmpfile64. Therefore this stream can +be used for files larger then 2^31 bytes on 32-bit machines. +

+

Please note that the return type is still FILE *. There is no +special FILE type for the LFS interface. +

+

If the sources are compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64 on a 32 +bits machine this function is available under the name tmpfile +and so transparently replaces the old interface. +

+ +
+
Function: char * tmpnam (char *result) + +
+

This function constructs and returns a valid file name that does not +refer to any existing file. If the result argument is a null +pointer, the return value is a pointer to an internal static string, +which might be modified by subsequent calls and therefore makes this +function non-reentrant. Otherwise, the result argument should be +a pointer to an array of at least L_tmpnam characters, and the +result is written into that array. +

+

It is possible for tmpnam to fail if you call it too many times +without removing previously-created files. This is because the limited +length of the temporary file names gives room for only a finite number +of different names. If tmpnam fails it returns a null pointer. +

+

Warning: Between the time the pathname is constructed and the +file is created another process might have created a file with the same +name using tmpnam, leading to a possible security hole. The +implementation generates names which can hardly be predicted, but when +opening the file you should use the O_EXCL flag. Using +tmpfile or mkstemp is a safe way to avoid this problem. +

+ +
+
Function: char * tmpnam_r (char *result) + +
+

This function is nearly identical to the tmpnam function, except +that if result is a null pointer it returns a null pointer. +

+

This guarantees reentrancy because the non-reentrant situation of +tmpnam cannot happen here. +

+

Warning: This function has the same security problems as +tmpnam. +

+ +
+
Macro: int L_tmpnam + +
+

The value of this macro is an integer constant expression that +represents the minimum size of a string large enough to hold a file name +generated by the tmpnam function. +

+ +
+
Macro: int TMP_MAX + +
+

The macro TMP_MAX is a lower bound for how many temporary names +you can create with tmpnam. You can rely on being able to call +tmpnam at least this many times before it might fail saying you +have made too many temporary file names. +

+

With the GNU library, you can create a very large number of temporary +file names. If you actually created the files, you would probably run +out of disk space before you ran out of names. Some other systems have +a fixed, small limit on the number of temporary files. The limit is +never less than 25. +

+ +
+
Function: char * tempnam (const char *dir, const char *prefix) + +
+

This function generates a unique temporary file name. If prefix +is not a null pointer, up to five characters of this string are used as +a prefix for the file name. The return value is a string newly +allocated with malloc, so you should release its storage with +free when it is no longer needed. +

+

Because the string is dynamically allocated this function is reentrant. +

+

The directory prefix for the temporary file name is determined by +testing each of the following in sequence. The directory must exist and +be writable. +

+
    +
  • +The environment variable TMPDIR, if it is defined. For security +reasons this only happens if the program is not SUID or SGID enabled. + +
  • +The dir argument, if it is not a null pointer. + +
  • +The value of the P_tmpdir macro. + +
  • +The directory ‘/tmp’. +
+ +

This function is defined for SVID compatibility. +

+

Warning: Between the time the pathname is constructed and the +file is created another process might have created a file with the same +name using tempnam, leading to a possible security hole. The +implementation generates names which can hardly be predicted, but when +opening the file you should use the O_EXCL flag. Using +tmpfile or mkstemp is a safe way to avoid this problem. +

+ + +
+
SVID Macro: char * P_tmpdir + +
+

This macro is the name of the default directory for temporary files. +

+ +

Older Unix systems did not have the functions just described. Instead +they used mktemp and mkstemp. Both of these functions +work by modifying a file name template string you pass. The last six +characters of this string must be ‘XXXXXX’. These six ‘X’s +are replaced with six characters which make the whole string a unique +file name. Usually the template string is something like +‘/tmp/prefixXXXXXX’, and each program uses a unique prefix. +

+

NB: Because mktemp and mkstemp modify the +template string, you must not pass string constants to them. +String constants are normally in read-only storage, so your program +would crash when mktemp or mkstemp tried to modify the +string. These functions are declared in the header file ‘stdlib.h’. + +

+
+
Function: char * mktemp (char *template) + +
+

The mktemp function generates a unique file name by modifying +template as described above. If successful, it returns +template as modified. If mktemp cannot find a unique file +name, it makes template an empty string and returns that. If +template does not end with ‘XXXXXX’, mktemp returns a +null pointer. +

+

Warning: Between the time the pathname is constructed and the +file is created another process might have created a file with the same +name using mktemp, leading to a possible security hole. The +implementation generates names which can hardly be predicted, but when +opening the file you should use the O_EXCL flag. Using +mkstemp is a safe way to avoid this problem. +

+ +
+
Function: int mkstemp (char *template) + +
+

The mkstemp function generates a unique file name just as +mktemp does, but it also opens the file for you with open +(see section Opening and Closing Files). If successful, it modifies +template in place and returns a file descriptor for that file open +for reading and writing. If mkstemp cannot create a +uniquely-named file, it returns -1. If template does not +end with ‘XXXXXX’, mkstemp returns -1 and does not +modify template. +

+

The file is opened using mode 0600. If the file is meant to be +used by other users this mode must be changed explicitly. +

+ +

Unlike mktemp, mkstemp is actually guaranteed to create a +unique file that cannot possibly clash with any other program trying to +create a temporary file. This is because it works by calling +open with the O_EXCL flag, which says you want to create a +new file and get an error if the file already exists. +

+
+
Function: char * mkdtemp (char *template) + +
+

The mkdtemp function creates a directory with a unique name. If +it succeeds, it overwrites template with the name of the +directory, and returns template. As with mktemp and +mkstemp, template should be a string ending with +‘XXXXXX’. +

+

If mkdtemp cannot create an uniquely named directory, it returns +NULL and sets errno appropriately. If template does +not end with ‘XXXXXX’, mkdtemp returns NULL and does +not modify template. errno will be set to EINVAL in +this case. +

+

The directory is created using mode 0700. +

+ +

The directory created by mkdtemp cannot clash with temporary +files or directories created by other users. This is because directory +creation always works like open with O_EXCL. +See section Creating Directories. +

+

The mkdtemp function comes from OpenBSD. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_15.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_15.html @@ -0,0 +1,489 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: 15. Pipes and FIFOs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

15. Pipes and FIFOs

+ +

A pipe is a mechanism for interprocess communication; data written +to the pipe by one process can be read by another process. The data is +handled in a first-in, first-out (FIFO) order. The pipe has no name; it +is created for one use and both ends must be inherited from the single +process which created the pipe. +

+ +

A FIFO special file is similar to a pipe, but instead of being an +anonymous, temporary connection, a FIFO has a name or names like any +other file. Processes open the FIFO by name in order to communicate +through it. +

+

A pipe or FIFO has to be open at both ends simultaneously. If you read +from a pipe or FIFO file that doesn't have any processes writing to it +(perhaps because they have all closed the file, or exited), the read +returns end-of-file. Writing to a pipe or FIFO that doesn't have a +reading process is treated as an error condition; it generates a +SIGPIPE signal, and fails with error code EPIPE if the +signal is handled or blocked. +

+

Neither pipes nor FIFO special files allow file positioning. Both +reading and writing operations happen sequentially; reading from the +beginning of the file and writing at the end. +

+ + + + + +
15.1 Creating a Pipe   Making a pipe with the pipe function. +
15.2 Pipe to a Subprocess   Using a pipe to communicate with a + child process. +
15.3 FIFO Special Files   Making a FIFO special file. +
15.4 Atomicity of Pipe I/O   When pipe (or FIFO) I/O is atomic. +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

15.1 Creating a Pipe

+ +

The primitive for creating a pipe is the pipe function. This +creates both the reading and writing ends of the pipe. It is not very +useful for a single process to use a pipe to talk to itself. In typical +use, a process creates a pipe just before it forks one or more child +processes (see section Creating a Process). The pipe is then used for +communication either between the parent or child processes, or between +two sibling processes. +

+

The pipe function is declared in the header file +‘unistd.h’. + +

+
+
Function: int pipe (int filedes[2]) + +
+

The pipe function creates a pipe and puts the file descriptors +for the reading and writing ends of the pipe (respectively) into +filedes[0] and filedes[1]. +

+

An easy way to remember that the input end comes first is that file +descriptor 0 is standard input, and file descriptor 1 is +standard output. +

+

If successful, pipe returns a value of 0. On failure, +-1 is returned. The following errno error conditions are +defined for this function: +

+
+
EMFILE
+

The process has too many files open. +

+
+
ENFILE
+

There are too many open files in the entire system. See section Error Codes, +for more information about ENFILE. This error never occurs in +the GNU system. +

+
+
+ +

Here is an example of a simple program that creates a pipe. This program +uses the fork function (see section Creating a Process) to create +a child process. The parent process writes data to the pipe, which is +read by the child process. +

+
 
#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+/* Read characters from the pipe and echo them to stdout. */
+
+void
+read_from_pipe (int file)
+{
+  FILE *stream;
+  int c;
+  stream = fdopen (file, "r");
+  while ((c = fgetc (stream)) != EOF)
+    putchar (c);
+  fclose (stream);
+}
+
+/* Write some random text to the pipe. */
+
+void
+write_to_pipe (int file)
+{
+  FILE *stream;
+  stream = fdopen (file, "w");
+  fprintf (stream, "hello, world!\n");
+  fprintf (stream, "goodbye, world!\n");
+  fclose (stream);
+}
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  pid_t pid;
+  int mypipe[2];
+
+  /* Create the pipe. */
+  if (pipe (mypipe))
+    {
+      fprintf (stderr, "Pipe failed.\n");
+      return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+
+  /* Create the child process. */
+  pid = fork ();
+  if (pid == (pid_t) 0)
+    {
+      /* This is the child process.
+         Close other end first. */
+      close (mypipe[1]);
+      read_from_pipe (mypipe[0]);
+      return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+    }
+  else if (pid < (pid_t) 0)
+    {
+      /* The fork failed. */
+      fprintf (stderr, "Fork failed.\n");
+      return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      /* This is the parent process.
+         Close other end first. */
+      close (mypipe[0]);
+      write_to_pipe (mypipe[1]);
+      return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+    }
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

15.2 Pipe to a Subprocess

+ +

A common use of pipes is to send data to or receive data from a program +being run as a subprocess. One way of doing this is by using a combination of +pipe (to create the pipe), fork (to create the subprocess), +dup2 (to force the subprocess to use the pipe as its standard input +or output channel), and exec (to execute the new program). Or, +you can use popen and pclose. +

+

The advantage of using popen and pclose is that the +interface is much simpler and easier to use. But it doesn't offer as +much flexibility as using the low-level functions directly. +

+
+
Function: FILE * popen (const char *command, const char *mode) + +
+

The popen function is closely related to the system +function; see Running a Command. It executes the shell command +command as a subprocess. However, instead of waiting for the +command to complete, it creates a pipe to the subprocess and returns a +stream that corresponds to that pipe. +

+

If you specify a mode argument of "r", you can read from the +stream to retrieve data from the standard output channel of the subprocess. +The subprocess inherits its standard input channel from the parent process. +

+

Similarly, if you specify a mode argument of "w", you can +write to the stream to send data to the standard input channel of the +subprocess. The subprocess inherits its standard output channel from +the parent process. +

+

In the event of an error popen returns a null pointer. This +might happen if the pipe or stream cannot be created, if the subprocess +cannot be forked, or if the program cannot be executed. +

+ +
+
Function: int pclose (FILE *stream) + +
+

The pclose function is used to close a stream created by popen. +It waits for the child process to terminate and returns its status value, +as for the system function. +

+ +

Here is an example showing how to use popen and pclose to +filter output through another program, in this case the paging program +more. +

+
 
#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+void
+write_data (FILE * stream)
+{
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; i < 100; i++)
+    fprintf (stream, "%d\n", i);
+  if (ferror (stream))
+    {
+      fprintf (stderr, "Output to stream failed.\n");
+      exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+}
+
+int
+main (void)
+{
+  FILE *output;
+
+  output = popen ("more", "w");
+  if (!output)
+    {
+      fprintf (stderr,
+               "incorrect parameters or too many files.\n");
+      return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+  write_data (output);
+  if (pclose (output) != 0)
+    {
+      fprintf (stderr,
+               "Could not run more or other error.\n");
+    }
+  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

15.3 FIFO Special Files

+ +

A FIFO special file is similar to a pipe, except that it is created in a +different way. Instead of being an anonymous communications channel, a +FIFO special file is entered into the file system by calling +mkfifo. +

+

Once you have created a FIFO special file in this way, any process can +open it for reading or writing, in the same way as an ordinary file. +However, it has to be open at both ends simultaneously before you can +proceed to do any input or output operations on it. Opening a FIFO for +reading normally blocks until some other process opens the same FIFO for +writing, and vice versa. +

+

The mkfifo function is declared in the header file +‘sys/stat.h’. + +

+
+
Function: int mkfifo (const char *filename, mode_t mode) + +
+

The mkfifo function makes a FIFO special file with name +filename. The mode argument is used to set the file's +permissions; see Assigning File Permissions. +

+

The normal, successful return value from mkfifo is 0. In +the case of an error, -1 is returned. In addition to the usual +file name errors (see section File Name Errors), the following +errno error conditions are defined for this function: +

+
+
EEXIST
+

The named file already exists. +

+
+
ENOSPC
+

The directory or file system cannot be extended. +

+
+
EROFS
+

The directory that would contain the file resides on a read-only file +system. +

+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

15.4 Atomicity of Pipe I/O

+ +

Reading or writing pipe data is atomic if the size of data written +is not greater than PIPE_BUF. This means that the data transfer +seems to be an instantaneous unit, in that nothing else in the system +can observe a state in which it is partially complete. Atomic I/O may +not begin right away (it may need to wait for buffer space or for data), +but once it does begin it finishes immediately. +

+

Reading or writing a larger amount of data may not be atomic; for +example, output data from other processes sharing the descriptor may be +interspersed. Also, once PIPE_BUF characters have been written, +further writes will block until some characters are read. +

+

See section Limits on File System Capacity, for information about the PIPE_BUF +parameter. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/manual/libc/libc_67.html +++ eglibc-2.10.1/manual/libc/libc_67.html @@ -0,0 +1,324 @@ + + + + + + +The GNU C Library: Variable and Constant Macro Index: O – R + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

Variable and Constant Macro Index: O – R

+
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Index Entry Section
O
O_ACCMODE13.14.1 File Access Modes
O_APPEND13.14.3 I/O Operating Modes
O_ASYNC13.14.3 I/O Operating Modes
O_CREAT13.14.2 Open-time Flags
O_EXCL13.14.2 Open-time Flags
O_EXEC13.14.1 File Access Modes
O_EXLOCK13.14.2 Open-time Flags
O_FSYNC13.14.3 I/O Operating Modes
O_IGNORE_CTTY13.14.2 Open-time Flags
O_NDELAY13.14.3 I/O Operating Modes
O_NOATIME13.14.3 I/O Operating Modes
O_NOCTTY13.14.2 Open-time Flags
O_NOLINK13.14.2 Open-time Flags
O_NONBLOCK13.14.2 Open-time Flags
O_NONBLOCK13.14.3 I/O Operating Modes
O_NOTRANS13.14.2 Open-time Flags
O_RDONLY13.14.1 File Access Modes
O_RDWR13.14.1 File Access Modes
O_READ13.14.1 File Access Modes
O_SHLOCK13.14.2 Open-time Flags
O_SYNC13.14.3 I/O Operating Modes
O_TRUNC13.14.2 Open-time Flags
O_WRITE13.14.1 File Access Modes
O_WRONLY13.14.1 File Access Modes
obstack_alloc_failed_handler3.2.4.2 Preparing for Using Obstacks
OLD_TIME29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
OLD_TIME29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions
ONLCR17.4.5 Output Modes
ONOEOT17.4.5 Output Modes
OPEN_MAX31.1 General Capacity Limits
OPOST17.4.5 Output Modes
optarg25.2.1 Using the getopt function
opterr25.2.1 Using the getopt function
optind25.2.1 Using the getopt function
OPTION_ALIAS25.3.4.1 Flags for Argp Options
OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL25.3.4.1 Flags for Argp Options
OPTION_DOC25.3.4.1 Flags for Argp Options
OPTION_HIDDEN25.3.4.1 Flags for Argp Options
OPTION_NO_USAGE25.3.4.1 Flags for Argp Options
optopt25.2.1 Using the getopt function
OXTABS17.4.5 Output Modes
P
P_CS_PRECEDES7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
P_SEP_BY_SPACE7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
P_SIGN_POSN7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
P_tmpdir14.11 Temporary Files
PA_CHAR12.12.10 Parsing a Template String
PA_DOUBLE12.12.10 Parsing a Template String
PA_FLAG_LONG12.12.10 Parsing a Template String
PA_FLAG_LONG_DOUBLE12.12.10 Parsing a Template String
PA_FLAG_LONG_LONG12.12.10 Parsing a Template String
PA_FLAG_MASK12.12.10 Parsing a Template String
PA_FLAG_PTR12.12.10 Parsing a Template String
PA_FLAG_SHORT12.12.10 Parsing a Template String
PA_FLOAT12.12.10 Parsing a Template String
PA_INT12.12.10 Parsing a Template String
PA_LAST12.12.10 Parsing a Template String
PA_POINTER12.12.10 Parsing a Template String
PA_STRING12.12.10 Parsing a Template String
PARENB17.4.6 Control Modes
PARMRK17.4.4 Input Modes
PARODD17.4.6 Control Modes
passwd28.1 NSS Basics
PATH_MAX31.6 Limits on File System Capacity
PENDIN17.4.7 Local Modes
PF_CCITT16.7 Other Namespaces
PF_FILE16.5.2 Details of Local Namespace
PF_IMPLINK16.7 Other Namespaces
PF_INET16.6 The Internet Namespace
PF_INET616.6 The Internet Namespace
PF_ISO16.7 Other Namespaces
PF_LOCAL16.5.2 Details of Local Namespace
PF_NS16.7 Other Namespaces
PF_ROUTE16.7 Other Namespaces
PF_UNIX16.5.2 Details of Local Namespace
PI19.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants
PIPE_BUF31.6 Limits on File System Capacity
PM_STR7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
POSITIVE_SIGN7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
PRIO_MAX22.3.4.2 Functions For Traditional Scheduling
PRIO_MIN22.3.4.2 Functions For Traditional Scheduling
PRIO_PGRP22.3.4.2 Functions For Traditional Scheduling
PRIO_PROCESS22.3.4.2 Functions For Traditional Scheduling
PRIO_USER22.3.4.2 Functions For Traditional Scheduling
program_invocation_name2.3 Error Messages
program_invocation_short_name2.3 Error Messages
PROT_EXEC13.7 Memory-mapped I/O
PROT_READ13.7 Memory-mapped I/O
PROT_WRITE13.7 Memory-mapped I/O
protocols28.1 NSS Basics
PWD14.1 Working Directory
R
R_OK14.9.8 Testing Permission to Access a File
RADIXCHAR7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data
RAND_MAX19.8.1 ISO C Random Number Functions
RE_DUP_MAX31.1 General Capacity Limits
RLIM_INFINITY22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
RLIM_NLIMITS22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
RLIMIT_AS22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
RLIMIT_CORE22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
RLIMIT_CPU22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
RLIMIT_DATA22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
RLIMIT_FSIZE22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
RLIMIT_NOFILE22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
RLIMIT_OFILE22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
RLIMIT_RSS22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
RLIMIT_STACK22.2 Limiting Resource Usage
rpc28.1 NSS Basics
RUN_LVL29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database
RUN_LVL29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions
+
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+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + This document was generated by root on August, 3 2009 using texi2html 1.78. + +
+ +

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LP: #239701, #374674. + * Work around Ubuntu buildd limitation: allow just 2.6.15 for libc6 + installation, although 2.6.18 is required for some patches (requested by + soyuz maintainers). + + -- Matthias Klose Tue, 04 Aug 2009 00:36:31 +0200 + +eglibc (2.10.1-0ubuntu1) karmic; urgency=low + + * Rebuild .orig.tar.gz, based on revision 8733 of the eglibc-2.10 branch. + * Merge with Debian (r3733, eglibc-2.10 branch). + + -- Matthias Klose Mon, 03 Aug 2009 10:17:12 +0200 + +eglibc (2.10.1-0ubuntu1~ppa11) karmic; urgency=low + + * Merge with Debian (r3719, eglibc-2.10 branch). + + -- Matthias Klose Thu, 30 Jul 2009 19:09:16 +0200 + +eglibc (2.10.1-0ubuntu1~ppa10) karmic; urgency=low + + * Merge with Debian (r3641, eglibc-2.10 branch). + * Mark test cases as failing: + - armel: check-textrel + - sparc: tst-cancel1 + + -- Matthias Klose Fri, 24 Jul 2009 16:19:39 +0200 + +eglibc (2.10.1-0ubuntu1~ppa9) karmic; urgency=low + + * Update to r8680 from the eglibc-2.10 branch. + * Remove tst-fgetwc.out testcase as failing on all architectures; + fixed by update to the current eglibc-2.10 branch. + * Merge with Debian (r3625, eglibc-2.10 branch). + * Build using GCC-4.4. + + -- Matthias Klose Sat, 18 Jul 2009 18:12:57 +0200 + +eglibc (2.10.1-0ubuntu1~ppa8) karmic; urgency=low + + * Mark tst-fgetwc.out testcase as failing on all architectures; remove + testcases from expected results, which don't fail anymore. + + -- Matthias Klose Wed, 08 Jul 2009 15:39:50 +0200 + +eglibc (2.10.1-0ubuntu1~ppa7) karmic; urgency=low + + * Merge with Debian (r3600, eglibc-2.10 branch). + * Drop changes for Debian's /emul/ia32-linux to /usr/lib32 transition. + + -- Matthias Klose Tue, 07 Jul 2009 12:16:06 +0200 + +eglibc (2.10.1-0ubuntu1~ppa6) karmic; urgency=low + + [ Matthias Klose ] + * Merge with Debian (r3562, eglibc-2.10 branch). + * Drop changes for Debian's /emul/ia32-linux to /usr/lib32 transition. + + -- Matthias Klose Thu, 25 Jun 2009 10:14:41 +0200 + +eglibc (2.10.1-0ubuntu1~ppa4) UNRELEASED; urgency=low + + * Add debian/patches/ubuntu/retain-fatal-msg.diff: attempt to retain the + assert and internal error messages so they can be examined during core + dump analysis. + + -- Kees Cook Tue, 02 Jun 2009 11:56:21 -0700 + +eglibc (2.10.1-0ubuntu1~ppa3) karmic; urgency=low + + [ Kees Cook ] + * debian/patches/ubuntu/stack-guard-quick-randomization.diff: Update + and reenable. + + [ Matthias Klose ] + * Merge with Debian (r3498, eglibc-2.10 branch). + * Recognize sparcv9v2 and sparc64v2 as valid machine names. The configure.in + still supports these machines, and the Debian build system misuses this as + the name of the build directory. + * Build with -fno-stack-protector -U_FORTIFY_SOURCE on ia64. + + -- Matthias Klose Wed, 13 May 2009 10:58:16 +0200 + +eglibc (2.10.1-0ubuntu1~ppa2) karmic; urgency=low + + * Fix build failure on ia64. LP: #375509. + + -- Matthias Klose Tue, 12 May 2009 18:16:44 +0200 + +eglibc (2.10.1-0ubuntu1~ppa1) karmic; urgency=low + + * WARNING: Ignore regressions in the testsuite, install at your own risk. + + * Build .orig.tar.gz from eglibc-2_10 branch (r8444). + * Merge with Debian (r3494, eglibc-2.10 branch); remaining changes: + - Packaging: + + External tzdata + + Addition of Niagara and Niagara2 optimised libraries + + GFDL Documentation added back in, build glibc-doc from this source. + + Transition from /usr/include/ppc64-linux-gnu to powerpc64-linux-gnu + + Use dpkg triggers for ldconfig + + Do not die if extra libc libraries or symlinks found + + Do not do a test run of nscd when starting + + Only apply patches we actually use in Ubuntu + + Use /lib and /usr/lib for amd64 + + amd64 biarch is i686, not i486. + + Non-optimised i386 glibc is Xen-friendly. + + Support sparcv9v, v9v2, 64b, 64v, 64v2 + + Add support for lpia. + + Use .conf for files in /etc/ld.so.conf.d. + + Add vfp pass for armel. + + Set DEB_BUILD_OPTIMIZING_SIZE=0 on lpia. + - Patches: + + Applied any/local-ipv6-lookup. + + Not applied any/local-sysctl. + + Applied debian/patches/all/fedora-nss_dns-gethostbyname4-disable.diff. + + Updated arm/local-no-hwcap. + + Don't declare the fwrite and fwrite_unlocked functions with + __attribute__((warn_unused_result)). + * debian/patches/arm/local-memset.diff: Remove, applied upstream. + * debian/patches/arm/local-memset.diff: Likewise. + * debian/patches/ubuntu/stack-guard-quick-randomization.diff: Disable. + * debian/patches/ubuntu/no-sprintf-pre-truncate.diff: Update. + + -- Matthias Klose Tue, 12 May 2009 15:36:04 +0200 + +eglibc (2.10-0exp1) experimental; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * New upstream release. + - Fix C++ declaration of string functions. Closes: #496763. + - Add Handling for group shadow files. Closes: #519479. + - Use AT_RANDOM for randomized stack protector value. Closes: + #533077. + - don't trigger assertion on __pthread_mutex_lock anymore. Closes: + #479952. + - fix week specifier in en_GB. Closes: #511474. + - debian/copyright, debian/*symbols*, debian/shlibver, + debian/locales-depver, debian/debhelper.in/*.lintian: upgrade + to 2.10. + - alpha has been moved to ports, update debian/sysdeps/alpha.mk and + debian/patches/alpha/* accordingly. + - Remove debian/patches/arm/submitted-setjmp.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/arm/submitted-fpu_control_h.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/hppa/cvs-tsd.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/hppa/cvs-nptl.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/hurd-i386/cvs-resource-prio.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/hurd-i386/cvs-hurdsig-fix.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/hurd-i386/cvs-net-headers.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/hurd-i386/cvs-report-wait-fix.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/hurd-i386/cvs-get_pc_thunk.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/hurd-i386/cvs-strerror_l.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/hurd-i386/cvs-rtld.diff (merged). + - Update debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-tls-support.diff. + - Update debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-extern_inline.diff. + - Update debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-atomic-no-multiple_threads.diff. + - Remove debian/patches/mips/cvs-context.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/sparc/cvs-siginfo.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/all/submitted-readme-version.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/any/submitted-install-map-files.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/any/cvs-pthread_h.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/any/local-bashisms.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/any/cvs-bz7058-nss_nss-nis.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/any/cvs-iconv-utf16.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/any/submitted-cross-zic.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/any/cvs-binutils_2.20.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/any/submitted-nss-nsswitch.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/any/cvs-bz9706-nss_nss-files_files-parse.diff + (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/any/cvs-broken-dns.diff. + - Remove debian/patches/any/cvs-bz9697-posix-regcomp.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/any/cvs-bz697-posix-regexec.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/any/submitted-broken-dns.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/any/submitted-mount_h.diff (merged). + - Update debian/patches/any/submitted-futex_robust_pi.diff. + - Update debian/patches/any/local-dynamic-resolvconf.diff. + - Update debian/patches/any/local-libgcc-compat-main.diff. + - Update debian/patches/any/local-libgcc-compat-ports.diff. + - Update debian/patches/any/local-no-pagesize.diff. + - Remove debian/patches/any/submitted-date-and-unknown-tz.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/any/cvs-sunrpc-license.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/any/submitted-tst-cpucount.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/any/submitted-signalfd-eventfd.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/localedata/mt_MT_euro.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/localedata/submitted-bz9731-el_CY_euro.diff + (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/localedata/sk_SK_euro.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/localedata/submitted-bz9730-locale-sv_FI.diff + (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/localedata/cvs-el_CY-el_GR-frac_digits.diff + (merged). + - Update debian/patches/localedata/sort-UTF8-first.diff. + - Update debian/patches/localedata/fr_CA-first_weekday.diff + - Update debian/patches/localedata/fr_BE-first_weekday.diff + - Update debian/patches/localedata/cy_GB-first_weekday.diff + - Remove debian/patches/localedata/submitted-bz9835-en_GB-first_day.diff + (merged). + - Update debian/patches/localedata/first_weekday.diff + - Update debian/patches/localedata/fr_LU-first_weekday.diff + - Update debian/patches/localedata/fr_CH-first_weekday.diff + - Remove debian/patches/sh4/cvs-headers-update.diff (merged). + - Remove debian/patches/any/local-revert-3270.diff (fixed upstream). + * Remove localedata/locale-fr_FR.diff as coreutils has been fixed. + * Add debian/patches/any/submitted-autotools.diff to update config.guess + and config.sub. + * Remove debian/patches/powerpc/local-sysconf.diff, as it only concerns + kernel that are not supported anymore. + * Add debian/patches/ia64/submitted-sysconf.diff to fix sysconf() on ia64. + * Add debian/patches/alpha/submitted-getsysstats.diff, + debian/patches/alpha/submitted-includes.diff and + debian/patches/alpha/submitted-lowlevellock.diff to partially fix FTBFS + on alpha. + * Add debian/patches/any/local-linuxthreads-unwind.diff to fix exception + handling with linuxthreads. + * Add debian/patches/any/cvs-nptl-init.diff to allow overwriting + architectures init.c in csu and nptl individually. + * Add debian/patches/any/submitted-accept4-hidden.diff to fix build + on non Linux architectures. + * Add debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-sysdeps-2.10.diff to update sysdeps + for glibc 2.10 on GNU/kFreeBSD. + * Add debian/patches/alpha/submitted-rtld-fPIC.diff to fix build on alpha. + * Add debian/patches/any/submitted-getent-gshadow.diff to add gshadow + support to getent. + * Add hppa/local-hppa-nptl.diff and hppa/local-ports-hppa-nptl.diff from + Carlos O'Donell to keep ABI compatibility between linuxthreads and NPTL + on HPPA. + * debian/rules.d/tarball.mk: store the checkout revision in the tarball + (file .svn-revision). + * debian/rules.d/tarball.mk: add an "update-from-upstream-svn" rule to + automatically update debian/patches/svn-updates.diff. + * patches/ia64/submitted-libm.diff: new patch to fix errors in the + math testsuite on ia64. + * Use gcc 4.4 by default, except on armel, hppa, mips, mipsel, powerpc, + ppc64, sparc and hurd-i386. + * Update to upstream revision 8758. + + [ Petr Salinger ] + * Add kfreebsd/local-no-SOCK_NONBLOCK.diff to fix build on GNU/kFreeBSD. + + [ Samuel Thibault ] + * Add debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-_dl_random.diff to fix build on + hurd-i386. + * Add debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-unwind-resume.diff to fix build on + hurd-i386. + * Fix debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-tls-support.diff to align up includes + on Linux, to fix build. + * Apply kfreebsd/local-no-SOCK_NONBLOCK.diff on hurd-i386 to fix build too. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Mon, 03 Aug 2009 19:49:40 +0200 + +eglibc (2.9-24) UNRELEASED; urgency=low + + * Remove any/cvs-pthread_mutex_lock.diff following upstream decision. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Thu, 30 Jul 2009 22:59:32 +0200 + +eglibc (2.9-23) unstable; urgency=low + + * debhelper.in/libc.postinst, sysdeps/depflags.pl: remove upgrade code + for pre-etch installations. + * Don't ship /etc/init.d/glibc.sh anymore: the GNU libc is now smart + enough to print "FATAL: kernel too old" alone. This also speed up + the boot a bit. + * Don't ship /usr/share/doc/libc6/TODO, but keep the file in the + sources. + * Don't ship /usr/share/doc/libc6/{README,PROJECT}.gz, they are + irrelevant for an already built GNU libc. + * Move /usr/share/doc/libc6/{CONFORMANCE,NAMESPACE,NOTES}.gz to + libc6-dev. + * Move all upstream changelogs in glibc-docs, and install a small + changelog file explaining the reason. + * Ship README.libm in libc6-dev. + * Update any/cvs-broken-dns.diff from upstream. + * any/cvs-pthread_mutex_lock.diff: new patch from upstream to fix + a memory ordering problem in pthread_mutex_{,timed}lock. + * Replace any/submitted-signalfd-eventfd.diff by upstream version + any/cvs-signalfd-eventfd.diff. + * alpha/submitted-asm-memchr.diff: new patch to fix broken prefetching + in memchr() on alpha. + * control.in/i386: replace the Pre-Depends by a Conflicts. Closes: + #538807. Update the breaks version of the packages not yet + transitioned. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Mon, 27 Jul 2009 15:37:54 +0200 + +eglibc (2.9-22) unstable; urgency=low + + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 2670 (from glibc-bsd). + * any/submitted-signalfd-eventfd.diff: new patch to support < 2.6.27 + kernels in eventfd/signalfd. Closes: #537509. + * alpha/submitted-fdatasync.diff: update to keep fdatasync() as a + cancellation point. Closes: #537586. + * sparc/cvs-siginfo.diff, s390/submitted-siginfo.diff, + ia64/submitted-siginfo.diff: new patches to get "struct sigevent" + from bits/siginfo.h in sync with the kernel version. Closes: #534548. + * debhelper.in/libc-alt.preinst: also clear old /lib32 and /usr/lib32 + symlinks on install, as they might have been left by a previous + installation of the package. + * patches/any/cvs-getaddrinfo-nss-notfound.diff: new patch to correctly + handle missing NSS modules. Closes: #535106, #298290. + * Add X-Interactive: true to /etc/init.d/glibc.sh. Closes: #538435. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Sun, 26 Jul 2009 10:16:30 +0200 + +eglibc (2.9-21) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * Re-add /usr/include/scsi/scsi.h. Closes: #537354. + * libc6-dev-i386: pre-depends on libc6-i386. Closes: #535313. + * /etc/bindresvport.blacklist: add rsync (port 873). Closes: #537289. + * any/local-bindresvport_blacklist.diff: update from latest openSUSE + version. + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 2643 (from glibc-bsd). + Closes: #537492. + * debian/local/etc_init.d/glibc.sh: add support for start/stop/restart/ + force-reload options. + * debian/debhelper.in/libc-alt.preinst: add set -e. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Sun, 19 Jul 2009 21:09:38 +0200 + +eglibc (2.9-20) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Clint Adams ] + * Bump to Standards-Version 3.8.2. + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * Don't ship /usr/include/scsi/scsi.h anymore. Closes: #535809. + * Add sysdeps/sh4.mk. Closes: #536199. + * debian/control.in/main: Build-Depends on dpkg-dev (>= 1.15.3.1). + Closes: #536482. + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 2624 (from glibc-bsd). + + -- Aurelien Jarno Sun, 12 Jul 2009 14:39:01 +0200 + +eglibc (2.9-19) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Petr Salinger ] + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 2611 (from glibc-bsd). + Closes: #534115. Thanks to Javier Mendez Gomez. + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * libc6-i386/presubj: remove. Closes: #533768. + * eu.po update from Piarres Beobide. closes: #534283. + * arm/local-hwcap-updates.diff, arm/local-no-hwcap.diff: update ARM + hwcaps to support NEON and VFP. Closes: #534126. + * control.in/i386: add a breaks nvidia-glx-ia32 (<= 185.18.14-1) and + nvidia-libvdpau-ia32 (<= 185.18.14-1). Closes: #534874. + * Merge any/submitted-broken-dns.diff into any/cvs-broken-dns.diff and + update from upstream. + + [ Clint Adams ] + * ru.po update from Yuri Kozlov. closes: #534781. + * cs.po update from Miroslav Kure. closes: #534787. + + -- Clint Adams Sun, 05 Jul 2009 11:49:39 -0400 + +eglibc (2.9-18) unstable; urgency=low + + * Remove /lib32 and /usr/lib32 in the libc6-i386 preinst. closes: #533773. + + -- Clint Adams Sun, 21 Jun 2009 03:17:50 -0400 + +eglibc (2.9-17) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * Fix the versionned conflict of libc6-i386 with libc6-i386-dev. Closes: + #533482. + + [ Clint Adams ] + * Use Breaks instead of Conflicts for the /emul/ia32-linux transition. + closes: #533503. + + [ Petr Salinger ] + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 2599 (from glibc-bsd). + + -- Clint Adams Thu, 18 Jun 2009 18:36:51 -0400 + +eglibc (2.9-16) unstable; urgency=low + + * Restore /lib/ld-linux.so.2 symlink. Closes: #533364. + * control.in/i386: tighten a bit the conflicts given the recent uploads. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Wed, 17 Jun 2009 07:32:47 +0200 + +eglibc (2.9-15) unstable; urgency=low + + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 2587 (from glibc-bsd). + Update expected testsuite results accordingly. + * any/cvs-broken-dns.diff: backport more parts from upstream. + * Update Italian debconf translation, by Luca Monducci. Closes: #531431. + * sh4/cvs-headers-update.diff: new patch from upstream to fix build failure + on SH4. Closes: #532385. + * sysdeps/amd64.mk: fix i386_slibdir. + * control.in/i386: remove duplicate entries. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Sat, 13 Jun 2009 22:25:41 +0200 + +eglibc (2.9-14) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * debian/debhelper.in/locales.postrm: remove /etc/default/locale on + purge. Closes: #530902. + + [ Clint Adams ] + * Move /emul/ia32-linux libraries to /usr/lib32. + + -- Clint Adams Sat, 13 Jun 2009 09:51:12 -0400 + +eglibc (2.9-13ubuntu1~ppa1) karmic; urgency=low + + * WARNING: Ignore regressions in the testsuite, install at your own risk. + + * Build .orig.tar.gz from eglibc-2_9 branch (r7806). + * Merge with Debian (r3491, trunk); remaining changes: + - Packaging: + + External tzdata + + Addition of Niagara and Niagara2 optimised libraries + + GFDL Documentation added back in, build glibc-doc from this source. + + Transition from /usr/include/ppc64-linux-gnu to powerpc64-linux-gnu + + Use dpkg triggers for ldconfig + + Do not die if extra libc libraries or symlinks found + + Do not do a test run of nscd when starting + + Only apply patches we actually use in Ubuntu + + Use /lib and /usr/lib for amd64 + + amd64 biarch is i686, not i486. + + Non-optimised i386 glibc is Xen-friendly. + + Support sparcv9v, v9v2, 64b, 64v, 64v2 + + Add support for lpia. + + Use .conf for files in /etc/ld.so.conf.d. + + Add vfp pass for armel. + + Set DEB_BUILD_OPTIMIZING_SIZE=0 on lpia. + - Patches: + + Applied any/local-ipv6-lookup. + + Not applied any/local-sysctl. + + Applied debian/patches/all/fedora-nss_dns-gethostbyname4-disable.diff. + + Updated arm/local-no-hwcap. + + Don't declare the fwrite and fwrite_unlocked functions with + __attribute__((warn_unused_result)). + + -- Matthias Klose Mon, 11 May 2009 13:24:56 +0200 + +eglibc (2.9-13) unstable; urgency=low + + * debian/debhelper.in/nscd.init: fix return code when querying status + and nscd is not running to comply with LSB. Closes: #527883. + * debian/debhelper.in/locales.config: don't use "echo -e". Closes: + #527945, #529173. + * debian/patches/localedata/supported.diff: add kk_KZ.RK1048 locale. + Closes: #528177. + * debian/debhelper.in/locales.config: use previous debconf settings if + /etc/environment and /etc/default/locale do not exist. + * debian/bug/locales/presubj: fix a typo. Closes: #528353. + * debian/local/manpages/validlocale.8: fix a typo. Closes: #528658. + * debian/patches/any/cvs-sunrpc-license.diff: new patch from upstream + to change the SUNRPC license into BSD one. Update debian/copyright + accordingly. Closes: #382175. + * debian/patches/any/submitted-tst-cpucount.diff: new patch to fix + tst-cpucount test on non Linux kernels. + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 2545 (from glibc-bsd). + * debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-config_h_in.patch: new patch to correctly + define __KFREEBSD_KERNEL_VERSION. + * debian/sysdeps/kfreebsd.mk: bump minimal kernel version to 6.0. + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.NEWS: detail the exact line that has to be + added to /etc/resolv.conf. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Mon, 11 May 2009 10:56:10 +0200 + +eglibc (2.9-12) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Petr Salinger ] + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 2503 (from glibc-bsd). + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * any/local-revert-3270.diff: new patch to revert fix for PR nptl/3270. + (closes: bug#527541). + + -- Aurelien Jarno Fri, 08 May 2009 11:57:16 +0200 + +eglibc (2.9-11) unstable; urgency=low + + * Switch to Embedded GLIBC (EGLIBC), sources taken from the 2.9 + branch. + - Update all/submitted-readme-version.diff. + - Update any/local-bashisms.diff. + - Update any/cvs-bz9697-posix-regcomp.diff. + - Update any/cvs-binutils_2.20.diff. + - Drop any/local-makeconfig.diff. + - Drop any/submitted-getcwd-sys_param_h.diff (merged in eglibc). + - Add any/submitted-cross-zic.diff to fix biarch builds. + - Add any/submitted-nss-nsswitch.diff to fix linuxthreads builds. + - Add any/submitted-install-map-files.diff to fix GNU/Hurd builds. + - More tests of flavour/biarch builds are run, update the expected + testsuite results accordingly. + - Rename glibc-source package into eglibc-source. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Tue, 05 May 2009 09:54:14 +0200 + +glibc (2.9-10) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Samuel Thibault ] + * hurd-i386/local-pthread_posix-option.diff: Set _POSIX_TIMEOUTS to 200112 + too, to fix gthread compilation in gcc-4.4 + + [ Petr Salinger ] + * fix up GNU/kFreeBSD specific macro LIST_FOREACH_SAFE. + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * any/cvs-broken-dns.diff: backport more parts from upstream. + * any/submitted-broken-dns.diff: new patch to not raise an error if one + query returns NOTIMP or FORMERR and the other NOERROR. Closes: #526823. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Tue, 05 May 2009 01:39:50 +0200 + +glibc (2.9-9ubuntu1) karmic; urgency=low + + * Merge with Debian (r3342, trunk); remaining changes: + - Packaging: + + External tzdata + + Addition of Niagara and Niagara2 optimised libraries + + GFDL Documentation added back in, build glibc-doc from this source. + + Transition from /usr/include/ppc64-linux-gnu to powerpc64-linux-gnu + + Use dpkg triggers for ldconfig + + Do not die if extra libc libraries or symlinks found + + Do not do a test run of nscd when starting + + Only apply patches we actually use in Ubuntu + + Use /lib and /usr/lib for amd64 + + amd64 biarch is i686, not i486. + + Non-optimised i386 glibc is Xen-friendly. + + Support sparcv9v, v9v2, 64b, 64v, 64v2 + + Add support for lpia. + + Use .conf for files in /etc/ld.so.conf.d. + + Add vfp pass for armel. + - Patches: + + Applied any/local-ipv6-lookup. + + Not applied any/local-sysctl. + + Applied debian/patches/all/fedora-nss_dns-gethostbyname4-disable.diff. + + Updated arm/local-no-hwcap. + + Don't declare the fwrite and fwrite_unlocked functions with + __attribute__((warn_unused_result)). + * Fix build failure with recent binutils. + * Set DEB_BUILD_OPTIMIZING_SIZE=0 on lpia. + + -- Matthias Klose Wed, 29 Apr 2009 18:20:17 +0200 + +glibc (2.9-9) unstable; urgency=low + + * mips/cvs-context.diff: add missing part from upstream. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Tue, 28 Apr 2009 23:11:30 +0200 + +glibc (2.9-8) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * Update Swedish debconf translation, by Martin Bagger. Closes: #522982. + * mips/cvs-context.diff: new patch from upstream to add getcontext, + setcontext, makecontext, swapcontext. + * any/submitted-mount_h.diff: new patch to add MNT_DETACH and MNT_EXPIRE to + sys/mount.h. Closes: #523952. + * arm/submitted-fpu_control_h.diff: new patch to disable macros from + on EABI. Closes: #525261. + * any/cvs-iconv-utf16.diff: new patch from upstream to reject UTF-8-encoded + UTF-16 surrogates in iconv. Closes: #525299. + * any/local-getaddrinfo-interface.diff: ignore addresses with no interface + assigned while sorting with rule 7. Closes: #521439. + * any/cvs-broken-dns.diff: new patch from CVS to provide a fallback for + broken DNS server while doing unified IPv4/IPv6 requests. The first lookup + will be slow, but subsequent requests will fallback to the previous + behaviour. This can be enabled by default by setting 'single-request' in + /etc/resolv.conf. + * debhelper.in/libc.NEWS: add entry explaining the new behaviour and the new + option. + * any/local-disable-gethostbyname4.diff: disabled this patch to re-enable + unified IPv4/IPv6 requests. Closes: bug#343140, bug#435646. + * localedata/cvs-el_CY-el_GR-frac_digits.diff: new patch from CVS to fix + frac_digits and int_frac_digits on el_CY ad el_GR locales. Closes: + bug#511621. + * mips_asm_unistd.h, sysdeps/mipsel.mk, sysdeps/mips.mk: use our own version + of unistd.h corresponding to the one of a 2.6.24 kernel to workaround kernel + bugs on the build daemons. + * any/cvs-binutils_2.20.diff: new patch from upstream to fix build failure + with binutils 2.20. + + [ Petr Salinger ] + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 2482 (from glibc-bsd). + Closes: #522686. Thanks to Jan Christoph Nordholz. + + [ Samuel Thibault ] + * hurd-i386/cvs-rtld.diff: new patch, fixes boot of glibc built with + binutils >= 2.19. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Mon, 27 Apr 2009 00:44:59 +0200 + +glibc (2.9-7) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * Update German debconf translation, by Helge Kreutzman. Closes: #519992. + * Update testsuite results on alpha, tst-timer.out exits with SIGILL on + some machines, it was already the case with glibc 2.7 on the same + machines. + * Update testsuite results on hppa, tst-posix_fallocate.out and + tst-makecontext.out are known to fail with a 32-bit kernel. + * debian/script.in/nsscheck.sh: fix a typo. Closes: #520455. + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 2390 (from glibc-bsd). + * libc6.1.symbols.alpha: fix package name for private symbols. + + [ Samuel Thibault ] + * debian/rules.d/debhelper.mk: let grep libpthread.so fail because on + hurd-i386 glibc does not provide it. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Tue, 07 Apr 2009 07:58:50 +0200 + +glibc (2.9-6) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Samuel Thibault ] + * debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-tls-support.diff: fix typo in tlsdesc.sym. + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * debian/po/de.po: fix German translation. Closes: bug#519612. + * Update French debconf translation, by Christian Perrier. Closes: #519662. + * any/local-disable-gethostbyname4.diff: disable unified lookup for + getaddrinfo(). While unified lookup fix the problem of DNS servers simply + dropping AAAA requests, it breaks lookup with even more broken DNS servers + only returning a broken AAAA answer. As it seems the second type of broken + DNS concerns more users, let's revert to the old behaviour. Closes: + #516218. + * any/submitted-getaddrinfo-lo.diff: correctly handle the lo interface and + associated addresses when checking for native connection. Closes: + bug#519545. + * debian/control.in/libc: change -dbg packages to section debug. + * debian/control.in/main: update Standards-Version to 3.8.1: + - debian/local/etc_init.d/glibc.sh: move set -e out from the shebang line. + - debian/debhelper.in/nscd.init: exit successfully if the daemon was + already running. + * debian/debhelper.in/nscd.dirs: remove /var/run/nscd directory. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Sun, 15 Mar 2009 21:22:48 +0100 + +glibc (2.9-5) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Clint Adams ] + * Change first day of the week in ru_UA locale to Monday. closes: + #517386. + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-i486-linux-gnu-libc, + testsuite-checking/expected-results-i686-linux-i686: remove + testgrp.out from the ignore list, it was due to a misconfiguration + of the build daemon. + * debhelper.in/libc.{preinst,postint}: bump the version triggering the + restart of NSS related services to 2.9-5. + * debhelper.in/libc.postint: change cupsys into cups. + * script.in/nsscheck.sh: convert mysql-server into mysql. Closes: + bug#172123. + * merge lost patch from lenny: + - debhelper.in/locales.config: use previous debconf settings if + /etc/locales does not exists. Closes: bug#517884. + * debian/local/manpages/ld.so.8: fix a typo. Closes: bug#518394. + * debhelper.in/libc.preinst, debhelper.in/libc.templates: warn users + about the need to disable xscreensaver and xlockmore before libc6 + is unpacked. Closes: bug#517795. + + [ Samuel Thibault ] + * debian/patches/hurd-i386/cvs-ECANCELED.diff: rename into + submitted-ECANCELED.diff + * debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-net-headers.diff: rename into + cvs-net-headers.diff + * debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-pthread_types.diff: make it create a new + sysdep/mach/hurd/bits/pthreadtypes.h instead of modifying + bits/pthreadtypes.h. Move from series.hurd-i386 to series. + * debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-tls-dtv-offset.diff: remove patch, make + local-tls-support.diff create tlsdesc.sym instead. + * debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-no-strerror_l.diff: remove patch, replaced + by... + * debian/patches/hurd-i386/cvs-strerror_l.diff: new patch from Thomas + Schwinge. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Thu, 12 Mar 2009 00:13:02 +0100 + +glibc (2.9-4ubuntu5) jaunty; urgency=low + + * This upload allows NEON hwcap usage; FFE LP: #343602. + * New patch, arm/local-hwcap-updates, add support for some recent ARM hwcaps + additions. + * Update patch arm/local-no-hwcap to also flag HWCAP_ARM_NEON as an + important hwcap; this adds /lib/neon, /usr/lib/neon etc. to the ldconfig + and ld.so search pathes. + + -- Loic Minier Tue, 31 Mar 2009 20:28:41 +0200 + +glibc (2.9-4ubuntu4) jaunty; urgency=low + + * Don't declare the fwrite and fwrite_unlocked functions with + __attribute__((warn_unused_result)). See + https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-devel/2009-March/027832.html + + -- Matthias Klose Fri, 27 Mar 2009 21:17:24 +0100 + +glibc (2.9-4ubuntu3) jaunty; urgency=low + + [ Colin Watson ] + * Rename Debian's Vcs-* fields in debian/control to XS-Debian-Vcs-* to + reduce confusion. + + [ Loic Minier ] + * Add vfp pass for armel. + - sysdeps/armel.mk: add vfp pass with the same add-ons as the libc pass, + with "-mfpu=vfp -mfloat-abi=softfp" appended to CFLAGS, using + /lib/vfp as slibdir (could as well be /lib/tls/vfp but the armel port + was always NPTL which implies TLS), and configured with + --disable-profile like the other optimized passes. + - control.in/opt, control: add libc6-vfp package on armel. + - script.in/nohwcap.sh: list libc6-vfp in hwcappkgs on armel. + - testsuite-checking/expected-results-arm-linux-gnueabi-vfp: copied from + testsuite-checking/expected-results-arm-linux-gnueabi-libc. + + -- Loic Minier Thu, 19 Mar 2009 21:34:59 +0100 + +glibc (2.9-4ubuntu2) jaunty; urgency=low + + * Merge with Debian (r3342, trunk); remaining changes: + - Packaging: + + External tzdata + + Addition of Niagara and Niagara2 optimised libraries + + GFDL Documentation added back in, build glibc-doc from this source. + + Transition from /usr/include/ppc64-linux-gnu to powerpc64-linux-gnu + + Use dpkg triggers for ldconfig + + Do not die if extra libc libraries or symlinks found + + Do not do a test run of nscd when starting + + Only apply patches we actually use in Ubuntu + + Use /lib and /usr/lib for amd64 + + amd64 biarch is i686, not i486. + + Non-optimised i386 glibc is Xen-friendly. + + Support sparcv9v, v9v2, 64b, 64v, 64v2 + + Add support for lpia. + + Use .conf for files in /etc/ld.so.conf.d. + - Patches: + + Applied any/local-ipv6-lookup. + + Not applied any/local-sysctl. + + Applied debian/patches/all/fedora-nss_dns-gethostbyname4-disable.diff. + + Updated arm/local-no-hwcap. + * Remove some passing testcases from the expected test results. + + -- Matthias Klose Mon, 02 Mar 2009 08:57:05 +0100 + +glibc (2.9-4) unstable; urgency=low + + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-ia64-linux-gnu-libc: ignore + result of tst-oddstacklimit.out, it is known to fail with old + kernels, just like in glibc 2.7. + * debian/debhelper.in/libc{-alt,-otherbuild,}.lintian: remove outdated + overrides. + * debhelper.in/libc.postinst: restart NSS services on upgrades from + versions prior to 2.9-1. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-arm-linux-gnueabi-libc: ignore + result of test-fenv.out and test-fpucw.out, as they were already + failing with glibc 2.7. + * patches/any/submitted-futex_robust_pi.diff: new patch to correctly + define when PI futexes and robust mutexes have been introduced + in the kernel, on a per architecture basis. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-{alpha,ia64}-linux-gnu-libc: + remove PI futexes failures. + * patches/all/submitted-readme-version.diff: fix the upstream version + number in upstream README. Closes: bug#516908. + * debian/rules.d/build.mk: disable the testsuite on ball/mayr/mayer/rem + build daemons. + * debian/rules.d/info.mk: new file to dump useful info in the build log. + * debian/rules: always define and export SHELL as "/bin/bash -e". + Closes: bug#517077. + * patches/any/cvs-bz7058-nss_nss-nis.diff: new patch to fix crash when + doing host lookup with nss-nis. Closes: bug#517094. + * Add debian/libc6-mips{n32,64}.symbols.mips{el,} symbol files. + * debian/debhelper.in/glibc-source.install, debian/rules.d/build.mk: + switch the format of glibc-source to lzma, sparing 6MB. + * debian/libc6.1.symbols.{alpha,ia64}: fix symbols. + * debian/*symbols*: rename symbols.common into libc6.symbols.common. + * rules.d/debhelper.mk: don't strip debugging symbols. Remove + debhelper.in/libc-dbg.{install,lintian} and wrappter/objcopy. + control.in/libc: update description of libc-dbg. Closes: bug#516516. + * patches/kfreebsd/local-scripts.diff: correctly define the soname of + libthread_db. + * libc0.1.symbols.common, libc0.1.symbols.kfreebsd-{amd64,i386], + libc0.1-i386.symbols.kfreebsd-amd64: new files. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Fri, 27 Feb 2009 19:01:26 +0100 + +glibc (2.9-3) unstable; urgency=low + + * debhelper.in/nscd.init: fix the for loop. Closes: bug#516509. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Sat, 21 Feb 2009 11:40:24 +0100 + +glibc (2.9-2) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * testsuite-checking/*: ignore tst-cpuclock2 test, as it fails on + machines using cpufreq. + * Rename submitted/cvs-tsd.diff into hppa/cvs-tsd.diff. + * patches/any/local-bashisms.diff: fix more bashisms in the testsuite. + * rules.d/build.mk: define SHELL as /bin/bash. + * patches/any/cvs-pthread_h.diff: patch from upstream to fix warning + in pthread.h. + * debhelper.in/libc.preinst: restart NSS services on upgrades from + versions prior to 2.9-1. + * debhelper.in/*symbols*, rules.d/debhelper.mk: allow linking against + private symbols again, but with a strict dependency on the upstream + version. + * debhelper.in/nscd.init: fix cache flushing on restart/reload. Closes: + bug#516212. + + [ Petr Salinger ] + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 2370 (from glibc-bsd). + * drop kfreebsd/local-sysdeps28.diff (merged into local-sysdeps.diff). + + -- Aurelien Jarno Fri, 20 Feb 2009 22:25:19 +0100 + +glibc (2.9-1) unstable; urgency=low + + Removed the changelog entries for earlier merges from the glibc-2.9 branch. + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * debian/rules.d/build.mk: enable stackguard randomization. Closes: + bug#511811. + * expected-results-i486-linux-gnu-libc, expected-results-i686-linux-i686: + Add tests that fail on a Xen machine. Sigh. + * any/local-linuxthreads-thread_self.diff: new patch to fix a warning on + linuxthreads builds. + * rules.d/build.mk: unset LANG to make sure testsuite errors are not + localized. + * debian/rules: remove *.mo file in the clean target. + * sysdeps/alpha.mk, control.in/main: use gcc-4.3 on alpha. + * debhelper.in/locales.postinst: make sure /etc/default/locale is always + created. Closes: bug#515099. + * debian/wrapper/objcopy: apply special strip to libraries only. Closes: + bug#513882. + * debian/localedata/locale-fr_FR.diff: revert change of week of day and + month abbreviations in fr_FR locale. Closes: bug#509191. + + [ Clint Adams ] + * patches/localedata/submitted-bz9835-en_GB-first_day.diff: new patch to + fix first_weekday and first_workday for en_GB. closes: #512343. + + [ Petr Salinger ] + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 2352 (from glibc-bsd). + * add kfreebsd/local-linuxthreads29.diff: + update to fix build on kfreebsd architectures. + + [ Samuel Thibault ] + * hurd-i386/cvs-resource-prio.diff: new patch to fix detection of PRIO_* + values in some packages + * hurd-i386/cvs-hurdsig-fix.diff: new patch to fix hurd signal FD locking. + * hurd-i386/cvs-report-wait-fix.diff: patch from CVS instead of + hurd-i386/submitted-report-wait.diff. + * hurd-i386/submitted-critical-sections.diff: new patch to fix some missing + critical sections. + * hurd-i386/submitted-dup2-fix.diff: new patch to fix dup2 FD locking. + * hurd-i386/local-net-headers.diff: new patch to install net/*.h headers. + * hurd-i386/local-tls-dtv-offset.diff: new patch to fix DTV_OFFSET macro. + * hurd-i386/local-pthread_posix-option.diff: put back to series. + * hurd-i386/local-check_native.diff: new patch to provide a dummy + __check_native() function. + * hurd-i386/cvs-get_pc_thunk.diff: new patch to fix missing + __i686.get_pc_thunk.bx reference. + * hurd-i386/submitted-dl-sysdep.diff: new patch to fix static linking. + * hurd-i386/submitted-stat.diff: clean up patch. + * hurd-i386/submitted-itimer-lock.diff: new patch fixing itimer unlocking. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Tue, 17 Feb 2009 22:49:15 +0100 + +glibc (2.9-0ubuntu12) jaunty; urgency=low + + * debian/patches/all/fedora-nss_dns-gethostbyname4-disable.diff: Patch + from Fedora 2.9-3 to temporarily disable _nss_dns_gethostbyname4_r, + which caused problems for systems with broken IPv6 connectivity + (LP: #313218, https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=459756). + + -- Colin Watson Sat, 21 Feb 2009 07:40:16 +0000 + +glibc (2.9-0ubuntu11) jaunty; urgency=low + + * Update patch arm/local-no-hwcap to flag HWCAP_ARM_VFP as an important + hwcap; this adds /lib/vfp, /usr/lib/vfp etc. to the ldconfig and ld.so + search path. + * Update patch arm/local-no-hwcap to drop HWCAP_ARM_FAST_MULT from important + hwcaps as fastmult is even present on StrongARM according to Wookey; + suggested by Riku Voipio. + + -- Loic Minier Mon, 16 Feb 2009 13:32:55 +0100 + +glibc (2.9-0ubuntu10) jaunty; urgency=low + + * Move locale generation programs back to libc6, belocs-locales-bin + is dead upstream, and more and more incapable of building current + locale definitions: + - debhelper.in/libc.install: Install localedef, locale, + update-locale, and validlocale again. (locale-def will be + shipped in langpack-locales, since it is closely related to it). + - debhelper.in/libc.manpages: Install manpages for above programs. + - sysdeps/depflags.pl: Conflicts/Replaces: belocs-locales-bin. + * Merged current fixes from Debian's glibc-2.9 branch (r3269). + + -- Martin Pitt Fri, 13 Feb 2009 18:31:04 +0100 + +glibc (2.9-0ubuntu9) jaunty; urgency=low + + * Merge with Debian, glibc-2.9 branch, r3244. + - Fix testsuite failure in locale test. + + -- Matthias Klose Mon, 19 Jan 2009 21:42:02 +0100 + +glibc (2.9-0ubuntu8) jaunty; urgency=low + + * Merge with Debian, glibc-2.9 branch, r3241. + * Apply localedata patches. LP: #318507. + * Remove progressions from expected test results. + + -- Matthias Klose Mon, 19 Jan 2009 18:26:53 +0100 + +glibc (2.9-0ubuntu7) jaunty; urgency=low + + [ Matthias Klose ] + * Merge with Debian, glibc-2.9 branch, r3226. + + [ Kees Cook ] + * Added debian/patches/any/cvs-bz-9720-resource.diff: upstream + fixes for resource.h mis-compile (LP: #302087). + + -- Kees Cook Thu, 08 Jan 2009 13:27:48 -0800 + +glibc (2.9-0exp1) UNRELEASED; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * New upstream release. + - This version has been tagged in the CVS, update debian/rules and + debian/rules.d/tarball.mk accordingly. + - shs_CA locale is enabled. Closes: #504663. + - fix snprintf with low-memory. Closes: #481543. + - fix mtrace warning message. Closes: #507488. + - Disable m68k/local-mathinline_h.diff. + - Update any/local-bashisms.diff. + - Update hurd-i386/local-tls-support.diff. + - Update localedata/locale-en_DK.diff. + - Update localedata/sort-UTF8-first.diff. + - Update localedata/supported.diff. + - Update localedata/first_weekday.diff. + - Remove all/submitted-iconv-latin9.diff (merged). + - Remove any/submitted-user_h.diff (merged). + - Remove any/cvs-bug-iconv6_tst-iconv7.diff (merged). + - Remove any/cvs-getaddrinfo.diff (merged). + - Remove any/cvs-iconv-braces.diff (merged). + - Remove any/cvs-nscd-getservbyport.diff (merged). + - Remove any/cvs-regex_anchor.diff (merged). + - Remove any/cvs-tst-regex.diff (merged). + - Remove any/submitted-rpcgen-makefile.diff (merged). + - Remove hppa/cvs-context.diff (merged). + - Remove hppa/submitted-atomic_h.diff (merged). + - Remove hppa/submitted-fesetenv.diff (merged). + - Remove hurd-i386/cvs-lock-memory-clobber.diff (merged). + - Remove hurd-i386/cvs-mig-init.diff (merged). + - Remove hurd-i386/cvs-MSG_NOSIGNAL.diff (merged). + - Remove hurd-i386/cvs-open_2.diff (merged). + - Remove hurd-i386/cvs-signal-werror.diff (merged). + - Remove hurd-i386/cvs-termios.diff (merged). + - Remove hurd-i386/cvs-fcntl-types.diff (merged). + - Remove mips/local-setjmp.diff (merged). + - Remove sparc/cvs-context.diff (merged). + - Remove localedata/locale-ks_IN.diff (replaced upstream by + ks_IN@devanagari). + - debian/shlibver: bump to 2.9. + - debian/locales-depver: bump to 2.9. + - debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: add a conflict on nscd (<< 2.9) to libc. + - Finnish (fi_FI) time format is fixed. closes: #468849. + * debhelper.in/locales.config: convert ks_IN into ks_IN@devanagari. + * symbols.wildcards: update for glibc 2.9. + * debhelper.in/*.lintian: update for glibc 2.9. + * testsuite-checking/compare.sh: don't assume expected and current + testsuite results in same order. Closes: bug#504031. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-powerpc64-linux-ppc64: update. + * debian/local/etc_init.d/glibc.sh: add Description and Short-Description. + Closes: bug#510083. + * Remove manpage that will be provided by manpages-dev. Closes: bug#506515, + bug#505784. + * debian/copyright: update. Closes: bug#506881. + * any/submitted-popen.diff: new patch from Gentoo to fix popen() on >= 2.6.27 + kernels. Closes: bug#512238. + * arm/submitted-setjmp.diff: new patch to fix build on arm. + * debian/rules: set BUILD_CC (host compiler) to gcc, and set CC (target + compiler) to gcc-4.3. The later can be override on a per target basis. + + [ Clint Adams ] + * patches/any/cvs-bz697-posix-regexec.diff: regex fix from Paolo Bonzini. + * patches/any/cvs-bz9697-posix-regcomp.diff: regex fix from Paolo Bonzini, + closes: #510219. + * patches/localedata/submitted-bz9725-locale-sv_SE.diff: fix from David + Weinehall for incorrect sv_SE date format. closes: #489960. + * patches/any/cvs-bz9706-nss_nss-files_files-parse.diff: unify NSS + behavior between 32-bit and 64-bit platforms. addresses: #483645. + * localedata/submitted-bz9730-locale-sv_FI.diff: make sv_FI time format + conform to that of fi_FI. closes: #489946. + * Rename patches/localedata/el_CY_euro.diff to + patches/localedata/submitted-bz9731-el_CY_euro.diff. + * Rename patches/localedata/dz_BT-collation.diff to + patches/localedata/submitted-bz9732-dz_BT-collation.diff. + + [ Arthur Loiret ] + * patches/any/local-nss-overflow.diff: new patch to ignore uids greater + than UINT_MAX. Closes: #483645. + * patches/hppa/submitted-tsd.diff: new patch from to fix build on hppa. + Closes: bug#511430. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Sun, 18 Jan 2009 23:25:16 +0100 + +glibc (2.9-0ubuntu6) jaunty; urgency=low + + [ Matthias Klose ] + * Merge with Debian, glibc-2.9 branch, r3200. + + [ Kees Cook ] + * Add debian/patches/ubuntu/no-sprintf-pre-truncate.diff: do not + pre-clear target buffers on sprintf to retain backward compatibility + (LP: #305901). + + -- Kees Cook Thu, 01 Jan 2009 13:28:59 -0800 + +glibc (2.9-0ubuntu5) jaunty; urgency=low + + * Mark tst-pselect.out as failing on armel. + + -- Matthias Klose Wed, 03 Dec 2008 23:16:24 +0100 + +glibc (2.9-0ubuntu4) jaunty; urgency=low + + * Mark tst-mqueue5.out as failing on sparcv9b. + * Mark tst-cpuclock2.out as failing on sparc. + + -- Matthias Klose Wed, 03 Dec 2008 01:33:20 +0100 + +glibc (2.9-0ubuntu3) jaunty; urgency=low + + * Update expected testsuite results for powerpc64. Fixes build failure + on powerpc. + * Build with gcc-4.3 on sparc again (still fails on the buildd, builds + on a T1000). + * debian/testsuite-checking/compare.sh: Robustify. + + -- Matthias Klose Sun, 30 Nov 2008 12:45:05 +0100 + +glibc (2.9-0ubuntu2) jaunty; urgency=low + + * Drop the build dependency on gcc-4.2-multilib on sparc for an initial build. + + -- Matthias Klose Sat, 29 Nov 2008 16:01:59 +0100 + +glibc (2.9-0ubuntu1) jaunty; urgency=low + + * New upstream, release, taken from the glibc-2_9-base tag. + - Remove patches applied upstream: any/cvs-bug-iconv6_tst-iconv7.diff, + sparc/cvs-context.diff, any/cvs-getaddrinfo.diff, + any/cvs-iconv-braces.diff, any/cvs-nscd-getservbyport.diff, + any/cvs-nscd-getservbyport.diff, any/cvs-tst-regex.diff, + any/cvs-regex_anchor.diff, hppa/submitted-atomic_h.diff, + hppa/submitted-fesetenv.diff, any/submitted-rpcgen-makefile.diff, + any/regexp_h___REPB_PREFIX.diff. + - Update patches: any/local-bashisms.diff, any/local-ipv6-lookup.diff. + - any/submitted-user_h.diff: Remove, replaced with #error stub. + - Use barriers and SMP-safe operations on ARM NPTL. LP: #303188. + * debian/symbols.wildcards: Update for 2.9. + * Add tst-tls6.out to expected test failures on sparc64. + * Merge with Debian, r3198. + * patches/arm/local-memset.diff: Performance improve on ARM memset. + + -- Matthias Klose Sat, 29 Nov 2008 15:25:22 +0100 + +glibc (2.8+20081027-0ubuntu10) jaunty; urgency=low + + * Mark tst-cancel7.out, tst-cancelx7.out, tst-cleanup0.out and tst-fmon.out + as failing on armel as well. + + -- Matthias Klose Sat, 15 Nov 2008 13:56:40 +0100 + +glibc (2.8+20081027-0ubuntu9) jaunty; urgency=low + + * debian/testsuite-checking/compare.sh: Output the contents of the failure + logs to the build log for non-regressions as well. + Report progressions as well. + * Mark test failures on armel as expected for a first build. + + -- Matthias Klose Sat, 15 Nov 2008 09:34:14 +0100 + +glibc (2.8+20081027-0ubuntu8) jaunty; urgency=low + + * debian/testsuite-checking/compare.sh: if there are regressions in + the test suite, output the contents of the failure logs to the build + log. (wanted for debugging current armel build failure) + + -- Steve Langasek Sat, 15 Nov 2008 00:44:59 +0000 + +glibc (2.8+20081027-0ubuntu7) jaunty; urgency=low + + * debian/sysdeps/ia64.mk, debian/sysdeps/sparc.mk, + debian/sysdeps/powerpc.mk, debian/sysdeps/linux.mk, + debian/script.in/kernelcheck.sh: make 2.6.15 the minimum kernel + version across all archs, because there are no major differences + between 2.6.15 and 2.6.18 for any architectures and this lets us run + jaunty chroots on kernels from Ubuntu 6.06 LTS. + + -- Steve Langasek Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:22:19 +0000 + +glibc (2.8+20081027-0ubuntu6) jaunty; urgency=low + + * debian/script.in/kernelcheck.sh: Treat `uname -m` == powerpc* or ppc* as + powerpc. (Argh.) + + -- Colin Watson Tue, 04 Nov 2008 01:48:57 +0000 + +glibc (2.8+20081027-0ubuntu5) jaunty; urgency=low + + * debian/script.in/kernelcheck.sh: Treat `uname -m` == sparc64 as sparc. + + -- Colin Watson Mon, 03 Nov 2008 12:39:47 +0000 + +glibc (2.8+20081027-0ubuntu4) jaunty; urgency=low + + * debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-ia64-linux-gnu-libc, + debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-powerpc-linux-gnu-libc, + debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-powerpc64-linux-ppc64, + debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-sparc-linux-gnu-libc, + debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-sparc64-linux-sparc64, + debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-sparcv9b-linux-sparcv9b: Add + tst-pselect, since the Ubuntu buildds for these architectures are still + running 2.6.15 and pselect is racy there. + + -- Colin Watson Mon, 03 Nov 2008 11:50:33 +0000 + +glibc (2.8+20081027-0ubuntu3) jaunty; urgency=low + + * debian/sysdeps/ia64.mk, debian/sysdeps/sparc.mk, + script.in/kernelcheck.sh: Set the minimal kernel version to 2.6.15 for + ia64 and sparc, whose Ubuntu buildds are also still running 2.6.15. + * debian/patches/ubuntu/stack-guard-quick-randomization.diff: Add test + changes from Fedora patch by Jakub Jelinek: + - elf/tst-stackguard1.c (do_test): Don't fail if the poor man's + randomization doesn't work well enough. + * debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-powerpc-linux-gnu-libc: + Expect failure from test-fenv, since it's been failing at least back to + Ubuntu 8.04 and this is probably due to use of an old kernel on the + Ubuntu powerpc buildds (LP: #292360). + + -- Colin Watson Sun, 02 Nov 2008 11:28:16 +0000 + +glibc (2.8+20081027-0ubuntu2) jaunty; urgency=low + + * Reapply changes from 2.8~20080505-0ubuntu7. + * debian/sysdeps/powerpc.mk, script.in/kernelcheck.sh: Set the + minimal kernel version to 2.6.15 for powerpc. + + -- Matthias Klose Sat, 01 Nov 2008 07:41:22 +0100 + +glibc (2.8+20081027-0ubuntu1) jaunty; urgency=low + + * Merge with Debian; remaining changes: + - Packaging: + + External tzdata + + Use external locale information + + Addition of Niagara and Niagara2 optimised libraries + + GFDL Documentation added back in, build glibc-doc from this source. + + Transition from /usr/include/ppc64-linux-gnu to powerpc64-linux-gnu + + Use dpkg triggers for ldconfig + + Do not die if extra libc libraries or symlinks found + + Do not do a test run of nscd when starting + + Only apply patches we actually use in Ubuntu + + Use /lib and /usr/lib for amd64 + + amd64 biarch is i686, not i486. + + Non-optimised i386 glibc is Xen-friendly. + + Support sparcv9v, v9v2, 64b, 64v, 64v2 + + Add support for lpia. + + Use .conf for files in /etc/ld.so.conf.d. + - Patches: + + Applied any/local-ipv6-lookup. + + Not applied any/local-sysctl. + * testsuite-checking: Use Debian's testsuite checking, sort expected and + current test results before comparing. + + -- Matthias Klose Fri, 31 Oct 2008 19:05:39 +0100 + +glibc (2.8+20080809-3) experimental; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * New upstream release. + - Fix conversions to ISO-2022-JP. Closes: #466340. + - "Tarballs are a completely outdated concept": + + use a flat .orig.tar.gz + + rules.d/tarball.mk: remove all, add a get-orig-source target + + rules.d/quilt.mk: fix the unpatch target + - Update any/cvs-getaddrinfo.diff. + - Update any/submitted-i686-timing.diff. + - Update hurd-i386/cvs-lock-memory-clobber.diff. + - Update kfreebsd/local-sys_queue_h.diff + - Update locale/preprocessor-collate-uli-sucks.diff + - Update localedata/tailor-iso14651_t1.diff. + - Update localedata/locales-fr.diff. + - Update localedata/cy_GB-first_weekday.diff. + - Update localedata/fr_BE-first_weekday.diff. + - Update localedata/fr_CA-first_weekday.diff. + - Update localedata/fr_CH-first_weekday.diff. + - Update localedata/fr_LU-first_weekday.diff. + - Remove alpha/submitted-xstat.diff (outdated). + - Remove amd64/cvs-vdso_clock_gettime.diff (merged). + - Remove arm/cvs-ioperm.diff (merged). + - Remove arm/cvs-gcc4-inline.diff (merged). + - Remove arm/local-args6.diff (merged). + - Remove arm/submitted-RTLD_SINGLE_THREAD_P.diff (merged). + - Remove hppa/cvs-atomic.diff (merged). + - Remove hppa/cvs-lowlevellock.diff (merged). + - Remove hurd-i386/cvs-kernel-features.diff (merged). + - Remove hurd-i386/cvs-O_CLOEXEC_fix.diff (merged). + - Remove hurd-i386/cvs-epfnosupport.diff (merged). + - Remove hurd-i386/cvs-df.diff (merged). + - Remove hurd-i386/cvs-blocked-exceptions.diff (merged). + - Remove i386/cvs-short-for-fnstsw.diff (merged). + - Remove mips/cvs-memory-barriers.diff (merged). + - Remove mips/cvs-mknod.diff (merged). + - Remove mips/cvs-fcsr.diff (merged). + - Remove mips/cvs-mipsn32.diff (merged). + - Remove sh4/cvs-nptl-private-futexes.diff (merged). + - Remove all/cvs-gai_conf.diff (merged). + - Remove any/cvs-epoll_h.diff (merged). + - Remove any/cvs-ether_line.diff (merged). + - Remove any/cvs-ethertype.diff (merged). + - Remove any/cvs-fchmodat.diff (merged). + - Remove any/cvs-gcc-4.3.diff (merged). + - Remove any/cvs-iconv-iso2022jp-loop-bug.diff (merged). + - Remove any/cvs-isoc99_vscanf.diff (merged). + - Remove any/cvs-rfc3484.diff (merged). + - Remove any/cvs-sched_h.diff (merged). + - Remove any/cvs-strerror_r.diff (merged). + - Remove any/local-strfry.diff (merged). + - Remove any/cvs-strtod.diff (merged). + - Remove any/cvs-tzfile.diff (merged). + - Remove any/cvs-vfscanf.diff (merged). + - Remove any/cvs-sunrpc_rpc_thread.diff (merged). + - Remove any/cvs-wchar_h.diff (merged). + - Remove any/local-dl-execstack.diff (outdated). + - Remove any/local-gcc4-wcstol_l.diff (outdated). + - Remove any/local-ip6-localhost.diff (fixed differently). + - Remove any/local-notls.diff (outdated). + - Remove any/submitted-ieee754_h.diff (merged). + - Remove any/submitted-link-local_resolver.diff (merged). + - Remove localedata/cvs-locale-ig_NG.diff (merged). + - Remove localedata/cvs-locale-lo_LA.diff (merged). + - Remove localedata/cvs-locale-ug_CN.diff (merged). + - Remove localedata/locale-es_CR.diff (merged). + - Remove localedata/locale-pt_PT.diff (merged). + - Add patches/alpha/submitted-creat64.diff from Gentoo. + - Add patches/alpha/submitted-dl-support.diff from Gentoo. + - debian/shlibver: bump to 2.8. + - debian/locales-depver: bump to 2.8. + * Convert all patch to patchlevel -p1. Closes: #485165. + * debian/rules.d/quilt.mk: add a refresh target. + * local/manpages/*: fix comments to make lintian happy. + * locale/check-unknown-symbols.diff: changes errors to warnings. + * debian/control.in/main: update Standards-Version to 3.8.0: + - Add debian/README.source. + * debian/rules, debian/rules.d/build.mk, debian/testsuite-checking/*: + implement regression check, based on a patch from Carlos O'Donell. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-alpha-linux-gnu-libc: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-alphaev67-linux-alphaev67: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-arm-linux-gnueabi-libc: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-hppa-linux-gnu-libc: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-i486-kfreebsd-gnu-libc: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-i486-linux-gnu-libc: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-i686-kfreebsd-i386: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-i686-kfreebsd-i686: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-i686-linux-i386: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-i686-linux-i686: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-i686-linux-xen: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-ia64-linux-gnu-libc: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-mips-linux-gnu-libc: new file + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-mips32-linux-mipsn32: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-mips64-linux-mips64: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-mips32el-linux-mipsn32: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-mips64el-linux-mips64: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-mipsel-linux-gnu-libc: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-powerpc-linux-gnu-libc: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-powerpc64-linux-ppc64: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-s390-linux-gnu-libc: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-s390x-linux-s390x: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-sparc64-linux-sparc64: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-sparc-linux-gnu-libc: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-sparcv9b-linux-sparcv9b: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-x86_64-kfreebsd-gnu-libc: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-x86_64-linux-amd64: new file. + * testsuite-checking/expected-results-x86_64-linux-gnu-libc: new file. + * control.in/main: build-depends on dpkg (>= 1.14.17). + * Add symbols files for the various libraries, based on a patch by + Raphaël Hertzog. Closes: #462444. + * localedata/supported.diff: sort locales by alphabetical order. Closes: + #493231. + * debian/rules, debian/rules.d/build.mk, debian/sysdeps.mk/*: use a common + huge TIMEOUTFACTOR for all architectures. + * debian/sysdeps/mipsel.mk: use the correct triplet for mipsn32 and mips64 + builds. + * debian/sysdeps/kfreebsd-amd64.mk: remove wrong symlink /lib32/lib32. + * debian/sysdeps/amd64.mk,kfreebsd-amd64.mk: enable i686 optimizations. + * debhelper.in/locales-all.prerm, debhelper.in/locales.postinst: remove + prepended path. + * debian/sysdeps/hppa.mk: use relative symlinks for hppa64 include + directories. + * patches/all/submitted-iconv-latin9.diff: add latin9 as an alias to + latin-9 for consistency with other charsets. Closes: #497449. + * rules, rules.d/build.mk, debhelper.in/glibc-doc.manpages: install + preprocessed manpages instead of raw ones. + * debian/sysdeps/*.mk, script.in/kernelcheck.sh: bump minimal kernel + version to 2.6.18. Closes: #499689. + * debian/control.in/main: add Vcs-Svn and Vcs-Browser field. Closes: + #499769. + * debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: add a conflict on nscd (<< 2.8) to libc + Closes: #498516). + * rules, rules.d/build.mk, debhelper.in/glibc-doc.manpages: install the + generated manpages. + * any/cvs-bug-iconv6_tst-iconv7.diff: new patch from upstream to fix + bug-iconv6 and tst-iconv7 when the locales package is not installed. + + [ Petr Salinger ] + * add any/local-linuxthreads-ptw.diff. Closes: #494908. + * add kfreebsd/local-sysdeps28.diff, glibc 2.8 specific kfreebsd sysdeps. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Mon, 13 Oct 2008 18:28:11 +0200 + +glibc (2.8~20080505-0ubuntu7) intrepid; urgency=low + + * Add debian/patches/ubuntu/stack-guard-quick-randomization.diff: do + light-weight randomization of the stack guard value instead of using + a static sentinel (LP: #275493). + + -- Kees Cook Sun, 28 Sep 2008 09:30:01 -0700 + +glibc (2.8~20080505-0ubuntu6) intrepid; urgency=low + + [ Matthias Klose ] + * Add debian/patches/any/regexp_h___REPB_PREFIX.diff patch (LP: #234056): + fix xview FTBFS error (Devid Filoni). LP: #234056. + + [ Michael Vogt ] + * sysdeps/depflags.pl: + - really add "findutils (>= 4.4.0-2ubuntu2)" to the libc6 depends, + this needs to be done in sysdeps/depflags.pl the regular + depend lines in debian/control.in/libc are just ignored + (LP: #234345) + + -- Michael Vogt Fri, 20 Jun 2008 17:28:24 +0200 + +glibc (2.8~20080505-0ubuntu5) intrepid; urgency=low + + * Do not run the testsuite on hppa ("threading on hppa is kinda goofy, + so the thread-stressing testsuite breaks"). + + -- Matthias Klose Tue, 10 Jun 2008 14:37:08 +0200 + +glibc (2.8~20080505-0ubuntu4) intrepid; urgency=low + + [ Michael Vogt ] + * debian/control: + - add a depends on findutils (>= 4.4.0-2ubuntu2) to libc6 to ensure + that xargs is unpacked before the new libc6 is unpacked. The xargs + from hardy crashes with the libc6 from intrepid (LP: #234345) + + [ Matthias Klose ] + * Merge Debian 2.7-12: + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * patches/alpha/submitted-procfs_h.diff: don't include elf/asm.h on alpha, + as it has been removed from linux-libc-dev. + * patch/arm/cvs-ioperm.diff: don't include asm/page.h as it has been removed + from linux-libc-dev. Closes: #480892. + * patches/hppa/cvs-atomic.diff: don't remove "memory" asm constraint. Fixes + FTBFS on hppa. + * Update Swedish debconf translation, by Martin Bagge. Closes: #482467. + * sysdeps/amd64.mk, sysdeps/i386.mk, control.in/main: bump g++-4.3 build-depends + to (>= 4.3.0-2) to make sure the cld fix is applied. Use gcc-4.3 on amd64 + and i386. + * patches/any/cvs-iconv-braces.diff: new patch from upstream to fix various + iconv bugs. + * local/manpages/nscd.conf.5: update nscd.conf manpage. Closes: #482505. + + [ Clint Adams ] + * Add any/cvs-regex_anchor.diff to fix performance anomaly with ^$. + closes: #475474. + + [ Samuel Thibault ] + * patches/hurd-i386/cvs-termios.diff: update patch, fixes compilation of jove. + * patches/hurd-i386/local-pthread-unsupported-stubs.diff: new patch to + declare the unsupported function stubs, fixes compilation of pike. Also + bump the dependency on hurd-dev to get . + * patches/hurd-i386/local-unlockpt-chroot.diff: new patch to fix ptys in + chroots. + + -- Matthias Klose Tue, 03 Jun 2008 16:07:12 +0200 + +glibc (2.8~20080505-0ubuntu3) intrepid; urgency=low + + * Merge from Debian: + - patches/any/local-no-pagesize.diff: don't include asm/page.h from + sys/user.h on alpha. Closes: #480295. + - patches/any/submitted-user_h.diff: don't include linux/user.h from + sys/user.h. Closes: #480093. + - patches/hppa/submitted-fesetenv.diff: fix fesetenv() on hppa with + gcc-4.3. + - sysdeps/arm.mk, sysdeps/hppa.mk, sysdeps/s390.mk, control.in/main: use + gcc-4.3 on arm, hppa and s390. + - debian/shlibs-add-udebs: new script from Frans Pop to correctly compute + the udev dependencies. Closes: #474293. + - rules.d/debhelper.mk: remove linda overrides installation. + - debhelper.in/*lintian: update. + - control.in/main: relax a few dependencies. + - rules.d/debhelper.mk: avoid creating empty directories when building + libc6-dbg. + + -- Matthias Klose Sun, 11 May 2008 13:09:59 +0200 + +glibc (2.8~20080505-0ubuntu2) intrepid; urgency=low + + * Don't build-depend on g++-multilib on lpia. + + -- Matthias Klose Fri, 09 May 2008 20:20:05 +0200 + +glibc (2.8~20080505-0ubuntu1) intrepid; urgency=low + + * New upstream version, built from a prerelease tarball. + - Remove patches applied upstream: amd64/cvs-vdso_clock_gettime.diff, + hppa/cvs-atomic.diff, hppa/hppalll.diff, sparc/submitted-v9v2.diff, + all/cvs-gai_conf.diff, any/cvs-epoll_h.diff, any/cvs-ether_line.diff, + any/cvs-ethertype.diff, any/cvs-fchmodat.diff, any/cvs-gcc-4.3.diff, + any/cvs-iconv-iso2022jp-loop-bug.diff, any/cvs-rfc3484.diff, + any/cvs-sched_h.diff, any/cvs-strtod.diff, any/cvs-tzfile.diff, + any/cvs-vfscanf.diff, any/cvs-wchar_h.diff, + any/cvs-sunrpc_rpc_thread.diff, any/cvs-strerror_r.diff, + any/cvs-short-for-fnstsw.diff, any/local-strfry.diff, + any/submitted-ieee754_h.diff, any/submitted-link-local_resolver.diff. + - Update patches: i386/submitted-i686-timing.diff. + * debian/*.symbols*: + - Add new symbols. + - Remove GLIBC_PRIVATE symbols not found anymore in 2.8: + _dl_tls_get_addr_soft@GLIBC_PRIVATE, __nss_services_lookup@GLIBC_PRIVATE. + * debhelper.in/libc.install: Relax file location for snapshot builds. + + -- Matthias Klose Fri, 09 May 2008 14:22:01 +0200 + +glibc (2.7-18) unstable; urgency=low + + * patches/localedata/mt_MT_euro.diff, patches/localedata/el_CY_euro.diff: + new patches to switch Cyprus and Malta currency to Euro. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Sun, 04 Jan 2009 11:28:23 +0100 + +glibc (2.7-17) unstable; urgency=low + + * patches/localedata/sk_SK_euro.diff: new patch to switch Slovakia + currency to Euro. Closes: bug#510423. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Fri, 02 Jan 2009 22:49:53 +0100 + +glibc (2.7-16) unstable; urgency=low + + * patches/any/submitted-rpcgen-makefile.diff: new patch to fix fancy + Makefile filename when using rpcgen -a. Closes: bug#503182. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Thu, 23 Oct 2008 15:39:04 +0200 + +glibc (2.7-15) unstable; urgency=low + + * debhelper.in/locales.config, debhelper.in/locales.postinst: modify + /etc/locale.gen instead of regenerating it. Closes: bug#494468. + * any/cvs-nscd-getservbyport.diff: new patch from upstream to fix getservbyport() + when nscd is used. Closes: bug#500055. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Sun, 12 Oct 2008 23:04:27 +0200 + +glibc (2.7-14) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Petr Salinger ] + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 2322 (from glibc-bsd). + * extend kfreebsd/local-ftw.diff: do not use *at functions also in glob.c, + this patch is applied only on kfreebsd, fixes globtest.out failure. + * any/local-linuxthreads-weak.diff: new patch to pass + stdio-common/scanf15.out test on linuxthreads platforms, + although it seems to be rather gcc 4.x bug, see GCC Bugzilla Bug 37266. + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * patches/mips/cvs-mknod.diff: new patch from upstream to allow > 255 minors + on mips. Closes: #493751. + * patches/sparc/cvs-context.diff: new patch from upstream to add + getcontext(), setcontext(), makecontext() on Sparc. Closes: #295173. + * patches/hppa/cvs-context.diff: new patch from upstream to add + getcontext(), setcontext(), makecontext() on PARISC. Closes: #492778. + * any/local-ip6-localhost.diff: new patch from upstream BTS, to remove the + ::1 -> 127.0.0.1 mapping. + * any/cvs-isoc99_vscanf.diff: new patch from upstream to fix vscanf on + non-GNU compilers. + * Fix nosegneg pseudo hwcap. Closes: #499366. + + [ Samuel Thibault ] + * patches/hurd-i386/cvs-lock-memory-clobber.diff: new patch from upstream + to fix safety of locks. + * patches/hurd-i386/local-pthread_posix-option.diff: new patch to advertise + the libpthread from the hurd packages. + * patches/hurd-i386/cvs-signal-werror.diff: new patch to fix gdb compilation. + * patches/hurd-i386/local-tls-support.diff: fix cthread compilation. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Sat, 20 Sep 2008 10:00:36 +0200 + +glibc (2.7-13) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * Update Brazilian Portuguese debconf translation, by Felipe Augusto van de + Wiel. Closes: #485381. + * patches/any/cvs-getaddrinfo.diff: new patch from CVS to correctly + initialize internal resolver structures in getaddrinfo(). Closes: + #489586. + * Update Romanian debconf translation, by Eddy PetriÅŸor. Closes: #488734. + * any/cvs-tst-regex.diff: new patch from CVS to add a timeout to tst-regex. + Closes: #489856. + * control.in/main: build depends on gcc-4.3 (>= 4.3.0-7), remove + mips/local-gcc-ice.diff. + * Update Swedish debconf translation, by Martin Bagge. Closes: #492191. + * Revert the changes to patches/hppa/cvs-atomic.diff, it was not the cause + of the "tst-regex problem". + * hppa/cvs-lowlevellock.diff: new patch from upstream to fix build of NPTL + glibc on hppa. Closes: #486589. + + [ Petr Salinger] + * debian/sysdeps/kfreebsd.mk: also use the bsm/ directory from kernel + headers. + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 2265 (from glibc-bsd). + * Disable call to "GL(dl_wait_lookup_done)" in linuxthreads builds. Proper + solution still have to be created. Stop crashes in mean time. See #489066. + + [ Samuel Thibault ] + * patches/hurd-i386/cvs-MSG_NOSIGNAL.diff: New patch to implement + MSG_NOSIGNAL. + * patches/hurd-i386/local-msg-nosignal.diff: Forcibly set MSG_NOSIGNAL to 0 + until pfinet gets recompiled. Only apply on hurd-i386. + * Use gcc-4.3 on hurd-i386. + * patches/hurd-i386/cvs-open_2.diff: New patch to implement __open_2 + and __openat_2. Together with kfreebsd update closes: #489357. + * patches/hurd-i386/local-pthread_types.diff: New patch to drag pthread + types from hurd headers. Bump the hurd-dev dependency version + accordingly. + * patches/hurd-i386/cvs-fcntl-types.diff: New patch to include + from like on Linux. Fixes a lot of FTBFS on + hurd. + * patches/hurd-i386/local-tls.diff: Resync with upstream. + * patches/hurd-i386/local-tls-support.diff: Make tls.h also include + and include , like on Linux. + * patches/hurd-i386/submitted-trivial.diff: Remove, thanks to updated tls.h. + + [ Pierre Habouzit ] + * Cherry-pick upstream fixes with respect to locale rwlocks, merge them into + patches/any/cvs-strerror_r.diff. Closes: #489906. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Tue, 29 Jul 2008 03:09:20 +0200 + +glibc (2.7-12) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * patches/alpha/submitted-procfs_h.diff: don't include elf/asm.h on alpha, + as it has been removed from linux-libc-dev. + * patch/arm/cvs-ioperm.diff: don't include asm/page.h as it has been removed + from linux-libc-dev. Closes: #480892. + * patches/hppa/cvs-atomic.diff: don't remove "memory" asm constraint. Fixes + FTBFS on hppa. + * Update Swedish debconf translation, by Martin Bagge. Closes: #482467. + * sysdeps/amd64.mk, sysdeps/i386.mk, control.in/main: bump g++-4.3 build-depends + to (>= 4.3.0-2) to make sure the cld fix is applied. Use gcc-4.3 on amd64 + and i386. + * patches/any/cvs-iconv-braces.diff: new patch from upstream to fix various + iconv bugs. + * local/manpages/nscd.conf.5: update nscd.conf manpage. Closes: #482505. + + [ Clint Adams ] + * Add any/cvs-regex_anchor.diff to fix performance anomaly with ^$. + closes: #475474. + + [ Samuel Thibault ] + * patches/hurd-i386/cvs-termios.diff: update patch, fixes compilation of jove. + * patches/hurd-i386/local-pthread-unsupported-stubs.diff: new patch to + declare the unsupported function stubs, fixes compilation of pike. Also + bump the dependency on hurd-dev to get . + * patches/hurd-i386/local-unlockpt-chroot.diff: new patch to fix ptys in + chroots. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Mon, 02 Jun 2008 19:14:35 +0200 + +glibc (2.7-11ubuntu1) intrepid; urgency=low + + * Merge with Debian (r2892:2919). + - Packaging: + + External tzdata + + Use external locale information + + Addition of Niagara and Niagara2 optimised libraries + + GFDL Documentation added back in, build glibc-doc from this source. + + Transition from /usr/include/ppc64-linux-gnu to powerpc64-linux-gnu + + Use dpkg triggers for ldconfig + + Do not die if extra libc libraries or symlinks found + + Do not do a test run of nscd when starting + + Only apply patches we actually use in Ubuntu + + Use /lib and /usr/lib for amd64 + + amd64 biarch is i686, not i486. + + Non-optimised i386 glibc is Xen-friendly. + + Support sparcv9v, v9v2, 64b, 64v, 64v2 + + Add support for lpia. + + Call `sync' before building the tarball of supported locales. + + Downgrade priority of debconf questions for RELEASE_UPGRADE_MODE=desktop. + + Use the package settings for *FLAGS, not the settings from the env. + + Fail the build when regressions are detected in the testsuite. + + Build with GCC-4.3 on amd64 and i386. + - Patches: + + sparc/submitted-v9v2 + + hppa/hppalll + + Applied any/local-ipv6-lookup. + + Not applied any/local-sysctl. + * any/cvs-short-for-fnstsw.diff: Backport from the trunk, fix build failure + with binutils from trunk. + + -- Matthias Klose Thu, 08 May 2008 12:06:01 +0200 + +glibc (2.7-11) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * Reenable testsuite on MIPS SB1 platforms. + * mips/cvs-memory-barriers.diff: new patch from CVS to fix test_and_set. + * mips/cvs-fcsr.diff: new patch from CVS to fix floating point control + register accesses. + * local/manpages/ld.so.8: fix libraries search order. Closes: #473458. + * Update Finish debconf translation, by Esko Arajärvi. Closes: #473802. + * Replace patches/mips/submitted-mipsn32.diff by the version merged + upstream. + * patches/hppa/cvs-atomic.diff: new patch from upstream to fix atomic + locks witch gcc-4.3. + * patches/any/cvs-rfc3484.diff: update tests from CVS. Closes: #474226. + * patches/localedata/locale-shs_CA.diff: add Secwepemctsín from CVS. + * debhelper.in/libc-prof.README.Debian: new file to explain how to use + libc-prof. Closes: #442858. + * patches/any/cvs-ethertype.diff: new patch to add new ETHERTYPE_* + definitions. Closes: #474171. + * sysdeps/depflags.pl: conflicts with tzdata-etch. + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 2163 (from glibc-bsd). + * patches/s390/submitted-nexttowardf.diff: fix IEEE exceptions raising in + nexttowardf() on s390 with gcc-4.3. + * sysdeps/arm.mk, sysdeps/s390.mk, control.in/main: use gcc-4.3 on arm + and s390. + + [ Pierre Habouzit ] + * Add any/cvs-strerror_r.diff to make strerror_r actually thread safe. + Closes: #456531. + + [ Samuel Thibault ] + * patches/hurd-i386/cvs-termios.diff: new patch to revamp ioctls/termios + bits. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Mon, 05 May 2008 22:24:48 +0200 + +glibc (2.7-10ubuntu3) hardy; urgency=low + + * Probably built on the good buildds last time; pessimize expected + test results on ia64, i386. + * debian/expected_test_summary: Fix typos in expected sparc results. + + -- Matthias Klose Sat, 05 Apr 2008 00:03:19 +0200 + +glibc (2.7-10ubuntu2) hardy; urgency=low + + * Adjust debian/expected_test_summary: + - Fix typo for i386 xen. + - crypt/sha512c fails on i386 (log-test-i486-linux-gnu-libc), but not on + the PPA build. + - Add current results for ia64, powerpc, sparc. + + -- Matthias Klose Fri, 04 Apr 2008 09:09:37 +0200 + +glibc (2.7-10ubuntu1) hardy; urgency=low + + * Merge remaining changes from 2.7-10 (r2869:2892). + * If RELEASE_UPGRADE_MODE is set to `desktop', make the glibc/restart-services, + glibc/restart-failed and glibc/upgrade questions of medium priority (and + restarting the services automatically). LP: #174002. + Works as well around the upgrade errors mentioned in LP #205079 in a KDE + environment, when the upgrade is done using the update-manager. + * debian/rules: Always use the package settings for *FLAGS, not the settings + from the environment. + * Fail the build if regressions are found running the testsuite compared to + expected results from debian/expected_test_summary. Take initial values + from a PPA build predating this upload. + * Merge from Debian trunk: + - local/manpages/ld.so.8: fix libraries search order. Closes: #473458. + - Update Finish debconf translation, by Esko Arajärvi. Closes: #473802. + - Add any/cvs-strerror_r.diff to make strerror_r actually thread safe. + Closes: #456531. + * debian/rules.d/build.mk: Call `sync' before building the tarball of + supported locales. Our buildds trigger http://lkml.org/lkml/2007/8/1/337 + on every build. + + -- Matthias Klose Thu, 03 Apr 2008 21:50:42 +0200 + +glibc (2.7-10) unstable; urgency=low + + * Update Chinese debconf translation, by LI Daobing. + * Update Dutch debconf translation, by Bart Cornelis. Closes: #468300. + * Update Polish debconf translation, by Emilian Nowak. + * Update Vietnamese debconf translation, by Clytie Siddall. Closes: #468453. + * Update Basque debconf translation, by Piarres Beobide. Closes: #468463. + * Update Romanian debconf translation, by Stan Ioan-Eugen. Closes: #468671. + * Update Czech debconf translation, by Miroslav Kure. Closes: #468910. + * Update Russian debconf translation, by Sergey Alyoshin. Closes: #469037. + * Update Korean debconf translation, by Sunjae Park. Closes: #469097. + * Update French debconf translation, by Christian Perrier. Closes: #469249. + * patches/localedata/locale-es_CR.diff: chane AM/PM format to "a.m./p.m." + from "A.M/P.M.". + * Remove uk_UA from patches/localedata/first_weekday.diff: merged upstream + in a different way. Closes: bug#469439. + * patches/any/cvs-rfc3484.diff: update from CVS to allow the definition of + IPv4 scopes in /etc/gai.conf. + * patches/all/cvs-gai_conf.diff: update gai.conf from CVS to also mention + Teredo tunnels and scopev4 defaults. + * sysdeps/mips.mk, sysdeps/mipsel.mk: define TIMEOUTFACTOR. + * patches/any/cvs-strtod.diff: new patch from CVS to fix strtod(). Closes: + #465769. + * Update Italian debconf translation, by Luca Monducci. Closes: #469985. + * control.in/main, sysdeps/*.mk, rules: build with gcc-4.3 by default, + except on alpha, arm, hppa, s390 and hurd-i386. + * rules, rules.d/build.mk: fix parallel build. + * control.in/main: build witch gcc-4.2 on i386 and amd64, as gcc-4.3 does + not emit cld instructions in the prologue of the functions anymore. + Closes: #469568. + * debian/rules.d/build.mk: disable testsuite on ARM machines running a + 2.6.21 to 2.6.24 kernel. + * Replace any/submitted-gcc-4.3.diff by any/cvs-gcc-4.3.diff. + * debhelper.in/libc.preinst, debhelper.in/libc.postinst: remove support for + upgrade from Potato, and misc fixes. + * control.in/main, rules.d/control.mk: remove @threads_arches@, as all + architectures now support threads. + * control.in/main, debhelper.in/glibc-source.install: build a glibc-source + package. + * sysdeps/mips.mk, sysdeps/mipsel.mk, control.in/main: enable n32 and 64 + flavours. Closes: #341884. + * Update Arabic debconf translation, by Ossama Khayat. Closes: #471472. + * rules.d/build.mk: reset LDFLAGS, as dpkg now defines it to a default + value which breaks the glibc. + * patches/mips/local-gcc-ice.diff: decrease optimisations on a few files + to workaround gcc ICE on mips/mipsel n32/64. + + [ Samuel Thibault ] + * patches/hurd-i386/cvs-blocked-exceptions.diff: new patch to dump + core when a blocked exception arises. + * patches/hurd-i386/cvs-df.diff: new patch to clear DF for signal + handlers (Closes: #470021). + * patches/hurd-i386/local-gcc-4.1-init-first.diff: update and actually + apply. + * patches/hurd-i386/submitted-mig-init.diff: new patch to fix uninitialized + local variables. + * patches/hurd-i386/local-pthread_stubs.diff: new patch to use libpthread + stubs from libpthread-stubs. Add libpthread-stubs0-dev dependency on + hurd-i386. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Thu, 27 Mar 2008 23:09:00 +0100 + +glibc (2.7-9ubuntu2) hardy; urgency=low + + * Clear out LDFLAGS when building; glibc isn't happy building with + -Wl,-Bsymbolic-functions. LP: #201673 + + -- Steve Langasek Thu, 13 Mar 2008 08:34:28 +0000 + +glibc (2.7-9ubuntu1) hardy; urgency=low + + * Merge with Debian (r2869); remaining changes: + - Packaging: + + External tzdata + + Use external locale information + + Addition of Niagara and Niagara2 optimised libraries + + GFDL Documentation added back in, build glibc-doc from this source. + + Transition from /usr/include/ppc64-linux-gnu to powerpc64-linux-gnu + + Use dpkg triggers for ldconfig + + Do not die if extra libc libraries or symlinks found + + Do not do a test run of nscd when starting + + Only apply patches we actually use in Ubuntu + + Use /lib and /usr/lib for amd64 + + amd64 biarch is i686, not i486. + + Non-optimised i386 glibc is Xen-friendly. + + Support sparcv9v, v9v2, 64b, 64v, 64v2 + + Add support for lpia. + - Patches: + + sparc/submitted-v9v2 + + hppa/hppalll + + Applied any/local-ipv6-lookup. + + Not applied any/local-sysctl. + * debian/sysdeps/*.mk: Still build main flavours with -O3 (using gcc-4.2). + * Use .conf for files in /etc/ld.so.conf.d. LP: #70315 + + * patches/any/local-ipv6-lookup.diff: Update (Tollef van Heen). + + [changes from Debian svn after -9] + * Update Chinese debconf translation, by LI Daobing. + * Update Dutch debconf translation, by Bart Cornelis. Closes: #468300. + * Update Polish debcon translation, by Emilian Nowak. + * Update Vietnamese debconf translation, by Clytie Siddall. Closes: #468453. + * Update Basque debconf translation, by Piarres Beobide. Closes: #468463. + * Update Romanian debconf translation, by Stan Ioan-Eugen. Closes: #468671. + * Update Czech debconf translation, by Miroslav Kure. Closes: #468910. + * Update Russian debconf translation, by Sergey Alyoshin. Closes: #469037. + * Update Korean debconf translation, by Sunjae Park. Closes: #469097. + * Update French debconf translation, by Christian Perrier. Closes: #469249. + * patches/localedata/locale-es_CR.diff: chane AM/PM format to "a.m./p.m." + from "A.M/P.M.". + * Remove uk_UA from patches/localedata/first_weekday.diff: merged upstream + in a different way. Closes: bug#469439. + * patches/any/cvs-rfc3484.diff: update from CVS to allow the definition of + IPv4 scopes in /etc/gai.conf. + * patches/all/cvs-gai_conf.diff: update gai.conf from CVS to also mention + Teredo tunnels and scopev4 defaults. + * sysdeps/mips.mk, sysdeps/mipsel.mk: define TIMEOUTFACTOR. + * patches/any/cvs-strtod.diff: new patch from CVS to fix strtod(). Closes: + #465769. + * Update Italian debconf translation, by Lica Monducci. Closes: #469985. + * control.in/main, sysdeps/*.mk, rules: build with gcc-4.3 by default, + except on alpha, arm, armel, hppa, s390 and hurd-i386. + * rules, rules.d/build.mk: fix parallel build. + * control.in/main: build-depends on gcc-4.3 (>= 4.3.0-2) to make sure a cld + instruction is emitted in the prologue of functions using stringops. + Closes: #469568. + * debian/rules.d/build.mk: disable testsuite on ARM machines running a + 2.6.21 to 2.6.24 kernel. + + -- Matthias Klose Wed, 12 Mar 2008 22:08:00 +0100 + +glibc (2.7-9) unstable; urgency=low + + * patches/any/local-ldso-disable-hwcap.diff: revert previous changes + as they break etch -> lenny upgrades. Closes: #465753. + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 2137 (from glibc-bsd). + * any/submitted-link-local_resolver.diff: kernel 2.6.24 is out, don't wait + indefinitely for upstream. This patch from Pierre Ynard adds support for + link-local addresses in /etc/resolv.conf. + * Factorize NSS detection code: + - debhelper.in/libc.preinst, debhelper.in/libc.postinst: move NSS code + to... + - script.in/nsscheck.sh: ... this file. + - rules.d/debhelper.mk: Replace NSS_CHECK with code from + script.in/nsscheck.sh. + * debhelper.in/libc.preinst, debhelper.in/libc.templates: debconfize preinst + script. + * patches/localedata/locale-es_CR.diff: new patch to default to am/pm format + for es_CR locale. Closes: #466482. + * control.in/main, sysdeps/amd64.mk, sysdeps/i386.mk, + sysdeps/kfreebsd-amd64.mk, sysdeps/kfreebsd-i386.mk, sysdeps/sparc.mk : use + gcc-4.3 on amd64, i386, kfreebsd-i386, kfreebsd-amd64 and sparc. + * sysdeps/i386.mk, sysdeps/kfreebsd-i386.mk: use default gcc optimizations + on i386 and kfreebsd-i386 (-march=i486 -mtune=generic). + * debian/local/manpages/ldconfig.8: describe --ignore-aux-cache option. + Closes: #467509. + * Update Lithuanian debconf translation, by Gintautas Miliauskas. + * Update Catalan debconf translation, by Jordi Mallach. + * Update Spanish debconf translation, by Carlos Valdivia Yagüe. + * Update German debconf translation, by Helge Kreutzman. Closes: #468072. + * Update Galician debconf translation, by Jacobo Tarrio. Closes: #468080. + * Update Slovak debconf translation, by Ivan Masár. Closes: #468082. + * Update Portuguese debconf translation, by Ricardo Silva. Closes: #468091. + * update Japanese debconf translation, by Kenshi Muto. Closes: #468099. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Wed, 27 Feb 2008 19:14:37 +0100 + +glibc (2.7-8) unstable; urgency=low + + * any/cvs/rfc3484.diff: patch from CVS to fix recognition of interface + family. Closes: #465583. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Wed, 13 Feb 2008 17:12:18 +0100 + +glibc (2.7-7) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Arthur Loiret ] + * patches/sh4/cvs-nptl-private-futexes.diff: new patch from CVS to fix + FTBFS on sh4. + + [ Samuel Thibault ] + * patches/hurd-i386/cvs-epfnosupport.diff: new patch to fix socket() + error for IPV6. + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * patches/any/local-ldso-disable-hwcap.diff: enable tls/ directory even + when hardware capabilities are disabled. This workarounds a bug in + nvidia-glx. Closes: #453480. + * patches/mips/local-r10k.diff: new patch from Florian Lohoff to + workaround LL/SC bug on R10k. Closes: #462112. + * patches/mips/submitted-mipsn32.diff: new patch to fix truncate64() + on MIPS n32. + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 2129 (from glibc-bsd). + * patches/any/cvs-epoll_h.diff: new patch from CVS to define EPOLLRDHUP + in /usr/include/sys/epoll.h. Closes: #463342. + * patches/any/submitted-gcc-4.3.diff: pass -isystem option for GCC's + include-fixed/ directory. Fixes build with gcc-4.3. + * debian/control.in/main: bump to Standards-Version 3.7.3. + * debian/sysdeps/*.mk: build main flavours with -O2 instead of -O3 (risks to + trigger a bug in the compiler are higher with -O3). Remove -g from cflags, + as it is automatically added by the glibc scripts. + * debhelper.in/nscd.init: depends on $remote_fs instead of $local_fs. + Closes: #464022. + * patches/any/submitted-ieee754_h.diff: use __BIG_ENDIAN instead of + BIG_ENDIAN. Closes: #464594. + * local/manpages/ld.so.8: Add missing options to manpage. Closes: + #464395. + * rules.d/build.mk: build the locales in the build target instead of the + install one to workaround a bug in fakeroot. Closes: #464924. + * patches/alpha/local-dl-procinfo.diff: fix _dl_string_platform() to accept + NULL pointers, which happens on statically linked binaries. Closes: + bug#456260. + * local/manpages/gai.conf.5: new manpage. + * any/submitted-rfc3484-sortv4.diff: Drop. Replaced by ... + * ... any/cvs/rfc3484.diff: patch from upstream to fix various RFC3484 + issues: + - Fix source IPv4 source address length computation. Closes: bug#456779. + - Only apply rule 9 for IPv4 if source and destination addresses are on + the same subnet. Closes: bug#438179. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Tue, 12 Feb 2008 22:29:56 +0100 + +glibc (2.7-6) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * patches/localedata/locale-ks_IN.diff: new locale contributed by Rakesh + Pandit. Closes: #457351. + * patches/series: enable patches/any/cvs-vfscanf.diff. Closes: #453408. + * Support dpkg-buildpackage -j, but only debian/rules is actually run in + parallel. + * patches/any/cvs-iconv-iso2022jp-loop-bug.diff: patch from CVS to fix + iconv hang when converting to ISO-2022-JP. Thanks to Bryan Donlan for + the patch. Closes: #458579. + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 2094 (from glibc-bsd). + * patches/amd64/cvs-vdso_clock_gettime.diff: new patch from CVS to fix + static linking on amd64. + * patches/any/local-linuxthreads-fd.diff: new patch to make sure + linuxthreads doesn't use stdin, stdout or stderr for its internal + use. + * debhelper.in/libc.preinst: also check for libc6-xen in non-dpkg-owned + files test. Closes: #459523. + * patches/any/submitted-rfc3484-labels.diff: remove, this patch is actually + broken, and the observed behaviour conforms with the RFC. + * patches/any/submitted-fileops-and-signals.diff: disabled as it breaks too + much programs. Closes: #459643. + * patches/localedata/locale-pt_PT.diff: new patch from Flávio Martins to + fix mon_decimal_point for pt_PT. Closes: #459217. + * debian/debhelper.in/locales.postinst: don't update /etc/default/locale + if it already exists and DEBCONF_RECONFIGURE is not empty. Closes: + #458914. + * debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: bump conflict against tzdata to (<< 2007k-1). + + [ Clint Adams ] + * debhelper.in/nscd.init: use lsb output functions. Closes: #457661. + * patches/any/cvs-sunrpc_rpc_thread.diff: patch by André Cruz to fix + sunrpc memory leak. closes: #460226. + + [ Samuel Thibault ] + * patches/hurd-i386/submitted-extern_inline.diff: new patch to fix extern + inline declarations for c++. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Sat, 12 Jan 2008 15:33:10 +0100 + +glibc (2.7-5ubuntu2) hardy; urgency=low + + * Really stop setting MAKEINFO to :, so that the info documentation is + built. + + -- Colin Watson Tue, 01 Jan 2008 12:10:28 +0000 + +glibc (2.7-5ubuntu1) hardy; urgency=low + + * Resynchronise with Debian. Remaining changes: + - Packaging: + + External tzdata + + Use external locale information + + Addition of Niagara and Niagara2 optimised libraries + + GFDL Documentation added back in. + + Transition from /usr/include/ppc64-linux-gnu to powerpc64-linux-gnu + + Use dpkg triggers for ldconfig + + Do not die if extra libc libraries or symlinks found + + Do not do a test run of nscd when starting + + Only apply patches we actually use in Ubuntu + + Use /lib and /usr/lib for amd64 + + amd64 biarch is i686, not i486. + + Non-optimised i386 glibc is Xen-friendly. + + Support sparcv9v, v9v2, 64b, 64v, 64v2 + + Add support for lpia. + - Patches: + + any/local-ipv6-sanity + + i386/local-clone + + amd64/local-clone + + sparc/submitted-v9v2 + + hppa/hppalll + * Debian any/cvs-vfscanf patch fixes LP: #178045. Actually add it to + debian/patches/series (forgotten in Debian). + * Stop setting MAKEINFO to :, which prevented the info documentation being + built. See also 2.5-0ubuntu3. + * any/submitted-rfc3484-sortv4: Return to disabling RFC3484 s6 rule 9 by + default. As requested by Ubuntu sysadmins, we want this regardless of + the Debian technical committee's decision. + + -- Colin Watson Mon, 24 Dec 2007 09:55:32 +0000 + +glibc (2.7-5) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * Moved merged parts of patches/any/submitted-sched_h.diff into + patches/any/cvs-sched_h.diff. + * patches/any/cvs-ether_line.diff: new patch from upstream to fix + ether_line(). Closes: bug#453899. + * patches/any/cvs-vfscanf.diff: new patch from upstream to fix + crash when %as is used with sscanf(). Closes: bug#453408. + * debian/rules: also set CXX when cross-compiling. + * patches/any/submitted-malloc_h.diff: removed, replaced by + patches/any/cvs-wchar_h.diff. + * debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: conflict against tzdata (<< 2007j-2) as + etch now have version 2007j-1etch1. Closes: bug#455783. + * debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: suggests libc6-i686 on i386 architecture. + Closes: bug#455603. + * any/submitted-rfc3484-labels.diff: new patch to fix RFC 3484 default + label ordering. Closes: bug#456779. + * patches/alpha/local-dl-procinfo.diff: add missing part. Closes: + bug#456260. + + [ Petr Salinger] + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 2082 (from glibc-bsd). + * any/cvs-fchmodat.diff: properly declare as stub - needed by GNU/kFreeBSD. + + [ Samuel Thibault] + * patches/hurd-i386/submitted-ioctl-unsigned-size_t.diff: update to also + handle unsigned char/int/short/long and ssize_t. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Wed, 19 Dec 2007 01:22:06 +0100 + +glibc (2.7-4ubuntu1) hardy; urgency=low + + * Merge with Debian; remaining changes (see 2.7-1ubuntu1) + + -- Matthias Klose Mon, 10 Dec 2007 10:34:38 +0100 + +glibc (2.7-4) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * patches/localedata/locale-de_LI.diff: fix locale. Closes: bug#453860. + * debian/debhelper.in/locales.NEWS: fix location of the README file. + Closes: bug#453515. + * debian/debhelper.in/locales.README: rename into locales.README.Debian. + * debian/debhelper/in/locales.NEWS: fix a typo. Closes: bug#453613. + * Update any/submitted-sched_h.diff: allow compilation of with + -pedantic. Closes: bug#453687. + * Fix a typo in debian/sysdeps/alpha.mk. Closes: bug#452890. + * Disable amd64/local-x86_64_bits_sigcontext.diff. Closes: #454598. + * debhelper.in/libc.preinst: check for non-dpkg owned versions of + libc6-i686 before upgrade. Closes: #454557. + * Load debconf frontend after the optimized libraries have been + re-enabled. Closes: #453480. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Fri, 07 Dec 2007 00:49:02 +0100 + +glibc (2.7-3ubuntu1) hardy; urgency=low + + [ Matthias Klose ] + * Merge with Debian; remaining changes (see 2.7-1ubuntu1) + * debian/rules.d/control.mk: Re-add support for lpia. + * debian/sysdeps/amd64.mk: Restore i386_includedir. + + [ Jeff Bailey ] + * debian/patches/hppa/hppalll.diff: Fix build failure on hppa. + + -- Matthias Klose Fri, 07 Dec 2007 23:21:12 +0100 + +glibc (2.7-3) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * Remove cs_CZ-first_weekday.diff: merged upstream in a different way. + Closes: bug#344470. + * Remove da_DK-first_weekday.diff: likewise. + * Remove de_DE-first_weekday.diff: likewise. + * Remove en_GB-first_weekday.diff: likewise. + * Remove et_EE-first_weekday.diff: likewise. + * Remove en_US-first_weekday.diff: likewise. + * Remove fr_FR-first_weekday.diff: likewise. + * Remove hu_HU-first_weekday.diff: likewise. + * Remove nb_NO-first_weekday.diff: likewise. + * Remove nn_NO-first_weekday.diff: likewise. + * Remove pl_PL-first_weekday.diff: likewise. + * Remove sk_SK-first_weekday.diff: likewise. + * amd64, i386/local-clone.diff: restore patch to fix gij running out of + memory, as it has been lost upstream. + * debian/sysdeps/alpha.mk: fix alphaev67_rltddir. Closes: #452890. + * patches/localedata/locale-de_LI.diff: new locale contributed by Giacomo + Catenazzi. Closes: #453041. + * debian/debhelper.in/locales-all.postinst: honor TMPDIR. Closes: #453326. + * patches/any/submitted-malloc_h.diff: defines __need_ptrdiff_t, + __need_size_t and __need_NULL in malloc.h. Closes: #453264. + * support user defined locales in /usr/local/share/i18n. Closes: #453131. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Thu, 29 Nov 2007 18:01:03 +0100 + +glibc (2.7-2) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * sysdeps/alpha.mk: define alphaev67_MIN_KERNEL_SUPPORTED to 2.6.9. + Closes: #452890. + * alpha/submitted-fdatasync.diff: new patch to fix fdatasync() on alpha. + Closes: #452081. + * debian/script.in/nohwcap.sh: add libc6-alphaev67 to the list of optimized + packages. + * any/cvs-tzfile.diff: new patch from CVS to fix reading version 0 timezone + data files. Closes: #451892. + * debhelper.in/locales.config, debhelper.in/locales.postinst, + rules.d/debhelper.mk: rework the maintainer scripts of locales to handle + locales addition or removal. + * debhelper.in/locales.config: convert no_NO into nb_NO while upgrading. + Closes: #452788. + * debhelper.in/locales-all.NEWS, debhlper/locales-all.NEWS: add a note + about no_NO locale. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Mon, 26 Nov 2007 19:03:17 +0100 + +glibc (2.7-1ubuntu1) UNRELEASED; urgency=low + + * Merge changes from Debian. + Remaining changes: + * Packaging: + * External tzdata + * Use external locale information + * Addition of Niagara and Niagara2 optimised libraries + * GFDL Documentation added back in. + * Transition from /usr/include/ppc64-linux-gnu to powerpc64-linux-gnu + * Use dpkg triggers for ldconfig + * Do not die if extra libc libraries or symlinks found + * Do not do a test run of nscd when starting + * Only apply patches we actually use in Ubuntu + * Use /lib and /usr/lib for amd64 + * amd64 biarch is i686, not i486. + * Non-optimised i386 glibc is Xen-friendly. + * Support sparcv9v, v9v2, 64b, 64v, 64v2 + * Patches: + * any/local-ipv6-sanity + * i386/local-clone + * amd64/local-clone + * sparc/submitted-v9v2 + + -- Jeff Bailey Sun, 25 Nov 2007 17:44:13 -0800 + +glibc (2.7-1) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Clint Adams ] + * New upstream release with linuxthreads snapshot. + - Fixes an ABBA deadlock in ld.so. Closes: #443460. + - Render dgettext" thread safe. Closes: #443660. + - Fixes CVE-2007-4840 (multiple errors in iconv + function). Closes: #442250. + - Fixes strtod("-0", 0). Closes: #448723. + - Remove localedata/locale-de_CH.diff (merged). + - Update locale/fix-LC_COLLATE-rules.diff. + - Update locale/LC_COLLATE-keywords-ordering.diff. + - Update locale/fix-C-first_weekday.diff. + - Update locale/preprocessor-collate.diff. + - Update localedata/locales-fr.diff. + - Remove localedata/locale-sa_IN.diff (merged). + - Remove localedata/locale-wo_SN.diff (merged). + - Update localedata/tailor-iso14651_t1.diff. + - Add localedata/tailor-iso14651_t1-common.diff. + - Remove localedata/fix-unknown-symbols.diff (merged). + - Update localedata/first_weekday.diff. + - Add localedata/cs_CZ-first_weekday.diff. + - Add localedata/da_DK-first_weekday.diff. + - Add localedata/pl_PL-first_weekday.diff. + - Add localedata/de_DE-first_weekday.diff. + - Add localedata/en_GB-first_weekday.diff. + - Add localedata/en_US-first_weekday.diff. + - Add localedata/et_EE-first_weekday.diff. + - Add localedata/fr_BE-first_weekday.diff. + - Add localedata/fr_CA-first_weekday.diff. + - Add localedata/fr_CH-first_weekday.diff. + - Add localedata/fr_FR-first_weekday.diff. + - Add localedata/fr_LU-first_weekday.diff. + - Add localedata/hu_HU-first_weekday.diff. + - Add localedata/nb_NO-first_weekday.diff. + - Add localedata/nn_NO-first_weekday.diff. + - Add localedata/sk_SK-first_weekday.diff. + - Add localedata/cy_GB-first_weekday.diff. + - Update localedata/sort-UTF8-first.diff. + - Remove localedata/submitted-as_IN.diff (merged). + - Remove hppa/submitted-multiple-threads.diff (merged). + - Remove hppa/submitted-ustat.diff (merged). + - Remove hurd-i386/cvs-sigsuspend-nocancel.diff (merged). + - Remove hurd-i386/cvs-lock-intern.diff (merged). + - Remove sparc/local-undefined-registers.diff (obsolete). + - Remove all/local-pt_BR.diff (merged). + - Remove any/cvs-ld_library_path.diff (merged). + - Remove any/cvs-initfini.diff (merged). + - Remove any/cvs-posix-glob.diff (merged). + - Update any/local-bashisms.diff. + - Remove any/local-forward-backward-collation.diff (merged). + - Remove any/local-version-sanity.diff (merged). + - Remove any/submitted-strtok.diff (merged). + - Remove any/submitted-regex-collate.diff (merged). + - Remove localedata/locale-no_NO.diff (obsolete). + - Update localedata/supported.diff. + * Bump shlib version to 2.7-1. + * Add localedata/cvs-locale-ig_NG.diff BZ#5224, missing collation symbols + for ig_NG. + * Add localedata/cvs-locale-lo_LA.diff BZ#5237, missing collation symbols + for lo_LA. + * Add localedata/cvs-locale-ug_CN.diff BZ#5238, missing collation symbols + for ug_CN. + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * any/submitted-longdouble.diff: update. + * Improve any/submitted-rfc3484-sortv4.diff. + * Update hurd-i386/submitted-trivial.diff. + * any/local-strfry.diff: new patch to fix strfry(), as Ulrich Drepper + has still not managed to commit a correct version. + * Remove hppa/submitted-threaddb.diff (merged). + * Update hppa/submitted-nptl-carlos.diff. + * Update hurd-i386/submitted-libc_once.diff. + * Remove hurd-i386/cvs-ioctl-delay.diff (merged). + * Update hurd-i386/local-tls-support.diff. + * Add hurd-i386/cvs-kernel-features.diff: provide almost empty + kernel-features.h for files that include it. + * Add arm/local-args6.diff: provide DOCARGS_6 and UNDOCARGS_5 for + arm old-abi. + * Add arm/local-lowlevellock.diff: new patch to fix build on arm. + * debian/rules, debian/rules.d/build.mk: allow per architecture + TIMEOUTFACTOR. + * sysdeps/arm.mk, sysdeps/armel.mk, sysdeps/hppa.mk, sysdeps/s390.mk, + sysdeps/sh4.mk: define TIMEOUTFACTOR. + * locales-depver: tighten locales dependencies. + * any/local-disable-test-tgmath2.diff: new patch to disable test-tgmath2, + which take too much resources during compilation. + * Add hurd-i386/submitted-strtoul.diff: new patch to use + __strtoul_internal() instead of strtoul() in internal functions. + * Add hurd-i386/submitted-ptr-mangle.diff: new patch to define PTR_MANGLE + and PTR_DEMANGLE. + * Update Galician debconf translation, by Jacobo Tarrio. Closes: #447928. + * Update Dutch debconf translation, by Bart Cornelis. Closes: #448928. + * Add sh4/local-fpscr_values.diff and any/local-allocalim-header.diff + from Arthur Loiret. Closes: #448248. + * Fix encoding of Japanese translation. Closes: #447221. + * Add any/submitted-sched_h.diff: new patch to define `__CPU_ALLOC_SIZE. + * Add mips/local-setjmp.diff: new patch to fix g++ tests on mips/mipsel. + * Add any/local-fhs-nscd.diff: move nscd directory to /var/cache/nscd from + /var/db/nscd. Closes: #449198. + * debhelper.in/nscd.postrm: remove /var/cache/nscd on purge. Closes: + #449193. + * script.in/kernelcheck.sh, sysdeps/alpha.mk: bump minimum kernel version to + 2.6.9 for alpha. + * script.in/kernelcheck.sh, sysdeps/sh4.mk: bump minimum kernel version to + 2.6.11 for sh4. + * debian/patches/arm/local-eabi-wchar.diff: new patch from Riku Voipio to + fiw WCHAR_MIN and WCHAR_MAX definitions on armel. Closes: #444580. + * debian/po/zh_CN.po: update from LI Daobing. Closes: #447866. + * debhelper.in/locales-all.postinst: trap exit signal and remove temporary + directory. Closes: #447328. + * debhelper.in/libc.NEWS: mention that the tzconfig script has been replaced + by the maintainer scripts of tzdata. Closes: bug#448796. + * patches/all/local-alias-et_EE.diff: switch estonian locales alias to + ISO-8859-15. + * patches/alpha/submitted-fpu-round.diff: restore the old version of + ceil/floor/rint functions. Closes: #442568. + * patches/alpha/local-dl-procinfo.diff: new patch to add platform + capabilities support on alpha. + * Add an ev67 flavour on alpha: Closes: #229251 + - control.in/opt: add libc6-alphaev67 packages. + - sysdeps/alpha.mk: add a new pass for ev67 flavour. + * debian/local/manpages/iconv.1: document //translit and //ignore + options. Closes: #451304. + * debian/local/manpages/getent.1: document exit codes. Closes: + #445631. + * debian/local/manpages/ld.so.8: document $ORIGIN, $PLATFORM and $LIB + features. Closes: #444145. + * local/manpages/ldconfig.8: remove --force option from the manpage + to be consistent with the binary. Closes: #451958. + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 2046 (from glibc-bsd). + + [ Petr Salinger] + * any/local-stdio-lock.diff: make _IO_*_lock linuxthreads compliant. + * any/local-o_cloexec.diff: don't assume O_CLOEXEC is always defined. + * any/local-linuxthreads-signals.diff: always use non-RT signal handler + on GNU/kFreeBSD. + + [ Pierre Habouzit ] + * Remove any/local-iconv-fix-trampoline.diff (obsolete). + * Remove any/submitted-strfry.diff (merged). + * Update any/submitted-rfc3484-sortv4.diff. + * Update localedata/*first_weekday.diff. + * Remove localedata/fix-am_ET.diff (obsolete). + * Add locale/preprocessor-collate-uli-sucks.diff to revert Ulrich's + preprocessor that isn't enough for Debian. + * Update patches/locale/preprocessor-collate.diff. + * Add alpha/submitted-PTR_MANGLE.diff (Closes: #448508). + + [ Samuel Thibault ] + * hurd-i386/submitted-ptr-mangle.diff: Define PTR_MANGLE for assembly. + * hurd-i386/cvs-O_CLOEXEC_fix.diff: New patch to fix conflicting O_CLOEXEC + value. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Fri, 23 Nov 2007 10:46:24 +0100 + +glibc (2.6.1-6ubuntu2) hardy; urgency=low + + * Reapply any/local-ipv6-sanity.diff, lost when merging 2.6. LP: #156720. + + -- Matthias Klose Wed, 24 Oct 2007 18:15:43 +0200 + +glibc (2.6.1-6ubuntu1) hardy; urgency=low + + [Fabio M. Di Nitto] + * debian/patches/sparc/submitted-v9v2.diff: Add Niagara 2 optimized + memcpy support. + Code, patch and test done by David S. Miller. + * debian/patches/series: update. + * debian/sysdeps/sparc.mk: Add v9v2 32 and 64 bit targets. + * debian/control.in/opt: Add sparc64v2 and sparcv9v2 packages. + * debian/control: update. + * debian/script.in/nohwcap.sh: + memcpy support. + Code, patch and test done by David S. Miller. + * debian/patches/series: update. + * debian/sysdeps/sparc.mk: Add v9v2 32 and 64 bit targets. + * debian/control.in/opt: Add sparc64v2 and sparcv9v2 packages. + * debian/control: update. + * debian/script.in/nohwcap.sh: + - fix list of sparc optimized libc6. + - add v9v2 optimized packages. + + [Matthias Klose] + * Merge with Debian; remaining changes: + - Upstream tarball including GFDL'd documentation. + - Don't apply patches for architectures not found in Ubuntu. + - Build optimized sparc packages. + - Support lpia. + - No support for linuxthreads. + + -- Matthias Klose Fri, 19 Oct 2007 15:25:11 +0200 + +glibc (2.6.1-6) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * Update Spanish debconf translation, by Carlos Valdivia Yagüe. + + [ Clint Adams ] + * debian/po/de.po: update from Helge Kreutzmann. closes: #442888. + * debian/po/cs.po: update from Miroslav Kure. closes: #442904. + * debian/po/it.po: update from Luca Monducci. closes: #443497. + * debian/po/ja.po: update from Kenshi Muto. closes: #446577. + * Add any/cvs-posix-glob.diff, fixing improper of treatment of \ + in glob(). closes: #445210 + + -- Clint Adams Sun, 14 Oct 2007 10:02:35 -0400 + +glibc (2.6.1-5) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Pierre Habouzit ] + * remove any/local-sysmacros.diff: sorry for bug #439859 but it makes gimp + (and presumably other software) FTBFS, it's too dispruptive. + Closes: #442427. + + [ Clint Adams ] + * amd64/local-x86_64_bits_sigcontext.diff: use a copy of the generic header + for x86_64. closes: #442418. + + -- Clint Adams Sun, 16 Sep 2007 14:42:17 -0400 + +glibc (2.6.1-4) unstable; urgency=low + + * Disable any/local-ipv6-lookup.diff as it is causing breakages. + Closes: bug#441857. + * any/local-sysmacros.diff: use __inline instead of inline for + compatibility with ANSI. Closes: #441959. + * patches/localedata/tailor-iso14651_t1.diff: correctly fix fi_FI + locale. Closes: bug#441026. + * debian/rules.d/debhelper.mk: fix regex. Closes: #441824. + * Update French debconf translation, by Christian Perrier. Closes: + #442101. + * any/submitted-regex-collate.diff: fix regex engine for multibyte + characters and C collation. Closes: #441355. + * debian/local/manpages/locale-gen.8: fix manpage. Closes: #442104. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Thu, 13 Sep 2007 17:05:17 +0200 + +glibc (2.6.1-3) unstable; urgency=low + + * sysdeps/amd64.mk: uses x86_64 headers also for the i486 flavour now + that they are compatible. + * sysdeps/i386.mk: uses x86_64 headers also for the main flavour. + * debian/local/etc_default/locale: remove. Closes: bug#441360. + * sysdeps/*.mk: don't provide include symlink for bi-arch, but only + an empty directory. + * debian/rules.d/debhelper.mk: modify nscd/DEBIAN/control during build + to workaround a dpkg-shlibdeps bug. Closes: bug#433723. + * debian/local/manpages/nscd.conf.5: document the persistent and shared + cache options. Closes: bug#338504. + * patches/all/local-alias-UTF-8.diff: encode locales.alias in UTF-8. + Closes: bug#404433. + * debhelper.in/locales.links, debhelper.in/locales.install: move + locales.alias into /etc and provide a symlink in + /usr/share/locale/locale.alias. + * patches/localedata/tailor-iso14651_t1.diff: fix fi_FI locale. Closes: + bug#441026. + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 1998 (from glibc-bsd). + * sysdeps/kfreebsd-amd64.mk: uses x86_64 headers also for the i486 flavour + now that they are compatible. + * any/local-sysmacros.diff: new patch to declare "major", "minor" and + "makedev" as inline function instead of macros. Closes: #439859. + * debhelper.in/libc.postinst, debhelper.in/libc.templates: prompt user + with debconf if it is available. Closes: #440964. + * debian/control.in/libc: suggests debconf | debconf-2.0. + * Update Brazilian Portuguese debconf translation, by Felipe Augusto van de + Wiel. + * Update Vietnamese debconf translation, by Clytie Siddall. + * Update Basque debconf translation, by Piarres Beobide. + * Update Swedish debconf translation, by Daniel Nylander. + * Update Slovak debconf translation, by Ivan Masár. + * Update Lithuanian debconf translation, by Gintautas Miliauskas. + * Update Russian debconf translation, by Sergey Alyoshin. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Tue, 11 Sep 2007 04:42:20 +0200 + +glibc (2.6.1-2) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Samuel Thibault ] + * Rename hurd-i386/submitted-lock-intern.diff into + hurd-i386/cvs-lock-intern.diff, hurd-i386/submitted-ECANCELED.diff + into hurd-i386/cvs-ECANCELED.diff and + hurd-i386/submitted-sigsuspend-nocancel.diff into + hurd-i386/cvs-sigsuspend-nocancel.diff as the patches have been accepted + upstream. + * hurd-i386/local-tls-support.diff: update to fix TLS leak in /hurd/exec + server. + * hurd-i386/cvs-ioctl-delay.diff: new patch to add standard *DLY ioctl macros. + * hurd-i386/submitted-IPV6_PKTINFO.diff: new patch to add standard + IPV6_PKTINFO macro. + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * debian/rules.d/build.mk: disable testsuite on ARM machines running a + 2.6.21 or 2.6.22 kernel. + * debian/debhelper.in/locales.{prerm,postinst}: look for supported.tar.lzma + instead of supported.tar.gz. + * debian/local/etc_default/devpts: remove. + * debian/local/etc_default/locale: new file. Closes: bug#437404. + * debhelper.in/locales.install: install it. + * debian/local/manpages/locale.1: fix a typo. Closes: bug#438114. + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 1995 (from glibc-bsd). + * any/submitted-rfc3484-sortv4.diff: new patch to allow bypassing RFC3484 + rule 9 for IPv4 adresses. Closes: bug#438179 + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: change version check for NSS services to + (<< 2.6-1). + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: add proftpd to the list of services to + restart. Closes: bug#435640. + * Bump shlibdeps version to 2.6.1-1 due to SPARC v9 transition. + * New Slovak debconf translation, by Ivan Masár. Closes: bug#438576. + * any/local-ipv6-lookup.diff: new patch to do IPv6 lookups only when an + IPv6 address is configured. Patch by Tollef Fog Heen and Andrew McMillan. + Closes: #435646. + + [ Pierre Habouzit ] + * Document new libc.conf in ld.so.conf.d that puts /usr/local/lib front. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Mon, 3 Sep 2007 18:15:37 +0200 + +glibc (2.6.1-1ubuntu9) gutsy; urgency=low + + * Rebuild using g++-4.2 (>= 4.2.1-5ubuntu4). + + -- Matthias Klose Mon, 01 Oct 2007 00:04:19 +0200 + +glibc (2.6.1-1ubuntu8) gutsy; urgency=low + + * hppa/local-private-futex-lamont.diff: fix hppa FTBFS. + + -- LaMont Jones Thu, 27 Sep 2007 18:51:24 +0000 + +glibc (2.6.1-1ubuntu7) gutsy; urgency=low + + * any/submitted-rfc3484-sortv4.diff: new patch to allow bypassing RFC3484 + rule 9 for IPv4 adresses. Closes: bug#438179. + [ by Aurelien Jarno; imported from glibc 2.6.1-2 into Ubuntu by iwj ] + * any/submitted-rfc3484-sortv4.diff: disable RFC3484 s6 rule 9 by + default as requested by Ubuntu sysadmins and in anticipation of + that change in Debian (which looks likely). + + -- Ian Jackson Thu, 20 Sep 2007 14:49:50 +0100 + +glibc (2.6.1-1ubuntu6) gutsy; urgency=low + + * Do not print "ldconfig: wrapper deferring update (trigger activated)" + message (unless LDCONFIG_TRIGGER_DEBUG is set). + + -- Ian Jackson Thu, 20 Sep 2007 14:20:30 +0100 + +glibc (2.6.1-1ubuntu5) gutsy; urgency=low + + * Do not install the ppu symlinks in the powerpc packages. + + -- Matthias Klose Wed, 19 Sep 2007 00:27:46 +0200 + +glibc (2.6.1-1ubuntu4) gutsy; urgency=low + + * sysdeps/amd64.mk: uses x86_64 headers also for the i486 flavour now + that they are compatible. don't provide include symlink for bi-arch, + but only an empty directory. + + -- Matthias Klose Sun, 09 Sep 2007 21:09:21 +0200 + +glibc (2.6.1-1ubuntu3) gutsy; urgency=low + + * Actually exec ldconfig.real. (LP #137129.) + + -- Ian Jackson Mon, 03 Sep 2007 20:47:11 +0100 + +glibc (2.6.1-1ubuntu2) gutsy; urgency=low + + * Use dpkg-trigger to avoid multiple calls to ldconfig. + + -- Ian Jackson Mon, 03 Sep 2007 14:48:39 +0100 + +glibc (2.6.1-1ubuntu1) gutsy; urgency=low + + * Merge with Debian (outstanding changes for the final 2.6.1-1 package). + Remaining changes: + - Upstream tarball including GFDL'd documentation. + - Don't apply patches for architectures not found in Ubuntu. + - Build optimized sparc packages. + - Support lpia. + - No support for linuxthreads. + + * debian/patches/sparc/sparc-sparcv9.diff: sparc-sparcv9 directory fix + (David Miller). + + -- Matthias Klose Tue, 28 Aug 2007 13:04:00 +0200 + +glibc (2.6.1-1) unstable; urgency=low + + * New upstream version: + - Workaround bug in java's unwinder. Closes: #434484. + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * debian/copyright: update. + * Remove any/cvs-glibc-2_6-branch.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/cvs-printf_fp.c.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove sparc/submitted-gscope_flag.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove arm/cvs-gscope_flag.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove hppa/submitted-gscope_flag.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove mips/cvs-gscope_flag.diff (merged upstream). + * any/local-bindresvport_blacklist.diff: patch from openSUSE to + add support for /etc/bindresvport.blacklist. + * debian/local/etc/bindresvport.blacklist: new default configuration + file. + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.install: install it! + * debian/rules.d/debhelper.mk: fix arguments order when calling find. + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 1992 (from glibc-bsd). + * any/local-linuxthreads-gscope.diff: update for kfreebsd futexes. + * i386/local-linuxthreads-gscope.diff: update for kfreebsd futexes. + * amd64/local-linuxthreads-gscope.diff update for kfreebsd futexes. + + [ Samuel Thibault ] + * hurd-i386/local-gscope.diff: resync, mostly merged upstream. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Tue, 07 Aug 2007 13:34:26 +0200 + +glibc (2.6.1-0ubuntu1) gutsy; urgency=low + + * New upstream version 2.6.1, including glibc-ports-2.6.1. + - Remove applied patches: patches/any/cvs-ports-glibc-2_6-branch.diff, + patches/arm/cvs-gscope_flag.diff, patches/mips/cvs-gscope_flag.diff, + patches/hppa/submitted-gscope_flag.diff. + * debian/wrapper/objcopy: Revert the workaround. + + -- Matthias Klose Mon, 06 Aug 2007 22:38:54 +0200 + +glibc (2.6.1~pre-0ubuntu1) gutsy; urgency=low + + * New upstream version 2.6.1, glibc-ports is still version 2.6. + * Remove patches applied upstream. + * Merge from the Debian repository. + * debian/wrapper/objcopy: Remove -R .debug_aranges, fixing broken + debug symbols. + + -- Matthias Klose Fri, 03 Aug 2007 12:22:19 +0200 + +glibc (2.6-5ubuntu1) gutsy; urgency=low + + * Merge with Debian. + - cvs-printf_fp.c.diff: new patch to print the wrong number of + digits with %#g. LP: #128355. + + -- Matthias Klose Sun, 29 Jul 2007 20:39:57 +0200 + +glibc (2.6-5) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * mips/cvs-gscope_flag.diff: new patch to fix build on mips/mipsel. + * arm/cvs-gscope_flag.diff: new patch to fix build on arm/armel. + * any/cvs-initfini.diff: new patch from upstream to fix crti.o on + ppc64. Closes: #434626. + * debian/sysdeps/powerpc.mk: build libc6-ppc64 with gcc-4.2. + * debian/sysdeps/alpha.mk: build with gcc-4.2. + * debian/control: Remove build-depend on gcc-4.1 on powerpc and alpha. + * sparc/submitted-gscope_flag.diff: update from upstream. + * hppa/submitted-gscope_flag.diff : new patch to fix build on hppa + with NPTL. + * any/local-linuxthreads-gscope.diff: new patch to add gscope support + to linuxthreads. + * hppa/local-linuxthreads-gscope.diff: new patch to fix build on hppa + with linuxthreads. Closes: #434799. + * cvs-printf_fp.c.diff: new patch to print the correct number of digits + with %#g. + * amd64/local-linuxthreads-gscope.diff: new patch to fix build on *amd64 + with linuxthreads. + * i386/local-linuxthreads-gscope.diff: new patch to fix build on *i386 + with linuxthreads. + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 1989 (from glibc-bsd). + * any/submitted-longdouble.diff: patch from Carlos O'Donell to fix long + double tests. + * any/submitted-libgcc_s.so.diff: patch from Carlos O'Donell to allow + differents libgcc_s.so SONAME on architecture basis. + * hppa/submitted-fadvise64_64.diff: patch from Carlos O'Donell to add + support for fadvise64_64 syscall. + * debian/control: Simplify build-dependencies. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Sun, 29 Jul 2007 17:25:52 +0200 + +glibc (2.6-4ubuntu3) gutsy; urgency=low + + * patches/lpia/local-i686-redefine.diff: Redefine __i686, which gets + clobbered to "1" by the compiler, causing the assembler to have a fit + + -- Adam Conrad Sat, 28 Jul 2007 05:30:06 +1000 + +glibc (2.6-4ubuntu2) gutsy; urgency=low + + * Fix gij memory hog on amd64, thanks to Aurelien Jarno. + * sparc/submitted-gscope_flag.diff: update from upstream. + + -- Matthias Klose Thu, 26 Jul 2007 23:28:49 +0200 + +glibc (2.6-4ubuntu1) gutsy; urgency=low + + * Merge with Debian; remaining changes: + - Upstream tarball including GFDL'd documentation. + - Don't apply patches for architectures not found in Ubuntu. + - Build optimized sparc packages. + - Support lpia. + - Minor differences to be cleaned up. + * glibc-doc: Install the documentation in info format. Closes: LP: #60607. + + * Merge changes from Debian: + * mips/cvs-gscope_flag.diff: new patch to fix build on mips/mipsel. + * arm/cvs-gscope_flag.diff: new patch to fix build on arm/armel. + * any/cvs-initfini.diff: new patch from upstream to fix crti.o on + ppc64. Closes: #434626. + * debian/sysdeps/powerpc.mk: build libc6-ppc64 with gcc-4.2. + * debian/control: Remove build-depend on gcc-4.1 on powerpc. + + -- Matthias Klose Thu, 26 Jul 2007 16:22:15 +0200 + +glibc (2.6-4) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Samuel Thibault ] + * sysdeps/hurd.mk (CC, BUILD_CC): Remove. + * control: Build-depend on gcc-4.2 on hurd-i386. + + [ Pierre Habouzit ] + * any/cvs-glibc-2_6-branch.diff: upstream branch pull, includes: + + any/cvs-ld-integer-overflow.diff + + any/cvs-malloc.diff + + any/cvs-nis-nss-default.diff + + any/cvs-nscd-short-replies.diff + + any/cvs-vfscanf.diff + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * debian/sysdeps/powerpc.mk: build libc6-ppc64 with gcc-4.1 as gcc-4.2 + produces broken binaries. + * debian/control: Build-depend on gcc-4.1 on powerpc + * debian/control: Build-depend on g++-4.1/g++-4.2 and + g++-4.1-multilib/g++-4.2-multilib. + * debian/*.NEWS: move to debian/debhelper.in/*.NEWS. + * rules.d/debhelper.mk: remove debian/*.NEWS on clean. + * sparc/submitted-gscope_flag.diff: new patch to fix build on sparc. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Thu, 26 Jul 2007 08:57:48 +0200 + +glibc (2.6-3ubuntu3) gutsy; urgency=low + + * patches/sparc/submitted-gscope_flag.diff: New patch to fix build + on sparc (Aurelien Jarno). + + -- Matthias Klose Thu, 26 Jul 2007 00:56:49 +0200 + +glibc (2.6-3ubuntu2) gutsy; urgency=low + + * Build the 64bit powerpc library with gcc-4.1. + * Update to the glibc-2_6-branch 20070725. + - patches/any/cvs-libc-glibc-2_6-branch.diff: New. + - patches/any/cvs-ports-glibc-2_6-branch.diff: New. + - patches/any/cvs-ld-integer-overflow.diff: Remove. + - patches/any/cvs-malloc.diff: Remove. + - patches/any/cvs-nis-nss-default.diff: Remove. + - patches/any/cvs-nscd-short-replies.diff: Remove. + - patches/any/cvs-vfscanf.diff: Remove. + * Build-depend on g++-4.1-multilib/g++-4.2-multilib. + * debian/sysdeps/hppa.mk: Don't explicitely use gcc-4.2. + + -- Matthias Klose Wed, 25 Jul 2007 15:34:26 +0200 + +glibc (2.6-3ubuntu1) gutsy; urgency=low + + * Merge with Debian. + * debian/sysdeps/lpia.mk: Build using -march=i686 -mtune=i586 -g -O3. + + -- Matthias Klose Mon, 23 Jul 2007 15:02:03 +0200 + +glibc (2.6-3) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * script.in/kernelcheck.sh: s/kernel_compare_version/linux_compare_versions/ + for arm. + * script.in/kernelcheck.sh: the minimum kernel version is now 2.6.8 and not + 2.6.1. Closes: bug#432721. + * hppa/submitted-threaddb.diff: new patch from Randolph Chung to fix + debugging interface for NPTL on hppa. + * Drop SPARC V8 support: + - control.in/opt: drop libc6-sparcv9. + - sysdeps/sparc.mk: drop libc6-sparcv9. + - script.in/kernelcheck.sh: add check for SPARC V8 or earlier CPU. + - patches/series: disable sparc/submitted-timing.diff. + - patches/sparc/local-sparcv8-target.diff: rename to + local-sparcv9-target.diff and default to v9. + * Build with gcc-4.2 except on alpha (untested). + * patches/any/cvs-ld_library_path.diff: new patch from CVS to fix segfaults + with empty LD_LIBRARY_PATH variable. + * rules.d/build.mk: create /etc/ld.so.conf.d/libc.conf to add + /usr/local/lib as a default search path. Closes: #395177. + * Honor parallel= option in DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS. Closes: #413744. + + [ Pierre Habouzit ] + * rules.d/debhelper.mk: add some magic to copy debian/bug/$pkg/ files into + /usr/share/bug/. + * add libc6-i386/presubj to document /usr/lib32 issues not being a + libc6-i386 problem. + * add locales/presubj about locales depends that are correct, and tell bug + reporters how to look for their package being built or not. + * add patches/any/local-missing-linux_types.h.diff to add missing + #include due to migration to linux-libc-dev. + Closes: #433962. + + [ Samuel Thibault ] + * hurd-i386/local-tls-support.diff: new patch to support TLS. + * debian/sysdeps/hurd.mk (libc_extra_config_options): Removed + --without-__thread, --without-tls and libc_cv_z_relro=no. + * hurd-i386/local-atomic-no-multiple_threads.diff: new patch, hurd-i386 + doesn't need the multiple_threads field. + * hurd-i386/local-gscope.diff: new patch, backport of the CVS global scope. + * hurd-i386/local-no-strerror_l.diff: new patch to disable non-implemented + strerror_l(). + * hurd-i386/submitted-lock-intern.diff: new patch to fix a header inclusion. + * sysdeps/depflags.pl: make libc0.3 depend on TLS-enabled hurd packages. + * hurd-i386/local-sigsuspend-nocancel.diff: renamed into + submitted-sigsuspend-nocancel.diff. + * hurd-i386/submitted-ECANCELED.diff: new patch to fix ECANCELED value. + Closes: #396135. + * hurd-i386/local-gcc-4.1-init-first.diff: New patch by Thomas + Schwinge to fix building with gcc-4.1. + * sysdeps/hurd.mk (CC, BUILD_CC): Change to gcc-4.1. + * control: Depend on gcc-4.1 on hurd-i386. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Mon, 23 Jul 2007 08:01:26 +0200 + +glibc (2.6-2ubuntu2) gutsy; urgency=low + + * debian/rules.d/control.mk: Add lpia to threads_archs and to libc6 list + * debian/sysdeps/lpia.mk: Add gcc-4.2 usage, but comment it out for now, + while we bootstrap with gcc-4.1 (because we're FTBFS with gcc-4.2) + + -- Adam Conrad Thu, 12 Jul 2007 13:36:23 +0100 + +glibc (2.6-2ubuntu1) gutsy; urgency=low + + * Merge Debian changes 2.6-1 -> 2.6-2. + + -- Matthias Klose Tue, 10 Jul 2007 14:18:22 +0200 + +glibc (2.6-2) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Clint Adams ] + * Add any/cvs-nis-nss-default.diff: preserve errno. + * Add any/cvs-vfscanf.diff: add additional test for EOF + in loop to look for conversion specifier to avoid testing of + wrong errno value. + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * Add any/cvs-ld-integer-overflow.diff: fix an integer + overflow in ld.so. Closes: bug#431858. + * hppa/submitted-multiple-threads.diff: new patch to fix an FTBFS on + hppa. Closes: bug#428509, bug#429487. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Tue, 10 Jul 2007 09:17:49 +0200 + +glibc (2.6-1ubuntu1) gutsy; urgency=low + + [Jeff Bailey] + * debian/sysdeps/hppa.mk: Use gcc-4.2 + * debian/control.in/main: Build-dep on gcc-4.2 [hppa] + * debian/control: Regenerate + + [Matthias Klose] + * Merge Debian changes 2.6-0exp3 -> 2.6-1. + * debian/sysdeps/lpia: New. + + -- Matthias Klose Mon, 9 Jul 2007 12:20:28 +0200 + +glibc (2.6-0ubuntu1) gutsy; urgency=low + + * New upstream release. + * Merge with Debian; remaining changes: + - Include unmodified glibc-2.6 upstream tarball. + - Don't build locale* packages. + - TODO: list remaining changes. + + -- Matthias Klose Mon, 2 Jul 2007 13:29:33 +0200 + +glibc (2.6-0exp3) experimental; urgency=low + + [ Pierre Habouzit ] + [ Clint Adams] + * New upstream version. + - Remove locale/iso3166-RS.diff (obsolete). + - Remove locale/fix-exhausted-memory.diff (merged upstream). + - Update locale/LC_COLLATE-keywords-ordering.diff. + - Remove localedata/locale-hy_AM.diff (obsolete). + - Remove localedata/locale-pl_PL.diff (merged upstream). + - Remove localedata/locales-sr.diff (obsolete). + - Update localedata/tailor-iso14651_t1.diff. + - Update localedata/first_weekday.diff. + - Remove alpha/cvs-cfi.diff (merged upstream). + - Remove arm/cvs-check_pf.c (merged upstream). + - Remove hppa/cvs-hppa-update.diff (obsolete). + - Update hppa/submitted-nptl-carlos.diff from "upstream". + - Remove hppa/submitted-nptl-carlos2.diff (merged upstream). + - Remove hppa/local-r19use.diff (merged upstream). + - Remove hurd-i386/cvs-futimes.diff (merged upstream). + - Remove m68k/cvs-m68k-update.diff (obsolete). + - Update m68k/local-mathinline_h.diff. + - Remove mips/cvs-ldsodefs_h.diff (merged upstream). + - Remove mips/submitted-msq.diff (merged upstream). + - Remove all/cvs-iconv-E13B.diff (obsolete). + - Remove all/submitted-new-brf-encoding.diff (merged upstream). + - Remove any/cvs-2.5-branch-update.diff (obsolete). + - Remove any/cvs-pow.diff (obsolete). + - Remove any/cvs-printf_fp-c.diff (obsolete). + - Remove any/cvs-ftw-c.diff (obsolete). + - Remove any/cvs-bits_in_h-ipv6.diff (obsolete). + - Remove any/cvs-itoa-c.diff (obsolete). + - Remove any/cvs-lt-update.diff (obsolete). + - Remove any/cvs-realpath.diff (obsolete). + - Remove any/cvs-vfprintf-stack-smashing.diff (obsolete). + - Remove any/cvs-zdump-64-bit.diff (obsolete). + - Update any/local-ldso-disable-hwcap.diff. + - Remove any/submitted-gethostbyname_r.diff (obsolete). + - Remove any/submitted-iconv-colon.diff (merged upstream). + - Update any/submitted-strfry.diff. + - Remove any/submitted-unistd_XOPEN_VERSION.diff (obsolete). + - Remove any/cvs-glob-c.diff (obsolete). + - Remove any/cvs-scanf_hexfloat.diff (obsolete). + - Remove alpha/submitted-sigsuspend.diff (merged upstream). + - Remove arm/cvs-procinfo-eabi.diff (obsolete). + * debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: Clean out relationships for packages + that do not exist in sarge or later. + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.install: do not hardcode the glibc + version number in the path to gai.conf. + * debian/control.in/main, debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: + use linux-libc-dev on all linux architectures, and + remove all references to linux-kernel-headers. + * Bump shlibdeps version to 2.6-1 due to sync_file_range, futimens, + utimensat, __sched_cpucount, sched_getcpu, strerror_l, and + epoll_pwait symbols. + * debian/rules.d/build.mk: pass --enable-profile to configure. + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * patches/sparc/local-undefined-registers.diff: new file to ignore + global registers while looking for undefined symbols. + * debian/script.in/kernelcheck.sh: add a warning for FreeBSD kernels + 5.X. + * local/etc_init.d/glibc.sh, debhelper.in/libc.preinst: don't check for + linux kernel, it is now done in script.in/kernelcheck.sh. + * patches/any/cvs-malloc.diff: new patch from upstream to fix malloc ABI. + * patches/any/local-linuxthreads-lowlevellock.diff: new patch to support + low level locking on linuxthreads. + * patches/any/local-linuxthreads-fatalprepare.diff: new patch to support + FATAL_PREPARE on linuxthreads, by not using __libc_pthread_functions_init + and PTHFCT_CALL. + * patches/hppa/local-linuxthreads.diff: new patch to get glibc buildable on + hppa with linuxthreads. + * patches/arm/submitted-RTLD_SINGLE_THREAD_P.diff: fix a missing #defined + on arm. + * patches/localedata/submitted-as_IN.diff: new patch to fix a not anymore + unassigned unicode code. + * locales-depver: tighten locales dependencies. + * debian/sysdeps/linux.mk, debian/script.in/kernelcheck.sh: bump minimum + kernel requirement to 2.6.8. + * debian/rules, debian/rules.d/build.mk, debian/sysdeps/*.mk: also defines + CXX as g++ is used in the testsuite. + + [ Petr Salinger] + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 1949 (from glibc-bsd). + * any/local-linuxthreads-defines.diff: new patch to restore a few defines + in config.make.in still needed by linuxthreads. + * patches/local-tst-mktime2.diff: fix time/tst-mktime2.c. + + [ Pierre Habouzit ] + * kernelchecks.sh: Make the warning about kernel 2.6 more explicit so that + people can deal with it without adding yet-another critical bug on the + glibc. + * kernelchecks.sh: add some quotes to unconfuse syntax hilighting a bit. + * nscd.init: ksh is confused if you call functions start or stop. + Closes: 428884. + * patches/locale/preprocessor-collate.diff: update it to work (with + restrictions) with depth >= 2 copies. The patch is scurvy and make locale + parsing completely non reentrant. + * debian/control: ${Source-Version} -> ${binary:Version}. + * debian/debhelper.in/nscd.lintian: yes, /var/db for lintian is ok. + * patches/any/submitted-fileops-and-signals.diff: fixes libio file + operations in presence of recoverable errors. + Closes: 429021. + * patches/localedata/fix-am_ET.diff: fix am_ET using our preprocessor + extensions. + + [ Samuel Thibault ] + * Remove patches/hurd-i386/cvs-getsid.diff (merged upstream). + * patches/hurd-i386/submitted-ioctl-unsigned-size_t.diff: new patch to fix + some packages that use unsigned or size_t in ioctls. + Closes: 431365. + + -- Clint Adams Sat, 07 Jul 2007 09:43:02 -0400 + +glibc (2.5-11ubuntu1) gutsy; urgency=low + + * Merge Debian changes (2.5-10 - 2.5-11). + * Add ppu symlinks on powerpc. + + -- Matthias Klose Wed, 13 Jun 2007 17:20:14 +0200 + +glibc (2.5-11) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * patches/hppa/submitted-pie.diff: new patch to fix PIE on hppa. Patch by + Sébastien Bernard and John David Anglin. Closes: #427990. + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: use -e instead of -f to canonicalize + links. Closes: #427416. + + [ Pierre Habouzit ] + * pass -X/usr/lib/debug to dh_makeshlibs so that libc6-dbg gets no useless + shlibs. Closes: #427637. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Mon, 11 Jun 2007 15:06:21 +0200 + +glibc (2.5-10ubuntu2) gutsy; urgency=low + + * libc6-dev-ppc64: Install gnu-stubs-64.h in /usr/include/gnu. + + -- Matthias Klose Fri, 08 Jun 2007 12:01:55 +0000 + +glibc (2.5-10ubuntu1) gutsy; urgency=low + + * Merge Debian changes (2.5-9 - 2.5-10). + + -- Matthias Klose Mon, 4 Jun 2007 23:31:10 +0200 + +glibc (2.5-10) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 1942 (from glibc-bsd). + Thanks to Petr Salinger. + * arm/cvs-procinfo-eabi.diff: patch from CVS to not include asm/procinfo.h. + * any/submitted-strtok.diff: new patch to fix a typo in strings/strtok.c. + Closes: #426118. + * debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: depends on libgcc1/libgcc2/libgcc4. + * any/cvs-nscd-short-replies.diff: new patch from CVS to fix crash on + short replies. + * sysdeps/depflags.mk, sysdeps/depflags.pl: use DEB_HOST_ARCH_OS and + DEB_HOST_ARCH instead of DEB_HOST_GNU_SYSTEM and DEB_HOST_GNU_TYPE. + * debian/sysdeps/arm.mk, debian/script.in/kernelcheck.sh: bump minimum + kernel requirement to 2.6.12 on arm to get __ARM_NR_set_tls syscall. + Closes: #421037. + * debian/sysdeps/armel.mk: bump minimum kernel requirement to 2.6.14 + on armel. + * patches/series: disable any/local-ldconfig-timestamps.diff as this + patch does not take into account sub-directories. + + [ Clint Adams ] + * debian/local/manpages/ld.so.8: quote accepted values for LD_DEBUG. + closes: #426101. + * New Malayalam debconf translation, by Sajeev പിആരàµâ€. + closes: #426203. + * Update Vietnamese debconf translation, by Clytie Siddall. + closes: #426824. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Sun, 03 Jun 2007 19:01:50 +0200 + +glibc (2.5-9) unstable; urgency=low + + * debian/patches/arm/local-ioperm.diff: Remove the check + involving LINUX_VERSION_CODE. + * debian/patches/hppa/submitted-atomic_h.diff: update to loop again + when the kernel returns -EDEADLOCK. Workaround: #425567. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Tue, 22 May 2007 17:03:23 +0200 + +glibc (2.5-8ubuntu1) gutsy; urgency=low + + * Merge Debian changes (2.5-7 - 2.5-8). + * Fix installation location of sparc64 headers. + + -- Matthias Klose Sun, 20 May 2007 15:01:08 +0200 + +glibc (2.5-8) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: Add a conflicts on binutils + (<< 2.17cvs20070426-1) for libc-dev. Closes: #422625. + + [ Clint Adams ] + * debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: Clean out relationships for packages + that do not exist in sarge or later. + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.install: do not hardcode the glibc + version number in the path to gai.conf. + * debian/control.in/main, debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: + use linux-libc-dev to build on all linux architectures. + (retain Depends alternative on linux-kernel-headers) + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * debian/local/etc_init.d/glibc.sh: fix a typo. Closes: #423870. + * debian/patches/hppa/submitted-atomic_h.diff: new patch to fix the + atomic CAS function on hppa. Closes: #424057. + * debian/control.in/main: unify the gcc-4.1 depends to (>= 4.1.2-6). + + -- Aurelien Jarno Sun, 20 May 2007 03:43:09 +0200 + +glibc (2.5-7ubuntu1) gutsy; urgency=low + + * Merge Debian changes (2.5-5 - 2.5-7). + + -- Matthias Klose Tue, 15 May 2007 17:31:45 +0200 + +glibc (2.5-7) unstable; urgency=low + + * debian/sysdeps/i386.mk: switch from --includir= to amd64_includedir. + * debian/local/etc_init.d/glibc.sh: fix the broken comment. Closes: + #422587. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Mon, 07 May 2007 11:45:41 +0200 + +glibc (2.5-6) unstable; urgency=low + + * patches/any/cvs-vfprintf-stack-smashing.diff: new patch from + upstream (fix enormous alloca triggered with %-X.Ys like formats + specifier, with Y big, and in multi-byte locales). Closes: #380195, + #421555. + * patches/hppa/cvs-hppa-update.diff: update from CVS to fix + bits/pthreadtypes.h on hppa. + * patches/any/local-disable-nscd-host-caching.diff: the comment lines + should have the '#' on the first column. Closes: #421882. + * Remove patches/any/local-Rminkernel.diff (not needed anymore). + * debian/patches/hppa/submitted-ustat.diff: new patch from Jeff Bailey + to makes glibc build with exported kernel headers. + * debian/patches/hppa/submitted-nptl-carlos2.diff: new patch to add + STACK_GROWS_UP case to NPTL. + * debian/patches/hppa/local-r19use.diff: new patch from Carlos O'Donell + (specify r19 as input to asms that save/restore). + * debian/patches/alpha/cvs-cfi.diff: new patch from CVS (fix + cfi instructions in sysdep-cancel.h). Closes: #422067. + * debian/sysdeps/kfreebsd-i386.mk: tune for i686. + * debian/sysdeps/i386.mk: drop i386-linux-gnu compat symlinks, all the + toolchain is now using i486-linux-gnu. + * Merge from multiarch tree: + - debian/rules: define localedir, sysconfdir and rootsbindir. + - debian/rules.d/build.mk: use $(localedir), $(sysconfdir) and + $(rootsbindir) instead of hardcoded values. Make includedir + flavour specific. + - debian/sysdeps/amd64.mk: define i386_includedir. + - debian/sysdeps/powerpc.mk: define ppc64_includedir. + - debian/sysdeps/ppc64.mk: define powerpc_includedir. + - debian/sysdeps/s390.mk: define s390x_includedir. + - debian/sysdeps/kfreebsd-amd64.mk: define i386_includedir. + - debian/sysdeps/sparc.mk: define sparc64_includedir. + * debian/control.in/main: build-depends on gcc-4.1.2 (>= 4.1.2-6) on + hppa. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Mon, 07 May 2007 03:27:10 +0200 + +glibc (2.5-5ubuntu1) gutsy; urgency=low + + * Merge Debian changes (2.5-2 - 2.5-5). + + -- Matthias Klose Wed, 02 May 2007 09:04:02 +0200 + +glibc (2.5-5) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * Rename patches/all/submitted-iconv-E13B.diff into + patches/all/cvs-iconv-E13B.diff as the patch has been accepted + upstream. + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.NEWS: new file to warn user to upgrade + to a 2.6.1 or later kernel before upgrading the glibc. + * debian/script.in/kernelcheck.sh: improve the kernel error message. + * New Tamil debconf translation, by Tirumurti Vasudevan. Closes: + #420755. + * script.in/nohwcap.sh: use sed instead of awk. Closes: #420799. + * Update Catalan debconf translation, by Jordà Polo. Closes: #420835. + * Add support for n32 and 64 ABIs on mips and mipsel, but keep it + disabled for now: + - control.in/main: add libc6-dev-mipsn32, libc6-dev-mips64 to the + build-dependencies. + - control.in/mips64: add libc6-mips64 and libc6-dev-mips64 packages. + - control.in/mipsn32: add libc6-mipsn32 and libc6-dev-mipsn32 packages. + - rules.d/control.mk: use control.in/mips64 and control.in/mipsn32. + - sysdeps/mips.mk: add two new passes for n32 and 64 ABIs. + - sysdeps/mipsel.mk: likewise. + * debian/control.in/main: drop build-depends on libssp32 and libssp64, + build-depends on gcc-4.1 (>= 4.1.2-5) instead. Drop build-conflicts + on gcc-4.1 (= 4.1.1-14). Closes: #413370. + * debian/sysdeps/hppa.mk: switch back to gcc-4.1. + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: add a check for silly users having + LD_ASSUME_KERNEL=2.4.1 in their /etc/profile, ~/.bashrc or shell + init script. + * debian/control.in/main: build depends on binutils (>= 2.17cvs20070426-1). + Closes: #405738. + * debian/shlibver: bump shlib to 2.5-5 for the transition to + hash-style=gnu. + * debian/control.in/main: build depends on gcc-4.1-multilib on bi-arch + architectures. + * control.in/amd64, control.in/i386, control.in/kfreebsd-i386, + control.in/mipsn32, control.in/mips64, control.in/powerpc, + control.in/ppc64, control.in/s390x, control.in/sparc64: drop the + depends on lib32gcc1/lib64gcc1. Recommends gcc-multilib. + * debhelper.in/libc.postint: remove the version check when creating + ld.so.conf. Closes: #420726. + + [ Michael Banck ] + * patches/hurd-i386/local-dl-dynamic-weak.diff: new patch (turn + _dl_dynamic_weak on by default for hurd-i386). + + [ Pierre Habouzit ] + * nscd.init: + + use nscd --shutdown rather than start-stop-daemon to stop nscd more + gracefuly. Closes: #338507. + + also invalidate hosts on reload. + + drop oldies (nscd_nischeck things, does not exists anymore). + * patches/any/cvs-scanf_hexfloat.diff: fix a bug when parsing a float in + hexadicimal form with no exponent. Closes: #166403. + * disable hosts caching in nscd by default as it breaks gethostby* calls + (does not respect DNS TTLs, see #335476): + + document it in nscd.NEWS.Debian. + + patches/any/local-disable-nscd-host-caching.diff: update nscd.conf. + + [ Clint Adams ] + * Switch from linux-kernel-headers to linux-libc-dev | linux-kernel-headers. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Mon, 30 Apr 2007 21:55:09 +0200 + +glibc (2.5-4) unstable; urgency=low + + * debian/rules.d/build.mk: fix the testsuite workaround on the MIPS SB1 + platform. + * debian/locales-all.README.Debian: Remove again, it is useless now. + (Closes: #378191) + * debhelper.in/libc.preinst: use dpkg-query instead of looking into + /var/lib/dpkg/info. Thanks to Guillem Jover for the hint. + * patches/mips/cvs-ldsodefs_h.diff: new patch (correct multiple + inclusion guard in sysdeps/mips/ldsodefs.h) from CVS. + * patches/any/cvs-printf_fp-c.diff: update patch from CVS (fix exponent + -4 special case handling when wcp == wstartp + 1). Closes: #419225. + * patches/any/cvs-bits_in_h-ipv6.diff: new patch from CVS (defines + IPV6_V6ONLY in bits/in.h). Closes: #420188. + * debhelper.in/libc.preinst: check the library files instead of links + while checking for a non-dpkg owned libc6 in /lib/tls. Links are + recreated by ldconfig. + * patches/any/cvs-realpath.diff: new patch (fix wrong comment about + realpath() in /usr/include/stdlib) from CVS. Closes: #239427. + * debian/local/manpages/iconv.1: mention that -t is optional. Closes: + #354292. + * debian/local/manpages/iconv.1: mention that multiple fils could be + specified on the command line. Closes: #340911. + * debian/patches/any/submitted-strfry.diff: new patch (fix strfry() + distribution) by Steinar H. Gunderson. Closes: #341903. + * patches/all/submitted-iconv-E13B.diff: new patch to fix wrong E13B + charset alias. patches/any/submitted-iconv-colon.diff: new patch to + allow colons in charset names. Closes: #91935. + * New Hungarian debconf translation, by Attila Szervác. Closes: #420420. + * debian/patches/any/local-ldd.diff: update to discard the error message + that appears if one of the dynamic loader is not supported by the + kernel. Closes: #263494. + * debian/patches/arm/cvs-check_pf.c: new patch (fix assertion in + check_pf.c) from CVS. Closes: #420552. + * debian/debhelper.in/glibc-doc.links: add missing manpages links for + functions documented with others. Closes: #413989. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Mon, 23 Apr 2007 11:41:18 +0200 + +glibc (2.5-3) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Pierre Habouzit ] + * patches/any/submitted-unistd_XOPEN_VERSION.diff: set _XOPEN_VERSION to 600 + when __USE_XOPEN2K is set. Closes: #203412. + * patches/any/cvs-glob-c.diff: fixes glob wrt \/ escapes (among other + fixes). Closes: #234880. + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * Update Italian debconf translation, by Luca Monducci. Closes: #419399. + * Put back ld.so into optimized packages, it can be useful in some cases. + * Update French debconf translation, by Christian Perrier. Closes: #419445. + * Switch from gzip to lzma for compressing the locales in the locales-all + package. The unpacked size is decreased by 10 and the packed size by 4 for + no measurable difference on the unpacking time. + * patches/any/submitted-gethostbyname_r.diff: new patch to fix unaligned + memory access in gethostbyname_r.diff(). Closes: #419459. + * Rewrite from scratch /etc/ld.so.nohwcap handling. Closes: #419036 + - script.in/nohwcap.sh: new snipplet to check dpkg and handle + /etc/ld.so.nohwcap + - rules.d/debhelper.mk: replace NOHWCAP with nohwcap.sh in debhelper + scripts + - debhelper.in/libc.preinst: only touch /etc/ld.so.nohwcap + - debhelper.in/libc.postinst: replace the old code with NOHWCAP, + add code to remove /etc/ld.so.hwcappkgs file on upgrade + - debhelper.in/libc-otherbuild.postrm: replace the old code with NOHWCAP + - debhelper.in/libc-otherbuild.postinst: ditto + - debhelper.in/libc-otherbuild.preinst: remove + * debhelper.in/libc.install: remove /usr/bin/lddlibc4 from the libc6 + package. + * debhelper.in/libc.preinst: check for a non-dpkg owned libc6 in /lib/tls. + Closes: #419189. + * Update Dutch debconf translation, by Bart Cornelis. Closes: #419729. + * debhelper.in/libc.postinst: fix the chroot detection, code taken from + udev scripts. + * debian/rules.d/build.mk: disable testsuite on the MIPS SB1 platform. + * patches/localedata/first_weekday.diff: Add first_workday for *_NO + and *_DK. Closes: #379100. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Thu, 19 Apr 2007 07:55:58 +0200 + +glibc (2.5-2ubuntu1) gutsy; urgency=low + + * Merge Debian changes (2.5-0exp6 - 2.5-2). + + -- Matthias Klose Wed, 18 Apr 2007 22:14:32 +0200 + +glibc (2.5-0ubuntu21.2) toolchain-test; urgency=low + + * libc6-dev-sparc64: Copy headers into /usr/include/sparc64-linux-gnu. + A symlink to /usr/include works for libc6-dev-sparc64, but not for + other packages which install into /usr/include/sparc64-linux-gnu. + + -- Matthias Klose Fri, 6 Apr 2007 13:45:41 +0200 + +glibc (2.5-0ubuntu21.1) toolchain-test; urgency=low + + * Update to current glibc-2_5-branch. + - debian/patches/sparc/local-pthread-shlib.diff: Update. + - debian/patches/any/branch-pr3429.diff: Remove. + * Merge Debian changes (2.5-0exp3 - 2.5-0exp6). + + -- Matthias Klose Wed, 21 Mar 2007 17:22:13 +0100 + +glibc (2.5-2) unstable; urgency=low + + * Update Portuguese debconf translation, by Ricardo Silva. Closes: #418301, + #418472. + * Update Brazilian Portuguese debconf translation, by Felipe Augusto van de + Wiel. Closes: #418332. + * Update Romanian debconf translation, by Stan Ioan-Eugen. Closes: #418337. + * Update Turkish debconf translation, by Erçin Eker. Closes: #418340. + * Update Galician debconf translation, by Jacobo Tarrio. Closes: #418365. + * Update Arabic debconf translation, by Ossama Khayat. Closes: #418378. + * Update German debconf translation, by Helge Kreutzmann. Closes: #418426. + * Update Basque debconf translation, by Piarres Beobide. Closes: #418521. + * Update Swedish debconf translation, by Daniel Nylander. Closes: #418545. + * Update Spanish debconf translation, by Carlos Valdivia Yagüe. Closes: + #418720. + * Update Russian debconf translation, by Yuri Kozlov. Closes: #418748. + * Update Czech debconf translation, by Miroslav Kure. Closes: #418767. + * debian/locales-depver: remove exp from the locales version. + * Replace patches/alpha/submitted-sigsuspend.diff by + patches/alpha/cvs-sigsuspend.diff from upstream. + * patches/any/local-ldconfig-fsync.diff: call fsync() before closing + /etc/ld.so.cache. Closes: #416716. + * Update Korean debconf translation, by Sunjae Park. Closes: #418872. + * patches/any/local-notls.diff: also include pthread.h from + linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/gai_misc.h. + m68k/cvs-m68k-update.diff: update from CVS. Closes: #418881. + * debian/local/usr_sbin/tzconfig: removed. + * debian/local/manpages/tzconfig.8: removed. + * debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: conflict with tzdata (<< 2007e-2). Older + versions need tzconfig. + * patches/any/cvs-printf_fp-c.diff: update patch from CVS (fix exponent + -4 special case handling when wcp == wstartp + 1). Closes: #419225. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Sat, 14 Apr 2007 17:23:17 +0200 + +glibc (2.5-1) unstable; urgency=low + + * New upstream version 2.5. + - Adds support of POSIX_MADV_* on mips, mipsel, arm and hppa. Closes: + #381294. + - Fixes a pointer-to-long overflow in sunrpc code. Closes: #389084. + - Fixes getent wrt ipv4 hosts lookups. Closes: #347358. + - Fixes strtod wrt hex floats with negative exponent. Closes: #172562. + - Fixes nice() errno when called without appropriate privileges. Closes: + #286825. + - Provides sys/inotify.h. Closes: #369402. + - Fixes strtod("INF") with some locales. Closes: #415417. + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * debian/shlibver: Bump up to 2.5. + * debian/copyright: update. + * Remove locale/cvs-iso3166.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove localedata/locale-ro_RO.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove arm/cvs-portshead.patch (merged upstream). + * Remove arm/local-dwarf2-buildfix.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove hppa/cvs-clone.patch (merged upstream). + * Remove hppa/cvs-portshead.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove hppa/submitted-drop-utimes.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove hurd-i386/cvs-machrules-make.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove mips/cvs-fork.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove mips/cvs-resource.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove powerpc/cvs-procfs.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/cvs-argp_h.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/cvs-getcwd_c.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/cvs-sysctl.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/cvs-thread_signals.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/cvs-uio_h.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/cvs-sunrpc-xdrmem_setpos.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/cvs-getent-wrong-struct-size.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/submitted-strfmon.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove all/submitted-uninitialized-byte-LC_CTYPE.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/local-ttyname-devfs.diff (devfs is not supported anymore). + * Update arm/local-no-hwcap.diff. + * Update any/local-ldso-disable-hwcap.diff. + * Update all/submitted-new-brf-encoding.diff. + * debhelper.in/libc.docs: remove INTERFACE as it has been removed upstream. + * sysdeps/depflags.pl: don't make libc6 depends on tzdata, as this package + is of priority required. Should help to debconfize tzdata. + * sysdeps/i386.mk: put the static Xen libc flavour in /usr/lib/xen. Closes: + #391372. + * sysdeps/powerpc.mk: install 64-bit headers (actually gnu/stubs-64.h) + directly into /usr/include and provide /usr/include/powerpc64-linux-gnu as + a symlink to /usr/include for compatibility reasons. Closes: #391858. + * sysdeps/ppc64.mk: install 32-bit headers (actually gnu/stubs-32.h) + directly into /usr/include and provide /usr/include/powerpc-linux-gnu as + a symlink to /usr/include for compatibility reasons. + * kfreebsd/local-scripts.diff: update. + * kfreebsd/local-sys_queue_h.diff: update. + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 1689 (from glibc-bsd). + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps-2.4.diff: remove. + * sysdeps/kfreebsd: enable the ports add-on. + * sysdeps/kfreebsd-i386.mk: ditto. + * any/local-stubs_h.diff: new patch to fix a warning in stubs.h. Closes: + #394128. + * alpha/submitted-sigsuspend.diff: new patch (fix the build on alpha) from + the libc-alpha mailing list. + * debian/local/manpages/*: fix typos. Closes: #395427. + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.dirs: don't provide /sys, now provided by + initscripts. + * debian/debhelper.in/nscd.init: add lsb header. + * debian/rules.d/debhelper.mk: add support for installing lintian and linda + overrides files. + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.overrides: new file. + * debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev.overrides: new file. + * debian/debhelper.in/libc-alt.overrides: new file. + * debian/debhelper.in/libc-otherbuild.overrides: new file. + * debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev-otherbuild.overrides: new file. + * debian/any/submitted-getcwd-sys_param_h.diff: new patch (fix the build + with linuxthreads) from the libc-alpha mailing list. + * debian/powerpc/cvs-tls-debug.diff: new patch (fix for debugging + thread-local variables on powerpc) from CVS. + * Build depends on gcc-4.2 on hppa to enable TLS on hppa. Closes: #397813. + * debian/patches/hppa/cvs-hppa-update.diff: new patch (CVS update). + * debian/sysdeps/hppa.mk, debian/script.in/kernelcheck.sh: bump minimum + kernel requirement to 2.6.9 on hppa to get LWS CAS support. + * debian/any/patches/local-linuxthreads-semaphore_h.diff: new patch (fix + /usr/include/semaphore.h with linuxthreads). + * sysdeps/sparc.mk: install 64-bit headers (actually gnu/stubs-64.h) + directly into /usr/include and provide /usr/include/sparc64-linux-gnu as + a symlink to /usr/include for compatibility reasons. Closes: #403980. + * sysdeps/*.mk: build with -g instead of -g1. Closes: bug#403270. + * debhelper.in/libc.install: install gai.conf in /etc. Closes: #404379. + * Add patches/any/local-ldconfig-timestamps.diff (use the timestamps to + update the cache only when needed) by Josselin Mouette. Closes: #374945. + * Add partial support for armel, from http://armel-debs.applieddata.net/diffs/. + * debian/debhelper.in/: delete /usr/doc removal from postinst scripts. + * debian/control.in: drop the dependency on tzdata. It is a required package + and the glibc from Etch depends on it, ensuring tzdata is always present + post-Etch. + * debian/script.in/kernelcheck.sh, debian/sysdeps/linux.mk: set the minimum + kernel version to 2.6.1, except on m68k where it is set to 2.4.1. + * patches/any/cvs-2.5-branch-update.diff: new patch (2.5 branch update) from + upstream CVS. + * patches/any/cvs-lt-update.diff: new patch (linuxthreads update) from + upstream CVS. + * debhelper.in/locales.templates: recommends UTF-8 locales by default. + Closes: #312927. + * control.in/main, rules.d/debhelper.mk: use dh_shlibdeps to set the + dependencies of nscd. Closes: #409288. + * sysdeps/s390.mk: install 64-bit headers (actually gnu/stubs-64.h) + directly into /usr/include and provide /usr/include/s390x-linux-gnu as + a symlink to /usr/include for compatibility reasons. + * patches/all/local-pthread-manpages.diff: update to fix a typo in + pthread_detach(3). Closes: #98852. + * Change any/local-__thread.diff into any/local-notls.diff. + * Update any/local-notls.diff (make glibc buildable without TLS support) + from Petr Salinger and Aurelien Jarno. + * hurd-i386/submitted-trivia.diff: new patch from Thomas Schwinge (make glibc + partly buildable on Hurd). + * hurd-i386/submitted-stat.diff: new patch from Thomas Schwinge (update + struct stat on Hurd). + * hurd-i386/submitted-libc_once.diff: new patch from Thomas Schwinge (add + __libc_once_else to make glibc buildable on Hurd). + * hurd-i386/local-msg-nosignal.diff: new patch from Thomas Schwinge + (workaround the missing MSG_NOSIGNAL support). + * m68k/cvs-m68k-update.diff: new patch (bits from CVS). Closes: #364098. + * any/submitted-clock-settime.diff: new patch (include to get + clockid_t). + * hurd-i386/local-sigsuspend-nocancel.diff: new patch (workaround missing + sigsuspend_not_cancel() on Hurd). + * debhelper.in/glibc-doc.links: add symlinks from pthread_setcanceltype(3), + pthread_setcancelstate(3) and pthread_testcancel(3) to pthread_cancel(3). + Closes: #411132. + * debian/control.in/i386: Changed the conflicts on ia32-libs-dev to a + versioned conflict. Closes: #407540. + * any/local-mktemp.diff: new patch (also propose mkdtemp as an alternative + to mktemp). Closes: #377310. + * any/cvs-ftw-c.diff: new patch (fix nftw() with FTW_CHDIR in /) from CVS. + Closes: #367522. + * any/cvs-printf_fp-c.diff: new patch (fix printf %#.0g) from CVS. + Closes: #209136. + * New Norwegian bokmÃ¥l debconf translation, by Bjørn Steensrud. Closes: + #412559. + * Remove patches/arm/local-softfloat.diff and patches/series.arm-softfloat. + Remove arm-softfloat from debian/rules.d/control.mk. armel (ARM EABI) + replaces the softfloat architecture. + * patches/any/cvs-pow.diff: new patch (fix pow(-inf, nan)) from upstream. + Closes: #226291. + * Update Catalan debconf translation, by Jordà Polo. Closes: #413259. + + [ Denis Barbier ] + * Remove localedata/locale-en_NZ.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove localedata/locale-nr_ZA.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove localedata/new-catalan-locales.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove localedata/update-ZA.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove localedata/locale-te_IN.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove locale/iso4217-RON.diff (merged upstream). + * Update localedata/locales_CH.diff + * Update localedata/supported.diff + * Update localedata/locale-hy_AM.diff + * Update localedata/locale-csb_PL.diff + * Update localedata/dz_BT-collation.diff + * Update localedata/locale-ia.diff + * Update localedata/locales-sr.diff + * Update localedata/tailor-iso14651_t1.diff + * Update localedata/fix-lang.diff + * Update localedata/first_weekday.diff + + [ Pierre Habouzit ] + * Adding myself to Uploaders. + * Rework patches/any/local-ldd.diff so that we don't use file(1) anymore (it + wasn't used anyway). Closes: #165417, #413095. + * Rework patch for #340871 (patches/m68k/local-mathinline_h.diff to use + __NTH rather than __THROW) in function implementations. + * Fix rpcgen(1) manpage, to match rpcgen(1) behaviour more closely. + Closes: #46175. + * patches/any/submitted-date-and-unknown-tz.diff: fix date output in case of + an unknown timezone in $TZ, submitted upstream as #4028. + Closes: #55648, #119540, #269238. + + [ Michael Banck ] + * patches/hurd-i386/local-tls.diff: New patch (fixes building with TLS) by + Samuel Thibault and Barry deFreese. Closes: #413787. + + [ Clint Adams ] + * debian/watch: add watch file. + * debian/control, debian/control.in/opt, debian/control.in/main, + debian/control.in/libc0.1, debian/control.in/libc, + debian/debhelper.in/locales.templates: English corrections from + Christian Perrier for Debconf templates and package descriptions. + Closes: #418006. + + -- Clint Adams Mon, 09 Apr 2007 16:17:20 -0400 + +glibc (2.5-0ubuntu12) feisty; urgency=low + + * debian/patches/any/branch-pr3429.diff: Fix a race condition in + _dl_open with r_debug.r_state consistency check. Ubuntu #72639. + * debian/debhelper.in/nscd.init: Invalidate the hosts database as + well. Ubuntu #72647. + * debian/local/manpages/nscd.conf.5: Fix formatting. Ubuntu #55331. + * Fix typo in libc6-i686 package description. Ubuntu #81153. + * debian/patches/any/local-iconv-fix-trampoline.diff: Import from + Debian; new patch (fix iconvconfig segfault when run under exec-shield, + PaX or similar) from hlfs. Ubuntu #63353. + * Set Ubuntu maintainer address. + + -- Matthias Klose Wed, 21 Mar 2007 08:16:00 +0100 + +glibc (2.5-0ubuntu14) feisty; urgency=low + + * Twiddle the diff a little so it actually applies. + + -- Tollef Fog Heen Tue, 3 Apr 2007 21:34:51 +0200 + +glibc (2.5-0ubuntu13) feisty; urgency=low + + * debian/patches/any/local-ipv6-sanity.diff: Only do AAAA lookups if we + have an interface with better than link-local addresses available. + + -- Tollef Fog Heen Tue, 3 Apr 2007 14:11:26 +0200 + +glibc (2.5-0ubuntu11) feisty; urgency=low + + * debian/patches/hppa/cvs-missing-cfi_procend.diff: New file to work around + FTBFS uncovered by January CVS binutils. + * debian/patches/series: Use it. + + -- Jeff Bailey Sun, 11 Feb 2007 08:51:24 -0700 + +glibc (2.5-0ubuntu10) feisty; urgency=low + + [ Colin Watson ] + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: Correct grammar of NSS reboot warning + (LP: #70567). + + [ Jeff Bailey ] + * debian/patches/hppa/submitted-nptl-carlos2.diff: New patch to add + STACK_GROWS_UP case to NPTL. + * debian/patches/series: Use it. + + -- Jeff Bailey Sat, 10 Feb 2007 12:03:41 -0500 + +glibc (2.5-0ubuntu9) feisty; urgency=low + + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: turn libc6 duplication + check from an error to a warning and point to the bug when + printing the warning. + (Closes Ubuntu: #81125) + + -- Fabio M. Di Nitto Sat, 06 Jan 2007 07:06:22 +0100 + +glibc (2.5-0ubuntu8) feisty; urgency=low + + * no change upload to rebuild with proper binutils/gcc-4.1 + + -- Fabio M. Di Nitto Sat, 06 Jan 2007 06:46:26 +0100 + +glibc (2.5-0ubuntu7) feisty; urgency=low + + [ Colin Watson ] + + * debian/debhelper.in/glibc-doc.links: Restore + /usr/share/doc/glibc-doc/html/index.html symlink. + + [ Fabio M. Di Nitto ] + + * debian/patches/sparc/local-pthread-shlib.diff: New file. + * debian/patches/series: Update. + + -- Fabio M. Di Nitto Thu, 04 Jan 2007 17:36:19 +0100 + +glibc (2.5-0ubuntu6) feisty; urgency=low + + * Rebuild using gcc 4.1.1-21ubuntu3. + + -- Fabio M. Di Nitto Thu, 21 Dec 2006 08:52:45 -0800 + +glibc (2.5-0ubuntu5) feisty; urgency=low + + * Rebuild using gcc 4.1.1-21ubuntu2. + + -- Matthias Klose Thu, 14 Dec 2006 14:12:56 +0000 + +glibc (2.5-0ubuntu4) feisty; urgency=low + + [ Fabio M. Di Nitto ] + * Fix path to patch in ubuntu2 changelog. + * debian/sysdeps/sparc.mk: re-enable testsuite on Niagara. + It was a kernel bug and fix is on the way upstream. + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: set back NSS version check. + It was bumped by mistake. + (Closes Ubuntu: #21117) + + -- Fabio M. Di Nitto Wed, 29 Nov 2006 06:26:46 +0100 + +glibc (2.5-0ubuntu3) feisty; urgency=low + + * debian/rules.d/build.mk: Do not define MAKEINFO to :, this prevented + generation of the info documentation, which we are happy to distribute. + * debian/control.in: + * main: + * glibc-doc Provides/Replaces/Conflicts glibc-doc-reference instead of + Suggests. Fix description. + * debian/control: Regenerate. + + -- Scott James Remnant Fri, 24 Nov 2006 14:05:17 +0000 + +glibc (2.5-0ubuntu2) feisty; urgency=low + + [ Jeff Bailey ] + * debian/patches/hppa/submitted-ustat.diff: New file. + * debian/patches/series: Update. + + -- Jeff Bailey Wed, 1 Nov 2006 14:53:41 -0500 + +glibc (2.5-0ubuntu1) feisty; urgency=low + + [ Jeff Bailey ] + * debian/rules: Define BUILD_CXX + * debian/sysdeps/sparc.mk: Define sparc64v_CXX, sparc64b_CXX, sparc64_CXX + * debian/sysdeps/powerpc.mk: Define ppc64_CXX. + * debian/sysdeps/i386.mk: Define amd64_CXX. + * debian/sysdeps/amd64.mk: Define i386_CXX. + * debian/control.in/main: Set minimum b-d version of linux-libc-dev to + 2.6.19-1.1 + Add build-dep on lib64c++6 for powerpc and sparc. + * debian/control: Regenerate. + * debian/patches/any/local-2.6.19-linux-libc-dev.diff: Patch to cope + with kernel headers from 2.6.19. + * debian/patches/series: Update. + Prune localedata, alpha, arm, hppa linuxthreads and kernel version + hurd, m68k, and mips patches. + + [ Fabio M. Di Nitto] + * use original glibc-2.5.tar.bz2 tarball from ftp.gnu.org: + * debian/patches/series: drop all/local-remove-manual.diff. + * debian/control.in: + * readd libc-dbg. + * main: + * readd Build-Depends: texinfo (>= 4.0), texi2html. + * change Build-Depends: linux-kernel-headers to linux-libc-dev. + * drop Build-Depends: lib32ssp0 and lib64ssp0. + * drop Conflicts: belocs-locales-bin, belocs-locales-data. + * opt: + * drop libc6-sparcv9. + * readd libc6-sparcv9v. + * readd libc6-sparc64b. + * readd libc6-sparc64v. + * merge descriptions from glibc 2.4 (WARNINGs and NPTL). + * Regenerate debian/control. + * debian/debhelper.in: + * readd glibc-doc.doc-base, glibc-doc.info and glibc-doc.install. + * readd libc-alt-dev.postinst. + * libc.install: drop usr/bin/locale nad usr/bin/localedef. + * libc.manpages: drop locale.1 and localedef.1. + * libc.postinst: + * fix $preversion quoting. + * bump version checking for $preversion to 2.5-0ubuntu1 for some cases. + * fix hwcappkgs lists for sparc. + * remove kernel version detection at startup. + * drop locales-all.* + * Merge debian/FAQ. + * debian/rules: + * drop locales-all and locales packages. + * readd CXX for cross-compiling. + * force -fno-stack-protector to disable automatic enablement from Ubuntu's + glibc. Glibc itself will enable it as necessary. + * debian/rules.d: + * build.mk: + * readd CXX for cross-compiling. + * drop localedir (requires check). + * readd manual generation (requires check). + * keep using /etc/ld.so.conf.d/$triplet. New debian packages use + triplet.conf, and that would require a conffile migration script. + * readd nptl bits. + * debhelper.mk: + * readd nptl bits. + * install $(libc)-dev-$$x.postinst from libc-alt-dev.postinst. + * debian/script.in/kernelcheck.sh: fix kernel version check on != m68k. + (this should be pushed to debian too) + * debian/shlibver: bump to 2.5-0ubuntu1. + * debian/sysdeps: + * amd64.mk: + * default to nptl for amd64. + * set i386 configure target to i686-linux. + * set i386 CC to use $(BUILD_CC). + * readd --disable-profile to i386_extra_config_options. + * readd i386_MAKEFLAGS to set gconvdir. + * set i386_extra_cflags back to -march=i686 -mtune=i686. + * drop i386_rtlddir (requires check). + * set i386_slibdir and _libdir to use */lib32. + * change symlinking for */lib32. + * depflags.pl: + * change linux-kernel-headers into linux-libc-dev. + * readd Recommends: tzdata. + * readd Depends: locales (>= 2.3.11). (requires review) + * readd hack to cope with */lib64. + * hppa.mk: enable nptl. + * i386.mk: + * readd no-tls-direct-seg-refs to generic libc cflags. + * make symlink absolute again. (requires review - might be droppable) + * restore nptl_* options. + * change i686_slibdir to /lib/tls/i686/cmov. + * change xen_slibdir to /lib/tls/i686/nosegneg. + * keep using /etc/ld.so.conf.d/xen.conf. New debian packages use + libc6-xen.conf, and that would require a conffile migration script. + * drop ldconfig from libc6-xen. + * linux.mk: + * readd comments about nptl. + * readd nptl config. + * powerpc.mk: revert change to fix bug #391858 that is a gcc bug + (already addressed in Ubuntu) and not a glibc one. + * sparc.mk: + * readd sparc64b pass. + * readd sparc64v pass. + * disable sparcv9 pass. + * readd sparcv9v pass. + * fix sparc64 headers install. + * dynamically disable testsuite when building on Niagara. + * debian/patches: + * port forward ubuntu dir from 2.4: + * drop local-dynamic-resolvconf.diff. now part of debian. + * readd local-altlocaledir.diff. + * series: update. + + -- Fabio M. Di Nitto Wed, 01 Nov 2006 12:49:55 +0100 + +glibc (2.5-0exp2) UNRELEASED; urgency=low + + * New upstream version 2.5. + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * debian/shlibver: Bump up to 2.5-1. + * debian/copyright: update. + * Remove locale/cvs-iso3166.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove localedata/locale-ro_RO.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove arm/cvs-portshead.patch (merged upstream). + * Remove hppa/cvs-portshead.patch (merged upstream). + * Remove hppa/submitted-drop-utimes.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove hurd-i386/cvs-machrules-make.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove mips/cvs-fork.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove mips/cvs-resource.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove powerpc/cvs-procfs.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/cvs-argp_h.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/cvs-getcwd_c.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/cvs-sysctl.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/cvs-thread_signals.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/cvs-uio_h.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/submitted-strfmon.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove all/submitted-uninitialized-byte-LC_CTYPE.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/local-ttyname-devfs.diff (devfs is not supported anymore). + * Update arm/local-no-hwcap.diff. + * Update any/local-ldso-disable-hwcap.diff. + * Update all/submitted-new-brf-encoding.diff. + * debhelper.in/libc.docs: remove INTERFACE as it has been removed upstream. + * sysdeps/depflags.pl: don't make libc6 depends on tzdata, as this package + is of priority required. Should help to debconfize tzdata. + * sysdeps/i386.mk: put the static Xen libc flavour in /usr/lib/xen. Closes: + #391372. + * sysdeps/powerpc.mk: install 64-bit headers (actually gnu/stubs-64.h) + directly into /usr/include and provide /usr/include/powerpc64-linux-gnu as + a symlink to /usr/include for compatibility reasons. Closes: #391858. + * sparc/cvs-pause-sigprocmask.diff: new patch (fix sparc64 build) from + upstream CVS. + * kfreebsd/local-scripts.diff: update. + * kfreebsd/local-sys_queue_h.diff: update. + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 1689 (from glibc-bsd). + * kfreebsd/local-sysdeps-2.4.diff: remove. + * sysdeps/kfreebsd: enable the ports add-on. + * sysdeps/kfreebsd-i386.mk: ditto. + * any/local-stubs_h.diff: new patch to fix a warning in stubs.h. Closes: + #394128. + * alpha/submitted-sigsuspend.diff: new patch (fix the build on alpha) from + the libc-alpha mailing list. + + [ Denis Barbier ] + * Remove localedata/locale-en_NZ.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove localedata/locale-nr_ZA.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove localedata/new-catalan-locales.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove localedata/update-ZA.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove localedata/locale-te_IN.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove locale/iso4217-RON.diff (merged upstream). + * Update localedata/locales_CH.diff + * Update localedata/supported.diff + * Update localedata/locale-hy_AM.diff + * Update localedata/locale-csb_PL.diff + * Update localedata/dz_BT-collation.diff + * Update localedata/locale-ia.diff + * Update localedata/locales-sr.diff + * Update localedata/tailor-iso14651_t1.diff + * Update localedata/fix-lang.diff + * Update localedata/first_weekday.diff + + -- Aurelien Jarno Wed, 11 Oct 2006 16:27:42 +0200 + +glibc (2.4-1) UNRELEASED; urgency=low + + * New upstream version 2.4: + - NPTL is used instead of linuxthreads on alpha. Closes: #325600. + - NPTL being the default thread library when available, only one + version of the thread library is available (either linuxthreads or + NPTL). Closes: #399035. + - .eh_frame has been fixed. Closes: #349688. + - Fix a memory leak in getprotobyname. Closes: #365233. + - Support for MALLOC_PERTURB has been added. Closes: #350579. + - Support for 2.4 kernels has been removed. Closes: #258740. + + [ Clint Adams ] + * Remove all/cvs-manual-memory.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove all/cvs-manual-string.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/cvs-divdi3-moddi3.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/cvs-errlist.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/cvs-siginfo_h.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/cvs-regcomp_c.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/cvs-tst-setcontext_c.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/local-dash.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/local-gcc4-elf.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove powerpc/cvs-executable-got.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove sparc/cvs-datastart.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove sparc/cvs-gcc4-inline.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove sparc/local-gcc4-mv8.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove sparc/submitted-socket-weakalias.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove everything to do with nscd_nischeck. + * Remove any/local-linuxthreads-sizefix.diff (not necessary anymore). + * Update hppa/submitted-lt.diff. + * debian/shlibver: Bump up to 2.4-1. + * Update any/local-bashisms.diff: fix invalid test operator (==) + in run-iconv-test.sh + * debian/rules.d/build.mk: don't try to build html documentation. + * debian/sysdeps/hppa.mk: use ports and linuxthreads add-ons + * debian/sysdeps/m68k.mk: use ports and linuxthreads add-ons + * debian/sysdeps/m32r.mk: use ports and linuxthreads add-ons + * debian/sysdeps/mips.mk: use ports add-on + * debian/sysdeps/mipsel.mk: use ports add-on + * debian/sysdeps/arm.mk: use ports add-on + * Build with gcc 4.1 on all architectures but hurd-i386. + * debian/debhelper.in/nscd.init: partially sync nscd initscript + with upstream. + * Remove mips/local-librt.diff. + * debian/rules.d/tarball.mk: no longer run tar with -v. + * Add hppa/cvs-portshead.patch (update hppa code to ports HEAD) + * Add arm/cvs-portshead.patch (update arm code to ports HEAD) + + [ Denis Barbier ] + * Remove locale/complex-collate.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove locale/cvs-{iso4217,iso639}.diff, locale/cvs-localedata.diff + * Remove from any/local-forward-backward-collation.diff a chunk merged + upstream. + * debian/rules.d/tarball.mk: glibc--2.4.tar.bz2 add-on unpacks + into either or glibc--2.4, in which case it is renamed + into . + + [ Michael Banck ] + * debian/sysdeps/hurd.mk: Only use libidn for add-ons. + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * Update all/submitted-new-brf-encoding.diff. + * Remove alpha/cvs-gcc4-profile.diff (not needed anymore). + * Update alpha/submitted-xstat.diff. + * Update arm/cvs-gcc4-inline.diff. + * Remove arm/cvs-gcc4.1-raise.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove arm/cvs-float-byteorder.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove arm/cvs-socket-weakalias.diff (merged upstream). + * Update arm/local-ioperm.diff to reflect the new port add-on. + * Update arm/local-no-hwcap.diff to reflect the new port add-on. + * Remove any/cvs-argp_h.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/cvs-ctan.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/cvs-futimes.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/cvs-nfs_h.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/cvs-path_log.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/cvs-resource_h.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/cvs-static-getpid.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove any/cvs-tls-crashfix.diff (merged upstream). + * Add any/cvs-uio_h.diff from upstream to allow inclusion of bits/uio.h from + fcntl.h and prevent multiple inclusions. + * Remove any/local-kernel-features.diff (merged upstream). + * Update any/local-ldso-disable-hwcap.diff. + * Add any/local-linuxthreads-tst-sighandler.diff to disable + tst-sighandler{1,2} tests, which seems to be buggy. + * Update any/local-rtld.diff. + * Update any/local-sysctl.diff to reflect the new port add-on. + * Update any/local-version-sanity.diff. + * Remove any/submitted-eh-frame-terminator.diff (merged upstream). + * Update any/submitted-nis-netgrp.diff. + * Remove i386/local-i486_ldt_support.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove ia64/cvs-gcc41-atomic_h.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove hppa/cvs-linesep.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove hppa/cvs-no-ldbl-128 (merged upstream). + * Replace hppa/cvs-pie-relocs.diff by submitted-nptl-carlos.diff, see + http://lists.parisc-linux.org/pipermail/parisc-linux/2006-July/029549.html. + * Remove hppa/local-gcc-4-profile.diff (not necessary anymore). + * Update hppa/local-inlining.diff to reflect the new port add-on. + * Remove hppa/local-remove-mallocdef.diff (not necessary anymore as + spinlock ldcw fix has been applied). + * Update hppa/submitted-drop-utimes.diff. + * Remove hppa/submitted-fenv-align.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove hppa/submitted-fpu.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove hppa/submitted-iitlbp.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove hppa/submitted-sysdeps.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove hurd-i386/cvs-ioctl-pfinet.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove hurd-i386/cvs-getresuid-dyslexia.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove hurd-i386/cvs-posix-opts.diff (merged upstream). + * Update hurd-i386/submitted-sysvshm.diff. + * Remove kfreebsd/local-nscd_no_mremap.diff (not necessary anymore). + * Update kfreebsd/local-scripts.diff. + * Add kfreebsd/local-ftw.diff. + * Add kfreebsd/local-sysdeps-2.4.diff. + * Add kfreebsd/local-memusage_no_mremap.diff. + * Remove m32r/cvs-elf-m32r_rel32.diff (merged upstream). + * Update m68k/local-compat.diff. + * Update m68k/local-mathinline_h.diff to reflect the new port add-on. + * Update m68k/local-fpic.diff. + * Update m68k/local-reloc.diff to reflect the new port add-on. + * Update m68k/submitted-gcc34-seccomment.diff. + * Add mips/cvs-fork.diff (fix the path to i386/fork.c) from CVS. + * Add mips/cvs-resource.diff (fix a typo in bits/resource.h) from CVS. + * Remove mips/cvs-gcc4-inline.diff (merged upstream). + * Remove mips/cvs-gcc4-sysdeps.diff (merged upstream). + * Update mips/submitted-msq.diff to reflect the new port add-on. + * Remove powerpc/cvs-gcc41-initfini.diff (merged upstream). + * Update any/local-libgcc-compat-{all,others}.diff and split them into + any/local-libgcc-compat-{main,ports}.diff. Move mips/libgcc-compat.c to + mips/mips32/libgcc-compat.c as it is only needed for the o32 ABI, and not + needed for n32 and n64 ABIs. + * Add sparc/local-fork.diff (use fork.c instead of fork.S). + * Add any/local-__thread.diff (make glibc buildable without __thread support) + from Michael Banck. + * debian/script.in/kernelcheck.sh: set the minimum kernel version to 2.6.0, + except on m68k where it is set to 2.4.1. + * debian/sysdeps/i386.mk: install the xen flavour in /lib/i686/nosegneg and + create /etc/ld.so.conf.d/libc6-xen.conf which uses the new hwcap feature. + Closes: #363442. + * debian/FAQ: Remove LD_ASSUME_KERNEL workaround, as linuxthreads versions + of the glibc are not built anymore. + + [ Jeff Bailey ] + + * debian/control.in/libc: Move tzdata dependancy to ... + * debian/sysdeps/depflags.mk: ... here. + + * debian/sysdeps/powerpc.mk: Include biarch headers in libc6-dev-ppc64 + + * debian/patches/any/local-dynamic-resolvconf.diff: New file to + check for updated resolv.conf before a nameserver call. (Closes: + #272265). + * debian/patches/series: Use it. + + -- Clint Adams Sun, 28 May 2006 03:28:14 +0200 + +glibc (2.3.6.ds1-12) UNRELEASED; urgency=low + + [ Pierre Habouzit ] + * patches/any/cvs-sunrpc-xdrmem_setpos.diff: fix a pointer-to-cast problem + in sunrpc, backport from glibc-2.5. Closes: #389084. + * patches/any/cvs-getent-wrong-struct-size.diff: fix a bad struct size in + nss/getent.c, backport from glibc-2.5. Closes: #347358. + * patches/any/local-sysctl.diff: sysctl is back for good it seems, remove + the link warning from the patch. Closes: #410816. + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * debian/control.in/opt: fix a typo: Ezla -> Ezra. Closes: #410839. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Tue, 13 Feb 2007 23:43:39 +0100 + +glibc (2.3.6.ds1-11) unstable; urgency=low + + * patches/kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 1886 (from + glibc-bsd). + * patches/any/cvs-itoa-c.diff: new patch from CVS (fix sprintf %0lld when + argument equals to 0). Closes: bug#292523. + * patches/all/local-pthread-manpages.diff: fix pthread manpages. Closes: + bug#220719. + * debhelper.in/libc-otherbuild.postinst: fix handling of + /etc/ld.so.hwcappkgs. Closes: bug#409374. + * debhelper.in/libc.postinst: fix code adding /etc/ld.so.conf.d support to + /etc/ld.so.conf. Closes: bug#409516. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Sat, 3 Feb 2007 20:13:29 +0100 + +glibc (2.3.6.ds1-10) unstable; urgency=low + + * sysdeps/kfreebsd.mk: Link all machine*/ directories to support + new bi-arch headers. + * Add bi-arch support on kfreebsd-amd64: + - debian/sysdeps/kfreebsd-amd64.mk: New pass for 32-bit glibc + - debian/control.in/main: Add build-depends on libc0.1-dev-i386 + - debian/control.in/kfreebsd-i386: add libc0.1-dev-i386 and + libc0.1-i386 packages + * patches/kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 1853 (from + glibc-bsd). + * debian/control.in/libc: downgrade priority of libc-dev to optional + from standard to match overrides. + * debian/patches/hppa/cvs-clone.diff: new patch by Helge Deller + inspired from upstream CVS code (fix LTP clone04 and + clone06 test). Closes: #405411. + * debian/patches/any/cvs-zdump-64-bit.diff: new patch from CVS to fix zdump + on 64-bit architectures. Closes: #402776. + * debian/quitlrc: new file. + * debian/rules.d/quilt.mk: use debian/quiltrc instead of default ~/.quiltrc. + Closes: #406136. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Mon, 8 Jan 2007 22:29:37 +0100 + +glibc (2.3.6.ds1-9) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * patches/kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 1775 (from + glibc-bsd). + * debian/po/eu.po: new file, thanks to Piarres Beobide. Closes: #398984. + * debian/wrapper/objcopy: remove useless .debug_loc (patch from Daniel + Jacobowitz). Closes: #399217. + * debian/po/de.po: Fix German translation. Closes: #372817. + + [ Michael Banck ] + * patches/hurd-i386/submitted-futimes.diff: Moved to ... + * patches/hurd-i386/cvs-futimes.diff: ... here, updated with the + version committed upstream by Roland McGrath. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Thu, 7 Dec 2006 11:27:42 +0100 + +glibc (2.3.6.ds1-8) unstable; urgency=high + + * any/local-iconv-fix-trampoline.diff: new patch (fix iconvconfig segfault + when run under exec-shield, PaX or similar) from hlfs. Closes: #397020. + * debian/po/ro.po: new file, thanks to Stan Ioan-Eugen. Closes: #395348. + * debhelper.in/locales.prerm; debhelper.in/locales.prerm, + debhelper.in/locales-all.prerm: fixed bad interactions between locales + and locales-all. Closes: #396354. + * patches/kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 1703 (from + glibc-bsd). + + -- Aurelien Jarno Sat, 4 Nov 2006 23:36:19 +0100 + +glibc (2.3.6.ds1-7) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * New any/local-no-pagesize.diff (remove the usage of PAGE_SIZE) by + Steve Langasek. Closes: #394385. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Sat, 21 Oct 2006 22:41:39 +0200 + +glibc (2.3.6.ds1-6) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * Improve the heuristic used to detect other copy of the C library. Closes: + #390950. + * Add m68k/local-pthread_lock.diff (fix deadlock with pthread_spinlock) by + Roman Zippel. Closes: #385917. + * Build-conflicts with buggy gcc-4.1 (= 4.1.1-14). Closes: #391485. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Sat, 7 Oct 2006 23:54:49 +0200 + +glibc (2.3.6.ds1-5) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * debian/local/manpages/ldconfig.8: Update the manpage. Closes: #325921. + * debian/local/manpages/ld.so.8: Update the manpage. Closes: #171145, + #357676, #280027. + * rules.d/debhelper.mk: don't make ld.so.8.gz or ld.so.conf executable. + * debian/FAQ: specify that LD_ASSUME_KERNEL does not work on amd64. + Closes: #386924. + * patches/any/cvs-sqrt.diff: New patch from upstream to fix sqrt computation + for negative imaginary number. Closes: #388852. + + [ Michael Banck ] + * Add hurd-i386/cvs-getsid.diff (fix getsid(0) on the Hurd) by + Samuel Thibault (patch from glibc-2.4). + * Add hurd-i386/submitted-futimes.diff (fix touch on the Hurd) by + Thomas Schwinge and Samuel Thibault. Closes: #388785. + + [ Denis Barbier ] + * Add sr_ME and sr_RS locales, and keep sr_CS for backward compatibility. + * First weekday is Sunday in Brazil. Closes: #385859 + Thanks Gunther and Felipe Augusto van de Wiel. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Sun, 1 Oct 2006 18:48:27 +0200 + +glibc (2.3.6.ds1-4) unstable; urgency=low + + * debian/control.in/opt: add a new line at the end of the file. (Closes: + #384375). + * debian/rules.d/control.mk: add a check to make sur that all files in + debian/control.in have a new line at the end. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Thu, 24 Aug 2006 00:21:25 +0200 + +glibc (2.3.6.ds1-3) unstable; urgency=low + + * patches/any/cvs-sysctl.diff: patch from upstream to fix the sysctl() + problem for NPTL. + * patches/any/local-sysctl.diff: remove the NPTL fix from this patch, apply + the same kind of fix for linuxthreads than for NPTL. (Closes: #383976). + * patches/any/local-sysctl.diff: fix for arm. + * patches/any/local-bashisms.diff: fix bashisms in the testsuite. + * debian/control.in/{i386,powerpc,ppc64,s390x,sparc64}: change the bi-arch + package priority to optional (but keep libc6-i386 on amd64 to standard). + (Closes: #344253). + * debian/control.in/opt: Removed the comment about the IBM's JDK in the + descriptions of the optimized packages, as an NPTL version is also present + in the main libc. + * debian/rules.d/build.mk: force the locale directory to /usr/lib/locale. + This way the 32-bit libc6 on amd64 is able use the locales correctly (it + was already done for other bi-arch architectures). (Closes: #379959). + + -- Aurelien Jarno Wed, 23 Aug 2006 00:38:22 +0200 + +glibc (2.3.6.ds1-2) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * rules.d/build.mk: removed the call to texi2html. (Closes: #383276). + * New debian/patches/any/cvs-ctermid.diff from upstream to fix a segfault in + ctermid(NULL). Thanks Denis for the hint. (Closes: #380504, #383362). + * New debian/patches/localedata/reverted-for-etch.diff: revert a few + locales changes done in 2.3.6.ds1-1 and refused by the release managers: + - locales/vi_VN: Various fixes + - locales/ru_RU: Use U2002 for thousands_sep and mon_throusands_sep. + + [ Denis Barbier ] + * debian/patches/localedata/cvs-localedata.diff: A new test target + tst-strfmon1 was previously added into localedata/Makefile, + so add localedata/tst-strfmon1.c to really perform this test. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Thu, 17 Aug 2006 00:32:25 +0200 + +glibc (2.3.6.ds1-1) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Denis Barbier ] + * New all/submitted-uninitialized-byte-LC_CTYPE.diff patch to fix + uninitialized bytes or misaligned words in locale files. + * debian/debhelper.in/locales-all.postinst: Make localedef silent, and + fix an error, this script could not be run more than once. + * debian/debhelper.in/locales-all.prerm: New file, to remove + /usr/lib/locale/locale-archive. Thanks Lars Wirzenius. + (Closes: #382136) + * debian/debhelper.in/locales.postinst: Pass --no-checks to update-locale + to not break installation of this package even if non working locales + are selected. Thanks Robert Millan. (Closes: #365628) + * debian/patches/locale/cvs-iso4217.diff: Update to CVS 2006-08-12. + * debian/patches/localedata/cvs-localedata.diff: Update to CVS 2006-08-12 + Among other changes: + * New locale files: as_IN, ca_AD, csb_PL, el_CY, fr_AD, it_AD, nr_ZA, + or_IN, pa_PK and tr_CY. + * charmaps/MIK: New file. + * Sync bg_BG bs_BA es_MX ru_RU tg_TJ tt_RU with latest iso-4217.def + * Add transliateration support to LC_CTYPE for most locales. + * Fix date fields for several *_IN locales. + * locales/{*_ZA,ro_RO,vi_VN}: Various fixes + * locales/de_DE: Fix date_fmt. + * locales/hu_HU: Better month name abbreviations. + * locales/pl_PL: Don't ignore U0020 in collation. + * locales/ru_RU: Use U2002 for thousands_sep and mon_throusands_sep. + * locales/es_UY: Change currency_symbol. Closes: #378151 + * locales/de_CH: Change thousand separator to '. + * The following patches have been merged into localedata/cvs-localedata.diff + and are dropped: + locale/iso4217-RON.diff localedata/locale-ro_RO.diff + localedata/new-catalan-locales.diff localedata/locale-te_IN.diff + localedata/locale-nr_ZA.diff localedata/update-ZA.diff + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * sysdeps/{powerpc,s390,ia64}.mk: make the NPTL version buildable on 2.4 + kernels. + * New any/local-sysctl.diff patch to remove the annoying warning messages + that appear with 2.6.18+ kernels, and to warn users to not use sysctl(). + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: update list of optimized glibc + packages. Thanks Petr Salinger. (Closes: #383168). + * New any/cvs-static-getpid.diff patch from upstream to fix getpid() in + statically linked programs on some architectures. (Closes: #367656). + + -- Aurelien Jarno Tue, 15 Aug 2006 23:01:43 +0200 + +glibc (2.3.6-19) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Michael Banck ] + * debhelper.in/libc-udeb.install.hurd-i386: New file; libpthread is + not part of glibc on the Hurd. + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * Ship librt in the libc udeb (closes: bug#381881). + + -- Aurelien Jarno Tue, 8 Aug 2006 18:18:48 +0200 + +glibc (2.3.6-18) unstable; urgency=medium + + (urgency set to medium as it fixes a FTBFS) + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * Update ia64/cvs-gcc41-atomic_h.diff again (fix build failure with gcc-4.1, + nptl part) from upstream. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Tue, 1 Aug 2006 16:59:33 +0200 + +glibc (2.3.6-17) unstable; urgency=medium + + (urgency set to medium as it fixes a FTBFS) + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * Update ia64/cvs-gcc41-atomic_h.diff (fix build failure with gcc-4.1) from + upstream. + + [ Michael Banck ] + * debian/sysdeps/hurd.mk: Disable RUN_TESTSUITE. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Sun, 30 Jul 2006 21:25:32 +0200 + +glibc (2.3.6-16) UNRELEASED; urgency=low + + (urgency set to medium as it fixes a FTBFS) + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * Add arm/cvs-gcc4.1-raise.diff (fix build failure with gcc-4.1) from + upstream. + * Add ia64/cvs-gcc41-atomic_h.diff (fix build failure with gcc-4.1) from + upstream. + * Build with gcc 4.1 on all architectures but hurd-i386. + * debian/sysdeps/s390.mk: switch s390x to nptl. + * debian/rules.d/build.mk: use ld.so libc.so instead of libc.so to + determine if the host CPU is able to run the testsuite. + * debian/sysdeps/kfreebsd.mk: also use the nfs/ directory from kernel + headers. + * debian/sysdeps/kfreebsd.mk: also use the nfs/ directory from kernel + headers. + * patches/kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 1631 (from glibc-bsd). + * debian/local/manpages/iconv.1: fixed the description of the --silent + option. (Closes: #375741) + * debian/local/manpages/iconv.1: fixed the use of the TH keyword. (Closes: + #372510) + * debian/locales-all.README.Debian: File removed, it is useless now. + (Closes: #378191) + * Update Russian debconf translation, by Yuri Kozlov. (Closes: #379395) + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: add /etc/ld.so.conf.d/ support. + * Drop any/local-ldconfig-multiarch.diff, use /etc/ld.so.conf.d/ to + configure multiarch libraries. + * Update m68k/local-mathinline_h.diff (fix bits/mathinline.h), by Roger Leigh. + (Closes: #340871) + + [ Denis Barbier ] + * debian/control.in/main: also make locales Conflicts: belocs-locales-bin. + * debian/debhelper.in/locales.config: some programs keep modifying + /etc/environment to store locale variables, so read /etc/environment + even when upgrading new versions. Of course, /etc/default/locale has + still a higher precedence over /etc/environment. (Closes: #363644) + * Add new Lithuanian debconf translation, by Gintautas Miliauskas. + (Closes: #374365) + * Update Brazilian Portuguese debconf translation, by Felipe Augusto + van de Wiel. (Closes: #375451) + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: Call iconvconfig to generate + /usr/lib/gconv/gconv-modules.cache. (Closes: #376811) + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.postrm: Remove this cache file. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Thu, 8 Jun 2006 08:03:49 +0200 + +glibc (2.3.6-15) unstable; urgency=low + + * debian/rules.d/build.mk: generate a test log file even if the testsuite + is disabled, too make debhelper 5 happy. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Thu, 8 Jun 2006 08:02:47 +0200 + +glibc (2.3.6-14) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * debian/debhelper.in/nscd: explicitely list the tables to invalidate. + (Closes: #370124) + * debian/debhelper.in/nscd: create /var/run/nscd if it does not already + exist. (Closes: #370122) + * Update m68k/local-mathinline_h.diff (fix bits/mathinline.h), by Roger Leigh. + Enable it. (Closes: #340871) + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: also check for other copies of the libc in + /lib32 and /lib64. + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst, debian/rules.d/debhelper.mk: only use + the default system linker when searching for other copies of the libc. + * debian/sysdeps/i386.mk: make /lib/i386-linux-gnu and /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu + symlinks relative. + * debhelper.in/libnss-dns-udeb.install, debhelper.in/libnss-files-udeb.install: + fix the installation path. (Closes: #370523) + * patches/kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 1583 (from glibc-bsd) + to fix the build with gcc-4.1. + * patches/m32r/local-ports-m32r.diff: remove libc_cv_gcc_unwind_find=yes + from m32r/configure by Kazuhiro Inaoka. (Closes: #371052) + * rules.d/debhelper.mk: don't install librpcsvc.a when cross-compiling. + (Closes: #369657) + * debian/compat, debian/control.in/main: switch to debhelper 5.0. + + [ Denis Barbier ] + * debian/patches/localedata/tailor-iso14651_t1.diff: Fix several collation + rules, which could cause errors in regular expressions with character + ranges, in particular with et_EE locale. (Closes: #362514) + * debian/patches/localedata/locale-csb_PL.diff + * debian/patches/localedata/locale-ro_RO.diff + * debian/patches/localedata/locale-se_NO.diff: Apply similar fixes. + * debian/main/control.in: make locales Conflicts: belocs-locales-data. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Wed, 7 Jun 2006 23:16:58 +0200 + +glibc (2.3.6-13) unstable; urgency=low + + * debian/patches/alpha/local-gcc4.1.diff: fix a small typo. sigh. + * debian/control.in/main: build-depends on libc6-dev-s390x on s390. + * Remove any/local-libgcc-static.diff. (Closes: #369636, #369641) + + -- Aurelien Jarno Wed, 31 May 2006 07:20:14 +0200 + +glibc (2.3.6-12) unstable; urgency=low + + * Don't do a udeb pass, it is still too buggy. (Closes: #369492) + * debian/control.in/main: build-depends on libc6-dev-sparc64 on sparc. + * Add patches/alpha/local-gcc4.1.diff (fix build with gcc-4.1) from + Falk Hueffner. + * patches/kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 1571 (from + glibc-bsd). + + -- Aurelien Jarno Tue, 30 May 2006 22:35:35 +0200 + +glibc (2.3.6-11) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * debian/rules/build.mk: don't remove ld.so from udeb packages. + * debian/rules: move udeb_add-ons to debian/sysdeps/{kfreebsd,linux}.mk. + * M32R support: (Closes: #366962) + - debian/rules.d/control.mk: add m32r. + - Add debian/sysdeps/m32r.mk. + - Add debian/patches/any/cvs-futimes.diff (use fnctl64 if fnctl is no + available). + - Add debian/patch/any/local-kernel-features.diff (fix the include path + for kernel-features.h) so that it could be used from other files. + - Add debian/patches/any/local-libgcc-static.diff (link with libgcc_s). + - Add debian/patches/m32r/local-ports-m32r.diff (m32r support). + - Add debian/patches/m32r/cvs-elf-m32r_rel32.diff (Add R_M32R_REL32 to + elf/elf.h). + * debian/local/manpages/localedef.1: fix a typo. (Closes: #310477) + * debian/local/manpages/iconv.1: fix the indentation (Closes: #316148) + * debian/local/manpages/iconv.1, debian/local/manpages/localedef.1: change + sarge into etch. + * debian/sysdeps/kfreebsd.mk: build the udeb package with -Os on + kfreebsd-i386 and kfreebsd-amd64. + * debian/sysdeps/*.mk: build the udeb with -Os, except on m68k and s390. + * debian/sysdeps/hppa.mk: build the udeb with gcc 4.1. + mipsel, powerpc and sparc. + * debian/sysdeps/arm.mk: set udeb_MIN_KERNEL_SUPPORTED to 2.4.1, as the + arm build daemons are still running a 2.4 kernel. + * debian/sysdeps/sparc.mk: set udeb_MIN_KERNEL_SUPPORTED to 2.4.1, as d-i + still needs a 2.4 kernel. + * patches/kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 1577 (from + glibc-bsd). + * Add debian/patches/powerpc/cvs-gcc41-initfini.diff (fix build with gcc 4.1 + on powerpc) from upstream CVS. + * debian/sysdeps/i386.mk: add a symlink (/usr)/lib/i386-linux-gnu -> + (/usr)/lib/i486-linux-gnu. + * Remove patches/i386/local-sse-oldkernel.diff (we don't support 2.2 kernels + anymore). + * Merge debian/local/etc_init.d/nscd and debian/debhelper.in/nscd.init. + (Closes: #368587) + * Remove debian/local/etc_init.d/nscd. + + [ Denis Barbier ] + * Add patches/all/submitted-new-brf-encoding.diff: Add new BRF encoding + (ASCII Braille), submitted upstream by Samuel Thibault. + * Add patches/localedata/locale-zh_TW.diff: Remove from + dates. Thanks Dan Jacobson (Closes: #352600) + + [ Clint Adams ] + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: use POSIX syntax for kill. + * debian/control.in/main: bump to Standards-Version 3.7.2. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Tue, 30 May 2006 02:28:33 +0200 + +glibc (2.3.6-10) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: use the original path if readlink -f + fails to canonicalize the path. (Closes: #368116) + * Add patches/arm/local-softfloat.diff (support for arm softfloat), and + enable on arm-softfloat only, as it breaks other architectures. (Closes: + #358772) + * debian/rules.d/control.mk: Add arm-softfloat to the architectures list. + * Do a separate pass for the udeb package, so that it could use different + build options. + * Set the minimum kernel to 2.6.1 for the udeb package, except for i386, + m68k, mips, mipsel, powerpc and s390. + * Enable the locales-all package. (Closes: #308020) + * debian/sysdeps/i386.mk: build the glibc with --without-__thread again on + i386 (Closes: #368022, #368326). + * debhelper.in/libc.preinst, debhelper.in/libc-otherbuild.postinst, + debhelper.in/libc.postinst, debhelper.in/libc-otherbuild.preinst: use + /bin/sh instead of /bin/bash. (Closes: #267594) + * patches/kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update to revision 1571 (from + glibc-bsd). + + -- Aurelien Jarno Sun, 21 May 2006 22:36:27 +0200 + +glibc (2.3.6-9) unstable; urgency=low + + * Don't run make install with -j, as it is not SMP safe. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Thu, 18 May 2006 17:54:39 +0000 + +glibc (2.3.6-8) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * Disable m68k/local-mathinline_h.diff, it breaks the build of the glibc on + m68k. + * Add all/local-pt_BR.diff (fix a small typo in the Brazilian Portuguese + translation) by Guilherme de S. Pastore. (Closes: #319422) + * Add hurd-i386/local-mlock.diff (fix mlock on Hurd/Mach), by Samuel + Thibault. (Closes: #349204) + * sysdeps/i386.mk: build glibc with --with-__thread on i386. + * debian/local/manpages: s/woody/etch/g. (Closes: #364198) + * sysdeps/depflags.pl: bumped the versioned conflicts with initrd-tools + to 0.1.84.1, as older version use LD_ASSUME_KERNEL=2.4. (Closes: #365647) + * Follow symlinks while checking for other copy of the C library. + (Closes: #365838) + * Invalidate nscd cache when calling /etc/init.d/nscd restart. + (Closes: #365676, #365677) + * /usr/sbin/tzconfig: set umask to 022. (Closes: #367145) + * debian/main/control.in: make locales Replaces: lliurex-belocs-locales-data. + (Closes: #365651) + * Move the NJOBS part to debian/sysdeps/(system) to debian/rules. + * debian/debhelper.in/libc-otherbuild.postinst: fixed parsing of + /etc/ld.so.hwcappkgs. (Closes: #364666) + + [ Denis Barbier ] + * Fix location of locales/NEWS.Debian. Thanks Matthijs Mohlmann. + (Closes: #362763) + * locales.postinst: Do not abort if the current locale is not generated. + * locales.config: Fix shell scripting when "All locales" is selected along + with other choices, Thanks Olivier Trichet. (Closes: #364251) + * update-locale: When checking for invalid locale settings, do not mess up + with current environment settings. + * Remove sem_*.3 manual pages from glibc-doc, these manual pages are updated + and maintained in the manpages-dev package. (Closes: #365547) + + [ Michael Banck ] + * Add hurd-i386/cvs-posix-opts.diff (Define many missing options, most + notably _POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS) by Roland McGrath (patch from + HEAD). + + -- Aurelien Jarno Thu, 18 May 2006 15:34:08 +0000 + +glibc (2.3.6-7) unstable; urgency=medium + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * Urgency set to medium because this version fixes and RC bug in testing. + * Optimized libraries should actually be cross-compiled as we don't know the + CPU that will be used. + * Allow the glibc to be cross-compiled for Linux and kFreeBSD. (Closes: + #358771) + * Bumped the minimum kernel to 2.4.1 instead of 2.4.0 as there are some + important new features in this version. Thanks to Petr Salinger for + noticing me. + * Add m68k/local-mathinline_h.diff (fix bits/mathinline.h), by Roger Leigh. + (Closes: #340871) + * Add beginning and end timestamps to both the build logs and the + testsuite logs. (Closes: #155690) + * debian/sysdeps/sparc.mk: build sparcv9b optimized libraries with + -mtune=ultrasparc3. + * debian/sysdeps/kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff: update from the latest SVN. + * debian/patches/series: Fix the patchlevel for local-i486_ldt_support.diff + (Closes: #226716) + * Fix a typo in the previous changelog entry (s/not/now/). (Closes: #362460) + + [ Denis Barbier ] + * Remove ldd calls from libc.preinst. + * Do no more transfer variables from /etc/environment to /etc/default/locale + in locales.postinst, but instead add /usr/share/doc/locales/NEWS.Debian + to explain that /etc/environment needs to be cleaned up. + (Closes: #361048) + * Create a new locales-all package with all supported locales precompiled, + but keep it disabled for now. + Both locales and locales-all packages provide a virtual generated-locales + package. Packages which currently depends on locales should instead + depend on 'locales | generated-locales'. + * Add a new ca_ES@valencia locale, requested by Robert Millan (Closes: #361972) + + -- Aurelien Jarno Fri, 14 Apr 2006 13:48:30 +0200 + +glibc (2.3.6-6) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * Remove the timezone database from the libc6 package. It is now provided + by a separate package called tzdata. + * Put each test log file in the corresponding package instead of putting all + of them in libc6. + * Remove sparc/local-sparc64-fixups.diff as /lib64 and /usr/lib64 are now a + default search path on 32/64-bit architectures. + * Switch minimum kernel to at least 2.4.0 on all arches but m68k, and change + kernelcheck.sh accordingly. Affected architectures: + - alpha: from 2.2.0 to 2.4.0 + - arm: from 2.2.0 to 2.4.0 (but 2.4.0 was checked at installed time) + - i386: from 2.2.0 to 2.4.0 + - powerpc: from 2.2.0 to 2.4.0 + - s390: from 2.2.10 to 2.4.0 + - sparc: from 2.2.0 to 2.4.0 + (Closes: #174270, #220992) + * Add i386/local-i486_ldt_support.diff (add ldt support and thus TLS support + on i486 machines). Thanks to Petr Salinger for the hint. (Closes: #226716) + * Bump shlib to (>= 2.3.6-6) on i386. + * debian/debhelper.in/libc-alt.install: Add gconv-modules to the bi-arch + packages. (Closes: #361642) + * /etc/ld.so.nohwcap is now supported on non-Linux architectures. Drop the + "Linux" check from libc-otherbuild.preinst. + * Build a libc6-xen flavour on i386. + * Fix a typo in the description of the libc6-sparcv9 and libc6-sparcv9b + packages. + * local/usr_sbin/tzconfig: + - Put a copy of the current timezone into /etc/localtime instead of a + symlink. (Closes: #346342) + - Handle the case where /etc/localtime does not exists. (Closes: + #360383). + * local/manpages/tzconfig.8: Update the manpage accordingly. + * script.in/kernelcheck.sh: Also take in account 64-bit mips(el) kernels. + * Add GNU/kFreeBSD patches, using conditional patching until they get + accepted upstream. + * Correctly replace DEB_HOST_ARCH by its value in libc6.preinst. Thanks to + Denis for noticing me. + + [ Denis Barbier ] + * debian/debhelper.in/locales.config: /etc/locale.gen was not generated at + initial installation. (Closes: #357523) + * update-locale: Fix buggy sanity check between LANGUAGE and LANG. + (Closes: #361091) + * update-locale: Drop the --remove flag, it is useless. + * update-locale: Fix the --locale-file flag. + * Add new Galician debconf translation, by Jacobo Tarrio. (Closes: #361101) + * Use new features of po-debconf 1.0 to remove unneeded strings from PO + files. + * Fix day, abmon and mon fields for wo_SN locale. (Closes: #361338) + + [ Michael Banck ] + * Add hurd-machrules-make.diff (fixes build problems with make-3.81 for + Mach interface generation rules) by Roland McGrath (patch from HEAD). + * Add hurd-sysvshm.diff (implements SysV shared memory for GNU/Hurd) + by Marcus Brinkmann. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Mon, 10 Apr 2006 20:19:55 +0200 + +glibc (2.3.6-5) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Denis Barbier ] + * Add am_pm formatting information to en_NZ. (Closes: #356328) + * Add interlingua locale. (Closes: #224756) + * Move locale variables from /etc/environment into a dedicated + /etc/default/locale file. (Closes: #214898, #349503) + * Add a new /usr/sbin/update-locale program to handle this new file. + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * Fix ldconfig multiarch patch for reiserfs filesystems. + * Make ldconfig look into /lib32 and /usr/lib32 on amd64. Add /lib32 -> + /emul/ia32-linux/lib and /usr/lib32 -> /emul/ia32-linux/usr/lib links. + * Remove glibc235-gcc4-ppc-procfs.diff from debian/patches/series. + (Closes: #360126) + * Add siginfo_h.diff (fixes a typo in ILL_ILLOPN definition), backported + from upstream. (Closes: #358041) + * Replace getcwd_ia64.diff by getcwd_c.diff (fix getcwd on platforms where + PAGE_SIZE >> PATH_MAX), backported from upstream. (Closes: #355109) + * debian/control: drop alternative build-depends on ia32-libs-dev as this + package does not exist anymore. + + -- Denis Barbier Tue, 4 Apr 2006 18:07:21 +0200 + +glibc (2.3.6-4) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * Set configure_build to the same value as configure_host for sparc + optimized libraries (as on i386). This way they will be tested. + * If the CPU has biarch support, run tests for cross-compiled libraries. + * Remove ld.so from optimized libraries as it is not used. + * Add regcomp_c.diff (Call __libc_lock_init after init_dfa) from upstream + (Ulrich Drepper). This make possible to run the testsuite again on hppa. + * Enable the testsuite on hppa. + * Add tst-setcontext_c.diff (fix the arguments passed to setcontext during + test) from upstream. + * Create a link /usr/lib32 -> /emul/ia32-linux/usr/lib on amd64. + * Add argp_h.diff fixes (Remove __NTH for __argp_usage inline function) + by Ulrich Drepper (patch from HEAD). (Closes: #355264) + * Add getcwd_ia64.diff (Remove the assertion so that the behaviour is the + same on all platforms, including ia64). This is a temporary fix to bug + #355109, until the upstream takes a decision. + * debian/sysdeps/kfreebsd-amd64.mk: + - s/libc6/libc0.1/g + - Change rtlddir from /lib64 to /lib + + [ Denis Barbier ] + * locales.config: If $DEBCONF_IS_A_REGISTRY is set to a non-empty value, + the content of /etc/locale.gen does not override debconf values. + * Add strfmon.diff: the negative sign is not printed by strfmon when + current locale defines sign_posn == 4 (as in de_CH) and format + argument contains the ! modifier. + * Fix forward-backward-collation.diff: the change in strcoll_l.c has to + be applied at several places. (Closes: #357390) + * Update timezone data files to tzdata2006b (no data change, only comments). + * Fix resource_h.diff: there was a typo for mips: + s/_RLIMIT_RTPRIO/__RLIMIT_RTPRIO/ (Closes: #357419) + + -- Denis Barbier Sat, 18 Mar 2006 10:26:45 +0100 + +glibc (2.3.6-3) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Aurelien Jarno] + * Use a shell function instead of ifneq when testing a variable depending on + $(curpass), otherwise it is only evaluated at the first pass. + * Add support for the ppc64 architecture. (Closes: #301438). + * Use the new slibdir, libdir, rtlddir variables to build the various + flavours of the libc. Put them directly in the final directory, and + remove the corresponding tweaks done after the make install phase. + * Install the 32-bit libraries in /emul/ia32-linux(/usr)/lib on amd64. + * Only create the multiarch directories and the symlinks in /lib/ldconfig + for the main pass. Otherwise alternate libraries would conflict with the + main one when using multiarch. + * Fix the build-dependencies for kfreebsd-amd64. + * Add sysdeps/kfreebsd-amd64.mk and add kfreebsd-amd64 to + rules.d/control.mk. + * Make libc6-i386-dev conflicts with all versions of ia32-libs-dev. As it + won't be built anymore on amd64, this will automatically remove it during + the upgrade. + + [ Clint Adams ] + * Get rid of -o as a binary operator to [ in tzconfig and postinst. + + [ Denis Barbier ] + * Update localedata/locales/ro_RO. Thanks Eddy PetriÅŸor. (Closes: #347173) + * Bump LOCALES_DEP_VER to 2.3.6-2. All locales can be compiled with + localedef from 2.3.6-2 and 2.3.6-3. (Closes: #352620) + * Updated Italian debconf translation, by Luca Monducci. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Wed, 1 Mar 2006 17:11:36 +0100 + +glibc (2.3.6-2) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Denis Barbier ] + * Modify debver2localesdep.pl, locales-depver and control files to provide + a smooth upgrade in unstable when locales require changes in localedef. + This is the first part for solving #352620, the proper dependency for + locales will be set by the next upload. + * debian/control: Clean up. Remove versioned dependencies on gettext, + debianutils, tar, texinfo; these versions were already in oldstable. + Drop references to localebin, wg15-locale, i18ndata, locale-ja, locale-ko, + locale-vi, locale-zh, libc6-doc, glibcdoc and libc6 (<< 2.1-4). + * debian/control: Split Build-Depends on several lines for readability + purpose. + * Add RON to locale/iso-4217.def and bump LOCALES_COMPAT_VER to 2.3.6-2. + * Fix thousand separator for de_CH, and let other Swiss locales copy + de_CH for LC_NUMERIC and LC_MONETARY sections. (Closes: #345481) + * Apply a patch from Fedora to define AM/PM strings in cy_GB and en_GB + locales. (Closes: #240901) + * Fix the week definition for the C locale. + * Check first_weekday fields against current CLDR snapshot. Modified + locales are *_GB (=2), ar_SY (=5), ms_MY (=2), id_ID (=2). Add + this field to more locales. + * locale-gen: Replace 'test ... -a ...' by two tests. + * Add an "All locales" option to the locales/locales_to_be_generated + template. When it is selected, /etc/locale.gen is a symlink to + /usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED. (Closes: #321580, #323013) + * Updated debconf translations: (Closes: #353611) + - Brazilian Portuguese, by André Luís Lopes (Closes: #352416) + - Czech, by Miroslav Kure + - Danish, by Morten Brix Pedersen + - Dutch, by Bart Cornelis + - French, by Denis Barbier + - German, by Helge Kreutzmann + - Polish, by Emilian Nowak + - Portuguese, by Simão Pedro Cardoso + - Spanish, by Carlos Valdivia Yagüe + - Swedish, by Daniel Nylander + - Ukrainian, by Eugeniy Meshcheryakov + + [ Clint Adams ] + * Add hurd-getresuid-dyslexia.diff (fixes incorrect ordering of + arguments) with patch from Samuel Thibault. (Closes: #352500) + * Add hppa-no-ldbl-128.diff (stops implying that PA needs + 128-bit long double support in glibc) from Aurelien Jarno. + (Closes: #344836). + * debian/local/manpages/locale.1: remove double quotes from + synopsis. (Closes: #352597) + + [ Aurelien Jarno ] + * Move dependency on lib64gcc1 from libc6-amd64 to libc6-dev-amd64 to + avoid a dependency loop. (Closes: #352263) + * Use sed and test in /etc/init.d/glibc.sh to compare kernel versions. + Put the Debian architecture name in the script at build time instead + of using 'dpkg --print-architecture'. Thanks to Florent Bayle for + the idea. (Closes: #325802, #328088, #339482) + * Fix example code showing how to use hooks for malloc. (Closes: + bug#333565). + * Add hurd-ioctl-decode-argument.diff (fixes decoding of ioctl + arguments) from Samuel Thibault. (Closes: #320273) + * Fix the prototype of sbrk() in the manual. (Closes: #281863) + * Fix the strcasestr() examples in the manual. (Closes: #289853) + * Install libc_nonshared.a in /usr/lib/nptl, and fix the location + of the static libraries of the NPTL ld scripts. (Closes: #347762) + * Update debian/ files for GNU/kFreeBSD. (Closes: #351638) + * Regenerate debian/control, generate debian/control.in/libc0.1. + * Lintian cleans: + - Remove build-dependencies on tar and debianutils, they are + build-essential packages + - Fix FSF postal address + - Use policy compliant links in libc6-dev-amd64 + - Use an absolute symlink for /lib64 on amd64 + * Add myself to Uploaders. + * Switch to gcc-4.0 on powerpc. + * Remove old hack for gcc-3.4 on amd64. + * Build with the compiler defined as default for glibc (ie currently + gcc-4.0) instead of gcc on amd64. + * Decrease priorities of 64-bit main and -dev packages to standard + and optional for all architectures. It better matches override, + though it will still have to be changed. + * Fix glibc235-hppa-lt.diff (restore ret0 across calls to CDISABLE) + from Randolph Chung. (Closes: #326581) + * Switch to gcc-4.0 on hppa. + * Add support for extra_pkg_install hooks for udeb packages. + * Build back with -g1 on amd64, it was removed to permit the build with + gcc-3.4. + * Remove --with-tls and --with-__thread in sysdeps/* as they are the + default option since version 2.3.5. + * Multiarch support: + - Add ld-multiarch.diff (add (/usr)/lib/$(config-machine)-$(config-os)) + to the search path of the dynamic linker) from Tollef Fog Heen. + (Closes: #295855) + - Add ldconfig-multiarch.diff (add directories pointed from /lib/ldconfig + to the search path). + - Create (/usr)/lib/$(config-machine)-$(config-os) and add symlinks to + these directories in /lib/ldconfig/ + - Add rtld.diff (add a new configuration variable rtlddir to change the + dynamic linker in the ELF binaries) partly from Andreas Jochen. This is + necessary to be able to install a glibc in the multiarch dir while still + conforming to the various ABIs which specify a linker in /lib or /lib64. + * Remove the patch to install the libc into /lib instead of /lib64 on + amd64. Use the new libdir, slibdir and rtlddir options in configparm to + install the glibc in (/usr)/lib, and to use the dynamic linker path + specified by the ABI for path for libc objects. (Closes: #325226) + * Add -u option to the ldd manpage. (Closes: #354074) + * Merged a patch from Michael Banck to use gcc-4.0 on Hurd. + * Add resource_h.diff (RLIMIT_NICE and RLIMIT_RTPRIO support) from MAIN. + (Closes: #352636) + * Add hppa-inlining.diff (Increase the maximal overall growth of the + compilation unit caused by inlining for dl-reloc.c on hppa). + * Build a 32-bit libc on amd64, using the new multiarch directories. + (Closes: #274367) + + -- Aurelien Jarno Thu, 23 Feb 2006 17:47:58 +0100 + +glibc (2.3.6-1) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Denis Barbier ] + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: Restart webmin on upgrade. + (Closes: #345641) + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: Restart dropbear on upgrade. + (Closes: #351036) + * Fix yesexpr/noexpr in tl_PH locale. Reported by eric pareja. + (Closes: #295810) + * Fix langinfo(_NL_TIME_FIRST_WEEKDAY) for C locale. Reported by + Graham Wilson (Closes: #327025) + * Add first_weekday fields to most locales. + (Closes: #343885, #347323, #347686, #348518, #351375) + * Apply various fixes to French locales. (Closes: #248377) + * Fix d_t_fmt and date_fmt in fo_FO. Reported by Jacob Sparre Andersen. + * New sa_IN locale file, provided by Vidya Ayer and Christian Perrier. + (Closes: #331377) + * Add several locales to SUPPORTED: + - ru_RU.CP1251, requested by Michael Bravo. (Closes: #225516) + - uz_UZ.UTF-8 (its ISO-8859-1 counterpart had no UTF-8 variant) + - da_DK.ISO-8859-15, en_GB.ISO-8859-15, en_US.ISO-8859-15, no_NO.UTF-8, + no_NO and sv_SE.ISO-8859-15 are found in fedora-branch CVS branch. + * Apply several improvements to hy_AM found in upstream Bugzilla. + * Fix LC_MONETARY section of en_DK and provide en_DK.ISO-8859-15. + (Closes: #323159) + * Improve localedef(1) manual page, by Lars Wirzenius (Closes: #309846) + * Fix LC_MONETARY section of pl_PL. Reported by MichaÅ‚ Politowski. + (Closes: #227214) + * New wo_SN locale file, provided by Samba Ndao Diop and Christian + Perrier. (Closes: #279697) + * Add new ca_AD, ca_FR and ca_IT locale files, sent upstream by Robert + Millan. + * New csb_PL locale file, sent upstream by Andrzej Krzysztofowicz. + * Rewrite collation rules of several locales to include iso14651_t1. + This eases maintenance and saves about 1MB for installed size. + * Sort SUPPORTED to list UTF-8 locales first. This change partly + solves #312927. + * Modify localedata/locales/no_NO to copy definitions from nb_NO. + * Fix lang_* fields in gez_ER, gez_ET, tr_TR and wal_ET. + * Fix unknown symbols in collation rules of several locales: da_DK, + fa_IR, is_IS, lo_LA, lv_LV, nb_NO and sr_CS. + * Apply updates for st_ZA, xh_ZA and zu_ZA sent upstream by Dwayne Bailey. + * Add new nr_ZA locale, sent upstream by Dwayne Bailey. + * Rewrite collation rules for dz_BT, in collaboration with Pema Geyleg. + * Revert upstream change of postal_fmt in te_IN because localedef + complains. (Closes: #348804) + * New debconf translations: + - Italian, by Luca Monducci (Closes: #329428) + - Swedish, by Daniel Nylander (Closes: #334864) + * Slightly reword locales.templates to be DTSG-compliant, thanks Thomas + Huriaux. + * Updated debconf translations: (Closes: #350103) + - Brazilian Portuguese, by André Luís Lopes (Closes: #352416) + - Czech, by Miroslav Kure + - Danish, by Morten Brix Pedersen + - Dutch, by Bart Cornelis + - French, by Denis Barbier + - German, by Helge Kreutzmann + - Polish, by Emilian Nowak + - Turkish, by Erçin EKER + - Ukrainian, by Eugeniy Meshcheryakov + - Vietnamese, by Clytie Siddall + * Update timezone data files to tzdata2006a. (Closes: #345479, #347315, #351049) + * Drop Build-Depends-Indep: po4a from control file, translated manual pages + are currently not built. + + [ Clint Adams ] + * Move to upstream version 2.3.6. + - Redo debian/patches/localedata/cvs-localedata.diff + - Remove glibc235-gcc4-cvs.diff + - Remove glibc235-gcc4-jis0208.diff + - Remove glibc235-binutils216-ia64.diff + - Remove glibc235-gcc4-ia64-profile.diff + - Remove glibc235-gcc4-ppc-procfs.diff + - Remove glibc235-execvp-fix.diff + - Delete CSD (Serbian Dinar) hunk from locale-iso4217.diff + - Redo glibc235-dl-execstack.diff + - Remove glibc235-alpha-divqu.diff + - Remove amd64-semtrywait-weakalias.diff + - Remove strfry-segv.diff + - Remove ia64-binutils-libm.diff + - Remove glibc235-leapsecond.diff + - Delete several hunks from glibc235-gcc4-sparc-inline.diff + - Remove hurd-libpthread-indirect-loading.diff + - Remove glibc235-gcc4-hurd.diff + - Delete several hunks from glibc235-gcc4-arm-inline.diff + - Remove glibc235-gcc4-s390-inline.diff + * Add hppa-pie-relocs.diff, thanks to Aurelien Jarno. This + fixes nscd on hppa. (Closes: #350501) + + [ Daniel Jacobowitz ] + * Remove mips-bits-syscall.diff, merged. + + [ GOTO Masanori ] + * Update po/ja.po. + + -- Clint Adams Thu, 9 Feb 2006 21:45:45 -0500 + +glibc (2.3.5-13) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Clint Adams ] + * Acknowledge NMU. (Closes: #342545) + + [ Denis Barbier ] + * debian/rules.d/control.mk: Make sure that debian/control is regenerated. + (Closes: #351704) + + -- Denis Barbier Mon, 6 Feb 2006 22:22:23 +0100 + +glibc (2.3.5-12.1) unstable; urgency=low + + * NMU + * glibc235-hppa-fpu.diff: New, fixes hppa FPU issues. Closes: #342545 + + -- LaMont Jones Wed, 1 Feb 2006 09:47:57 -0700 + +glibc (2.3.5-12) unstable; urgency=low + + * debian/patches/glibc235-nis-netgrp.diff: New file to fix assertion + failures with NIS. (Closes: #322011) + * Switch to quilt to handle Debian patches. + - debian/control.in/main: add Build-Depends: quilt. + - Replace debian/rules.d/dpatch.mk by debian/rules.d/quilt.mk. + - Rename debian/patches/*.dpatch into debian/patches/*.diff. + - Move localedata patches into debian/patches/localedata/ + * debian/patches/localedata/cvs-localedata.diff: Update to latest CVS. + Among other changes: + - locales/mn_MN: Fix date_fmt. (Closes: #328831) + - locales/de_DE: Add transliterations for quoting characters. + (Closes: #235759) + - locales/ss_ZA locales/tn_ZA locales/ve_ZA locales/nso_ZA + locales/ts_ZA: New files. (Closes: #254417) + - locales/km_KH: New file. (Closes: #334762) + - locales/mg_MG: New file. (Closes: #271549) + - locales/sr_CS: New file. (Closes: #254993) + * debian/patches/locale-iso4217.diff: Update to latest CVS. + This includes changes from glibc235-localedata-sr_CS.diff, which + is no more needed. + * debian/patches/locale-iso639.diff: New file. + * debian/patches/locale-ku_TR.diff: New file, to provide a Kurdish + locale needed by d-i. This locale comes from upstream CVS, and has + been updated to the latest patch sent to BZ870. + * debian/patches/localedata/locale-eo_EO.diff: Apply minor updates to + this locale file. Add eo and eo.UTF-8 to SUPPORTED. (Closes: #233308) + * Import collation fixes and enhancements for localedef from + belocs-locales-bin. + * debian/patches/forward-backward-collation.diff: New file. Due to the + fixes in localedef, some bugs in code which was previously never run + did show up. (Closes: #310635) + * debian/patches/locale/locale-print-LANGUAGE.diff: New file, so that + locale displays the LANGUAGE environment variable when called without + argument. + * Add myself to Uploaders. + + -- Denis Barbier Sun, 15 Jan 2006 00:54:16 +0100 + +glibc (2.3.5-11) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Phil Blundell ] + * Apply patch from Colin Watson to add "--keep-existing" option to + locale-gen. (Closes: #298913) + * Also restart exim4 on upgrade. (Closes: #326554) + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: Clarify wording of message about + detection of services needing to be stopped before upgrade. + + [ GOTO Masanori ] + * debian/po/pt.po: New file, add Portuguese translation. + Patched by Rui Branco . (Closes: #339110) + + [ Clint Adams ] + * Patch from Lars Wirzenius to not rely on bash-like echo + behavior. (Closes: #207391). + * Add allowance for the 2005 leap second. (Closes: #345310) + + -- Clint Adams Sun, 1 Jan 2006 11:29:08 -0500 + +glibc (2.3.5-10) unstable; urgency=low + + [ GOTO Masanori ] + * debian/local/etc_init.d/glibc.sh: Change the last 'exit 0' to + ': exit 0' to not block sourcing. (Closes: #340147) + + [ Phil Blundell ] + * Merge patch from upstream CVS (courtesy Daniel Jacobowitz) to + fix weak alias related build problem on ARM. + * Merge patch from upstream CVS (courtesy Ulrich Drepper) to fix + strfry() crash. (Closes: #343365) + * Merge patch from upstream CVS (courtesy Roland McGrath and Anton + Blanchard) to fix problem with execute permissions on GOT when using + 64kB pages on PowerPC. (Closes: #344105) + * Require binutils 2.16.1cvs20051109-1 to ensure that i386 biarch + linking works properly. + * debian/script.in/kernelcheck.sh: Require kernel >= 2.4.0 on arm to + avoid llseek problem. (Closes: #324795) + * Also restart atd on upgrade. (Closes: #331293) + * Merge patch from upstream CVS (courtesy Ulrich Drepper) to fix + problems with accuracy of tanh and related functions, per request of + Rafael Laboissiere. (Closes: #328504) + * Add "validlocale" program (ex base-config) to locales package, per + request of Joey Hess. (Closes: #344954) + * sysdeps/hppa.mk: Add new /usr/hppa64-linux-gnu/include symlink, per + request of Matthias Klose. (Closes: #326583) + + [ Clint Adams ] + * Steal glibc-235-sparc-datastart.dpatch from Ubuntu. + * Steal ia64 libm symbol patch from Ubuntu. + * Compile with -g2 instead of -g1 on sparc. + + -- Clint Adams Wed, 28 Dec 2005 13:18:56 -0500 + +glibc (2.3.5-9) unstable; urgency=low + + [ Daniel Jacobowitz ] + * Downgrade priority of amd64 libraries on i386. + * Move packages from base to libs. + + [ Clint Adams ] + * Remove sparc64 TLS patch, and disable TLS for sparc64 build + (Closes: #340835, #341514). + * Add patch to fix build failure with __bind and other + socket-related symbols being already defined on + sparc (Closes: #342755). + * Add patch from Anton Blanchard to fix build failure with + __bind and other socket-related symbols being already + defined on powerpc (Closes: #343571). + * Replace amd64 sem_trywait patch from Kurt Roeckx's NMU with + fix from upstream glibc CVS (Closes: #339389). + * Add patch from Anton Blanchard to fix build failures with + "__moddi3" and friends being already defined on i386 + and powerpc (Closes: #339415). + * Bump Standards-Version to 3.6.2 and add myself to Uploaders. + + -- Clint Adams Sat, 17 Dec 2005 10:33:38 -0500 + +glibc (2.3.5-8.1) unstable; urgency=low + + * Non-maintainer upload. + * Rename sem_trywait to __new_sem_trywait in amd64 nptl code + so the alias works properly, and it can be build. + (Closes: #339389) + + -- Kurt Roeckx Sun, 27 Nov 2005 11:22:03 +0100 + +glibc (2.3.5-8) unstable; urgency=low + + * Add missing build dependency on libc6-dev-ppc64 on powerpc. + * Add patch to fix sparc64 TLS build failure, from Aurelien Jarno + (Closes: #335821). + * Also restart saslauthd at upgrades, from Philipp Hug (Closes: #334101). + * Merge .eh_frame terminator fix, by Richard Sandiford (Closes: #334112). + * Merge armeb support, from Lennert Buytenhek (Closes: #335116). + * Add LSB headers to glibc.sh and nscd init scripts, from Petter + Reinholdtsen (Closes: #335308, #335343). + * Remove obsolete mountkernfs, tmpfs, and devpts.sh files from debian/. + * Temporarily set hppa back to gcc 3.4, from Steve Langasek + (Closes: #326581). + * Re-enable libidn (Closes: #181025). + + -- Daniel Jacobowitz Sat, 12 Nov 2005 19:15:29 -0500 + +glibc (2.3.5-7) unstable; urgency=low + + [ GOTO Masanori ] + * debian/script.in/kernelcheck.sh: Drop real-i386 kernel support. + + [ Daniel Jacobowitz ] + * Build 64-bit packages on i386 - based on patches from both Ubuntu + and Andreas Jochens . + - Build depend on a biarch linux-kernel-headers package. + - Build depend on new libc6-dev-amd64 package. + - Conflict with amd64-libs to avoid stale libraries. + - Replace files from amd64-libs-dev. + - Use lib64 for 64-bit libraries on i386. + - Search lib64 for ldconfig. + - Install 64-bit headers in /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu. + * Remove obsolete references to NPTL as an add-on. + * Conflict with broken versions of libterm-readline-gnu-perl + (Closes: #326856, #326492). + * Merge makefile patch from Goswin Brederlow + to fail earlier if builds fail + (but omit the bit for make -k check) (Closes: #325460). + * Update debconf dependency to work with cdebconf (Closes: #331838). + * Merge MIPS fix from CVS (Closes: #329043). + * Do not complain about incompatible libraries in /etc/ld.so.conf + (Closes: #310047). + * Update hppa assembly for current CVS binutils. + * Use 8-byte-aligned buffers for doubleword FPU transfers on HPPA + (Closes: #333766). + + -- Daniel Jacobowitz Fri, 14 Oct 2005 14:18:22 -0400 + +glibc (2.3.5-6) unstable; urgency=low + + * GOTO Masanori + + * debian/script.in/kernelcheck.sh: Use sed instead of bash extension. + (Closes: #325373, #325471, #325504, #325511) + + -- GOTO Masanori Mon, 29 Aug 2005 12:40:32 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.5-5) unstable; urgency=low + + * GOTO Masanori + + * debian/debhelper.in/debhelper.mk: Don't expand debug-packages with + DEB_INDEP_REGULAR_PACKAGES. It causes binary-indep is unexpectedly + included. (Closes: #233390, #233391, #233392) + + * Add the correct new line. (Closes: #324450) + - debian/control.in/sparc64: Likewise. + - debian/control: Update. + + * Support Hurd again. (Closes: #324165) + - debian/sysdeps/gnu.mk: Rename to... + - debian/sysdeps/hurd.mk: ... this. + + * debian/local/usr_sbin/locale-gen: Don't break locale-gen when locale-def + warns errors. + + * debian/patches/glibc235-localedata-sr_CS.dpatch: New file, to fix + sr_CS localedef breakage. (Closes: #321580, #322655) + * debian/patches/glibc235-localedata-locales.dpatch: New file, to fix + mn_MN and sid_ET localedef breakage. (Closes: #321634) + + * debian/sysdeps/powerpc.mk: Enable PowerPC NPTL. + (Closes: #246689, #307984) + + * debian/README: Add the description about dropping __ctype_* symbol support + of static linked application/libraries in etch. (Closes: #324526) + + * debian/sysdeps/linux.mk: Check SETNJOBS environment variable to specify + the number of parallel make by users. + + * debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: Add Conflicts: e2fsprogs (<< 1.35-7) + because new ldd cannot work with old e2fsprogs. (Closes: #324550) + + * debian/patches/glibc235-alpha-divqu.dpatch: New file, to fix alpha + divqu/remqu that does not return the correct result when their dividend + and divisor are the same and 63bit is 1. (Closes: #324455) + + * Hurd requires gcc-3.3 to compile instead of gcc-4.0. Requested by + Michael Banck . + - debian/sysdeps/hurd.mk: Change CC/BUILD_CC to gcc-3.3. + - debian/control.in/main: Build-Depends falls back to gcc-3.3. + - debian/control: Update. + + * Introduce bootstrap kernel version check script. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: Move detection script to... + - debian/script.in/kernelcheck.sh: ...this, new file. + - debian/local/etc_init.d/glibc.sh: New file, it includes kernelcheck.sh. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: Invoke /etc/init.d/glibc.sh as S01. + - debian/rules.d/debhelper.mk: Add replacing KERNEL_VERSION_CHECK and + EXIT_CHECK for libc.preinst and glibc.sh. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.dirs: Create etc/init.d. + + * Don't use absolute path name. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.dirs: Suppress the first slash. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc-pic.dirs: Likewise. + - debian/debhelper.in/nscd.dirs: Likewise. + - debian/debhelper.in/locales.dirs: Likewise. + + * Michael Banck : + - debian/patches/glibc235-gcc4-hurd.dpatch: New file, to build glibc + on Hurd with gcc-4.0. (Closes: #324549) + + -- GOTO Masanori Sun, 21 Aug 2005 12:33:42 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.5-4) unstable; urgency=low + + * The "hppa is important to someone, really - LaMont" release. + + * GOTO Masanori + + * d-i wants to remove libnss-files-udeb and libnss-dns-udeb dependency + from libc-udeb. Suggested by Joey Hess . + (Closes: #322506) + - debian/control.in/libc: Remove libnss-files-udeb libnss-dns-udeb + dependency. + - debian/control: Update. + + * Build-Depends fixes: + - debian/control.in/main: Change gcc-* dependency from | to ,. + Suggested by Andreas Jochens . + - debian/control.in/main: Add gcc-4.0 (>= 4.0.1-5) [hppa], because prior + versions cannot generate sane glibc binaries. + - debian/control: Update. + + * Enable libnss upgrade guard again. + (Closes: #321561, #321712, #321796, #322768, #323560) + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: Change guard to 2.3.5-1. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: Likewise. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: Fix to invoke NSS check again. + + * debian/debhelper.in/nscd.dirs: Add /var/db/nscd. + (Closes: #323352, #323487) + + * debian/debhelper.in/locales.prerm: Add purge to remove locale-archive. + (Closes: #321719) + + * debian/patches/00list: Drop glibc234-hppa-remove-mallocdef.dpatch. + It causes unconditional locking problem, because it was already replaced + by Carlos' new patches. Reported by LaMont Jones . + + * Add Depends: lib64gcc1 and provide lib64c-dev for 64bit -dev packages. + Suggested by Matthias Klose . (Closes: #323552) + - debian/control.in/sparc64: Likewise. + - debian/control.in/ppc64: Likewise. + - debian/control.in/s390x: Likewise. + - debian/control: Update. + + * debian/patches/glibc235-dl-execstack.dpatch: New file, to fix execstack + failed to check on kernel <= 2.4.18. (Closes: #321717, #321718, #323409) + + * Roland Stigge : + - debian/debhelper.in/glibc-doc.install: Install HTML documents + correctly. (Closes: #321740) + + -- GOTO Masanori Sat, 6 Aug 2005 06:52:42 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.5-3) unstable; urgency=low + + * The "Keep Debconf5 speed" and the "Welcome back the recent glibc to + unstable" release. + * Glibc bumps up from 2.3.2.ds1 to 2.3.5 on etch. + + * GOTO Masanori + + * Localedata update: + - debian/patches/cvs-localedata.dpatch: New file, to update localedata + to the latest cvs. Reported by Safir Secerovic , + Reviewed by Denis Barbier . (Closes: #312902) + - debian/patches/locale-iso4217.dpatch: New file, to fix localedef + breakage for tr_TR.ISO-8859-9. (Closes: #314855) + + * To make glibc-2.3.5 buidable with gcc-4.0: + - debian/patches/00list: Drop glibc234-hppa-full-nptl-2004-12-20.dpatch + line replaced by the new patches: glibc235-hppa-sysdeps.dpatch and + glibc235-hppa-lt.dpatch. It'll be removed when hppa unstable works + nicely. + - debian/patches/glibc235-gcc4-sparc-inline.dpatch: Update the patch + to compile sparc64. + - debian/patches/glibc235-gcc4-s390-inline.dpatch: New file, fix s390 + compilation breakage by changing static inline to auto inline for + dl-machine.h. + - debian/patches/glibc235-gcc4-alpha-profile.dpatch: New file, fix + alpha compilation breakage by removing strong_alias. + - debian/patches/glibc235-gcc4-hppa-profile.dpatch: New file, fix hppa + compilation breakage by removing strong_alias. + - debian/sysdeps/alpha.mk: Disabled __thread for static linked + executables. + - debian/control.in/main: Add Build-Depends: gcc-3.4 for powerpc and + m68k. + - debian/control: Regenerated. + + * To make glibc-2.3.5 buildable with gcc-3.4: + - debian/sysdeps/m68k.mk: New file, to use gcc-3.4 as CC and BUILD_CC + due to gcc-4.0 ICE. See #319312. + - debian/patches/glibc235-gcc34-m68k-seccomment.dpatch: New file, fix + m68k binutils comment parse error. + + * Introduce RUN_TESTSUITE for disabling make check, taken from Jeff + Bailey : + - debian/rules: Enable RUN_TESTSUITE in default. + - debian/rules.d/build.mk: Check RUN_TESTSUITE before invoking tests. + - debian/sysdeps/hppa.mk: Disable RUN_TESTSUITE because linuxthreads + cannot work correctly. + - debian/sysdeps/alpha.mk: Likewise. + + * Introduce loose locales version dependency to avoid locales version + mismatch for FTBFS architectures, taken from Jeff Bailey + (Closes: #204696, #308824): + - debian/locales-depver: New file, describes minimum locales dependency + version. It's renamed from locales-shlibver because it's not "shlib". + - debian/rules.d/debhelper.mk: Use LOCALES_DEP_VER to generate locales + dependency. + - debian/rules: Include debian/locales-depver. + + * debian/rules.d/build.mk: Add --without-selinux for nscd. It should be + removed after this version ASAP. + + * debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: Drop Depends: libdb1-compat because it's + until sarge stuff. Suggested by Colin Watson . + (Closes: #318885) + + * debian/debhelper.in/nscd.dirs: New file, add /var/run/nscd dir to + invoke nscd correctly. (Closes: #314892) + + * debian/local/manpages/locale.gen.5: Fix typo, charsets -> charmaps. + (Closes: #312297, #318982) + + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: Remove dpkg --assert-support-predepends + check like base-passwrd, suggested by Bastian Blank . + (Closes: #316217) + + * debian/patches/locales-supported.dpatch: Don't apply to drop UTF-8@euro + locales from SUPPORTED. (Closes: #274491) + + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: Fix typo. (Closes: #306136) + * debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: Likewise. + + * Michael Banck : + - debian/patches/hurd-enable-ldconfig.dpatch: New file, to build ldconfig + again on Hurd. (Closes: #309489) + - debian/sysdeps/gnu.mk: Hurd-i386 needs --without-tls option to build. + - debian/patches/hurd-libpthread-indirect-loading.dpatch: New file, to + make libpthread load indirectly on Hurd. (Closes: #312488) + - debian/patches/hurd-ioctl-pfinet.dpatch: New file, to support part of + SIOCGIFHWADDR for pfinet on Hurd. (Closes: #295117) + + * Jeff Bailey : + - debian/patches/glibc235-hppa-sysdeps.dpatch: New file, to build hppa + linuxthreads locking problem and sysdeps correctly again. + - debian/patches/glibc235-hppa-lt.dpatch: New file, likewise. + + * Denis Barbier : + - debian/debhelper.in/locales.config: Use LANG=C for locale-dependent + commands. (Closes: #314717) + - debian/debhelper.in/locales.postinst: Likewise. + - debian/debhelper.in/locales.postinst: Fix repeated locale entry + duplication when at least a locale is defined twice in /etc/locale.gen. + (Closes: #271526) + + * Stephen Gildea : + - debian/debhelper.in/nscd.init: Provides a "status" option, fix the exit + status if the script is given an unsupported option. (Closes: #312404) + + * Serge Belyshev : + - debian/patches/glibc235-execvp-fix.dpatch: Fix execvp segv caused by + invalid free pointer. + + * This version fixes some bugs that are already marked as + fixed-in-experimental and explained the reason in this changelog. + (Closes: #144670, #185991, #258647, #276062, #279423, #280030, #298784) + (Closes: #300806, #300842, #304963, #305400, #305662, #305666, #309618) + (Closes: #311793, #313404, #314084, #315347, #315793) + + * This version fixes some bugs that are already confirmed as fixed + (fixed-in-experimental) in the experimental glibc: + - Can compile rpc/xdr.h with gcc-4.0. (Closes: #315198, #320963) + - Support posix_fadvise64 correctly on 2.4 kernel. + (Closes: #312406, #313219) + - Can static link with the recent toolchain changed with TLS/non-TLS + errno definition on amd64 and ia64. + (Closes: #317674, #317946, #318956, #318963, #319115) + - Fix mktime when setting a timezone value to AC_FUNC_MKTIME. + (Closes: #177940) + - Fix libc6-i686 to reexec init. (Closes: #270745) + + * This version fixes some bugs that are marked as fixed-upstream: + - Fix ucontext.h failure with g++-4.0 on ia64. + (Closes: #318429, #320240) + + - Missing icache flushing on PPC caused sometimes segv, and now cache + management is reworked and fixed. (Closes: #146489) + - Fix alpha atan() that gave wrong results for some operands. + (Closes: #210613) + - Fix PPC rint() that gave wrong result for negative arguments in the + rounding toward -inf and +inf mode. (Closes: #216800) + - Fix that the pmaplist frees the freed memory in xdr_pmaplist. + (Closes: #230219) + - Don't export unneeded symbol _fp_hw on s390. (Closes: #247681) + - Set locale correctly for generated threads in static linked binaries. + (Closes: #260221) + - Make g++ compilation with nptl pthread.h by changing initializers. + (Closes: #276309) + - Fix a race condition with pthread_cond_broadcast. (Closes: #276312) + - Fix re_exec() segv that caused on UTF-8 locales. + (Closes: #175163, #237681, #290551, #299137, #310443) + - Implement getcontext on alpha. (Closes: #293653) + - Fix an incorrect value of ceill and floorl on amd64. (Closes: #302458) + - Fix memory leaks in getaddrinfo/freeaddrinfo. (Closes: #304022) + - Fix mips/mipsel incomplete clobbered registers for syscalls. + (Closes: #304426) + - Support working sched_setaffinity on powerpc. (Closes: #311053) + - Support _SC_HOST_NAME_MAX in sysconf. (Closes: #314350) + - Fix pthread_rwlock_wrlock hangs with NPTL on amd64. (Closes: #314408) + + - Check timezone changes for localtime and friends. (Closes: #48184) + - Fix a race condition of sigaction and signal handler. + (Closes: #136990) + - Fix segmentation fault when invoking nscd -d. + (Closes: #156923, 245208) + - Support POSIX style strerror_r implementation. + (Closes: #159298, #169370, #182542, #202209) + - Enable to use short IPv4 address notation again. (Closes: #192091) + - Fix broken pthread_cleanup_push on Alpha. (Closes: #197988) + - Support POSIX message queues. (Closes: #202197, #280137) + - Don't use ?: in bits/mathinline.h. (Closes: #206015, #304500) + - Update Norwegian translation that fixes confusing text. + (Closes: #207266) + - Enable executable again for libc.so.*. (Closes: #215463, #264948) + - Improve putchar and io performance by changes to pthread locking code. + (Closes: #219205) + - Update sys/vm86.h. (Closes: #219476) + - Fix invalid __libc_dlclose() in nsswitch.c. (Closes: #222130) + - Support backtrace on ia64 and x86_64. (Closes: #235876) + - Fix nl_langinfo(ERA) returns NULL, not "". (Closes: #245836) + - Libintl.h is ready for some g++ compilation option. (Closes: #252753) + - Fix pthread_cond_timedwait and mutex hang with cancellation. + (Closes: #253303) + - Fix too long fraction digits handling in strtold(). (Closes: #260377) + - Fix some regexec() segv in UTF-8 locales. (Closes: #261135) + - Fix pthread_cond_timedwait with a outdated timespec destroys the + pthread_cond_t variable. (Closes: #261237) + - Declare EPOLLONESHOT in sys/epoll.h. (Closes: #261541) + - Fix returning invalid pointer when freeing valloc()-ed memory. + (Closes: #262782) + - Replace gcc-3.4 option for ppc64. (Closes: #263959) + - Fix zdump -v segv on ia64. (Closes: #266438) + - Support pthread_create with attributes. (Closes: #266507) + - Change __vector to __iovec for sys/io.h to prevent conflicts with + altivec. (Closes: #267442) + - Fix atan2 infinit loop on amd64. (Closes: #270823) + - Avoid memory leak for some gconv encoding by calling gconv_end. + (Closes: #274390) + - Fix mplayerplug-in crash closed by mozilla. (Closes: #275240) + - Fix invalid memory access of printf when its specifier combines + parameter number specification and floating point values. + (Closes: #277667, #312036) + - Don't touch unrelated bits in __feclearexcept on i386. + (Closes: #279294) + - Don't invoke unneeded cancellation if PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE is set. + (Closes: #281775) + - Fix a race condition between pthread_create and pthread_exit. + (Closes: #282091, #292154) + - Fix for setfacl to handle many files in ntfw64. (Closes: #288710) + - Support large dev_t. (Closes: #289945, #299139) + - Use the correct ifndef __GNUC_PREREQ. (Closes: #315345) + + - Fix the indended first line of ldd output. (Closes: #209145, #276223) + - Fix misleading error message of ldd when kernel version is old. + (Closes: #224665) + - Fix typo of the language name in te_IN. (Closes: #276527) + - Replace old --help message that indicated glibcbug script. + (Closes: #315448) + + - Support IDN. (Closes: #181025) + - Support O_NOATIME. (Closes: #284131, #297010, #298488) + - The first day of a week in Finnish is Monday. (Closes: #288472) + + -- GOTO Masanori Sun, 17 Jul 2005 17:27:30 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.5-2) experimental; urgency=low + + * Debconf5 release. + + * GOTO Masanori + + * Merge glibc-2.3.4 branch to the main trunk for etch development. + + * These dpatches are removed from debian/patches because the similar + patches are already applied in the latest version: + - debian/patches/rtld-vdso-assertion.dpatch + - debian/patches/glibc232-sigsetjmp.dpatch + - debian/patches/hurd-weak-aliases.dpatch + - debian/patches/sched-update.dpatch + - debian/patches/glibc232-pthread-cancellation.dpatch + - debian/patches/glibc232-clock_settime.dpatch + + * The New dpkg-architecture changes: + - debian/rules: Replace DEB_HOST_BUILD_SYSTEM, use DEB_HOST_ARCH_OS. + Reported by Arthur Marsh . + (Closes: #315347, #315793) + - debian/control.in/main: Bump up Build-Depends: dpkg-dev (>= 1.13.5). + - debian/control: Updated. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: Replace "dpkg + --print-installation-architecture", use "dpkg --print-architecture". + - debian/debhlper.in/libc.postrm: Likewise. + - debian/debhlper.in/libc.postinst: Likewise. + - debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: Change checks from i386 to i486. + It also replaces -linux, use -linux-gnu. + + * Default compiler moves from gcc-3.3 to gcc-4.0: + - debian/rules: Use gcc-4.0 instead of gcc-3.3. (Closes: #315198) + - debian/control.in/main: Define Build-Depends: gcc-4.0. + - debian/control: Updated. + - debian/sysdeps/i386.mk: Replace depreciated "-mcpu", use "-mtune". + + * These dpatches are added to make glibc-2.3.5 buidable with gcc-4.0: + - debian/patches/glibc235-gcc4-cvs.dpatch: Fix some bad defintion of + internal for all architectures. + - debian/patches/glibc235-gcc4-elf.dpatch: Remove elf_machine_rel* + definitions for all architectures. + - debian/patches/glibc235-gcc4-jis0208.dpatch: Fix compilation breakage + for all architectures. + - debian/patches/glibc235-gcc4-wcstol_l.dpatch: Fix wcstol_l.c + compilation breakage for all 64bit architectures. + - debian/patches/glibc235-binutils216-ia64.dpatch: Fix _init/_fini was + not defined within procedure with binutils 2.16 for ia64. + - debian/patches/glibc235-gcc4-ia64-profile.dpatch: Fix compilation + breakage by removing strong_alias for ia64. + - debian/patches/glibc235-gcc4-ppc-procfs.dpatch: Fix ppc32 compilation + breakage by removing __uint128_t use. (Closes: #304963) + - debian/patches/glibc235-gcc4-arm-inline.dpatch: Fix arm compilation + breakage by changing static inline to auto inline for dl-machine.h. + - debian/patches/glibc235-gcc4-sparc-inline.dpatch: Fix sparc compilation + breakage by changing static inline to auto inline for dl-machine.h. + - debian/patches/glibc235-gcc4-sparc-mv8.dpatch: Fix obsolete gcc option + to replace newer standard one. + - debian/patches/glibc235-gcc4-mips-inline.dpatch: Fix mips compilation + breakage by changing static inline to auto inline for dl-machine.h. + - debian/patches/glibc235-gcc4-mips-sysdeps.dpatch: Fix mips compilation + breakage by changing large syscall arguments handling. + + * Move /etc/locale.alias to /usr/share/locale/locale.alias. + Don't install locale.alias.5. (Closes: #144670, #185991, #298784) + - debian/local/usr_sbin/locale-gen: Use /usr/share/locale/locale.alias + instead of /etc/locale.alias. + - debian/local/manpages/locale-gen.8: Delete reference to + locale.alias.5. + - debian/local/manpages/locale.gen.5: Likewise. + - debian/debhelper.in/locales.links: Remove file, don't link to /etc. + - debian/debhelper.in/locales.install: Install locale.alias under + /usr/share/locale, not /etc/. + - debian/debhelper.in/locales.manpages: Don't install locale.alias.5 + + * Add documents: + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.docs: Add CONFORMANCE and NAMESPACE. + + * Fix messages to add a patience message. (Closes: #305400) + - debian/local/usr_sbin/locale-gen + + * Move sprof from libc-prof to libc-dev. (Closes: #280030) + - debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: Add Replaces: libc-dev (<< 2.3.5-2). + - debian/debhelper.in/libc-prof.install: Remove sprof install. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev.install: Install sprof moved from -prof. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev.install.hurd-i386: Likewise. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev.manpages: Add sprof.1 install. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc-prof.manpages: Remove file, don't install + sprof.1. + + * Remove Depends: lib64gcc1 from libc6-sparc64. (Closes: #258647) + - debian/control.in/sparc64: Delete Depends: lib64gcc1. + - debian/control: Likewise. + + * Small change for libc6 upgrade problem. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.postrm: Add plain messages and clean up. + + * Add conflicts to old initrd-tools for avoiding new glibc 2.3.4/5 ldd + blocks to generate initrd images. Suggested by Goswin von Brederlow + . + - debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: Add conflicts initrd-tools (<< 0.1.79). + + * Add support PowerPC64, based on patches and suggestions by Bastian Blank + and Jeff Bailey : + - debian/control.in/main: Add Build-Depends: gcc-3.4 [powerpc] because + powerpc porting does not support gcc-4.0 currently. + - debian/control: Updated. + - debian/rules.d/control.mk: Add ppc64. + - debian/sysdeps/powerpc.mk: Added to support ppc64 target. + + * debian/sysdeps/hppa.mk: Add /usr/hppa64-linux-gnu/include symlinks for + dpkg-architecture changes. Reported by Matthias Klose + . (Closes: #313404) + + * A Costa . (Closes: #305662, #305666) + - debian/local/manpages/tzconfig.8: Fixed typo. + - debian/local/manpages/ldconfig.8: Likewise. + + * Clytie Siddall : + - debian/po/vi.po: Add the Vietnamese translation for locales. + (Closes: #309618, 311793) + + * Jens Seidel : + - debian/po/de.po: Fix typo. (Closes: #314084) + + -- GOTO Masanori Thu, 21 Apr 2005 16:52:36 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.5-1) experimental; urgency=low + + * GOTO Masanori + + * New upstream release. + - debian/shlibver: Bump up to 2.3.5-1. + + * Drop patches: + - debian/patches/hurd-malloc.dpatch: Removed, it's already applied in + the upstream source. + + * Merge with 2.3.2.ds1-21, added: + - debian/patches/linuxthreads-sizefix.dpatch: Added. + - debian/po/fi.po: Added. + - debian/patches/glibc23-mips-lazy-eval.dpatch: Added, drop dl-machine.h + because the recent upstream should not need such change. + - debian/patches/glibc232-tls-crashfix.dpatch: Added, remove some parts + that are applied in the recent version. + + * Merge with 2.3.2.ds1-21, changed: + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: Fix typo, proofreading. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: Add export LC_ALL=C. + - debian/patches/00list: Update. + + * Update linuxthreads size fix for not only ia64, but also alpha, + amd64, i386, powerpc, s390, sh and sparc. + - debian/patches/linuxthreads-sizefix.dpatch: Update. + + * Fix more libc6 upgrade problem from old <= 2.3.4-1: + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: Don't use uname -m, use + dpkg --print-installation-architecture. Hwcappkgs mechanism does not + work on (ex:) install architecture: i386, kernel architecture: amd64. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.postrm: Likewise. + + * Support libc6-dev NPTL static libraries and headers into + /usr/lib/nptl and /usr/include/nptl. (Closes: #276062, #279423) + - debian/rules.d/build.mk: Add installation code from tmp-nptl to + tmp-libc. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev.install: Add tmp-libc/usr/lib/nptl*. + + -- GOTO Masanori Sun, 10 Apr 2005 14:02:19 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.4-3) experimental; urgency=low + + * GOTO Masanori + + * The complete libc6 installation breakage is fixed when hwcap packages + (libc6-i686 and libc6-sparcv9/sparcv9b) is installed. It introduced + /etc/ld.so.hwcappkgs to track hwcap packages. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: Create /etc/ld.so.hwcappkgs if + such file is not existed. Check hwcap packages and decide to keep + /etc/ld.so.nohwcap. Put special ld.so.nohwcap string when the + downgraded version does not support ld.so.hwcappkgs. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc-otherbuild.postinst: When it's configured, + check /etc/ld.so.hwcappkgs and decides to keep /etc/ld.so.nohwcap. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc-otherbuild.postrm: When it's removed, + check /etc/ld.so.hwcappkgs and search other hwcap package's version + consistency. Then it decides to remove /etc/ld.so.nohwcap. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.postrm: Leave /etc/ld.so.nohwcap if it's + downgrade to hwcappkgs incompatible version. + - debian/rules.d/debhelper.mk: Include "libc-" into OPT string + replacement. + + -- GOTO Masanori Tue, 29 Mar 2005 17:22:25 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.4-2) experimental; urgency=low + + * GOTO Masanori + + * Fix libc6 installation breakage when old libc6 and libc6-i686 was + installed, and it's replaced with a new libc6. This fix is limited + for i686 optimized package, not for sparc multiple opt packages. + (Closes: #300806, #300842) + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: Add check for the existence of + multiple optimized packages. + - debian/rules.d/debhelper.mk: Add the replace code from CURRENT_VER + to $(DEB_VERSION) for libc.postinst. Install libc-otherbuild.postrm. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc-otherbuild.postrm: Added to remove + unneeded ld.so.nohwcap for single optimized package. + + -- GOTO Masanori Tue, 22 Mar 2005 11:17:32 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.4-1) experimental; urgency=low + + * GOTO Masanori + + * Reflect from glibc-snapshot package 2.3.4-0.3.snapshot20041220.2. + + * Add glibc-libidn package handling for the following files: + - debian/sysdeps/gnu.mk + - debian/sysdeps/linux.mk + - debian/sysdeps/kfreebsd-gnu.mk + - debian/rules + + * Add separated shlibver file: + - debian/rules: Include debian/shlibver. + - debian/shlibver: Bump up shlibver to 2.3.4-1. + + * Delete removed file info/libc-dir-add.info: + - debian/debhelper.in/glibc-doc.install + - debian/rules.d/build.mk + + * These dpatches are added in debian/patches/: + - glibc234-alpha-xstat.dpatch: Fix alpha compilation failure when + kernel headers < 2.6.4 is used. + - glibc234-hppa-linesep.dpatch: Add to fix hppa compilation failure. + - glibc234-hppa-remove-mallocdef.dpatch: Add to + fix hppa compilation breakage until ldcw lock change is introduced. + This patch will be removed when ldcw patch is revised to apply. + - glibc234-m68k-linuxthreads-fPIC.dpatch: Add to fix m68k compilation + warnings to remove linuxthreads o-iterator. + - glibc234-hppa-full-nptl-2004-12-20.dpatch: Remove in-cvs parts, + apply the remained stuff for hppa, except for ldcw lock change. + This file is renamed from 50_glibc232-hppa-full-nptl-2003-10-22.dpatch. + + * These dpatches are modified/replaced with the newer patches in + debian/patches/: + - glibc-i686-timing.dpatch: Modify makefile. Fix i686 library breakage. + - glibc23-cmov.dpatch: Drop additional TLS parts. + - glibc23-sse-oldkernel.dpatch: Regenerated. + - hppa-drop-utimes.dpatch: Regenerated. + - ldconfig.dpatch: The previous patch seems being wrong because it + supresses all warnings about error. The new patch I introduced should + not warn during debootstrap, and works finely during normal operation. + - ldd.dpatch: Regenerated. + - ldso-disable-hwcap.dpatch: Regenerated. + - locale-no_NO.dpatch: Drop locale.alias part which is already applied. + - makeconfig.dpatch: Regenerated. + - 50_glibc232-arm-dwarf2-buildfix.dpatch: Modify to fix sjlj compilation. + - 50_glibc232-m68k-dwarf2-buildfix.dpatch: Likewise. + + * These dpatches are currently suspended to apply (those entries in + 00list are commented out) with various reasons, they need update or + confirmation: + - 30_glibc232-base.dpatch: If this patch is needed, the another + binutils related problem should be occured. It's disabled for a + while, then remove iff no problem is reported. + - alpha-pic.dpatch: #175511 said the upstream should have another + different fix. After confirmation, it should be removed. + - arm-output-format.dpatch: I believe the recent arm glibc should work + without this patch. If arm still has problem, then enable it. + - glibc232-globfree-clear.dpatch: The latest upstream has gl_pathv=NULL + part, bug gl_pathc=0 part. I think the current code is harmless. + It needs confirmation to Jeff Licquia. + - translation-fr.dpatch: The upstream rejects this wishlist bug. After + confirmation, it'll be removed. + - mips-asm-unistd.dpatch: I need to look at the result of the current cvs + unistd.h. + - hurd-enable-ldconfig.dpatch: Disabled currently. + + * These dpatches are currently applied, but it may be removed from + 00list as until sarge stuff: + - libgcc-compat-all.dpatch: It'll be removed in future. + - libgcc-compat-other.dpatch: Likewise. + + * These dpatches are currently suspended to apply from 00list because + we plan to be removed after sarge release: + - glibc23-ctype-compat.dpatch: Until sarge stuff. + - glibc23-errno-hack.dpatch: Until sarge stuff. + - glibc23-errno.dpatch: This patch should not be considered permanent; + it may be one of until sarge stuff. + - glibc23-function-compat.dpatch: Until sarge stuff. + - locales-supported.dpatch: Debian specific, until sarge stuff. + + * This dpatch is not used currently: + - 10_cvs.dpatch + + * These dpatches are removed from debian/patches/ because they are already + in upstream cvs: + - 11_cvs_locales.dpatch + - 11_shlib-lds.dpatch + - 51_glibc232-hppa-dist.dpatch + - 51_glibc232-hppa-nopltrel.dpatch + - 51_glibc232-hppa-profiling.dpatch + - 52_glibc233-hppa-feupdateenv.dpatch + - 90_glibc232-statvfs.dpatch + - 90_glibc232-timezones.dpatch + - alpha-crti.dpatch + - alpha-rtsigaction-fix.dpatch + - fno-unit-at-a-time.dpatch + - glibc23-dlclose-l_opencount.dpatch + - glibc23-libio-compat.dpatch + - glibc23-powerpc-sigcontext.dpatch + - glibc23-sparc-pread64.dpatch + - glibc232-catchsegv-insecure-temp.dpatch + - glibc232-hppa-unwindinfo.dpatch + - glibc232-ia64-unwindinfo.dpatch + - glibc232-iconv-ucs2-unalign.dpatch + - glibc232-mips-dl-machine.dpatch + - glibc232-misc-syslog.dpatch + - glibc232-nptl-posix-timer.dpatch + - glibc232-ppc32-nanosecond.dpatch + - glibc232-remove-vsyscall.dpatch + - glibc232-sparc64-softfp.dpatch + - glibcbug.dpatch + - hppa-syscall.dpatch + - hurd-cleanup.dpatch + - hurd-exit-attr-hidden.dpatch + - hurd-i386-hwcap.dpatch + - hurd-libc-lock.dpatch + - hurd-utmp-file.dpatch + - locale-byn_ER.dpatch + - locale-et_EE.dpatch + - locale-ro_RO.dpatch + - locale-strfmon.dpatch + - mips-sgidefs.dpatch + - nptl-io-locking.dpatch + - nptl-page-align.dpatch + - nptl-pthread-c++.dpatch + - nptl-pthread-create-attr.dpatch + - nptl-pthread-once.dpatch + - pthread-cleanup.dpatch + - s390-backtrace.dpatch + - s390-pthread-fpic.dpatch + - syslog-locale.dpatch + + * Hurd update: + - debian/patches/hurd-string.dpatch: Removed, it's already in cvs. + - debian/patches/00list.hurd-i386: Removed. + - debian/patches/hurd-malloc.dpatch: Add to fix Hurd build fix, patch + from Michael Banck . + + -- GOTO Masanori Fri, 18 Mar 2005 09:41:49 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.2.ds1-22) unstable; urgency=medium + + * Daniel Jacobowitz + + - debian/patches/rtld-vdso-assertion.dpatch: Fix an assertion failure + running /lib/libc.so.6. + - debian/rules.d/debhelper.mk: Mark runnable libraries +x again. + + -- Daniel Jacobowitz Tue, 10 May 2005 15:11:53 -0400 + +glibc (2.3.2.ds1-21) unstable; urgency=high + + * GOTO Masanori + + - debian/patches/linuxthreads-sizefix.dpatch: Fix ia64 TLS_PRE_TCB_SIZE + alignment where TLS_DTV_AT_TP is defined between linuxthreads and nptl. + It breaks evolution on ia64 linuxthreads ld.so + nptl environment. + (Closes: #292673) + - debian/patches/glibc232-sigsetjmp.dpatch: Fix gcc-4.0 compilation + breakage on amd64. (Closes: #295457) + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.manpages: Add tzconfig.8. Reported by Matthijs + Mohlmann . (Closes: #182981) + - debian/patches/90_glibc232-timezones.dpatch: Update to tzdata2005h. + - debian/patches/hurd-weak-aliases.dpatch: Add to fix undefined references + to build putty on Hurd, patched by Michael Banck . + (Closes: #295118) + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: Fix typo, proofreading. + (Closes: #294816, #303478) + - debian/rules: Bump up shlib_dep_ver 2.3.2.ds1-21. It's required by + adding GLIBC_2.3.4 symbol. + + - Bastian Blank : + - debian/patches/sched-update.dpatch: Update sched_[gs]et_affinity to + new interface and library version. Add GLIBC_2.3.4 versioned symbol + for new interface. (Closes: #297769) + - Jeff Bailey : + - debian/patches/glibc232-tls-crashfix.dpatch: Fix tls assertion that + crashes xmms/nvidia. (Closes: #219352) + - debian/patches/glibc232-pthread-cancellation.dpatch: Fix pthread + cancellation bug that causes JVM lockups. (Closes: #300943) + - Denis Barbier : + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: Add export LC_ALL=C like + libc.postinst, it corrects some locale dependent behavior, + especially for `tr'. (Closes: #304257) + - Lars Wirzenius : + - debian/local/manpages/iconv.1: Escape hyphens for Unicode + environments. (Closes: #292013) + - Emilian Nowak : + - debian/po/pl.po: Add Polish debconf translation. (Closes: #294444) + - Matti Polla : + - debian/po/fi.po: Add Finnish debconf translation. (Closes: #303816) + - Khalid Aziz : + - debian/patches/glibc232-clock_settime.dpatch: Fix clock_settime + always fails with EINVAL. (Closes: #304668) + - Thiemo Seufer : + - debian/patches/glibc23-mips-lazy-eval.dpatch: Workaround fix for + broken symbol resolving of lazy evaluation stubs on mips/mipsel, + that causes fakeroot breakage. (Closes: #265678, #264920) + + -- GOTO Masanori Mon, 14 Feb 2005 09:26:26 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.2.ds1-20) unstable; urgency=high + + * GOTO Masanori + + - debian/patches/hppa-drop-utimes.dpatch: Fix sudo breakage because + system call utimes() is not defined on hppa. Patched by Randolph Chung + . (Closes: #284449) + + - Fix ia64 unwind FTBFS. Patched by Matthias Klose : + - debian/patches/glibc232-ia64-unwindinfo.dpatch: Modify Makeconfig + which unconditionally set the libunwind macro to -lunwind, until the + it's safe again to regenerate the configure script, on advice of + Jeff Bailey. (Closes: #284563) + - debian/control.in/main: Tighten build dependency on ia64 to + gcc-3.3_3.3.5-5. + - debian/control: Likewise. + + - debian/sysdeps/amd64.mk: Add /lib64 and /usr/lib64 symlinks which are + provided by glibc instead of base-files for amd64. Requested by Goswin + Brederlow . (Closes: #259302) + - debian/rules.d/debhelper.mk: Replace from extra_pkg_install to + extra_debhelper_pkg_install rule which are used for debhelper.mk only. + + - debian/patches/librt-mips.dpatch: Update to provide clock_{set,get}time + with versioned symbol both GLIBC_2.0 and GLIBC_2.2. This patch should + be applied until sarge+1 will be released. + + - debian/local/manpages/locale.1: Add the description about + /usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED. Requested by Guillermo S. Romero + . (Closes: #284137) + + -- GOTO Masanori Wed, 15 Dec 2004 19:44:47 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.2.ds1-19) unstable; urgency=high + + * GOTO Masanori + + - debian/local/manpages/gencat.1: Use \fR instead of \fT for bold + font, and use .TP instead of .PP for option usage. Patched by + Lars Wirzenius . (Closes: #279685) + - debian/local/manpages/iconvconfig.8: Likewise + fix typo. + - debian/local/manpages/mtrace.1: Likewise. + - debian/local/manpages/locale.1: Add "SEE ALSO" to the end of the + manual. (Closes: #282128) + + - debian/sysdeps/linux.mk: Drop -fomit-frame-pointer from compiling + option to build NPTL packages in order to get valid backtrace. + -D__USE_STRING_INLINES is also dropped to consider about backtraces. + Requested by David Mosberger . + - debian/sysdeps/amd64.mk: Likewise. + - debian/sysdeps/i386.mk: Likewise. + - debian/sysdeps/s390.mk: Likewise. + - debian/sysdeps/sparc.mk: Likewise. + + - debian/patches/glibc232-hppa-unwindinfo.dpatch: Add for unwind + information for hppa plt fixup routine. Patched by + Randolph Chung . (Closes: #281993) + - debian/patches/glibc232-ia64-unwindinfo.dpatch: Add to work + ia64 unwind info and libunwind properly. Requested by David Mosberger + . (Closes: #278837) + + - debian/patches/glibc232-catchsegv-insecure-temp.dpatch: Add fix + CAN-2004-0968: catchsegv creates insecure temporary file. + (Closes: #278278) + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.install: Remove glibcbug to fix CAN-2004-0968, + and it's meaningless to include nowadays. (Closes: #205600) + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.manpages: Remove glibcbug.1 from manpage. + - debian/patches/glibcbug.dpatch: Add comment to be removed. + + - debian/make-cvs-patch.sh: Change like make-cvs-locales-patch.sh. + + - debian/patches/s390-pthread-fpic.dpatch: Add to fix lam build failure. + It changes pthread_atfork in libpthread_nonshared.a is built with + -fPIC, not -fpic, that is already applied in libc_nonshared.a. + (Closes: #280445) + + - debian/control.in/libc: Add gcc | c-compiler to Recommends of libc-dev. + This change avoids that aptitude tries to install various compiler + packages if only c-compiler is specified. (Closes: #283668) + - debian/control.in/main: Add Build-Depends: gcc-3.3 (>= 1:3.3.5-3) [ia64] + | gcc-3.4 (>= 3.4.3-2) [ia64] because ia64 should be built with gcc + which supports libunwind. Requested by Matthias Klose + . + - debian/control: Update. + + - debian/patches/nptl-pthread-c++.dpatch: Add to disable using C99 + designators for nptl pthread.h to fix C++ breakage. Patched by + Andreas Jochens and Matthias Klose + . (Closes: #275997, #283461) + + -- GOTO Masanori Sat, 6 Nov 2004 19:04:26 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.2.ds1-18) unstable; urgency=high + + * GOTO Masanori + + - debian/patches/glibc232-sparc64-softfp.dpatch: Add to fix + glibc build breakage on sparc with binutils 2.15. It's caused by + the register misusage, that was allowed by the previous binutils. + (Closes: #266598) + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: Fix to execute NSS services + correctly when file-rc is used. (Closes: #275403) + + - debian/patches/90_glibc232-timezones.dpatch: Update to tzdata2004e. + + - debian/debhelper.in/locales.prerm: Add to fix warning not to remove + /usr/lib/locale/locale-archive. (Closes: #264020) + - debian/debhelper.in/locales.postrm: Add to remove /etc/locale.gen + when purge is specified. + + -- GOTO Masanori Tue, 5 Oct 2004 09:32:01 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.2.ds1-17) unstable; urgency=high + + * GOTO Masanori + + - debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: Fix typo, from "kerberos4th-dev" to + "kerberos4kth-dev". (Closes: #266637) + - debian/patches/00list: Add locale-byn_ER.dpatch that was missing + when I fixed. (Closes: #270998) + + - debian/patches/glibc23-dlclose-l_opencount.dpatch: Fix reference + counter in dl that does not sometimes decrement correctly. + (Closes: #233301, #259211) + - debian/patches/glibc232-globfree-clear.dpatch: Workaround and + to make sure that fix to enforce clear gl_pathc and gl_pathv in + globfree() for sarge to conform LFS test, requested by Jeff Licquia. + (Closes: #264884) + + - debian/local/manpages/tzselect.1: Fix typo. (Closes: #269747) + + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: Don't install glibc when kernel + is not 2.6 on amd64. + - debian/sysdeps/amd64.mk: Patch from Andreas Jochens: + - Drop the 'nptl' pass from GLIBC_PASSES. + - Use 'nptl' instead of 'linuxthreads' in the 'libc' pass (this + requires kernel >= 2.6.0, but 2.4 is not supported by the amd64 + port anyway). + + -- GOTO Masanori Thu, 19 Aug 2004 12:39:35 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.2.ds1-16) unstable; urgency=high + + * GOTO Masanori + + - debian/FAQ: Add note about errno + NPTL workaround. + (Closes: #261035) + - debian/patches/glibc232-mips-dl-machine.dpatch: Fix mips/mipsel + compilation breakage with the recent binutils. (Closes: #262646) + - debian/patches/glibc232-m68k-reloc.dpatch: Fix m68k compilation + breakage with the recent binutils. (Closes: #263601) + + * Jeff Bailey + + - debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev.install.hurd-i386: Don't install + getconf. + + -- GOTO Masanori Mon, 2 Aug 2004 11:53:54 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.2.ds1-15) unstable; urgency=high + + * Jeff Bailey + + - debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: Replace ${libc}, not libc6. + (Closes: #262669) + + - Marking urgency as high, last upload should have been marked + this way for RC bug fix. + + -- Jeff Bailey Sun, 1 Aug 2004 08:50:13 -0400 + +glibc (2.3.2.ds1-14) unstable; urgency=low + + * GOTO Masanori + + - debian/patches/glibc232-iconv-ucs2-unalign.dpatch: Add to fix + iconv unalignment access with UCS-2BE/UCS-2LE on some architectures. + (Closes: #234691) + - debian/patches/locale-byn_ER.dpatch: Add to fix byn_ER localedef + breakage. Patched by Denis Barbier . + (Closes: #246270, #257658) + - debian/patches/locales-supported.dpatch: Add no_NO.ISO-8859-1 into + SUPPORTED. (Closes: #246170) + - debian/patches/glibc232-nptl-posix-timer.dpatch: Fix posix timer + SIGEV_THREAD notification is broken. (Closes: #259878) + - debian/patches/glibc232-remove-vsyscall.dpatch: Remove __ASSUME_VSYSCALL + to fix the system startup failure on the machine using PAX. + (Closes: #245563) + - debian/patches/90_glibc232-timezones.dpatch: Updated to tzcode2004b + and tzdata2004b. + - debian/patches/locale-eu_FR.dpatch: Add eu_FR and eu_FR@euro. + Patched by Christian Perrier . (Closes: #257840) + - debian/patches/locale-sr_CS.dpatch: Add sr_CS and sr_CS@cyrillic. + Patched by Christian Perrier . But this patch is + conflicted to sr_YU things - it's disabled for a while. + + - debian/local/etc_init.d/nscd: Rewritten the whole script to make + use of the initscript's method. Patched by Thomas Hood + . + (Closes: #229273, #229484, #253119, #252284, #222953) + + - debian/local/manpages/iconv.1: Add small description for `-c' and + so on. (Closes: #189958) + - debian/local/manpages/rpcgen.1: Add -M option description. + (Closes: #193467) + - debian/po/de.po: Updated. Patched by Helge Kreutzmann + . (Closes: #251732) + + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: Add apache-ssl and apache-perl to + restart script. Suggested by Daniel Jacobowitz . + (Closes: #208997) + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: Add vsftpd to restart script. + Suggested by Jeff Bailey . (Closes: #213535) + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: Add lpr-ppd. Change init script + name from lpr, lpr-ppd to lpd, lpd-ppd. (Closes: #205084) + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: Fix package detection failure when + uninstalled package is encountered during NSS upgrade. + (Closes: #193278) + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: Add export LANG=C to work scripts + correctly even if user sets locale environment variable. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: Change sleep time from 1 to 2. + It's work-around fix, actual fix is start-stop-daemon --stop should + check the process termination. See: #211784. + + - debian/local/usr_sbin/tzconfig: Fix typo: old_timezone vs oldtimezone. + Reported by Kai Henningsen . (Closes: #213159) + + - debian/control.in/libc-dbg: Add Provides: libc-dbg for -dbg package. + (Closes: #219145) + - debian/control.in/libc, debian/control: likewise. + + - /usr/bin/getconf and getconf.1 are moved from libc-dev to libc. + (Closes: #239170) + - debian/debhelper.in/libc-udeb.install: Add libutil* and libcrypt* + to -udeb. (Closes: #258956) + + - Put amd64 port from Andreas Jochens. + - debian/control: Updated. + - debian/control.in: Modify Build-Depends: gcc-3.3 | gcc-3.4. + glibc can build at least gcc-3.3 and later. And this will make it + possible to build glibc with gcc-3.4 when gcc-3.4 becomes the default + on amd64 without changing glibc again. + - debian/sysdeps/amd64.mk: Use workaround -g0 option when gcc-3.4 is + used, because gcc-3.4 on amd64 with -g0 + nested functions are broken: + http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=260710 + + * Andreas Jochens + + - debian/rules.d/control.mk: Add amd64 at the appropriate places. + - Add debian/patches/amd64-lib.dpatch to disable the biarch lib64 dir on + amd64 and enable this patch in debian/patches/00list. (Closes: #246547) + - Add a new file debian/sysdeps/amd64.mk with GLIBC_PASSES += nptl + (Closes: #248192) + - debian/sysdeps/amd64.mk: Use gcc instead of gcc-3.3 on amd64. + - debian/patches/fno-unit-at-a-time.dpatch: Add -fno-unit-at-a-time + test to configure for amd64 + gcc-3.4. (Closes: #261082) + + * Jeff Bailey + + - debian/patches/syslog-locale.dpatch: Include patch from Jakub + Jelinek to make sure syslogging happens in the C locale. + Thanks to pere for catching this. (Closes: #161340, #158651) + + - debian/patches/hurd-string.dpatch: New file + - debian/patches/00list.hurd-i386: Only load hurd-string on hurd-i386. + + -- GOTO Masanori Mon, 31 May 2004 23:43:29 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.2.ds1-13) unstable; urgency=low + + * Jeff Bailey + + - debian/control.in/main: Change to new email address. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev.install.hurd-i386: Add missing files. + Thanks to Michael Banck (Closes: #246355) + - debian/sysdeps/gnu.mk: Stub out kernel_check. + Thanks to Michael Banck + + * GOTO Masanori + + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: Fixed to work when kernel version is + x.y.zFOOz pattern. (Closes: #245643) + - debian/patches/locale-ro_RO.dpatch: Fix Romania can't be built. + (Closes: #245657) + - debian/local/manpages/locale.1: Fix typo: LOC_PATH -> LOCPATH. + (Closes: #246557) + - debian/rules: Fix build correctly when we execute "debian/rules binary". + Patched by Jurij Smakov . (Closes: #247241) + - debian/patches/glibc232-misc-syslog.dpatch: Fix syslog segv under + memory shortage. (Closes: #249559) + - debian/patches/s390-backtrace.dpatch: Fix 900 test failures in the + libjava testsuite in gcc-3.4 on s390. (Closes: #243394) + - debian/sysdeps/linux.mk: Fix build failure when kernel headers directory + in /usr/src has symlink asm direcotry. Patched by Wolfram Gloger + . (Closes: #249408) + + - debian/debhelper.in/libc-udeb.install: Add libnss_files.so*, + - debian/libnss-dns-udeb, libnss-dns-files: Update description. + - debian/control: Update. + + * Colin Watson + + - debian/rules: Add libnss-dns-udeb and libnss-files-udeb. + (Closes: #247430) + - debian/.cvsignore: Likewise. + - debian/control.in/libc: libc-udeb depends on libnss-dns-udeb and + libnss-files-udeb. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc-udeb.install: Remove libnss_dns and libnss_files. + - debian/rules.d/control.mk: Likewise. + - debian/control.in/libnss-dns-udeb: Update description. + + -- GOTO Masanori Wed, 26 May 2004 00:18:06 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.2.ds1-12) unstable; urgency=low + + * GOTO Masanori + + - debian/local/etc_init.d/mountkernfs: Fix typo. (Closes: #229340) + - debian/local/etc_init.d/mountkernfs: Fix error if the kernel does not + set CONFIG_TMPFS on 2.4. (Closes: #230758) + - debian/local/etc_init.d/mountkernfs: Check each mount directory is + actually directory or not. (Closes: #234813) + - debian/local/etc_init.d/mountkernfs: remove "set -e". + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: use invoke-rc.d to invoke + mountkernfs when it's available, suggested by Junichi Uekawa + . (Closes: #230008) + + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.install: drop installing three files: + debian/local/etc_init.d/mountkernfs, debian/local/etc_default/devpts, + and debian/local/etc_default/tmpfs. Because initscripts now provides + those files. (Closes: #238963) + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: devpts.sh should be actually replaced to + mountkernfs. But by now mounting filesystems should be done with + mountvirtfs in initscripts. Initscripts needs to remove devpts.sh and + mountkernfs. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: likewise. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.postrm: likewise. + + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: Fix kernel version detection correctly. + Patched by Goswin von Brederlow . + (Closes: #241395). + + - debian/rules.d/debhelper.mk: Fix build failure in strip processing. + + - debian/patches/51_glibc232-hppa-nopltrel.dpatch: Do not process + lezy relocations if no DT_PLTREL is present. Reported by + Richard Hirst and Patched by + Carlos O'Donell . (Closes: #228375) + - debian/patches/glibc232-ppc32-nanosecond.dpatch: Fix ppc32 stat + reports bogus nanosecond data. Patched by Anton Blanchard + . (Closes: #231358) + - debian/patches/nptl-io-locking.dpatch: Add stdio performance + improvement for nptl. Dpatched by Michael Clark + . (Closes: #238213) + - debian/patches/52_glibc233-hppa-feupdateenv.dpatch: + The newest compiler in unstable has caught a bug in the feupdateenv + implementation for hppa. The code should not be using the constant input + argument as temporary scratch. Patched by Carlos O'Donell + . + - debian/patches/localedef-fix-trampoline.dpatch: Fix localedef segv + when run under exec-shield/PaX and so on due to trampoline issue. + Dpatched by James Troup . + (Closes: #231438, #198099, #215624, #215821, #221740) + - debian/patches/alpha-rtsigaction-fix.dpatch: Fix alpha sigaction with + SA_SIGINFO (rt_sigaction), keep program execution after exiting signal + handler, with correctly calling rt_sigreturn. (Closes: #221969) + - debian/patches/translation-fr.dpatch: Include fr.po translation patch. + Patched by Petter Reinholdtsen . Related bug #243183 + is currently suspended. + - debian/patches/locale-et_EE.dpatch: Fix et_EE locale incorrect charset. + Patched by Petter Reinholdtsen . (Closes: #208238) + + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: add rsync to NSS checking code. + (Closes: #229196) + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: add kernel version check code if + real i386 is used. (Closes: #231538) + + - debian/po/da.po: added. Patched by Morten Brix Pedersen . + (Closes: #230669) + - debian/po/cs.po: added. Patched by Miroslav Kure + . (Closes: #230969) + - debian/po/el.po: added. Patched by Konstantinos Margaritis + . (Closes: #230997) + - debian/po/ru.po: added. Patched by Ilgiz Kalmetev + . (Closes: #221657) + - debian/po/uk.po: added. Patched by Eugeniy Meshcheryakov + . (Closes: #235850) + - debian/po/zh_CN.po: added. Patched by Hiei Xu + and Carlos Z.F. Liu . (Closes: #231907) + - debian/po/tr.po: added. Patched by Ercin EKER + and Recai Oktas . (Closes: #240654) + + - debian/debhelper.in/glibc-doc.links: add manpages links for sem_*. + + - debian/patches/template.dpatch: split Author to Dpatch author and + Patch author. + + - debian/sysdeps/hppa.mk: added to create symlink + /usr/hppa64-linux/include to /usr/include for hppa64. (Closes: #239020) + - debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: added conflicts to gcc-3.3-hppa64 and + gcc-3.4-hppa64. + - debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: Add replaces: kerberos4th-dev (<< 1.2.2-10) + to avoid conflicting /usr/include/ifaddrs.h. (Closes: #234347) + + - debian/control.in/opt: made libc6-i686 description easier to + understand from users' requests. (Closes: #218396, #239555, #242546) + + - debian/local/usr_sbin/locale-gen: Add code to write an error if the + line doesn't satisfy the format. Patched by Petter Reinholdtsen + . (Closes: #207199) + + * Jeff Bailey + + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: Don't use awk except in + upgrade mode. (Closes: #229461) + Also make sure that it doesn't trip on words being added to the + upstream revision number. Thanks to James Troup for + mentioning this. + Thanks to Bastian Blank for the fix. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: Respect DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive + for setting timezone. Default to UTC. (Closes: #196382) + + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.docs: Add TODO. + + Hopefully the last round of hurd-i386 fixes: + + - debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev.install.hurd-i386: New file. + - debian/rules.d/debhelper.mk: Deal with the arch-specific install files. + - debian/patches/hurd-cleanup.dpatch: New file for dl-procinfo.c and + missing include in malloc.c (Both in upstream) + - debian/patches/00list: Update + + Locales surgery, with many thanks to Petter Reinholdtsen: + + - debian/patches/glibc22-eo_EO.dpatch: Rename to ... + - debian/patches/locale-eo_EO.dpatch: ... this. + - debian/patches/11_cvs_locales.dpatch: New generated file from CVS. + - debian/patches/locales-stuff.dpatch: Remove bogs code and split + into .. + - debian/patches/locale-de_CH.dpatch: ... this and ... + - debian/patches/locale-ru_RU.dpatch: this. + - debian/patches/locale-no_NO.dpatch: New file to keep no_NO around + during the transition to nb_NO. + - debian/patches/locale-strfmon.dpatch: New file from CVS needed + for new locales formatting. (Closes: #226047) + - debian/patches/00list: Update. + + - debian/patches/glibc22-locales.dpatch: Obsoleted by CVS update. + - debian/patches/locale-es_AR.dpatch: Add template header. + - debian/patches/locales-supported.dpatch: Remove entries provided + by CVS. Add no_NO for transition. + + (Closes: #211607, #215466, #218424) + + - debian/patches/template.dpatch: Tweak to make it easier to + generate patches. + - debian/make-cvs-locales-patch.sh: New file. + + * Daniel Jacobowitz + + - Add separate-debug-info files to libc6-dbg to allow backtraces through + optimized libraries (Closes: #227097, #219459) + - debian/control.in/main: Bump build dependencies for binutils and + debhelper. + - debian/control.in/libc-dbg: Update package description. + - debian/rules: Set NOSTRIP after loading sysdeps rules files, so that + it actually gets set. + - debian/rules.d/debhelper.mk: Generate separate debug info libraries. + Touch stamp file for libc-udeb. + - debian/sysdeps/i386.mk, debian/sysdeps/linux.mk, s390x_extra_cflags, + debian/sysdeps/sparc.mk: Use -g1 instead of -g0 so that we get + unwind information. + - debian/wrapper/objcopy: Wrapper script to remove excess debug + info, for now. + - Remove tabs from debian/changelog, since they confuse + dpkg-parsechangelog. + - Add missing quotes in debhelper.mk NOSTRIP test. + - Don't add libc-dir-add.info to info after all + (Closes: #222171, #230765). + (debhelper.in/glibc-doc.info, debhelper.in/glibc-doc.install) + + * Ben Collins + + - Added and enabled a sparc v9b target (UltraSPARC III). + + * Bastian Blank + + - Add libnss-dns-udeb package. + - Rename udebs to match the real packages. (Closes: #183139) + - Fix provides of udebs. (Closes: #183143) + - Use debhelper udeb knowledge. + + -- GOTO Masanori Wed, 21 Apr 2004 00:40:55 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.2.ds1-11) unstable; urgency=low + + * Jeff Bailey + + - debian/control.in/s390x: Remove -dev dependency on gcc-3.2. + - debian/sysdeps/s390.mk: Add missing ) + - debian/rules: Fixes for cross-compiling + - debian/patches/90_glibc233_tcsetaddr.dpatch: LSB Fix for tcgetattr + (Closes: #218131) + - debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: Update wine conflicts. + (Closes: #218717) + - debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: Update cyrus-imapd conflicts. + (Closes: #220983) + - debian/sysdeps/sparc.mk: Force -m32 when building sparcv9 + - debian/patches/glibc-sparc-timing.dpatch: New file to let sparcv9 works. + (Closes: #222886) + - debian/patches/nptl-page-align.dpatch: New file to fix page + alignment troubles. (Closes: #223241, #225466) + + - debian/patches/hurd-exit-attr-hidden.dpatch: New file to fix + compilation on gcc-3.3 and hurd-i386 + - debian/patches/hurd-i386-hwcap.dpatch: New file to give the needed + i386 HWCAP defines on hurd-i386 + - debian/patches/hurd-libc-lock.dpatch: New file to fix FTBFS on hurd-i386 + - debian/patches/hurd-utmp-file.dpatch: New file to fix FTBFS on + non-Linux. + - debian/patches/glibc23-cmov.dpatch: Update for moved i386 HWCAP + definitions. + - debian/patches/glibc23-sse-oldkernel.dpatch: Updated for + severelly munged sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/i386/dl-procinfo.h + Thanks to Barry deFreese for helping get these in order. + + - debian/patches/00list: Update + + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: For Linux kernels of the form + x.y.z-n, fail the install if z >= 255. (Closes: #226688) + Thanks to James Morrison and Kevin Everets for help on the wording + of the error message. + + - debian/sysdeps/sparc.mk: Revert Ben's change of '-mcpu=v8 + -mtune=ultrasparc'. This was misleading because it was always + overridden by the glibc Makefile and had no effect. + + * Phil Blundell + + - Require linux-kernel-headers >= 2.5.999-test7-bk-9 to avoid module- + related problems on ARM. + + * Ben Collins + + - Bump sparcv9 back to -mcpu=v8 -mtune=ultrasparc. Should fix sparcv9. + + * Daniel Jacobowitz + + - Pass CC to configure; should fix sparc64. + - Suppress the errno warning message for now. Update to point to + README.Debian.gz. + - debian/patches/glibc23-errno-hack.dpatch, debian/FAQ + - Redirect dpkg -s sysvinit's stderr to /dev/null (Closes: #225601). + - Fix on MIPS targets. Thanks to Guido Guenther + for testing and improvements to the patch (Closes: #223891, #226483). + - debian/patches/mips-asm-unistd.dpatch + - Fix for GCC changes from Thiemo Seufer (Closes: #224744). + - debian/patches/mips-sgidefs.dpatch + - Fix i386-linux build failure. + - debian/patches/glibc23-sse-oldkernel.dpatch + - Quote a backslash in libc.preinst + + * GOTO Masanori + + - debian/debhelper.in/glibc-doc.links: add missing links for + pthread_mutex_*(), pthread_mutexattr_*(), pthread_cond_*(), and + pthread_condattr_*(). + - debian/control.in/main: remove Build-Depends-Indep: latex2html. + (Closes: #221317) + + - debian/local/etc_init.d/devpts.sh: rename to mountkernfs. + - debian/local/etc_init.d/mountkernfs: rename from devpts.sh, for + adding to mount tmpfs(shmfs), sysfs, and usbfs. + - debian/local/etc_default/tmpfs: add to control tmpfs upper limit size. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.dirs: add to make /sys. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.install: add mountkernfs and tmpfs, + remove devpts.sh. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.postrm: rename devpts.sh to mountkernfs. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst: likewise. + - debian/local/etc_init.d/mountkernfs: fix devpts_mounted to check + its pathname is exactly started from the top directory. + + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: fix preinst does not stop + on mips even if it's kernel version is < 2.4.22. (Closes: #223769) + + - debian/po/pt_BR.po: Update pt_BR debconf template translation. + Patched by Andre Luis Lopes . (Closes: #219839) + - debian/po/nl.po: Update nl debconf template translation. + Patched by cobaco . (Closes: #220693) + + * Carlos O'Donell + + - debian/patches/51_glibc232-hppa-dist.dpatch: Add entry.h to dist. + - debian/patches/51_glibc232-hppa-profiling.dpatch: Fix profile support. + (Closes: #221010) + + -- Daniel Jacobowitz Tue, 20 Jan 2004 09:41:48 -0500 + +glibc (2.3.2.ds1-10) unstable; urgency=low + + This is the "Swimming to the surface" release. + + * GOTO Masanori + + - debian/control.in/opt: Add more ix86 CPUs in the description. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: Ignore old libc4/5. + (Closes: #218449) + + * Daniel Jacobowitz + + - Add a patch to automatically disable NPTL for programs which + reference the old errno; and update the FAQ to match. + (glibc23-errno-hack.dpatch). + - Update make build dependency as reported by Mikko Kautto + (Closes: #218595). + - Update debian/po/nl.po with new translation from Bart Cornelis + (Closes: #218642). + - Update SSE disabling patch to work for static binaries too + (Closes: #218524, #219025). + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: Ignore ia32-libs also + (Closes: #219176). + - debian/control.in/main: Build depend on fixed linux-kernel-headers + to get ia64 module syscalls (Closes: #218645). + + * Jeff Bailey + + Update to Standards-Version 3.6.1: + - debian/changelog: Convert from Latin-1 to UTF-8. 1 Line affected. + - debian/control.in/main: Update version number. + Fix some lintian warnings: + - debian/changelog: Remove obsolete user-emacs settings. + - debian/control.in/libc: Remove trailing periods from synopis'. These + aren't full sentences. + - debian/local/manpages/gencat.1: New file. + - debian/local/manpages/trace.1: New file. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev.manpages: Install them. + - debian/local/manpages/iconvconfig.8: New file. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.manpages: Install it. + - debian/patches/90_glibc232-statvfs.dpatch: Don't get confused on bad + mtab. (Closes: #219271) + - debian/patches/90_glibc232-timezones.dpatch: Update timezone + information. + + * Phil Blundell + + - debian/patches/arm-ioperm.dpatch: Third time lucky? + + -- Jeff Bailey Wed, 5 Nov 2003 10:53:14 -0500 + +glibc (2.3.2.ds1-9) unstable; urgency=low + + * GOTO Masanori + + - debian/po/es.po: Update. Patched by Carlos Valdivia Yagüe + . + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: Replace s/libc6/glibc/ + in messages, actually there are not only libc6, but also + libc6.1, libc0.3, and so on. + + * Daniel Jacobowitz + + - Export libpthread symbols needed for thread debugging + (glibc23-thread-debugging.dpatch). + - Remove glibc23-thread-debugging.dpatch in response to upstream + comments. Don't strip libpthread symbols needed for thread debugging. + - Add version sanity check for kernels whose extraversion starts with a + dot (Closes: #218546). + - Disable SSE for pre-2.4 kernels (Closes: #218524). + - Symlink asm-sparc and asm-sparc64 into debian/include if necessary. + - Don't duplicate .so symlinks in libc6-s390x and libc6-dev-s390x. + - Add a build fix for sparc64; pread syscall has been renamed to + pread64. + - Add a FAQ entry for unresolved errno (Closes: #218561). + - Import patch from CVS to fix ucontext_t/mcontext_t on powerpc32 + (Closes: #207806). + - Patch from Randolph Chung for HPPA system calls + (hppa-syscall.dpatch). + + -- Daniel Jacobowitz Sat, 1 Nov 2003 18:54:16 -0500 + +glibc (2.3.2.ds1-8) unstable; urgency=low + + * Daniel Jacobowitz + + - Don't use --enable-omitfp since we don't install libc_g.a. + - Enable NPTL for S/390. + - Fix the /lib/ld64.so.1 symlink for s390x. + - Update maintainer scripts for fixes lost in the rewrite. + - Enable NPTL for ia64. Thanks to Ian Wienand for testing. + - Automatically cross-compile if the kernel is too old to build + an optimized library. + - Do not run make check if cross compiling. + - Fix msqid_ds on MIPS. Dpatch from Guido Guenther, patch by + Thiemo Seufer (Closes: #215273, #200215, #217593). + - Check for old copies of glibc in a couple of places (Closes: #212224). + - Fix a libio compatibility code bug which crashed the Citrix client + (glibc23-libio-compat.dpatch). + - Remove fuzzy markers from fr.po. Patch from Denis Barbier + (Closes: #217865). + - Re-add debian/patches/80_glibc232-locales-nb_NO-fix.dpatch, which had + gotten lost. + - Re-add typo fixes to iconv.1 and rpcgen.1. (Closes: #202161) + - Merge iconv.1 fix to iconv.pod. + - Re-add fix for locale-gen and POSIXLY_CORRECT. + - Update ldso-disable-hwcap.dpatch and preinst/postinst scripts. + - Update maintainer scripts not to use basename; dpkg invokes the + scripts as tmp.ci/postinst, not libc6.postinst. + - Add a patch for building shlib.lds which fixes a parse error when + building without an existing -dev package installed. + - debian/patches/11_shlib-lds.dpatch + + * Jeff Bailey + + - debian/sysdeps/linux.mk: Use getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN instead + of /proc/cpuinfo to calculate NJOBS. The cpuinfo file format + is not consistent between arch's. + - debian/.cvsignore: New file. + + * GOTO Masanori + + - debian/debhelper.in/locales.dirs: Add /usr/lib/locale, because + localedef stops to create locale data if this dir is not found. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc-otherbuild.preinst: Fix typo which + disturbs to install libc-otherbuild package. + - Dan's checking code for old copies in libc6 preinst fixes + installation breakage for example /usr/lib/debug is in + /etc/ld.so.conf, or so on. + (Closes: #165374, #212224). + - debhelper.in/libc.preinst: add kernel version sanity check for + sun4m arch which needs at least 2.4.21 due to hardware multiplication + instruction is used by default. (Closes: #215010, #215012) + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst: fix check_dirs return value. + + -- Daniel Jacobowitz Tue, 28 Oct 2003 18:29:09 -0500 + +glibc (2.3.2.ds1-7) experimental; urgency=low + + * Daniel Jacobowitz + + - Fix TLS libraries, which belong in /lib/tls, not /libtls. + - Fix -march for NPTL libraries on i386 - was i686, should have + been i486. + - Move i686 libraries to /lib/tls/i686/cmov. + - Include make check output in the libc package. + - S/390 perversely uses /lib/ld64.so.1 as the dynamic linker; include + a symlink. + - Leave /lib64/ld64.so.1 executable on S/390. + - Generate SUPPORTED again. + - Update ldconfig to prefer /lib/tls to /lib/i686/cmov. + - Disable conflicts between optimized libraries and libsafe/memprof; + they've worked for a while. + - Switch the i686 optimized libraries to use NPTL, and update their + description. + - Fix dependencies for locales package. + - Include SONAME symlinks in libc6-dbg. + - Remove vestigial gconv-modules Provides. + - Install more files for libc6 and locales packages. + - Correct section for zdump.8 man page. + - Install ld.so.8 in the right directory (debhelper thinks that .so is a + language extension). + - Install info menu entries for functions provided by libc, in + glibc-doc. + - Include changelog in glibc-doc also. + - Re-add libc6-dev dependency on matching libc6. + - Fix libc-udeb build. + + * Phil Blundell + + - debian/patches/arm-ioperm.dpatch: Try again. + + * Jeff Bailey + + Welcome back HPPA, Thanks to Carlos O'Donell + + - debian/patches/50_glibc232-hppa-full-nptl-2003-10-22.dpatch: New. + - debian/patches/50_glibc23-hppa-entry.dpatch: Remove. + - debian/patches/glibc23-00-hppa-pthreads.dpatch: Remove. + - debian/patches/glibc23-01-hppa-dl-machine.dpatch: Remove. + - debian/patches/glibc23-07-hppa-atomicity.dpatch: Remove. + - debian/patches/glibc23-hppa-compat.dpatch: Remove. + - debian/patches/glibc23-hppa-malloc8.dpatch: Remove. + + - debian/patches/00list: Update. + + - debian/rules: Define NJOBS as 1. + - debian/sysdeps/linux.mk: Define NJOBS based on number of processors + - debian/rules.d/build.mk: Use -j $(NJOBS) during build. + Based on patch from Ian Wienand + + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.install: Install pt_chown + - debian/rules.d/debhelper.mk: Don't clobber SUID on pt_chown + - debian/debhelper.in/glibc-doc.docs: Install DEB_SRCDIR/ChangeLog* + - debian/rules.d/build.mk: Don't run testsuite if DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS + contains nocheck + + - debian/sysdeps/gnu.mk: Define slibdir. + - debian/rules.d/build.mk: Only set slibdir in configparms if its set. + - debian/debhelper.in/glibc-doc.doc-base: New file. + - debian/debhelper.in/glibc-doc.install: New file. + - debian/debhelper.in/glibc-doc.links: New file. + - debian/rules.d/build.mk: Generate HTML files. + - debian/rules.d/debhelper.mk: Map LIBC to $(libc) in generated files. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.install: Install Linuxthreads ChangeLog. + - debian/debhelper.in/libc.docs: Install various docs. + - debian/sysdeps/kfreebsd-gnu.mk: New file. Put in all the magic + from the old packaging. + - debian/sysdeps/kfreebsd.mk: Deleted. + - debian/sysdeps/gnu.mk: Add in GLIBC_OVERLAYS to allow patching to work, + create ld.so symlink at end of build. + - debian/sysdeps/sparc.mk: Change MIN_KERNEL_REQUIRED to + MIN_KERNEL_SUPPORTED. + - debian/sysdeps/s390.mk: Likewise. + - debian/rules: Define kernel_check macro. + - debian/sysdeps/linux.mk: Override kernel_check for Linux. + - debian/rules.d/build.mk: Call kernel_check macro when --build == + --host + + * GOTO Masanori + + - debian/po/ru.po: Update. Patched by Ilgiz Kalmetev + . (Closes: #214349) + + -- Daniel Jacobowitz Sat, 25 Oct 2003 15:09:02 -0400 + +glibc (2.3.2.ds1-6) experimental; urgency=low + + * Phil Blundell + + - debian/patches/arm-ioperm.dpatch: New. + + * Daniel Jacobowitz + + - Add debhelper build dependency. + - Use linux-kernel-headers package for headers. + - Add S/390 support. + - Build libc6-dev-sparc64. + + -- Daniel Jacobowitz Mon, 20 Oct 2003 16:27:39 -0400 + +glibc (2.3.2.ds1-5) experimental; urgency=low + + * Daniel Jacobowitz + + - Fix a thinko in i686 timing patch for non-HP_TIMING architectures. + - Add -k to make check. + + -- Daniel Jacobowitz Mon, 13 Oct 2003 10:53:31 -0400 + +glibc (2.3.2.ds1-4) experimental; urgency=low + + * Daniel Jacobowitz + + - Update i686 timing patch to fix clock_gettime. + - Update glibc23-cmov patch to let ld load tls libraries from + ld.so.cache. + - Include symlinks in optimized library directories to placate + dpkg-shlibdeps. + - Fix shlibs files to include a version again. + - Re-enable make check. + - Update makeconfig.dpatch to fix a typo that broke make check. + - Add glibc-make-check-perms.dpatch to fix an upstream make check + problem. + - Build some optimized libraries using appropriate --build options + so that they can run make check. + + * Jeff Bailey + + - Build libraries for sparcv9 and sparc64. + - Enable TLS for ia64. + + -- Daniel Jacobowitz Sun, 12 Oct 2003 19:42:11 -0400 + +glibc (2.3.2.ds1-3) experimental; urgency=low + + * Daniel Jacobowitz + + - Use ldd* in debhelper.in/libc6, because non-i386 arches don't have + lddlibc4. + - Include gconv-modules in libc6. + - Don't include some unnecessary generated kernel headers. + - Merge previous .dpatch files (Closes: #214470). + - Run depflags.pl again (Closes: #214468). + - Don't include profiled libraries in libc-dev (Closes: #214504). + - Ship /usr/include/asm-generic (Closes: #214512). + + -- Daniel Jacobowitz Mon, 6 Oct 2003 21:18:28 -0400 + +glibc (2.3.2.ds1-2) experimental; urgency=low + + * Daniel Jacobowitz + + - Install the right headers in /usr/include/asm, instead of trying to + replace the directory with a symlink (Closes: #214233). + - Map DEB_HOST_GNU_CPU to a uname value for creating the asm symlink. + - Move libc6-dev's postinst back to preinst. + - Support multiple autoconf.h headers. + - Add an ia64 autoconf.h, from Branden Robinson. + + -- Daniel Jacobowitz Sun, 5 Oct 2003 14:47:05 -0400 + +glibc (2.3.2.ds1-1) experimental; urgency=low + + * Essentially redo the debian/ packaging directory. + + Specifically, the following directories were changed: + - debian/sysdeps/*: Redo into os-based and arch-based handling. + - debian/debhelper.in/*: Use debhelper for all package management. + - debian/rules.d/*: Split out rules file into logical pieces. + - debian/local/*: Move all of the files that Debian provides to here. + + Update dpatch to more closely match the debian package: + - debian/patches/0list: Rename to 00list to match dpatch update. + - debian/rules.d/dpatch.mk: Sync with Debian package with the + following four changes: + 1) Support srcdir != builddir builds. + 2) Support $(stampdir) + 3) patch target depends on unpack + 4) Use $(DEB_SOURCE_PACKAGE) instead of $(PACKAGE) + + Remove dependency on various kernel-headers packages, bring into + the package: + - linux-kernel-headers/: New directory, import from 2.6.0-test2 + + Add NPTL support on i386: + - debian/sysdeps/i386.mk: Add NPTL patterns, set minimum kernel. + + Redo "DBS-Style" tarball support: + - debian/rules.d/tarball.mk: New file + - debian/sysdeps/linux.mk: Bring in linuxthreads and nptl overlays. + - prep.sh: Remove. + - version: Remove. + + Update to recent CVS snapshot to support NPTL: + - debian/patches/10_cvs.dpatch: update + + This cleanup project is the result of several discussions between + Jeff Bailey, GOTO Masanori, Daniel Jacobowitz, and Philip Blundell. + + The initial work here was done by Jeff Bailey, Branden Robinson, + and Daniel Jacobowitz. + + -- Daniel Jacobowitz Thu, 2 Oct 2003 13:47:40 -0400 + +glibc (2.3.2-9) unstable; urgency=medium + + Urgency set to medium, because this version should bring HPPA alive again. + + * GOTO Masanori + + - debian/patches/82_glibc232-iconv-euc-jp-ms-fix.dpatch: Fix EUC-JP-MS + does not work even if they are listed as available in iconv. + Dpatched by Topia . (Closes: #212080) + + - debian/manpages/iconv.1: Fix typo in -o option. Patched by + Max Vozeler . (Closes: #211733) + + - debian/manpages/rpcgen.1: Fix typo which cause some infos for the '-o' + option are not shown, and add -Sm option description. Patched by + Nicolas Francois . + (Closes: #211984) + + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/preinst: Updated libc6 libnss restarting version + from 2.2.94-1 to 2.3.2-2 in preinst. Postinst code was already fixed + in 2.3.2-2. (Closes: #211825) + + - debian/locales/DEBIAN/template: There is no reason to + set LANG=C in /etc/environment, so do not display this locale + in the locales/default_environment_locale question. + - debian/locales/DEBIAN/config: Likewise. + - debian/locales/DEBIAN/postinst: If /etc/environment sets the LANG + variable and a new configuration asks for not setting it, the + line was not removed from this file. + - debian/po/templates.pot: Update templates followed by above changes. + - debian/po/fr.po: Update accordingly using debconf-updatepo with new + translation. + - debian/po/ja.po: Likewise. + - debian/po/ca.po: Update accordingly using debconf-updatepo. + - debian/po/de.po: Likewise. + - debian/po/es.po: Likewise. + - debian/po/fr.po: Likewise. + - debian/po/ko.po: Likewise. + - debian/po/pt_BR.po: Likewise. + - debian/po/ru.po: Likewise. + - debian/po/nl.po: Update accordingly using debconf-updatepo with + fixing line invalid wrapping. + All patched by Denis Barbier . + + - debian/patches/80_glibc232-locales-nb_NO-fix.dpatch: Added to fix + nb_NO as real locale, not an alias. Patched by Petter Reinholdtsen + . (Closes: #206474) + + * Jeff Bailey : + + - 20_glibc232-hppa-full-2003-10-20.dpatch: New HPPA patch. + (Closes: #209253) Thanks to Carlos O'Donell + + - 50_glibc23-hppa-entry.dpatch: Remove. + - 80_glibc232-locales-nb_NO-fix.dpatch: Remove. + - glibc23-00-hppa-pthreads.dpatch: Remove. + - glibc23-01-hppa-dl-machine.dpatch: Remove. + - glibc23-07-hppa-atomicity.dpatch: Remove. + - glibc23-hppa-compat.dpatch: Remove. + - glibc23-hppa-malloc8.dpatch: Remove. + + - 0list: Update + + -- Jeff Bailey Wed, 22 Oct 2003 13:46:39 -0400 + +glibc (2.3.2-8) unstable; urgency=low + + * Phil Blundell + + - debian/control.in/main: add gawk to Build-Depends, since testsuite + apparently requires it. + + - debian/patches/pthread-cleanup.dpatch: Vector __pthread_cleanup_push + and __pthread_cleanup_pop through __libc_pthread_functions. + (Closes: #205234) + + - debian/patches/arm-no-hwcap.dpatch: Admit HWCAP_FAST_MULT again, + since we want to start using this for openssh. + - debian/patches/arm-updates.dpatch: Add some miscellaneous arm + changes taken from upstream. + - debian/patches/arm-vfork.dpatch: Avoid bad interaction between + vfork and libpthread. + + * GOTO Masanori + + - debian/patches/80_glibc232-fesetround-fix.dpatch: Fix fesetround static + link time failure. (Closes: #211135) + + - debian/patches/lo_LA.UTF-8_not_supported.dpatch: Dropped, to support + lo_LA.UTF-8 again. + - debian/patches/80_glibc232-locales-lo_LA.dpatch: Added to support + lo_LA.UTF-8 again. + + - debian/locales/usr/sbin/locale-gen: Fix locale-gen breaks with bash + 2.03, unset POSIXLY_CORRECT iff it's previously defined. + Patched by Daniel Verite . (Closes: #210301) + + -- Philip Blundell Wed, 17 Sep 2003 20:44:48 +0100 + +glibc (2.3.2-7) unstable; urgency=medium + + * GOTO Masanori + + - debian/patches/90_glibc232-mathinline_iso.dpatch: Fix inline math + function complaints with gcc -pedantic -ffast-math. Patched by + Thomas Richter . (Closes: #208016, #207221) + + - debian/patches/template.dpatch: Added DP: Related bugs: field. You can + use it to put which bugs are related with this dpatch. + + * Daniel Jacobowitz + + - debian/control.in/main: Update binutils dependency for !s390. + + - debian/patches/linuxthreads-push-pop.dpatch: Add __libc_cleanup_push + and __libc_cleanup_pop. + - debian/patches/syslog-backrev.dpatch: Remove, no longer necessary. + This should fix the crashes in syslog without libpthread loaded. + + - debian/patches/linuxthreads-jumptable-wine.dpatch: Move + pthread_cond_timedwait out of the way, so that it doesn't break + the way Wine pokes into this structure (Closes: #210347). + + - debian/patches/ia64-memccpy.patch: Fix a segfault on ia64 + (Closes: #210441). + + -- Daniel Jacobowitz Fri, 12 Sep 2003 14:56:19 -0400 + +glibc (2.3.2-6) unstable; urgency=low + + * Phil Blundell + + - debian/control.in/main: require kernel-headers-2.4.20-m68k (>= + 2.4.20-1) for m68k. Requested by Adam Conrad . + + - debian/patches/pthread_cond_timedwait.dpatch: avoid problem when + pthread_cond_timedwait is used in code that doesn't link with + -lpthread. (Closes: #209139) + + * GOTO Masanori + + - debian/sysdeps/kfreebsd-gnu.mk: Added to support kfreebsd-gnu. + Patched by Robert Millan . (Closes: #206663) + - debian/sysdeps/freebsd.mk: Dropped because of replacing kfreebsd-gnu.mk. + - debian/sysdeps/soname.mk: Modified from freebsd to kfreebsd-gnu. + + -- Philip Blundell Mon, 8 Sep 2003 08:51:49 +0100 + +glibc (2.3.2-5) unstable; urgency=low + + * Phil Blundell + + - debian/control: change section for -pic, -dbg, -prof packages + from devel to libdevel. + + - debian/control.in/main: add Build-Depends changes from 2.3.2-3 + here as well. + + - debian/packages.d/*.mk: add md5sums for generated packages, + thanks to Petr Konecny. (Closes: #158354) + + - debian/patches/80_glibc232-locales-header.dpatch: adjust + filenames so patch applies correctly. + + - debian/locales/DEBIAN/config: The "Leave alone" option has been + removed, but locale-gen crashes if it was set by a previous run, + so really discard it. Patch by Denis Barbier (Closes: #204958) + + - debian/patches/lo_LA.UTF-8_not_supported.dpatch: remove this + locale from SUPPORTED file; requested by Denis Barbier. + (Closes: #205118) + + - debian/patches/nss_compat-shadow: fix problem with shadow + passwords and NIS. Patch from Thorsten Kukuk. (Closes: #204711) + + * GOTO Masanori + + - debian/control.in/libc: Add more missing change section for -pic, + -dbg, -prof packages from devel to libdevel. + - debian/control.in/libc-dbg: likewise. + + - debian/patches/80_glibc232-locales-header.dpatch: Fix an_ES, + wa_BE, yi_US localedata header. (Closes: #194289) + + - debian/locales/usr/sbin/locale-gen: Add "unset POSIXLY_CORRECT" + because if user set POSIXLY_CORRECT, this script is interrupted. + (Closes: #206784) + + - debian/patches/glibc22-ttyname-devfs.dpatch: Fix one byte leak + in getttyname_r. Patched by Hunor Csordas . + (Closes: #194637) + + - debian/sysdeps/freebsd.mk: Modified config-os from freebsd-gnu + to kfreebsd-gnu. Patched by Robert Millan . + (Closes: #206663) + + - debian/patches/80_glibc232-iconvdata-fix.dpatch: Fix cp932 + does not work. (Closes: #205679) + + -- Philip Blundell Tue, 26 Aug 2003 22:51:03 +0100 + +glibc (2.3.2-4) unstable; urgency=low + + * Jeff Bailey + - debian/locales/DEBIAN/postinst: Use tail -n 1 instead of tail -1. + Thanks to Jurij Smakov (Closes: #206464) + + * Phil Blundell + - debian/patches/glibc23-arm-waitpid.dpatch: deleted. + - for arm, Build-Depend on kernel-headers 2.4.19-4 or newer. + (Closes: #206895) + - debian/patches/revert-old-libio.dpatch: back out changes causing + problems with fseek in binaries linked with glibc 2.0. + (Closes: #206839) + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: also restart cucipop (Closes: #206783) + - debian/patches/arm-output-format.dpatch: Very bad hack to avoid + problem with libc.so on ARM until a proper fix is forthcoming. + - debian/patches/81_glibc232-utimes-fix.dpatch: replace with version + that applies cleanly to current sources. + - debian/control: require sed 4.0.5-4 or later. + + * GOTO Masanori + + - debian/po/es.po: Updated Spanish (es) debconf template. + Patched by Carlos Valdivia Yagüe . + - debian/patches/81_glibc232-utimes-fix.dpatch: Fix utimes wrong time + calculation. Patched by Paul Eggert . + (Closes: #204728, #202243, #205110) + + -- Philip Blundell Tue, 26 Aug 2003 17:27:00 +0100 + +glibc (2.3.2-3) unstable; urgency=low + + * GOTO Masanori + + - debian/patches/80_glibc232-futimes-buildfix.dpatch: Fix build failure + on arm, mips, mipsel, due to be missing #include . + (Closes: #204768) + + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/preinst: Modified chown owner:group separater from + `.' to `:', according to POSIX 1003.1-2001. (Closes: #205527) + - debian/packages.d/glibc-doc.mk: likewise. + - debian/packages.d/libc-dbg.mk: likewise. + - debian/packages.d/libc-dev.mk: likewise. + - debian/packages.d/libc-pic.mk: likewise. + - debian/packages.d/libc-prof.mk: likewise. + - debian/packages.d/libc-udeb.mk: likewise. + - debian/packages.d/libc.mk: likewise. + - debian/packages.d/locales.mk: likewise. + - debian/packages.d/nscd.mk: likewise. + - debian/packages.d/optimized.mk: likewise. + - debian/packages.d/s390x.mk: likewise. + - debian/packages.d/sparc64.mk: likewise. + + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: Restarting script supported dovecot. + (Closes: #205566) + + - debian/po/pt_BR.po: Updated Brazilian Portuguese (pt_BR) debconf + template. Patched by Andre Luis Lopes . + (Closes: #195873) + - debian/po/nl.po: Added nl.po debconf template. Patched by + Bart Cornelis . (Closes: #205090) + + -- GOTO Masanori Fri, 8 Aug 2003 20:32:24 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.2-2) unstable; urgency=low + + This is the "fleeing to the horizon" release... + + * GOTO Masanori + + - debian/patches/glibc23-arm-waitpid.dpatch: Fix arm ld-linux failure due + to sys_waitpid missing. Patched by Philip Blundell . + - debian/patches/50_glibc232-arm-dwarf2-buildfix.dpatch: Avoid arm dwarf2 + build failure. Patched by Philip Blundell . + - debian/patches/50_glibc232-m68k-dwarf2-buildfix.dpatch: Avoid m68k + dwarf2 build failure. Suggested by Philip Blundell , + Andreas Schwab . + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: Modified watermark of restarting NSS + services from 2.1.94-1 to 2.3.2-2, because libnss_compat is changed in + 2.3.2-1 (2003-06-17 Upstream change). + - debian/patches/80_glibc232-wcsmbs-fix.dpatch: Added to fix wcsmbs bugs + which is lacked in 2003-07-15 upstream cvs. (Closes: #202969) + + - These bugs are fixed in this update: + * Bug in dlopen/dlclose leads to segfaults with kdecore is fixed in this + version. (Closes: #201221) + * Static linking adjtimex() on alpha failed to compile due to undefined + reference to `__adjtimex_tv32'. It's fixed in this version. + (Closes: #186331) + + * Jeff Bailey + - debian/packages.d/s390x.mk: Remove gcc-3.2 hardcode + + * Phil Blundell + - debian/patches/alpha-crti.dpatch: remove stray .prologue causing + alpha build failure. + - debian/patches/alpha-pwrite.dpatch: add missing __GI___pwrite64 alias. + - debian/control: demand binutils 2.14.90.0.5-0.1 or later (required + for .usepv on alpha) + + -- GOTO Masanori Sat, 19 Jul 2003 00:37:11 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.2-1) experimental; urgency=low + + ** UPLOADING THIS TO EXPERIMENTAL ** + + * Clint Adams + - debian/control: build-dep on gcc-3.3 for sparc(64) + - debian/rules: re-enable sparc64 build + - debian/packages.d/sparc64.mk: use gcc-3.3 to build sparc64 + - debian/sysdeps/linux.mk: re-enable sparc64 build + + * Jeff Bailey + - debian/patches/hurd-enable-ldconfig.dpatch: New file + - debian/packages.d/libc.mk: Install regular ldconfig, not + debian/ldconfig-hurd.sh on hurd-i386 + - debian/patches/0list: Add hurd-enable-ldconfig + - debian/sysdeps/paths.mk: Comply with FHS, use $(prefix)/lib, not + $(prefix)/libexec + - debian/rules: Introduce "perfect_make_check_archs" concept - + arch's listed in this variable must pass make check cleanly, + or the build will fail. Start off with i386, powerpc, sparc, alpha + and s390. + - debian/control.in/main: Build-dep on gcc-3.3 + - debian/sysdeps/tools.mk: Use gcc-3.3 + - debian/patches/sparc32-buildfix.dpach: Prune after yet another CVS + update + - debian/patches/syslog-backrev.dpatch: New file + + * GOTO Masanori + - Updated glibc 2.3.2. + - debian/patches/cvs.dpatch: rename it to 10_cvs.dpatch. + I plan to introduce <2digitnumber>_.dpatch filename. + - debian/patches/10_cvs.dpatch: update 2003-07-15 upstream cvs. + - version: bump up to 2.3.2. + - rules.d/shlibs.mk: bump up to 2.3.2. + - debian/sysdeps/sysdeps.mk: i386 optimization level is back to -O2. + + - These debian/patches/ are removed from cvs because + they are no longer being used and were superceeded by CVS patches: + * document-fix.dpatch + * glibc23-cert-rpcxdr.dpatch + * glibc23-getdents64-fix.dpatch + * glibc23-getaddrinfo.dpatch + * glibc23-hppa-shmlba.dpatch + * glibc23-m68k-madv.dpatch + * glibc23-malloc-check.dpatch + * glibc23-regcomp.dpatch + * signal-texi.dpatch + * glibc23-ia64-strncpy.dpatch + * elf-machine-rela-mips.dpatch + * glibc23-linuxthreads-fix.dpatch + * locales-monetary.dpatch + + - These debian/patches/ are removed from cvs because + they are no longer being used and already fixed the previous versions: + * rtsig.dpatch + * crypt.dpatch + * s390x-lib64.dpatch + * hurd-fork-fix.dpatch + + - These debian/patches/ are fixed to apply for glibc + 2.3.2 + cvs.dpatch. + * alpha-pic.dpatch: Fix the diff conflict. + * glibc23-hppa-Rminkernel.dpatch: likewise. + * libgcc-compat-all.dpatch: remove reflected entries in glibc-2.3.2. + * libgcc-compat-other.dpatch: likewise. + * ldconfig.dpatch: modify to be enable to compile again + + - These bugs are fixed in this update: + * glibc 2.3.2 can handle errno correctly if 32 bit uid or gid is used + and errno=ENOSYS is defined before geteuid() is called. + setfsuid(), setfsgid() and getgroups() are also fixed with my patch, + bug reported by Fumihiko Kakuma. (Closes: #183694) + * Submitter Neil's patch is applied in the upstream. (Closes: #181701) + * cfmakeraw definition in manual terminal.texi is fixed with my patch. + It can be reassign only to manpages-dev. + * sparc and powerpc has O_DIRECT definition in fcntl.h. + (Closes: #157142, #157143) + * The definition both __bswap_16 and __bswap_32 in bits/byteswap.h is + fixed and it can be ready for non-gcc C-compilers. (Closes: #181910) + * BSD derived random functions are correctly braced into #if defined + __USE_BSD with my patch. (Closes: #108619) + * Dynamic loading problems with the recent OpenOffice.org, KDE, + Wine/Mono, Quake3 Arena, Oracle, and NVidia libGL library, is fixed. + Glibc TLS does not properly handle using dlopen() to access shared + libraries which utilize some TLS models. + (Closes: #171695, #184696, #167564, #192096, #200386) + * Missing ntp_adjtime weak reference on alpha is defined. + (Closes: #182654) + * Sparc64 sysdep.h typo is fixed. (Closes: #185648) + * stdio-common/sscanf.c for libc6-sparc64 with gcc-3.3 can become to be + compiled. (Closes: #185649) + * Timezone data is updated to tzdata2003a. + (Closes: #140788, #149862, #186210, #164719, #190322) + * /usr/bin/locale -a searches both /usr/lib/locale// and + /usr/lib/locale/locale-archive in this release. (Closes: #166979) + * Powerpc fpu_control.h is fixed to be enable to compile _FPU_SETCW + macro. (Closes: #137020) + * The IA-64 versions of __sigsetjmp() and getcontext failed to restore + ar.unat before returning, is fixed in this version. (Closes: #186654) + * regcomp() crashed with some regexp pattern is fixed. + (Closes: #187475) + * pthread_atfork() is removed from unistd.h. Including this definition + in unistd.h is implementation dependent issue, and the upstream + decided not to keep it. (Closes: #106254) + * It's fixed that malloc_stats() segfaults if you don't first allocate + memory. (Closes: #191295) + * Typo in the symbol lookup code is fixed, which causes the loading of + the oracle binary to fail (and possibly affects other apps as well). + (Closes: #191952) + * The abday values for de_DE is changed to two letters. (Closes: #115536) + * IA64 umount needs to set second parameter for sys_umount. It's fixed + in 2003-05-14 cvs. (Closes: #193327) + * tmpfile64() is now available on hurd-i386. (Closes: #171022) + * SIOCSIFNAME is added. (Closes: #164638) + * cos() now correctly returns the cosine, not the sine, of values near + 0.80 on machines lacking an optimised libm. (Closes: #153548) + * ioperm() returns -ENODEV on ARM machines without ISA or PCI. + (Closes: #199134) + + - debian/locales/usr/sbin/locale-gen: Fix the localedef invocation + argument order, to run under POSIXLY_CORRECT=1 environment. + (Closes: #185924) + + - debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: add Suggests: manpages-dev in libc-dev + package. (Closes: #158410) + - debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: Adding entry "Suggests: glibc-doc" + into depflags.pl push. + - debian/control.in/libc: Remove "Suggests: glibc-doc" in each -dev + package entry. + - debian/control: likewise. + + - debian/patches/s390-tls.dpatch: add to build glibc 2.3.2 on s390. + The correct fix is to modify the kernel headers, but for the present + we use it regardless of the kernel issue. + Patched by Gerhard Tonn . + - debian/packages.d/libc-dev.mk: s390 kernel-headers package does not have + generate-asm.sh. The current libc-dev.mk assumes the existence of this + script, but on s390 it's not existed. Now libc-dev.mk s390 asm setup + part does not use generate-asm.sh, and has the generate-asm.sh + functionality in its own. This makes s390 which has 32/64 bit multi + libraries are much easier to build. + Patched by Gerhard Tonn . + - debian/packages.d/s390x.mk: likewise. + + - debian/locales/DEBIAN/postinst: add "rm -rf /usr/lib/locale/*" + to remove all old locale dir and locale-archive in locales + configuration time. Requested by Denis Barbier . + - debian/locales/DEBIAN/config: /usr/lib/locale/* files are no more + deleted when /etc/locale/gen is not managaed by debconf. Patched by + Denis Barbier + - debian/locales/DEBIAN/postinst: likewise. + + - debian/locales/DEBIAN/{config,postinst,templates}: Debconf must not + be used to store configuration items; another even more important is + that user changes in configuration files must be preserved. + These files are now fixed with this issue. Patched by Denis Barbier + . Some suggestions by Joey Hess . + - debian/locales/DEBIAN/config: + * Replace /bin/bash by /bin/sh on the shebang line. + * Add support for backing up. + * Parse configuration files and set debconf values. + - debian/locales/DEBIAN/postinst: + * Recreate configuration files from debconf values and run locale-gen + * As explained by Joey Hess, this script should be safer because some + border cases are now taken into account: configuration files might + have no EOL at EOF, and line order is preserved. + - debian/locales/DEBIAN/templates: + * Apply patch from #117509 and another typo fix by Joey Hess + (Closes: #117509) + * In locales/locales_to_be_generated, Choices is no more translatable + because it is set to Choices: ${locales} + - debian/locales/usr/sbin/locale-gen: + * Clean up /usr/lib/locale/ before generating locales + - debian/po/{ca.po, de.po, es.po, fr.po, ja.po, ko.po, pt_BR.po, ru.po, + templates.pot}: update with debconf-updatepo. + + - debian/control: Change Section: from devel to libdevel for packages: + libc0.3-dev, libc6-dev, libc6-dev-s390x, libc6-dev-sparc64, libc6.1-dev + and libc1-dev. + - debian/control.in/libc: likewise. + - debian/control.in/s390x: likewise. + - debian/control.in/sparc64: likewise. + + - debian/control: Remove "Conflicts: php4" from libc1 and libc0.3. + - debian/control: Add "Conflicts: gcc-3.0 (<< 1:3.0.4ds3-11), libgcc1 + (<< 1:3.0.4ds3-11), fakeroot (<< 0.4.5-2.7)" to fix /usr/lib/64 vs + /usr/lib64 issue with upgrading from woody for sparc64 (see bug 156947). + Suggested by Dagfinn Ilmari Mannsaker . + (Closes: #188383, #193331) + - debian/control.in/sparc64: likewise. + + - debian/copyright: update the version and the year 2003. + + - debian/patches/locales-monetary.dpatch: add to change some locales + LC_MONETARY symbols: ar_SD, sr_YU, sr_YU@cyrillic, and es_EC. + And now this patch is merged into the upstream cvs, drop dpatch. + (Closes: #160040, #173963, #185342, #187142, #188159, #190785, #193020) + (Closes: #193508, #193509, #193510, #194791) + + - debian/manpages/localedef.1: remove "-h" from --help option entry. + (Closes: #187621) + + - debian/debver2localesdep.pl: add clever version recognition for binary + only NMU or source NMU/local packaging. + Patched by Gerhard Tonn . + + - debian/patches/glibc23-linuxthreads-fix.dpatch: add to revert Jakub's + change in 2003-04-02 to be enable to compile librt.so for the present. + And this bug is fixed during the development, this patch is dropped now. + Thanks to Jack Howarth . + + - debian/libc/etc/init.d/devpts.sh: Modify mounting devpts for 2.5.68 and + later. As of 2.5.68, devpts is not automounted when using devfs. So + even in that case, devpts needs to be mounted via the devpts.sh script + as well as the case that devfs is not used. + (Closes: #189792, #189879, #191785) + + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: Add code to remove a relic of the past + /usr/doc/ symlinks. This script should keep at least until + sarge release. (Closes: #189854) + - debian/glibc-doc/DEBIAN/postinst: likewise. + - debian/locales/DEBIAN/postinst: likewise. + - debian/nscd/DEBIAN/postinst: likewise. + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: Remove symlinks for libc-{dbg,dev,pic,prof}. + + - prep.sh: Add NPTL extract code. + - version: Add NPTL version. + + - debian/packages.d/sparc64.mk: bumping up --enable-kernel version from + 2.4.0 to 2.4.1. + - debian/packages.d/s390x.mk: likewise. + + - debian/patches/50_glibc232-mips-buildfix.dpatch: add for building + mips/mipsel correctly. Patched by Guido Guenther , + Thiemo Seufer . + + - debian/packages.d/libc-udeb.mk: libc-udeb includes libnss_dns and + libresolv. (Closes: #192577) + + - debian/patches/50_glibc23-hppa-entry.dpatch: added to fix funcptr + (function descriptors) for _start on hppa, so we need a + sysdeps/hppa/elf/entry.h (similar to ppc64, ia64, etc). + Patched by Randolph Chung . (Closes: #193656) + + - debian/patches/30_glibc232-base.dpatch: add that binutils 2.14.90.0.2 + has entered in sid, which contain the binutils portion of the base fix. + Reported by Jack Howarth . + + - debian/patches/sparc32-buildfix.dpatch: added to fix sparc32 build. + + * Ben Collins + - debian/contron.in/sparc64: Remove the superflous (and incorrect) dep on + gcc-3.2 for libc6-dev-sparc64. Add lib64gcc1 as a dep for libc6-sparc64. + - Use CC for building sparc64 libs. + - Remove build-dep for gcc-3.3 on sparc. + - Really fix devpts.sh so that it mounts devpts whenever devpts is + available and not mounted. + - sparcv8-target.dpatch: New patch that enables v8 optimizations for + sparc-linux compiles. Debian specific. For some reason config.sub + doesn't recognize sparcv8, else I'd just pass sparcv8-linux as the host + target. + - Change how things are passed to configure for optimized packages, so + that we let glibc set all the optimizations for us. + - Change how sparc64 and s390x are built. Before the binary stage would + force the build of the packages. Now, the build/install phases dep on + the same for sparc64 and s390x. Same way that the OPT packages are done. + + -- Jeff Bailey Tue, 15 Jul 2003 14:35:58 -0400 + +glibc (2.3.1-17) unstable; urgency=low + + * GOTO Masanori + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/preinst: Add NSS restarting preinstallation + service detection routine and messages. xdm, kdm, gdm, + postgresql, xscreensaver needs user's hand restart. + (Closes: #165258, #165915, #184036, #184495, #188724) + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: Edit NSS restarting messages to + adopt some preinst messages. + - Cleanup optimized and sparc64 builds. + + -- GOTO Masanori Sat, 19 Apr 2003 22:01:40 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.1-16) unstable; urgency=high + + * GOTO Masanori + - debian/patches/glibc23-cert-rpcxdr.dpatch: Fix "CERT Advisory + CA-2003-10 Integer overflow in Sun RPC XDR library routines" + (Closes: #185508). + + - debian/packages.d/glibc-doc.mk: Fix unneeded file '[' and ']' in + /usr/share/man/man3. + - These debian/patches/ are removed from cvs because + they are no longer being used and were superceeded by CVS patches: + - libgcc-compat-mips.dpatch + - libgcc-compat-sparc.dpatch + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: add spamassassin to restart during + upgrade from 2.2 to 2.3. (Closes: #185275) + - debian/control.in/opt: add one empty line at the end of file. + This fix avoids opt packages to get mixed debian/control + message with libc-udeb package. (Closes: #185688) + + -- GOTO Masanori Tue, 18 Mar 2003 00:04:13 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.1-15) unstable; urgency=low + + * GOTO Masanori + - debian/packages.d/optimized.mk: drop configure --disable-static + option, because it does not work. enable-kernel version bumps + up to 2.4.1. + + - debian/manpages/nscd.8: Apply slightly improvement for the nscd(8), + nscd_nischeck(8), and nscd.conf(5) man pages. Patched by + Sebastian Rittau (Closes: #94058) + - debian/manpages/nscd.conf.5: likewise. + - debian/manpages/nscd_nischeck.8: likewise. + - debian/manpages/zdump.1: add the description that zonename should be + relative path name from /usr/share/zoneinfo. (Closes: #171017) + - debian/manpages/locale.1: add the description for LOCPATH. + (Closes: #176661) + + - debian/locales/DEBIAN/templates: Add a description "what is the + locale?". (Closes: #119197) + - debian/FAQ: Add description how to setup your own locale with + debconf + locales. (Closes: #99763) + + - debian/locales/DEBIAN/templates: Introducing new templates format + with po-debconf. Thanks to Denis Barbier . + - debian/packages.d/locales.mk: likewise. + - debian/po/*: likewise. + - debian/control.in/main: Build-Depends-Indep: po-debconf. + - debian/po/ja.po: Update translation data. + - debian/po/fr.po: Update translation data. Translated by + Denis Barbier . (Closes: #183652, #193083). + + - debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: Remove conflicts: file-rc (<< 0.7.0) + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: Use /usr/sbin/update-rc.d in updatercd(), + suggested by Anthony Towns . + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: Check /usr/{lib,share}/file-rc/ + because file-rc >= 0.7.0 does not use /usr/lib/file-rc. + + - debian/patches/glibc23-hppa-compat.dpatch: add hppa libgcc-compat + symbols patch, patched by Randolph Chung . + - debian/patches/libgcc-compat-all.dpatch: update for mips and add + for alpha, patched by Guido Guenther . + - debian/patches/libgcc-compat-other.dpatch: add for arm, m68k, ia64 + and s390. Patched by GOTO Masanori . + + - debian/locales/usr/sbin/locale-gen: add "set -e" in order to return + value. (Closes: #183449) + + - debian/packages.d/libc-udeb.mk: contain libpthread.so to support + installer using pthread. (Closes: #183155) + + - debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: remove php4 conflicts from libc6. + (Closes: #183477, #184091) + + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: add proftpd-{ldap,mysql,pgsql} to + restart during upgrade from 2.2 to 2.3. (Closes: #184129) + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: add cupsys. (Closes: #184257) + + - debian/patches/glibc23-m68k-madv.dpatch: add to fix build error + for some MADV_* used software on m68k, pulled from the latest cvs. + (Closes: #159723, #181661, #184589) + + - debian/patches/glibc23-00-hppa-pthreads.dpatch: add to improve + linuxthreads on hppa. Pathced by Carlos O'Donell + . His summary: LinuxThreads is now using a + self-aligning lock. + - debian/patches/glibc23-hppa-malloc8.dpatch: add to improve malloc + on hppa. Patched by Carlos O'Donell . + His summary: Malloc alignment has been moved back to 8 for optimal + performance. + + - These debian/patches/ are removed from cvs because + they are no longer being used and were superceeded by CVS patches: + - glibc23-02-hppa-min-kern-unwind-fde.dpatch + - glibc23-03-hppa-mcontext.dpatch + - glibc23-04-hppa-fcntl64.dpatch + - glibc23-05-hppa-buildhack.dpatch + - glibc23-06-hppa-tests.dpatch + - glibc23-08-hppa-configure.dpatch + + - Glibc 2.3 uses another regex engine: "sed: woody version more than + 1000 times slower than potato version" should be fixed. + (Closes: #155751) + - en_CA can generate without warnings. In addition, we use debconf + interface in these days, this kind of "manual edit /etc/locale.gen" + bug should be avoided. (Closes: #151631) + - libc6.postinst restarts samba in these days. (Closes: #168189) + - _FPU_SETCW/_FPU_GETCW macro works fine on powerpc in these days. + "Incorrect macro _FPU_SETCW in " should be fixed. + (Closes: #137020) + - hyper and unsigned hyper are supported in the current glibc. + "rpcgen(1) doesn't handle 64 bit types" should be fixed. + (Closes: #69041) + + -- GOTO Masanori Wed, 26 Feb 2003 18:44:08 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.1-14) unstable; urgency=low + + * GOTO Masanori + - debian/patches/glibc23-cmov.dpatch: Fix hwcap condition code again, + previous version did not work properly under some situation. + - debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: Fix libnss-db dependency from << 2.2-6 + to <= 2.2-6.1.1, because the first version of libnss-db to work + with libc6 2.3 is 2.2-6.1, and 2.2-6.2 works under all architectures + correctly. Suggested by Ryan Murray . + (Closes: #181834) + - debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: Fix libc6.postinst breakage with file-rc + (<< 0.7.0), now libc6 conflicts them. (Closes: #181683, #182320) + + -- GOTO Masanori Fri, 21 Feb 2003 09:19:45 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.1-13) unstable; urgency=low + + * GOTO Masanori + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: Replace from "/usr/lib/file-rc" to + "/usr/share/file-rc" to follow up file-rc 0.7. + (Closes: #181551, #181556, #181606) + - debian/libc/etc/init.d/devpts.sh: Fix devpts.sh failure if + $devfs_mounted is empty. (Closes: #181541, #181591) + + -- GOTO Masanori Wed, 19 Feb 2003 09:26:17 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.1-12) unstable; urgency=low + + * GOTO Masanori + - debian/patches/glibc23-malloc-check.dpatch: Fix hppa MALLOC_CHECK_ + invalid pointer problem. (Closes: #177242) + - debian/patches/libgcc-compat-sparc.dpatch: Fix sparc libgcc compat + symbol problem. Patched by Guido Guenther + (Closes: #178645) + - debian/patches/locales-supported.dpatch: This dpatch addes many + locales especially for UTF-8 and ISO-8859-15, to display debconf + locale menu using SUPPORTED.orig. + (Closes: #135334, #154556, #177472, #99623, #130517) + - debian/packages.d/glibc-doc.mk: add pthread_{getspecific, key_delete, + setspecific} manpage symlinks to pthread_key_create. (Closes: #99530) + - debian/manpages/ldconfig.8: Update from the redhat manpages. + (Closes: #180916) + - debian/patches/libgcc-compat-all.dpatch: Fix i386 libgcc compat + symbol problem, this dpatch merges with + libgcc-compat-{sparc,mips}.dpatch, patched by Guido Guenther + . (Closes: #179781, #180330) + - debian/locales/DEBIAN/{postinst,templates,config}: Fix default + environment variable "Leave alone" does not affect its meaning. + (Closes: #180040) + * Daniel Jacobowitz + - debian/libc/etc/init.d/devpts.sh: Update devpts.sh to work with the + new grep package (Closes: #181409). + + -- GOTO Masanori Sat, 8 Feb 2003 22:08:59 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.1-11) unstable; urgency=low + + * GOTO Masanori + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/preinst: Fix silly bug at parisc64 kernel version + check, replace from $ver to $kernel_ver. (Closes: #178159, #178217) + - debian/patches/glibc23-cmov.dpatch: Fix hwcap inappropriate handling + not to load CMOV libraries (/*/lib/i686/cmov/) on VIA C3 architecture. + - debian/patches/libgcc-compat-mips.dpatch: Fix undefined some symbols + like __umoddi3 to export libgcc compat symbol. Patched by + Guido Guenther . + - debian/patches/0list: Disabled ldso-disable-hwcap.dpatch because + (1) -opt is not provided currently, (2) disabling hwcap is not good + way whether -opt package is installed or not. + + -- GOTO Masanori Wed, 22 Jan 2003 22:17:45 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.1-10) unstable; urgency=low + + * The "trudging the sludge" release. + + * GOTO Masanori + - debian/packages.d/glibc-doc.mk: install linuxthreads/man/*.man + manpages into glibc-doc package. (Closes: #155794) + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/preinst: add kernel version check compared with + 2.4.19-pa17 on parisc64. Suggested by Randolph Chung. + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/preinst: add kernel version requirement for + 2.5.53-pa3 in 2.5 series kernel on parisc64. + - debian/locales/DEBIAN/config, debian/locales/DEBIAN/templates: + add translated selection "Leave alone" and "None" because such strings + were hardcoded and could not be localized in the templates file. + Patched by Denis Barbier . (Closes: #171502) + - debian/packages.d/glibc-doc.mk: Fix glibc-doc dangling symbolic link for + /usr/share/doc/glibc-doc/html/index.html. (Closes: #169878, #176701) + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: Fix to work $DEBIAN_FRONTEND value + regardless its case insensitivity. See #176483. + - debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: Fix again to conflict against wine + (<< 0.0.20021007-1) and php4 (<< 4:4.2.3-5). (Closes: #170385) + - debian/control: Fix unneeded Conflicts: wine and php4, as denoted above. + - debian/control.in/libc: likewise. + - debian/patches/glibc23-cmov.dpatch: Add CMOV to hwcap, for VIA C3 which + is i686 class processor, but does not have 686 optional instruction CMOV. + - debian/patches/glibc23-regcomp.dpatch: Fix regex crash, if clearing + buffer, clear allocated too. This patch is pulled from the current + upstream glibc cvs. (Closes: #175529) + + * Daniel Jacobowitz + - debian/patches/alpha-pic.dpatch: Fix errno reporting from syscalls + on Alpha (Closes: #175511). + + -- GOTO Masanori Sun, 5 Jan 2003 09:13:22 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.1-9) unstable; urgency=low + + * Daniel Jacobowitz + - debian/packages.d/s390x.mk: Don't try to install CVS directories + (Closes: #174267). + - debian/packages.d/optimized.mk, debian/packages.d/sparc64.mk: + Likewise. + - debian/patches/glibc23-errno.dpatch: Updated for "h_errno" and "_res" + also. + - Upload properly this time, with a .diff.gz (Closes: #174436). + + * GOTO Masanori + - debian/patches/glibc23-hppa-shmlba.dpatch: Applied hppa SHMLBA + definition. (Closes: #170507) + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: add mysql-server in restarting service + list. (Closes: #172123) + - debian/patches/document-fix.dpatch: Applied patches sent by + H. S. Teoh and GOTO Masanori. (Closes: #117680) + - debian/patches/glibc23-asserth-decls.dpatch: Applied patches send by + Jeroen T. Vermeulen . (Closes: #106253, #164571) + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: Removed 'logind' from checking list + because it does not exist. + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: Replaced dpkg -s from apache2 to + apache2-common correctly. + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: Redirect dpkg stderr message to /dev/null, + which is showed if there are not installed packages. (Closes: #168481) + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: Message typo fixed as "successfully." + (Closes: #168483) + - debian/manpages/ldd.1: Updated newer version which is pulled from + RedHat manpages. + - debian/locales/usr/sbin/locale-gen: add '-A /etc/locale.alias' into + localedef option to consult locale alias name when making archives. + + -- Daniel Jacobowitz Thu, 2 Jan 2003 12:02:13 -0500 + +glibc (2.3.1-8) unstable; urgency=high + + * Daniel Jacobowitz + - debian/patches/glibc23-errno.dpatch: Temporarily re-enable linking + to "errno" to fix compatibility with broken binaries + (Closes: #174040, #174004). + - debian/patches/glibc23-getaddrinfo.dpatch: Add getaddrinfo patch + from CVS (Closes: #174027). + - debian/control.in/main: Add myself to Uploaders. + + -- Daniel Jacobowitz Tue, 24 Dec 2002 12:35:39 -0500 + +glibc (2.3.1-7) unstable; urgency=high + + * The "Climb Ev'ry Mountain" release. + + * GOTO Masanori + - debian/packages.d/s390x.mk: typo fixed, s390x-linux should be + ok to rebuild. (Closes: #173874) + - debian/patches/glibc23-getdents64-fix.dpatch: Fix getdents64 + failure on linux kernel 2.2. (Closes: #173913) + + * Jeff Bailey + - sysdeps/linux.mk: Finish disabling sparc64. + + -- GOTO Masanori Sun, 22 Dec 2002 01:35:43 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.1-6) unstable; urgency=low + + * The "I will not be thwarted" release. + + * Daniel Jacobowitz + - Update glibc23-ctype-compat.patch to fix segfaults in old static + binaries (Closes: #171451). + - Allow building from the CVS checkout without getting CVS dirs in the + resulting packages. Whew. + + * Jeff Bailey + - debian/patches/cvs.dpatch: Update. + (Closes: #171550, #170507) + - debian/patches/0list: Update + - debian/control.in/libc: Conflict against wine (<< 0.0.20021007-1) + (Closes: #170385) + Also conflict against php4 (<< 4:4.2.3-5) + Thanks to Steve Langasek for hunting this down! + - debian/rules: Disable sparc64 build targets for now. + - debian/packages.d/s390x.mx: Setup the 64 bit build as a cross-compile, + because 's390' cannot run binaries intended for 's390x' + + * GOTO Masanori + - cvs.dpatch update resolve some bugs (Closes: #169919, #165603) + - debian/patches/glibc23-hppa-Rminkernel.dpatch: Added hppa kernel + version checking due to prevent people from installing unmatched version. + Patched by Carlos O'Donell (Closes: #171804) + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/preinst: likewise. + - glibc23-function-compat.dpatch: Added for some bad application to + keep running and not to resolve some symbols like __libc_wait, + __libc_waitpid, so on. This patch will be removed when sarge will be + relased apparently. (Closes: #165358, #173201) + + - debian/locales/DEBIAN/config: db_set is set if and only if locale.gen + is existed. Patched by Masato Taruishi + His note: + The previous config script always set locales_to_be_generated + even when /etc/locale.gen doesn't exist. So the question in + dpkg-preconfigure time became empty in dpkg --configure locales time. + This change resolves long outstanding locales bug. + (Closes: #156386, #151784, #154244, #164523) + + -- Daniel Jacobowitz Mon, 2 Dec 2002 17:26:38 -0500 + +glibc (2.3.1-5) unstable; urgency=low + + * This is the "Leonids" release. + + * Jeff Bailey + - debian/packages.d/libc-udeb.mk: Do not rename file to SONAME if it's + a symlink. Needed for hurd-i386. + - debian/patches/signal-texi.dpatch: New file to remove link to + linuxthreads manual. Needed for hurd-i386. + + Welcome back, hppa: + + - debian/patches/glibc23-00-hppa-pthreads.dpatch + - debian/patches/glibc23-01-hppa-dl-machine.dpatch + - debian/patches/glibc23-02-hppa-min-kern-unwind-fde.dpatch + - debian/patches/glibc23-03-hppa-mcontext.dpatch + - debian/patches/glibc23-04-hppa-fcntl64.dpatch + - debian/patches/glibc23-05-hppa-buildhack.dpatch + - debian/patches/glibc23-06-hppa-tests.dpatch + - debian/patches/glibc23-07-hppa-atomicity.dpatch + - debian/patches/glibc23-08-hppa-configure.dpatch + Thanks to Carlos O'Donell for these! + + - debian/control.in/libc-udeb: Remove missing trailing blank line. + Thanks to Tollef Fog Heen. Closes: #169342 + - debian/control.in/s390x: Remove missing trailing blank line. + Thanks to Gerhard Tonn. + + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: Fix error in apache2 restart logic. + Thanks to Carlos O'Donell. + + - debian/packages.d/libc-dev.mk: Fix missing tabs from s390x section. + - debian/patches/s390-types.dpatch: New file to fix __ssize_t + Thanks to Gerhard Tonn for these. + + - debian/packages.d/libc-udeb.mk: use DEB_HOST_ARCH, not DEB_BUILD_ARCH + for determining package name. Fixes cross-compilation case. + + - debian/patches/0list: Update for above + + -- Jeff Bailey Mon, 18 Nov 2002 23:12:47 -0500 + +glibc (2.3.1-4) unstable; urgency=low + + * Daniel Jacobowitz + - debian/patches/cvs.patch: Fix RCS ID tags. + - debian/rules, debian/sysdeps/sysdeps.mk: Move i386 optimization + hack out of the rules file and put debugging information back in + libc6-dbg for i386 (Closes: #165892). + - debian/patches/crypt.dpatch: Fix initialization in crypt_r + (Closes: #163260). + - debian/patches/rtsig.dpatch: Fix the value of SIGRTMIN in non-threaded + applications (Closes: #165412). + - debian/rules, debian/packages.d/libc-dev.mk, + debian/packages.d/libc-udeb.mk: Don't use '{}' wildcards, to fix + building with /bin/sh -> ash. + + * GOTO Masanori + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: add more NSS services: + samba, courier-authdaemon + - debian/packages.d/sparc64.mk: fix build error. + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: modify apache2 service, + apache2 ships its init script in apache2-common, but the script + is in apache2. So replace from apache2-common to apache2 is needed. + Closes: #165959 + - debian/patches/cvs.patch: Hurd trailing slash handling fixed. + Closes: #162414 + - debian/patches/locales-stuff.dpatch: Fixed error generating de_CH, + it's caused by typo. Closes: #140054 + + * Jeff Bailey + - debian/patches/cvs.dpatch: New file. + - debian/patches/0list: Update + - debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: Conflict against libnss-db <= 2.2-6 + Thanks to Ryan Murray for the patch. Closes: #168890 + + - debian/patches/s390x-lib64.dpatch: New file. + - debian/control.in/s390x: New file. + - debian/libc-s390x/postinst: New file. + - debian/packages.d/libc-dev.mk: Handle asm-s390x + - debian/packages.d/s390x.mk: New file. + - debian/rules: Include s390x files. + - debian/rules.d/control.mk: Add s390x to control_deps, and include + control.in/s390x + - debian/sysdeps/linux.mk: Add s390x support. + + Thanks to Gerhard Tonn. Closes: #169176, #166450. + + - debian/control.in/main: Update Standards-Version to 3.5.7.0 + + - debian/patches/glibc22-hppa-fcntl.dpatch: Remove File + - debian/patches/glibc22-hppa-fcntl-lfs.dpatch: Remove File + - debian/patches/glibc22-hppa-mcontext.dpatch: Remove File + - debian/patches/glibc22-hppa-pthreads.dpatch: Remove File + - debian/patches/glibc22-hppa-rela.dpatch: Remove File + - debian/patches/glibc22-hppa-tests.dpatch: Remove File + - debian/patches/glibc22-hppa-unwind.dpatch: Remove File + + - debian/patches/hurd-fork-fix.dpath: New File. + + Note: CVS patch disabled for this upload + + -- Daniel Jacobowitz Tue, 29 Oct 2002 13:14:51 -0500 + +glibc (2.3.1-3) unstable; urgency=low + + * GOTO Masanori + - debian/patches/librt-mips.dpatch: librt is not worked on + mips/mipsel architecture, we apply it until sarge will be + released. Thanks to Guido Guenther . + - debian/patches/glibc23-ctype-compat.dpatch: added. + glibc 2.3.x changes some symbols (__ctype_b, __ctype_toupper, + __ctype_tolower) as hidden attribute. These symbols that are + crashing the old 2.2.x dynamic linking code in static binaries + are now exported. + This patch is originally pulled from RedHat patch, I modified + it for current debian glibc. Closes: #165554 + + -- GOTO Masanori Sun, 20 Oct 2002 15:04:48 +0900 + +glibc (2.3.1-2) unstable; urgency=low + + * This is the "Why did everything stop working, mommy?" release + + * Jeff Bailey + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: Warn about NSS changes if upgrading + from older than 2.2.94-1. Add ssh-krb5 and apache2 to list of + services that definetly need restarting. + + Add libc-udeb (closes: #158589) Thanks to Tollef Fog Heen. + - debian/control.in/libc-udeb: New file + - debian/packages.d/libc-udeb.mk: New file + - debian/rules: Call udeb machinery. + - debian/rules.d/control.mk: Call udeb machinery. + + - debian/sysdeps/build-options.mk: Strip libc on alpha + + - debian/control.in/main: 2.13.90.0.10-1 is broken on s390 + require 2.13.90.0.4-1 for them. + + * GOTO Masanori + - debian/patches/0list: disable ip6-fix.dpatch. Closes: #165287 + - debian/packages.d/libc-udeb.mk: Clean up and fix indent crap. + - debian/rules.d/shlibs.mk: bump up to 2.3.1-1. Closes: #165456 + + -- Jeff Bailey Fri, 18 Oct 2002 11:27:07 -0400 + +glibc (2.3.1-1) unstable; urgency=low + + * This is the "twilight" release... + + * Jeff Bailey + - Upgrade tarballs to 2.3.1 + - version: Update to 2.3.1 + + - debian/sysdeps/linux.mk: Do not build optimized libraries + - debian/rules.d/control.mk: Likewise + + - debian/control.in/main: Require binutils 2.13.90.0.10-1 for ppc + + - debian/patches/elf-machine-rela-mips.dpatch: New file + - debian/patches/0list: Update accordingly. + + - debian/rules: Use -O on i386. This should go somewhere else, + but I want to get this release out. + + * XXX Below here was during the 2.3 development, and never released. + + * Jeff Bailey + - Upgrade tarballs to 2.3 + - version: Update to 2.3 + + - debian/patches/hppa-data-start.dpatch: Remove, incorporated upstream + - debian/patches/various-lsb-fixes.dpatch: Remove, incorporated upstream + + - debian/patches/0list: adjust accordingly + Also, prune ia64-reloc-none from the list. + I can't tell from the code snippet if this + has been incorporated or not. + + - .cvsignore: Add the stamp directories + + - debian/rules: Don't put CFLAGS in configparms, resolves ldconfig + miscompile on i386 + + - debian/rules: Add freebsd-i386 support + - debian/rules.d/control.mk: Add freebsd-i386 support + - debian/sysdeps/freebsd.mk: New file to add freebsd-i386 support + - debian/sysdeps/paths.mk: Add freebsd-i386 support + - debian/sysdeps/soname.mk: Add freebsd-i386 support + + * XXX Below here was during the 2.2.94 development, and never released. + + * Jeff Bailey + - Upgrade tarballs to 2.2.94 + - version: Update to 2.2.94 + + - debian/patches/cvs: Remove + - debian/patches/manual-texinfo4: Remove, incorporated upstream. + - debian/patches/i386-mathinline.dpatch: Remove, glibc headers require + ANSI compilers. + - debian/patches/db1-addon-enabler.dpatch: Remove + - debian/patches/0list: adjust accordingly + + - debian/patches/0list: Comment out string2-pointer-arith. + This was originally created to fix #44697, but without this + patch, 44697 is no longer reproducable. + + - debian/patches/fhs-linux-paths.dpatch: Update to new template format + + - .cvsignore: New file + + * XXX Below here was during the 2.2.93 development, and never released. + + * Jeff Bailey + - Upgrade tarballs to 2.2.93 + - version: Update to 2.2.93 + + The following important patches are still disabled: + + glibc22-hppa-pthreads, glibc22-hppa-rela, ia64-perf + + - debian/patches/0list: prune commented out patches that won't + be needed anymore + + - debian/patches/ia64-reloc-none.dpatch: Updated, thank to + Randolph Chung + + - debian/make-cvs-patch.sh: New file. + + - debian/patches/template.dpatch: Update headers to new format. + + - debian/patches/hurd-ioperms.dpatch - Deleted + - debian/patches/hurd-lfs64.dpatch - Deleted + - debian/patches/hurd-update.dpatch - Deleted + - debian/patches/syserrlist.dpatch - Deleted + + - debian/README - More updates + + - debian/rules.d/control.mk: debian/control should Depend on + debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl + + - debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: Actually add the dependancy on + libdb1-compat. This is an update to GOTO Masanori's change, + Thanks to Ryan Murray for catching this. + + - debian/patches/mathpatch.dpatch: Prune + + - debian/rules.d/patch.mk: Add `setup' as an alias for `patch' + to provide dbs compatability. + + - debian/patches/cvs.dpatch: Sync with CVS from September 14th. + - debian/patches/0list: Updated + + * GOTO Masanori + - debian/packages.d/glibc-doc.mk: change texi2html processed file from + chapters.texi to libc.texinfo. Closes: #159417 + - debian/packages.d/libc-{dbg,pic,prof}.mk: fix /usr/doc removal + compilation failure. + - debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: Fix 'grep -v' failure if the size of + /etc/ld.so.nohwcap is 0. + - debian/rules.d/control.mk: Generate libc-opt control information. + + - Updating 2.2.9x fixes LSB 1.2 compliance. Closes: #156821 + - debian/control: add Depends: libdb1-compat. + Until woody, libdb1 is included in libc6 package. However after sarge, + libdb1 support is removed. libdb1-compat contains libdb1 which is + formerly provided by libc6. Now libc6 depends on libdb1-compat, + so upgrading from woody to sarge does not break any libdb1 issues. + Closes: #155904 + + - debian/patches/glibc22-hppa-fcntl.dpatch: added, patched by + Carlos O'Donell . + - debian/patches/glibc22-hppa-fcntl-lfs.dpatch: added, patched by + Randolph Chung . Closes: #160846 + + * Ben Collins + - Make sparc64 build use gcc-3.2. + - Update all config options to not use --disable-sanity-checks, since we + are actually using gcc-3.2 for everything. + - Patch cleanups. + - Re-enable optimized libs. Includes a simple mechanism which should fix + the conflicting symbols during libc/libc-opt upgrade scenarios. This + means that libc6-v9, libc6-i586 and libc6-i686 are back in full swing. + - Remove all references to /usr/doc symlink crap, which is deprecated. + + * XXX Below here was during the 2.2.92 development, and never released. + + * Jeff Bailey + - Upgrade tarballs to 2.2.92 + - version: Update to 2.2.92 + - debian/control.in/main: Require gcc-3.2 for all archs + - debian/patches/0list: prune glibc-cvs, glibc22-s390-resource, + gmon-start, locales-de_CH, sh-sysdep, alpha-build-failure + + These are already included in the 2.3 series. + + - debian/patches/glibc22-misc.dpatch: Split into ... + debian/patches/makeconfig.dpatch: ... this + debian/patches/locale-es_AR.dpatch: ... and this + debian/patches/i386-mathinline.dpatch: ... and this + debian/patches/ldconfig.dpatch: ... and this. + + - debian/patches/makeconfig.dpatch: Update for 2.3 series + + - debian/patches/0list: Temporarily disable some other patches: + + glibc22-hppa-pthreads, glibc22-hppa-rela, ia64-perf + + - debian/rules: memset.S works on ppc now, so stop deleting it. Thanks + to Jack Howarth for letting us know. + + - debian/sysdeps/gnu.mk: Remove --enable-libio, now set by default. Add + NO_TEST = yes, make check does not run on i386-gnu. + + - debian/sysdeps/tools.mk: Hardcode gcc-3.2 for $(CC) and $(BUILD_CC) + until gcc-defaults switches. + + - debian/rules: use CC=$(CC) when calling configure to get any changed + definitions. + + - debian/control.in/main: Require binutils (>= 2.13.90.0.4-1) + + - debian/rules: Add time/date stamps to beginning and end of log files + + - db1-addon-2.1.3.tar.bz2: Delete + + - debian/ppc-memset.S: Delete + + - debian/README: Update + + * GOTO Masanori + - debian/packages.d/libc-dbg.mk: update libpthread-0.9 -> 0.10. + - packages.d/libc.mk: likewise. + - packages.d/optimized.mk: likewise. + - packages.d/sparc64.mk: likewise. + + - debian/patches/glibc22-hppa-mcontext.dpatch: Fix unmatched userland + mcontext_t definition differed from kernel. Patched by + Carlos O'Donell . Closes: #157374 + + * XXX Below here was during the 2.2.5 development, and never released. + + * GOTO Masanori + - debian/patches/glibc-cvs.dpatch: Update from Glibc CVS. + - debian/patches: Dropped applying below patches due to updating + glibc-cvs.dpatch. + hurd-update, hurd-ioperms, ia64-strncpy, sparc-misc, resolv-nss_dns, + glibc-openoffice-fixes, xdr-array-security, hurd-lfs64, + syserrlist, mathpatch + - Fix gcc 3.1/3.2 compatibility building for glibc on ppc, with upstream + patched by Jack Howarth and + Franz Sirl . + Closes: #155606 + + -- Jeff Bailey Thu, 17 Oct 2002 08:37:52 -0400 + +glibc (2.2.5-15) unstable; urgency=low + + * debian/patches/dl-procinfo-fix.dpatch: Fix libssl optimization + problem occured by glibc dl-procinfo. + Closes: #161700, #161717, #161720, #161740, #161773, #161774 + Closes: #161786, #161788, #161813 + + -- GOTO Masanori Thu, 3 Oct 2002 09:56:46 +0900 + +glibc (2.2.5-14.3) unstable; urgency=low + + * NMU + * debian/patches/glibc22-mips-mcontext.dpatch: delete. + + -- Ryan Murray Sun, 15 Sep 2002 14:21:21 -0700 + +glibc (2.2.5-14.2) unstable; urgency=medium + + * NMU + * debian/patches/alpha-stxncpy.dpatch: keep testsuite patch (accepted + upstream), but disable all use of stxncpy until a correct patch can + be made. + + -- Ryan Murray Thu, 12 Sep 2002 13:04:47 -0700 + +glibc (2.2.5-14.1) unstable; urgency=low + + * NMU + * sysdeps/depflags.pl: Make libc{6,6.1} depend on libdb1-compat + (closes: #155904) + * debian/patches/alpha-stxncpy.dpatch: Add patch from Daniel Jacobowitz + for alpha stxncpy (closes: #159633) + * debian/patches/glibc22-mips-msq.dpatch: Add + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/mips/bits/msq.h for mips (closes: #159923) + * debian/patches/glibc22-hppa-fcntl.dpatch: Add DN_* and F_NOTIFY definitions + for hppa (closes: #159636) + * debian/patches/glibc22-hppa-mcontext.dpatch: correct definition of mcontext + to match kernel (closes: #157374) + * debian/patches/glibc22-mips-mcontext.dpatch: correct definition of mcontext + to match kernel (closes: #160462) + * add build-depends on dpkg 1.10.8 to ensure we use the install-info that + has the perl 5.8 workaround. + + -- Ryan Murray Tue, 10 Sep 2002 22:35:48 -0700 + +glibc (2.2.5-14) unstable; urgency=low + + * GOTO Masanori + - debian/patches/sh-sysdep.dpatch: Added the patch to compile for sh[34] + sh[34]eb. Closes: #156273 + - debian/patches/glibc22-m68k-compat.dpatch: Newer m68k debian specific + compatibility patch. Patched by Michael Fedrowitz . + - debian/patches/malloc-security.dpatch: Applied malloc security patch + Patched by Wolfram Gloger . + - debian/patches/alpha-build-failure.dpatch: Fix alpha build failure. + + -- GOTO Masanori Wed, 7 Aug 2002 20:56:54 +0900 + +glibc (2.2.5-13) unstable; urgency=low + + * Ben Collins + - Last maintainer upload for me. + - Fix double getent listing for build of libc package. + Closes: #154133, #152866 + - Set maintainer to the debian-glibc mailing list. Set uploaders to myself + and others. + - Placed into CVS (this log entry is the first test commit). + - ia64 build failure was fixed in last NMU. Closes: #151956 + - This sshd/libc bug is long since gone. Closes: #72596, #82468 + - ldconfig search order has also since been fixed. Closes: #105249 + - Add patches that OpenOffice needs in order to build. Closes: #153107 + - Bump min kernel supported to 2.2.0. Closes: #149529 + - Remove db1 compat library. The only user I know of this is coda. Coda + can include it's own version of the library now. I've emailed the coda + maintainer. + - Bump the shlibs ver because of the min-kernel change, and db1 removal. + - Add xdr-array.c security patch, Closes: #154992 + + * GOTO Masanori + - applied patches/locale-de_CH. + - debian/control: fix my uploader address due to my obsolete gpg key. + - debian/copyright: update copyright year. + + * Jeff Bailey + - Add hurd-i386 patch for support LFS from CVS + - Add patch to only declare sys_errlist and sys_nerr on Linux. This + allows gcc to build cleanly on hurd-i386. + - Require mig >= 1.3-2 (hurd-i386 only), and hurd-dev >= 20020608-1 + (hurd-i386 only) + - Prune hurd-ldflags from Hurd patch list. Noone is quite sure what + it's for. With this change, all hurd-i386 patches are now upstream + in CVS. + - Add 'mathpatch' to fix a math testsuite failure. + + -- Ben Collins Thu, 25 Jul 2002 11:13:22 -0400 + +glibc (2.2.5-12) unstable; urgency=low + + * Non-maintainer upload to fix build problems on ia64 + * replaces ia64-asm-fixes.dpatch with ia64-perf.dpatch, ia64-strncpy.dpatch + + -- Bdale Garbee Tue, 16 Jul 2002 17:09:24 -0600 + +glibc (2.2.5-11) unstable; urgency=low + + * Yet another NMU + * Build with a -11 version to work around fragile logic that breaks + locale dependencies when using NMU versioning. Closes: Bug#152968 + + -- Wichert Akkerman Sun, 14 Jul 2002 23:59:04 +0200 + +glibc (2.2.5-10.0) unstable; urgency=low + + * Non-maintainer upload by the security team + * Rebuild, uploads to both testing and unstable are not allowed + + -- Wichert Akkerman Sun, 14 Jul 2002 04:48:50 +0200 + +glibc (2.2.5-9) testing-security unstable; urgency=low + + * Something fucked up. Not sure why the .diff.gz size didn't match the + .changes/.dsc. Not sure why katie didn't reject the upload when it found + that out aswell. + + -- Ben Collins Sat, 13 Jul 2002 10:08:51 -0400 + +glibc (2.2.5-8) testing-security unstable; urgency=low + + * Resolver security bug fix. + + -- Ben Collins Fri, 12 Jul 2002 18:24:28 -0400 + +glibc (2.2.5-7) unstable; urgency=low + + * Misc ia64 asm updates, and strncpy fix + * Misc sparc patches from DaveM + * Revert sparc64 back to lib64 from my rebelious lib/64 effort. Use gcc-3.1 + now. + + -- Ben Collins Mon, 17 Jun 2002 22:33:39 -0400 + +glibc (2.2.5-6) unstable; urgency=low + + * Fix locales/config to be 755. + * Add big fat note to default nscd.conf about how host cache is insecure, + and disable it by default. This lowers the severity of #139879 for the + time being. I'll close it when a proper fix is in. + * Hurd patches from Jeff Bailey. Hurd goes to libc0.3! + + -- Ben Collins Sun, 28 Apr 2002 11:21:48 -0400 + +glibc (2.2.5-5) unstable; urgency=low + + * Fix missing LOCALES var in locale-gen. + * Fix space before "]" in locales/postinst. Closes: #139902, #139977, + #140048, #140464, #141408, #141515, #141558, #141617, #141786 + * Generate list of locales directly in locales/DEBIAN/config, so that we + have a working list during pre-inst. Closes: #76954, #141384 + * Backout nice changes for now. + + -- Ben Collins Mon, 25 Mar 2002 21:05:44 -0500 + +glibc (2.2.5-4) unstable; urgency=low + + * Include s/ip6.arpa/ip6.int/ patch from Fabbione. Closes: #119773, + #132310 + * Fix perms on locales/DEBIAN/config. Closes: #134094, #139682 + * Update from Glibc CVS: Lots of euro conversions and locales updates. + Closes: #128181, #130259 + Lots of other various fixes (please read the ChangeLog). Closes: #138094 + * Upstream fixed ia64 ldd rewrite problem. Closes: #128451 + * Upstream fixed nice return. Closes: #136815 + * pt_BR translation is ok now, Closes: #128530 + * Applied patch from Ganesan R to better handle some locale names. + Closes: #128969 + * Add ARM patch to disable hardware caps. + * Fix typos in catalan template. Closes: #133247 + * Add a "Leave alone" option for locales setting of /etc/environment. + Make it the default. Closes: #133315, #133315 + * HPPA patch from Randolph Chung. Closes: #133666 + * Fix zh_HK date output, from Anthony Fok. + * s/Noninteractive/noninteractive/ (hopefully for the last time). + Closes: #134381, #137348 + * Fix locales/config for when locale.gen doesn't exist. + Closes: #135343, #134613, #139284 + * Patch from Gary Hade (via Randolph Chung) to fix gmon-start. + Closes: #135748, #129903 + * Fix locale.1 - s/LC_PAPR/LC_PAPER/ Closes: #114174 + * Add glibc22-hppa-tests patch from Randolph Chung. Closes: #137513 + * Alistair McKinstry: + - Added locale.alias(5) and locale.gen(5) man pages. Closes: #106117 + - Patch for glibcbug to correctly handle bad EDITOR setting. + Closes: #128699 + - Include glibcbug.1 manpage. Closes: #128701 + - Add patch to fix segv in localedef. + - Patch for locale.1 and localedef.1 to add missing LC_* vars. + Closes: #114174 + - Fix for the d_fmt field in de_CH. Closes: #27397 + - Fix locale.alias so Russion charset is KOI8-R instead of ISO-8859-5. + Closes: #62586 + - s/Jun/Juni/ s/Jul/Juli/ for sr_YU. Closes: #131846 + - Typo in categories.def. Closes: #133379 + - Update iso-4217.def Closes: #133380 + - Re-enable el.po since we are using newer gettext. Closes: #133383 + * nscd.conf.5: Clarification. server-user option cannot be used with + -S/--secure. It will fail to start. Also note that using server-user other + than root may break some lookup services. Closes: #139433 + * Completely remove the pthread man pages. They are _way_ out of date (last + updated in 1998 according to the ChangeLog). Use the info or html docs + instead. Feel free to send me mucho patches for them, if you want them + back. Closes: #139052, #139042 + * Various LSB conformance patches from Joey Hess. Closes: #136815 + * ia64 patch for R_IA64_NONE relocs. Closes: #135314 + + -- Ben Collins Sun, 24 Mar 2002 09:49:37 -0500 + +glibc (2.2.5-3) unstable; urgency=low + + * Fix logic in locales postinst which would fail on empty or missing + /etc/environment. Closes: #132025, #131999, #132244 + * Remove build-dep on gcc-3.0-sparc64 + * Fix case where no locales are selected, so the only choices for LANG are C + and None. This left a hangin comma which debconf doesn't seem to like. + Closes: #132245 + + -- Ben Collins Sun, 3 Feb 2002 23:13:29 -0500 + +glibc (2.2.5-2) unstable; urgency=low + + * Remove glibc22-m68k-resource.dpatch. Patch is already included upstream. + Closes: #130922 + * Fix thinko in locales postinst. Also add a "None" option for LANG, and + check for it in postinst. + * HPPA correct unwind setting, from Matthew Wilcox. Also update patch + splitting the linuxthreads and rel/rela changes. Closes: #131216 + * Fix copyright shown for the GNU Libc Manual. Closes: #130866 + * Fix problem where a binary-NMU rebuild of libc would provide a version + that was incompatible with the current locales dep. + * Fix atomic_lock_t decleration for hppa. Closes: #131367 + * Fix logic in locales where LANG wasn't being set in /etc/environment. + Closes: #131040 + * Moved SUPPORTED list to /usr/share/i18n/, since policy says it can't be in + /usr/share/doc/locales/. Fixup debconf scripts to notice this. + * A few patches from CVS: + - Fixes bad optimization in dynamic linker + - Updates m68k and arm for unwind + - tzdata2002b updates + - Some irrelevant (for us) x86_64 updates + * Patch from Gerhard Tonn for s390-32 for bits/resource.h. + * libc6-sparc64-dev: Change dep to gcc-3.0 instead of gcc-3.0-sparc64. The + packages are now merged. + + -- Ben Collins Fri, 1 Feb 2002 11:52:54 -0500 + +glibc (2.2.5-1) unstable; urgency=low + + * New upstream. Closes: #122980, #126441 + * locales.postinst: Add a signature line to /etc/locale.gen so people can + take over the file manually instead of through debconf. + * Added -de template for locales. Closes: #114078 + * Removed need for generate-config.mk. SUPPORTED list for debconf is now + generated dynamically using SUPPORTED.gz. + * Added debconf option in locales to choose LANG= default in + /etc/environment based on contents of /etc/locale.gen. Closes: #117216, + #120410 + * Patched nscd init script. Patch supplied by Grant Bowman. Closes: #121942 + * Do not install tzconfig(8), Closes: #123679 + * Removed obsolete BSD license clause in debian/copyright. Closes: #123821 + * Applied spelling patch for locales description. Closes: #125092 + * Updated glibc-doc description to note that it includes html docs too. I am + not, however, splitting info and html docs into seperate packages. Closes: + #125825 + * Check for the existence of libdb.so.3 before cat'ing it. Closes: #126459 + * Added powerpc sysconf patch from David Schleef. Closes: #127560 + * Added SuperH support. Closes: #127740 + * No longer apply glibc-vs-gcc3 patch. Implementation merged upstream. + * Last minute ARM patch to fix unwind. + + -- Ben Collins Thu, 24 Jan 2002 00:31:40 -0500 + +glibc (2.2.4-7) unstable; urgency=low + + * glibc22-hppa: Fix mips/pt-machine.h, so that it patches both the ISA-1 and + ISA-2 cases of testandset(). Also add IPC updates from Willy. Closes: #120383 + * glibc22-hppa: Updated, from Mathew Wilcox. + + -- Ben Collins Mon, 3 Dec 2001 12:09:26 -0500 + +glibc (2.2.4-6) unstable; urgency=low + + * glibc22-hppa.dpatch: Fix lock_held macro on non-hppa. This patch is now + enabled by default for all archs. + * Update patches for HPPA dynamic loader from. + * m68k resource.h patch from Roman Zippel, Closes: #118909 + + -- Ben Collins Fri, 9 Nov 2001 21:20:59 -0500 + +glibc (2.2.4-5) unstable; urgency=low + + * Added patch from Ulrich to really fix the [x-] fnmatch() case. + Closes: #96013 + * Updated gcc3 compat patch. + * Several changes to ldconfig: + - Parse the config file before checking system directories. This is needed + to make sure it is possible to override system directories. + - Cleanup the config file parsing routine a bit. Make sure we open the + config file with correct perms in case it gets created by this call. + * Pulled from CVS as of Oct 27, 2001: + - Includes fnmatch fix upstream. + - strxfrm fix. + - dlfcn fix for C++ program usage. + - ENABLE_NLS fixes for various functions (doesn't affect us, since it is + mainly meant for non-nls builds). + - IPv6 reverse lookup fixes. + - Lots of libm fixes. + - Several language translation updates. + - Several m68k setjmp fixes. + - Some mips fixes merged. + - Timezone updates. + - S390 ucontext fixes. + - Several hurd fixes. + - ELFOSABI_* Updates. + * Update the kernel headers on all the systems I build for (arm, ppc, i386, + mips, sparc, sparc64, hppa). + * Added "es" template for locales, from Carlos Valdivia. Closes: #117413 + * Fixup ttyname patch for devfs, which broke some things. Closes: #117551 + * Remove the errno.texi explanation for _GNU_SOURCE for two defines. The + thing is, according to the libc manual conventions, this is not the + correct way to handle it. In fact, it is already done according to the + convention of the rest of the manual. The two items are tagged with the + "GNU" comment, meaning they are GNU extensions. The libc manual explains + in its introductory chapters that this means it needs the _GNU_SOURCE + define. + + -- Ben Collins Mon, 29 Oct 2001 20:25:40 -0500 + +glibc (2.2.4-4) unstable; urgency=low + + * Hopefully fix the damn .html docs. Looks good to me. Closes: #84237, + #89382 + * Fix inttypes.h typo. Closes: #114483 + * Disable sanity checks for gcc-3.0 archs, Closes: #114724 + * Fix entry for locales depending on debconf. Closes: #115155 + * Fix echo commands when generating locales.config. The -e option is not + portable. + * New hppa patch from several people. This, along with the .10 binutils, + should fix all of hppa's problems. + * Apply devfs compatibility patch for ttyname. Closes: #74911 + * Add (modified) patch for ldconfig to create ld.so.conf if it doesn't + exist. Original patch from David Whedon, Closes: #98763 + * Clarify some errno.texi functions wrt _GNU_SOURCE. Patch from Jeremiah + Savage. Closes: #99683 + * Add conflicts/replaces for all the potato locales that cannot be installed + with this glibc (and are actually supported now). Closes: #108015 + * Fix comma in confnames.h to make all the -pedantic folks happy :). + Closes: #113498, #113816, #114672 + * Include a mips termios.h cleanup patch, sent by Ryan Murray, patch by Ralf + Baechle. + * Add Russion template for locales package, by Ilgiz Kalmetev. Closes: + #114303 + * Fix sed in ia64/ldd-rewrite.sh: Closes: #115784 + * Add Brazilian Portuguese locales template from Andre Luis Lopes, closes: + #116435 + + -- Ben Collins Wed, 24 Oct 2001 12:28:49 -0400 + +glibc (2.2.4-3) unstable; urgency=low + + * Apply patch to fix es_AR number formatting. Closes: #108373 + * Fix SA_* defines on some archs. Patch sent upstream, and accepted. + Closes: #113273 + * Brought in dynamic module patch from CVS that fixes + mozilla/galeon/konquerer. Closes: #113457, #113481, #113708 + * Fixed libc postinst for the readlink call. Based on patch supplied by + Branden Robinson. Closes: #113459 + * Increase shlib dep to 2.2.4-2. Closes: #113731 + + -- Ben Collins Sat, 29 Sep 2001 23:38:11 -0400 + +glibc (2.2.4-2) unstable; urgency=low + + * Updates from CVS Head, includes some s390 fixes, closes: #109072 + * Reincluded some missed patches (notable the fakeroot fix), closes: + #109162 + * Include the iconvconfig program in the libc6 package, closes: #109600 + * Fixup locales/libc dep back to the old way, closes: #109850 + * Apply patch for locale-gen.8, closes: #110554 + * Apply patch to make /etc/locale.gen generated by debconf interface. + Thanks to Ho-seok Lee, closes: #110980, #110661 + * glibc22-fts.dpatch: Remove, fixes upstream now. + * libc/DEBIAN/postinst: Before calling init u, make sure /proc/1/exe + resolves to /sbin/init. This should help ensure we don't muck up + debootstrap. closes: #110615 + + -- Ben Collins Fri, 7 Sep 2001 14:52:02 -0400 + +glibc (2.2.4-1) unstable; urgency=low + + * Final release of 2.2.4. Not much changed from 2.2.3-11. + * Remove cruft from debian/patches/ + + -- Ben Collins Thu, 16 Aug 2001 09:29:14 -0400 + +glibc (2.2.3-11) unstable; urgency=low + + * Updated to HEAD of CVS as of Aug 11, 2001 + - Misc fixes found in 2.2.4pre2 + - This is basically 2.2.4pre3 + * New glibc-vs-gcc3 patch, closes: #108408, #108364, #108415, #108364, + #108454, #108476 + + -- Ben Collins Sun, 12 Aug 2001 10:02:12 -0400 + +glibc (2.2.3-10) unstable; urgency=low + + * Updated to HEAD of CVS, as of Aug 4, 2001 + - Mostly arch specific bug fixes. + - This is actually the same as 2.2.4-pre2 (releasing in a day or so) + * Ok, I give up. I don't want any more bug reports, so I've added the + nfs getdents fix. If it breaks anything, I will hunt down all of those + who submitted the patch/bug. closes: #86877 + * Added two more Q/A's to the Debian FAQ (AKA "The Overfiend Clause" :) + This documents Debian's glibc following stable CVS, and also + kernel-headers desync. + * Added latex2html to build-dep-indep, closes: #101662 + * Fix tzconfig so it handles ambiguous names correctly, closes: #105580 + Patch by Martin Pool + * Add copyright and license to tzconfig, closes: #105581 + * Updated libc0.2 hurd dep to (>= 20010718-1), closes: #106291 + * Include locale-gen.8 manpage from Eduard Bloch + * Duh. We don't need to cat in the saved libdb.so.3 to the new location. + Ldconfig does the work for us by creating a symlink to it. + * Remove sysdeps/powerpc/memset.S so ppc gets the generic C version for + now (which is actually faster on most machines anyway), until they get + their memset.S fixed (especially for Power3). + * Added updates for hppa patch from Matthew Wilcox. + * debian/rules.d/control.mk: Added hppa to list of archs for libc6 + + -- Ben Collins Tue, 7 Aug 2001 10:11:22 -0400 + +glibc (2.2.3-9) unstable; urgency=low + + * Really fix the timezone problem this time. I moved the UTC check + before the TZ check, and then reuse that to get the TZ date, instead + of the other way around. That solves the problem. Using this method, I + can get the UTC date first setting LC_ALL=C, and then allow the + override for the real UTC0 and $TZ date, so we get lang support + without breakage now. + + -- Ben Collins Tue, 24 Jul 2001 12:19:48 -0400 + +glibc (2.2.3-8) unstable; urgency=low + + * Use glibc- instead of glibc_ for the provides between libc and + locales. Underscores are actually not allowed in package names. + * CVS as of July 22, 2001 + * Use LC_ALL instead of LANG in libc postinst, closes: #106043, #106078, + #106081, #106187, #106215 + * Use Noninteractive, not noninteractive in postinst's, closes: #105902 + * SUPPORTED file ends in .gz...guess some people can't bother to add + that themselves. Also, add notes about locale-gen closes: #105915 + * Fix cp -L calls, use cat instead to make sure we avoid any command + line problems, closes: #106120, #106096 + * MIPS WARNING: The MAP_BASE_ADDR patch does not apply anymore, since it + seems that whole bit of code was removed. MAKE SURE THIS DOESN'T BREAK + ANYTHING! :) + + -- Ben Collins Sun, 22 Jul 2001 23:04:15 -0400 + +glibc (2.2.3-7) unstable; urgency=low + + * CVS as of 7-9-2001, closes: 101308, 103251, 100398, 100398 + * New hppa patch, still not enabled by default since I got deadlocks in + the linuxthreads tests (ex2 and ex10) on sparc. + * Increased shlibdep to 2.2.3-7 + * SUPPORTED locales list is now in doc dir, and locale.gen is a + non-changing file (still a conffile, but it doesn't change when glibc + changes). + * Fix fts patch so it doesn't break Hurd, closes: 102826 + * Make libc provide glibc_$DEBVERSION, and locales depend on it. This + way we make sure everything matches up. closes: 100605, 100605, + 101034, 100605, 99344 + * Added some more UTF-8 locales, closes: 103742, 86372 + * Fixed hurd's ldconfig, closes: #101691 + * Already fixed ld_envlib_path, closes: 101622 + * In libc preinst, detect if we are upgrading from a version where we + used to provide our own libdb.so.3, and keep a copy. We reuse it + during postinst. This way, we have no time where libdb.so.3 doesn't + exist. closes: 101795, 103586 + * Removed depends on libdb2 from libc6, since our hack above makes it + pointless. Now, libc6 should get installed before libdb2 (since it + depends on libc6), which will leave a working libdb.so.3. After libdb2 + is upgraded, the new libdb.so.3 will be installed, which will work + since the new libc6 that it depends on is also working. + * Fixed calls for zoneinfo as per JoeyH's suggestion. closes: 100461 + * Updated copyright notice since LGPL 2.1 is now used. + + -- Ben Collins Tue, 10 Jul 2001 14:00:59 -0400 + +glibc (2.2.3-6) unstable; urgency=low + + * CVS As of 6-9-2001, closes: #100055 + * debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: Fix typo where netbase/netkit-rpc wasn't + being added to libc-dev control flags, closes: #98735, #99460, #99990, + #100382 + * Moved rpcinfo from /usr/sbin to /usr/bin... closes: #100279 + * Added fts() security patch + * Updated patch for HPPA, now also enabled per default + + -- Ben Collins Sat, 9 Jun 2001 16:35:29 -0400 + +glibc (2.2.3-5) unstable; urgency=low + + * CVS as of 5-28-2001 + * Added fake ldconfig script for hurd, provided by Robert Bihlmeye, + closes: #95189 + * Add replaces for netbase (<< 4.0), closes: #98708, #98735 + * Install rpcgen/rpcinfo manpages, closes: #98710 + + -- Ben Collins Mon, 28 May 2001 14:36:32 -0400 + +glibc (2.2.3-4) unstable; urgency=low + + * CVS as of 5-24-2001 + * Add forgotten mips ld.so patch + * Added s390 to arch lists, closes: #97718 + * Add m68k fPIC patch for libc_nonshared, closes: #97663 + * Add LD_LIBRARY_PATH to --library-path, closes: #98638 + + -- Ben Collins Thu, 24 May 2001 16:10:09 -0400 + +glibc (2.2.3-3) unstable; urgency=low + + * Upgraded to CVS as of 5-20-2001 + * New HPPA patch (applies cleanly) + * Fix prep.sh, closes: #97600 + * Add rpcinfo to libc, and rpcgen to libc-dev. Add Conflicts/Replaces + for both packages with netkit-rpc, closes: #93280 + + -- Ben Collins Mon, 21 May 2001 09:56:47 -0400 + +glibc (2.2.3-2) unstable; urgency=low + + * Enable threads for hppa + * Updated to CVS as of May 10, 2001, closes: #96968, #94501 + * Run locale-gen on upgrades from before 2.2.3-1, closes: #96767, #96913 + * Should be fixed, old regex problems, closes: #86728, #88677 + * This should be fixed now too, closes: #88662 + * There were some regcomp related fixes that appear to have fixed this, + closes: #93167 + * Build-Depends-Indep: s/perl5/perl/, closes: #95782 + * Updated eo_EO from Edmund GRIMLEY, closes: #78085 + + -- Ben Collins Thu, 10 May 2001 13:54:42 -0400 + +glibc (2.2.3-1) unstable; urgency=low + + * Were up to 2.2.3 now. + * libc-dev: Conflict with older gcc's that do not have the weak-sym or + pic-kludge patches. + * ldd.dpatch: New and improved fix for the "no execute permissions" + buglet. Now, ldd will not call the "file" command for every file. This + should speed up dpkg-shlibdeps a lot. + * Removed some obsolete db2 patches + * Removed some other obsolete patches + * Conflict with libnss-db that used db2 + * Depends on current libdb2 which contains libdb.so.3...hopefully this + wont make apt choke because of a dep loop + * Use the new gcc-3.0 to build sparc64 64bit libc/libc-dev packages. + * Build-Depend += gcc-3.0-sparc64 [sparc] + + -- Ben Collins Thu, 12 Apr 2001 21:08:33 -0400 + +glibc (2.2.2-4) unstable; urgency=low + + * Yeah! We can disable our libdb.so.3 (db2) interface in favor of the + one in libdb2. That package now has a symboled version so we can start + to migrate away from this cruft. However, we do still have the db1 + support. + + -- Ben Collins Fri, 23 Mar 2001 19:17:39 -0500 + +glibc (2.2.2-3) unstable; urgency=low + + * Disable building of optimized libs for now. I did not forsee the + problems involved with symbol skew between ld-linux.so.2 and the + optmized libc.so.6. As of now, I can see no way around this. + * Make libc6 conflict with the optimized libs for now, so we can get rid + of them, closes: #90753, #90758, #90763, #90770, #90778, #90779 + * RPC patch from Jakub Jelenik, probably closes: #90830 + * Add build-dep for file, m4 not needed now that opt libs are gone. + closes: #90773 + + -- Ben Collins Fri, 23 Mar 2001 10:31:24 -0500 + +glibc (2.2.2-2) unstable; urgency=low + + * Fix ld.so shlib output, closes: #87655 + * Update to latest CVS, as of 2001-03-21 + * manual/arith.texi: Fix documentation of fast and least integer + typedef's. Patch sent upstream, closes: #84711 + * glibc22-getaddrinfo.dpatch: Add fix from Hiroyuki YAMAMORI + , closes: #85304 + * i386/mathinlines.h: Fix non-ANSI ?: construct, closes: #85322 + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/mips/bits/mman.h: Add and fix some madvise + declerations, closes: #86676 + * Explicitly list inetd to be restarted, closes: #86715 + * Updated Hurd SIOCS patch from Marcus Brinkman + , closes: #87903 + * Added eo_EO locale by Robert Thomson + * Check to make sure any services actually need to be restarted, closes: + #88440 + * Conflict with old strace, which appears to break under new libc6, + closes: #88775 + * Make sure we remove any CVS cruft, closes: #90173 + * Removed -O2 override for hppa, at Matt Taggart's request. + * Build-Depend on latest gcc so we get the weak sym stuff right. + * Made opt libs compiled specifically for 2.4.0+ kernels. This should + make them even faster and smaller since it reduces the compatibility + code. + * libc-opt/DEBIAN/preinst: Check to make sure we are running under a + 2.4.0 kernel, and under the correct cpu + * libc/DEBIAN/{prerm,postinst}: Changed check for package name to use + basename of $0 as opposed to uname. + + -- Ben Collins Fri, 23 Mar 2001 10:30:47 -0500 + +glibc (2.2.2-1) unstable; urgency=low + + * New upstream version + * Updated to CVS as of 2001-02-16, should make alpha build now. + + -- Ben Collins Thu, 15 Feb 2001 23:55:24 -0500 + +glibc (2.2.1-4) unstable; urgency=low + + * Fixup section "disparities" between control and overrides on + ftp-master + + -- Ben Collins Tue, 13 Feb 2001 11:47:22 -0500 + +glibc (2.2.1-3) unstable; urgency=low + + * Update CVS, should fix regex memleak, closes: #85788 + + -- Ben Collins Mon, 12 Feb 2001 22:57:56 -0500 + +glibc (2.2.1-2) unstable; urgency=low + + * Synced with CVS as of 2001-02-09, 2.2.2-pre1 + * shlibs: s/libdb1/libdb/ + * debian/rules (clean): remove shlibs file, since it is generated + * move getaddrinfo patch to it's own .dpatch + * Added some ia64 setups, closes: #82384 + * clean target, remove debian/control.in/libc?*, since they are + generated + * debian/control.d/main (locales): Fix description to reflect recent + merging of the i18ndata package, closes: #82347 + * Added hppa patch from Matt Taggart + * db/ndbm.h: s,db.h,db1/db.h, closes: #83171, #83443 + * Added extra disclaimer to the locale postinst warning. closes: #83394 + * libc/DEBIAN/postinst: change logic in check for init. closes: #84287 + + -- Ben Collins Mon, 29 Jan 2001 10:54:53 -0500 + +glibc (2.2.1-1) unstable; urgency=low + + * Upstream version 2.2.1 release, not many changes for us really, since + we've been using CVS all along. + * Included Hurd-SIOCS patch from Marcus Brinkman. + * segfault.c: s/__access/access/. Patch sent upstream. closes: #82026 + * Increase shlibdep version to 2.2.1 + * Merged i18ndata package into locales package. closes: #81990 + * Added snmpd to the restart list, closes: #81736 + * Resynced bug list. Count is 57 now... + + -- Ben Collins Wed, 10 Jan 2001 08:55:08 -0500 + +glibc (2.2-11) unstable; urgency=high + + * Synced to CVS as of 2001-01-09 - 52 unique bugs and decrementing... + This fixes the RESOLV_HOST_CONF security problem. + * Included nscd(8), nscd_nischeck(8) and nscd.conf(5) man pages by + Sebastian Rittau . closes: 66365 + * /etc/init.d/nscd: Actually uncomment and use the nscd_nischeck to see + if we want to start in secure mode. + * debian/manpages/getconf.1: New manpage for getconf utility. closes: + #63897 + * debian/manpages/catchsegv.1: New manpage for catchsegv utility. + closes: #70740 + * debian/glibc-doc/usr/share/doc-base/glibc-manual: Fix for new html + setup. + * sysdeps/posix/getaddrinfo.c (gaih_inet): Try absolute lookups first. + closes: #64192 + * manual/conf.texi (File Minimums): make _POSIX_PATH_MAX match the + posix1_lim.h value, patch sent upstream aswell. closes: #81628 + + -- Ben Collins Sun, 7 Jan 2001 16:15:34 -0500 + +glibc (2.2-10) unstable; urgency=low + + * Synced to CVS as of 2001-01-05 - 64 unique bugs and decrementing... + * manual/stdio.texi: getline(): Clarify the return value if EOF is + reached before a newline. Patch sent upstream aswell. closes: #14590 + * manual/string.h: basename()/dirname(): Added documentation for these. + Basename() required two definitions, one for the GNU version, the + other for the XPG version. Included examples. Patch sent upstream. + closes: #27586 + * DISCLAIMER: All three of the above changelog entries did in fact change + the state of the files in this source. It is the opinion of the + maintainer (hereto after refered to as GOD), that the changes made do + in fact make the package(s) better. GOD does not warantee that these + changes will make your life (be it sex life, or no life) better. GOD + does guarantee that you (hereto after refered to as NON-DIETY) will + gain great wisdom simply by using this(these) package(s). The + NON-DIETY shall not, in any event, hold GOD responsible for misreadings + of these statements. + + -- Ben Collins Fri, 5 Jan 2001 10:46:42 -0500 + +glibc (2.2-9) unstable; urgency=low + + * CVS synced as of 2001-01-03. Happy freaking new year. + * Remove FAKEROOT check, since we don't build locales now, we don't have + to worry about it. + * dlfcn/dlerror.c: dlerror(): Check for result->errstring being NULL, + closes: #80991 + * No offense, but I cannot be expected to debug fortran programs + compiled with a commercial(?), non-GNU compiler. Talk to them about + getting it to work. As for the "works on RH, but not Debian", most + likely that didn't do anything to make it very portable. closes: #68510 + * Tested with current NIS, and the test cases passes with no open fd's. + closes: #52222 + * Make note of AMD in libc6-i[56]86 descriptions. closes: #77791 + * Make note about some commercial programs not liking our optimized + libraries (IBM JDK for one). closes: #78656 + NOTE: To the submitter of this bugreport, I'm pretty sure the JDK + relies on frame-pointer to handle some special ass-backwards stuff, + which wont work with these libraries since they are compiled without + frame-pointer (making it hard to strace, and debug using these libs). + * Yes, semget(2) refers to SEMMSL, but nothing I can find says it should + be defined in userspace. closes: #11560 + * This patch only applies to kernel-headers, and since they don't need + to be used in userspace, it's ok to have some oddities, closes: #55578 + * I was able to write an 90 byte "Hello World" .c, and compile it into + an 800 byte static binary using -nostdlib and -Wl,-lc. closes: #21676 + * Making an ar archive from one .o is just silly, closes: #58606 + * Patch sent upstream. Might change a bit, but the result should be the + same, closes: #73003 + * I believe the reason the .pwd.lock file remains is to avoid a race + condition, where something might be waiting for the lock, and + unlinking it would cause something else to be able to obtain the lock, + even though it isn't available. closes: #14093 + * I tried to reproduce this, but glob kept working right for me. I think + the user is misusing the function. Most likely they are passing the + glob on the command line, which is in turn doing some escape + processing, and not working right with glob() itself. closes: #67921 + * In Debian, locales are not required to be installed. closes: #35875 + * Could not reproduce in the latest glibc. Upstream seems to have fixed + this. closes: #75163 + * Bug report log says this is fixed in glibc 2.1.1, closes: #36775 + * I think this was an issue with the gcc-2.95 compiler defaulting to + 486 instruction sets. This was fixed by gcc some time ago. closes: + #38998 + * The "order" directive in host.conf is supposed to be a space seperated + list of sources, not comma. This is a bug in host.conf(5), which has + already been reported. I'm closing this one to avoid duplication. + closes: #35731 + * Appears to be related to #36775, but I checked the test case anyway, + and it worked as expected. closes: #35035 + * I tried the test program, and it worked fine. So either guile or glibc + fixed the bug already. closes: #36030 + * The locales package is not referenced by any other package ATM. + closes: #38742 + * Symlink /usr/share/zoneinfo/localtime to /etc/localtime for libc5 + compat. closes: #48705 + * SUSv2 defines putenv as "int putenv(char *)", closes: #60960 + * From my understanding of of the SUSv2 definition, the pointer + reference of inbuf may be incremented to the current position of + translation. So in actuality, the object is not const. GLibc + interprets this using the __restrict compiler option (defined in gcc's + later than 2.92, e.g. egcs 1.1.2, and gcc 2.95). closes: #77312 + * Fixed ambiguity problem in tzconfig, closes: #69045 + * This was a netscape/libc5/plugin issue, closes: #50672 + * User error. He is setting all of the fd's in the pollfd struct to -1, + which returns POLLNVAL, which is the expected response. closes: #51877 + * objstack_* does use const definitions now, closes: #68918 + * This was the old xmms-segv's-on-exit bug, fixed by glibc 2.1.9X (can't + remember which version exactly). closes: #74345 + * leading zero makes sscanf determine the number as an octal, closes: + #69278 + * zic.8: zdump is section 1, not 8. closes: #72095 + * Old libdb2 upgrade issue, fixed in during the 2.1.9x uploads. closes: + #72663 + * Update this changelog to include the revisions from the stable (potato) + updates. + * Patch sent upstream. Fixes timezone showing up as "/etc/localtime". + closes: #71060 + + -- Ben Collins Tue, 2 Jan 2001 20:22:11 -0500 + +glibc (2.2-8) unstable; urgency=low + + * The one-liner fix for devpts.sh + * Patch sent and accepted upstream, closes: #80485 + * CVS synced as of 2000-12-30 + + -- Ben Collins Thu, 28 Dec 2000 09:49:30 -0500 + +glibc (2.2-7) unstable; urgency=low + + * Synced to CVS as of 2000-12-25 + * Patches sent upstream, closes: #75334, #34550, #71928, #11839, #75349 + closes: #38392, #68923, #77416, #39440 + * TCPOPT_EOL, TCPOPT_NOP, TCPOPT_MAXSEG: not declared in glibc (was a + libc5 thing), so they don't need to be documented, closes: #9888 + * Use texi2html for .html output, which actually does split the file, + closes: #61257, #76678 + * Hmm, not sure I can fix hamm->slink upgrades for libc6-doc->glibc-doc, + closes: #32792, #32801 + * Fixed by upstream, closes: #62173, #10686, #37014, #54051, #57297 + closes: #53786, #74611, #37162, #41388, #60255, #63569, #67204 + closes: #67205, #60034, #42850, #60320, #39594, #59800, #48371 + closes: #66803 + * Could not reproduce. My test program showed that it resolved the + libpthread properly. I am going to assume user error, or some + funkiness on the user's system. closes: #78585 + * This is reported as a kernel issue, and the submitter was asked to try + a newer kernel, but never replied. I'm closing on the grounds that I + believe it was a kernel issue, closes: #45693 + * The iconv test program seems to work as expected in glibc 2.2, + closes: #39762 + * lt_LT uses ISO-8859-13 now, closes: #10358 + * Things relying on sort to work correctly, should set LANG=C to get + expected behavior, closes: #56195, #61746, #69544 + * Fixed long long ago, closes: #58226, #58586, #35948, #76246, #53530 + closes: #39584, #13800, #34452, #53894, #54096, #42490, #30683, #32468 + closes: #29619, #34816, #35113, #39071, #35334, #35497, #42867, #36212 + closes: #59316, #62826, #35131, #36952, #43659, #24090, #36076, #45041 + closes: #54156, #37307, #27146, #34729, #47457, #34699, #35250, #34538 + closes: #30054, #35389, #36655, #36762, #36932, #36933, #61163, #58954 + * We no longer build locales at build time, but at install time, closes: #69172 + * I don't see the problem in this testcase, works for me, closes: #73018 + * debian/control.in/main: Show in description that nscd also handles + host lookups, closes: #48716 + * Unreproducable, probably fixed in 2.2, closes: #57026, #42726, #40768 + closes: #45848, #58367, #62990, #40870, #67296, #38897, #60099, #66769 + * nscd now has a --invalidate option, closes: #42727, #43729 + * adduser now calls nscd -i, so works correctly, closes: #36080 + * Hey, it's one of my bugs, and it isn't any good! closes: #34940 + * Yeah, I agree with the bug report. If you don't want nscd to run on a + particular system, just uh, don't install it, closes: #36621 + * Setting Fixed to, closes: #47289 + * Do not use UNIX_PATH_MAX, use SUN_LEN(ptr) (defined in sys/un.h), + closes: #61963 + * _PATH_DEFPATH is the bare minimum for linux. If you want more, use the + PATH env, closes: #31983 + * The man page is wrong. dlerror.c, and dlfnc.h both show that the + return string is allocated, so it is not const. closes: #35694 + * All together now, "Using kernel headers in userspace is BAD", + closes: #12207, #19646, #43105 + * Ran the test case with -O0, -O2, -O3, -O6 on sparc and i386, and did + not see the problem reported, closes: #37154, #27516 + * Seems perl has worked around this (or libc has), since perl modules + are building fine, AFAICT, closes: #34110 + * Linus does not suggest doing /usr/include/{linux,asm} symlinks + anymore. closes: #24949 + * This isn't a glibc bug, it was a gdb bug that is now fixed. closes: #27544 + * lrint is defined with -D_ISOC99_SOURCE, closes: #43530 + * No reference to which docs, nor is there a test case, so: closes: #63511 + * Doh, this was already fixed by me in 2.2-6! closes: #79666 + * User malfunction, not a bug. closes: #39648, #50261, #36075 + * Including stdio.h only ensures that getline will work, it does not + guarantee you that it's return type is defined, which you must do + yourself. closes: #62511 + * O_LARGEFILE is only usable when compiling with -D_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE, + closes: #68873, #52455 + * Ok, strcoll doesn't seem as slow now as shown in the bug report when + LANG is set. The thing is, this function will always be slower when it + has to take localization into account. closes: #62803 + * Re bug #44093 + a) I'm pretty sure there is no problem with libc translating errno + from the kernel, else we'de have some serious problems. + b) The ioctl() manpage cannot document all returns (and in fact it + says that it does not document all ioctl types). + c) I'm pretty sure the EIO return on this particular case is generated + by the kernel. + closes: #44093 + * Tested this, and I was able to get 1022 temp files from mkstemp on a + single run, using the same template, closes: #31415 + * Ulrich Drepper, Re: sortlist in libresolv: + >It never was and in general is not wanted. Beside, it is another poor + >DNS feature which doesn't work with IPv6. Finally, the NSS gethost*() + >functions don't have the supporting code. + closes: #64327 + * lpd should not be using internal glibc functions. closes: #33686 + * makedb -V has no translation now, closes: #34702 + * Checking printf returns is left to the programmer, closes: #28250 + * Ok, the 51 pages of flaming in tis bug report leads me to believe that + this will never be resolved in glibc. IMO, it is up to the programmer + to be smart enough to check these things (where it matters). I am + closing this bug report on the precedence that it is not really a bug + because current functionality meets specs (and this bug report would + break that compatibility). This entire bug report should be archived + all on it's own. Hell, it should have it's own BTS just to track the + conversation. closes: #28251 + * mkstemp complies with SUSv2 and BSD 4.3. Changing it's bahvior would + cause portability problems. closes: #34793 + * Downgrading is not supported, closes: #36578 + * The test case did not use pthread_detach(), which resolved the issue. + closes: #25879 + * Fix devpts regex for when to mount devfs. closes: #79830 + * I believe Wichert found out that base-passwd did have a bug that was + causing this, and fixed it. closes: #55367, #79043 + * First of all, I do think tzconfig manpage needs to be in section 8. + However, changing the execute permissions does very little. In fact it + does nothing. Since normal users don't have perms to change the system + tz, it doesn't matter if they can execute tzconfig. closes: #62397 + * Added autofs to the services that need to be restarted. + closes: #80453, #79926 + * Use neat dpkg/awk one-liner from Adam Heath to get list of installed + services for the daemon check. closes: #80454 + * tzconfig allows you to choose UTC now. Just go to "12" (none of the + above), and then choose UTC. closes: #38556, #35094 + * Ok, my opinion on this is that you should check dlopen's return every + time. The example program shows that they did not do this. closes: #37604 + * Looks like a bug in haskell to me. closes: #37902 + * IIRC, all the BSD code is gone. closes: #58270 + * Bug report claims it is not a bug. closes: #42155 + * We have optimized libs now, so that should solve this. closes: #44619 + * I'm pretty sure this "large" wtmp file with only 3 entries is a sparse + file (check with du). closes: #43950 + * I seriously doubt that ld.so's LD_LIBRARY_PATH stopped working. + closes: #59110 + * I don't think this is a glibc bug. Sounds more like a cross-compiler + bug. closes: #68424 + * In Debian, 2.1.2 and 2.1.3 are binary compatible. closes: #60113 + * To get i18n/charmaps, you need to install i18ndata. closes: #65132 + * We don't need to mount shmfs anymore, closes: #65510 + * Fixed by dpkg, closes: #66913, #64906 + + -- Ben Collins Mon, 25 Dec 2000 08:42:49 -0500 + +glibc (2.2-6) unstable; urgency=low + + * Added m68k lchown fixes, plus removed conflict for libstdc++2.10-dev + on m68k. Bug/patch provided by Michael Fedrowitz + , closes: #78937 + * libc-opt: added memprof to the death list of packages that don't work + with our optimized libraries, closes: #79224 + * Added Provides: glibc2.2 to libc6/libc6.1/libc0.2 so I can make + locales dep on it, closes: #78495 + * CVS sync as of 2000-12-15 + * Fixed previously: closes: #75865, #77170, #75473 + * Added a "." counter while checking services for install, closes: #78881 + * %hhn works as expected in i386 in this version of glibc, closes: #79221 + * Looks like this is resolved, closes: #59429 + * The libc info page says not to use fgets on streams that may have NULL + char's, which sockets might, closes: #57729 + * This is probably fixed, if not reopen it please, closes: #24414 + * Well this bug report has no report in the BTS, I am going to assume + from the age and type of the title, that it is fixed, closes: #21272 + * Old ld.so issue, most likely resolved in hamm, closes: #46173 + * This bug is a simple programming mistake. For one the child never + * fills the buffer in certain cases, so it's contents are never flushed. + If the program called fflush after every output, then it works fine, + closes: #26226 + * The new upgrade code in libc postint should resolve this, closes: #64074 + * This is a compilation error. libc.so.6 does not contains fxstat + (libc-nonshared.a does), so if you don't link properly (like with + gcc), you will miss some symbols, closes: #36139 + * Similar to the above, also resolved, closes: #30427 + * Old ld.so bug, fixed, closes: #70658 + * Current localedef doesn't seem to segv on improper input, closes: #65634, #64878 + * YAOLDSOB (Yet Another LDSO Bug), closes: #42944 + * Lack of useful info in the BTS ("I suspect glibc" doesn't cut it), + closes: #36498 + * Someone needs to read release notes, closes: #41455 + * Uh, tzconfig works. Tzselect is not for changing timezones, but for + querying what the available ones are. From tzselect(1): + + Note that tzselect will not actually change the timezone + for you. Use the tzconfig(8) utility to achieve this. + + So you see, this is how it's meant to be, closes: #37409 + * Fixed in glibc 2.2, closes: #42512 + * a) all init scripts need to support restart + b) postinst uses stop/start now anyway + c) postinst fails much better now when things go wrong + + closes: #52914 + * getaddrinfo does DNS lookups regardless because of the nature of the + function. Also it handles ipv4/ipv6 better now, closes: #60743 + * I don't see why libc6 needs to create /etc/rcS.d/ when dpkg does it so + closes: #66138 + * strstr seems pretty fast now, closes: #10689 + * Latest emacs/libc6 is working fine, closes: #48476 + * YAOLDSOB, closes: #42135 + * libstdc++-v3/glibc2.2 compiles fine together, closes: #66757 + * strerror() with maxerror+1 works as expected now, closes: #40184 + * No other info, and no similar reports. Assuming user error, closes: #31465 + * Old ssh-nonfree getting a sigsegv is not a bug in libc6, but sshd, + closes: #41800 + * Restarting woffle already, closes: #74164 + * I believe this was due to some old nss1 issues, which are now resolved + during upgrades, closes: #35089 + * This is something libc6 itself cannot fix. Either way, rsh/rlogin is + broken by nature, closes: #19168 + * Well, I can't retroactively go back to hamm and add a stub for + setresuid(), closes: #29675 + * Fixed upstream a long time ago, closes: #39693 + * From unix/getlogin.c: + + /* Get name of tty connected to fd 0. Return NULL if not a tty or + if fd 0 isn't open. Note that a lot of documentation says that + getlogin() is based on the controlling terminal---what they + really mean is "the terminal connected to standard input". The + getlogin() implementation of DEC Unix, SunOS, Solaris, HP-UX all + return NULL if fd 0 has been closed, so this is the compatible + thing to do. Note that ttyname(open("/dev/tty")) on those + systems returns /dev/tty, so that is not a possible solution for + getlogin(). */ + + So basically, closes: #17528 + * Current nis/nss-compat code looks like it handles this right, + closes: #33197 + * libc6 cannot compensate for broken coding, closes: #42912 + * nprocs is fixed in 2.2, closes: #57101 + * libdb.so.2 does have shlibs now, closes: #39578 + * getcwd now returns NULL in the case shown in this bug report, so there + is no suprise if the program checks the return correctly, closes: + #27227 + * Adduser now restarts nscd as needed, closes: #37296 + * getaddrinfo fixes for ipv4/ipv6 fixes this, closes: #58713 + * Programs using libc5/libc6 at the same time via dynamically loading + libc5 apps from a libc6 apps) simply does not work, closes: #42088 + * getaddrinfo fix, closes: #70012 + * libc-64 was never meant to work right, closes: #53748 + * libNoVersion.so.1 is gone, closes: #37681 + * libc/postinst is file-rc friendly now, closes: #40053 + * libdb2 is no longer a reference for libdb stuff, closes: #61154 + * ld.so/ldconfig now have man pages, closes: #41917 + * Bah, libtricks is old and gone, closes: #39080 + * /var/state/glibc is gone, closes: #39562, #39705 + * glibc no longer includes db/db2, so look for docs in those seperate + packages, closes: #23547 + * scsi/scsi.h is there, closes: #31502 + * linux/joystick.h is there, closes: #38028 + * db.h is no longer in libc6-dev, closes: #39077, #74945 + * nprocs works on sparc now, closes: #52420 + * ldd now supports libc5 better, closes: #35644 + * Unreproducable, closes: #39582, #25773, #35624, #35123 + * /var/lib/misc/Makefile does not refer to /var/db, closes: #41947 + * llseek is obsolete, use lseek64 now, closes: #20988 + * Actually this looks like an error in the program, closes: #41952 + * Hmm, I would guess that libc6/libc5.4.38 is correct, and libc5.4.17 is + wrong, close: #21839 + * Fixed in the Before Time, during the Great Long-Long Ago, + closes: #39585, #34442, #59622, #24652 + * That's all for now... + + -- Ben Collins Fri, 15 Dec 2000 15:30:16 -0500 + +glibc (2.2-5) unstable; urgency=low + + * Update to CVS as of 2000-11-27 + - Includes hppa config stuff + * Ok, libsafe seems to be broken with our optimized packages. I + reassigned the bug report to that package. Most likely this wont be + fixed in libsafe for a bit, so for now I am making the optimized + packages conflict with it. The likely cause is the inline string + functions (-D__USE_STRING_INLINES). + * libc/postinst: added lprng and lpr to the list of daemons to restart, + closes: #78132 + + -- Ben Collins Mon, 27 Nov 2000 11:33:25 -0500 + +glibc (2.2-4) unstable; urgency=low + + * Dear god! Who changed things to a symlink in the kernel-headers and + didn't tell me of all people!? This must be a conspiracy! Some one is + out to get me! Everyone, I am going to go underground until the + security of my system is safe once again! (btw, I fixed the asm + include problem before I took a vacation from my sanity...) + + -- Ben Collins Thu, 23 Nov 2000 18:19:24 -0500 + +glibc (2.2-3) unstable; urgency=low + + * Damn, really remove libc6 dep from locales this time + * Include shlibs file with optimized libs, so dpkg-shlibdeps will be + happy with people using them. + * Added updates eo_EO locale + + -- Ben Collins Wed, 22 Nov 2000 15:40:12 -0500 + +glibc (2.2-2) unstable; urgency=low + + * Update to CVS to 2000-11-19 + - Includes the ldconfig patch, so removed from local set + - WOOHOO! Includes a patch to getaddrinfo, so that it only returns + failure if both ipv4 AND ipv6 lookups fail for PF_UNSPEC. + closes: #72764, #72905, #74692, #74692, #74367, #75388, #74692 + - Now includes the USAGI ipv6 patch + * control/locales: remove $(libc) dep...bad for a arch-all package, + closes: #76830 + * Move locales to binary-indep targets, closes: #76830 + * Add another hppa patch for _setjmp. Also, make hppa build with -O for + now. + * libc-dbg: make debug/ld*.so executable + * $(libc): suggests libnss-db + * locale-gen: set umask to 022, closes: #77191 + * etc/locale.gen: uncomment en_US as a default + * debian/sysdeps/optimized.mk: New make snippet, which allows building + optimized sets of runtime libraries. Right now, only sparc and i386 + seem to support hwcap, so we only build i586, i686 and v9 optimized + libraries. When other archs start supporting hwcap, then they too can + join the club. + * prep.sh: use ./version, so ash will work too + * Fixed prior to this release: closes: #71938, #75295, #75488, #76168 + + -- Ben Collins Sun, 19 Nov 2000 16:32:27 -0500 + +glibc (2.2-1) unstable; urgency=low + + * ALL HAIL GLIBC 2.2 RELEASE! Please put seats in full upright position, + remain seated until installed, and do not panic. The ride is almost + over. Once you have installed Glibc 2.2, please procede to our new + Debian-Rough-Ride, Xfree86-4.0.1, which is currently in progress. + * glibc22-ipv6-USAGI.dpatch: New patch, brings some stability and + compatibility to ipv6. This will most likely fix ipv6 issues with + things like ssh (let me know). + * Totally whack job on the locales package! We now do not provide *any* + precompiled locales. Instead we allow the admin to selectively decide + which ones to compile. + * Start of support for future upgrades. A new patch that should make + upgrades easier, post woody. This deals soley with the NSS module + problem and daemons running during upgrade. + * glibc22-hppa-config-fix: Fix config.{sub,guess} so hppa builds (From + the nice Debian folks at HP). BTW, where's my HP/PA BOX!? :) + * glibc22-ldconfig-fix: Fix bad allocation in ldconfig + * Bugs closed by this release: closes: #74057, #74362, #74692, #75249, + #75956, #76390, #76451 + + -- Ben Collins Fri, 10 Nov 2000 12:47:02 -0500 + +glibc (2.1.97-1) unstable; urgency=low + + * New upstream, + recent CVS + - includes lockf fix now + - fixes fmemopen issues + - adds ja_JP.ujis alias, closes: #72686 + - fixes for sparc mathinline.h + - lots of locale related updates + - mips patches are now included upstream + * depflags.pl: added replaces ldso for libc6 too (ldd), closes: #76126 + * Set --enable-kernel for Linux builds, so we can control how much + backward compatibility we have. + * Fix build-depends for gcc to include epoch + * Up'd the shlibs deps to 2.1.97 + * Removed static nss + + -- Ben Collins Tue, 7 Nov 2000 14:04:36 -0500 + +glibc (2.1.96-1) unstable; urgency=low + + * New upstream release (close to a final 2.2), closes: #73058 + - fixes ld.so reference counting (fixes some obscure bugs with + loadable modules, like NSS). + - fixes for ppc + - netinet/tcp.h fixes for uint8, closes: #74061 + - fixes limits.h/LONG_MAX declerations, closes: #75720 + * When running "$(MAKE) test" use -k so we complete as much as possible + * db/Makefile: remove patch that inhibited the db1 headers. Now, db1 + applications can be built again. This is temporary, to give poeple + time to migrate (db2 maintainer can use this for db_dump185), + closes: #72723 + * shlibs.mk: Use $(objdir)/soversions.i for generating the shlibs file, + which is more correct. Thanks to Marcus Brinkman for pointing this + out, closes: #75685 + * debian/glibc-doc/usr/share/doc-base/linuxthreads-faq: removed, no + longer in upstream source, closes: #74046 + * libc/postinst: added wu-ftpd, wu-ftpd-academ, slapd, openldapd and + logind to list of daemons to to restart, closes: #74158 + * libc/postinst: added support for filerc, thanks to Roland Rosenfeld + , closes: #74290 + * libc/postinst: check for existence of /sbin/init before restarting it, + closes: #75310 + * sysdeps/depflags.pl: Change g++ conflict to libstdc++-dev so we + precludes the right package (i.e., we need a newer libstdc++-dev, not a + new g++), closes: #75019 + * sysdeps/depflags.pl: make libc6 depend on libdb2 from woody so we + don't make apt act all weird with a three layer dependency of sorts + (ask Jason, I'm not sure of all the issues, but it seems it is needed + for now), closes: #75601, #75689 + * sysdeps/generic/lockf.c: explicitly set l_type to F_RDLCK (help from + Anton on this one) + * dl-machine.h.mips-2: new patch from Florian Lohoff to + fix ld.so segv on mips (I expect to see some .deb's in the official + archive soon, my Indy is getting jealous :) + + -- Ben Collins Sun, 29 Oct 2000 16:39:12 -0500 + +glibc (2.1.95-1) unstable; urgency=low + + * New upstream release + * debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: Don't conflict/replace old libdb2, just + conflict. + * debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: Don't just check the service name with + "dpkg -s" since we miss things like inetd, which isn't in a package + named "inetd". Check for "installed" and "", then -x of the init.d + file + * debian/patches/ldd.dpatch: fixup so we don't get double output of + libraries, closes: #72710 + * debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: Hmm...where did the libnss-db dep go + anyway? There now. + * debian/manpages/: Added man pages for ldd, ldconfig and ld.so + to replace the ones removed from ld.so, closes: #72648, #72727 + * locales fixed in -2, closes: #72752 + + -- Ben Collins Mon, 2 Oct 2000 11:18:48 -0400 + +glibc (2.1.94-3) unstable; urgency=low + + * updated CVS post-2.1.94 to 20000929 + * Put db/db2 libs back in for runtime use only (not linkable and no + headers). Closes a shitload of bugs, and makes everyone happy. Oh, let + the sun shine down. + * alpha-dwarf2-dl-machine: merged upstream + * debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: removed all the db2 cruft conflicts + * debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: Use /etc/rc${rl}.d/ instead of + /etc/init.d/ when restarting services. This way, we don't start any + services that were meant to be off. Also, check for a non-zero exit when + starting and report such failures. This will give people a heads up to + any problems. + + -- Ben Collins Fri, 29 Sep 2000 16:29:59 -0400 + +glibc (2.1.94-2) unstable; urgency=low + + * Removed WANT_LDD, we now install it for every arch. This removes the + need for the ldso package completely, on systems without libc5 (YAH!) + * debian/sysdeps/depflags.mk: removed cruft + * debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: new script with a simplified control deps + setup to replace depflags.mk. The former was getting too complex + * debian/rules.d/shlibs.mk: fixed logic preventing it from actually + installing the new shlibs file + * debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl: Added lots of conflicts for NMU'd packages + that fell prey to the db2 problems. + * debian/contron.in/main: Fix nscd depend on libc6 + + -- Ben Collins Wed, 27 Sep 2000 10:09:51 -0400 + +glibc (2.1.94-1) unstable; urgency=low + + * New maintainer, "Lector, si monumentum requiris, circumspice" + * New upstream version, pre 2.2 now + - crypt is now in glibc source, so is not a seperate tarball + - removed nss1 compat tarball + - db2 is gone aswell + - without db2, upstream split nss_db from main source (*sigh*) + * Added inetd to list of services to restart + * modfl/fmodl: documented in info pages, closes: #17874 + * Just a quick list of bugs that I can verify do not exist any longer, + closes: #45903, #26514, #46547, #32345, #30987, #48713 + * fcloseall: in the case of stdio/fcloseall.c, yes, it only ever + returns success. However, we use libio/fcloseall.c, who does in fact + have a chance to return EOF, closes: #20973 + * libio/libio.h: shows that the Stream Hooks do in fact take (void *) as + the first argument as shown in the protos, closes: #61497 + * trunc/floor: documented correctly in this release, closes: #65683, #65684 + * Hurd maintainers say this can be closed, closes: #54154 + * I'm pretty sure this isn't an issue anymore, else potato wouldn't be + releasing, closes: #35049 + * Sorry this isn't a glibc bug. The kernel handles error returns on a + failed executable. Most likely this is bin_interp's problem, but I + seriously doubt it will be fixed because of conventions, standards and + the like, closes: #22301 + * keyenvoy: no longer compiled for linux (it seems), closes: #47560 + * infnan: is defined now, closes: #19264 + * libc5 bug, no longer applies, closes: #11300 + * Make sure we copy over asm-sparc for sparc aswell as "generate-asm.sh" + script used to generate /usr/include/asm + * Disable parallel build on sparc (broken for some reason, might not be + sparc specific) + * devpts.sh: used a more devfs friendly version from bug submitter, + closes: #65276 + * libc/postinst: cannot reproduce problem, appears to be user error, + closes: #64865 + * glibc-doc: this bug is no longer valid, closes: #33759 + * We now use ldconfig from libc6 for all archs, ldso will conform. + * Change build deps to just "kernel-headers" for non-Hurd archs. With + mips and other coming down the pipe, this is bound to get ugly if we + specify the particular version for each. + * Add checks to automatically detect proper kernel-headers, error out + otherwise. + * hurd: add Depends: hurd (>= 20000803) for libc0.2 + * libpthread: soname version is now 0.9 + * debian/libc/DEBIAN/shlibs: bump to 2.1.94 + * libc6: add temporary depend on libdb2 + * debian/rules: check for FAKEROOTKEY, and fail if it's there. We cannot + build under fakeroot, we need real rewt. Fear my hacking skillz. + + -- Ben Collins Mon, 25 Sep 2000 11:30:45 -0400 + +glibc (2.1.3-14) stable; urgency=low + + * Stable upload for some serious issues in potato + * Patch to match glibc 2.2 to not set personality, closes: #72165 + * Arm ld.so patch, closes: #75982 + * Add check for FAKEROOTKEY, to $(checkroot) to make sure we build as + real root, and not fakeroot. This is required for locale definitions + to be generated properly. closes: #70806, #70876 + * Backport the fix to lockf(F_TEST), which fixed this on alpha and + sparc. + + -- Ben Collins Tue, 2 Jan 2001 17:15:44 -0500 + +glibc (2.1.3-13) stable; urgency=low + + * Damnit...used the 0824 patch set, now there's an 0827 :/ + + -- Ben Collins Fri, 1 Sep 2000 10:54:11 -0400 + +glibc (2.1.3-12) stable; urgency=low + + * Ugh, add three patches posted by Solar Designer which include the ldso + bug (better patch), locales bug, and md5 fixups. + + -- Ben Collins Thu, 31 Aug 2000 11:10:46 -0400 + +glibc (2.1.3-11) stable; urgency=low + + * Security upload for ldso problem + * Fix sparc headers too + * Might aswell change the maintainer too (So long Joel, you are missed) + + -- Ben Collins Thu, 31 Aug 2000 11:10:36 -0400 + +glibc (2.1.3-10) frozen unstable; urgency=low + + * The "Ask not for whom the feep tolls" release. + * zic -l will use hardlinks if /etc and /usr are on the same + filesystem, so revert to ln -s. + * Update Build-Depends to kernel-headers-2.2.15. + + -- Joel Klecker Fri, 28 Apr 2000 18:45:49 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.3-9) frozen unstable; urgency=low + + * The "Insert clever reference here" release. + * debian/patches: + - i386-sys-io-c++: Change '::' to ': :' to avoid confusing g++ + + closes: Bug#57914 + - zic-l: Fix -l in zic(8) (taken from OpenBSD) + * Teach tzconfig to acquire current timezone from /etc/localtime + symlink if necessary. + * Use zic -l instead of ln to make /etc/localtime symlink. + + -- Joel Klecker Fri, 21 Apr 2000 13:30:47 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.3-8) frozen unstable; urgency=low + + * The "What's my name? Say my name, bitch!" release. + * debian/patches: + - i386-linux-ucontext: Don't use ERR. + + closes: Bug#59962 + - ldd: + + Improve non-executable shared object handling. + + Revert ${RTLD} --list stuff. (closes:Bug#60869) + + alpha will break again, someone needs to fix ld.so. + * debian/control.in/main: locales: Depends: @libc@ (= ${Source-Version}) + This will insulate us from data format changes. + * Fix tzconfig man page (closes:Bug#61610,#61613). + * Revert /etc/localtime to a symlink (closes:Bug#60744). + + -- Joel Klecker Mon, 3 Apr 2000 08:40:07 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.3-7) frozen unstable; urgency=low + + * The "Light my Alpha fire with a SPARC" release. + * debian/patches: + - libc-pr-fixes: Fixes for post-2.1.3 PRs + + closes: Bug#59802,#59257 + - tzdata2000c: Includes AR timezone correction + + closes: Bug#59790,#59806 + - sparc-linux-getsysstats: Update so it actually works. + - alpha-dwarf2-dl-machine: Fix for unaligned traps from C++ EH code + + closes: Bug#59789 + + -- Joel Klecker Tue, 7 Mar 2000 10:31:42 -0800 + +glibc (2.1.3-6) frozen unstable; urgency=low + + * The "Smash Everything with a _Huge Steamroller_!" release. + * debian/sysdeps/gnu.mk: Define WANT_LDD (closes:Bug#59165). + * debian/libc/DEBIAN/preinst: Make this as /bin/bash script (closes:Bug#59613). + * debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: + - Only make /var/mail symlink on upgrades. + - Make this a /bin/bash script. + * debian/sysdeps/depflags.mk: (libc_control_flags) + C/R/P gconv-modules where necessary, Replace locales (<< 2.1.3-5). + * debian/control.in/main: Build-Indep-Depends: perl5 (closes:Bug#59350). + * debian/libc/etc/init.d/devpts.sh: Remove version check, checking for + the filesystems alone should be sufficient (closes:Bug#59576). + + -- Joel Klecker Sat, 4 Mar 2000 09:28:08 -0800 + +glibc (2.1.3-5) frozen unstable; urgency=high + + * The "Down, not across" release. + * 2.1.3 final. + * Pre-Depends were a bad idea + - quit using readlink. + - removed pre-depends on debianutils. + * Add devpts.sh again, this time not as a conffile. + * Build-Depends: gcc (>= 2.95.2-6) [alpha], remove sharutils [alpha]. + * Move /usr/lib/gconv to $(libc). + + -- Joel Klecker Sat, 26 Feb 2000 00:14:34 -0800 + +glibc (2.1.3-4) frozen unstable; urgency=low + + * The "Pain as bright as steel squared" release. + * glibc 2.1.3pre4. + * Remove debian/patches/po-it-po.dpatch, + debian/patches/powerpc-linux-sys-procfs.h.dpatch, and + debian/patches/powerpc-linux-syscalls.list-mmap64.dpatch; + Integrated upstream. + * Add back debian/patches/linuxthreads-lock.dpatch now that I know + what it's for (closes:Bug#58385). + * Bugs closed since devpts.sh is gone (closes:Bug#57584,#57698,#57580). + * debian/libc/DEBIAN/preinst: + - Save a copy of /etc/timezone in /etc/timezone.save. + - Convert /etc/localtime from link to file. + * debian/libc/DEBIAN/postinst: + - Use /etc/timezone.save if necessary. (closes:Bug#57885,#57922). + - Remove some unnecessary timezone code that caused some odd behavior + (closes:Bug#57456). + * tzconfig: /etc/localtime is a file, not a link. + * $(libc): Pre-Depend on debianutils (>= 1.13.1) for readlink. + + -- Joel Klecker Fri, 18 Feb 2000 17:35:19 -0800 + +glibc (2.1.3-3) frozen unstable; urgency=low + + * The "Pain as bright as steel" release. + * Move iconv, locale, localedef to $(libc). + * Remove devpts.sh. + * debian/patches/po-it-po.dpatch: + Add "portable object" for Italian (closes:Bug#57031). + * $(libc): Replaces: locales (closes:Bug#57482). + * Add Build-Depend for gettext (closes:Bug#57797). + + -- Joel Klecker Fri, 11 Feb 2000 13:02:13 -0800 + +glibc (2.1.3-2) frozen unstable; urgency=low + + * The "Dark, Naughty Evil" release. + * debian/patches/powerpc-linux-sys-procfs.h.dpatch: + Fix sys/procfs.h for powerpc-linux. + + -- Joel Klecker Mon, 7 Feb 2000 17:38:54 -0800 + +glibc (2.1.3-1) frozen unstable; urgency=low + + * The "From now on all of my world-killing weapons will be kept a TOTAL SECRET!" release. + or the "Brown Paper Bag" release. + * Really fix devpts.sh + (closes:Bug#56659,#56687,#56726,#56770,#56782,#56893,#56941,#56850,#56659,#57049,#57005,#57156,#57183). + * Give up and call it 2.1.3. + * CVS as of 2000-01-31. + * Move some docs from glibc-doc back to $(libc). + * Make /etc/init.d/devpts.sh and /etc/default/devpts conffiles (closes:Bug#57081). + * Reenable libnss1-compat.. + + -- Joel Klecker Sun, 6 Feb 2000 08:55:41 -0800 + +glibc (2.1.2-13) frozen unstable; urgency=low + + * The "@!%$&! you, I use Debian" release. + * debian/patches/powerpc-linux-syscalls.list-mmap64.dpatch: + Fix mmap and stuff (closes:Bug#56343). + * Add sharutils [alpha] to Build-Depends, drop gcc dep. + * $(libc): conflict with locales (<< 2.1.2-12). + * locales: replaces $(libc)-bin (closes:Bug#56540,#56536,#56534). + * Fix devpts.sh (closes:Bug#56487,#56507,#56559). + * Update to CVS as of 2000-01-29. + * Restore HTML to glibc-doc (closes:Bug#56609). + + -- Joel Klecker Sun, 30 Jan 2000 01:14:05 -0800 + +glibc (2.1.2-12) frozen unstable; urgency=low + + * The "Cardboard Messiah" release. + * debian/rules: Form arch_packages and indep_packages using += instead + of $(filter-out ...). + * debian/package-rules/locales.mk: Remove cross-compiling kluges. + * debian/package-rules/libc-dbg.mk: Fix libthread_db (closes:Bug#55439). + * debian/control.in/main: + - locales: Architecture all -> any. + - Build-Depends: + + add make (>= 3.78) due to use of new warning and error make functions. + + add gcc (>= 2.95.2-5) for alpha. + * Merge gconv-modules back into locales. + * Move locale and localedef programs back into locales. + * Put devpts.sh init script back in $(libc). (closes:Bug#50913,#53842) + * Add Replaces for timezones back into $(libc). + * Kill $(libc)-bin. + * Restore `tzselect' script, which slipped out of $(libc) (closes:Bug#55377) + * Bugs fixed in -11.0.1 (closes:Bug#53705,#53659,#53680,#53754 + * Update to CVS as of 2000-01-26. + * Eliminate obsoleted patches. + + -- Joel Klecker Wed, 26 Jan 2000 16:44:12 -0800 + +glibc (2.1.2-11.0.1) unstable; urgency=low + + * Binary-only upload of locales. + + -- Joel Klecker Wed, 29 Dec 1999 11:45:56 -0800 + +glibc (2.1.2-11) unstable; urgency=low + + * The "If it ain't broke, you're not tryin'" release. + * Split out $(libc)-bin and libnss1-compat. + * Split debian/rules into debian/package-rules/*. + $(libc-bin): + - Install db_* programs as glibcdb_*. + - Move zic, zdump, locale, localedef, getent here. + - Use alternatives for db_*. (closes:Bug#50311,#50341) + * debian/mk/rules-* -> debian/rules.d/*. + * debian/ now resembles $(tmpdir) tree for . + * Improve setperms rule, so debian/perms can specify fewer files. + * New source unpacking system, see prep.sh. + * Remove devpts.sh, the init script is now in sysvinit. + * Improve debian/libc/DEBIAN/shlibs rule (debian/rules.d/shlibs.mk). + * debian/sysdeps/soname.mk: Bump shlib_depend. + * Add sysdeps files for $(DEB_HOST_GNU_CPU). + * Add debian/patches/glibc-mega.dpatch: + Selected patches from CVS (closes:Bug#48120,#52195). + * Add debian/patches/linuxthreads-mega.dpatch: + Selected patches from CVS. + * Add debian/patches/alpha-pt-machine.h.dpatch: + Fix pt-machine.h so that linuxthreads compiles on Alpha. + * Add debian/patches/db2-alpha-powerpc-mutex.dpatch: + Alpha and PowerPC implementations for db2 spinlocks. + (patches by David Huggins-Daines ) + (db2 patch slightly modified) + * Add debian/patches/powerpc-plt.dpatch: + 1999-10-07 Geoffrey Keating + * sysdeps/powerpc/dl-machine.c: Many minor formatting changes. + (OPCODE_LWZU): New macro. + (OPCODE_ADDIS_HI): New macro. + (OPCODE_LIS_HI): New macro. + (__elf_machine_runtime_setup): Change PLT code-generation scheme + for thread safety even with very large PLTs, better efficiency, + and to fix a cache-flushing bug. + (__elf_machine_fixup_plt): Likewise. + (__process_machine_rela): Don't use elf_machine_fixup_plt. + * Add debian/patches/sparc64-linux-lib64.dpatch: + Use /lib/64 and /usr/lib/64 instead of /lib64 and /usr/lib64. + * Add debian/patches/sparc64-linux-execve.dpatch: + Add __syscall_execve to sparc64 syscalls.list. + * Add automatic parallel build support for SMP systems. + * Fix broken parsing of DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS. + * Add framework to build libc6-64 and libc6-64-dev packages for sparc + (not enabled for potato). + * Split locales into `locales' and `i18ndata'. + + -- Joel Klecker Sat, 25 Dec 1999 09:54:29 -0800 + +glibc (2.1.2-10) unstable; urgency=low + + * The "Omigod! I overdosed on heroin!" release. + * debian/devpts.init: Create /dev/ptmx unconditionally. + * Restore correct nscd DEBIAN dir. + * Revamp rules a bit (split more parts into debian/mk/rules-*). + * debian/mk/sysdeps.mk: Split into pieces and include them. + * debian/patches/tzcode1999h.dpatch: + Update timezone data to 1999h release. + * Add stub for support for libc6-64 packages for sparc. + * Add one more last timezone sanity check to libc postinst (closes:Bug#49539). + * Always unpack linuxthreads add on and pass --enable-add-ons=crypt to + configure for hurd (closes:Bug#49459). + + -- Joel Klecker Mon, 8 Nov 1999 09:47:28 -0800 + +glibc (2.1.2-9) unstable; urgency=low + + * The "Service with a capital 'Bugger Off'" release. + * debian/copyright: Update for 2.1.2. + * debian/rules: Make each binary package depend on setperms (closes:Bug#48914). + * Move debian/libc-doc to debian/glibc-doc and eliminate the need for + postinst and prerm to be generated files. (closes:Bug#48786). + + -- Joel Klecker Sun, 31 Oct 1999 09:23:16 -0800 + +glibc (2.1.2-8) unstable; urgency=low + + * The "Can't Start a Fire Without a SPARC" release. + * Build with unstable dpkg. + * debian/patches/sparc-various.dpatch: Various sparc-specific patches + from Jakub Jelinek and David S. Miller . + + -- Joel Klecker Sat, 30 Oct 1999 06:55:33 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.2-7) unstable; urgency=high + + * The "Fuck Me Harder" release. + * sparc-linux: Replaces: ldso (<< 1.9.11-6). + * debian/{libc.postinst.in,libc/prerm}: Add /usr/doc symlink stuff (closes:Bug#48324). + * debian/control.in-main: Adjust locales depends. + Correct Build-Depends: field. + * debian/mk/source-rules.mk: Split unpack-source, source, and orig-source + targets from debian/rules. + * debian/patches/manual-texinfo4.dpatch: Use @ifnottex instead of @ifinfo. + * Use makeinfo --html to generate HTML version of glibc manual. + * Remove texi2html from debian/scripts. + * Fix debian/scripts/Makefile for cross-compiling. + * Correct debian/patches/string2-pointer-arith.dpatch for archs that don't + support unaligned memory accesses. + + -- Joel Klecker Fri, 29 Oct 1999 09:06:27 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.2-6) unstable; urgency=low + + * The "Evil Bitch Monster of Death" release. + * debian/rules: Move debian/control targets to... + debian/mk/debian-control.mk. + * Move debian/*.mk to debian/mk/. + * Use debian//* for control archive items. + Adjust debian/rules for this. + * Add setperms target to set modes of debian//*. + Make unpack-source and clean depend on it. + * Don't compile with -g when DEB_HOST_GNU_CPU is alpha. + * debian/patches/string2-pointer-arith: New file. + Fix "/usr/include/bits/string2.h:419: warning: pointer of type `void *' + used in arithmetic" (closes:Bug#45824,#44491,#44697) + * Change maintainer back to "Joel Klecker ". + * Update to CVS sources as of 1999-10-24. + * debian/patches/{linuxthreads-signals.c-ucontext,cs-po}.dpatch: + Fixes for source tree brokenness. + * Adjust clean target for new generated files. + * Add libresolv to $(libc)-pic. + * Add readlink.c and texi2html to debian/scripts to eliminate tetex-bin dependency. + * nscd: Install nscd_nischeck. + Sync nscd.init with upstream. + * Implement /usr/doc symlinks. + * $(libc): strip libpthread with --strip-debug. + + -- Joel Klecker Sun, 24 Oct 1999 20:50:58 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.2-5) unstable; urgency=low + + * The "One more week to go" release. + * debian/patches/localedata-SUPPORTED: + Oops, this patch wasn't actually being applied. + eo_EO, zh_TW.Big5, and es_AR should be [back] in locales now. + Back out zh_CN, the definition is broken. + * Remove sparc from HAVE_LIBC{4,5}, we want to install our ldd. + * debian/patches/sparc-linux-ldd.dpatch: New file. + Restore missing patch (in ChangeLog, not in source). + * debian/sysdeps.mk: Tighten alpha shlib_depend to libc6.1 (>= 2.1.2-1). + + -- Joel Klecker Tue, 28 Sep 1999 04:55:35 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.2-4) unstable; urgency=low + + * The "Perl Sucks" release. + * debian/libc.postinst: Steal updatercd shell function from sysvinit postinst. + Use it for devpts.sh. (closes:Bug#45867,#45879,#45880,#45885,#45895) + Bitch-slap perl maintainers. :) + * debian/rules: nscd: run nscd.conf through sed 's/adm/log/'. + * debian/patches/sparc-llnux-chown.dpatch: Update from Ben Collins. + * debian/sysdeps.mk: Drop sparc-linux depends back to libc6 (>= 2.0.105). + + -- Joel Klecker Fri, 24 Sep 1999 12:39:26 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.2-3) unstable; urgency=low + + * The "Pot-smoking Pikachu" release. + * debian/rules: Don't install ldd man page on i386/m68k (closes:Bug#45421). + check: Don't depend on build. + Symlink db_dump185 manpage to db_dump manpage (closes:Bug#42322). + $(libc)-pic: Install map file for libm. + Install map files as $(libdir)/libfoo_pic.map. + * debian/patches/zh_TW.Big5-locale.dpatch: + Split into localedata-charmap-BIG5_1984 and localedata-zh_TW.Big5. + * debian/patches/eo_EO-locale.dpatch: Rename to... + localedata-eo_EO. + * debian/patches/localedata-SUPPORTED.dpatch: New file. + Add eo_EO, es_AR (closes:Bug#37162), zh_CN.GB2312 (closes:Bug#38553), + zh_TW.Big5. + * debian/patches/pthread_create-manpage.dpatch: New file. + Correct pthread_create manpage to match texinfo documentation + (closes:Bug#22119). + + -- Joel Klecker Wed, 22 Sep 1999 19:16:01 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.2-2) unstable; urgency=low + + * The "Bite Me" release. + * debian/rules: $(libc): strip pt_chown. + Don't install ldd on i386/m68k. + Query dpkg-architecture variables individually. + Use bunzip2 -c ... | tar xf - instead of tar yxf. + $(libc)-pic: Add libm_pic.a. + check: New target; run test suite. + Call make with SHELL=/bin/bash, as the test suite seems to rely on + bash behavior. + Use --strip-unneeded (closes:Bug#40467). + * debian/sysdeps.mk: reorganize. + * debian/patches/generic-getenv.dpatch: New file. + 1999-09-10 Andreas Schwab + + * sysdeps/generic/getenv.c (getenv): Fix lookup for single + character variable on bigendian platforms without unaligned memory + access. + + -- Joel Klecker Thu, 16 Sep 1999 14:41:28 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.2-1) unstable; urgency=low + + * The "Gone Evil" release. + * glibc 2.1.2 final. + - Properly free mmaps for archs without spinlocks in db2 (closes:Bug#43786). + + * debian/rules: configure: Fix hurd part (missing \). + Add frame.o hack for alpha. + Use CFLAGS instead of default_cflags. + Create srcdir for each arch. + Remove arch/indep patch split. + New directory layout (build/foo- -> build//foo). + Use bz2 tarballs. + + * debian/patches/sparc-linux-types.dpatch: Remove, applied upstream. + + * devpts.sh never used any bashisms (closes:Bug#43296). + + -- Joel Klecker Tue, 7 Sep 1999 05:00:58 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.2-0pre12) unstable; urgency=low + + * The "Espy's Birthday" release. + * debian/rules: (libc-pic) strip debugging symbols from *_pic.a. + interp.o is no longer needed. + + * debian/patches/sparc-linux-types.dpatch: New file. + 1999-07-25 Jakub Jelinek + + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/sparc/bits/types.h: Define always + __qaddr_t. + __ino64_t should be 32bit unsigned type on sparc32. + Define __off64_t to __quad_t instead of __int64_t. + Make __pic_pid_t unsigned on sparc32. + + * Really change maintainer name to Debian GNU C Library Maintainers. + + * debian/control.in-libc: s/m@archs@/many/ (closes:Bug#43657). + + * debian/devpts.init: Check if devpts is already mounted before trying + to mount it. (closes:Bug#43658,#43659). + Remove exit 0 from end (closes:Bug#42541) + + * Fixed upstream: db_dump185 now linked with libdb1 (closes:Bug#42898). + + -- Joel Klecker Sun, 29 Aug 1999 07:51:16 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.2-0pre11) unstable; urgency=high + + * The "Lesbian Seagull" release. + * glibc 2.1.2pre3. + + -- Joel Klecker Wed, 25 Aug 1999 15:33:23 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.2-0pre10) unstable; urgency=low + + * The "Crack-smoking Squirrel" release. + * CVS as of 1999-08-21. + * Change maintainer name to Debian GNU C Library Maintainers. + + -- Joel Klecker Sat, 21 Aug 1999 10:57:42 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.2-0pre9) unstable; urgency=low + + * The "Son of Drunken Iceweasel" release. + * Compile with gcc 2.95.1. + * CVS as of 1999-08-18. + + -- Joel Klecker Wed, 18 Aug 1999 11:11:29 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.2-0pre8) unstable; urgency=low + + * The "Drunken Iceweasel" release. + * Compile with gcc 2.95.1-0pre1. + * Remove explicit -march=i386 on i386, it's no longer needed. + + -- Joel Klecker Sun, 15 Aug 1999 08:34:55 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.2-0pre7) unstable; urgency=low + + * The "Evil Mastermind" release. + * CVS as of 1999-08-09. + * debian/patches/arm-osabi.dpatch: "...and another patch bites the dust" + (functionality integrated upstream). + * Add -march=i386 on i386 to work around gcc lossage. + + -- Joel Klecker Tue, 10 Aug 1999 01:54:57 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.2-0pre6) unstable; urgency=low + + * The "Stoned Monkey" release. + * More adjustments for multi-arch build tree. + * Split patch rules into debian/patch-rules.mk. + * Divide patch system into indep and arch patches. + * Update sources to CVS as of 1999-08-08 (closes:Bug#42579,#42343). + - I think perhaps this will fix the StarOrifice problem too. + + -- Joel Klecker Sun, 8 Aug 1999 21:11:12 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.2-0pre5) unstable; urgency=low + + * The "Chainsaw Psycho" release. + * Install zdump in $(bindir). + * Fix 3l33t control frags system for "weird" architectures. ;) + * Avoid using DEB_*_ARCH variables, for they are evil. :) + + -- Joel Klecker Fri, 6 Aug 1999 05:34:55 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.2-0pre4) unstable; urgency=low + + * 2.1.2pre2. + * Run testsuite in build target. + * $(libc)-pic: Provides: glibc-pic. + * Logging is back. + * Update copyright file. + + -- Joel Klecker Sun, 1 Aug 1999 17:58:49 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.2-0pre3) unstable; urgency=low + + * CVS as of 19990730. + * Implement new debian/control-frags system. + * $(libc)-pic is back. + * {gconv-modules,$(libc)-{pic,dev,dbg,prof}}: + doc dirs are directories again. + + -- Joel Klecker Fri, 30 Jul 1999 10:52:06 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.2-0pre2) unstable; urgency=low + + * debian/rules: Fix typo that prevented all the linux-specific + patches from being applied. + + -- Joel Klecker Mon, 26 Jul 1999 14:44:46 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.2-0pre1) unstable; urgency=low + + * New upstream pre-release 2.1.2pre1. + * debian/depflags.mk. + - (libc_dev_control_flags): + Add conflicts to alpha/i386/m68k for libncurses4-dev (<< 4.2-3.1) and + libreadlineg2-dev (<< 2.1-13.1). + - (libc_control_flags): + Add conflicts to alpha/i386/m68k for libglib1.2 (<< 1.2.1-2). + * devpts.init: + - Cope with EXTRAVERSION in uname -r (closes:Bug#41064,#41389). + - Don't worry about /dev/ptmx anymore, glibc now checks for a mounted + devpts filesystem as well as an existing /dev/ptmx. + * debian/patches/{ieee754_y0,linux-mmap64,libio-oldiopopen}.dpatch: + Removed; applied upstream. + * debian/patches/arm-{dynamiclinker,tftp}.dpatch: + Removed; applied upstream. + * debian/patches/arm-string.dpatch: + Remove string/endian.h part (applied upstream) and rename to arm-ieee754. + * Disable building of $(libc)-pic, the boot-floppies library + reduction hack doesn't work anyway. + * Adjusted rules for dpkg-architecture and reworked source unpacking + to handle snapshot upstream versions better. + * Use suidmanager for pt_chown. + * More fully adopt dpkg-architecture system. + * Correct libc.preinst for sparc. + * Set sparc shlib_depend to $(libc) (>= 2.1) per request. + + -- Joel Klecker Sat, 24 Jul 1999 12:35:05 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.1-13) unstable; urgency=low + + * debian/devpts.init: Revise again. + * debian/rules: debian/shlibs: Add special case for libdb1. + * debian/sysdeps.mk: Add cflags variable and i386 hack + (hopefully this will allow the library to run on 386es again). + * Use 2.2.10 kernel headers by default on *-linux targets. + * Docs in /usr/share/doc. + * debian/control.in: Update Standards-Version to 3.0.0. + * debian/fhs.dpatch: Adjust for FHS 2.1pre2 /var/mail wording. + * debian/libc.postinst: Symlink /var/mail to /var/spool/mail. + * Integrate changes from Jim Pick's NMUs for arm (closes:#40927,#40479,#40691). + * debian/patches/ieee754_y0.dpatch: Upstream fix for yn() issue. + * debian/patches/linux-mmap64.dpatch: Fix for mmap64() on powerpc + (maybe others too). + * debian/patches/libio-oldiopopen.dpatch: Fix for glibc 2.0 compat popen(). + * debian/copyright: + - Update URLs + - Add libio license + - s%/usr/doc/copyright%/usr/share/common-licenses% + + -- Joel Klecker Wed, 7 Jul 1999 17:36:23 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.1-12.3) unstable; urgency=low + + * Non-maintainer upload. + * Oops, messed up tftp patch for ARM. + + -- Jim Pick Wed, 7 Jul 1999 00:15:48 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.1-12.2) unstable; urgency=low + + * Non-maintainer upload. + * Another patch for ARM to fix tftp struct alignment problem. + + -- Jim Pick Thu, 1 Jul 1999 09:38:02 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.1-12.1) unstable; urgency=low + + * Non-maintainer upload. + * Include patch for ARM to fix dynamic linker. + + -- Jim Pick Thu, 17 Jun 1999 21:11:59 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.1-12) unstable; urgency=low + + * debian/rules: Use /var/lib/misc here too. + * debian/tzconfig: Fix #! line. + * debian/libc.postinst: Minor adjustments. + + -- Joel Klecker Tue, 15 Jun 1999 09:24:49 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.1-11) unstable; urgency=low + + * debian/patches/glibcbug.dpatch: New file. + - Fixes glibcbug to use `sensible-editor' + * debian/patches/fhs.dpatch: Deal with _PATH_VARDB. + * debian/patches/m68k-chown.dpatch: Fix paths (closes:Bug#37933). + * $(libc): Add HTML version of glibc FAQ. + * tzselect is crap, restore old version of tzconfig. + * Use 2.2.9 kernel headers by default on *-linux targets. + + -- Joel Klecker Sun, 13 Jun 1999 09:34:41 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.1-10) unstable; urgency=low + + * debian/libc.postinst: Redirect stdout/stderr to /dev/null when + restarting services (closes:Bug#38413). + * debian/patches/fhs.dpatch: Alter slightly for FHS 2.1 draft. + + -- Joel Klecker Mon, 31 May 1999 01:45:27 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.1-9) unstable; urgency=low + + * 2.1.1 final (closes:Bug#38178). + * -7 was accidentally/intentionally compiled with gcc 2.95pre. + * -8 was a local build. + + -- Joel Klecker Mon, 24 May 1999 22:10:01 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.1-8) unstable; urgency=low + + * Rebuild with egcs 1.1.2. + (/me hides) + + -- Joel Klecker Sun, 23 May 1999 21:28:29 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.1-7) unstable; urgency=low + + * Make sure all patches get applied (closes:Bug#37951,Bug#37974). + * Fixes for m68k via Roman Hodek + - (debian/rules): Add new m68k-chown patch (closes:Bug#38048). + - (debian/depflags.mk): Fix m68k case (closes:Bug#37933). + * There were some localedata changes in format between -5 and -6 + (closes:Bug#37850,Bug#37822,Bug#37829). + * Add patch to fix install-locales target when localedata is not installed. + * Build locales in the `locales' target + (no sense building them in the arch-indep install target). + + -- Joel Klecker Thu, 20 May 1999 14:02:15 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.1-6) unstable; urgency=low + + * 2.1.1pre3. + * (debian/rules): Set BASH and KSH to /bin/bash in configparms. + * (debian/libc.preinst): sparc fix (closes:Bug#37415,Bug#37616). + * (debian/nscd.prerm): Stop nscd before removing it (closes:Bug#37416). + + -- Joel Klecker Mon, 17 May 1999 19:29:12 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.1-5) unstable; urgency=low + + * CVS as of 1999-05-08. + + -- Joel Klecker Sat, 8 May 1999 19:31:52 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.1-4) unstable; urgency=low + + * Fix logic errors in tzconfig. + + -- Joel Klecker Sat, 8 May 1999 00:07:44 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.1-3) unstable; urgency=low + + * 2.1.1pre2. + * glibc-compat 2.1.0. + * debian/copyright: Update URLs for upstream source locations. + * debian/devpts.init: Rewrite for more sensible handling of devfs. + * debian/libc.postinst: Be more paranoid about /etc/timezone, and + always remake /etc/localtime symlink. + * debian/sysdeps.mk: Add sparc to HAVE_LIBC4 to deal with lddlibc4. + * debian/rules: Don't apply sparc32-ldd patch. + * debian/patches/sparc32-ldd.dpatch: delete. + + -- Joel Klecker Fri, 7 May 1999 10:40:11 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.1-2) unstable; urgency=low + + * $(libc): replace locales << 2.1.1-1 + * debian/depflags.mk: clean up + * debian/control.in: locales: remove depend on @libc@ (closes:Bug#36654). + * debian/devpts.sh: Remove bashisms (closes:Bug#36552). + * debian/libc.postinst: + - Use ln -sf instead of zic -l (closes:Bug#36305). + - If upgrading from glibc 2.0, restart services potentially affected + by libnss_* upgrade. + * debian/libc.preinst: Add kernel version sanity check for sparc. + * debian/rules: + - Fix reverse-patches target (closes:Bug#36574). + - Fix libexecdir handling (closes:Bug#36673). + - locales is binary-all, so build it in binary-indep, not binary-arch. + * debian/sysdeps.mk: $(shlib_depend): >= 2.0.105 for sparc. + * locales: Add eo_EO (Esperanto) locale definition. + + -- Joel Klecker Sat, 1 May 1999 22:22:22 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.1-1) unstable; urgency=low + + * Using maintainer versions now; 2.1.1 is still in pre-release. + * CVS as of 1999-04-19. + * Upgrade glibc-compat addon. + * Add kernel version sanity check to nscd init script. + * Slight tweaks to devpts.sh init script. + * Remove hurd-fcntl patch, it is applied upstream. + * Fix libc.preinst libnss code. + * Symlink /var/db to /var/state/glibc for backward compatibility. + * Add zh_TW.Big5 locale and BIG5_1984 charmap. + * Revert to ln -sf instead of zic -l in tzconfig (closes:Bug#36305). + * Add latest version of sparc32-chown patch. + * Move architecture-dependant parts of locales to other packages + and make it Architecture: all. + * Move locale and localedef to $(libc); and split gconv-modules into its + own package. + + -- Joel Klecker Tue, 20 Apr 1999 15:09:18 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.1-0.2) unstable; urgency=low + + * Upgrade to latest CVS sources. + - Fixes ttyname problem which affected screen (closes:Bug#35695). + - libio backward compatibility fixes. + - Many other fixes. + * Put manpages in /usr/share/man, info in /usr/share/info. + * Add devpts.sh init script and /etc/default/devpts to configure it. + * Better FHS compliance. + - /var/db -> /var/state/glibc. + - --libexecdir=/usr/lib (my reading of the FHS seems to allow + executables directly in /usr/lib). + + -- Joel Klecker Wed, 7 Apr 1999 14:47:08 -0700 + +glibc (2.1.1-0.1) unstable; urgency=low + + * Now using NMU-style versions for prereleases. + * Don't start utmpd. + * Somehow the old nss modules (libnss_*.so.1) slipped out + of the last release, put them back. + * Let libc keep its x bit. + (executing it presents some interesting output) + + -- Joel Klecker Wed, 17 Mar 1999 00:44:44 -0800 + +glibc (2.1.1-0pre1.3) unstable; urgency=low + + * Fix source package. + * $(libc)-dbg: Install libpthread (closes:Bug#34461). + * $(libc): Add note about devpts and services to postinst. + - Recreate databases in /var/db if upgrading from glibc 2.0.x + (closes:Bug#34442) + - i386, alpha, m68k: Conflict with libtricks, apt (<< 0.1.10.1). + * Change default_cflags to -O2 -g. + * Allow make check to fail. + + -- Joel Klecker Sat, 13 Mar 1999 15:14:50 -0800 + +glibc (2.1.1-0pre1.2) unstable; urgency=low + + * strip shared libs with --strip-debug instead of --strip-unneeded. + * Loosened shlibs depend. + + -- Joel Klecker Fri, 12 Mar 1999 22:33:01 -0800 + +glibc (2.1.1-0pre1.1) unstable; urgency=low + + * Fix $(libc) replaces on i386. + + -- Joel Klecker Fri, 12 Mar 1999 14:47:28 -0800 + +glibc (2.1.1-0pre1) unstable; urgency=low + + * New upstream release. + * Really release this one to unstable. + + -- Joel Klecker Wed, 10 Mar 1999 09:14:29 -0800 + +glibc (2.1-4) unstable; urgency=low + + * First release for unstable. + * Add glibc-compat addon. + * $(libc): Conflict with libwcsmbs + - Start utmpd and touch /var/run/utmpx, /var/log/wtmpx. + * $(libc)-dbg: Install unstripped shared libs in /usr/lib/glibc_dbg. + * $(libc)-prof: Strip libraries. + * glibc-doc: Remove cruft from top-level of info dir. + * Split nscd into separate package. + * Fixed $KERNEL_SOURCE handling. + * Bugs fixed: 19264, 22788, 26148, 26306, 30609, 30773, 31415 + (will elaborate later :) + + -- Joel Klecker Fri, 5 Mar 1999 11:29:44 -0800 + +glibc (2.1-3) unstable; urgency=low + + * (debian/depflags.mk): + - Correct typo + - Add libc_dev_control_flags for Conflicts + + -- Joel Klecker Mon, 8 Feb 1999 03:22:27 -0800 + +glibc (2.1-2) unstable; urgency=low + + * Get shlibs file dependencies correct. + + -- Joel Klecker Sat, 6 Feb 1999 22:56:22 -0800 + +glibc (2.1-1) unstable; urgency=low + + * New upstream release. + * (debian/control.in): Update maintainer address. + * (debian/depflags.mk): + $(libc): conflict and replace timezone, timezones; replace libdb2 + * (debian/rules): + $(libc)-dev: copy subdirectories from $(KERNEL_HEADERS)/linux too. + timezones: remove + $(libc): Put timezone data, and the zic and zdump utils here + * Sync with HURD again. + * Removed hurd-utimes patch, it is integrated upstream. + + -- Joel Klecker Sat, 6 Feb 1999 12:26:10 -0800 + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/compat +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/compat @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +5 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc6.1.symbols.alpha +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc6.1.symbols.alpha @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +ld-linux.so.2 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6.1 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +### TLS support added/enabled in debian upload 2.3.5 + __tls_get_addr@GLIBC_2.3 2.3.5 +libc.so.6.1 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6.1 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libBrokenLocale.so.1.1 libc6.1 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libSegFault.so libc6.1 #MINVER# + __invoke_dynamic_linker__@Base 2.3.6 +libcidn.so.1 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libcrypt.so.1.1 libc6.1 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libdl.so.2.1 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libm.so.6.1 libc6.1 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libmemusage.so libc6.1 #MINVER# + __invoke_dynamic_linker__@Base 2.3.6 + calloc@Base 2.3.6 + free@Base 2.3.6 + malloc@Base 2.3.6 + mmap64@Base 2.3.6 + mmap@Base 2.3.6 + mremap@Base 2.3.6 + munmap@Base 2.3.6 + realloc@Base 2.3.6 +libnsl.so.1.1 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_compat.so.2 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_dns.so.2 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_files.so.2 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_hesiod.so.2 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nis.so.2 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nisplus.so.2 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libpcprofile.so libc6.1 #MINVER# + __cyg_profile_func_enter@Base 2.3.6 + __cyg_profile_func_exit@Base 2.3.6 + __invoke_dynamic_linker__@Base 2.3.6 +libresolv.so.2.1 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +librt.so.1 libc6.1 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libutil.so.1.1 libc6.1 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libanl.so.1 libc6.1 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libpthread.so.0 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libthread_db.so.1 libc6.1 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/README +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/README @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +This directory contains the files needed to build glibc for the Debian +GNU/Linux and GNU/Hurd distributions. + +If you have pulled this version from CVS, you will probably need to go +and get the tar.bz2 files that match the file 'version'. You can +generally find these at sources.redhat.com in pub/libc. Put both the +regular glibc tar.bz2 *AND* the matching linuxthreads tar.bz2. After +that follow the usual build procedures. + +Compiling the GNU C library yourself requires a lot of resources. For +a complete build using dpkg-buildpackage you need at least 750MB free +disk space and at least 16MB of RAM and 32MB of swap space (if you +have only that much you're better off not running X at the same +time). Note that the C library on the Hurd is also somewhat larger: +you'll need over 800MB of free disk space to build Hurdish packages. + +A complete build takes 45 minutes on a Pentium III 735Mhz machine, and +25 minutes to run the test suite. The cause for this is the intricate +Makefile structure of glibc which needs a lot of computing power for +make to figure out the automatically generated dependencies. If you +are building all of the optimized libraries for the IA32 family, allow +2.5 hours for this build. + +For Linux, you will need at least the kernel headers for the specific +kernel version required for your machine's architecture. These are +specified in the `debian/sysdeps/linux.mk' file, and can be overridden +by exporting the environment variable LINUX_SOURCE set to the path to +the desired kernel. + +For the Hurd, you will need to have installed the GNU Mach and Hurd +header files (which come with the `gnumach-dev' and `hurd-dev' +packages). See the Hurd source package's `INSTALL' file for more +information. + +Please consider reading the `FAQ' file in this directory. It is also +suggested that you also read the `README' and `INSTALL' files in the +top-level of the glibc source tree. --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc0.1-i386.symbols.kfreebsd-amd64 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc0.1-i386.symbols.kfreebsd-amd64 @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +#include "libc0.1.symbols.common" +### +### Override headers of already defined objects +### +ld.so.1 libc0.1-i386 #MINVER# +| libc0.1-i386 (>> 2.10), libc0.1-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libc.so.0.1 libc0.1-i386 #MINVER# +| libc0.1-i386 (>> 2.10), libc0.1-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libBrokenLocale.so.1 libc0.1-i386 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libSegFault.so libc0.1-i386 #MINVER# +libanl.so.1 libc0.1-i386 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libcidn.so.1 libc0.1-i386 #MINVER# +| libc0.1-i386 (>> 2.10), libc0.1-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libcrypt.so.1 libc0.1-i386 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libdl.so.2 libc0.1-i386 #MINVER# +| libc0.1-i386 (>> 2.10), libc0.1-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libm.so.6 libc0.1-i386 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libmemusage.so libc0.1-i386 #MINVER# +libnsl.so.1 libc0.1-i386 #MINVER# +| libc0.1-i386 (>> 2.10), libc0.1-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_compat.so.2 libc0.1-i386 #MINVER# +| libc0.1-i386 (>> 2.10), libc0.1-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_dns.so.2 libc0.1-i386 #MINVER# +| libc0.1-i386 (>> 2.10), libc0.1-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_files.so.2 libc0.1-i386 #MINVER# +| libc0.1-i386 (>> 2.10), libc0.1-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_hesiod.so.2 libc0.1-i386 #MINVER# +| libc0.1-i386 (>> 2.10), libc0.1-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nis.so.2 libc0.1-i386 #MINVER# +| libc0.1-i386 (>> 2.10), libc0.1-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nisplus.so.2 libc0.1-i386 #MINVER# +| libc0.1-i386 (>> 2.10), libc0.1-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libpcprofile.so libc0.1-i386 #MINVER# +libpthread.so.0 libc0.1-i386 #MINVER# +| libc0.1-i386 (>> 2.10), libc0.1-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libresolv.so.2 libc0.1-i386 #MINVER# +| libc0.1-i386 (>> 2.10), libc0.1-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +librt.so.1 libc0.1-i386 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libthread_db.so.1 libc0.1-i386 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libutil.so.1 libc0.1-i386 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc6-mips64.symbols.mipsel +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc6-mips64.symbols.mipsel @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +#include "libc6.symbols.common" +### +### Override headers of already defined objects +### +ld.so.1 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libc.so.6 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libBrokenLocale.so.1 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libSegFault.so libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +libanl.so.1 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libcidn.so.1 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libcrypt.so.1 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libdl.so.2 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libm.so.6 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libmemusage.so libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +libnsl.so.1 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_compat.so.2 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_dns.so.2 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_files.so.2 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_hesiod.so.2 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nis.so.2 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nisplus.so.2 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libpcprofile.so libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +libpthread.so.0 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libresolv.so.2 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +librt.so.1 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libthread_db.so.1 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libutil.so.1 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/symbols.wildcards +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/symbols.wildcards @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ + *@GLIBC_2.0 2.0 + *@GLIBC_2.1 2.1 + *@GLIBC_2.1.1 2.1.1 + *@GLIBC_2.1.2 2.1.2 + *@GLIBC_2.1.3 2.1.3 + *@GLIBC_2.1.4 2.1.4 + *@GLIBC_2.2 2.2 + *@GLIBC_2.2.1 2.2.1 + *@GLIBC_2.2.2 2.2.2 + *@GLIBC_2.2.3 2.2.3 + *@GLIBC_2.2.4 2.2.4 + *@GLIBC_2.2.5 2.2.5 + *@GLIBC_2.2.6 2.2.6 + *@GLIBC_2.3 2.3 + *@GLIBC_2.3.1 2.3.1 + *@GLIBC_2.3.2 2.3.2 + *@GLIBC_2.3.3 2.3.3 + *@GLIBC_2.3.4 2.3.4 + *@GLIBC_2.4 2.4 + *@GLIBC_2.5 2.5 + *@GLIBC_2.6 2.6 + *@GLIBC_2.7 2.7 + *@GLIBC_2.8 2.8 + *@GLIBC_2.9 2.9 + *@GLIBC_2.10 2.10 + *@GCC_3.0 2.3.6 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc0.1.symbols.kfreebsd-amd64 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc0.1.symbols.kfreebsd-amd64 @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +#include "libc0.1.symbols.common" +ld-kfreebsd-x86-64.so.1 libc0.1 #MINVER# +| libc0.1 (>> 2.10), libc0.1 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc6.symbols.s390 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc6.symbols.s390 @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +#include "libc6.symbols.common" +ld.so.1 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +### TLS support enabled in Debian upload 2.4 + __tls_get_offset@GLIBC_2.3 2.4 +libc.so.6 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +### +### Override headers already defined in libc6.symbols.common +### +libpthread.so.0 libc6 (>= 2.4), libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc6.symbols.common +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc6.symbols.common @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +libBrokenLocale.so.1 libc6 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libSegFault.so libc6 #MINVER# + __invoke_dynamic_linker__@Base 2.3.6 +libcidn.so.1 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libcrypt.so.1 libc6 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libdl.so.2 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libm.so.6 libc6 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libmemusage.so libc6 #MINVER# + __invoke_dynamic_linker__@Base 2.3.6 + calloc@Base 2.3.6 + free@Base 2.3.6 + malloc@Base 2.3.6 + mmap64@Base 2.3.6 + mmap@Base 2.3.6 + mremap@Base 2.3.6 + munmap@Base 2.3.6 + realloc@Base 2.3.6 +libnsl.so.1 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_compat.so.2 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_dns.so.2 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_files.so.2 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_hesiod.so.2 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nis.so.2 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nisplus.so.2 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libpcprofile.so libc6 #MINVER# + __cyg_profile_func_enter@Base 2.3.6 + __cyg_profile_func_exit@Base 2.3.6 + __invoke_dynamic_linker__@Base 2.3.6 +libresolv.so.2 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +librt.so.1 libc6 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libutil.so.1 libc6 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libanl.so.1 libc6 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libpthread.so.0 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libthread_db.so.1 libc6 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc6.symbols.powerpc +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc6.symbols.powerpc @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +#include "libc6.symbols.common" +ld.so.1 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +### TLS support enabled in Debian upload 2.3.5 + __tls_get_addr@GLIBC_2.3 2.3.5 +libc.so.6 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +### +### Override headers already defined in libc6.symbols.common +### +libpthread.so.0 libc6 (>= 2.3.5), libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/generate-supported.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/generate-supported.mk @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +#!/usr/bin/make + +include $(IN) + +all: + rm -f $(OUT) + touch $(OUT) + for locale in $(SUPPORTED-LOCALES); do \ + [ $$locale = true ] && continue; \ + echo $$locale | sed 's,/, ,' >> $(OUT); \ + done --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/shlibver +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/shlibver @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +shlib_dep_ver = 2.10 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/rules +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/rules @@ -0,0 +1,205 @@ +#! /usr/bin/make -f +# -*- makefile -*- +# debian/rules file for GNU libc. +# Copyright 1998, 1999 by Joel Klecker +# Copyright 2000 Ben Collins +# Copyright 2003 Jeff Bailey +# This Makefile is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify +# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or +# (at your option) any later version. + +# What are the phases to building glibc? + +# Unpack main tarball +# Do any necessary overlays +# Apply patches +# Determine how many builds there are to do. For Each build: + +# Create build directory +# Configure +# Build +# Test as desired +# Install to package directories + +# Run debian magic to build packages. + +# Things you may need to customise: + +# These are done as absolute paths so that in the case of filesystem size +# limitations, they can be overridden and spread all over. +build-tree := build-tree +stamp := $(CURDIR)/stamp-dir/ +DUMMY := $(shell mkdir -p $(stamp)) + +# The minimum package version with which these packages are compatible. +include debian/shlibver +shlib_dep = $(libc) (>= $(shlib_dep_ver)) + +# The version of the C library that locales needs for its format. +include debian/locales-depver + +# Beyond here you shouldn't need to customise anything: + +export SHELL = /bin/bash -e + +DEB_HOST_ARCH ?= $(shell dpkg-architecture -qDEB_HOST_ARCH) +DEB_HOST_GNU_CPU ?= $(shell dpkg-architecture -qDEB_HOST_GNU_CPU) +DEB_HOST_GNU_TYPE ?= $(shell dpkg-architecture -qDEB_HOST_GNU_TYPE) +DEB_HOST_GNU_SYSTEM ?= $(shell dpkg-architecture -qDEB_HOST_GNU_SYSTEM) +DEB_HOST_ARCH_OS ?= $(shell dpkg-architecture -qDEB_HOST_ARCH_OS) +DEB_BUILD_ARCH ?= $(shell dpkg-architecture -qDEB_BUILD_ARCH) +DEB_BUILD_GNU_CPU ?= $(shell dpkg-architecture -qDEB_BUILD_GNU_CPU) +DEB_BUILD_GNU_TYPE ?= $(shell dpkg-architecture -qDEB_BUILD_GNU_TYPE) +DEB_BUILD_GNU_SYSTEM ?= $(shell dpkg-architecture -qDEB_BUILD_GNU_SYSTEM) + +DEB_HOST_GNU_CPU_ALT ?= +DEB_HOST_GNU_TYPE_ALT ?= + +DEB_SOURCE_PACKAGE := $(strip $(shell egrep '^Source: ' debian/control | cut -f 2 -d ':')) + +DEB_VERSION := $(shell dpkg-parsechangelog | egrep '^Version:' | cut -f 2 -d ' ') +EGLIBC_VERSION = $(shell echo $(DEB_VERSION) | sed -e 's/-.*//') + +DEB_SRCDIR ?= $(CURDIR) +DEB_BUILDDIR ?= $(build-tree)/$(DEB_HOST_ARCH)-$(curpass) + +EGLIBC_SOURCES = $(addprefix $(shell basename $(CURDIR))/, \ + $(filter-out $(stamp) CVS $(build-tree), $(wildcard *))) + +# The kernel uses different CPU appreviations (uname output) than the GNU +# tools do (config.sub). Map them. +KERNEL_HOST_CPU := $(subst powerpc,ppc,$(DEB_HOST_GNU_CPU)) + +# Support multiple makes at once based on number of processors +ifneq (,$(filter parallel=%,$(DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS))) +NJOBS := -j $(patsubst parallel=%,%,$(filter parallel=%,$(DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS))) +endif + +ifeq ($(DEB_HOST_ARCH),lpia) + export DEB_BUILD_OPTIMIZING_SIZE=0 +endif + +ifeq ($(DEB_HOST_ARCH),hppa) + ifeq (,$(findstring nocheck,$(DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS))) + DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS += nocheck + export DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS + endif +endif + +# use the package settings, not the settings from the environment +define unsetenv + unexport $(1) + $(1) = +endef +$(foreach v, CPPFLAGS CFLAGS CXXFLAGS LDFLAGS, $(if $(filter environment,$(origin $(v))),$(eval $(call unsetenv, $(v))))) + +# Default setup +EGLIBC_PASSES ?= libc + +prefix=/usr +bindir=$(prefix)/bin +datadir=$(prefix)/share +localedir=$(prefix)/lib/locale +sysconfdir=/etc +libexecdir=$(prefix)/lib +rootsbindir=/sbin +includedir=$(prefix)/include +docdir=$(prefix)/share/doc +mandir=$(prefix)/share/man +sbindir=$(prefix)/sbin + +BUILD_CC = gcc-4.4 -fno-stack-protector -U_FORTIFY_SOURCE +BUILD_CXX = g++-4.4 -fno-stack-protector -U_FORTIFY_SOURCE + +RUN_TESTSUITE = yes + +# Set CC and CXX for cross-compiling +ifneq ($(DEB_HOST_ARCH),$(DEB_BUILD_ARCH)) +CC = $(DEB_HOST_GNU_TYPE)-gcc +CXX = $(DEB_HOST_GNU_TYPE)-g++ +else +CC = $(BUILD_CC) +CXX = $(BUILD_CXX) +endif + +BUILD_CFLAGS = -O2 -g +HOST_CFLAGS = -pipe -O2 -fstrict-aliasing -g $(call xx,extra_cflags) + +configure_target := $(DEB_HOST_GNU_TYPE) + +# Normally we'll just use this for --build. If the architecture requires +# that build daemons be able to run a particular optimized library, then +# they can set the --build to match --host for that optimized build. +# Among other things this lets tests run. +configure_build := $(DEB_BUILD_GNU_TYPE) + +log_build = $(build-tree)/log-build-$(call xx,configure_target)-$(curpass) +log_test = $(build-tree)/log-test-$(call xx,configure_target)-$(curpass) +log_results = $(build-tree)/test-results-$(call xx,configure_target)-$(curpass) +log_expected = debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-$(call xx,configure_target)-$(curpass) + +# Which build pass are we on? +curpass = $(filter-out %_,$(subst _,_ ,$@)) + +DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES = $(libc) $(libc)-dev $(libc)-dbg $(libc)-prof $(libc)-pic +DEB_INDEP_REGULAR_PACKAGES = glibc-doc eglibc-source +DEB_UDEB_PACKAGES = $(libc)-udeb libnss-dns-udeb libnss-files-udeb + +# Generic kernel version check +define kernel_check +(if [ $(CURRENT_KERNEL_VERSION) -lt $(1) ]; then \ + false; \ +fi) +endef + +# Include libidn for both NPTL and LinuxThreads targets. +standard-add-ons = libidn, + +# Pull in all the per-arch magic! + +-include debian/sysdeps/$(DEB_HOST_ARCH_OS).mk +-include debian/sysdeps/$(DEB_HOST_ARCH).mk + +include debian/sysdeps/depflags.mk + +# Don't run dh_strip on this package +NOSTRIP_$(libc)-dbg = 1 + +ifeq ($(threads),yes) +DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES += nscd +endif + +# And now the rules... +include debian/rules.d/*.mk + +clean:: unpatch debhelper-clean + make -C $(CURDIR)/linuxthreads/man clean + rm -f $(CURDIR)/po/*.mo + rm -rf $(patsubst %,debian/tmp-%,$(EGLIBC_PASSES)) + rm -rf $(build-tree) + rm -rf $(stamp) + rm -rf debian/include + rm -f manual/stamp-* + rm -f po/*.mo + +# Required Debian targets +binary-indep: build testroot debian/control $(build-tree) \ + $(patsubst %,$(stamp)install_%,$(EGLIBC_PASSES)) \ + $(patsubst %,$(stamp)binaryinst_%,$(DEB_INDEP_REGULAR_PACKAGES)) +# NOTE: Putting install_ stamps before binaryinst_ stamps in the list is the +# wrong way to represent dependencies. Fix this. +binary-arch: build testroot debian/control $(build-tree) \ + $(patsubst %,$(stamp)install_%,$(EGLIBC_PASSES)) \ + $(patsubst %,$(stamp)binaryinst_%,$(DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES)) \ + $(patsubst %,$(stamp)binaryinst_%,$(DEB_UDEB_PACKAGES)) + +binary: binary-indep binary-arch + +build: $(stamp)info \ + $(patsubst %,$(stamp)build_%,$(EGLIBC_PASSES)) \ + $(patsubst %,$(stamp)check_%,$(EGLIBC_PASSES)) \ + $(stamp)source $(stamp)doc + +testroot: + dh_testroot --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc0.1.symbols.kfreebsd-i386 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc0.1.symbols.kfreebsd-i386 @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +#include "libc0.1.symbols.common" +ld.so.1 libc0.1 #MINVER# +| libc0.1 (>> 2.10), libc0.1 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/shlibs-add-udebs +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/shlibs-add-udebs @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +#! /bin/sh +set -e + +# This script adds "udeb lines" to shlibs files which allows other udebs +# to get correct dependencies when built against glibc libraries. +# The script was written by Frans Pop . + +package="$1" +shlibs_file="debian/$package/DEBIAN/shlibs" + +# Skip packages that don't have an shlibs file. +# The "cross-subarch" library packages have an shlibs file, but should +# not have udeb lines, so skip those as well. +if [ ! -r "$shlibs_file" ] || \ + echo "$package" | grep -Eq "^libc[0-9.]+-"; then + exit 0 +fi + +# $1: regexp to select libraries for which lines should be duplicated +# $2: name of the udeb the new line should point to +add_udeb_line() { + local regexp udeb line lib soname package rest + regexp="$1" + udeb="$2" + + if line="$(grep "^$regexp[[:space:]]" $shlibs_file)"; then + echo "$line" | while read lib soname package rest; do + echo "udeb: $lib $soname $udeb $rest" >>$shlibs_file + done + fi +} + + +W="[^[:space:]]*" + +# The following lists should match the ones in the *-udeb.install files +# in debian/debhelper.in; $W replaces any "*" wildcards there. +expr_libc1="ld$W libm-$W libm libdl$W libresolv$W libc-$W libc" +expr_libc2="libutil$W libcrypt$W librt$W libpthread$W" +expr_nss_dns="libnss_dns$W" +expr_nss_files="libnss_files$W" + +for expr in $expr_libc1 $expr_libc2; do + add_udeb_line "$expr" $package-udeb +done +for expr in $expr_nss_dns; do + add_udeb_line "$expr" libnss-dns-udeb +done +for expr in $expr_nss_files; do + add_udeb_line "$expr" libnss-files-udeb +done --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debver2localesdep.pl +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debver2localesdep.pl @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +#!/usr/bin/perl + +for my $i (0..$#ARGV) { + $_ = $ARGV[$i]; + /(.*)-(.*)/m; + + $debver = $1; + $devrev = $2; + + @revs = split('\.', $devrev); + + $devrev = $revs[0]; + $devrev = "$devrev.$revs[1]" if defined($revs[1]) and $revs[1] ne "0"; + + print ", " if $i > 0; + print "glibc-$debver-$devrev"; +} +print "\n"; --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/control +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/control @@ -0,0 +1,759 @@ +Source: eglibc +Section: libs +Priority: required +Build-Depends: gettext, make (>= 3.80), dpkg-dev (>= 1.15.3.1), bzip2, lzma, file, quilt, + texinfo (>= 4.0), texi2html, + autoconf, sed (>= 4.0.5-4), gawk, debhelper (>= 5.0), + linux-libc-dev [!hurd-i386 !kfreebsd-i386 !kfreebsd-amd64], + mig (>= 1.3-2) [hurd-i386], hurd-dev (>= 20080607-3) [hurd-i386], gnumach-dev [hurd-i386], libpthread-stubs0-dev [hurd-i386], + kfreebsd-kernel-headers [kfreebsd-i386 kfreebsd-amd64], + binutils (>= 2.19-0ubuntu3), + g++-4.4, g++-4.4-multilib [amd64 i386 kfreebsd-amd64 mips mipsel powerpc ppc64 s390 sparc] +Build-Depends-Indep: perl, po-debconf (>= 1.0) +Maintainer: Ubuntu Core developers +XSBC-Original-Maintainer: GNU Libc Maintainers +Uploaders: Ben Collins , GOTO Masanori , Philip Blundell , Jeff Bailey , Daniel Jacobowitz , Clint Adams , Aurelien Jarno , Pierre Habouzit +Standards-Version: 3.8.2 +XS-Debian-Vcs-Browser: http://svn.debian.org/wsvn/pkg-glibc/glibc-package/ +XS-Debian-Vcs-Svn: svn://svn.debian.org/pkg-glibc/glibc-package/ +Vcs-Bzr: http://code.launchpad.net/~ubuntu-toolchain/glibc/eglibc-2.10-pkg + +Package: glibc-doc +Architecture: all +Section: doc +Priority: optional +Provides: glibc-doc-reference +Conflicts: glibc-doc-reference +Replaces: glibc-doc-reference +Description: GNU C Library: Documentation + Contains The GNU C Library Reference manual in info and html format + as well as the man pages for libpthread functions and the complete + GNU C Library ChangeLog. + +Package: eglibc-source +Architecture: all +Section: devel +Priority: optional +Description: Embedded GNU C Library: sources + This package contains the sources and patches which are needed to + build eglibc. + +Package: locales +Architecture: all +Section: libs +Priority: standard +Depends: ${locale:Depends}, debconf | debconf-2.0 +Conflicts: base-config, belocs-locales-bin, belocs-locales-data +Replaces: base-config, lliurex-belocs-locales-data +Description: GNU C Library: National Language (locale) data [support] + Machine-readable data files, shared objects and programs used by the + C library for localization (l10n) and internationalization (i18n) support. + . + This package contains the libc.mo i18n files, plus tools to generate + locale definitions from source files (included in this package). It + allows you to customize which definitions actually get + generated. This is a space-saver over how this package used to be, + with all locales generated by default. This created a package that + unpacked to an excess of 30 megs. + +Package: locales-all +Architecture: any +Section: libs +Priority: extra +Depends: ${locale:Depends}, lzma +Provides: locales +Description: GNU C Library: Precompiled locale data + This package contains the precompiled locale data for all supported locales. + A better alternative is to install the locales package and only select + desired locales, but it can be useful on a low-memory machine because some + locale files take a lot of memory to be compiled. + +Package: nscd +Architecture: any +Section: admin +Priority: optional +Depends: ${shlibs:Depends} +Description: GNU C Library: Name Service Cache Daemon + A daemon which handles passwd, group and host lookups + for running programs and caches the results for the next + query. You should install this package only if you use + slow Services like LDAP, NIS or NIS+ + +Package: libc6 +Architecture: amd64 arm armeb armel i386 lpia m32r m68k mips mipsel powerpc ppc64 sparc s390 hppa sh3 sh4 sh3eb sh4eb +Section: libs +Priority: required +Provides: ${locale-compat:Depends} +Suggests: debconf | debconf-2.0 +# mvo the depends below get overwriten by sysdeps/depflags.pl and are +# not used +Depends: tzdata +Description: GNU C Library: Shared libraries + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C library + and the standard math library, as well as many others. + +Package: libc6-dev +Architecture: amd64 arm armeb armel i386 lpia m32r m68k mips mipsel powerpc ppc64 sparc s390 hppa sh3 sh4 sh3eb sh4eb +Section: libdevel +Priority: optional +Depends: libc6 (= ${binary:Version}) +Recommends: gcc | c-compiler +Description: GNU C Library: Development Libraries and Header Files + Contains the symlinks, headers, and object files needed to compile + and link programs which use the standard C library. + +Package: libc6-dbg +Architecture: amd64 arm armeb armel i386 lpia m32r m68k mips mipsel powerpc ppc64 sparc s390 hppa sh3 sh4 sh3eb sh4eb +Section: debug +Priority: extra +Provides: libc-dbg +Depends: libc6 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: detached debugging symbols + This package contains the detached debugging symbols for the GNU C + library. + +Package: libc6-prof +Architecture: amd64 arm armeb armel i386 lpia m32r m68k mips mipsel powerpc ppc64 sparc s390 hppa sh3 sh4 sh3eb sh4eb +Section: libdevel +Priority: extra +Depends: libc6 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: Profiling Libraries + Static libraries compiled with profiling info (-pg) suitable for use + with gprof. + +Package: libc6-pic +Architecture: amd64 arm armeb armel i386 lpia m32r m68k mips mipsel powerpc ppc64 sparc s390 hppa sh3 sh4 sh3eb sh4eb +Section: libdevel +Priority: optional +Conflicts: libc-pic +Provides: libc-pic, glibc-pic +Depends: libc6 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: PIC archive library + Contains an archive library (ar file) composed of individual shared objects. + This is used for creating a library which is a smaller subset of the + standard libc shared library. The reduced library is used on the Debian + boot floppies. If you are not making your own set of Debian boot floppies + using the `boot-floppies' package, you probably don't need this package. + +Package: libc6-udeb +XC-Package-Type: udeb +Architecture: amd64 arm armeb armel i386 lpia m32r m68k mips mipsel powerpc ppc64 sparc s390 hppa sh3 sh4 sh3eb sh4eb +Section: debian-installer +Priority: extra +Provides: libc6, libc-udeb, ${locale-compat:Depends} +Description: GNU C Library: Shared libraries - udeb + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C library + and the standard math library, as well as many others. + . + This package contains a minimal set of libraries needed for the Debian + installer. Do not install it on a normal system. + +Package: libc6.1 +Architecture: alpha ia64 +Section: libs +Priority: required +Provides: ${locale-compat:Depends} +Suggests: debconf | debconf-2.0 +# mvo the depends below get overwriten by sysdeps/depflags.pl and are +# not used +Depends: tzdata +Description: GNU C Library: Shared libraries + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C library + and the standard math library, as well as many others. + +Package: libc6.1-dev +Architecture: alpha ia64 +Section: libdevel +Priority: optional +Depends: libc6.1 (= ${binary:Version}) +Recommends: gcc | c-compiler +Description: GNU C Library: Development Libraries and Header Files + Contains the symlinks, headers, and object files needed to compile + and link programs which use the standard C library. + +Package: libc6.1-dbg +Architecture: alpha ia64 +Section: debug +Priority: extra +Provides: libc-dbg +Depends: libc6.1 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: detached debugging symbols + This package contains the detached debugging symbols for the GNU C + library. + +Package: libc6.1-prof +Architecture: alpha ia64 +Section: libdevel +Priority: extra +Depends: libc6.1 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: Profiling Libraries + Static libraries compiled with profiling info (-pg) suitable for use + with gprof. + +Package: libc6.1-pic +Architecture: alpha ia64 +Section: libdevel +Priority: optional +Conflicts: libc-pic +Provides: libc-pic, glibc-pic +Depends: libc6.1 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: PIC archive library + Contains an archive library (ar file) composed of individual shared objects. + This is used for creating a library which is a smaller subset of the + standard libc shared library. The reduced library is used on the Debian + boot floppies. If you are not making your own set of Debian boot floppies + using the `boot-floppies' package, you probably don't need this package. + +Package: libc6.1-udeb +XC-Package-Type: udeb +Architecture: alpha ia64 +Section: debian-installer +Priority: extra +Provides: libc6.1, libc-udeb, ${locale-compat:Depends} +Description: GNU C Library: Shared libraries - udeb + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C library + and the standard math library, as well as many others. + . + This package contains a minimal set of libraries needed for the Debian + installer. Do not install it on a normal system. + +Package: libc0.3 +Architecture: hurd-i386 +Section: libs +Priority: required +Provides: ${locale-compat:Depends} +Suggests: debconf | debconf-2.0 +# mvo the depends below get overwriten by sysdeps/depflags.pl and are +# not used +Depends: tzdata +Description: GNU C Library: Shared libraries + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C library + and the standard math library, as well as many others. + +Package: libc0.3-dev +Architecture: hurd-i386 +Section: libdevel +Priority: optional +Depends: libc0.3 (= ${binary:Version}) +Recommends: gcc | c-compiler +Description: GNU C Library: Development Libraries and Header Files + Contains the symlinks, headers, and object files needed to compile + and link programs which use the standard C library. + +Package: libc0.3-dbg +Architecture: hurd-i386 +Section: debug +Priority: extra +Provides: libc-dbg +Depends: libc0.3 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: detached debugging symbols + This package contains the detached debugging symbols for the GNU C + library. + +Package: libc0.3-prof +Architecture: hurd-i386 +Section: libdevel +Priority: extra +Depends: libc0.3 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: Profiling Libraries + Static libraries compiled with profiling info (-pg) suitable for use + with gprof. + +Package: libc0.3-pic +Architecture: hurd-i386 +Section: libdevel +Priority: optional +Conflicts: libc-pic +Provides: libc-pic, glibc-pic +Depends: libc0.3 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: PIC archive library + Contains an archive library (ar file) composed of individual shared objects. + This is used for creating a library which is a smaller subset of the + standard libc shared library. The reduced library is used on the Debian + boot floppies. If you are not making your own set of Debian boot floppies + using the `boot-floppies' package, you probably don't need this package. + +Package: libc0.3-udeb +XC-Package-Type: udeb +Architecture: hurd-i386 +Section: debian-installer +Priority: extra +Provides: libc0.3, libc-udeb, ${locale-compat:Depends} +Description: GNU C Library: Shared libraries - udeb + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C library + and the standard math library, as well as many others. + . + This package contains a minimal set of libraries needed for the Debian + installer. Do not install it on a normal system. + +Package: libc0.1 +Architecture: kfreebsd-i386 kfreebsd-amd64 +Section: libs +Priority: required +Provides: ${locale-compat:Depends} +Suggests: debconf | debconf-2.0 +# mvo the depends below get overwriten by sysdeps/depflags.pl and are +# not used +Depends: tzdata +Description: GNU C Library: Shared libraries + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C library + and the standard math library, as well as many others. + +Package: libc0.1-dev +Architecture: kfreebsd-i386 kfreebsd-amd64 +Section: libdevel +Priority: optional +Depends: libc0.1 (= ${binary:Version}) +Recommends: gcc | c-compiler +Description: GNU C Library: Development Libraries and Header Files + Contains the symlinks, headers, and object files needed to compile + and link programs which use the standard C library. + +Package: libc0.1-dbg +Architecture: kfreebsd-i386 kfreebsd-amd64 +Section: debug +Priority: extra +Provides: libc-dbg +Depends: libc0.1 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: detached debugging symbols + This package contains the detached debugging symbols for the GNU C + library. + +Package: libc0.1-prof +Architecture: kfreebsd-i386 kfreebsd-amd64 +Section: libdevel +Priority: extra +Depends: libc0.1 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: Profiling Libraries + Static libraries compiled with profiling info (-pg) suitable for use + with gprof. + +Package: libc0.1-pic +Architecture: kfreebsd-i386 kfreebsd-amd64 +Section: libdevel +Priority: optional +Conflicts: libc-pic +Provides: libc-pic, glibc-pic +Depends: libc0.1 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: PIC archive library + Contains an archive library (ar file) composed of individual shared objects. + This is used for creating a library which is a smaller subset of the + standard libc shared library. The reduced library is used on the Debian + boot floppies. If you are not making your own set of Debian boot floppies + using the `boot-floppies' package, you probably don't need this package. + +Package: libc0.1-udeb +XC-Package-Type: udeb +Architecture: kfreebsd-i386 kfreebsd-amd64 +Section: debian-installer +Priority: extra +Provides: libc0.1, libc-udeb, ${locale-compat:Depends} +Description: GNU C Library: Shared libraries - udeb + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C library + and the standard math library, as well as many others. + . + This package contains a minimal set of libraries needed for the Debian + installer. Do not install it on a normal system. + +Package: libc6-i386 +Architecture: amd64 +Section: libs +Priority: optional +Depends: libc6 (= ${binary:Version}) +Replaces: libc6-dev-i386 +Conflicts: ia32-libs (<= 1.5) +Description: GNU C Library: 32-bit shared libraries for AMD64 + This package includes shared versions of the standard C + library and the standard math library, as well as many others. + This is the 32bit version of the library, meant for AMD64 systems. + +Package: libc6-dev-i386 +Architecture: amd64 +Section: libdevel +Priority: optional +Conflicts: ia32-libs-dev (<< 1.18) +Provides: lib32c-dev +Depends: libc6-i386 (= ${binary:Version}), libc6-dev (= ${binary:Version}) +Recommends: gcc-multilib +Description: GNU C Library: 32-bit development libraries for AMD64 + Contains the symlinks and object files needed to compile and link programs + which use the standard C library. This is the 32bit version of the + library, meant for AMD64 systems. + +Package: libc6-sparc64 +Architecture: sparc +Section: libs +Priority: optional +Depends: libc6 (= ${binary:Version}) +Conflicts: gcc-3.0 (<< 1:3.0.4ds3-11), libgcc1 (<< 1:3.0.4ds3-11), fakeroot (<< 0.4.5-2.7) +Description: GNU C Library: 64bit Shared libraries for UltraSPARC + This package includes shared versions of the standard C library and the + standard math library, as well as many others. This is the 64bit version + of the library, meant for UltraSPARC systems. + +Package: libc6-dev-sparc64 +Architecture: sparc +Section: libdevel +Priority: optional +Provides: lib64c-dev +Depends: libc6-sparc64 (= ${binary:Version}), libc6-dev (= ${binary:Version}) +Recommends: gcc-multilib +Description: GNU C Library: 64bit Development Libraries for UltraSPARC + Contains the symlinks and object files needed to compile and link programs + which use the standard C library. This is the 64bit version of the + library, meant for UltraSPARC systems. + +Package: libc6-s390x +Architecture: s390 +Section: libs +Priority: optional +Depends: libc6 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: 64bit Shared libraries for IBM zSeries + This package includes shared versions of the standard C library and the + standard math library, as well as many others. This is the 64bit version + of the library, meant for zSeries systems. + +Package: libc6-dev-s390x +Architecture: s390 +Section: libdevel +Priority: optional +Provides: lib64c-dev +Depends: libc6-s390x (= ${binary:Version}), libc6-dev (= ${binary:Version}) +Recommends: gcc-multilib +Description: GNU C Library: 64bit Development Libraries for IBM zSeries + Contains the symlinks and object files needed to compile and link programs + which use the standard C library. This is the 64bit version of the + library, meant for zSeries systems. + +Package: libc6-amd64 +Architecture: i386 +Section: libs +Priority: standard +Depends: libc6 (= ${binary:Version}) +Conflicts: amd64-libs (<= 1.2) +Description: GNU C Library: 64bit Shared libraries for AMD64 + This package includes shared versions of the standard C library and the + standard math library, as well as many others. This is the 64bit version + of the library, meant for AMD64 systems. + +Package: libc6-dev-amd64 +Architecture: i386 +Section: libdevel +Priority: optional +Depends: libc6-amd64 (= ${binary:Version}), libc6-dev (= ${binary:Version}) +Recommends: gcc-multilib +Replaces: amd64-libs-dev (<= 1.2) +Provides: lib64c-dev +Description: GNU C Library: 64bit Development Libraries for AMD64 + Contains the symlinks and object files needed to compile and link programs + which use the standard C library. This is the 64bit version of the + library, meant for AMD64 systems. + +Package: libc6-powerpc +Architecture: ppc64 +Section: libs +Priority: optional +Depends: libc6 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: 32bit powerpc shared libraries for ppc64 + This package includes shared versions of the standard C + library and the standard math library, as well as many others. + This is the 32bit version of the library, meant for ppc64 systems. + +Package: libc6-dev-powerpc +Architecture: ppc64 +Section: libdevel +Priority: optional +Provides: lib32c-dev +Depends: libc6-powerpc (= ${binary:Version}), libc6-dev (= ${binary:Version}) +Recommends: gcc-multilib +Description: GNU C Library: 32bit powerpc development libraries for ppc64 + Contains the symlinks and object files needed to compile and link programs + which use the standard C library. This is the 32bit version of the + library, meant for ppc64 systems. + +Package: libc6-ppc64 +Architecture: powerpc +Section: libs +Priority: optional +Depends: libc6 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: 64bit Shared libraries for PowerPC64 + This package includes shared versions of the standard C library and the + standard math library, as well as many others. This is the 64bit version + of the library, meant for PowerPC64 systems. + +Package: libc6-dev-ppc64 +Architecture: powerpc +Section: libdevel +Priority: optional +Provides: lib64c-dev +Depends: libc6-ppc64 (= ${binary:Version}), libc6-dev (= ${binary:Version}) +Recommends: gcc-multilib +Description: GNU C Library: 64bit Development Libraries for PowerPC64 + Contains the symlinks and object files needed to compile and link programs + which use the standard C library. This is the 64bit version of the + library, meant for PowerPC64 systems. + +Package: libc6-mipsn32 +Architecture: mips mipsel +Section: libs +Priority: optional +Depends: libc6 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: n32 Shared libraries for MIPS64 + This package includes shared versions of the standard C library and the + standard math library, as well as many others. This is the n32 version + of the library, meant for MIPS64 systems. + +Package: libc6-dev-mipsn32 +Architecture: mips mipsel +Section: libdevel +Priority: optional +Provides: libn32c-dev +Depends: libc6-mipsn32 (= ${binary:Version}), libc6-dev (= ${binary:Version}) +Recommends: gcc-multilib +Description: GNU C Library: n32 Development Libraries for MIPS64 + Contains the symlinks and object files needed to compile and link programs + which use the standard C library. This is the n32 version of the + library, meant for MIPS64 systems. + +Package: libc6-mips64 +Architecture: mips mipsel +Section: libs +Priority: optional +Depends: libc6 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: 64bit Shared libraries for MIPS64 + This package includes shared versions of the standard C library and the + standard math library, as well as many others. This is the 64bit version + of the library, meant for MIPS64 systems. + +Package: libc6-dev-mips64 +Architecture: mips mipsel +Section: libdevel +Priority: optional +Provides: lib64c-dev +Depends: libc6-mips64 (= ${binary:Version}), libc6-dev (= ${binary:Version}) +Recommends: gcc-multilib +Description: GNU C Library: 64bit Development Libraries for MIPS64 + Contains the symlinks and object files needed to compile and link programs + which use the standard C library. This is the 64bit version of the + library, meant for MIPS64 systems. + +Package: libc0.1-i386 +Architecture: kfreebsd-amd64 +Section: libs +Priority: optional +Depends: libc0.1 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: 32bit shared libraries for AMD64 + This package includes shared versions of the standard C + library and the standard math library, as well as many others. + This is the 32bit version of the library, meant for AMD64 systems. + +Package: libc0.1-dev-i386 +Architecture: kfreebsd-amd64 +Section: libdevel +Priority: optional +Provides: lib32c-dev +Depends: libc0.1-i386 (= ${binary:Version}), libc0.1-dev (= ${binary:Version}) +Recommends: gcc-multilib +Description: GNU C Library: 32bit development libraries for AMD64 + Contains the symlinks and object files needed to compile and link programs + which use the standard C library. This is the 32bit version of the + library, meant for AMD64 systems. + +Package: libc6-sparcv9b +Architecture: sparc +Section: libs +Priority: extra +Pre-Depends: libc6 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: Shared libraries [v9b optimized] + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C + library and the standard math library, as well as many others. + . + This set of libraries is optimized for the UltraSPARC v9b ABI. It only + needs to be installed on UltraSPARC machines. If you install this on a + non-UltraSPARC, it won't even be used. + +Package: libc6-sparcv9v +Architecture: sparc +Section: libs +Priority: extra +Pre-Depends: libc6 (= ${Source-Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: Shared libraries [v9v optimized] + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C + library and the standard math library, as well as many others. + . + This set of libraries is optimized for SUN4V Niagara and derivative + processors. It only needs to be installed on machines using + SUN4V Niagara and derivatives. If you install this on a machine without + such chips, it won't even be used. + +Package: libc6-sparcv9v2 +Architecture: sparc +Section: libs +Priority: extra +Pre-Depends: libc6 (= ${Source-Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: Shared libraries [v9v2 optimized] + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C + library and the standard math library, as well as many others. + . + This set of libraries is optimized for SUN4V Niagara 2 and derivative + processors. It only needs to be installed on machines using + SUN4V Niagara 2 and derivatives. If you install this on a machine without + such chips, it won't even be used. + +Package: libc6-sparc64b +Architecture: sparc +Section: base +Priority: extra +Depends: libc6 (= ${Source-Version}), lib64gcc1 +Conflicts: gcc-3.0 (<< 1:3.0.4ds3-11), libgcc1 (<< 1:3.0.4ds3-11), fakeroot (<< 0.4.5-2.7) +Description: GNU C Library: 64bit Shared libraries for UltraSPARC [v9b optimized] + This package includes shared versions of the standard C library and the + standard math library, as well as many others. This is the 64bit version + of the library, meant for UltraSPARC systems. + . + This set of libraries is optimized for UltraSPARC-III and derivative + processors. It only needs to be installed on machines using + UltraSPARC-III and derivatives. If you install this on a machine without + such chips, it won't even be used. + +Package: libc6-sparc64v +Architecture: sparc +Section: base +Priority: extra +Depends: libc6 (= ${Source-Version}), lib64gcc1 +Conflicts: gcc-3.0 (<< 1:3.0.4ds3-11), libgcc1 (<< 1:3.0.4ds3-11), fakeroot (<< 0.4.5-2.7) +Description: GNU C Library: 64bit Shared libraries for UltraSPARC [v9v optimized] + This package includes shared versions of the standard C library and the + standard math library, as well as many others. This is the 64bit version + of the library, meant for UltraSPARC systems. + . + This set of libraries is optimized for SUN4V Niagara and derivative + processors. It only needs to be installed on machines using + SUN4V Niagara and derivatives. If you install this on a machine without + such chips, it won't even be used. + +Package: libc6-sparc64v2 +Architecture: sparc +Section: base +Priority: extra +Depends: libc6 (= ${Source-Version}), lib64gcc1 +Conflicts: gcc-3.0 (<< 1:3.0.4ds3-11), libgcc1 (<< 1:3.0.4ds3-11), fakeroot (<< 0.4.5-2.7) +Description: GNU C Library: 64bit Shared libraries for UltraSPARC [v9v2 optimized] + This package includes shared versions of the standard C library and the + standard math library, as well as many others. This is the 64bit version + of the library, meant for UltraSPARC systems. + . + This set of libraries is optimized for SUN4V Niagara 2 and derivative + processors. It only needs to be installed on machines using + SUN4V Niagara 2 and derivatives. If you install this on a machine without + such chips, it won't even be used. + +Package: libc6-i686 +Architecture: i386 +Section: libs +Priority: extra +Pre-Depends: libc6 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: Shared libraries [i686 optimized] + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C + library and the standard math library, as well as many others. + . + This set of libraries is optimized for i686 machines, and will only be + used if you are running a 2.6 kernel on an i686 class CPU (check the + output of `uname -m'). This includes Pentium Pro, Pentium II/III/IV, + Celeron CPU's and similar class CPU's (including clones such as AMD + Athlon/Opteron, VIA C3 Nehemiah, but not VIA C3 Ezra). + +Package: libc6-xen +Architecture: i386 +Section: libs +Priority: extra +Pre-Depends: libc6 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: Shared libraries [Xen version] + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C + library and the standard math library, as well as many others. + . + This set of libraries is optimized for the Xen hypervisor, and will be + selected instead when running under Xen. + +Package: libc0.1-i686 +Architecture: kfreebsd-i386 +Section: libs +Priority: extra +Pre-Depends: libc0.1 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: Shared libraries [i686 optimized] + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C + library and the standard math library, as well as many others. + . + This set of libraries is optimized for i686 machines, and will only be + used on an i686 class CPU (check the output of `uname -m'). This includes + Pentium Pro, Pentium II/III/IV, Celeron CPU's and similar class CPU's + (including clones such as AMD Athlon/Opteron, VIA C3 Nehemiah, but not VIA + C3 Ezla). + +Package: libc6-vfp +Architecture: armel +Section: libs +Priority: extra +Pre-Depends: libc6 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: Shared libraries [VFP version] + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C + library and the standard math library, as well as many others. + . + This set of libraries is optimized to use a VFP coprocessor, and will + be selected instead when running under systems which have one. + +Package: libc6.1-alphaev67 +Architecture: alpha +Section: libs +Priority: extra +Pre-Depends: libc6.1 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: Shared libraries (EV67 optimized) + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C + library and the standard math library, as well as many others. + . + This set of libraries is optimized for the Alpha EV67. It only + needs to be installed on Alpha EV67/68 and EV7 machines. If you install + this on an older machine, it won't even be used. + +Package: libnss-dns-udeb +XC-Package-Type: udeb +Architecture: any +Section: debian-installer +Priority: extra +Description: GNU C Library: NSS helper for DNS - udeb + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C library + and the standard math library, as well as many others. + . + This package contains the DNS NSS helper needed for the Debian installer. + Do not install it on a normal system. + +Package: libnss-files-udeb +XC-Package-Type: udeb +Architecture: any +Section: debian-installer +Priority: extra +Description: GNU C Library: NSS helper for files - udeb + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C library + and the standard math library, as well as many others. + . + This package contains the files NSS helper needed for the Debian installer. + Do not install it on a normal system. + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc6.symbols.armel +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc6.symbols.armel @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +#include "libc6.symbols.common" +ld-linux.so.3 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libc.so.6 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/README.source +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/README.source @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +This package uses quilt to manage all modifications to the upstream +source. Changes are stored in the source package as diffs in +debian/patches and applied during the build. + +To configure quilt to use debian/patches instead of patches, you want +either to export QUILT_PATCHES=debian/patches in your environment +or use this snippet in your ~/.quiltrc: + + for where in ./ ../ ../../ ../../../ ../../../../ ../../../../../; do + if [ -e ${where}debian/rules -a -d ${where}debian/patches ]; then + export QUILT_PATCHES=debian/patches + fi + done + +To get the fully patched source after unpacking the source package, cd to +the root level of the source package and run: + + quilt push -a + +The last patch listed in debian/patches/series will become the current +patch. + +To add a new set of changes, first run quilt push -a, and then run: + + quilt new + +where is a descriptive name for the patch, used as the filename in +debian/patches. Then, for every file that will be modified by this patch, +run: + + quilt add + +before editing those files. You must tell quilt with quilt add what files +will be part of the patch before making changes or quilt will not work +properly. After editing the files, run: + + quilt refresh + +to save the results as a patch. + +Alternately, if you already have an external patch and you just want to +add it to the build system, run quilt push -a and then: + + quilt import -P /path/to/patch + quilt push -a + +(add -p 0 to quilt import if needed). as above is the filename to +use in debian/patches. The last quilt push -a will apply the patch to +make sure it works properly. + +To remove an existing patch from the list of patches that will be applied, +run: + + quilt delete + +You may need to run quilt pop -a to unapply patches first before running +this command. --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc6-mipsn32.symbols.mipsel +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc6-mipsn32.symbols.mipsel @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +#include "libc6.symbols.common" +### +### Override headers of already defined objects +### +ld.so.1 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libc.so.6 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libBrokenLocale.so.1 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libSegFault.so libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +libanl.so.1 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libcidn.so.1 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libcrypt.so.1 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libdl.so.2 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libm.so.6 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libmemusage.so libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +libnsl.so.1 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_compat.so.2 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_dns.so.2 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_files.so.2 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_hesiod.so.2 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nis.so.2 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nisplus.so.2 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libpcprofile.so libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +libpthread.so.0 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libresolv.so.2 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +librt.so.1 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libthread_db.so.1 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libutil.so.1 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc6.symbols.m68k +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc6.symbols.m68k @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +#include "libc6.symbols.common" +ld.so.1 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libc.so.6 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc6-mips64.symbols.mips +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc6-mips64.symbols.mips @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +#include "libc6.symbols.common" +### +### Override headers of already defined objects +### +ld.so.1 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libc.so.6 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libBrokenLocale.so.1 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libSegFault.so libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +libanl.so.1 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libcidn.so.1 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libcrypt.so.1 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libdl.so.2 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libm.so.6 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libmemusage.so libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +libnsl.so.1 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_compat.so.2 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_dns.so.2 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_files.so.2 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_hesiod.so.2 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nis.so.2 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nisplus.so.2 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libpcprofile.so libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +libpthread.so.0 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libresolv.so.2 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +| libc6-mips64 (>> 2.10), libc6-mips64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +librt.so.1 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libthread_db.so.1 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libutil.so.1 libc6-mips64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/mips_asm_unistd.h +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/mips_asm_unistd.h @@ -0,0 +1,1010 @@ +/* + * This file is subject to the terms and conditions of the GNU General Public + * License. See the file "COPYING" in the main directory of this archive + * for more details. + * + * Copyright (C) 1995, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000 by Ralf Baechle + * Copyright (C) 1999, 2000 Silicon Graphics, Inc. + * + * Changed system calls macros _syscall5 - _syscall7 to push args 5 to 7 onto + * the stack. Robin Farine for ACN S.A, Copyright (C) 1996 by ACN S.A + */ +#ifndef _ASM_UNISTD_H +#define _ASM_UNISTD_H + +#include + +#if _MIPS_SIM == _MIPS_SIM_ABI32 + +/* + * Linux o32 style syscalls are in the range from 4000 to 4999. + */ +#define __NR_Linux 4000 +#define __NR_syscall (__NR_Linux + 0) +#define __NR_exit (__NR_Linux + 1) +#define __NR_fork (__NR_Linux + 2) +#define __NR_read (__NR_Linux + 3) +#define __NR_write (__NR_Linux + 4) +#define __NR_open (__NR_Linux + 5) +#define __NR_close (__NR_Linux + 6) +#define __NR_waitpid (__NR_Linux + 7) +#define __NR_creat (__NR_Linux + 8) +#define __NR_link (__NR_Linux + 9) +#define __NR_unlink (__NR_Linux + 10) +#define __NR_execve (__NR_Linux + 11) +#define __NR_chdir (__NR_Linux + 12) +#define __NR_time (__NR_Linux + 13) +#define __NR_mknod (__NR_Linux + 14) +#define __NR_chmod (__NR_Linux + 15) +#define __NR_lchown (__NR_Linux + 16) +#define __NR_break (__NR_Linux + 17) +#define __NR_unused18 (__NR_Linux + 18) +#define __NR_lseek (__NR_Linux + 19) +#define __NR_getpid (__NR_Linux + 20) +#define __NR_mount (__NR_Linux + 21) +#define __NR_umount (__NR_Linux + 22) +#define __NR_setuid (__NR_Linux + 23) +#define __NR_getuid (__NR_Linux + 24) +#define __NR_stime (__NR_Linux + 25) +#define __NR_ptrace (__NR_Linux + 26) +#define __NR_alarm (__NR_Linux + 27) +#define __NR_unused28 (__NR_Linux + 28) +#define __NR_pause (__NR_Linux + 29) +#define __NR_utime (__NR_Linux + 30) +#define __NR_stty (__NR_Linux + 31) +#define __NR_gtty (__NR_Linux + 32) +#define __NR_access (__NR_Linux + 33) +#define __NR_nice (__NR_Linux + 34) +#define __NR_ftime (__NR_Linux + 35) +#define __NR_sync (__NR_Linux + 36) +#define __NR_kill (__NR_Linux + 37) +#define __NR_rename (__NR_Linux + 38) +#define __NR_mkdir (__NR_Linux + 39) +#define __NR_rmdir (__NR_Linux + 40) +#define __NR_dup (__NR_Linux + 41) +#define __NR_pipe (__NR_Linux + 42) +#define __NR_times (__NR_Linux + 43) +#define __NR_prof (__NR_Linux + 44) +#define __NR_brk (__NR_Linux + 45) +#define __NR_setgid (__NR_Linux + 46) +#define __NR_getgid (__NR_Linux + 47) +#define __NR_signal (__NR_Linux + 48) +#define __NR_geteuid (__NR_Linux + 49) +#define __NR_getegid (__NR_Linux + 50) +#define __NR_acct (__NR_Linux + 51) +#define __NR_umount2 (__NR_Linux + 52) +#define __NR_lock (__NR_Linux + 53) +#define __NR_ioctl (__NR_Linux + 54) +#define __NR_fcntl (__NR_Linux + 55) +#define __NR_mpx (__NR_Linux + 56) +#define __NR_setpgid (__NR_Linux + 57) +#define __NR_ulimit (__NR_Linux + 58) +#define __NR_unused59 (__NR_Linux + 59) +#define __NR_umask (__NR_Linux + 60) +#define __NR_chroot (__NR_Linux + 61) +#define __NR_ustat (__NR_Linux + 62) +#define __NR_dup2 (__NR_Linux + 63) +#define __NR_getppid (__NR_Linux + 64) +#define __NR_getpgrp (__NR_Linux + 65) +#define __NR_setsid (__NR_Linux + 66) +#define __NR_sigaction (__NR_Linux + 67) +#define __NR_sgetmask (__NR_Linux + 68) +#define __NR_ssetmask (__NR_Linux + 69) +#define __NR_setreuid (__NR_Linux + 70) +#define __NR_setregid (__NR_Linux + 71) +#define __NR_sigsuspend (__NR_Linux + 72) +#define __NR_sigpending (__NR_Linux + 73) +#define __NR_sethostname (__NR_Linux + 74) +#define __NR_setrlimit (__NR_Linux + 75) +#define __NR_getrlimit (__NR_Linux + 76) +#define __NR_getrusage (__NR_Linux + 77) +#define __NR_gettimeofday (__NR_Linux + 78) +#define __NR_settimeofday (__NR_Linux + 79) +#define __NR_getgroups (__NR_Linux + 80) +#define __NR_setgroups (__NR_Linux + 81) +#define __NR_reserved82 (__NR_Linux + 82) +#define __NR_symlink (__NR_Linux + 83) +#define __NR_unused84 (__NR_Linux + 84) +#define __NR_readlink (__NR_Linux + 85) +#define __NR_uselib (__NR_Linux + 86) +#define __NR_swapon (__NR_Linux + 87) +#define __NR_reboot (__NR_Linux + 88) +#define __NR_readdir (__NR_Linux + 89) +#define __NR_mmap (__NR_Linux + 90) +#define __NR_munmap (__NR_Linux + 91) +#define __NR_truncate (__NR_Linux + 92) +#define __NR_ftruncate (__NR_Linux + 93) +#define __NR_fchmod (__NR_Linux + 94) +#define __NR_fchown (__NR_Linux + 95) +#define __NR_getpriority (__NR_Linux + 96) +#define __NR_setpriority (__NR_Linux + 97) +#define __NR_profil (__NR_Linux + 98) +#define __NR_statfs (__NR_Linux + 99) +#define __NR_fstatfs (__NR_Linux + 100) +#define __NR_ioperm (__NR_Linux + 101) +#define __NR_socketcall (__NR_Linux + 102) +#define __NR_syslog (__NR_Linux + 103) +#define __NR_setitimer (__NR_Linux + 104) +#define __NR_getitimer (__NR_Linux + 105) +#define __NR_stat (__NR_Linux + 106) +#define __NR_lstat (__NR_Linux + 107) +#define __NR_fstat (__NR_Linux + 108) +#define __NR_unused109 (__NR_Linux + 109) +#define __NR_iopl (__NR_Linux + 110) +#define __NR_vhangup (__NR_Linux + 111) +#define __NR_idle (__NR_Linux + 112) +#define __NR_vm86 (__NR_Linux + 113) +#define __NR_wait4 (__NR_Linux + 114) +#define __NR_swapoff (__NR_Linux + 115) +#define __NR_sysinfo (__NR_Linux + 116) +#define __NR_ipc (__NR_Linux + 117) +#define __NR_fsync (__NR_Linux + 118) +#define __NR_sigreturn (__NR_Linux + 119) +#define __NR_clone (__NR_Linux + 120) +#define __NR_setdomainname (__NR_Linux + 121) +#define __NR_uname (__NR_Linux + 122) +#define __NR_modify_ldt (__NR_Linux + 123) +#define __NR_adjtimex (__NR_Linux + 124) +#define __NR_mprotect (__NR_Linux + 125) +#define __NR_sigprocmask (__NR_Linux + 126) +#define __NR_create_module (__NR_Linux + 127) +#define __NR_init_module (__NR_Linux + 128) +#define __NR_delete_module (__NR_Linux + 129) +#define __NR_get_kernel_syms (__NR_Linux + 130) +#define __NR_quotactl (__NR_Linux + 131) +#define __NR_getpgid (__NR_Linux + 132) +#define __NR_fchdir (__NR_Linux + 133) +#define __NR_bdflush (__NR_Linux + 134) +#define __NR_sysfs (__NR_Linux + 135) +#define __NR_personality (__NR_Linux + 136) +#define __NR_afs_syscall (__NR_Linux + 137) /* Syscall for Andrew File System */ +#define __NR_setfsuid (__NR_Linux + 138) +#define __NR_setfsgid (__NR_Linux + 139) +#define __NR__llseek (__NR_Linux + 140) +#define __NR_getdents (__NR_Linux + 141) +#define __NR__newselect (__NR_Linux + 142) +#define __NR_flock (__NR_Linux + 143) +#define __NR_msync (__NR_Linux + 144) +#define __NR_readv (__NR_Linux + 145) +#define __NR_writev (__NR_Linux + 146) +#define __NR_cacheflush (__NR_Linux + 147) +#define __NR_cachectl (__NR_Linux + 148) +#define __NR_sysmips (__NR_Linux + 149) +#define __NR_unused150 (__NR_Linux + 150) +#define __NR_getsid (__NR_Linux + 151) +#define __NR_fdatasync (__NR_Linux + 152) +#define __NR__sysctl (__NR_Linux + 153) +#define __NR_mlock (__NR_Linux + 154) +#define __NR_munlock (__NR_Linux + 155) +#define __NR_mlockall (__NR_Linux + 156) +#define __NR_munlockall (__NR_Linux + 157) +#define __NR_sched_setparam (__NR_Linux + 158) +#define __NR_sched_getparam (__NR_Linux + 159) +#define __NR_sched_setscheduler (__NR_Linux + 160) +#define __NR_sched_getscheduler (__NR_Linux + 161) +#define __NR_sched_yield (__NR_Linux + 162) +#define __NR_sched_get_priority_max (__NR_Linux + 163) +#define __NR_sched_get_priority_min (__NR_Linux + 164) +#define __NR_sched_rr_get_interval (__NR_Linux + 165) +#define __NR_nanosleep (__NR_Linux + 166) +#define __NR_mremap (__NR_Linux + 167) +#define __NR_accept (__NR_Linux + 168) +#define __NR_bind (__NR_Linux + 169) +#define __NR_connect (__NR_Linux + 170) +#define __NR_getpeername (__NR_Linux + 171) +#define __NR_getsockname (__NR_Linux + 172) +#define __NR_getsockopt (__NR_Linux + 173) +#define __NR_listen (__NR_Linux + 174) +#define __NR_recv (__NR_Linux + 175) +#define __NR_recvfrom (__NR_Linux + 176) +#define __NR_recvmsg (__NR_Linux + 177) +#define __NR_send (__NR_Linux + 178) +#define __NR_sendmsg (__NR_Linux + 179) +#define __NR_sendto (__NR_Linux + 180) +#define __NR_setsockopt (__NR_Linux + 181) +#define __NR_shutdown (__NR_Linux + 182) +#define __NR_socket (__NR_Linux + 183) +#define __NR_socketpair (__NR_Linux + 184) +#define __NR_setresuid (__NR_Linux + 185) +#define __NR_getresuid (__NR_Linux + 186) +#define __NR_query_module (__NR_Linux + 187) +#define __NR_poll (__NR_Linux + 188) +#define __NR_nfsservctl (__NR_Linux + 189) +#define __NR_setresgid (__NR_Linux + 190) +#define __NR_getresgid (__NR_Linux + 191) +#define __NR_prctl (__NR_Linux + 192) +#define __NR_rt_sigreturn (__NR_Linux + 193) +#define __NR_rt_sigaction (__NR_Linux + 194) +#define __NR_rt_sigprocmask (__NR_Linux + 195) +#define __NR_rt_sigpending (__NR_Linux + 196) +#define __NR_rt_sigtimedwait (__NR_Linux + 197) +#define __NR_rt_sigqueueinfo (__NR_Linux + 198) +#define __NR_rt_sigsuspend (__NR_Linux + 199) +#define __NR_pread64 (__NR_Linux + 200) +#define __NR_pwrite64 (__NR_Linux + 201) +#define __NR_chown (__NR_Linux + 202) +#define __NR_getcwd (__NR_Linux + 203) +#define __NR_capget (__NR_Linux + 204) +#define __NR_capset (__NR_Linux + 205) +#define __NR_sigaltstack (__NR_Linux + 206) +#define __NR_sendfile (__NR_Linux + 207) +#define __NR_getpmsg (__NR_Linux + 208) +#define __NR_putpmsg (__NR_Linux + 209) +#define __NR_mmap2 (__NR_Linux + 210) +#define __NR_truncate64 (__NR_Linux + 211) +#define __NR_ftruncate64 (__NR_Linux + 212) +#define __NR_stat64 (__NR_Linux + 213) +#define __NR_lstat64 (__NR_Linux + 214) +#define __NR_fstat64 (__NR_Linux + 215) +#define __NR_pivot_root (__NR_Linux + 216) +#define __NR_mincore (__NR_Linux + 217) +#define __NR_madvise (__NR_Linux + 218) +#define __NR_getdents64 (__NR_Linux + 219) +#define __NR_fcntl64 (__NR_Linux + 220) +#define __NR_reserved221 (__NR_Linux + 221) +#define __NR_gettid (__NR_Linux + 222) +#define __NR_readahead (__NR_Linux + 223) +#define __NR_setxattr (__NR_Linux + 224) +#define __NR_lsetxattr (__NR_Linux + 225) +#define __NR_fsetxattr (__NR_Linux + 226) +#define __NR_getxattr (__NR_Linux + 227) +#define __NR_lgetxattr (__NR_Linux + 228) +#define __NR_fgetxattr (__NR_Linux + 229) +#define __NR_listxattr (__NR_Linux + 230) +#define __NR_llistxattr (__NR_Linux + 231) +#define __NR_flistxattr (__NR_Linux + 232) +#define __NR_removexattr (__NR_Linux + 233) +#define __NR_lremovexattr (__NR_Linux + 234) +#define __NR_fremovexattr (__NR_Linux + 235) +#define __NR_tkill (__NR_Linux + 236) +#define __NR_sendfile64 (__NR_Linux + 237) +#define __NR_futex (__NR_Linux + 238) +#define __NR_sched_setaffinity (__NR_Linux + 239) +#define __NR_sched_getaffinity (__NR_Linux + 240) +#define __NR_io_setup (__NR_Linux + 241) +#define __NR_io_destroy (__NR_Linux + 242) +#define __NR_io_getevents (__NR_Linux + 243) +#define __NR_io_submit (__NR_Linux + 244) +#define __NR_io_cancel (__NR_Linux + 245) +#define __NR_exit_group (__NR_Linux + 246) +#define __NR_lookup_dcookie (__NR_Linux + 247) +#define __NR_epoll_create (__NR_Linux + 248) +#define __NR_epoll_ctl (__NR_Linux + 249) +#define __NR_epoll_wait (__NR_Linux + 250) +#define __NR_remap_file_pages (__NR_Linux + 251) +#define __NR_set_tid_address (__NR_Linux + 252) +#define __NR_restart_syscall (__NR_Linux + 253) +#define __NR_fadvise64 (__NR_Linux + 254) +#define __NR_statfs64 (__NR_Linux + 255) +#define __NR_fstatfs64 (__NR_Linux + 256) +#define __NR_timer_create (__NR_Linux + 257) +#define __NR_timer_settime (__NR_Linux + 258) +#define __NR_timer_gettime (__NR_Linux + 259) +#define __NR_timer_getoverrun (__NR_Linux + 260) +#define __NR_timer_delete (__NR_Linux + 261) +#define __NR_clock_settime (__NR_Linux + 262) +#define __NR_clock_gettime (__NR_Linux + 263) +#define __NR_clock_getres (__NR_Linux + 264) +#define __NR_clock_nanosleep (__NR_Linux + 265) +#define __NR_tgkill (__NR_Linux + 266) +#define __NR_utimes (__NR_Linux + 267) +#define __NR_mbind (__NR_Linux + 268) +#define __NR_get_mempolicy (__NR_Linux + 269) +#define __NR_set_mempolicy (__NR_Linux + 270) +#define __NR_mq_open (__NR_Linux + 271) +#define __NR_mq_unlink (__NR_Linux + 272) +#define __NR_mq_timedsend (__NR_Linux + 273) +#define __NR_mq_timedreceive (__NR_Linux + 274) +#define __NR_mq_notify (__NR_Linux + 275) +#define __NR_mq_getsetattr (__NR_Linux + 276) +#define __NR_vserver (__NR_Linux + 277) +#define __NR_waitid (__NR_Linux + 278) +/* #define __NR_sys_setaltroot (__NR_Linux + 279) */ +#define __NR_add_key (__NR_Linux + 280) +#define __NR_request_key (__NR_Linux + 281) +#define __NR_keyctl (__NR_Linux + 282) +#define __NR_set_thread_area (__NR_Linux + 283) +#define __NR_inotify_init (__NR_Linux + 284) +#define __NR_inotify_add_watch (__NR_Linux + 285) +#define __NR_inotify_rm_watch (__NR_Linux + 286) +#define __NR_migrate_pages (__NR_Linux + 287) +#define __NR_openat (__NR_Linux + 288) +#define __NR_mkdirat (__NR_Linux + 289) +#define __NR_mknodat (__NR_Linux + 290) +#define __NR_fchownat (__NR_Linux + 291) +#define __NR_futimesat (__NR_Linux + 292) +#define __NR_fstatat64 (__NR_Linux + 293) +#define __NR_unlinkat (__NR_Linux + 294) +#define __NR_renameat (__NR_Linux + 295) +#define __NR_linkat (__NR_Linux + 296) +#define __NR_symlinkat (__NR_Linux + 297) +#define __NR_readlinkat (__NR_Linux + 298) +#define __NR_fchmodat (__NR_Linux + 299) +#define __NR_faccessat (__NR_Linux + 300) +#define __NR_pselect6 (__NR_Linux + 301) +#define __NR_ppoll (__NR_Linux + 302) +#define __NR_unshare (__NR_Linux + 303) +#define __NR_splice (__NR_Linux + 304) +#define __NR_sync_file_range (__NR_Linux + 305) +#define __NR_tee (__NR_Linux + 306) +#define __NR_vmsplice (__NR_Linux + 307) +#define __NR_move_pages (__NR_Linux + 308) +#define __NR_set_robust_list (__NR_Linux + 309) +#define __NR_get_robust_list (__NR_Linux + 310) +#define __NR_kexec_load (__NR_Linux + 311) +#define __NR_getcpu (__NR_Linux + 312) +#define __NR_epoll_pwait (__NR_Linux + 313) +#define __NR_ioprio_set (__NR_Linux + 314) +#define __NR_ioprio_get (__NR_Linux + 315) +#define __NR_utimensat (__NR_Linux + 316) +#define __NR_signalfd (__NR_Linux + 317) +#define __NR_timerfd (__NR_Linux + 318) +#define __NR_eventfd (__NR_Linux + 319) +#define __NR_fallocate (__NR_Linux + 320) + +/* + * Offset of the last Linux o32 flavoured syscall + */ +#define __NR_Linux_syscalls 320 + +#endif /* _MIPS_SIM == _MIPS_SIM_ABI32 */ + +#define __NR_O32_Linux 4000 +#define __NR_O32_Linux_syscalls 320 + +#if _MIPS_SIM == _MIPS_SIM_ABI64 + +/* + * Linux 64-bit syscalls are in the range from 5000 to 5999. + */ +#define __NR_Linux 5000 +#define __NR_read (__NR_Linux + 0) +#define __NR_write (__NR_Linux + 1) +#define __NR_open (__NR_Linux + 2) +#define __NR_close (__NR_Linux + 3) +#define __NR_stat (__NR_Linux + 4) +#define __NR_fstat (__NR_Linux + 5) +#define __NR_lstat (__NR_Linux + 6) +#define __NR_poll (__NR_Linux + 7) +#define __NR_lseek (__NR_Linux + 8) +#define __NR_mmap (__NR_Linux + 9) +#define __NR_mprotect (__NR_Linux + 10) +#define __NR_munmap (__NR_Linux + 11) +#define __NR_brk (__NR_Linux + 12) +#define __NR_rt_sigaction (__NR_Linux + 13) +#define __NR_rt_sigprocmask (__NR_Linux + 14) +#define __NR_ioctl (__NR_Linux + 15) +#define __NR_pread64 (__NR_Linux + 16) +#define __NR_pwrite64 (__NR_Linux + 17) +#define __NR_readv (__NR_Linux + 18) +#define __NR_writev (__NR_Linux + 19) +#define __NR_access (__NR_Linux + 20) +#define __NR_pipe (__NR_Linux + 21) +#define __NR__newselect (__NR_Linux + 22) +#define __NR_sched_yield (__NR_Linux + 23) +#define __NR_mremap (__NR_Linux + 24) +#define __NR_msync (__NR_Linux + 25) +#define __NR_mincore (__NR_Linux + 26) +#define __NR_madvise (__NR_Linux + 27) +#define __NR_shmget (__NR_Linux + 28) +#define __NR_shmat (__NR_Linux + 29) +#define __NR_shmctl (__NR_Linux + 30) +#define __NR_dup (__NR_Linux + 31) +#define __NR_dup2 (__NR_Linux + 32) +#define __NR_pause (__NR_Linux + 33) +#define __NR_nanosleep (__NR_Linux + 34) +#define __NR_getitimer (__NR_Linux + 35) +#define __NR_setitimer (__NR_Linux + 36) +#define __NR_alarm (__NR_Linux + 37) +#define __NR_getpid (__NR_Linux + 38) +#define __NR_sendfile (__NR_Linux + 39) +#define __NR_socket (__NR_Linux + 40) +#define __NR_connect (__NR_Linux + 41) +#define __NR_accept (__NR_Linux + 42) +#define __NR_sendto (__NR_Linux + 43) +#define __NR_recvfrom (__NR_Linux + 44) +#define __NR_sendmsg (__NR_Linux + 45) +#define __NR_recvmsg (__NR_Linux + 46) +#define __NR_shutdown (__NR_Linux + 47) +#define __NR_bind (__NR_Linux + 48) +#define __NR_listen (__NR_Linux + 49) +#define __NR_getsockname (__NR_Linux + 50) +#define __NR_getpeername (__NR_Linux + 51) +#define __NR_socketpair (__NR_Linux + 52) +#define __NR_setsockopt (__NR_Linux + 53) +#define __NR_getsockopt (__NR_Linux + 54) +#define __NR_clone (__NR_Linux + 55) +#define __NR_fork (__NR_Linux + 56) +#define __NR_execve (__NR_Linux + 57) +#define __NR_exit (__NR_Linux + 58) +#define __NR_wait4 (__NR_Linux + 59) +#define __NR_kill (__NR_Linux + 60) +#define __NR_uname (__NR_Linux + 61) +#define __NR_semget (__NR_Linux + 62) +#define __NR_semop (__NR_Linux + 63) +#define __NR_semctl (__NR_Linux + 64) +#define __NR_shmdt (__NR_Linux + 65) +#define __NR_msgget (__NR_Linux + 66) +#define __NR_msgsnd (__NR_Linux + 67) +#define __NR_msgrcv (__NR_Linux + 68) +#define __NR_msgctl (__NR_Linux + 69) +#define __NR_fcntl (__NR_Linux + 70) +#define __NR_flock (__NR_Linux + 71) +#define __NR_fsync (__NR_Linux + 72) +#define __NR_fdatasync (__NR_Linux + 73) +#define __NR_truncate (__NR_Linux + 74) +#define __NR_ftruncate (__NR_Linux + 75) +#define __NR_getdents (__NR_Linux + 76) +#define __NR_getcwd (__NR_Linux + 77) +#define __NR_chdir (__NR_Linux + 78) +#define __NR_fchdir (__NR_Linux + 79) +#define __NR_rename (__NR_Linux + 80) +#define __NR_mkdir (__NR_Linux + 81) +#define __NR_rmdir (__NR_Linux + 82) +#define __NR_creat (__NR_Linux + 83) +#define __NR_link (__NR_Linux + 84) +#define __NR_unlink (__NR_Linux + 85) +#define __NR_symlink (__NR_Linux + 86) +#define __NR_readlink (__NR_Linux + 87) +#define __NR_chmod (__NR_Linux + 88) +#define __NR_fchmod (__NR_Linux + 89) +#define __NR_chown (__NR_Linux + 90) +#define __NR_fchown (__NR_Linux + 91) +#define __NR_lchown (__NR_Linux + 92) +#define __NR_umask (__NR_Linux + 93) +#define __NR_gettimeofday (__NR_Linux + 94) +#define __NR_getrlimit (__NR_Linux + 95) +#define __NR_getrusage (__NR_Linux + 96) +#define __NR_sysinfo (__NR_Linux + 97) +#define __NR_times (__NR_Linux + 98) +#define __NR_ptrace (__NR_Linux + 99) +#define __NR_getuid (__NR_Linux + 100) +#define __NR_syslog (__NR_Linux + 101) +#define __NR_getgid (__NR_Linux + 102) +#define __NR_setuid (__NR_Linux + 103) +#define __NR_setgid (__NR_Linux + 104) +#define __NR_geteuid (__NR_Linux + 105) +#define __NR_getegid (__NR_Linux + 106) +#define __NR_setpgid (__NR_Linux + 107) +#define __NR_getppid (__NR_Linux + 108) +#define __NR_getpgrp (__NR_Linux + 109) +#define __NR_setsid (__NR_Linux + 110) +#define __NR_setreuid (__NR_Linux + 111) +#define __NR_setregid (__NR_Linux + 112) +#define __NR_getgroups (__NR_Linux + 113) +#define __NR_setgroups (__NR_Linux + 114) +#define __NR_setresuid (__NR_Linux + 115) +#define __NR_getresuid (__NR_Linux + 116) +#define __NR_setresgid (__NR_Linux + 117) +#define __NR_getresgid (__NR_Linux + 118) +#define __NR_getpgid (__NR_Linux + 119) +#define __NR_setfsuid (__NR_Linux + 120) +#define __NR_setfsgid (__NR_Linux + 121) +#define __NR_getsid (__NR_Linux + 122) +#define __NR_capget (__NR_Linux + 123) +#define __NR_capset (__NR_Linux + 124) +#define __NR_rt_sigpending (__NR_Linux + 125) +#define __NR_rt_sigtimedwait (__NR_Linux + 126) +#define __NR_rt_sigqueueinfo (__NR_Linux + 127) +#define __NR_rt_sigsuspend (__NR_Linux + 128) +#define __NR_sigaltstack (__NR_Linux + 129) +#define __NR_utime (__NR_Linux + 130) +#define __NR_mknod (__NR_Linux + 131) +#define __NR_personality (__NR_Linux + 132) +#define __NR_ustat (__NR_Linux + 133) +#define __NR_statfs (__NR_Linux + 134) +#define __NR_fstatfs (__NR_Linux + 135) +#define __NR_sysfs (__NR_Linux + 136) +#define __NR_getpriority (__NR_Linux + 137) +#define __NR_setpriority (__NR_Linux + 138) +#define __NR_sched_setparam (__NR_Linux + 139) +#define __NR_sched_getparam (__NR_Linux + 140) +#define __NR_sched_setscheduler (__NR_Linux + 141) +#define __NR_sched_getscheduler (__NR_Linux + 142) +#define __NR_sched_get_priority_max (__NR_Linux + 143) +#define __NR_sched_get_priority_min (__NR_Linux + 144) +#define __NR_sched_rr_get_interval (__NR_Linux + 145) +#define __NR_mlock (__NR_Linux + 146) +#define __NR_munlock (__NR_Linux + 147) +#define __NR_mlockall (__NR_Linux + 148) +#define __NR_munlockall (__NR_Linux + 149) +#define __NR_vhangup (__NR_Linux + 150) +#define __NR_pivot_root (__NR_Linux + 151) +#define __NR__sysctl (__NR_Linux + 152) +#define __NR_prctl (__NR_Linux + 153) +#define __NR_adjtimex (__NR_Linux + 154) +#define __NR_setrlimit (__NR_Linux + 155) +#define __NR_chroot (__NR_Linux + 156) +#define __NR_sync (__NR_Linux + 157) +#define __NR_acct (__NR_Linux + 158) +#define __NR_settimeofday (__NR_Linux + 159) +#define __NR_mount (__NR_Linux + 160) +#define __NR_umount2 (__NR_Linux + 161) +#define __NR_swapon (__NR_Linux + 162) +#define __NR_swapoff (__NR_Linux + 163) +#define __NR_reboot (__NR_Linux + 164) +#define __NR_sethostname (__NR_Linux + 165) +#define __NR_setdomainname (__NR_Linux + 166) +#define __NR_create_module (__NR_Linux + 167) +#define __NR_init_module (__NR_Linux + 168) +#define __NR_delete_module (__NR_Linux + 169) +#define __NR_get_kernel_syms (__NR_Linux + 170) +#define __NR_query_module (__NR_Linux + 171) +#define __NR_quotactl (__NR_Linux + 172) +#define __NR_nfsservctl (__NR_Linux + 173) +#define __NR_getpmsg (__NR_Linux + 174) +#define __NR_putpmsg (__NR_Linux + 175) +#define __NR_afs_syscall (__NR_Linux + 176) +#define __NR_reserved177 (__NR_Linux + 177) +#define __NR_gettid (__NR_Linux + 178) +#define __NR_readahead (__NR_Linux + 179) +#define __NR_setxattr (__NR_Linux + 180) +#define __NR_lsetxattr (__NR_Linux + 181) +#define __NR_fsetxattr (__NR_Linux + 182) +#define __NR_getxattr (__NR_Linux + 183) +#define __NR_lgetxattr (__NR_Linux + 184) +#define __NR_fgetxattr (__NR_Linux + 185) +#define __NR_listxattr (__NR_Linux + 186) +#define __NR_llistxattr (__NR_Linux + 187) +#define __NR_flistxattr (__NR_Linux + 188) +#define __NR_removexattr (__NR_Linux + 189) +#define __NR_lremovexattr (__NR_Linux + 190) +#define __NR_fremovexattr (__NR_Linux + 191) +#define __NR_tkill (__NR_Linux + 192) +#define __NR_reserved193 (__NR_Linux + 193) +#define __NR_futex (__NR_Linux + 194) +#define __NR_sched_setaffinity (__NR_Linux + 195) +#define __NR_sched_getaffinity (__NR_Linux + 196) +#define __NR_cacheflush (__NR_Linux + 197) +#define __NR_cachectl (__NR_Linux + 198) +#define __NR_sysmips (__NR_Linux + 199) +#define __NR_io_setup (__NR_Linux + 200) +#define __NR_io_destroy (__NR_Linux + 201) +#define __NR_io_getevents (__NR_Linux + 202) +#define __NR_io_submit (__NR_Linux + 203) +#define __NR_io_cancel (__NR_Linux + 204) +#define __NR_exit_group (__NR_Linux + 205) +#define __NR_lookup_dcookie (__NR_Linux + 206) +#define __NR_epoll_create (__NR_Linux + 207) +#define __NR_epoll_ctl (__NR_Linux + 208) +#define __NR_epoll_wait (__NR_Linux + 209) +#define __NR_remap_file_pages (__NR_Linux + 210) +#define __NR_rt_sigreturn (__NR_Linux + 211) +#define __NR_set_tid_address (__NR_Linux + 212) +#define __NR_restart_syscall (__NR_Linux + 213) +#define __NR_semtimedop (__NR_Linux + 214) +#define __NR_fadvise64 (__NR_Linux + 215) +#define __NR_timer_create (__NR_Linux + 216) +#define __NR_timer_settime (__NR_Linux + 217) +#define __NR_timer_gettime (__NR_Linux + 218) +#define __NR_timer_getoverrun (__NR_Linux + 219) +#define __NR_timer_delete (__NR_Linux + 220) +#define __NR_clock_settime (__NR_Linux + 221) +#define __NR_clock_gettime (__NR_Linux + 222) +#define __NR_clock_getres (__NR_Linux + 223) +#define __NR_clock_nanosleep (__NR_Linux + 224) +#define __NR_tgkill (__NR_Linux + 225) +#define __NR_utimes (__NR_Linux + 226) +#define __NR_mbind (__NR_Linux + 227) +#define __NR_get_mempolicy (__NR_Linux + 228) +#define __NR_set_mempolicy (__NR_Linux + 229) +#define __NR_mq_open (__NR_Linux + 230) +#define __NR_mq_unlink (__NR_Linux + 231) +#define __NR_mq_timedsend (__NR_Linux + 232) +#define __NR_mq_timedreceive (__NR_Linux + 233) +#define __NR_mq_notify (__NR_Linux + 234) +#define __NR_mq_getsetattr (__NR_Linux + 235) +#define __NR_vserver (__NR_Linux + 236) +#define __NR_waitid (__NR_Linux + 237) +/* #define __NR_sys_setaltroot (__NR_Linux + 238) */ +#define __NR_add_key (__NR_Linux + 239) +#define __NR_request_key (__NR_Linux + 240) +#define __NR_keyctl (__NR_Linux + 241) +#define __NR_set_thread_area (__NR_Linux + 242) +#define __NR_inotify_init (__NR_Linux + 243) +#define __NR_inotify_add_watch (__NR_Linux + 244) +#define __NR_inotify_rm_watch (__NR_Linux + 245) +#define __NR_migrate_pages (__NR_Linux + 246) +#define __NR_openat (__NR_Linux + 247) +#define __NR_mkdirat (__NR_Linux + 248) +#define __NR_mknodat (__NR_Linux + 249) +#define __NR_fchownat (__NR_Linux + 250) +#define __NR_futimesat (__NR_Linux + 251) +#define __NR_newfstatat (__NR_Linux + 252) +#define __NR_unlinkat (__NR_Linux + 253) +#define __NR_renameat (__NR_Linux + 254) +#define __NR_linkat (__NR_Linux + 255) +#define __NR_symlinkat (__NR_Linux + 256) +#define __NR_readlinkat (__NR_Linux + 257) +#define __NR_fchmodat (__NR_Linux + 258) +#define __NR_faccessat (__NR_Linux + 259) +#define __NR_pselect6 (__NR_Linux + 260) +#define __NR_ppoll (__NR_Linux + 261) +#define __NR_unshare (__NR_Linux + 262) +#define __NR_splice (__NR_Linux + 263) +#define __NR_sync_file_range (__NR_Linux + 264) +#define __NR_tee (__NR_Linux + 265) +#define __NR_vmsplice (__NR_Linux + 266) +#define __NR_move_pages (__NR_Linux + 267) +#define __NR_set_robust_list (__NR_Linux + 268) +#define __NR_get_robust_list (__NR_Linux + 269) +#define __NR_kexec_load (__NR_Linux + 270) +#define __NR_getcpu (__NR_Linux + 271) +#define __NR_epoll_pwait (__NR_Linux + 272) +#define __NR_ioprio_set (__NR_Linux + 273) +#define __NR_ioprio_get (__NR_Linux + 274) +#define __NR_utimensat (__NR_Linux + 275) +#define __NR_signalfd (__NR_Linux + 276) +#define __NR_timerfd (__NR_Linux + 277) +#define __NR_eventfd (__NR_Linux + 278) +#define __NR_fallocate (__NR_Linux + 279) + +/* + * Offset of the last Linux 64-bit flavoured syscall + */ +#define __NR_Linux_syscalls 279 + +#endif /* _MIPS_SIM == _MIPS_SIM_ABI64 */ + +#define __NR_64_Linux 5000 +#define __NR_64_Linux_syscalls 279 + +#if _MIPS_SIM == _MIPS_SIM_NABI32 + +/* + * Linux N32 syscalls are in the range from 6000 to 6999. + */ +#define __NR_Linux 6000 +#define __NR_read (__NR_Linux + 0) +#define __NR_write (__NR_Linux + 1) +#define __NR_open (__NR_Linux + 2) +#define __NR_close (__NR_Linux + 3) +#define __NR_stat (__NR_Linux + 4) +#define __NR_fstat (__NR_Linux + 5) +#define __NR_lstat (__NR_Linux + 6) +#define __NR_poll (__NR_Linux + 7) +#define __NR_lseek (__NR_Linux + 8) +#define __NR_mmap (__NR_Linux + 9) +#define __NR_mprotect (__NR_Linux + 10) +#define __NR_munmap (__NR_Linux + 11) +#define __NR_brk (__NR_Linux + 12) +#define __NR_rt_sigaction (__NR_Linux + 13) +#define __NR_rt_sigprocmask (__NR_Linux + 14) +#define __NR_ioctl (__NR_Linux + 15) +#define __NR_pread64 (__NR_Linux + 16) +#define __NR_pwrite64 (__NR_Linux + 17) +#define __NR_readv (__NR_Linux + 18) +#define __NR_writev (__NR_Linux + 19) +#define __NR_access (__NR_Linux + 20) +#define __NR_pipe (__NR_Linux + 21) +#define __NR__newselect (__NR_Linux + 22) +#define __NR_sched_yield (__NR_Linux + 23) +#define __NR_mremap (__NR_Linux + 24) +#define __NR_msync (__NR_Linux + 25) +#define __NR_mincore (__NR_Linux + 26) +#define __NR_madvise (__NR_Linux + 27) +#define __NR_shmget (__NR_Linux + 28) +#define __NR_shmat (__NR_Linux + 29) +#define __NR_shmctl (__NR_Linux + 30) +#define __NR_dup (__NR_Linux + 31) +#define __NR_dup2 (__NR_Linux + 32) +#define __NR_pause (__NR_Linux + 33) +#define __NR_nanosleep (__NR_Linux + 34) +#define __NR_getitimer (__NR_Linux + 35) +#define __NR_setitimer (__NR_Linux + 36) +#define __NR_alarm (__NR_Linux + 37) +#define __NR_getpid (__NR_Linux + 38) +#define __NR_sendfile (__NR_Linux + 39) +#define __NR_socket (__NR_Linux + 40) +#define __NR_connect (__NR_Linux + 41) +#define __NR_accept (__NR_Linux + 42) +#define __NR_sendto (__NR_Linux + 43) +#define __NR_recvfrom (__NR_Linux + 44) +#define __NR_sendmsg (__NR_Linux + 45) +#define __NR_recvmsg (__NR_Linux + 46) +#define __NR_shutdown (__NR_Linux + 47) +#define __NR_bind (__NR_Linux + 48) +#define __NR_listen (__NR_Linux + 49) +#define __NR_getsockname (__NR_Linux + 50) +#define __NR_getpeername (__NR_Linux + 51) +#define __NR_socketpair (__NR_Linux + 52) +#define __NR_setsockopt (__NR_Linux + 53) +#define __NR_getsockopt (__NR_Linux + 54) +#define __NR_clone (__NR_Linux + 55) +#define __NR_fork (__NR_Linux + 56) +#define __NR_execve (__NR_Linux + 57) +#define __NR_exit (__NR_Linux + 58) +#define __NR_wait4 (__NR_Linux + 59) +#define __NR_kill (__NR_Linux + 60) +#define __NR_uname (__NR_Linux + 61) +#define __NR_semget (__NR_Linux + 62) +#define __NR_semop (__NR_Linux + 63) +#define __NR_semctl (__NR_Linux + 64) +#define __NR_shmdt (__NR_Linux + 65) +#define __NR_msgget (__NR_Linux + 66) +#define __NR_msgsnd (__NR_Linux + 67) +#define __NR_msgrcv (__NR_Linux + 68) +#define __NR_msgctl (__NR_Linux + 69) +#define __NR_fcntl (__NR_Linux + 70) +#define __NR_flock (__NR_Linux + 71) +#define __NR_fsync (__NR_Linux + 72) +#define __NR_fdatasync (__NR_Linux + 73) +#define __NR_truncate (__NR_Linux + 74) +#define __NR_ftruncate (__NR_Linux + 75) +#define __NR_getdents (__NR_Linux + 76) +#define __NR_getcwd (__NR_Linux + 77) +#define __NR_chdir (__NR_Linux + 78) +#define __NR_fchdir (__NR_Linux + 79) +#define __NR_rename (__NR_Linux + 80) +#define __NR_mkdir (__NR_Linux + 81) +#define __NR_rmdir (__NR_Linux + 82) +#define __NR_creat (__NR_Linux + 83) +#define __NR_link (__NR_Linux + 84) +#define __NR_unlink (__NR_Linux + 85) +#define __NR_symlink (__NR_Linux + 86) +#define __NR_readlink (__NR_Linux + 87) +#define __NR_chmod (__NR_Linux + 88) +#define __NR_fchmod (__NR_Linux + 89) +#define __NR_chown (__NR_Linux + 90) +#define __NR_fchown (__NR_Linux + 91) +#define __NR_lchown (__NR_Linux + 92) +#define __NR_umask (__NR_Linux + 93) +#define __NR_gettimeofday (__NR_Linux + 94) +#define __NR_getrlimit (__NR_Linux + 95) +#define __NR_getrusage (__NR_Linux + 96) +#define __NR_sysinfo (__NR_Linux + 97) +#define __NR_times (__NR_Linux + 98) +#define __NR_ptrace (__NR_Linux + 99) +#define __NR_getuid (__NR_Linux + 100) +#define __NR_syslog (__NR_Linux + 101) +#define __NR_getgid (__NR_Linux + 102) +#define __NR_setuid (__NR_Linux + 103) +#define __NR_setgid (__NR_Linux + 104) +#define __NR_geteuid (__NR_Linux + 105) +#define __NR_getegid (__NR_Linux + 106) +#define __NR_setpgid (__NR_Linux + 107) +#define __NR_getppid (__NR_Linux + 108) +#define __NR_getpgrp (__NR_Linux + 109) +#define __NR_setsid (__NR_Linux + 110) +#define __NR_setreuid (__NR_Linux + 111) +#define __NR_setregid (__NR_Linux + 112) +#define __NR_getgroups (__NR_Linux + 113) +#define __NR_setgroups (__NR_Linux + 114) +#define __NR_setresuid (__NR_Linux + 115) +#define __NR_getresuid (__NR_Linux + 116) +#define __NR_setresgid (__NR_Linux + 117) +#define __NR_getresgid (__NR_Linux + 118) +#define __NR_getpgid (__NR_Linux + 119) +#define __NR_setfsuid (__NR_Linux + 120) +#define __NR_setfsgid (__NR_Linux + 121) +#define __NR_getsid (__NR_Linux + 122) +#define __NR_capget (__NR_Linux + 123) +#define __NR_capset (__NR_Linux + 124) +#define __NR_rt_sigpending (__NR_Linux + 125) +#define __NR_rt_sigtimedwait (__NR_Linux + 126) +#define __NR_rt_sigqueueinfo (__NR_Linux + 127) +#define __NR_rt_sigsuspend (__NR_Linux + 128) +#define __NR_sigaltstack (__NR_Linux + 129) +#define __NR_utime (__NR_Linux + 130) +#define __NR_mknod (__NR_Linux + 131) +#define __NR_personality (__NR_Linux + 132) +#define __NR_ustat (__NR_Linux + 133) +#define __NR_statfs (__NR_Linux + 134) +#define __NR_fstatfs (__NR_Linux + 135) +#define __NR_sysfs (__NR_Linux + 136) +#define __NR_getpriority (__NR_Linux + 137) +#define __NR_setpriority (__NR_Linux + 138) +#define __NR_sched_setparam (__NR_Linux + 139) +#define __NR_sched_getparam (__NR_Linux + 140) +#define __NR_sched_setscheduler (__NR_Linux + 141) +#define __NR_sched_getscheduler (__NR_Linux + 142) +#define __NR_sched_get_priority_max (__NR_Linux + 143) +#define __NR_sched_get_priority_min (__NR_Linux + 144) +#define __NR_sched_rr_get_interval (__NR_Linux + 145) +#define __NR_mlock (__NR_Linux + 146) +#define __NR_munlock (__NR_Linux + 147) +#define __NR_mlockall (__NR_Linux + 148) +#define __NR_munlockall (__NR_Linux + 149) +#define __NR_vhangup (__NR_Linux + 150) +#define __NR_pivot_root (__NR_Linux + 151) +#define __NR__sysctl (__NR_Linux + 152) +#define __NR_prctl (__NR_Linux + 153) +#define __NR_adjtimex (__NR_Linux + 154) +#define __NR_setrlimit (__NR_Linux + 155) +#define __NR_chroot (__NR_Linux + 156) +#define __NR_sync (__NR_Linux + 157) +#define __NR_acct (__NR_Linux + 158) +#define __NR_settimeofday (__NR_Linux + 159) +#define __NR_mount (__NR_Linux + 160) +#define __NR_umount2 (__NR_Linux + 161) +#define __NR_swapon (__NR_Linux + 162) +#define __NR_swapoff (__NR_Linux + 163) +#define __NR_reboot (__NR_Linux + 164) +#define __NR_sethostname (__NR_Linux + 165) +#define __NR_setdomainname (__NR_Linux + 166) +#define __NR_create_module (__NR_Linux + 167) +#define __NR_init_module (__NR_Linux + 168) +#define __NR_delete_module (__NR_Linux + 169) +#define __NR_get_kernel_syms (__NR_Linux + 170) +#define __NR_query_module (__NR_Linux + 171) +#define __NR_quotactl (__NR_Linux + 172) +#define __NR_nfsservctl (__NR_Linux + 173) +#define __NR_getpmsg (__NR_Linux + 174) +#define __NR_putpmsg (__NR_Linux + 175) +#define __NR_afs_syscall (__NR_Linux + 176) +#define __NR_reserved177 (__NR_Linux + 177) +#define __NR_gettid (__NR_Linux + 178) +#define __NR_readahead (__NR_Linux + 179) +#define __NR_setxattr (__NR_Linux + 180) +#define __NR_lsetxattr (__NR_Linux + 181) +#define __NR_fsetxattr (__NR_Linux + 182) +#define __NR_getxattr (__NR_Linux + 183) +#define __NR_lgetxattr (__NR_Linux + 184) +#define __NR_fgetxattr (__NR_Linux + 185) +#define __NR_listxattr (__NR_Linux + 186) +#define __NR_llistxattr (__NR_Linux + 187) +#define __NR_flistxattr (__NR_Linux + 188) +#define __NR_removexattr (__NR_Linux + 189) +#define __NR_lremovexattr (__NR_Linux + 190) +#define __NR_fremovexattr (__NR_Linux + 191) +#define __NR_tkill (__NR_Linux + 192) +#define __NR_reserved193 (__NR_Linux + 193) +#define __NR_futex (__NR_Linux + 194) +#define __NR_sched_setaffinity (__NR_Linux + 195) +#define __NR_sched_getaffinity (__NR_Linux + 196) +#define __NR_cacheflush (__NR_Linux + 197) +#define __NR_cachectl (__NR_Linux + 198) +#define __NR_sysmips (__NR_Linux + 199) +#define __NR_io_setup (__NR_Linux + 200) +#define __NR_io_destroy (__NR_Linux + 201) +#define __NR_io_getevents (__NR_Linux + 202) +#define __NR_io_submit (__NR_Linux + 203) +#define __NR_io_cancel (__NR_Linux + 204) +#define __NR_exit_group (__NR_Linux + 205) +#define __NR_lookup_dcookie (__NR_Linux + 206) +#define __NR_epoll_create (__NR_Linux + 207) +#define __NR_epoll_ctl (__NR_Linux + 208) +#define __NR_epoll_wait (__NR_Linux + 209) +#define __NR_remap_file_pages (__NR_Linux + 210) +#define __NR_rt_sigreturn (__NR_Linux + 211) +#define __NR_fcntl64 (__NR_Linux + 212) +#define __NR_set_tid_address (__NR_Linux + 213) +#define __NR_restart_syscall (__NR_Linux + 214) +#define __NR_semtimedop (__NR_Linux + 215) +#define __NR_fadvise64 (__NR_Linux + 216) +#define __NR_statfs64 (__NR_Linux + 217) +#define __NR_fstatfs64 (__NR_Linux + 218) +#define __NR_sendfile64 (__NR_Linux + 219) +#define __NR_timer_create (__NR_Linux + 220) +#define __NR_timer_settime (__NR_Linux + 221) +#define __NR_timer_gettime (__NR_Linux + 222) +#define __NR_timer_getoverrun (__NR_Linux + 223) +#define __NR_timer_delete (__NR_Linux + 224) +#define __NR_clock_settime (__NR_Linux + 225) +#define __NR_clock_gettime (__NR_Linux + 226) +#define __NR_clock_getres (__NR_Linux + 227) +#define __NR_clock_nanosleep (__NR_Linux + 228) +#define __NR_tgkill (__NR_Linux + 229) +#define __NR_utimes (__NR_Linux + 230) +#define __NR_mbind (__NR_Linux + 231) +#define __NR_get_mempolicy (__NR_Linux + 232) +#define __NR_set_mempolicy (__NR_Linux + 233) +#define __NR_mq_open (__NR_Linux + 234) +#define __NR_mq_unlink (__NR_Linux + 235) +#define __NR_mq_timedsend (__NR_Linux + 236) +#define __NR_mq_timedreceive (__NR_Linux + 237) +#define __NR_mq_notify (__NR_Linux + 238) +#define __NR_mq_getsetattr (__NR_Linux + 239) +#define __NR_vserver (__NR_Linux + 240) +#define __NR_waitid (__NR_Linux + 241) +/* #define __NR_sys_setaltroot (__NR_Linux + 242) */ +#define __NR_add_key (__NR_Linux + 243) +#define __NR_request_key (__NR_Linux + 244) +#define __NR_keyctl (__NR_Linux + 245) +#define __NR_set_thread_area (__NR_Linux + 246) +#define __NR_inotify_init (__NR_Linux + 247) +#define __NR_inotify_add_watch (__NR_Linux + 248) +#define __NR_inotify_rm_watch (__NR_Linux + 249) +#define __NR_migrate_pages (__NR_Linux + 250) +#define __NR_openat (__NR_Linux + 251) +#define __NR_mkdirat (__NR_Linux + 252) +#define __NR_mknodat (__NR_Linux + 253) +#define __NR_fchownat (__NR_Linux + 254) +#define __NR_futimesat (__NR_Linux + 255) +#define __NR_newfstatat (__NR_Linux + 256) +#define __NR_unlinkat (__NR_Linux + 257) +#define __NR_renameat (__NR_Linux + 258) +#define __NR_linkat (__NR_Linux + 259) +#define __NR_symlinkat (__NR_Linux + 260) +#define __NR_readlinkat (__NR_Linux + 261) +#define __NR_fchmodat (__NR_Linux + 262) +#define __NR_faccessat (__NR_Linux + 263) +#define __NR_pselect6 (__NR_Linux + 264) +#define __NR_ppoll (__NR_Linux + 265) +#define __NR_unshare (__NR_Linux + 266) +#define __NR_splice (__NR_Linux + 267) +#define __NR_sync_file_range (__NR_Linux + 268) +#define __NR_tee (__NR_Linux + 269) +#define __NR_vmsplice (__NR_Linux + 270) +#define __NR_move_pages (__NR_Linux + 271) +#define __NR_set_robust_list (__NR_Linux + 272) +#define __NR_get_robust_list (__NR_Linux + 273) +#define __NR_kexec_load (__NR_Linux + 274) +#define __NR_getcpu (__NR_Linux + 275) +#define __NR_epoll_pwait (__NR_Linux + 276) +#define __NR_ioprio_set (__NR_Linux + 277) +#define __NR_ioprio_get (__NR_Linux + 278) +#define __NR_utimensat (__NR_Linux + 279) +#define __NR_signalfd (__NR_Linux + 280) +#define __NR_timerfd (__NR_Linux + 281) +#define __NR_eventfd (__NR_Linux + 282) +#define __NR_fallocate (__NR_Linux + 283) + +/* + * Offset of the last N32 flavoured syscall + */ +#define __NR_Linux_syscalls 283 + +#endif /* _MIPS_SIM == _MIPS_SIM_NABI32 */ + +#define __NR_N32_Linux 6000 +#define __NR_N32_Linux_syscalls 283 + +#ifdef __KERNEL__ + +#ifndef __ASSEMBLY__ + +#define __ARCH_OMIT_COMPAT_SYS_GETDENTS64 +#define __ARCH_WANT_IPC_PARSE_VERSION +#define __ARCH_WANT_OLD_READDIR +#define __ARCH_WANT_SYS_ALARM +#define __ARCH_WANT_SYS_GETHOSTNAME +#define __ARCH_WANT_SYS_PAUSE +#define __ARCH_WANT_SYS_SGETMASK +#define __ARCH_WANT_SYS_UTIME +#define __ARCH_WANT_SYS_WAITPID +#define __ARCH_WANT_SYS_SOCKETCALL +#define __ARCH_WANT_SYS_GETPGRP +#define __ARCH_WANT_SYS_LLSEEK +#define __ARCH_WANT_SYS_NICE +#define __ARCH_WANT_SYS_OLD_GETRLIMIT +#define __ARCH_WANT_SYS_OLDUMOUNT +#define __ARCH_WANT_SYS_SIGPENDING +#define __ARCH_WANT_SYS_SIGPROCMASK +#define __ARCH_WANT_SYS_RT_SIGACTION +# ifdef CONFIG_32BIT +# define __ARCH_WANT_STAT64 +# define __ARCH_WANT_SYS_TIME +# endif +# ifdef CONFIG_MIPS32_O32 +# define __ARCH_WANT_COMPAT_SYS_TIME +# endif + +/* whitelists for checksyscalls */ +#define __IGNORE_select +#define __IGNORE_vfork +#define __IGNORE_time +#define __IGNORE_uselib +#define __IGNORE_fadvise64_64 +#define __IGNORE_getdents64 +#if _MIPS_SIM == _MIPS_SIM_NABI32 +#define __IGNORE_truncate64 +#define __IGNORE_ftruncate64 +#define __IGNORE_stat64 +#define __IGNORE_lstat64 +#define __IGNORE_fstat64 +#define __IGNORE_fstatat64 +#endif + +#endif /* !__ASSEMBLY__ */ + +/* + * "Conditional" syscalls + * + * What we want is __attribute__((weak,alias("sys_ni_syscall"))), + * but it doesn't work on all toolchains, so we just do it by hand + */ +#define cond_syscall(x) asm(".weak\t" #x "\n" #x "\t=\tsys_ni_syscall") + +#endif /* __KERNEL__ */ +#endif /* _ASM_UNISTD_H */ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc6.symbols.mips +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc6.symbols.mips @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +#include "libc6.symbols.common" +ld.so.1 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +### TLS support enabled in Debian upload 2.4 + __tls_get_addr@GLIBC_2.3 2.4 +libc.so.6 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +### +### Override headers already defined in libc6.symbols.common +### +libpthread.so.0 libc6 (>= 2.4), libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc6.1.symbols.ia64 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc6.1.symbols.ia64 @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +ld-linux-ia64.so.2 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6.1 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +### TLS support added/enabled in debian upload 2.3.5 + __tls_get_addr@GLIBC_2.3 2.3.5 +libc.so.6.1 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6.1 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libBrokenLocale.so.1 libc6.1 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libSegFault.so libc6.1 #MINVER# + __invoke_dynamic_linker__@Base 2.3.6 +libcidn.so.1 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libcrypt.so.1 libc6.1 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libdl.so.2 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libm.so.6.1 libc6.1 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libmemusage.so libc6.1 #MINVER# + __invoke_dynamic_linker__@Base 2.3.6 + calloc@Base 2.3.6 + free@Base 2.3.6 + malloc@Base 2.3.6 + mmap64@Base 2.3.6 + mmap@Base 2.3.6 + mremap@Base 2.3.6 + munmap@Base 2.3.6 + realloc@Base 2.3.6 +libnsl.so.1 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_compat.so.2 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_dns.so.2 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_files.so.2 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_hesiod.so.2 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nis.so.2 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nisplus.so.2 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libpcprofile.so libc6.1 #MINVER# + __cyg_profile_func_enter@Base 2.3.6 + __cyg_profile_func_exit@Base 2.3.6 + __invoke_dynamic_linker__@Base 2.3.6 +libresolv.so.2 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +librt.so.1 libc6.1 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libutil.so.1 libc6.1 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libanl.so.1 libc6.1 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libpthread.so.0 libc6.1 #MINVER# +| libc6.1 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libthread_db.so.1 libc6.1 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/TODO +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/TODO @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Outstanding concerns +==================== + + - no entry + +TODO +==== + +* General: + + - Make sure that prep.sh and version aren't in the root of the source + package. + +* libc: + - Only add some libraries to the optimized packages instead of all of them? + - Add patch to display (or ignore) linux-gate.so.1 in ldd. + - Check dpkg-shlibdeps for linux-gate.so.1 handling. + - Don't do make install for libc6-i686 if we aren't going to use the + results - it's very slow. + +* libc-dev: + + - What do we do for headers on 32/64 systems? Do we generate + #if wrappers for /usr/include? This looks like a non-issue since + only asm needs it. + +* locales: + + - locales debconf template is a bit difficult for newbie users. + Using localedata/locales/*, it can be readable. For example, + "ja_JP" -> "Japanese", "Japan". + + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc6-sparc64.symbols.sparc +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc6-sparc64.symbols.sparc @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +#include "libc6.symbols.common" +### +### Override headers of already defined objects +### +ld-linux.so.2 libc6-sparc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-sparc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-sparc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libc.so.6 libc6-sparc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-sparc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-sparc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libBrokenLocale.so.1 libc6-sparc64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libSegFault.so libc6-sparc64 #MINVER# +libanl.so.1 libc6-sparc64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libcidn.so.1 libc6-sparc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-sparc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-sparc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libcrypt.so.1 libc6-sparc64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libdl.so.2 libc6-sparc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-sparc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-sparc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libm.so.6 libc6-sparc64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libmemusage.so libc6-sparc64 #MINVER# +libnsl.so.1 libc6-sparc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-sparc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-sparc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_compat.so.2 libc6-sparc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-sparc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-sparc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_dns.so.2 libc6-sparc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-sparc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-sparc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_files.so.2 libc6-sparc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-sparc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-sparc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_hesiod.so.2 libc6-sparc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-sparc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-sparc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nis.so.2 libc6-sparc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-sparc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-sparc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nisplus.so.2 libc6-sparc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-sparc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-sparc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libpcprofile.so libc6-sparc64 #MINVER# +libpthread.so.0 libc6-sparc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-sparc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-sparc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libresolv.so.2 libc6-sparc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-sparc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-sparc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +librt.so.1 libc6-sparc64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libthread_db.so.1 libc6-sparc64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libutil.so.1 libc6-sparc64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/changelog.upstream +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/changelog.upstream @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The upstream changelog being composed of multiple files with a total size +of more than 1.5MB, they are provided by the glibc-doc package in the +/usr/share/doc/glibc-doc/ directory. --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc6.symbols.amd64 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc6.symbols.amd64 @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +#include "libc6.symbols.common" +ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libc.so.6 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc6.symbols.i386 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc6.symbols.i386 @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +#include "libc6.symbols.common" +ld-linux.so.2 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +### TLS support enabled with Debian upload 2.3.6-6 + __tls_get_addr@GLIBC_2.3 2.3.6-6~ +libc.so.6 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +### +### Override headers already defined in libc6.symbols.common +### +libpthread.so.0 libc6 (>= 2.3.6-6~), libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc6-mipsn32.symbols.mips +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc6-mipsn32.symbols.mips @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +#include "libc6.symbols.common" +### +### Override headers of already defined objects +### +ld.so.1 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libc.so.6 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libBrokenLocale.so.1 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libSegFault.so libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +libanl.so.1 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libcidn.so.1 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libcrypt.so.1 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libdl.so.2 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libm.so.6 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libmemusage.so libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +libnsl.so.1 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_compat.so.2 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_dns.so.2 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_files.so.2 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_hesiod.so.2 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nis.so.2 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nisplus.so.2 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libpcprofile.so libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +libpthread.so.0 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libresolv.so.2 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +| libc6-mipsn32 (>> 2.10), libc6-mipsn32 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +librt.so.1 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libthread_db.so.1 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libutil.so.1 libc6-mipsn32 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc0.1.symbols.common +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc0.1.symbols.common @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +libc.so.0.1 libc0.1 #MINVER# +| libc0.1 (>> 2.10), libc0.1 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libBrokenLocale.so.1 libc0.1 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libSegFault.so libc0.1 #MINVER# + __invoke_dynamic_linker__@Base 2.3.6 +libcidn.so.1 libc0.1 #MINVER# +| libc0.1 (>> 2.10), libc0.1 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libcrypt.so.1 libc0.1 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libdl.so.2 libc0.1 #MINVER# +| libc0.1 (>> 2.10), libc0.1 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libm.so.1 libc0.1 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libmemusage.so libc0.1 #MINVER# + __invoke_dynamic_linker__@Base 2.3.6 + calloc@Base 2.3.6 + free@Base 2.3.6 + malloc@Base 2.3.6 + mmap64@Base 2.3.6 + mmap@Base 2.3.6 + munmap@Base 2.3.6 + realloc@Base 2.3.6 +libnsl.so.1 libc0.1 #MINVER# +| libc0.1 (>> 2.10), libc0.1 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_compat.so.2 libc0.1 #MINVER# +| libc0.1 (>> 2.10), libc0.1 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_dns.so.2 libc0.1 #MINVER# +| libc0.1 (>> 2.10), libc0.1 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_files.so.2 libc0.1 #MINVER# +| libc0.1 (>> 2.10), libc0.1 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_hesiod.so.2 libc0.1 #MINVER# +| libc0.1 (>> 2.10), libc0.1 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nis.so.2 libc0.1 #MINVER# +| libc0.1 (>> 2.10), libc0.1 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nisplus.so.2 libc0.1 #MINVER# +| libc0.1 (>> 2.10), libc0.1 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libpcprofile.so libc0.1 #MINVER# + __cyg_profile_func_enter@Base 2.3.6 + __cyg_profile_func_exit@Base 2.3.6 + __invoke_dynamic_linker__@Base 2.3.6 +libresolv.so.2 libc0.1 #MINVER# +| libc0.1 (>> 2.10), libc0.1 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +librt.so.1 libc0.1 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libutil.so.1 libc0.1 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libanl.so.1 libc0.1 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libpthread.so.0 libc0.1 #MINVER# +| libc0.1 (>> 2.10), libc0.1 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libthread_db.so.1 libc0.1 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/quiltrc +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/quiltrc @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +QUILT_PATCHES="debian/patches" +QUILT_PATCH_OPTS="--unified-reject-files" +QUILT_DIFF_ARGS="--no-timestamps --no-index" +QUILT_REFRESH_ARGS="-pab --no-timestamps --no-index --diffstat" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc6-ppc64.symbols.powerpc +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc6-ppc64.symbols.powerpc @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +#include "libc6.symbols.common" +### +### Override headers of already defined objects +### +ld64.so.1 libc6-ppc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-ppc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-ppc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libc.so.6 libc6-ppc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-ppc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-ppc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libBrokenLocale.so.1 libc6-ppc64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libSegFault.so libc6-ppc64 #MINVER# +libanl.so.1 libc6-ppc64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libcidn.so.1 libc6-ppc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-ppc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-ppc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libcrypt.so.1 libc6-ppc64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libdl.so.2 libc6-ppc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-ppc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-ppc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libm.so.6 libc6-ppc64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libmemusage.so libc6-ppc64 #MINVER# +libnsl.so.1 libc6-ppc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-ppc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-ppc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_compat.so.2 libc6-ppc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-ppc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-ppc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_dns.so.2 libc6-ppc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-ppc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-ppc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_files.so.2 libc6-ppc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-ppc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-ppc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_hesiod.so.2 libc6-ppc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-ppc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-ppc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nis.so.2 libc6-ppc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-ppc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-ppc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nisplus.so.2 libc6-ppc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-ppc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-ppc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libpcprofile.so libc6-ppc64 #MINVER# +libpthread.so.0 libc6-ppc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-ppc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-ppc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libresolv.so.2 libc6-ppc64 #MINVER# +| libc6-ppc64 (>> 2.10), libc6-ppc64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +librt.so.1 libc6-ppc64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libthread_db.so.1 libc6-ppc64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libutil.so.1 libc6-ppc64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc6.symbols.mipsel +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc6.symbols.mipsel @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +#include "libc6.symbols.common" +ld.so.1 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +### TLS support enabled in Debian upload 2.4 + __tls_get_addr@GLIBC_2.3 2.4 +libc.so.6 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +### +### Override headers already defined in libc6.symbols.common +### +libpthread.so.0 libc6 (>= 2.4), libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc6-amd64.symbols.i386 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc6-amd64.symbols.i386 @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +#include "libc6.symbols.common" +### +### Override headers of already defined objects +### +ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 libc6-amd64 #MINVER# +| libc6-amd64 (>> 2.10), libc6-amd64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libc.so.6 libc6-amd64 #MINVER# +| libc6-amd64 (>> 2.10), libc6-amd64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libBrokenLocale.so.1 libc6-amd64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libSegFault.so libc6-amd64 #MINVER# +libanl.so.1 libc6-amd64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libcidn.so.1 libc6-amd64 #MINVER# +| libc6-amd64 (>> 2.10), libc6-amd64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libcrypt.so.1 libc6-amd64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libdl.so.2 libc6-amd64 #MINVER# +| libc6-amd64 (>> 2.10), libc6-amd64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libm.so.6 libc6-amd64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libmemusage.so libc6-amd64 #MINVER# +libnsl.so.1 libc6-amd64 #MINVER# +| libc6-amd64 (>> 2.10), libc6-amd64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_compat.so.2 libc6-amd64 #MINVER# +| libc6-amd64 (>> 2.10), libc6-amd64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_dns.so.2 libc6-amd64 #MINVER# +| libc6-amd64 (>> 2.10), libc6-amd64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_files.so.2 libc6-amd64 #MINVER# +| libc6-amd64 (>> 2.10), libc6-amd64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_hesiod.so.2 libc6-amd64 #MINVER# +| libc6-amd64 (>> 2.10), libc6-amd64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nis.so.2 libc6-amd64 #MINVER# +| libc6-amd64 (>> 2.10), libc6-amd64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nisplus.so.2 libc6-amd64 #MINVER# +| libc6-amd64 (>> 2.10), libc6-amd64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libpcprofile.so libc6-amd64 #MINVER# +libpthread.so.0 libc6-amd64 #MINVER# +| libc6-amd64 (>> 2.10), libc6-amd64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libresolv.so.2 libc6-amd64 #MINVER# +| libc6-amd64 (>> 2.10), libc6-amd64 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +librt.so.1 libc6-amd64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libthread_db.so.1 libc6-amd64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libutil.so.1 libc6-amd64 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc6.symbols.arm +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc6.symbols.arm @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +#include "libc6.symbols.common" +ld-linux.so.2 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +### TLS support enabled in Debian upload 2.4 + __tls_get_addr@GLIBC_2.3 2.4 +libc.so.6 libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +### +### Override headers already defined in libc6.symbols.common +### +libpthread.so.0 libc6 (>= 2.4), libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc6-s390x.symbols.s390 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc6-s390x.symbols.s390 @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +#include "libc6.symbols.common" +### +### Override headers of already defined objects +### +ld64.so.1 libc6-s390x #MINVER# +| libc6-s390x (>> 2.10), libc6-s390x (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libc.so.6 libc6-s390x #MINVER# +| libc6-s390x (>> 2.10), libc6-s390x (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libBrokenLocale.so.1 libc6-s390x #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libSegFault.so libc6-s390x #MINVER# +libanl.so.1 libc6-s390x #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libcidn.so.1 libc6-s390x #MINVER# +| libc6-s390x (>> 2.10), libc6-s390x (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libcrypt.so.1 libc6-s390x #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libdl.so.2 libc6-s390x #MINVER# +| libc6-s390x (>> 2.10), libc6-s390x (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libm.so.6 libc6-s390x #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libmemusage.so libc6-s390x #MINVER# +libnsl.so.1 libc6-s390x #MINVER# +| libc6-s390x (>> 2.10), libc6-s390x (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_compat.so.2 libc6-s390x #MINVER# +| libc6-s390x (>> 2.10), libc6-s390x (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_dns.so.2 libc6-s390x #MINVER# +| libc6-s390x (>> 2.10), libc6-s390x (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_files.so.2 libc6-s390x #MINVER# +| libc6-s390x (>> 2.10), libc6-s390x (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_hesiod.so.2 libc6-s390x #MINVER# +| libc6-s390x (>> 2.10), libc6-s390x (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nis.so.2 libc6-s390x #MINVER# +| libc6-s390x (>> 2.10), libc6-s390x (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nisplus.so.2 libc6-s390x #MINVER# +| libc6-s390x (>> 2.10), libc6-s390x (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libpcprofile.so libc6-s390x #MINVER# +libpthread.so.0 libc6-s390x #MINVER# +| libc6-s390x (>> 2.10), libc6-s390x (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libresolv.so.2 libc6-s390x #MINVER# +| libc6-s390x (>> 2.10), libc6-s390x (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +librt.so.1 libc6-s390x #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libthread_db.so.1 libc6-s390x #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libutil.so.1 libc6-s390x #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc6-i386.symbols.amd64 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc6-i386.symbols.amd64 @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +#include "libc6.symbols.common" +### +### Override headers of already defined objects +### +ld-linux.so.2 libc6-i386 #MINVER# +| libc6-i386 (>> 2.10), libc6-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libc.so.6 libc6-i386 #MINVER# +| libc6-i386 (>> 2.10), libc6-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libBrokenLocale.so.1 libc6-i386 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libSegFault.so libc6-i386 #MINVER# +libanl.so.1 libc6-i386 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libcidn.so.1 libc6-i386 #MINVER# +| libc6-i386 (>> 2.10), libc6-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libcrypt.so.1 libc6-i386 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libdl.so.2 libc6-i386 #MINVER# +| libc6-i386 (>> 2.10), libc6-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libm.so.6 libc6-i386 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libmemusage.so libc6-i386 #MINVER# +libnsl.so.1 libc6-i386 #MINVER# +| libc6-i386 (>> 2.10), libc6-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_compat.so.2 libc6-i386 #MINVER# +| libc6-i386 (>> 2.10), libc6-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_dns.so.2 libc6-i386 #MINVER# +| libc6-i386 (>> 2.10), libc6-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_files.so.2 libc6-i386 #MINVER# +| libc6-i386 (>> 2.10), libc6-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_hesiod.so.2 libc6-i386 #MINVER# +| libc6-i386 (>> 2.10), libc6-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nis.so.2 libc6-i386 #MINVER# +| libc6-i386 (>> 2.10), libc6-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nisplus.so.2 libc6-i386 #MINVER# +| libc6-i386 (>> 2.10), libc6-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libpcprofile.so libc6-i386 #MINVER# +libpthread.so.0 libc6-i386 #MINVER# +| libc6-i386 (>> 2.10), libc6-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libresolv.so.2 libc6-i386 #MINVER# +| libc6-i386 (>> 2.10), libc6-i386 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +librt.so.1 libc6-i386 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libthread_db.so.1 libc6-i386 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libutil.so.1 libc6-i386 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/watch +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/watch @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +version=3 +ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/glibc/glibc-([\d\.]+)\.tar\.gz debian uupdate --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/libc6.symbols.sparc +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/libc6.symbols.sparc @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +#include "libc6.symbols.common" +ld-linux.so.2 libc6 (>= 2.6), libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libc.so.6 libc6 (>= 2.6), libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +### +### Override headers already defined in libc6.symbols.common +### +# Minimal dependency set to 2.6 due to SPARCV8 -> SPARCV8PLUS ABI transition +libBrokenLocale.so.1 libc6 (>= 2.6), libc6 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libSegFault.so libc6 (>= 2.6), libc6 #MINVER# +libcidn.so.1 libc6 (>= 2.6), libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libcrypt.so.1 libc6 (>= 2.6), libc6 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libdl.so.2 libc6 (>= 2.6), libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libm.so.6 libc6 (>= 2.6), libc6 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libmemusage.so libc6 (>= 2.6), libc6 #MINVER# +libnsl.so.1 libc6 (>= 2.6), libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_compat.so.2 libc6 (>= 2.6), libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_dns.so.2 libc6 (>= 2.6), libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_files.so.2 libc6 (>= 2.6), libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_hesiod.so.2 libc6 (>= 2.6), libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nis.so.2 libc6 (>= 2.6), libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libnss_nisplus.so.2 libc6 (>= 2.6), libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libpcprofile.so libc6 (>= 2.6), libc6 #MINVER# +libresolv.so.2 libc6 (>= 2.6), libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +librt.so.1 libc6 (>= 2.6), libc6 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libutil.so.1 libc6 (>= 2.6), libc6 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libanl.so.1 libc6 (>= 2.6), libc6 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libpthread.so.0 libc6 (>= 2.6), libc6 #MINVER# +| libc6 (>> 2.10), libc6 (<< 2.11) + *@GLIBC_PRIVATE 0 1 +#include "symbols.wildcards" +libthread_db.so.1 libc6 (>= 2.6), libc6 #MINVER# +#include "symbols.wildcards" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/locales-depver +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/locales-depver @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +# When glibc is uploaded into unstable, the locales package is immediately +# available because it is arch:all. But libc binary parckages are processed +# by autobuilders and become available later. +# +# If compiling locales depend on a given version of localedef (for instance +# when ISO codes are updated), the idea is to first bump LOCALES_COMPAT_VER and +# make an upload without changing locales. When this version is available on +# all architectures in unstable, locales can be modified and LOCALES_DEP_VER +# is bumped too. +# +# LOCALES_COMPAT_VER must always contain two values during the transition phase +# so that dependencies in unstable can always be satisfied, and +# LOCALES_DEP_VER point to the highest value of LOCALES_COMPAT_VER when +# packages are available for all architectures in unstable. + +LOCALES_DEP_VER = 2.10-1 +LOCALES_COMPAT_VER = 2.10-1 + +# Previous versions: +# 2.7-1: glibc 2.7 +# 2.8-1: glibc 2.8 +# 2.9-1: glibc 2.9 +# 2.10-1: glibc 2.10 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/da.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/da.po @@ -0,0 +1,194 @@ +# +# Translators, if you are not familiar with the PO format, gettext +# documentation is worth reading, especially sections dedicated to +# this format, e.g. by running: +# info -n '(gettext)PO Files' +# info -n '(gettext)Header Entry' +# +# Some information specific to po-debconf are available at +# /usr/share/doc/po-debconf/README-trans +# or http://www.debian.org/intl/l10n/po-debconf/README-trans +# +# Developers do not need to manually edit POT or PO files. +# +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: glibc-2.3.2.ds1\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2006-02-20 21:33+0200\n" +"Last-Translator: Morten Brix Pedersen \n" +"Language-Team: Danish \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "Alle lokalitetsfiler" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "Lokalitetsfiler der skal genereres:" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"Lokalitetsfilerne er lavet sÃ¥ du kan skifte imellem forskellige sprog til " +"til dit Debian system." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "Ingen" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "Standard lokalitet til systemmiljøet:" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"Mange pakker i Debian bruger lokaliteter til at vise tekst i det korrekt " +"sprog til brugerne. Du kan ændre standard-lokaliteten hvis engelsk ikke er " +"dit modersmÃ¥ls sprog. Dine valg er baseret pÃ¥ hvilke lokalitetsfiler du " +"valgte at generere." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"Bemærk: Dette vil sætte sproget for hele systemet. Hvis ikke alle brugerne " +"pÃ¥ dit system kan forstÃ¥ det sprog som du vælger, kan de løbe ind i " +"problemer." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/es.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/es.po @@ -0,0 +1,232 @@ +# glibc debconf translation to spanish +# Copyright (C) 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008 Software in the Public Interest +# This file is distributed under the same license as the glibc package. +# +# Changes: +# - Initial translation +# Carlos Valdivia Yagüe , 2003 +# - Revisions: +# Carlos Valdivia Yagüe , 2006, 2007, 2008 +# +# Translators, if you are not familiar with the PO format, gettext +# documentation is worth reading, especially sections dedicated to +# this format, e.g. by running: +# info -n '(gettext)PO Files' +# info -n '(gettext)Header Entry' +# +# Some information specific to po-debconf are available at +# /usr/share/doc/po-debconf/README-trans +# or http://www.debian.org/intl/l10n/po-debconf/README-trans +# +# Developers do not need to manually edit POT or PO files. +# +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: glibc 2.7-9\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2007-09-10 12:30+0200\n" +"Last-Translator: Carlos Valdivia Yagüe \n" +"Language-Team: Debian L10n Spanish \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "Todos los «locales»" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "Seleccione los «locales» que desea generar:" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"Los «locales» son un sistema para cambiar entre varios idiomas y permite a " +"los usuarios utilizar su idioma, país, juego de caracteres, ordenación " +"alfanumérica, etc." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"Por favor, elija qué «locales» desea generar. Se recomiendan los «locales» UTF-" +"8, especialmente para instalaciones nuevas. Otros juegos de caracteres " +"pueden resultar útiles por compatibilidad con sistemas y software antiguo." + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "Ninguno" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "¿Cuál quiere que sea el «locale» predeterminado del sistema?" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"Muchos paquetes en Debian utilizan «locales» para mostrar el texto en el " +"idioma de los usuarios. Puede elegir la opción predeterminada de entre los " +"«locales» que ha generado." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"Esto seleccionará el idioma predeterminado de todo el sistema. Si se trata " +"de un sistema con varios usuarios en el que no todos hablan el idioma " +"elegido, pueden tener problemas." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "¿Quiere actualizar glibc ahora?" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" +"Los servicios y programas en ejecución que utilicen NSS necesitan " +"reiniciarse, o por el contrario puede que ya no sean capaces de realizar " +"búsquedas o autenticación. El proceso de instalación puede reiniciar algunos " +"servicios (tales como ssh o telnetd), pero otros programas no pueden " +"reiniciarse automáticamente. Uno de dichos programas que necesitan ser " +"parados manualmente y reiniciados tras la actualización de glibc es xdm, " +"puesto que un reinicio automático podría desconectar sus sesiones X11 " +"activas." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" +"Este programa detectó los siguientes servicios instalados que deben " +"serparados antes de la actualización: ${services}" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" +"Si desea interrumpir la actualización y continuar más tarde, conteste «No» a " +"continuación." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "Servicios a reiniciar para la actualización de GNU libc:" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" +"Los servicios y programas en ejecución que utilicen NSS necesitan " +"reiniciarse, o por el contrario puede que ya no sean capaces de realizar " +"búsquedas o autenticación (para servicios como ssh, esto puede evitar " +"afectar a su capacidad para ingresar en el sistema). Por favor, revise la " +"siguiente lista de scripts de init.d, separada por espacios, de los " +"servicios a reiniciar ahora, y corríjala si es necesario." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" +"Aviso: reiniciar sshd/telnetd no debería afectar a las conexiones activas." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "Fallo al reiniciar algunos servicios para la actualización de GNU libc" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" +"Los siguientes servicios no pudieron reiniciarse para la actualización de " +"GNU libc." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" +"Tendrá que iniciarlos manualmente ejecutando «/etc/init.d/ start»." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" +"Se han detectado una o más instancias de los programas xscreensaver o " +"xlockmore. La actualización de GNU libc podría impedir que pueda autenticarse" +"en estos programas debido a cambios incompatibles en las librerías. Debería" +"procurar que estos programas se reinicien o se paren antes de continuar con" +"la actualización. Así evitará que los usuarios queden bloqueados y no puedan" +"reanudar sus sesiones actuales." + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/gl.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/gl.po @@ -0,0 +1,208 @@ +# Galician translation of glibc's templates +# This file is distributed under the same license as the glibc package. +# Jacobo Tarrio , 2006, 2007, 2008. +# +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: glibc\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2008-02-26 22:22+0000\n" +"Last-Translator: Jacobo Tarrio \n" +"Language-Team: Galician \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "Todas as configuracións locais" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "Configuracións locais a xerar:" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"O sistema de configuracións locais permite ter varios idiomas, e que os " +"usuarios poidan empregar o seu idioma, país, alfabeto, orde alfabética, etc." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"Escolla as configuracións locais a xerar. Debería escoller configuracións " +"locais UTF-8 por defecto, especialmente en instalacións novas. Os outros " +"xogos de caracteres poden ser útiles para a compatibilidade con sistemas e " +"software antigos." + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "Ningunha" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "Configuración local por defecto para o ambiente:" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"Moitos paquetes de Debian empregan configuracións locais para amosar texto " +"aos usuarios no idioma correcto. Pode escoller unha configuración local por " +"defecto para o sistema entre as configuracións locais xeradas." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"Con isto hase escoller o idioma de todo o sistema. Se este sistema ten " +"varios usuarios e non todos coñecen o idioma por defecto, han ter " +"dificultades." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "¿Quere actualizar glibc agora?" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" +"É necesario reiniciar os servizos e programas que están a empregar NSS; se " +"non se fai, é posible que deixen de poder realizar buscas ou autenticacións. " +"O proceso de instalación ode reiniciar algúns servizos (tales coma ssh ou " +"telnetd), pero outros programas non se poden reiniciar automaticamente. Un " +"deses programas que precisa de detención e reinicio manuais trala " +"actualización de glibc é xdm - xa que o reinicio automático podería " +"desconectar as súas sesións de X11 activas." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" +"Este script detectou os seguintes servizos instalados que se deben deter " +"antes da actualización: ${services}" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" +"Se quere interromper agora a actualización e continuala despois, resposte " +"negativamente á seguinte pregunta." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "Servizos a reiniciar para a actualización da biblioteca GNU libc:" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" +"É necesario reiniciar os servizos e programas que están a empregar NSS; se " +"non se fai, é posible que deixen de poder realizar buscas ou autenticacións " +"(para algúns servizos, coma ssh, isto pode afectar á súa capacidade de se " +"conectar á máquina). Revise a seguinte lista de scripts de init.d de " +"servizos que se van reiniciar agora, e corríxaa se é preciso." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" +"Nota: o reinicio de sshd/telnetd non debería afectar ás conexións existentes." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "" +"Problemas ao reiniciar algúns servizos para a actualización de GNU libc" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" +"Non se puido reiniciar os seguintes servizos para a actualización da " +"biblioteca GNU libc:" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" +"Ha ter que reinicialos manualmente executando \"/etc/init.d/ start" +"\"." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/templates.pot +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/templates.pot @@ -0,0 +1,175 @@ +# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE. +# Copyright (C) YEAR THE PACKAGE'S COPYRIGHT HOLDER +# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package. +# FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. +# +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" +"Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" +"Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/fi.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/fi.po @@ -0,0 +1,220 @@ +# +# Translators, if you are not familiar with the PO format, gettext +# documentation is worth reading, especially sections dedicated to +# this format, e.g. by running: +# info -n '(gettext)PO Files' +# info -n '(gettext)Header Entry' +# +# Some information specific to po-debconf are available at +# /usr/share/doc/po-debconf/README-trans +# or http://www.debian.org/intl/l10n/po-debconf/README-trans +# +# Developers do not need to manually edit POT or PO files. +# +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: glibc\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2008-04-01 21:12+0200\n" +"Last-Translator: Esko Arajärvi \n" +"Language-Team: Finnish \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "Kaikki maa-asetukset" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "Muodostettavat maa-asetukset." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"Maa-asetusten avulla on mahdollista vaihtaa käytettävää kieltä ja antaa " +"käyttäjien asettaa haluamansa kieli, maa, merkistö, aakkostustapa, jne." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"Valitse mitkä maa-asetukset luodaan. Oletuksena tulisi valita UTF-8-tyypin " +"asetuksia, erityisesti uusissa asennuksissa. Muut merkkijoukot voi olla " +"tarpeen vanhempien järjestelmien ja ohjelmien kanssa yhteensopivuussyistä." + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "Ei mikään" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "Järjestelmäympäristön oletusmaa-asetus:" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"Monet Debianin paketit käyttävät maa-asetuksia näyttääkseen tekstit " +"käyttäjälle oikealla kielellä. Järjestelmän oletusmaa-asetus voidaan valita " +"luoduista maa-asetuksista." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"Tämä asettaa koko järjestelmän oletuskielen. Jos tällä järjestelmällä on " +"useita käyttäjiä, eivätkä kaikki käyttäjät ymmärrä oletuskieltä, heillä " +"tulee olemaan ongelmia." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "Tulisiko glibc päivittää nyt?" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" +"Käynnissä olevat palvelut ja ohjelmat, jotka käyttävät NSS:ää, täytyy " +"käynnistää uudelleen. Muuten ne eivät välttämättä enää pysty tekemään " +"etsintöjä tai tunnistautumisia. Asennusprosessi pystyy käynnistämään jotkin " +"palvelut uudelleen (esimerkiksi ssh:n ja telnetdin), mutta muita ohjelmia ei " +"voida käynnistää automaattisesti uudelleen. Yksi tällainen ohjelma, joka " +"täytyy käsin pysäyttää ja käynnistää uudelleen glibcin päivityksen jälkeen, " +"on xdm. Tämä johtuu siitä, että automaattinen uudelleenkäynnistys saattaisi " +"keskeyttää aktiiviset X11-istunnot." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" +"Tämä komentosarja löysi seuraavat asennetut palvelut, jotka tulee pysäyttää " +"ennen päivitystä: ${services}" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" +"Jos päivitys halutaan keskeyttää nyt ja jatkaa myöhemmin, älä valitse tätä " +"vaihtoehtoa." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "" +"Palvelut, jotka tulee käynnistää uudelleen GNU libc -kirjastoa " +"päivitettäessä:" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" +"Käynnissä olevat palvelut ja ohjelmat, jotka käyttävät NSS:ää, täytyy " +"käynnistää uudelleen. Muuten ne eivät välttämättä enää pysty tekemään " +"etsintöjä tai tunnistautumisia (esimerkiksi ssh:n kanssa kirjautuminen ei " +"välttämättä onnistu). Tarkista alla oleva välilyönnein eroteltu lista niiden " +"palveluiden init.d-komentosarjoista, jotka käynnistetään nyt uudelleen, ja " +"korjaa sitä tarvittaessa." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" +"Huomautus: sshd:n tai telnetd:n uudelleenkäynnistyksen ei pitäisi vaikuttaa " +"olemassa oleviin yhteyksiin." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "" +"Joidenkin palveluiden käynnistys epäonnistui päivitettäessä GNU libc:tä" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" +"Seuraavia palveluita ei voitu käynnistää uudelleen päivitettäessä GNU libc -" +"kirjastoa:" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" +"Nämä palvelut tulee käynnistää käsin ajamalla â€/etc/init.d/ startâ€." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/de.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/de.po @@ -0,0 +1,218 @@ +# Translation of glibc debconf templates to German +# Copyright (C) Helge Kreutzmann , 2006-2009. +# This file is distributed under the same license as the glibc package. +# +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: glibc 2.9-5\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-03-16 19:04+0100\n" +"Last-Translator: Helge Kreutzmann \n" +"Language-Team: de \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-15\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "Alle Standorteinstellungen" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "Zu generierende Standorteinstellungen (»locales«):" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"Standorteinstellungen ist ein System, um zwischen verschiedenen Sprachen " +"umzuschalten. Benutzer können damit ihre Sprache, ihr Land, ihren " +"Zeichensatz, ihre Sortierreihenfolge und anderes mehr festlegen." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"Bitte wählen Sie aus, welche Standorteinstellungen erzeugt werden sollen. " +"UTF-8-Standorteinstellungen sollten standardmäßig ausgewählt werden, " +"insbesondere für neue Installationen. Andere Zeichensätze könnten für " +"Rückkompatibilität mit älteren Systemen und Software nützlich sein." + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "Keine" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "Standard-Standorteinstellung für die Systemumgebung?" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"Viele Debian-Pakete benutzen Standorteinstellungen, um Text in der für die " +"Benutzer korrekten Sprache anzuzeigen. Sie können aus den generierten " +"Standorteinstellungen einen Standard für Ihr System auswählen." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"Bemerkung: Dies wählt die Standardsprache für das gesamte System. Falls dies " +"ein Mehrbenutzer-System ist und nicht alle Benutzer die Standardsprache " +"sprechen, dann werden diese Schwierigkeiten haben." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "Möchten Sie das Upgrade von Glibc jetzt durchführen?" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" +"Laufende Dienste und Programme, die NSS verwenden, müssen neu gestartet " +"werden, da sie andernfalls keine Überprüfungen oder Authentisierung mehr " +"durchführen können. Der Installationsprozess kann einige Dienste neu starten " +"(wie Ssh oder Telnetd), aber andere Programme können nicht automatisch neu " +"gestartet werden. Eines dieser Programme, die nach dem Upgrade von Glibc ein " +"manuelles Stoppen und Neustarten benötigen ist Xdm, da ein automatischer " +"Neustart Sie von Ihren aktiven X11-Sitzung trennen könnte." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" +"Dieses Skript erkannte die folgenden installierten Dienste, die vor dem " +"Upgrade gestoppt werden müssen: ${services}" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" +"Falls Sie das Upgrade jetzt unterbrechen und später Fortfahren möchten, " +"antworten Sie bitte auf die unten folgende Frage mit Nein." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "" +"Dienste, die beim GNU Libc-Bibliotheks-Upgrade neu gestartet werden sollen:" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" +"Laufende Dienste und Programme, die NSS verwenden, müssen neu gestartet " +"werden, da sie andernfalls keine Überprüfungen oder Authentisierung mehr " +"durchführen können (für Dienste wie ssh kann dies die Möglichkeit der " +"Anmeldung betreffen). Bitte prüfen Sie, welche der Dienste in der folgenden, " +"durch Leerzeichen getrennte Liste von init.d-Skripten neu gestartet werden " +"sollen, und korrigieren Sie diese falls notwendig." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" +"Hinweis: das Neustarten von sshd/telnetd sollte existierende Verbindungen " +"nicht beeinträchtigen." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "Fehler beim Neustarten einiger Dienste für das GNU Libc-Upgrade" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" +"Die folgenden Dienste konnten für das GNU Libc-Upgrade nicht neu gestartet " +"werden:" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" +"Sie müssen diese manuell starten, indem Sie »/etc/init.d/ start« " +"ausführen." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "Xscreensaver und Xlockmore müssen vor dem Upgrade neu gestartet werden" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" +"Eine oder mehrere laufende Instanzen von Xscreensaver oder Xlockmore sind " +"auf diesem System entdeckt worden. Aufgrund inkompatibler Änderungen in " +"Bibliotheken wird das GNU Libc-Upgrade Sie außerstande setzen, sich gegenüber" +"diesen Programmen zu authentifizieren. Sie sollten dafür sorgen, dass diese" +"Programme neu gestartet oder beendet werden, bevor Sie dieses Upgrade " +"fortsetzen, damit Ihre Benutzer nicht aus ihren laufenden Sitzungen " +"ausgesperrt werden." + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/uk.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/uk.po @@ -0,0 +1,200 @@ +# translation of uk.po to Ukrainian +# +# Translators, if you are not familiar with the PO format, gettext +# documentation is worth reading, especially sections dedicated to +# this format, e.g. by running: +# info -n '(gettext)PO Files' +# info -n '(gettext)Header Entry' +# Some information specific to po-debconf are available at +# /usr/share/doc/po-debconf/README-trans +# or http://www.debian.org/intl/l10n/po-debconf/README-trans# +# Developers do not need to manually edit POT or PO files. +# +# Eugeniy Meshcheryakov , 2004, 2006. +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: uk\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2006-02-21 10:12+0200\n" +"Last-Translator: Eugeniy Meshcheryakov \n" +"Language-Team: Ukrainian\n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" +"X-Generator: KBabel 1.11.2\n" +"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n%" +"10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2);\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "Ð’ÑÑ– локалі" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "Локалі Ñкі потрібно згенерувати:" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"Локаль -- це механізм, що дозволÑÑ” перемикатиÑÑ Ð¼Ñ–Ð¶ кількома мовами Ð´Ð»Ñ " +"кориÑтувачів, Ñкі можуть викориÑтовувати Ñвою мову, країну, Ñимволи порÑдок " +"ÑÐ¾Ñ€Ñ‚ÑƒÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ– Ñ‚.п." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "Ðе вÑтановлювати" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "Локаль за замовчаннÑм в ÑиÑтемному оточенні:" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"Ð’ Debian багато пакунків викориÑтовують локалі Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ñ–Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ñ€Ð°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñ‚ÐµÐºÑту на " +"вибраній кориÑтувачем мові. Якщо ваша рідна мова не англійÑька, то ви можете " +"змінити локаль за замовчаннÑм. СпиÑок Ñкладений із локалей Ñкі ви вирішили " +"згенерувати." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"Примітка: цей пункт вибирає мову Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ñієї ÑиÑтеми. Якщо в вашій ÑиÑтемі " +"працюють декілька кориÑтувачів, Ñкі не розмовлÑÑŽÑ‚ÑŒ мовою, Ñку ви вибрали, то " +"вони можуть зіткнутиÑÑ Ñ–Ð· труднощами, Ñ– тому, можливо, вам краще не " +"вÑтановлювати локаль за замовчаннÑм." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/sv.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/sv.po @@ -0,0 +1,221 @@ +# translation of glibc_2.7-11_sv.po to swedish +# Translators, if you are not familiar with the PO format, gettext +# documentation is worth reading, especially sections dedicated to +# this format, e.g. by running: +# info -n '(gettext)PO Files' +# info -n '(gettext)Header Entry' +# Some information specific to po-debconf are available at +# /usr/share/doc/po-debconf/README-trans +# or http://www.debian.org/intl/l10n/po-debconf/README-trans +# Developers do not need to manually edit POT or PO files. +# +# Martin Bagge , 2008. +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: glibc_2.7-11_sv\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-04-07 18:46+0100\n" +"Last-Translator: Martin Bagge \n" +"Language-Team: swedish \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" +"X-Generator: KBabel 1.11.4\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "Alla lokalanpassningar" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "Lokalanpassningar att generera:" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"Lokalanpassning (locale) är ett ramverk för att växla mellan flera språk för " +"att låta användare använda sitt språk, land, tecken och sorteringsordning, " +"etc." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"Välj vilka lokalanpassningar som ska genereras. UTF-8-lokaler bör väljas som " +"standard, speciellt för nya installationer. Andra teckenuppsättningar kan " +"vara användbara för bakåtkompatibilitet med äldre system och programvara." + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "Ingen" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "Välj lokalanpassning som ska vara standard i systemet:" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"Många paket i Debian använder lokalanpassningar för att visa text i det " +"korrekta språket för användaren. Du kan välja en standardlokal för systemet " +"från de genererade lokalerna." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"Detta kommer att välja standardspråket för hela systemet. Om du kör ett " +"system med flera användare där inte alla talar det valda språket, kan de få " +"problem." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "Vill du uppgradera glibc nu?" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" +"Körande tjänster och program som använder NSS behöver startas om, annars " +"kanske de inte kan köra uppslag eller autentisering längre. Installationen " +"kan starta om några tjänster (ex. ssh och telnetd), andra program kan inte " +"startas om automatiskt - xdm är ett sådant program som du måste starta om " +"själv eftersom det skulle starta om din X-session." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" +"Skriptet hittade följande installerade tjänster som måste stoppas före " +"uppgraderingen: ${services}" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" +"Om du vill avbryta uppgraderingen nu och fortsätta senare anger du Nej på " +"frågan nedan." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "Tjänster att starta om för uppgradering av GNU libc-biblioteket:" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" +"Körande tjänster och program som använder NSS behöver startas om, annars " +"kanske de inte kan köra uppslag eller autentisering längre (för tjänster " +"såsom ssh kan det påverka din möjlighet att logga in). Granska följande " +"blankstegsseparerade lista över init.d-skript för tjänster som ska startas " +"om nu, och gör ändringar om det behövs." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" +"Observera: omstart av sshd/telnetd ska inte påverka befintliga anslutningar." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "" +"Misslyckades med att starta om vissa tjänster för uppgraderingen av GNU libc" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" +"Följande tjänster kunde inte startas om för uppgraderingen av GNU libc-" +"biblioteket:" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" +"Du behöver starta dessa manuellt genom att köra \"/etc/init.d/ start" +"\"." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" +"xscreensaver och xlockmore måste startas om innan uppgraderingen påbörjas" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" +"En eller flera instanser av xscreensaver eller xlockmore har hittats på " +"systemet. På grund av inkompatabilitet i och med förändringar av biblioteket " +"kan uppgraderingen av GNU libc innebära att du inte kan autentisera med " +"dessa program. Se till att alla instanser av programmen startas om eller " +"stoppas innan du fortsätter med denna uppgradering för att undvika att " +"användare blir utelåsta från sina sessioner." --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/pt_BR.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/pt_BR.po @@ -0,0 +1,212 @@ +# Brazilian Portuguese translation (glibc) +# Copyright (C) 2007 THE glibc'S COPYRIGHT HOLDER +# This file is distributed under the same license as the glibc package. +# Felipe Augusto van de Wiel (faw) , 2007-2008. +# +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: libc6\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2008-06-09 01:17-0300\n" +"Last-Translator: Felipe Augusto van de Wiel (faw) \n" +"Language-Team: Brazilian Portuguese \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" +"pt_BR utf-8\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "Todos os \"locales\"" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "\"Locales\" a serem gerados:" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"Locales são uma infra-estrutura para alternar entre múltiplos idiomas e " +"permite aos usuários utilizar o seu idioma, país, caracteres, ordem de " +"colação, etc." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"Por favor, escolha quais locales serão gerados. Locales UTF-8 deveriam ser " +"escolhidos por padrão, particularmente para novas instalações. Outros " +"conjuntos de caracteres podem ser úteis para compatibilidade com sistemas e " +"softwares antigos." + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "Nenhum" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "Locale padrão para o ambiente do sistema:" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"Muitos pacotes no Debian usam locales para exibir texto aos usuários no " +"idioma correto. Você pode escolher um locale padrão para o sistema a partir " +"dos locales gerados." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"Isto selecionará o idioma padrão para o sistema inteiro. Se este sistema é " +"um sistema multiusuário no qual nem todos os usuários são capazes de falar o " +"idioma padrão, eles vão enfrentar dificuldades." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "Você quer atualizar a glibc agora?" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" +"Serviços em execução e programas que usam NSS precisam ser reiniciados, caso " +"contrário eles podem não ser capazes de realizar consultas ou autenticação. " +"O processo de instalação é capaz de reiniciar alguns desses serviços (como " +"ssh, isto pode afetar sua habilidade de fazer login). Por favor, reveja a " +"seguinte lista separada por espaços de scripts init.d que serão reiniciados " +"agora, e corrija-a se necessário." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" +"Este script detectou os seguintes serviços instalados que devem ser parados " +"antes da atualização: ${services}" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" +"Se você quer interromper a atualização agora e continuar posteriormente, por " +"favor, responda Não para a questão abaixo." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "" +"Serviços para reiniciar por causa da atualização da biblioteca GNU libc:" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" +"Serviços em execução e programas que usam NSS precisam ser reiniciados, caso " +"contrário eles podem não ser capazes de realizar consultas ou autenticação " +"(para serviços como ssh, isto pode afetar sua habilidade de fazer login). " +"Por favor, reveja a seguinte lista separada por espaços de scripts init.d " +"que serão reiniciados agora, e corrija se necessário." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" +"Nota: reiniciar sshd/telnetd não deveria afetar quaisquer conexões " +"existentes." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "" +"Falha ao reiniciar alguns serviços por causa da atualização da GNU libc" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" +"Os seguintes serviços não puderam ser reiniciados por causa da atualização " +"da biblioteca GNU libc:" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" +"Você terá que iniciar esses serviços manualmente executando '/etc/init.d/" +" start'." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/vi.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/vi.po @@ -0,0 +1,209 @@ +# Vietnamese Translation for GlibC. +# Copyright © 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +# Clytie Siddall , 2005-2008. +# +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: glibc 2.7-9\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2008-02-29 15:01+1030\n" +"Last-Translator: Clytie Siddall \n" +"Language-Team: Vietnamese \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" +"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n" +"X-Generator: LocFactoryEditor 1.7b3\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "Má»i miá»n địa phÆ°Æ¡ng" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "Miá»n địa phÆ°Æ¡ng cần tạo ra:" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"Miá»n địa phÆ°Æ¡ng (locale) là má»™t khuôn khổ để chuyển đổi giữa các ngôn ngữ " +"khác nhau, cÅ©ng cho phép ngÆ°á»i dùng chá»n sá»­ dụng ngôn ngữ, quốc gia, ký tá»±, " +"thứ tá»± sắp xếp v.v. của quê." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"Hãy chá»n những miá»n địa phÆ°Æ¡ng cần tạo ra. Có nên chá»n miá»n địa phÆ°Æ¡ng kiểu " +"UTF-8 theo mặc định, đặc biệt cho việc cài đặt má»›i. (Ghi chú : tiếng Việt " +"cần thiết UTF-8.) Bá»™ ký tá»± khác có thể hữu ích để tÆ°Æ¡ng thích ngược vá»›i hệ " +"thống/phần má»m cÅ©." + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "Không có" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "Miá»n địa phÆ°Æ¡ng mặc định cho môi trÆ°á»ng hệ thống:" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"Nhiá»u gói của Debian có dùng miá»n địa phÆ°Æ¡ng để hiển thị văn bản bằng ngôn " +"ngữ thích hợp vá»›i ngÆ°á»i dùng. Bạn có dịp chá»n miá»n địa phÆ°Æ¡ng mặc định cho " +"hệ thống, trong những miá»n địa phÆ°Æ¡ng được tạo ra." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"Ghi chú : việc này sẽ chá»n ngôn ngữ mặc định cho toàn hệ thống. Nếu hệ thống " +"này có nhiá»u ngÆ°á»i dùng và không phải tất cả có khả năng nói ngôn ngữ mặc " +"định, há» sẽ gặp khó khăn." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "Bạn có muốn nâng cấp glibc ngay bây giá» không?" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" +"Các dịch vụ và chÆ°Æ¡ng trình Ä‘á»u Ä‘ang chạy dá»±a vào NSS thì cần phải được khởi " +"chạy lại: không thì chúng không còn có khả năng tra tìm hay xác thá»±c lại. " +"Tiến trình cài đặt có khả năng khởi chạy lại má»™t số dịch vụ riêng (v.d. ssh " +"hoặc têlnetd) nhÆ°ng không thể tá»± Ä‘á»™ng khởi chạy lại các chÆ°Æ¡ng trình khác. " +"Má»™t chÆ°Æ¡ng trình nhÆ° vậy mà cần phải bị dừng chạy rồi được khởi chạy lại " +"bằng sau khi nâng cấp glibc là xdm, vì việc tá»± Ä‘á»™ng cài đặt có thể ngắt kết " +"nối đến phiên chạy X11 Ä‘ang hoạt Ä‘á»™ng." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" +"Văn lệnh này đã phát hiện những dịch vụ đã cài đặt sau mà phải bị dừng chạy " +"trÆ°á»›c khi nâng cấp: ${services}" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" +"Nếu bạn muốn làm gián Ä‘oạn tiến trình nâng cấp ngay bây giá» và tiếp tục sau, " +"hãy trả lá»i « Không » bên dÆ°á»›i." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "Các dịch vụ cần khởi chạy lại để nâng cấp thÆ° viện libc GNU:" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" +"Các dịch vụ và chÆ°Æ¡ng trình Ä‘á»u Ä‘ang chạy khi sá»­ dụng NSS thì cần phải được " +"khởi chạy lại: không thì không còn có khả năng tra tìm hay xác thá»±c lại (đối " +"vá»›i dịch vụ nhÆ° SSH, trÆ°á»ng hợp này có thể ngăn cản bạn đăng nhập). Hãy xem " +"lại danh sách định giá»›i bằng dấu cách các văn lệnh init.d cho dịch vụ cần " +"khởi chạy lại ngay bây giá», và sá»­a nếu thích hợp." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" +"Ghi chú : khởi chạy lại sshd/telnetd không nên có tác Ä‘á»™ng kết nối Ä‘ang chạy." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "Lá»—i khởi chạy lại má»™t số dịch vụ để nâng cấp libc GNU." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" +"Những dịch vụ theo đây không thể được khởi chạy lại để nâng cấp thÆ° viện " +"libc GNU:" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" +"Bạn sẽ cần phải tá»± khởi chạy lại các dịch vụ này, bằng cách chạy lệnh « /etc/" +"init.d/ start »." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/ro.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/ro.po @@ -0,0 +1,211 @@ +# translation of po-debconf://kdebase.po to romanian +# Romanian translation of glibc. +# Copyright (C) 2006 THE glibc'S COPYRIGHT HOLDER +# This file is distributed under the same license as the glibc package. +# +# Stan Ioan-Eugen , 2006, 2007, 2008. +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: \n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2008-02-17 12:48+0200\n" +"Last-Translator: stan ioan-eugen \n" +"Language-Team: romanian \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" +"X-Generator: KBabel 1.11.4\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "Toate localele" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "Localele ce vor fi generate:" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"Locale este un cadru de lucru pentru utilizatori, care le permite acestora " +"să schimbe între mai multe limbi pentru a folosi propria lor limbă, È›ară, " +"caractere, formatare a datei, etc." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"AlegeÈ›i ce locale se generează. Localele UTF-8 ar trebui alese implicit, în " +"special pentru instalări noi. Din motive de compatibilitate cu soft sau " +"sisteme mai vechi, puteÈ›i alege să se genereze È™i alte seturi de caractere." + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "Nici una" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "Locale implicite pentru sistem:" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"Multe pachete din Debian folosesc locale pentru a afiÈ™a text în limba " +"corectă pentru utilizatori. PuteÈ›i alege o valoarea pentru locale, implicită " +"pentru sistem, din localele generate." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"Această opÈ›iune va stabili limba pentru tot sistemul. Dacă aveÈ›i un sistem " +"multi-utilizator unde nu toÈ›i utilizatorii vorbesc limba aleasă, atunci ei " +"vor întâmpina dificultăți." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +#| "otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +#| "(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +#| "review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services " +#| "to be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" +"Serviciile È™i programele care rulează È™i folosesc NSS trebuiesc repornite, " +"altfel este posibil să nu mai poată efectua autentificarea sau căutarea " +"numelor (în cazul serviciilor gen ssh, acest lucru poate determina " +"imposibilitatea autentificării). Analizati următoarea listă ce conÈ›ine, " +"separate prin spaÈ›iu, scripturi init.d ale serviciilor ce trebuiesc " +"repornite acum È™i corectaÈ›i-o dacă este nevoie." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "Servicii ce trebuiesc repornite la înnoirea bibliotecii GNU libc:" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" +"Serviciile È™i programele care rulează È™i folosesc NSS trebuiesc repornite, " +"altfel este posibil să nu mai poată efectua autentificarea sau căutarea " +"numelor (în cazul serviciilor gen ssh, acest lucru poate determina " +"imposibilitatea autentificării). Analizati următoarea listă ce conÈ›ine, " +"separate prin spaÈ›iu, scripturi init.d ale serviciilor ce trebuiesc " +"repornite acum È™i corectaÈ›i-o dacă este nevoie." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" +"Notă: repornirea sshd/telnetd nu ar trebui să afecteze conexiunile existente." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "EÈ™ec la pornirea unor servicii pentru înnoirea GNU libc" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" +"Următoarele servicii nu ar trebui repornite la înnoirea bibliotecii GNU libc." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" +"Va trebui să porniÈ›i aceste servicii manual executând comanda '/etc/init.d/" +" start'." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/ta.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/ta.po @@ -0,0 +1,185 @@ +# translation of glibc.po to TAMIL +# Copyright (C) YEAR THE PACKAGE'S COPYRIGHT HOLDER +# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package. +# +# Dr.T.Vasudevan , 2007. +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: glibc\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2007-04-24 19:42+0530\n" +"Last-Translator: Dr.T.Vasudevan \n" +"Language-Team: TAMIL \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" +"X-Generator: KBabel 1.11.4\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "எலà¯à®²à®¾ உளà¯à®³à®¾à®°à¯à®¨à¯à®¤ இடஙà¯à®•à®³à¯à®®à¯" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "உரà¯à®µà®¾à®•à¯à®• வேணà¯à®Ÿà®¿à®¯ உளà¯à®³à®¾à®°à¯à®¨à¯à®¤ இடஙà¯à®•à®³à¯" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"உளà¯à®³à®¾à®°à¯à®¨à¯à®¤ இடஙà¯à®•à®³à¯ எனà¯à®ªà®¤à¯ பல மொழிகளà¯à®•à¯à®•à®¿à®Ÿà¯ˆà®¯à¯‡ மாறவà¯à®®à¯ பயனரà¯à®•à®³à¯ˆ அவரவர௠மொழி, நாடà¯, " +"கà¯à®±à®¿à®•à®³à¯, à®®à¯à®±à¯ˆà®®à¯ˆà®•à®³à¯ ஆகியவறà¯à®±à¯ˆ பயனà¯à®ªà®Ÿà¯à®¤à¯à®¤à®µà¯à®®à¯ பயனாகà¯à®®à¯ சடà¯à®Ÿ அமைபà¯à®ªà¯" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"எநà¯à®¤ உளà¯à®³à®¾à®°à¯à®¨à¯à®¤ இடதà¯à®¤à¯ˆ உரà¯à®µà®¾à®•à¯à®• வேணà¯à®Ÿà¯à®®à¯ என தேரà¯à®µà¯ செயà¯à®•. à®®à¯à®©à¯à®©à®¿à®°à¯à®ªà¯à®ªà®¾à®• UTF-8 உளà¯à®³à®¾à®°à¯à®¨à¯à®¤ " +"இடஙà¯à®•à®³à¯ தேரà¯à®µà¯ செயà¯à®¯à®ªà®Ÿ வேணà¯à®Ÿà¯à®®à¯. கà¯à®±à®¿à®ªà¯à®ªà®¾à®• பà¯à®¤à®¿à®¯ நிறà¯à®µà®²à¯à®•à®³à¯à®•à¯à®•à¯. மறà¯à®± கà¯à®±à®¿à®¯à®¾à®•à¯à®• " +"தொகà¯à®ªà¯à®ªà¯à®•à®³à¯ பழைய கணினிகள௠மறà¯à®±à¯à®®à¯ மெனà¯à®ªà¯Šà®°à¯à®Ÿà¯à®•à®³à¯à®Ÿà®©à¯ பின௠நோகà¯à®•à¯ இசைவà¯à®•à¯à®•à¯ பயனà¯à®ªà®Ÿà¯à®®à¯." + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "ஒனà¯à®±à¯à®®à®¿à®²à¯à®²à¯ˆ" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "கணினி சூழலà¯à®•à¯à®•à¯ à®®à¯à®©à¯à®©à®¿à®°à¯à®ªà¯à®ªà¯ உளà¯à®³à®¾à®°à¯à®¨à¯à®¤ இடமà¯" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"பயனரà¯à®•à¯à®•à¯ சரியான மொழியில௠உரையை காடà¯à®Ÿ டெபியனின௠பல பொதிகள௠உளà¯à®³à®¾à®°à¯à®¨à¯à®¤ இடதà¯à®¤à¯ˆ " +"பயனà¯à®ªà®Ÿà¯à®¤à¯à®¤à¯à®•à®¿à®©à¯à®±à®©. உரà¯à®µà®¾à®•à¯à®•à®ªà¯à®ªà®Ÿà¯à®Ÿà®µà®±à¯à®±à®¿à®²à®¿à®°à¯à®¨à¯à®¤à¯ கணினிகà¯à®•à¯ à®®à¯à®©à¯à®©à®¿à®°à¯à®ªà¯à®ªà¯ உளà¯à®³à®¾à®°à¯à®¨à¯à®¤ இடதà¯à®¤à¯ˆ " +"தேரà¯à®µà¯ செயà¯à®¯à®µà¯à®®à¯." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"இத௠மà¯à®´à¯ கணினிகà¯à®•à¯ à®®à¯à®©à¯à®©à®¿à®°à¯à®ªà¯à®ªà¯ மொழியை தேரà¯à®µà¯ செயà¯à®¯à¯à®®à¯. இத௠பலர௠பயன௠படà¯à®¤à¯à®¤à¯à®®à¯ " +"கணினியானால௠எலà¯à®²à®¾ பயனரà¯à®•à®³à¯à®®à¯ à®®à¯à®©à¯à®©à®¿à®°à¯à®ªà¯à®ªà¯ மொழியை அறிநà¯à®¤à®¿à®°à®¾à®µà®¿à®Ÿà®¿à®²à¯ அவரà¯à®•à®³à¯ தà¯à®©à¯à®ªà¯à®±à¯à®µà®°à¯." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/nb.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/nb.po @@ -0,0 +1,188 @@ +# translation of glibc_nb.po to Norwegian BokmÃ¥l +# Copyright (C) YEAR THE PACKAGE'S COPYRIGHT HOLDER +# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package. +# +# Bjørn Steensrud , 2007. +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: glibc_nb\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2007-02-26 20:05+0100\n" +"Last-Translator: Bjørn Steensrud \n" +"Language-Team: Norwegian BokmÃ¥l \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" +"X-Generator: KBabel 1.11.2\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "Alle lokaler" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "Lokaler (stedstilpasninger) som skal opprettes:" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"«Lokale» er et rammeverk som kan veksle mellom flere sprÃ¥k, slik at brukere " +"kan velge sitt sprÃ¥k, land, tegnsett, sorteringsrekkefølge osv." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "Ingen" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "Standardlokale for systemmiljøet:" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"Mange pakker i Debian bruker lokaler for Ã¥ vise tekst i det riktige sprÃ¥ket " +"for brukerne. Du kan endre standardlokalet om det ikke er ditt førstesprÃ¥k. " +"Disse valgene er basert pÃ¥ hvilke lokaler som er valgt ut til Ã¥ bli " +"opprettet." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"Merk: Dette velger sprÃ¥k for hele systemet. Hvis dette er et " +"flerbrukersystem der ikke alle brukerne forstÃ¥r det valgte sprÃ¥ket, sÃ¥ kan " +"de komme opp i vansker, sÃ¥ kanskje det ikke bør velges et standardlokale." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/POTFILES.in +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/POTFILES.in @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +[type: gettext/rfc822deb] debhelper.in/locales.templates +[type: gettext/rfc822deb] debhelper.in/libc.templates --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/ja.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/ja.po @@ -0,0 +1,214 @@ +# Kenshi Muto , 2007 +# GOTO Masanori , -2007 +# +# Translators, if you are not familiar with the PO format, gettext +# documentation is worth reading, especially sections dedicated to +# this format, e.g. by running: +# info -n '(gettext)PO Files' +# info -n '(gettext)Header Entry' +# +# Some information specific to po-debconf are available at +# /usr/share/doc/po-debconf/README-trans +# or http://www.debian.org/intl/l10n/po-debconf/README-trans +# +# Developers do not need to manually edit POT or PO files. +# +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: locales 2.7-9\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2008-02-27 09:28+0900\n" +"Last-Translator: Kenshi Muto \n" +"Language-Team: Japanese \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "ã™ã¹ã¦ã®ãƒ­ã‚±ãƒ¼ãƒ«" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "生æˆã™ã‚‹ãƒ­ã‚±ãƒ¼ãƒ«ã®é¸æŠž:" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"ロケールã¨ã¯ã€è¤‡æ•°ã®è¨€èªžã‚’切り替ãˆã€ãƒ¦ãƒ¼ã‚¶ãŒè‡ªèº«ã®è¨€èªžãƒ»å›½ãƒ»æ–‡å­—・並ã¹æ›¿ãˆé †" +"åºãªã©ã‚’使ãˆã‚‹ã‚ˆã†ã«è¨±å¯ã™ã‚‹ãŸã‚ã®ä»•çµ„ã¿ã§ã™ã€‚" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"生æˆã—ãŸã„ロケールをé¸æŠžã—ã¦ãã ã•ã„。UTF-8 ロケールã¯ã€ç‰¹ã«æ–°è¦ã«ã‚¤ãƒ³ã‚¹ãƒˆãƒ¼" +"ルã—ãŸã‚‚ã®ã§ã‚ã‚Œã°ã€ãƒ‡ãƒ•ã‚©ãƒ«ãƒˆã§é¸æŠžã•ã‚Œã¦ã„ã‚‹ã¯ãšã§ã™ã€‚ãã®ä»–ã®æ–‡å­—セット" +"ã¯ã€ã‚ˆã‚Šå¤ã„システムãŠã‚ˆã³ã‚½ãƒ•ãƒˆã‚¦ã‚§ã‚¢ã¨ã®å¾Œæ–¹äº’æ›æ€§ã®ãŸã‚ã«å½¹ç«‹ã¤ã§ã—ょã†ã€‚" + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "ãªã—" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "システム標準ã®ç’°å¢ƒå¤‰æ•°ã¨ã—ã¦è¨­å®šã™ã‚‹ãƒ‡ãƒ•ã‚©ãƒ«ãƒˆãƒ­ã‚±ãƒ¼ãƒ«:" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"ユーザã«æ­£ã—ã„言語ã§ãƒ†ã‚­ã‚¹ãƒˆã‚’表示ã™ã‚‹ãŸã‚ã€Debian ã§ã¯å¤šãã®ãƒ‘ッケージãŒãƒ­" +"ケールを使用ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚生æˆã—ãŸãƒ­ã‚±ãƒ¼ãƒ«ã®ä¸­ã‹ã‚‰ã‚·ã‚¹ãƒ†ãƒ ã§ã®ãƒ‡ãƒ•ã‚©ãƒ«ãƒˆãƒ­ã‚±ãƒ¼ãƒ«ã‚’" +"é¸æŠžã§ãã¾ã™ã€‚" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"ã“ã‚Œã¯ã‚·ã‚¹ãƒ†ãƒ å…¨ä½“ã®ãƒ‡ãƒ•ã‚©ãƒ«ãƒˆãƒ­ã‚±ãƒ¼ãƒ«ã‚’é¸ã¶ã“ã¨ã«ãªã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚ã“ã®ã‚·ã‚¹ãƒ†ãƒ ãŒãƒž" +"ルãƒãƒ¦ãƒ¼ã‚¶ã‚·ã‚¹ãƒ†ãƒ ã§ã€ã™ã¹ã¦ã®ãƒ¦ãƒ¼ã‚¶ãŒãƒ‡ãƒ•ã‚©ãƒ«ãƒˆã®è¨€èªžã‚’話ã™ã“ã¨ãŒã§ãã‚‹ã¨ã„" +"ã†ã‚ã‘ã§ã¯ãªã„å ´åˆã¯ã€ãã†ã„ã£ãŸäººã€…ã¯å›°é›£ã‚’æ„Ÿã˜ã‚‹ã“ã¨ã«ãªã£ã¦ã—ã¾ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "glibc を今更新ã—ã¾ã™ã‹?" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" +"NSS を利用ã—ã¦ã„る実行中ã®ã‚µãƒ¼ãƒ“スãŠã‚ˆã³ãƒ—ログラムã¯ã€å†èµ·å‹•ã™ã‚‹å¿…è¦ãŒã‚ã‚Šã¾" +"ã™ã€‚ã•ã‚‚ãªã„ã¨ã€ãƒ«ãƒƒã‚¯ã‚¢ãƒƒãƒ—ãŠã‚ˆã³èªè¨¼ãŒã‚‚ã†åˆ©ç”¨ã§ããªã„ã“ã¨ã«ãªã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚イン" +"ストール手続ãã§ã¯ã„ãã¤ã‹ã®ã‚µãƒ¼ãƒ“ス (ssh ã‚„ telnetd ãªã©) ã‚’å†èµ·å‹•ã™ã‚‹ã“ã¨ãŒ" +"ã§ãã¾ã™ãŒã€ãã®ä»–ã®ãƒ—ログラムã¯è‡ªå‹•ã§ã¯å†èµ·å‹•ã•ã‚Œã¾ã›ã‚“。手動ã§ã®åœæ­¢ãŠã‚ˆã³ " +"glibc ã®æ›´æ–°ã®ã‚ã¨ã«ã‚ãªãŸè‡ªèº«ã§å†èµ·å‹•ã™ã‚‹å¿…è¦ã®ã‚ã‚‹ãã®ã‚ˆã†ãªãƒ—ログラム㮠1 " +"ã¤ã¨ã—ã¦ã¯ã€xdm ãŒã‚ã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚ã¨ã„ã†ã®ã‚‚ã€è‡ªå‹•å†èµ·å‹•ã¯ã‚ãªãŸã®ã‚¢ã‚¯ãƒ†ã‚£ãƒ–㪠X11 " +"ã®ã‚»ãƒƒã‚·ãƒ§ãƒ³ã‚’é–‰ã˜ã¦ã—ã¾ã†ã“ã¨ã«ãªã‚‹ã‹ã‚‰ã§ã™ã€‚" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" +"スクリプトã¯ã€æ›´æ–°å‰ã«åœæ­¢ã•ã‚Œãªã‘ã‚Œã°ãªã‚‰ãªã„以下ã®ã‚¤ãƒ³ã‚¹ãƒˆãƒ¼ãƒ«ã•ã‚ŒãŸã‚µãƒ¼ãƒ“" +"スを検出ã—ã¾ã—ãŸ: ${services}" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" +"更新を今中止ã—ã¦å¾Œæ—¥ç¶šè¡Œã—ãŸã„ã®ã§ã‚ã‚Œã°ã€ä»¥ä¸‹ã®è³ªå•ã§ã€Œã„ã„ãˆã€ã¨ç­”ãˆã¦ãã " +"ã•ã„。" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "GNU libc ライブラリã®æ›´æ–°ã§å†èµ·å‹•ã™ã‚‹ã‚µãƒ¼ãƒ“ス:" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" +"NSS を利用ã—ã¦ã„る実行中ã®ã‚µãƒ¼ãƒ“スãŠã‚ˆã³ãƒ—ログラムã¯ã€å†èµ·å‹•ã™ã‚‹å¿…è¦ãŒã‚ã‚Šã¾" +"ã™ã€‚ã•ã‚‚ãªã„ã¨ã€ãƒ«ãƒƒã‚¯ã‚¢ãƒƒãƒ—ãŠã‚ˆã³èªè¨¼ãŒã‚‚ã†åˆ©ç”¨ã§ããªã„ã“ã¨ã«ãªã‚Šã¾ã™ (ssh " +"ã®ã‚ˆã†ãªã‚µãƒ¼ãƒ“スã§ã¯ã€ã“ã‚Œã¯ãƒ­ã‚°ã‚¤ãƒ³ã§ãã‚‹ã‹ã©ã†ã‹ã«å½±éŸ¿ã—ã¾ã™)。以下ã®ã‚¹ãƒšãƒ¼" +"スã§åŒºåˆ‡ã‚‰ã‚ŒãŸã€ä»Šå†èµ·å‹•ã™ã‚‹ã‚µãƒ¼ãƒ“ス㮠init.d スクリプトã®ãƒªã‚¹ãƒˆã‚’見ã¦ã€å¿…è¦" +"ãªã‚‰ä¿®æ­£ã—ã¦ãã ã•ã„。" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "注æ„: sshd/telnetd ã®å†èµ·å‹•ã¯æ—¢å­˜ã®æŽ¥ç¶šã«ã¯å½±éŸ¿ã—ãªã„ã¯ãšã§ã™ã€‚" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "GNU libc æ›´æ–°ã®ãŸã‚ã®ã„ãã¤ã‹ã®ã‚µãƒ¼ãƒ“スã®å†èµ·å‹•ã§å¤±æ•—" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" +"GNU libc ライブラリ更新ã®ãŸã‚ã®ã€ä»¥ä¸‹ã®ã‚µãƒ¼ãƒ“スã®å†èµ·å‹•ãŒã§ãã¾ã›ã‚“ã§ã—ãŸã€‚" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" +"'/etc/init.d/<サービス> start' を実行ã™ã‚‹ã“ã¨ã§ã€ã“れらを手動ã§èµ·å‹•ã™ã‚‹å¿…è¦ãŒ" +"ã‚ã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/sk.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/sk.po @@ -0,0 +1,203 @@ +# Ivan Masár , 2007, 2008. +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: glibc 2.6.1-1\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2008-02-26 23:21+0100\n" +"Last-Translator: Ivan Masár \n" +"Language-Team: Slovak \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "VÅ¡etky locales" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "Locales, ktoré sa majú vytvoriÅ¥:" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"Locales sú infraÅ¡truktúra na prepínanie medzi viacerými jazykmi a umožňujú " +"používateľom používaÅ¥ ich jazyk, krajinu, poradie znakov atÄ." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"Prosím zvoľte, ktoré locales sa majú vytvoriÅ¥. Å tandardne by mali byÅ¥ " +"zvolené UTF-8 locales, zvlášť na nových inÅ¡taláciách. Iné znakové sady môžu " +"byÅ¥ užitoÄné pre spätnú kompatibilitu so staršími systémami a softvérom." + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "žiadne" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "Å tandarné locale systémového prostredia:" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"Mnohé balíky v Debiane používajú locales pre zobrazovanie textu v správnom " +"jazyku používateľa. Z vytvorených locales môžete zvoliÅ¥ Å¡tandardné locale " +"systému." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"Týmto vyberiete Å¡tandardný jazyk pre celý systém. Ak je toto " +"viacpoužívateľský systém, kde nie vÅ¡etci používatelia hovoria Å¡tandarným " +"jazykom, môžu maÅ¥ Å¥ažkosti." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "Želáte si teraz aktualizovaÅ¥ glibc?" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" +"Bežiace programy a služby, ktoré používajú NSS sa musia reÅ¡tartovaÅ¥, inak by " +"viac neboli schopné vykonávaÅ¥ vyhľadávanie a autentifikáciu. InÅ¡talátor je " +"schopný sám reÅ¡tartovaÅ¥ niektoré služby (ako ssh a telnet), ale iné programy " +"nie je možné reÅ¡tartovaÅ¥ automaticky. Jeden z takýchto programov, ktoré " +"vyžadujú, aby ste ho manuálne zastavili a reÅ¡tartovali po aktualizácii " +"glibc, je xdm - pretože automatický reÅ¡tart by mohol odpojiÅ¥ vaÅ¡e aktívne " +"relácie X11." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" +"Tento skript zistil, že nasledovné služby je pred aktualizáciou potrebné " +"zastaviÅ¥:${services}" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" +"Ak si teraz želáte preruÅ¡iÅ¥ aktualizáciu a pokraÄovaÅ¥ neskôr, prosím, " +"odpovedzte na túto otázku „Nie“." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "Služby, ktoré sa majú po aktualizácii knižnice GNU libc reÅ¡tartovaÅ¥:" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" +"Bežiace programy a služby, ktoré používajú NSS a majú sa reÅ¡tartovaÅ¥, inak " +"by viac neboli schopné vykonávaÅ¥ vyhľadávanie a autentifikáciu (pri službách " +"ako ssh toto môže maÅ¥ vplyv na schopnosÅ¥ prihlásiÅ¥ sa). Prosím, skontrolujte " +"nasledovný zoznam (položky sú oddelené medzerami) init.d skriptov služieb, " +"ktoré je treba reÅ¡tartovaÅ¥ a ak je to potrebné, opravte ho." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" +"Pozn.: reÅ¡tartovanie sshd/telnetd by nemalo maÅ¥ vplyv na už nadviazané " +"spojenia." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "Nepodarilo sa reÅ¡tartovaÅ¥ niektoré služby pri aktualizácii GNU libc" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" +"Nasledovné služby sa pri aktualizácii knižnice GNU libc nepodarilo sa " +"reÅ¡tartovaÅ¥:" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" +"Budete musieÅ¥ tieto služby spustiÅ¥ ruÄne pomocou „/etc/init.d/ " +"start“." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/ml.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/ml.po @@ -0,0 +1,190 @@ +# Translation of glibc debconf template. +# Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc +# This file is distributed under the same license as the glibc package. +# അനൂപàµ|Anoop പി|P , ലാലàµ|Lalu കെആരàµâ€|KR , സജീവàµ|Sajeev പിആരàµâ€|PR, 2007 +# +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: Glibc 2007_05_26\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2007-05-26 15:09+0530\n" +"Last-Translator: അനൂപàµ|Anoop പി|P , ലാലàµ|Lalu കെആരàµâ€|KR " +",സജീവൠ|Sajeev പിആരàµâ€|PR \n" +"Language-Team: Swathanthra|à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´° Malayalam|മലയാളം Computing|à´•à´®àµà´ªàµà´¯àµ‚à´Ÿàµà´Ÿà´¿à´™àµà´™àµ \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" +"X-Poedit-Basepath: .\n" +"X-Poedit-Language: Malayalam\n" +"X-Poedit-Country: INDIA\n" +"X-Poedit-SearchPath-0: /home/mobin\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "à´Žà´²àµà´²à´¾ ലൊകàµà´•àµ‡à´²àµà´•à´³àµà´‚" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "സൃഷàµà´Ÿà´¿à´•àµà´•à´ªàµà´ªàµ†à´Ÿàµ‡à´£àµà´Ÿ ലൊകàµà´•àµ‡à´²àµà´•à´³àµâ€:" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"വിവിധ ഭാഷകളിലàµâ€ നിനàµà´¨àµ à´¸àµà´µà´¨àµà´¤à´‚ ഭാഷ, രാജàµà´¯à´‚, à´…à´•àµà´·à´°à´™àµà´™à´³àµâ€, à´…à´•àµà´·à´°à´•àµà´°à´®à´‚ à´®àµà´¤à´²à´¾à´¯à´µ ഉപയോഗികàµà´•à´¾à´¨à´¾à´¯à´¿ " +"ഉപയോകàµà´¤à´¾à´•àµà´•à´³àµ† സഹായികàµà´•àµà´¨àµà´¨ à´šà´Ÿàµà´Ÿà´•àµà´•àµ‚à´Ÿàµà´•à´³à´¾à´£àµ ലൊകàµà´•àµ‡à´²àµà´•à´³àµâ€." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"ദയവായി സൃഷàµà´Ÿà´¿à´•àµà´•àµ‡à´£àµà´Ÿ ലൊകàµà´•àµ‡à´²àµà´•à´³àµâ€ തിരഞàµà´žàµ†à´Ÿàµà´•àµà´•àµà´•. à´ªàµà´¤à´¿à´¯ ഇനàµâ€à´¸àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´²àµ‡à´·à´¨àµà´•à´³àµâ€à´•àµà´•àµ à´¸àµà´µà´¤àµ‡ തിരഞàµà´žàµ†à´Ÿàµà´•àµà´•àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµ " +"UTF-8 ലൊകàµà´•àµ‡à´²àµà´•à´³àµâ€ ആയിരികàµà´•àµà´‚. മറàµà´±àµ à´…à´•àµà´·à´°à´•àµà´•àµ‚à´Ÿàµà´Ÿà´™àµà´™à´³àµâ€ പഴയ സിസàµà´±àµà´±à´™àµà´™à´³àµà´‚ സോഫàµà´±àµà´±àµâ€Œà´µàµ†à´¯à´±àµà´•à´³àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ " +"പിനàµà´¨àµ‹à´Ÿàµà´Ÿàµà´³àµà´³ പൊരàµà´¤àµà´¤à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨à´¾à´¯à´¿ ഉപയോഗപàµà´°à´¦à´®à´¾à´¯àµ‡à´¯àµà´•àµà´•à´¾à´‚. " + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "à´’à´¨àµà´¨àµà´®à´¿à´²àµà´²" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "സിസàµà´±àµà´±à´‚ പരിസരതàµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµ വേണàµà´Ÿà´¿à´¯àµà´³à´³ സഹജമായ ലൊകàµà´•àµ‡à´²àµâ€:" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"ഉപയോകàµà´¤à´¾à´µà´¿à´¨àµà´µàµ‡à´£àµà´Ÿà´¿ ശരിയായ ഭാഷയിലàµâ€ ടെകàµà´¸àµà´±àµà´±àµ à´ªàµà´°à´¦à´°àµâ€à´¶à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´•àµà´•àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´¨à´¾à´¯à´¿ à´’à´°àµà´ªà´¾à´Ÿàµ ഡെബിയനàµâ€ " +"പാകàµà´•àµ‡à´œàµà´•à´³àµâ€ ലൊകàµà´•àµ‡à´²àµâ€ ഉപയോഗികàµà´•àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. സൃഷàµà´Ÿà´¿à´•àµà´•à´ªàµà´ªàµ†à´Ÿàµà´Ÿ ലൊകàµà´•àµ‡à´²àµà´•à´³à´¿à´²àµâ€ നിനàµà´¨àµ സഹജമായ ലൊകàµà´•àµ‡à´²àµâ€ " +"സിസàµà´±àµà´±à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´µàµ‡à´£àµà´Ÿà´¿ നിങàµà´™à´³àµâ€à´•àµà´•àµ തിരഞàµà´žàµ†à´Ÿàµà´•àµà´•à´¾à´µàµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´£àµ." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"സിസàµà´±àµà´±à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ€ à´Žà´²àµà´²à´¾à´¯à´¿à´Ÿà´¤àµà´¤àµ‡à´¯àµà´‚ സഹജമായ ഭാഷ ഇതൠതിരഞàµà´žàµ†à´Ÿàµà´•àµà´•àµà´‚. സഹജമായ ഭാഷ സംസാരികàµà´•à´¾à´¨àµâ€ " +"കഴിയാതàµà´¤ à´’à´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´²à´§à´¿à´•à´‚ ഉപയോകàµà´¤à´¾à´•àµà´•à´³àµà´³àµà´³ സിസàµà´±àµà´±à´®à´¾à´£à´¿à´¤àµ†à´™àµà´•à´¿à´²àµâ€ അവരàµâ€à´•àµà´•àµ à´ªàµà´°à´¯à´¾à´¸à´™àµà´™à´³àµâ€ à´…à´¨àµà´­à´µà´ªàµà´ªàµ†à´Ÿàµà´‚." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/ko.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/ko.po @@ -0,0 +1,205 @@ +# Korean translations for glibc package +# glibc íŒ¨í‚¤ì§€ì— ëŒ€í•œ 한국어 번역문. +# Copyright (C) 2007 THE glibc'S COPYRIGHT HOLDER +# This file is distributed under the same license as the glibc package. +# Sunjae Park , 2007 - 2008. +# +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: glibc\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2008-03-02 20:33-0500\n" +"Last-Translator: Sunjae Park \n" +"Language-Team: Korean \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" +"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "모든 로케ì¼" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "ìƒì„±í•  ë¡œì¼€ì¼ ëª©ë¡:" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"로케ì¼ì´ëž€ 여러 언어 중ì—ì„œ ì„ íƒí•˜ì—¬ 사용ìžë“¤ì´ ìžì‹ ì˜ 언어, êµ­ê°€, 문ìž, ì •ë ¬" +"순서 ë“±ì„ ì‚¬ìš©í•  수 있ë„ë¡ í•´ì£¼ëŠ” 구성틀입니다." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"ìƒì„±í•˜ê³ ìž 하는 로케ì¼ì„ ì„ íƒí•˜ì—¬ 주십시오. 기본ì ìœ¼ë¡œëŠ” UTF-8 로케ì¼ì„ ì„ íƒ" +"하시고, 특히 새로 설치하는 시스템ì—서는 ë”ë”ìš± ì´ë¥¼ ì„ íƒí•˜ì‹­ì‹œì˜¤. 기존 시스템" +"ì´ë‚˜ ì†Œí”„íŠ¸ì›¨ì–´ì™€ì˜ ì—­í˜¸í™˜ì„±ì„ ìœ„í•´ì„œëŠ” 다른 ë¬¸ì œì…‹ì„ ì„ íƒí•˜ì…”ë„ ë©ë‹ˆë‹¤." + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "ì—†ìŒ" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "시스템 í™˜ê²½ì˜ ê¸°ë³¸ 로케ì¼:" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"ë°ë¹„ì•ˆì— ìžˆëŠ” ë§Žì€ ê¾¸ëŸ¬ë¯¸ë“¤ì€ ì‚¬ìš©ìžì—게 맞는 언어로 출력하기 위해 로케ì¼ì„ " +"사용합니다. ìƒì„±ëœ ë¡œì¼€ì¼ ì¤‘ì—ì„œ ì‹œìŠ¤í…œì˜ ê¸°ë³¸ 로케ì¼ë¡œ 사용할 로케ì¼ì„ ì„ íƒ" +"하실 수 있습니다." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"ì´ ì„ íƒì€ 시스템 ì „ì²´ì˜ ê¸°ë³¸ 언어를 결정합니다. 기본 언어를 사용할 수 없는 사" +"ìš©ìžë„ 있는 복수 ì‚¬ìš©ìž ì‹œìŠ¤í…œì¼ ê²½ìš°ì—는 ê·¸ 사용ìžë“¤ì´ 시스템 ì‚¬ìš©ì— ì–´ë ¤ì›€" +"ì„ ê²ªìœ¼ì‹¤ 수 있습니다." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "지금 glibc를 업그레ì´ë“œ 하시겠습니까?" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" +"NSS를 ì‚¬ìš©ì¤‘ì¸ ì„œë¹„ìŠ¤ì™€ í”„ë¡œê·¸ëž¨ë“¤ì„ ë‹¤ì‹œ 시작시키지 않으면 ìƒ‰ì¸ ìž‘ì—…ì´ë‚˜ ì¸" +"ì¦ ìž‘ì—…ì„ ë” ì´ìƒ 사용할 수 없게 ë©ë‹ˆë‹¤. sshì´ë‚˜ telnetd ë“±ì˜ ì„œë¹„ìŠ¤ë“¤ ì¼ë¶€" +"는 설치 ê³¼ì •ì´ ë‹¤ì‹œ ì‹œìž‘ì„ ì‹œí‚µë‹ˆë‹¤ë§Œ, ìžë™ìœ¼ë¡œ 다시 시작시키지 못하는 프로그" +"ëž¨ë„ ìžˆìŠµë‹ˆë‹¤. glibc 업그레ì´ë“œ 후 사용ìžê°€ ì§ì ‘ 다시 정지시킨 후 다시 시작시" +"켜야 하는 대표ì ì¸ 프로그램으로 xdmì´ ìžˆìŠµë‹ˆë‹¤. ìžë™ìœ¼ë¡œ 다시 ì‹œìž‘ì„ ì‹œí‚¤ë©´ " +"ì‚¬ìš©ì¤‘ì¸ X11 ì„¸ì…˜ì„ ì¤‘ì§€ì‹œí‚¬ 수 있기 때문입니다." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" +"업그레ì´ë“œ 하기 ì „ì— ë©ˆì¶°ì•¼ 하는 ë‹¤ìŒ ì„œë¹„ìŠ¤ë“¤ì„ ìŠ¤í¬ë¦½íŠ¸ê°€ ê°ì§€í–ˆìŠµë‹ˆë‹¤: " +"${services}" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" +"업그레ì´ë“œë¥¼ ì¼ë‹¨ 중지시키고 ë‚˜ì¤‘ì— ê³„ì†í•˜ì‹œë ¤ë©´ ë‹¤ìŒ ì§ˆë¬¸ì— Noë¼ê³  답해주시" +"기 ë°”ëžë‹ˆë‹¤." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "GNU libc ë¼ì´ë¸ŒëŸ¬ë¦¬ 업그레ì´ë“œë¡œ ì¸í•´ 다시 시작시킬 서비스 목ë¡:" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" +"NSS를 ì‚¬ìš©ì¤‘ì¸ ì„œë¹„ìŠ¤ì™€ í”„ë¡œê·¸ëž¨ë“¤ì„ ë‹¤ì‹œ 시작시키지 않으면 ìƒ‰ì¸ ìž‘ì—…ì´ë‚˜ ì¸" +"ì¦ ìž‘ì—…ì„ ë” ì´ìƒ 사용할 수 없게 ë©ë‹ˆë‹¤(ssh와 ê°™ì€ ì„œë¹„ìŠ¤ì˜ ê²½ìš° 로그ì¸ì— ì˜" +"í–¥ì„ ì¤„ 수 있습니다). 다시 시작시킬 init.d 스í¬ë¦½íŠ¸ 서비스를 빈칸으로 ì—°ê²°ì‹œ" +"킨 ì´ ëª©ë¡ì„ 검토하여 필요한 경우 수정해주십시오." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" +"참고: sshd/telnetd를 다시 시작시키ë”ë¼ë„ 기존 ì—°ê²°ì—는 ì˜í–¥ì´ ì—†ì„ ê²ƒìž…ë‹ˆë‹¤." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "GNU libc 업그레ì´ë“œë¡œ ì¸í•œ 서비스 다시 ì‹œìž‘ì— ì‹¤íŒ¨" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" +"ë‹¤ìŒ ì„œë¹„ìŠ¤ë“¤ì€ GNU libc ë¼ì´ë¸ŒëŸ¬ë¦¬ 업그레ì´ë“œë¡œ ì¸í•œ 다시 ì‹œìž‘ì— ì‹¤íŒ¨í•˜ì˜€ìŠµ" +"니다:" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" +"ì´ ì„œë¹„ìŠ¤ë“¤ì€ '/etc/init.d/ start'ë¡œ ì§ì ‘ 다시 시작시키셔야 합니다." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/ar.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/ar.po @@ -0,0 +1,201 @@ +# translation of ar.po to Arabic +# Copyright (C) YEAR THE PACKAGE'S COPYRIGHT HOLDER +# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package. +# +# Ossama M. Khayat , 2007, 2008. +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: ar\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2008-03-18 15:39+0300\n" +"Last-Translator: Ossama M. Khayat \n" +"Language-Team: Arabic \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" +"X-Generator: KBabel 1.11.4\n" +"Plural-Forms: nplurals=6; plural=n==1 ? 0 : n==0 ? 1 : n==2 ? 2: n%100>=3 && " +"n%100<=10 ? 3 : n%100>=11 && n%100<=99 ? 4 : 5\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "جميع المحليات" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "المحليات التي سيتم توليدها:" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"المحليات هي إطار عمل يمكنك من التبديل بين اللغات المتعددة وتمكن المستخدمين " +"من اختيار لغتهم، وبلدهم، ومجموعة الأحر٠الخاصة بهم، إلخ." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"الرجاء اختيار المحليات التي تريد توليدها. يجب اختيار محليات UTF-8 بشكل " +"اÙتراضي، وبالتحديد لعمليات التثبيت الجديدة. يمكن الاستÙادة من مجموعات " +"المحار٠الأخرى للتواÙÙ‚ مع الأنظمة والبرامج القديمة." + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "لا شيء" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "المحلية الاÙتراضية لبيئة النظام:" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"ÙÙŠ نظام ديبيان، تستخدم العديد من الحزم المحليات لعرض النصوص باللغة الصحيحة " +"للمستخدم. يمكنك اختيار المحلية الاÙتراضية للنظام من هذه المحليات." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"سيحدد هذا الخيار اللغة الاÙتراضية للنظام بأكمله. إن كان هذا النظام مستخدماً " +"من قبل عدة مستخدمين لا يستخدمون اللغة ذاتها، Ùسو٠يواجهون بعض الصعوبات." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "أتريد ترقية glibc الآن؟" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" +"هناك بعض الخدمات والبرامج التي تستخدم NSS يجب إعادة تشغيلها، وإلا لن تستطيع " +"تلك الخدمات البحث أو المصادقة بعد الآن. تستطيع عملية التثبيت إعادة تشغيل بعض " +"الخدمات (مثل ssh أو telnetd)ØŒ إلا أن بعض الخدمات الأخرى لا يمكن إعادة " +"تشغيلها آلياً. وإحدى تلك الخدمات هي xdm والتي يجب عليك تشغيلها يدوياً بعد " +"عملية ترقية glibc ذلك أن عملية إعادة تشغيلها آلياً قد يوق٠عمل جلسات X11 " +"الحالية." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" +"عثر البرنامج على الخدمات المثبتة التالية والتي يجب إيقاÙها قبل عملية " +"الترقية: ${services}" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" +"إن كنت تريد ايقا٠عملة الترقية الآن وإتمامها لاحقاً، الرجاء الإجابة بالنÙÙŠ " +"للسؤال أدناه." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "الخدمات المطلوب إعادة تشغيلها لتريقة مكتبة GNU libc:" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" +"هناك بعض الخدمات والبرامج التي تستخدم NSS يجب إعادة تشغيلها، وإلا لن تستطيع " +"تلك الخدمات البحث أو المصادقة بعد الآن. تستطيع عملية التثبيت إعادة تشغيل بعض " +"الخدمات (مثل ssh والتي قد تؤثر على قدرتك الدخول). الرجاء مراجعة قائمة برامج " +"init.d هذه بالخدمات التي يجب إعادة تشغيلها الآن، وصححها إن كنت بحاجة إلى ذلك." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "ملاحظة: إعادة تشغيل sshd/telnetd يجب أن لايؤثر على أية اتصالات جارية." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "Ùشلت عملية إعادة تشغيل بعض الخدمات لترقية GNU libc" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "تعذر إعادة تشغيل الخدمات التالية لترقية مكتبة GNU libc:" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" +"عليك بتشغيل هذه الخدمات يدوياً بتنÙيذ الأمر '/etc/init.d/ start'." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/el.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/el.po @@ -0,0 +1,203 @@ +# translation of el.po to Greek +# translation of templates.po to Greek +# +# Translators, if you are not familiar with the PO format, gettext +# documentation is worth reading, especially sections dedicated to +# this format, e.g. by running: +# info -n '(gettext)PO Files' +# info -n '(gettext)Header Entry' +# Some information specific to po-debconf are available at +# /usr/share/doc/po-debconf/README-trans +# or http://www.debian.org/intl/l10n/po-debconf/README-trans# +# Developers do not need to manually edit POT or PO files. +# Konstantinos Margaritis , 2004. +# +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: el\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2004-01-21 22:44EEST\n" +"Last-Translator: Konstantinos Margaritis \n" +"Language-Team: Greek \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" +"X-Generator: KBabel 1.0.2\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "Επιλέξτε τα γλωσσικά πεÏιβάλλοντα που θέλετε να δημιουÏγηθοÏν." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"Το γλωσσικό πεÏιβάλλον (locale) είναι ένα πλαίσιο υποστήÏιξης εναλλαγής " +"πολλαπλών γλωσσών, ώστε οι χÏήστες να μποÏοÏν να χÏησιμοποιοÏν τη γλώσσα " +"τους, με όλα τα συνεπακόλουθα, χαÏακτήÏες, νόμισμα, τοπικές Ïυθμίσεις, κλπ." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "Κανένα" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "Ποιο γλωσσικό πεÏιβάλλον επιθυμείτε ως Ï€ÏοκαθοÏισμένο για το σÏστημα;" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"Πολλά πακέτα στο Debiaν χÏησιμοποιοÏν τη δυνατότητα των γλωσσικών " +"πεÏιβάλλοντων για να εμφανίζουν κείμενο στην επιλεγμένη γλώσσα του κάθε " +"χÏήστη. ΜποÏείτε να αλλάξετε το Ï€ÏοκαθοÏισμένο γλωσσικό πεÏιβάλλον αν η " +"Αγγλική δεν είναι η μητÏική σας γλώσσα. Αυτές οι επιλογές βασίζονται στα " +"γλωσσικά πεÏιβάλλοντα που επιλέξατε να δημιουÏγηθοÏν." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"Σημείωση: Αυτή η επιλογή θα επιλέξει τη γλώσσα για ολόκληÏο το σÏστημά σας. " +"Αν έχετε ένα πολυχÏηστικό σÏστημα, στο οποίο οι χÏήστες δε μιλοÏν όλοι την " +"γλώσσα που εσείς επιλέξατε, τότε πιθανόν να συναντήσουν δυσκολίες και για το " +"λόγο αυτό ίσως να μη Ï€Ïέπει να οÏίσετε ένα Ï€ÏοκαθοÏισμένο γλωσσικό " +"πεÏιβάλλον." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/zh_CN.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/zh_CN.po @@ -0,0 +1,201 @@ +# Translators, if you are not familiar with the PO format, gettext +# documentation is worth reading, especially sections dedicated to +# this format, e.g. by running: +# info -n '(gettext)PO Files' +# info -n '(gettext)Header Entry' +# +# Some information specific to po-debconf are available at +# /usr/share/doc/po-debconf/README-trans +# or http://www.debian.org/intl/l10n/po-debconf/README-trans +# +# Developers do not need to manually edit POT or PO files. +# +# Hiei Xu , 2004. +# Carlos Z.F. Liu , 2004. +# LI Daobing , 2007, 2008. +# +# +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: glibc 2.7-9\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2008-02-28 23:44+0800\n" +"Last-Translator: LI Daobing \n" +"Language-Team: Chinese (Simplified) \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "全部区域设置" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "请选择需è¦ç”Ÿæˆçš„区域设置(locale)。" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"区域设置(locale)是一ç§åœ¨å¤šç§è¯­è¨€ä¹‹é—´åˆ‡æ¢çš„框架，用户å¯ä»¥é€šè¿‡å®ƒæ¥è®¾å®šè‡ªå·±çš„语" +"言ã€å›½å®¶ã€å­—符集ã€å­—符串排åºæ–¹å¼ç­‰ã€‚" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"请选择需è¦ç”Ÿæˆçš„区域设置。通常应当选择 UTF-8 字符集的区域设置，特别是对于新安" +"装的系统。其他的字符集一般用于兼容旧系统和旧软件。" + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "æ— " + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "哪个将作为系统环境默认的区域设置(locale)？" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"Debian 里的很多软件包都使用区域设置(locale)æ¥ä»¥æ­£ç¡®çš„语言å‘用户显示文本。你å¯" +"以从生æˆçš„区域设置中选择一个缺çœçš„区域设置。" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"注æ„：这将会把整个系统都设置为这ç§è¯­è¨€ã€‚如果您è¿è¡Œçš„是一个多用户系统，而且并" +"ä¸æ˜¯ç³»ç»Ÿå†…的所有用户都使用您选择的语言，那么他们将会é‡åˆ°ä¸€äº›éº»çƒ¦ã€‚" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "你想现在å‡çº§ glibc 么?" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" +"使用 NSS çš„æœåŠ¡å’Œç¨‹åºéœ€è¦é‡å¯ï¼Œå¦åˆ™å¯èƒ½æ— æ³•ç»§ç»­æŸ¥è¯¢æˆ–验è¯ã€‚安装过程能é‡å¯éƒ¨åˆ†" +"æœåŠ¡(如 ssh å’Œ telnetd)，但其他程åºæ— æ³•è‡ªåŠ¨é‡å¯ã€‚xdm 就是需è¦åœ¨ glibc å‡çº§å®Œ" +"æˆåŽæ‰‹åŠ¨åœæ­¢å’Œé‡å¯çš„ç¨‹åº - 因为自动é‡å¯å¯èƒ½ä¼šä¸­æ–­ä½ çš„å½“å‰ X11 会è¯ã€‚" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "脚本检测到以下的æœåŠ¡éœ€è¦åœ¨å‡çº§å‰åœæ­¢: ${services}" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "如果你想打断å‡çº§å¹¶åœ¨ç¨åŽç»§ç»­ï¼Œè¯·å¯¹ä¸‹é¢çš„问题答 No" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "GNU libc 库å‡çº§éœ€è¦é‡å¯å¦‚下的æœåŠ¡ï¼š" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" +"使用 NSS çš„æœåŠ¡å’Œç¨‹åºéœ€è¦é‡å¯ï¼Œå¦åˆ™å¯èƒ½æ— æ³•æŸ¥è¯¢æˆ–验è¯(对于 ssh 这类的æœåŠ¡ï¼Œæœ‰" +"å¯èƒ½å¯¼è‡´ä½ æ— æ³•ç™»å½•)。请检查下é¢éœ€è¦é‡å¯çš„ init.d 脚本列表(空格分隔)，如有误请" +"改正。" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "æ示：é‡å¯ sshd/telnetd ä¸ä¼šå½±å“现有的连接。" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "å›  GNU libc å‡çº§è€Œé‡å¯çš„部分æœåŠ¡é‡å¯å¤±è´¥" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "GNU libc 库å‡çº§ï¼Œä½†ä¸‹åˆ—æœåŠ¡æ— æ³•é‡å¯ï¼š" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "你需è¦é€šè¿‡æ‰‹åŠ¨è¿è¡Œ '/etc/init.d/ start' æ¥å¯åŠ¨è¿™äº›æœåŠ¡ã€‚" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/eu.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/eu.po @@ -0,0 +1,212 @@ +# translation of glibc 2.6.1-3 debconf to basque +# Piarres Beobide , 2006. +# Copyright (C) YEAR THE PACKAGE'S COPYRIGHT HOLDER +# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package. +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: eu\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2007-09-11 09:57+0100\n" +"Last-Translator: Piarres Beobide \n" +"Language-Team: librezale \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" +"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1)\n" +"X-Generator: KBabel 1.11.4\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "Lokal guztiak" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "Sortu behar diren lokalak:" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"Lokalak hizkuntza anitz artean aldatzeko ingurugiroa da erabiltzaileek " +"beren hizkuntza, herrialdea, karaktere-jokoa etab. erabiltzeko gaitasuna ematen " +"dute." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"Mesedez zein lokala sortuko diren hautatu. Lehenespen bezala UTF-8 locale-ak " +"hautau beharko lirateke, bereiziki instalazio berri batetan. Beste karaktere " +"joko batzuek sortzea erabilgarri izan liteke sistema eta software " +"zaharragoekin bateragarritasuna mantentzeko." + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "Batez" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "Sistema inguruneko lokal lehenetsia:" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"Debian pakete anitzek locale-ak erabiltzen dituzte erabiltzaileari dagokion " +"hizkuntzan testuak bistaratzeko. Locale lehenetsia sortutako locale-en " +"artean hautatu dezakezu." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"Honek zure sistemako hizkuntza aukeratuko du. Hautatutako hizkuntza denek " +"erabiltzen ez duten erabiltzaile anitzeko sistema bat bada, agian " +"erabiltzaile horiek arazoetan aurki daitezke." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "Glibc orain bertsio-berritu nahi al duzu?" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" +"NSS erabiltzen duten abiaraziriko programa eta zerbitzuak berrabiarazi egin " +"behar dira, bestela hauek ez dira bilaketak egin edo autentifikatzeko gai " +"izango (ssh bezalako zerbitzuentzat, saio hasteko ahalmenean eragin dezake). " +"Mesedez gainbegiratu berrabiaraziko diren zerbitzuen init.d script-en " +"zuriunez bereiziriko zerrenda eta zuzendu behar izanez gero." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" +"Skript honek bertsio-berritzea egin aurretik gelditu behar diren " +"instalaturiko hurrengo zerbitzu hauek aurkitu ditu: ${services}" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" +"Bertsio-berritzea etzaeratu eta berandua jarraitu nahi izanez gero, ez " +"erantzun behekaldeko galderari." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "GNU libc liburutegi eguneraketan berrabiarazi behar diren zerbitzuak:" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" +"NSS erabiltzen duten abiaraziriko programa eta zerbitzuak berrabiarazi egin " +"behar dira, besteka hauek ez dira bilaketak egin edo autentifikatzeko gai " +"izango (ssh bezalako zerbitzuentzat, saio hasteko ahalmenean eragin dezake). " +"Mesedez gainbegiratu berrabiaraziko diren zerbitzuen init.d script-en gakoz " +"bereiziriko zerrenda eta zuzendu behar izanen gero." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" +"Oharra: sshd/telnetd berrabiarazteak ez luke sorturik dauden konexioetan " +"eragin beharko." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "Huts GNU glibc bertsio berritzerkoan zenbait zerbitzu berrabiaraztean" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" +"Hurrengo zerbitzuak ezin izan dira berrabiarazi GNU glibc liburutegi bertsio " +"berritzerako:" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" +"Hauek eskuz abiarazi beharko dituzu '/etc/init.d/ start' eginaz." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "xscreensaver eta xlockmore berrabiarazi egin behar dira bertsio-berritu ondoren" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" +"Xscreensaver edo xlockmore instantzi bat edo gehiago antzeman dira sisteman. " +"LKiburutegi aldaketa bateraezina direla eta GNU libc liburutegiak ez dizu " +"programa hauetan autentifikatzen utziko. Programa hauek berrabiazi edo " +"gelditzeko antolatu beharko zinateke erabiltzaileak beren saioetatik kanpo " +"uztea sahiesteko." --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/hu.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/hu.po @@ -0,0 +1,184 @@ +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: glibc\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2007-04-20 10:55+0100\n" +"Last-Translator: SZERVÃC Attila \n" +"Language-Team: Hungarian\n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" +"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n != 1;\n" +"X-Poedit-Language: Hungarian\n" +"X-Poedit-Country: HUNGARY\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "Minden helyi beállítás" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "Létrehozandó helyi beállítások:" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"A helyi beállítások (locales) egy nyelveket váltó keretrendszer, mely " +"lehetÅ‘vé teszi, hogy a felhasználó saját nyelvét, országát, karaktereit " +"használhassa." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"Válaszd ki, milyen helyi beállításokat hozzunk létre. UTF-8 helyi " +"beállításokat érdemes alapértelmezetten választani. Más karakter-készletek " +"elavult rendszerekhez és szoftverekhez való kapcsolódáskor lehetnek jók." + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "Semmi" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "A rendszer alap helyi beállítása:" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"A Debian számos csomagja helyi beállításokat használ a szövegek a " +"felhasználó számára megfelelÅ‘ nyelvű megjelenítésére . Választhatsz egy " +"alapértelmezett." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"Ez kiválasztja az egész rendszer alapértelmezett nyelvét. Több nyelvű " +"rendszeren, ahol nem minden felhasználó beszéli az alapértelmezett nyelvet " +"további beállítások kellenek." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/pt.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/pt.po @@ -0,0 +1,207 @@ +# Portuguese translation of glibc's debconf messages. +# Copyright (C) 2007 +# This file is distributed under the same license as the glibc package. +# Ricardo Silva , 2007. +# +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: glibc\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2008-02-26 21:15+0000\n" +"Last-Translator: Ricardo Silva \n" +"Language-Team: Portuguese \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "Todos os locales" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "Locales a serem gerados:" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"Locales é uma framework para alternar entre várias línguas e permitir aos " +"utilizadores usar a sua língua, país, caracteres, etc." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"Por favor escolha quais os locales a gerar. Deve escolher os locales UTF-8 " +"por omissão, especialmente em instalações de raiz. Outros conjuntos de " +"caracteres podem ser úteis para compatibilidade com sistemas e software " +"antigo." + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "Nenhum" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "Locale por omissão para o ambiente do sistema:" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"Muitos pacotes na Debian usam locales para mostrar texto na língua correcta " +"do utilizador. Pode escolher, de entre os locales gerados, o locale por " +"omissão do sistema." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"Isto irá escolher a língua por omissão para todo o sistema. Se este é um " +"sistema multi-utilizador em que nem todos os utilizadores são capazes de a " +"falar, estes irão ter dificuldades." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "Quer actualizar a glibc agora?" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" +"Serviços e programas que estejam a correr que usem NSS têm de ser " +"reiniciados, de outra forma podem deixar de ser capazes de resolver nomes ou " +"de autenticar utilizadores. O processo de instalação é capaz de reiniciar " +"alguns serviços (tais como ssh ou telnetd), mas há outros programas que não " +"podem ser reiniciados automaticamente. Um dos programas que necessita de ser " +"parado e reiniciado manualmente é o xdm - uma reiniciação automática poderia " +"desligar as suas sessões de X11 activas." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" +"Este script detectou os seguintes serviços instalados que têm de ser parados " +"antes da actualização: ${services}" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" +"Se quer interromper a actualização agora e continuar mais tarde, por favor " +"responda Não à questão abaixo." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "Serviços a reiniciar para a actualização da biblioteca libc da GNU:" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" +"Serviços e programas que estejam a correr que usem o NSS têm de ser " +"reiniciados, de outra forma podem deixar de ser capazes de resolver nomes ou " +"de autenticar utilizadores (para serviços como o ssh, isto pode afectar a " +"sua capacidade de se ligar ao sistema). Por favor reveja a seguinte lista " +"separada por espaços de scripts init.d para serviços a serem reiniciados " +"agora, e corrija-a se for necessário." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" +"Nota: reiniciar o sshd/telnetd não deve afectar nenhuma conexão existente." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "Falha ao reiniciar alguns serviços para a actualização da libc da GNU" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" +"Os seguintes serviços não puderam ser reiniciados para a actualização da " +"biblioteca libc da GNU:" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" +"Terá de os inicializar manualmente correndo '/etc/init.d/ start'." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/pl.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/pl.po @@ -0,0 +1,206 @@ +# +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: debconf-glibc-locales-pl\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2008-02-28 21:45+0100\n" +"Last-Translator: Emilian Nowak \n" +"Language-Team: \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" +"X-Generator: Gettext Translator 0.9\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "Wszystkie dostÄ™pne" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "Wybierz ustawienia lokalne, które chcesz wygenerować:" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"Wybierane tutaj ustawienia lokalne stanowiÄ… podstawowÄ… strukturÄ™ dajÄ…cÄ… " +"możliwość pracy systemu w specyficznym dla danego kraju Å›rodowisku (jÄ™zyk, " +"zestaw znaków, kolejność sortowania itp.)" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"Wybierz jakie ustawienia lokalne chcesz wygenerować. Najkorzystniej jest " +"wybrać UTF-8, zwÅ‚aszcza na nowo instalowanych systemach. PozostaÅ‚e kodowania " +"mogÄ… być przydatne, aby utrzymać wstecznÄ… kompatybilność ze starymi " +"systemami lub programami." + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "Brak" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "Wybierz domyÅ›lne ustawienia lokalne, dla swojego systemu:" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"Wiele programów dostarczanych w pakietach Debiana wykorzystuje ustawienia " +"lokalne, aby wyÅ›wietlać komunikaty we wÅ‚aÅ›ciwym dla użytkownika jÄ™zyku. " +"Możesz zmienić domyÅ›lne ustawienia lokalne dla caÅ‚ego systemu. Można wybrać " +"tylko te ustawienia lokalne, które wczeÅ›niej zostaÅ‚y wygenerowane." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"Zwróć uwagÄ™ na to, że wybrany tutaj jÄ™zyk ma wpÅ‚yw na na caÅ‚y system i " +"wiÄ™kszość dziaÅ‚ajÄ…cych w nim programów. Jeżeli z tego systemu korzysta wielu " +"użytkowników posÅ‚ujÄ…cych siÄ™ różnymi jÄ™zykami, to mogÄ… oni mieć problemy ze " +"zrozumieniem komunikatów systemu." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "Czy teraz chcesz zaktualizować glibc ?" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" +"Serwisy i programy wykorzystujÄ…ce NSS wymagajÄ… ponownego uruchomienia aby " +"operacje zwiÄ…zane z autoryzacjÄ… dziaÅ‚aÅ‚y prawidÅ‚owo. Proces instalacji może " +"zrestartować część serwisów (jak np. ssh lub telnetd), jednak niektóre " +"usÅ‚ugi bÄ™dÄ… wymagaÅ‚y ingerencji użytkownika. PrzykÅ‚adem takiego programu " +"jest xdm, którego restart mógÅ‚by spowodować wyÅ‚Ä…czenie aktywnej sesji X11." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" +"Skrypt wykryÅ‚ nastÄ™pujÄ…ce serwisy, które należy rÄ™cznie zrestartować " +"${services}" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" +"Jeżeli chcesz przerwać aktualizacjÄ™ i dokoÅ„czyć jÄ… później wybierz nie." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "Serwisy wymagajÄ…ce restartu po aktualizacji GNU libc." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" +"Uruchomione serwisy i programy wykorzystujÄ…ce NSS wymagajÄ… restartu. W " +"przeciwnym wypadku nie bÄ™dÄ… operacje zwiÄ…zane z autoryzacjÄ… nie bÄ™dÄ… " +"dziaÅ‚aÅ‚y prawidÅ‚owo. Przy usÅ‚ugach takich jak ssh bÄ™dzie to oznaczaÅ‚o brak " +"możliwoÅ›ci zalogowania. \n" +"Zalecamy przejrzenie listy skryptów startowych i ewentualne jej poprawnie." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" +"Uwaga: restart sshd/telnetd nie powinien mieć wpÅ‚ywy na nawiÄ…zane już " +"poÅ‚Ä…czenia." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "" +"NastÄ…piÅ‚ bÅ‚Ä…d podczas restartowania niektórych usÅ‚ug po aktualizacji GNU " +"libc." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "NastÄ™pujÄ…ce usÅ‚ugi nie zostaÅ‚y zrestartowane po aktualizacji GNU libc:" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" +"Aby zrestartować rÄ™cznie te usÅ‚ugi należy wywoÅ‚ać '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/nl.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/nl.po @@ -0,0 +1,220 @@ +# +# Translators, if you are not familiar with the PO format, gettext +# documentation is worth reading, especially sections dedicated to +# this format, e.g. by running: +# info -n '(gettext)PO Files' +# info -n '(gettext)Header Entry' +# +# Some information specific to po-debconf are available at +# /usr/share/doc/po-debconf/README-trans +# or http://www.debian.org/intl/l10n/po-debconf/README-trans +# +# Developers do not need to manually edit POT or PO files. +# +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: glibc\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2008-02-27 08:28+0100\n" +"Last-Translator: Bart Cornelis \n" +"Language-Team: debian-l10n-dutch \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" +"X-Poedit-Language: Dutch\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "Alle lokalisaties" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "Te genereren lokalisaties:" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"Lokalisatie is het raamwerk om om te schakelen tussen verschillende talen en " +"laat gebruikers toe om hun eigen taal, land, karakterset, enzovoort te " +"gebruiken." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"Welke lokalisaties wilt u laten genereren? Standaard kiest u, zeker voor " +"nieuwe installaties, best UTF-8 lokalisaties. Andere karaktersets kunnen " +"nuttig zijn voor compatibiliteit met oudere systemen of software." + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "Geen" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "Standaardlokalisatie voor dit systeem:" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"Veel Debian-pakketten gebruiken lokalisaties om de tekst in de voor de " +"gebruiker juiste taal weer te geven. U kunt u de standaardlokalisatie voor " +"het systeem kiezen uit de gegeneerde lokalisaties." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"Dit bepaalt de standaardtaal voor het volledige systeem. Op systemen met " +"meerdere gebruikers kunt u problemen krijgen als niet alle gebruikers de " +"gekozen taal spreken; in dat geval kunt u misschien beter de " +"standaardlokalisatie niet veranderen." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "Wilt u glibc nu opwaarderen?" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" +"Draaiende diensten en programma's die NSS gebruiken dienen herstart te " +"worden. Zo niet kunnen ze mogelijk geen opzoekingen en authenticatie meer " +"doen. Het Installatieproces kan sommige diensten (zoals ssh en telnetd) " +"herstarten, maar andere diensten kunnen niet automatisch herstart worden. " +"Een zo'n dienst die handmatig dient gestopt en gestart te worden na de " +"opwaardering van glibc is xdm, dit omdat een automatische herstart uw " +"actieve X11-sessies verbreekt." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" +"Dit script heeft de volgende diensten ontdekt die gestopt moeten worden voor " +"de opwaardering: ${services}" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" +"Als u de opwaardering nu wilt afbreken en hiermee later wilt verder gaan " +"dient u zo meteen te weigeren." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "Tijdens 'GNU libc'-opwaardering te herstarten diensten:" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" +"Draaiende diensten en programma's die NSS gebruiken dienen herstart te " +"worden, zo niet kunnen ze mogelijk geen opzoekingen en authenticatie meer " +"doen (voor diensten zoals ssh kan dit gevolgen hebben voor de mogelijkheid " +"om in te loggen). Gelieve de volgende, met spaties gescheiden lijst van init." +"d-scripts voor diensten die herstart dienen te worden te controleren en " +"indien nodig bij te werken." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" +"Opmerking: herstarten van sshd/telnetd heeft normaal geen effect op " +"bestaande verbindingen." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "" +"Herstarten van sommige diensten bij de opwaardering van GNU libc is mislukt." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" +"De volgende diensten konden niet herstart worden na de opwaardering van GNU " +"libc:" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" +"U dient deze diensten handmatig te herstarten via het commando '/etc/init.d/" +" start'." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/it.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/it.po @@ -0,0 +1,214 @@ +# Italian (it) translation of debconf templates for eglibc +# Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +# This file is distributed under the same license as the eglibc package. +# Luca Monducci , 2005-2009. +# +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: eglibc 2.9 debconf templates\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-05-31 10:25+0200\n" +"Last-Translator: Luca Monducci \n" +"Language-Team: Italian \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "Tutti i «locale»" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "«Locale» da generare:" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"I «locale» sono l'infrastruttura che permette di cambiare la lingua e " +"consente agli utenti di utilizzare la propria lingua, paese, caratteri, " +"criteri di ordinamento, ecc." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"Scegliere quali «locale» generare. I «locale» UTF-8 dovrebbero essere già " +"prescelti, in particolare sulle nuove installazioni. Gli altri set di " +"caratteri potrebbero essere utili per risolvere problemi di compatibilità " +"all'indietro con sistemi o programmi più vecchi." + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "Nessuno" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "«Locale» predefinito sul sistema:" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"Molti pacchetti Debian usano i «locale» per mostrare messaggi nella lingua " +"dell'utente. È possibile scegliere, fra quelli generati, un «locale» come " +"predefinito per il sistema." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"Questo imposta la lingua predefinita per l'intero sistema. Se questo è un " +"sistema multi-utente e non tutti gli utenti parlano la lingua predefinita " +"alcuni di essi potrebbero avere delle difficoltà." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "Aggiornare glibc adesso?" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" +"I servizi e i programmi in esecuzione che usano NSS devono essere riavviati " +"altrimenti potrebbero non essere più in grado di effettuare ricerche o " +"autenticazioni. Il processo d'installazione è in grado di riavviare alcuni " +"servizi (come ssh o telnetd), ma altri programmi non possono essere " +"riavviati automaticamente. Uno dei programmi che devono essere fermati e " +"riavviati manualmente dopo aver aggiornato glibc è xdm perché il riavvio " +"automatico potrebbe disconnettere le sessioni X11 attive." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" +"Questo script ha rilevato che i seguenti servizi devono essere fermati prima " +"dell'aggiornamento: ${services}" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" +"Per interrompere adesso l'aggiornamento e riprenderlo in seguito, rispondere " +"«No» alla questa domanda." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "Servizi da riavviare per l'aggiornamento della libreria GNU libc:" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" +"I servizi e i programmi in esecuzione che usano NSS devono essere riavviati " +"altrimenti potrebbero non essere più in grado di effettuare ricerche o " +"autenticazioni (i servizi tipo ssh potrebbero avere problemi d'accesso). " +"Controllare il seguente elenco di nomi di script per init.d separati da uno " +"spazio relativi ai servizi che devono essere riavviati e, se necessario, " +"correggerlo." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" +"Nota: il riavvio di sshd/telnetd non ha alcun effetto sulle connessioni " +"esistenti." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "Errore nel riavvio di alcuni servizi per l'aggiornamento di GNU libc" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" +"Non è stato possibile riavviare i seguenti servizi per l'aggiornamento della " +"libreria GNU libc:" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "È necessario avviarli manualmente con «/etc/init.d/ start»." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "Riavvio di xscreensaver e xlockmore prima dell'aggiornamento" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" +"Su questo sistema sono state rilevate una o più istanze di xscreensaver o " +"xlockmore in esecuzione. A causa di modifiche incompatibili nella libreria, " +"l'aggiornamento della libreria GNU libc impedirà di autenticarsi con questi " +"programmi. È necessario riavviare o fermare questi servizi prima di " +"proseguire con questo aggiornamento per evitare di buttare fuori gli utenti " +"dalle sessioni attualmente aperte." --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/fr.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/fr.po @@ -0,0 +1,220 @@ +# Translation of glibc debconf templates to French +# Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Debian French l10n team +# This file is distributed under the same license as the glibc package. +# +# Translators: +# Christian Perrier , 2007, 2008, 2009. +# Denis Barbier 2001-2006. +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: fr\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-03-14 08:09+0100\n" +"Last-Translator: Christian Perrier \n" +"Language-Team: French \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" +"X-Generator: KBabel 1.11.4\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "Tous les choix possibles" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "Jeux de paramètres régionaux à créer :" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"Les jeux de paramètres régionaux (aussi appelés « locales ») permettent de " +"gérer des langues multiples et offrent aux utilisateurs la possibilité de " +"choisir la langue, le pays, le jeu de caractères, l'ordre de tri, etc." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"Veuillez choisir les paramètres régionaux à créer. Des paramètres régionaux " +"utilisant l'encodage UTF-8 devraient être le choix par défaut, notamment " +"pour de nouvelles installations. Les autres jeux de caractères peuvent être " +"utiles pour conserver la compatibilité avec d'anciens systèmes ou logiciels." + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "Aucun" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "Jeu de paramètres régionaux actif par défaut :" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"De nombreux paquets utilisent le mécanisme de localisation pour afficher les " +"messages destinés aux utilisateurs dans la langue adéquate. Vous pouvez " +"changer la valeur par défaut de l'ensemble du système pour utiliser un des " +"jeux de paramètres régionaux qui seront créés." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"Veuillez noter que cette valeur modifiera la langue utilisée par le système. " +"Si l'environnement est multi-utilisateurs et que certains utilisateurs ne " +"parlent pas votre langue, ils risquent d'avoir des difficultés." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "Faut-il mettre à jour le paquet glibc maintenant ?" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" +"Les services et programmes qui utilisent NSS (« Name Service Switch ») " +"doivent être redémarrés car leur système d'authentification risque de ne " +"plus fonctionner. Il est possible de redémarrer certains services (comme SSH " +"ou telnetd) pendant l'installation, mais d'autres ne peuvent l'être " +"automatiquement. Il est notamment indispensable d'arrêter et redémarrer " +"manuellement xdm car un redémarrage automatique pourrait interrompre une " +"session X11 active." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" +"Les services identifiés comme devant être redémarrés et qui doivent être " +"arrêtés avant la mise à jour sont les suivants : ${services}." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" +"Si vous préférez interrompre la mise à jour maintenant et la reprendre plus " +"tard, ne choisissez pas cette option." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "Services à redémarrer lors de la mise à jour de la bibliothèque C :" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" +"Les services et programmes qui utilisent NSS (« Name Service Switch ») " +"doivent être redémarrés car leur système d'authentification risque de ne " +"plus fonctionner (pour des services comme SSH, cela peut empêcher les " +"connexions). Veuillez contrôler et éventuellement corriger la liste des " +"services qui seront redémarrés maintenant (identifiés par le nom de leur " +"script de démarrage)." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" +"Veuillez noter que le redémarrage de telnetd ou sshd n'affectera pas les " +"connexions existantes." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "Échec du redémarrage de certains services" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" +"Les services suivants n'ont pas pu être redémarrés lors de la mise à jour de " +"la bibliothèque C :" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" +"Il est nécessaire de les redémarrer vous-même avec la commande « /etc/init.d/" +" start »." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "Redémarrage nécessaire de xscreensaver et xlockmore avant mise à jour" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" +"Une ou plusieurs instances de xscreensaver et/ou de xlockmore ont été " +"détectées sur le système. À cause de la modification de certaines " +"bibliothèques, la mise à niveau de la bibliothèque C entrainera " +"l'impossibilité de s'authentifier. Avant de poursuivre la mise à niveau, ces " +"programmes doivent être redémarrés ou arrêtés pour éviter que des " +"utilisateurs ne puissent plus accéder à leurs sessions." + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/cs.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/cs.po @@ -0,0 +1,217 @@ +# +# Translators, if you are not familiar with the PO format, gettext +# documentation is worth reading, especially sections dedicated to +# this format, e.g. by running: +# info -n '(gettext)PO Files' +# info -n '(gettext)Header Entry' +# +# Some information specific to po-debconf are available at +# /usr/share/doc/po-debconf/README-trans +# or http://www.debian.org/intl/l10n/po-debconf/README-trans +# +# Developers do not need to manually edit POT or PO files. +# +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: glibc\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-06-27 09:58+0200\n" +"Last-Translator: Miroslav Kure \n" +"Language-Team: Czech \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "VÅ¡echny locales" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "Locales, které se mají vygenerovat:" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"Locales je systém pro pÅ™epínání mezi různými jazyky. Uživatelé si pak mohou " +"zvolit svůj jazyk, zemi, znaky, způsob porovnávání, atd." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"Vyberte, které locales se mají vygenerovat. PÅ™ednostnÄ› byste mÄ›li vybírat " +"locales v kódování UTF-8 (obzvláštÄ› u nových instalací). Ostatní znakové " +"sady jsou užiteÄné pro zpÄ›tnou kompatibilitu se staršími systémy a programy." + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "Žádné" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "Výchozí locale pro tento systém:" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"Mnoho balíků v Debianu používá locales k zobrazení textu ve správném jazyce. " +"Z vygenerovaných locales si můžete vybrat to, které bude v systému použito " +"jako výchozí." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"Tímto vyberete výchozí jazyk pro celý systém. Pokud se na poÄítaÄ pÅ™ihlaÅ¡ují " +"i uživatelé nemluvící vybraným jazykem, zaznamenají jisté problémy." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "Chcete nyní aktualizovat glibc?" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" +"Běžící služby a programy využívající NSS se musí restartovat, protože jinak " +"se může stát, že nebudou moci vyhledávat v systémových databázích nebo " +"ověřovat uživatele. InstalaÄní proces umí restartovat nÄ›které služby (napÅ™. " +"ssh nebo telnetd) automaticky, ale jiné musíte restartovat ruÄnÄ›. Jednou " +"takovou službou, kterou je tÅ™eba po aktualizaci glibc ruÄnÄ› zastavit a znovu " +"spustit, je xdm. Automatický restart totiž může odpojit aktivní sezení X11." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" +"Instalace rozpoznala následující nainstalované služby, které je tÅ™eba pÅ™ed " +"aktualizací zastavit: ${services}" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" +"Chcete-li nyní aktualizaci pÅ™eruÅ¡it a pokraÄovat pozdÄ›ji, odpovÄ›zte na " +"otázku zápornÄ›." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "Služby, které se mají restartovat po aktualizaci knihovny GNU libc:" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" +"Běžící služby a programy využívající NSS se musí restartovat, protože jinak " +"se může stát, že nebudou moci vyhledávat v systémových databázích nebo " +"ověřovat uživatele. (U služeb typu ssh to může ovlivnit možnost pÅ™ihlášení " +"se.) Zkontrolujte prosím následující mezerami oddÄ›lený seznam služeb, které " +"se mají restartovat a v případÄ› potÅ™eby jej opravte. Služby jsou v seznamu " +"zastoupeny svými init.d skripty." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "Poznámka: restart sshd/telnetd by nemÄ›l ovlivnit probíhající spojení." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "Chyba pÅ™i restartu nÄ›kterých služeb bÄ›hem aktualizace GNU libc" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" +"Následující služby nemohly být bÄ›hem aktualizace knihovny GNU libc " +"restartovány:" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "Budete je muset spustit ruÄnÄ› příkazem „/etc/init.d/ start“." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" +"Programy xscreensaver a xlockmore musí být pÅ™ed aktualizací restartovány" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" +"Zdá se, že v systému běží jedna nebo více instancí programu xscreensaver " +"resp. xlockmore. Z důvodu nekompatibilních zmÄ›n v knihovnách se po " +"aktualizaci knihovny GNU libc nebudete moci pomocí tÄ›chto programů " +"autentizovat. To jinými slovy znamená, že se uživatelé nedostanou ke svým " +"uzamÄeným sezením. Abyste tomu pÅ™edeÅ¡li, mÄ›li byste pÅ™ed aktualizací zmínÄ›né " +"programy zastavit, nebo je ve vhodný Äas restartovat." --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/ru.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/ru.po @@ -0,0 +1,220 @@ +# translation of ru.po to Russian +# Translation of glibc debconf .po to Russian +# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package. +# Copyright (C) YEAR THE PACKAGE'S COPYRIGHT HOLDER. +# +# Yuri Kozlov , 2006. +# Sergey Alyoshin , 2007, 2008. +# Yuri Kozlov , 2009. +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: eglibc 2.9-18\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-06-27 12:46+0400\n" +"Last-Translator: Yuri Kozlov \n" +"Language-Team: Russian \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" +"X-Generator: KBabel 1.11.4\n" +"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2);\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "Ð’Ñе локали" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "Локали, которые будут Ñозданы:" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"Локаль -- Ñто инфраÑтруктура Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑ€Ð¶ÐºÐ¸ в ÑиÑтеме неÑкольких Ñзыков; она " +"позволÑет пользователю наÑтроить Ñзык Ñообщений, Ñтрану, алфавит, порÑдок " +"Ñортировки и Ñ‚.п." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"Выберите Ñоздаваемые локали. Кодировка локали UTF-8 должна быть выбрана по " +"умолчанию, оÑобенно при новой инÑталлÑции. Другие кодировки локали могут " +"быть полезны Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ñ€Ð°Ñ‚Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ ÑовмеÑтимоÑти Ñо Ñтарыми ÑиÑтемами и программами." + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "Ðет" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "Локаль по умолчанию в ÑиÑтемном окружении:" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"Многие пакеты в Debian иÑпользуют локали Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ñ‚Ð¾Ð±Ñ€Ð°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñообщений на Ñзыке " +"пользователÑ. Ð’Ñ‹ можете выбрать из Ñозданных локалей ÑиÑтемную локаль по " +"умолчанию." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"Эта наÑтройка уÑтанавливает Ñзык по умолчанию Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ñей ÑиÑтемы. ЕÑли Ñто " +"многопользовательÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÑиÑтема, где не вÑе пользователи говорÑÑ‚ на выбранном " +"Ñзыке по умолчанию, то у них возникнут трудноÑти." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "Хотите выполнить обновление glibc ÑейчаÑ?" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" +"Запущенные ÑервиÑÑ‹ и программы, которые иÑпользуют NSS, должны быть " +"перезапущены, иначе они не будут ÑпоÑобны выполнÑÑ‚ÑŒ поиÑк или " +"аутентификацию. Ð’ процеÑÑе уÑтановки возможно перезапуÑтить некоторые " +"ÑервиÑÑ‹ (такие, как ssh или telnetd), но другие программы не могут быть " +"автоматичеÑки перезапущены. Одна из таких программ, ÐºÐ¾Ñ‚Ð¾Ñ€Ð°Ñ Ñ‚Ñ€ÐµÐ±ÑƒÐµÑ‚ ручной " +"оÑтановки и перезапуÑка поÑле Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ glibc, Ñто xdm, так как её " +"автоматичеÑкий перезапуÑк может отключить ваши активные ÑеÑÑии X11." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" +"Этот Ñценарий определил Ñледующие уÑтановленные ÑервиÑÑ‹, которые должны быть " +"оÑтановлены перед обновлением: ${services}" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" +"ЕÑли вы желаете прервать процеÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÐµÐ¹Ñ‡Ð°Ñ Ð¸ продолжить позже, " +"ответьте Ðет на Ñледующий вопроÑ." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "Ð”Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ GNU libc должны быть перезапущены Ñледующие ÑервиÑÑ‹:" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" +"Запущенные ÑервиÑÑ‹ и программы, которые иÑпользуют NSS, должны быть " +"перезапущены, иначе они не будут ÑпоÑобны выполнÑÑ‚ÑŒ поиÑк или аутентификацию " +"(Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñ‚Ð°ÐºÐ¸Ñ… ÑервиÑов, как ssh, Ñто может повлиÑÑ‚ÑŒ на возможноÑÑ‚ÑŒ входа в " +"ÑиÑтему). ПроÑмотрите Ñледующий разделённый пробелами ÑпиÑок из Ñкриптов " +"init.d Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑервиÑов, которые будут ÑÐµÐ¹Ñ‡Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑ€ÐµÐ·Ð°Ð¿ÑƒÑ‰ÐµÐ½Ñ‹ и отредактируйте его " +"при необходимоÑти." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" +"Примечание: перезапуÑк sshd/telnetd не должен повлиÑÑ‚ÑŒ на какие-либо из " +"ÑущеÑтвующих Ñоединений." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "Произошёл Ñбой при перезапуÑке некоторых ÑервиÑов Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ GNU libc" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" +"Следующие ÑервиÑÑ‹ не могут быть перезапущены Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð±Ð¸Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ñ‚ÐµÐºÐ¸ GNU " +"libc:" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" +"Вам будет нужно запуÑтить их вручную, Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñ‡ÐµÐ³Ð¾ Ñледует выполнить '/etc/init." +"d/<ÑервиÑ> start'." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "Перед обновлением требуетÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑ€ÐµÐ·Ð°Ð¿ÑƒÑтить xscreensaver и xlockmore" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" +"Ð’ ÑиÑтеме обнаружен один или неÑколько ÑкземплÑров xscreensaver или xlockmore. " +"Так данное обновление уÑтанавливает неÑовмеÑтимую Ñ Ð¿Ñ€Ð¾ÑˆÐ»Ð¾Ð¹ верÑией библиотеку " +"GNU libc, Ñти программы не Ñмогут проводить аутентификацию. " +"Перед тем как продолжить данное обновление вам нужно перезапуÑтить или " +"оÑтановить Ñти программы, чтобы избежать блокировки имеющихÑÑ ÑеанÑов " +"пользователей." + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/lt.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/lt.po @@ -0,0 +1,206 @@ +# translation of lt.po to Lithuanian +# Copyright (C) 2006 The Free Software Foundation +# This file is distributed under the same license as the glibc package. +# +# Gintautas Miliauskas , 2006, 2007, 2008. +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: lt\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2008-02-26 23:36+0200\n" +"Last-Translator: Gintautas Miliauskas \n" +"Language-Team: Lithuanian \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" +"X-Generator: KBabel 1.11.4\n" +"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && (n%" +"100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2);\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "Visos lokalÄ—s" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "LokalÄ—s, kurios bus sugeneruotos:" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"LokalÄ—s yra karkasas, kuriuo naudotojai gali nustatyti savo kalbÄ…, " +"informacijÄ… apie savo Å¡alį, simbolius, valiutÄ…, rikiavimo tvarkÄ… ir t.t." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"Pasirinkite, kurias lokales norite generuoti. TurÄ—tų bÅ«ti pasirinktos UTF-8 " +"lokalÄ—s, ypaÄ jei diegiate naujÄ… sistemÄ…. Kiti simbolių rinkiniai gali bÅ«ti " +"naudingi atgaliniam suderinamumui su senesnÄ—mis sistemomis ir programomis." + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "Jokia" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "Sistemos lokalÄ— pagal nutylÄ—jimÄ…" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"Daug Debian paketų naudoja lokales tekstui reikiama kalba rodyti. Galite iÅ¡ " +"sugeneruotų lokalių iÅ¡sirinkti standartinÄ™ sistemos lokalÄ™." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"Bus nustatyta kalba visai sistemai. Jei sistemÄ… naudoja keletas naudotojų ir " +"ne visi kalba pasirinkta kalba, gali kilti nepatogumų." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "Ar norite dabar atnaujinti glibc?" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" +"VeikianÄios tarnybos ir programos, naudojanÄios NSS, turi bÅ«ti paleistos iÅ¡ " +"naujo, kitaip jose gali sutrikti paieÅ¡ka ir autentikavimas. Diegimo procesas " +"gali paleisti iÅ¡ naujo kai kurias tarnybas (pavyzdžiui, ssh ir telnetd), " +"taÄiau kitos programos negali bÅ«ti paleistos iÅ¡ naujo automatiÅ¡kai. Viena iÅ¡ " +"tokių programų, kuriÄ… reikia paleisti iÅ¡ naujo rankiniu bÅ«du po glibc " +"atnaujinimo, yra xdm – automatinis restartavimas gali atjungti aktyvias X11 " +"sesijas." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" +"Rastos Å¡ios tarnybas, kurias bÅ«tina sustabdyti prieÅ¡ atnaujinimÄ…: ${services}" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" +"Jei norite dabar nutraukti atnaujinimÄ… ir jį pratÄ™sti vÄ—liau, atsakykite " +"neigiamai." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "" +"Tarnybos, kurias reikia paleisti iÅ¡ naujo po GNU libc bibliotekos " +"atnaujinimo:" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" +"VeikianÄios tarnybos ir programos, naudojanÄios NSS, turi bÅ«ti paleistos iÅ¡ " +"naujo, kitaip jose gali sutrikti autentikavimas (tokioms tarnyboms kaip ssh " +"tai gali reikÅ¡ti, kad negalÄ—site prisijungti). PeržiÅ«rÄ—kite toliau esantį " +"tarpeliais atskirtų init.d scenarijų, kurie dabar bus paleisti iÅ¡ naujo, " +"sÄ…raÅ¡Ä…, ir, jei reikia, pataisykite." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" +"Pastaba: sshd/telnetd paleidimas iÅ¡ naujo neturÄ—tų paveikti aktyvių " +"prisijungimų." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "Nepavyko paleisti iÅ¡ naujo kai kurių tarnybų atnaujinus GNU libc" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "Atnaujinus GNU libc nepavyko iÅ¡ naujo paleisti Å¡ių procesų:" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" +"Jas reikÄ—s paleisti rankiniu bÅ«du įvykdant „/etc/init.d/tarnyba start“." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/ca.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/ca.po @@ -0,0 +1,211 @@ +# Catalan translations for glibc package. +# Copyright (C) 2002, 2007, 2008 GNU Libc Maintainers. +# This file is distributed under the same license as the glibc package. +# +# Jordi Mallach , 2002, 2008. +# Jordà Polo , 2007. +# +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: 2.7-9\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2008-02-27 01:25+0100\n" +"Last-Translator: Jordi Mallach \n" +"Language-Team: Català \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "Tots els locales" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "Locales a generar:" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"Locales és un entorn que permet que els usuaris canviïn l'idioma, el país, " +"els caràcters, la classificació alfabètica, etc." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"Si us plau, trieu els locales que vulgueu generar. Els locales UTF-8 haurien " +"de ser l'opció predeterminada, especialment en noves instal·lacions. Altres " +"jocs de caràcters us poden ser útils per motius de compatibilitat amb " +"sistemes i programari antic." + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "Cap" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "Locale predeterminat del sistema:" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"A Debian, molts paquets fan servir els locales per mostrar el text en " +"l'idioma dels usuaris. Podeu canviar el locale predeterminat del sistema " +"triant entre els locales generats." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"Amb aquesta opció seleccioneu l'idioma predeterminat de tot el sistema. Si " +"aquest és un entorn multiusuari on no tothom parla la mateixa llengua, " +"alguns usuaris poden tindre dificultats." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "Voleu actualitzar la glibc ara?" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" +"És necessari tornar a iniciar els serveis i programes que utilitzen NSS, ja " +"que si no es fa això podrien deixar de poder fer cerques o autenticacions. " +"El procés d'instal·lació pot tornar a iniciar alguns serveis (com l'ssh o el " +"telnetd), però altres programes no es poden tornar a iniciar automàticament. " +"Un programa que necessita una parada i inici manual després de " +"l'actualització de la glibc és l'xdm, ja que un reinici automàtic podria " +"desconnectar les vostres sessions X11 actives." + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" +"Aquest script ha detectat els següents serveis instal·lats que s'haurien de " +"parar abans de l'actualització: ${services}" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" +"Si voleu interrompre ara l'actualització i continuar més tard, contesteu " +"negativament la següent pregunta." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "Serveis a reiniciar per l'actualització de la biblioteca GNU libc:" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" +"És necessari tornar a iniciar els serveis i programes que utilitzen NSS, ja " +"que si no es fa això podrien deixar de poder fer cerques o autenticacions " +"(per a serveis com l'ssh, això pot afectar la vostra capacitat per a entrar " +"al sistema). Comproveu la següent llista separada per comes de scripts " +"d'init.d amb serveis que s'han de tornar a iniciar ara, i corregiu-la si és " +"necessari." + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" +"Nota: reiniciar l'ssh/telnetd no hauria d'afectar cap connexió existent." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "" +"No s'ha pogut reiniciar alguns serveis per a l'actualització de GNU libc" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" +"No s'ha pogut reiniciar els serveis següents per a l'actualització de la " +"biblioteca GNU libc:" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" +"Haureu d'iniciar aquests serveis manualment executant «/etc/init.d/ " +"start»." + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/po/tr.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/po/tr.po @@ -0,0 +1,187 @@ +# Turkish translation of locales. +# This file is distributed under the same license as the locales package. +# Erçin EKER , 2004,2007. +# +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: locales\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: glibc@packages.debian.org\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-03-08 15:23+0100\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2007-04-09 11:02+0300\n" +"Last-Translator: Erçin EKER \n" +"Language-Team: Türkçe \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" +"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1001 +msgid "All locales" +msgstr "Tüm yereller" + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "Locales to be generated:" +msgstr "OluÅŸturulacak yereller: " + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and allow users " +"to use their language, country, characters, collation order, etc." +msgstr "" +"Yerel (locale), kullanıcıların kullanmak istediÄŸi dil, ülke, karakter, " +"sıralama ÅŸekli gibi dile özgü ayarlar arasında kolayca geçiÅŸ yapmasını " +"saÄŸlayan bir yapıdır." + +#. Type: multiselect +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:1002 +msgid "" +"Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be chosen by " +"default, particularly for new installations. Other character sets may be " +"useful for backwards compatibility with older systems and software." +msgstr "" +"Lütfen hangi yerellerin oluÅŸturulacağını seçin. Yeni kurulum için UTF-8 " +"yereller öntanımlı olarak seçilecektir. DiÄŸer karakter setleri daha eski " +"sistemler ve yazılımlar ile uyumluluk için yararlı olabilir." + +#. Type: select +#. Choices +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2001 +msgid "None" +msgstr "Hiçbiri" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "Default locale for the system environment:" +msgstr "Sistem için öntanımlı yerel:" + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct language " +"for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system from the " +"generated locales." +msgstr "" +"ÇoÄŸu Debian paketi mesajları göstermekte kullanacağı dili belirlemek için " +"yerelleri kullanır. OluÅŸturulmak üzere seçtikleriniz arasından sistem için " +"öntanımlı bir yerel seçebilirsiniz." + +#. Type: select +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/locales.templates:2002 +msgid "" +"This will select the default language for the entire system. If this system " +"is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak the default " +"language, they will experience difficulties." +msgstr "" +"Bu ayar, sisteminizin bütününde kullanılacak dili belirleyecektir. EÄŸer " +"farklı dilleri konuÅŸan kullanıcıların da bulunduÄŸu çok kullanıcılı bir " +"sistem çalıştırıyorsanız, bu kullanıcılar bazı zorluklarla karşılaÅŸabilir. " + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. " +"The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or " +"telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such " +"program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by " +"yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active X11 " +"sessions." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"This script detected the following installed services which must be stopped " +"before the upgrade: ${services}" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: boolean +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:1001 +msgid "" +"If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please answer " +"No to the question below." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade:" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, " +"otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more " +"(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). Please " +"review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for services to " +"be restarted now, and correct it if needed." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: string +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:2001 +msgid "" +"Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library " +"upgrade:" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:3001 +msgid "" +"You will need to start these manually by running '/etc/init.d/ " +"start'." +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" +msgstr "" + +#. Type: error +#. Description +#: ../debhelper.in/libc.templates:4001 +msgid "" +"One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been " +"detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the " +"upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to authenticate to " +"these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted or " +"stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users out of " +"their current sessions." +msgstr "" + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/sysdeps/i386.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/sysdeps/i386.mk @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +# We use -mno-tls-direct-seg-refs to not wrap-around segments, as it +# greatly reduce the speed when running under the Xen hypervisor. +# libc_extra_config_options = $(extra_config_options) --without-__thread --disable-sanity-checks +libc_extra_cflags = -mno-tls-direct-seg-refs + +# We use -march=i686 and glibc's i686 routines use cmov, so require it. +# A Debian-local glibc patch adds cmov to the search path. +# The optimized libraries also use NPTL! +EGLIBC_PASSES += i686 +DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES += libc6-i686 +i686_add-ons = nptl $(add-ons) +i686_configure_target=i686-linux +i686_extra_cflags = -march=i686 -mtune=generic +i686_rtlddir = /lib +i686_slibdir = /lib/tls/i686/cmov +i686_extra_config_options = $(extra_config_options) --disable-profile + +# We use -mno-tls-direct-seg-refs to not wrap-around segments, as it +# greatly increase the speed when running under the 32bit Xen hypervisor. +EGLIBC_PASSES += xen +DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES += libc6-xen +xen_add-ons = nptl $(add-ons) +xen_configure_target=i686-linux +xen_extra_cflags = -march=i686 -mtune=generic -mno-tls-direct-seg-refs +xen_rtlddir = /lib +xen_slibdir = /lib/tls/i686/nosegneg +xen_extra_config_options = $(extra_config_options) --disable-profile + +define xen_extra_pkg_install +mkdir -p debian/libc6-xen/etc/ld.so.conf.d +echo '# This directive teaches ldconfig to search in nosegneg subdirectories' > debian/libc6-xen/etc/ld.so.conf.d/xen.conf +echo '# and cache the DSOs there with extra bit 1 set in their hwcap match' >> debian/libc6-xen/etc/ld.so.conf.d/xen.conf +echo '# fields. In Xen guest kernels, the vDSO tells the dynamic linker to' >> debian/libc6-xen/etc/ld.so.conf.d/xen.conf +echo '# search in nosegneg subdirectories and to match this extra hwcap bit' >> debian/libc6-xen/etc/ld.so.conf.d/xen.conf +echo '# in the ld.so.cache file.' >> debian/libc6-xen/etc/ld.so.conf.d/xen.conf +echo 'hwcap 1 nosegneg' >> debian/libc6-xen/etc/ld.so.conf.d/xen.conf +endef + +# build 64-bit (amd64) alternative library +EGLIBC_PASSES += amd64 +DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES += libc6-amd64 libc6-dev-amd64 +libc6-amd64_shlib_dep = libc6-amd64 (>= $(shlib_dep_ver)) +amd64_add-ons = nptl $(add-ons) +amd64_configure_target = x86_64-linux +# __x86_64__ is defined here because Makeconfig uses -undef and the +# /usr/include/asm wrappers need that symbol. +amd64_CC = $(CC) -m64 -D__x86_64__ +amd64_CXX = $(CXX) -m64 -D__x86_64__ +amd64_extra_config_options = $(extra_config_options) --disable-profile +amd64_slibdir = /lib64 +amd64_libdir = /usr/lib64 + +define amd64_extra_install +cp debian/tmp-amd64/usr/bin/ldd \ + debian/tmp-libc/usr/bin +cp -af debian/tmp-amd64/usr/include/* \ + debian/tmp-libc/usr/include +rm -f debian/tmp-libc/usr/include/gnu/stubs-64.h +endef + +define libc6-dev_extra_pkg_install +mkdir -p debian/libc6-dev/usr/lib/xen +cp -af debian/tmp-xen/usr/lib/*.a \ + debian/libc6-dev/usr/lib/xen +endef + +define libc6-dev-amd64_extra_pkg_install +mkdir -p debian/libc6-dev-amd64/usr/include/gnu +cp -af debian/tmp-amd64/usr/include/gnu/stubs-64.h \ + debian/libc6-dev-amd64/usr/include/gnu +mkdir -p debian/libc6-dev-amd64/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu +endef + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/sysdeps/kfreebsd.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/sysdeps/kfreebsd.mk @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +EGLIBC_OVERLAYS ?= $(shell ls glibc-linuxthreads* glibc-ports* glibc-libidn*) +MIN_KERNEL_SUPPORTED := 6.0.0 +libc = libc0.1 + +# Linuxthreads Config +threads = yes +libc_add-ons = ports linuxthreads $(add-ons) +libc_extra_config_options = $(extra_config_options) --disable-compatible-utmp + +ifndef KFREEBSD_SOURCE + ifeq ($(DEB_HOST_GNU_TYPE),$(DEB_BUILD_GNU_TYPE)) + KFREEBSD_HEADERS := /usr/include + else + KFREEBSD_HEADERS := /usr/$(DEB_HOST_GNU_TYPE)/include + endif +else + KFREEBSD_HEADERS := $(KFREEBSD_SOURCE)/sys +endif + +# Minimum Kernel supported +with_headers = --with-headers=$(shell pwd)/debian/include --enable-kernel=$(call xx,MIN_KERNEL_SUPPORTED) + +KERNEL_HEADER_DIR = $(stamp)mkincludedir +$(stamp)mkincludedir: + rm -rf debian/include + mkdir debian/include + ln -s $(KFREEBSD_HEADERS)/bsm debian/include + ln -s $(KFREEBSD_HEADERS)/net debian/include + ln -s $(KFREEBSD_HEADERS)/netatalk debian/include + ln -s $(KFREEBSD_HEADERS)/netipx debian/include + ln -s $(KFREEBSD_HEADERS)/nfs debian/include + ln -s $(KFREEBSD_HEADERS)/osreldate.h debian/include + ln -s $(KFREEBSD_HEADERS)/sys debian/include + ln -s $(KFREEBSD_HEADERS)/vm debian/include + + # Link all machine directories. We can't just link machine + # because of explicit references to and + # . + find $(KFREEBSD_HEADERS) -maxdepth 1 -xtype d -name machine\* \ + -exec ln -s '{}' debian/include ';' + + # To make configure happy if libc0.1-dev is not installed. + touch debian/include/assert.h + + touch $@ + +# Also to make configure happy. +export CPPFLAGS = -isystem $(shell pwd)/debian/include + +# This round of ugliness decomposes the FreeBSD kernel version number +# into an integer so it can be easily compared and then does so. +CURRENT_KERNEL_VERSION=$(shell uname -r) +define kernel_check +(minimum=$$((`echo $(1) | sed 's/\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\)/\1 \* 10000 + \2 \* 100 + \3/'`)); \ +current=$$((`echo $(CURRENT_KERNEL_VERSION) | sed 's/\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\).*/\1 \* 10000 + \2 \* 100/'`)); \ +if [ $$current -lt $$minimum ]; then \ + false; \ +fi) +endef + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/sysdeps/armel.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/sysdeps/armel.mk @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +libc_add-ons = ports nptl $(add-ons) + +# Build a VFP version as it greatly speeds up floating point math +EGLIBC_PASSES += vfp +DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES += libc6-vfp +vfp_add-ons = ports nptl $(add-ons) +# not needed +#vfp_configure_target=arm-linux +vfp_extra_cflags = -mfpu=vfp -mfloat-abi=softfp +vfp_rtlddir = /lib +# could as well be /lib/tls/vfp but the armel port was always NPTL +vfp_slibdir = /lib/vfp +vfp_extra_config_options = $(extra_config_options) --disable-profile + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/sysdeps/m32r.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/sysdeps/m32r.mk @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +libc_add-ons = ports linuxthreads $(add-ons) +libc_extra_config_options = $(extra_config_options) --disable-sanity-checks --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/sysdeps/arm.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/sysdeps/arm.mk @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +libc_add-ons = ports nptl $(add-ons) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/sysdeps/mipsel.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/sysdeps/mipsel.mk @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +# +# Temporary hack to use our own version of unistd.h +# to workaround kernel bugs on the build daemons +# +KERNEL_HEADER_DIR = $(stamp)mkincludedir-mips +$(stamp)mkincludedir-mips: + rm -rf debian/include + mkdir debian/include + ln -s $(LINUX_HEADERS)/linux debian/include + ln -s $(LINUX_HEADERS)/asm-generic debian/include + cp -a $(LINUX_HEADERS)/asm debian/include + cp -f debian/mips_asm_unistd.h debian/include/asm/unistd.h + + # To make configure happy if libc6-dev is not installed. + touch debian/include/assert.h + + touch $@ + +libc_add-ons = ports nptl $(add-ons) + +# build 32-bit (n32) alternative library +EGLIBC_PASSES += mipsn32 +DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES += libc6-mipsn32 libc6-dev-mipsn32 +mipsn32_add-ons = ports nptl $(add-ons) +mipsn32_configure_target = mips32el-linux +mipsn32_CC = $(CC) -mabi=n32 +mipsn32_CXX = $(CXX) -mabi=n32 +libc6-mipsn32_shlib_dep = libc6-mipsn32 (>= $(shlib_dep_ver)) +mipsn32_slibdir = /lib32 +mipsn32_libdir = /usr/lib32 +mipsn32_extra_config_options := $(extra_config_options) --disable-profile + +# build 64-bit alternative library +EGLIBC_PASSES += mips64 +DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES += libc6-mips64 libc6-dev-mips64 +mips64_add-ons = ports nptl $(add-ons) +mips64_configure_target = mips64el-linux +mips64_CC = $(CC) -mabi=64 +mips64_CXX = $(CXX) -mabi=64 +libc6-mips64_shlib_dep = libc6-mips64 (>= $(shlib_dep_ver)) +mips64_slibdir = /lib64 +mips64_libdir = /usr/lib64 +mips64_extra_config_options := $(extra_config_options) --disable-profile + +# Need to put a tri-arch aware version of ldd in the base package +define mipsn32_extra_install +cp debian/tmp-mipsn32/usr/bin/ldd debian/tmp-libc/usr/bin +endef --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/sysdeps/m68k.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/sysdeps/m68k.mk @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +libc_MIN_KERNEL_SUPPORTED = 2.4.1 +libc_add-ons = ports linuxthreads $(add-ons) +libc_extra_config_options = $(extra_config_options) --disable-sanity-checks --without-__thread --without-tls --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/sysdeps/ppc64.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/sysdeps/ppc64.mk @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +libc_slibdir = /lib +libc_libdir = /usr/lib +libc_rtlddir = /lib64 + +# /lib64 and /usr/lib64 are provided as symlinks +define libc6_extra_pkg_install +ln -sf /lib debian/$(curpass)/lib64 +ln -sf lib debian/$(curpass)/usr/lib64 +endef + +# build 32-bit (powerpc) alternative library +EGLIBC_PASSES += powerpc +DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES += libc6-powerpc libc6-dev-powerpc +libc6-powerpc_shlib_dep = libc6-powerpc (>= $(shlib_dep_ver)) +powerpc_add-ons = nptl $(add-ons) +powerpc_configure_target = powerpc-linux +powerpc_CC = $(CC) -m32 +powerpc_CXX = $(CXX) -m32 +powerpc_includedir = /usr/include/powerpc-linux-gnu +powerpc_extra_config_options := $(extra_config_options) --disable-profile +powerpc_rtlddir = /lib +powerpc_slibdir = /lib32 +powerpc_libdir = /usr/lib32 + +define libc6-dev-powerpc_extra_pkg_install +mkdir -p debian/libc6-dev-powerpc/usr/include/gnu +cp -af debian/tmp-powerpc/usr/include/powerpc-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs-32.h \ + debian/libc6-dev-powerpc/usr/include/gnu +mkdir -p debian/libc6-dev-powerpc/usr/include/powerpc-linux-gnu +endef + +# create a symlink for the 32 bit dynamic linker in /lib +define libc6-powerpc_extra_pkg_install +mkdir -p debian/$(curpass)/lib +ln -s /lib32/ld.so.1 debian/$(curpass)/lib +endef --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/sysdeps/sh4.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/sysdeps/sh4.mk @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +libc_add-ons = ports nptl $(add-ons) + +# Renesas SH enabled -ffinte-math-only. Some software need -mieee. +extra_cflags = -mieee --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/sysdeps/linux.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/sysdeps/linux.mk @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +EGLIBC_OVERLAYS ?= $(shell ls glibc-linuxthreads* glibc-ports* glibc-libidn*) +MIN_KERNEL_SUPPORTED := 2.6.15 +libc = libc6 + +# NPTL Config +threads = yes +libc_add-ons = nptl $(add-ons) +libc_extra_config_options = $(extra_config_options) + +ifndef LINUX_SOURCE + ifeq ($(DEB_HOST_GNU_TYPE),$(DEB_BUILD_GNU_TYPE)) + LINUX_HEADERS := /usr/include + else + LINUX_HEADERS := /usr/$(DEB_HOST_GNU_TYPE)/include + endif +else + LINUX_HEADERS := $(LINUX_SOURCE)/include +endif + +# Minimum Kernel supported +with_headers = --with-headers=$(shell pwd)/debian/include --enable-kernel=$(call xx,MIN_KERNEL_SUPPORTED) + +KERNEL_HEADER_DIR = $(stamp)mkincludedir +$(stamp)mkincludedir: + rm -rf debian/include + mkdir debian/include + ln -s $(LINUX_HEADERS)/linux debian/include + # Link all asm directories. We can't just link asm and asm-generic + # because of explicit references to and + # . + find $(LINUX_HEADERS) -maxdepth 1 -xtype d -name asm\* \ + -exec ln -s '{}' debian/include ';' + + # To make configure happy if libc6-dev is not installed. + touch debian/include/assert.h + + touch $@ + +# Also to make configure happy. +export CPPFLAGS = -isystem $(shell pwd)/debian/include + +# This round of ugliness decomposes the Linux kernel version number +# into an integer so it can be easily compared and then does so. +CURRENT_KERNEL_VERSION=$(shell uname -r) +define kernel_check +(minimum=$$((`echo $(1) | sed 's/\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\).*/\1 \* 65536 + \2 \* 256 + \3/'`)); \ +current=$$((`echo $(CURRENT_KERNEL_VERSION) | sed 's/\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\).*/\1 \* 65536 + \2 \* 256 + \3/'`)); \ +if [ $$current -lt $$minimum ]; then \ + false; \ +fi) +endef --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/sysdeps/depflags.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/sysdeps/depflags.mk @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +depflags = libc=$(libc) glibc=glibc \ + DEB_HOST_ARCH_OS=$(DEB_HOST_ARCH_OS) \ + DEB_HOST_ARCH=$(DEB_HOST_ARCH) \ + perl debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl + +libc_control_flags = $(shell $(depflags) libc) +libc_dev_control_flags = $(shell $(depflags) libc_dev) + +# If there's a -DDepends for libc-dev, add this to it. If there isn't +# then the control file's depends line (which contains this) will be used. +# This is gross and another reason why depflags.pl must die. +libc_dev_dep = $(libc) (= $(DEB_VERSION)), +libc_dev_control_flags := $(subst Depends=",Depends="$(libc_dev_dep) ,$(libc_dev_control_flags)) + +$(libc)_control_flags = $(libc_control_flags) +$(libc)-dev_control_flags = $(libc_dev_control_flags) + +test_depflags: + @echo + @echo "$(libc):" + @echo ' $(libc_control_flags)' + @echo + @echo "$(libc)-dev:" + @echo ' $(libc_dev_control_flags)' + @echo --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/sysdeps/kfreebsd-i386.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/sysdeps/kfreebsd-i386.mk @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +EGLIBC_PASSES += i686 +DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES += libc0.1-i686 + +# We use -march=i686 and glibc's i686 routines use cmov, so require it. +# A Debian-local glibc patch adds cmov to the search path. +i686_add-ons = ports linuxthreads $(add-ons) +i686_configure_target=i686-kfreebsd +i686_extra_cflags = -march=i686 -mtune=generic +i686_rtlddir = /lib +i686_slibdir = /lib/i686/cmov +i686_extra_config_options = $(extra_config_options) --disable-profile --disable-compatible-utmp --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/sysdeps/kfreebsd-amd64.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/sysdeps/kfreebsd-amd64.mk @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +libc_slibdir = /lib +libc_libdir = /usr/lib +libc_rtlddir = /lib + +# /lib64 and /usr/lib64 are provided by glibc instead base-files: #259302. +define libc0.1_extra_pkg_install +ln -sf /lib debian/$(curpass)/lib64 +ln -sf lib debian/$(curpass)/usr/lib64 +endef + +# build 32-bit (i386) alternative library +EGLIBC_PASSES += i386 +DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES += libc0.1-i386 libc0.1-dev-i386 +libc0.1-i386_shlib_dep = libc0.1-i386 (>= $(shlib_dep_ver)) + +i386_configure_target = i686-kfreebsd +i386_CC = $(CC) -m32 +i386_CXX = $(CXX) -m32 +i386_add-ons = ports linuxthreads $(add-ons) +i386_extra_cflags = -march=pentium4 -mtune=generic +i386_extra_config_options = $(extra_config_options) --disable-compatible-utmp +i386_includedir = /usr/include/i486-kfreebsd-gnu +i386_rtlddir = /lib +i386_slibdir = /lib32 +i386_libdir = /usr/lib32 +i386_MIN_KERNEL_SUPPORTED = 5.4.0 + +define libc0.1-dev-i386_extra_pkg_install +mkdir -p debian/libc0.1-dev-i386/usr/include/gnu +cp -af debian/tmp-i386/usr/include/i486-kfreebsd-gnu/gnu/stubs-32.h \ + debian/libc0.1-dev-i386/usr/include/gnu +mkdir -p debian/libc0.1-dev-i386/usr/include/sys +cp -af debian/tmp-i386/usr/include/i486-kfreebsd-gnu/sys/vm86.h \ + debian/libc0.1-dev-i386/usr/include/sys +mkdir -p debian/libc0.1-dev-i386/usr/include/i486-kfreebsd-gnu +endef + +define libc0.1-i386_extra_pkg_install +mkdir -p debian/libc0.1-i386/lib +ln -sf /lib32/ld.so.1 debian/libc0.1-i386/lib +endef + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/sysdeps/sparc.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/sysdeps/sparc.mk @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +# build 64-bit (sparc64) alternative library +EGLIBC_PASSES += sparc64 +DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES += libc6-sparc64 libc6-dev-sparc64 +sparc64_add-ons = nptl $(add-ons) +sparc64_configure_target=sparc64-linux +sparc64_CC = $(CC) -m64 +sparc64_CXX = $(CXX) -m64 +libc6-sparc64_shlib_dep = libc6-sparc64 (>= $(shlib_dep_ver)) +sparc64_extra_config_options = $(extra_config_options) --disable-profile +sparc64_includedir = /usr/include/sparc64-linux-gnu +sparc64_slibdir = /lib64 +sparc64_libdir = /usr/lib64 + +define libc6-dev-sparc64_extra_pkg_install +mkdir -p debian/libc6-dev-sparc64/usr/include/gnu +cp -af debian/tmp-sparc64/usr/include/sparc64-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs-64.h \ + debian/libc6-dev-sparc64/usr/include/gnu +mkdir -p debian/libc6-dev-sparc64/usr/include/sparc64-linux-gnu +endef + +EGLIBC_PASSES += sparc64b +DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES += libc6-sparc64b +sparc64b_add-ons = nptl $(add-ons) +sparc64b_configure_build=sparc64-linux +sparc64b_configure_target=sparc64b-linux +sparc64b_CC = $(CC) -m64 -mcpu=ultrasparc3 +sparc64b_CXX = $(CXX) -m64 -mcpu=ultrasparc3 +sparc64b_extra_cflags = -g2 -O3 +sparc64b_extra_config_options = $(extra_config_options) --disable-profile +libc6-sparc64b_shlib_dep = libc6-sparc64b (>= $(shlib_dep_ver)) +sparc64b_slibdir = /lib64/ultra3 + +EGLIBC_PASSES += sparc64v +DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES += libc6-sparc64v +sparc64v_add-ons = nptl $(add-ons) +sparc64v_configure_build=sparc64-linux +sparc64v_configure_target=sparc64v-linux +sparc64v_CC = $(CC) -m64 -mcpu=niagara +sparc64v_CXX = $(CXX) -m64 -mcpu=niagara +sparc64v_extra_cflags = -g2 -O3 +sparc64v_extra_config_options = $(extra_config_options) --disable-profile +libc6-sparc64v_shlib_dep = libc6-sparc64v (>= $(shlib_dep_ver)) +sparc64v_slibdir = /lib64/v9v + +EGLIBC_PASSES += sparc64v2 +DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES += libc6-sparc64v2 +sparc64v2_add-ons = nptl $(add-ons) +sparc64v2_configure_build=sparc64-linux +sparc64v2_configure_target=sparc64v2-linux +sparc64v2_CC = $(CC) -m64 -mcpu=niagara2 +sparc64v2_CXX = $(CXX) -m64 -mcpu=niagara2 +sparc64v2_extra_cflags = -g2 -O3 +sparc64v2_extra_config_options = $(extra_config_options) --disable-profile +libc6-sparc64v2_shlib_dep = libc6-sparc64v2 (>= $(shlib_dep_ver)) +sparc64v2_slibdir = /lib64/v9v2 + +# build a sparcv9b optimized library +EGLIBC_PASSES += sparcv9b +DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES += libc6-sparcv9b +sparcv9b_add-ons = nptl $(add-ons) +sparcv9b_configure_target=sparcv9b-linux +sparcv9b_configure_build=sparcv9b-linux +sparcv9b_extra_cflags = -mtune=ultrasparc3 +sparcv9b_extra_config_options = $(extra_config_options) --disable-profile +sparcv9b_rtlddir = /lib +sparcv9b_slibdir = /lib/ultra3 + +EGLIBC_PASSES += sparcv9v +DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES += libc6-sparcv9v +sparcv9v_add-ons = nptl $(add-ons) +sparcv9v_configure_target=sparcv9v-linux +sparcv9v_extra_cflags = -O3 -mtune=niagara +sparcv9v_extra_config_options = $(extra_config_options) --disable-profile --with-tls --with-__thread +sparcv9v_rtlddir = /lib +sparcv9v_slibdir = /lib/v9v + +EGLIBC_PASSES += sparcv9v2 +DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES += libc6-sparcv9v2 +sparcv9v2_add-ons = nptl $(add-ons) +sparcv9v2_configure_target=sparcv9v2-linux +sparcv9v2_extra_cflags = -O3 -mtune=niagara2 +sparcv9v2_extra_config_options = $(extra_config_options) --disable-profile --with-tls --with-__thread +sparcv9v2_rtlddir = /lib +sparcv9v2_slibdir = /lib/v9v2 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/sysdeps/s390.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/sysdeps/s390.mk @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +# build 64-bit (s390x) alternative library +EGLIBC_PASSES += s390x +DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES += libc6-s390x libc6-dev-s390x +s390x_add-ons = nptl $(add-ons) +s390x_configure_target = s390x-linux +s390x_CC = $(CC) -m64 +s390x_CXX = $(CXX) -m64 +libc6-s390x_shlib_dep = libc6-s390x (>= $(shlib_dep_ver)) +s390x_extra_config_options := $(extra_config_options) --disable-profile +s390x_includedir = /usr/include/s390x-linux-gnu +s390x_slibdir = /lib64 +s390x_libdir = /usr/lib64 + +define libc6-dev-s390x_extra_pkg_install +mkdir -p debian/libc6-dev-s390x/usr/include/gnu +cp -af debian/tmp-s390x/usr/include/s390x-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs-64.h \ + debian/libc6-dev-s390x/usr/include/gnu +mkdir -p debian/libc6-dev-s390x/usr/include/s390x-linux-gnu +endef + +define libc6-s390x_extra_pkg_install +mkdir -p debian/$(curpass)/lib +ln -s /lib64/ld64.so.1 debian/$(curpass)/lib +endef --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/sysdeps/alpha.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/sysdeps/alpha.mk @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +libc_add-ons = ports nptl $(add-ons) + +libc = libc6.1 + +# build an ev67 optimized library +EGLIBC_PASSES += alphaev67 +DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES += libc6.1-alphaev67 +alphaev67_MIN_KERNEL_SUPPORTED = 2.6.9 +alphaev67_add-ons = ports nptl $(add-ons) +alphaev67_configure_target = alphaev67-linux +alphaev67_extra_cflags = -mcpu=ev67 -mtune=ev67 -O2 +alphaev67_extra_config_options = $(extra_config_options) --disable-profile +alphaev67_rtlddir = /lib +alphaev67_slibdir = /lib/ev67 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/sysdeps/amd64.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/sysdeps/amd64.mk @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +libc_add_ons = nptl $(add-ons) +libc_extra_cflags = -O3 +libc_slibdir = /lib +libc_libdir = /usr/lib +libc_rtlddir = /lib64 + +# /lib64 and /usr/lib64 are provided by glibc instead base-files: #259302. +define libc6_extra_pkg_install +ln -sf /lib debian/$(curpass)/lib64 +ln -sf lib debian/$(curpass)/usr/lib64 +endef + +# build 32-bit (i386) alternative library +EGLIBC_PASSES += i386 +DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES += libc6-i386 libc6-dev-i386 +libc6-i386_shlib_dep = libc6-i386 (>= $(shlib_dep_ver)) + +# This section is quite different in Ubuntu. +# +# This only looks like i386. It's really i686, fine for compatability +i386_add-ons = nptl $(add-ons) +i386_configure_target = i686-linux +i386_CC = $(BUILD_CC) -m32 +i386_CXX = $(BUILD_CXX) -m32 +i386_MAKEFLAGS = MAKEFLAGS="gconvdir=/usr/lib32/gconv" +i386_extra_cflags = -march=i686 -mtune=generic +i386_extra_config_options = $(extra_config_options) --disable-profile +i386_includedir = /usr/include/i486-linux-gnu +i386_slibdir = /lib32 +i386_libdir = /usr/lib32 + +define libc6-dev-i386_extra_pkg_install +mkdir -p debian/libc6-dev-i386/usr/include/gnu +cp -af debian/tmp-i386/usr/include/i486-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs-32.h \ + debian/libc6-dev-i386/usr/include/gnu +mkdir -p debian/libc6-dev-i386/usr/include/sys +cp -af debian/tmp-i386/usr/include/i486-linux-gnu/sys/elf.h \ + debian/libc6-dev-i386/usr/include/sys +cp -af debian/tmp-i386/usr/include/i486-linux-gnu/sys/vm86.h \ + debian/libc6-dev-i386/usr/include/sys +mkdir -p debian/libc6-dev-i386/usr/include/i486-linux-gnu +endef + +define libc6-i386_extra_pkg_install +mkdir -p debian/libc6-i386/lib +ln -s /lib32/ld-linux.so.2 debian/libc6-i386/lib/ld-linux.so.2 +endef + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/sysdeps/mips.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/sysdeps/mips.mk @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +# +# Temporary hack to use our own version of unistd.h +# to workaround kernel bugs on the build daemons +# +KERNEL_HEADER_DIR = $(stamp)mkincludedir-mips +$(stamp)mkincludedir-mips: + rm -rf debian/include + mkdir debian/include + ln -s $(LINUX_HEADERS)/linux debian/include + ln -s $(LINUX_HEADERS)/asm-generic debian/include + cp -a $(LINUX_HEADERS)/asm debian/include + cp -f debian/mips_asm_unistd.h debian/include/asm/unistd.h + + # To make configure happy if libc6-dev is not installed. + touch debian/include/assert.h + + touch $@ + +libc_add-ons = ports nptl $(add-ons) + +# build 32-bit (n32) alternative library +EGLIBC_PASSES += mipsn32 +DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES += libc6-mipsn32 libc6-dev-mipsn32 +mipsn32_add-ons = ports nptl $(add-ons) +mipsn32_configure_target = mips32-linux +mipsn32_CC = $(CC) -mabi=n32 +mipsn32_CXX = $(CXX) -mabi=n32 +libc6-mipsn32_shlib_dep = libc6-mipsn32 (>= $(shlib_dep_ver)) +mipsn32_slibdir = /lib32 +mipsn32_libdir = /usr/lib32 +mipsn32_extra_config_options := $(extra_config_options) --disable-profile + +# build 64-bit alternative library +EGLIBC_PASSES += mips64 +DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES += libc6-mips64 libc6-dev-mips64 +mips64_add-ons = ports nptl $(add-ons) +mips64_configure_target = mips64-linux +mips64_CC = $(CC) -mabi=64 +mips64_CXX = $(CXX) -mabi=64 +libc6-mips64_shlib_dep = libc6-mips64 (>= $(shlib_dep_ver)) +mips64_slibdir = /lib64 +mips64_libdir = /usr/lib64 +mips64_extra_config_options := $(extra_config_options) --disable-profile + +# Need to put a tri-arch aware version of ldd in the base package +define mipsn32_extra_install +cp debian/tmp-mipsn32/usr/bin/ldd debian/tmp-libc/usr/bin +endef --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/sysdeps/powerpc.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/sysdeps/powerpc.mk @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +# build 64-bit (ppc64) alternative library +EGLIBC_PASSES += ppc64 +DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES += libc6-ppc64 libc6-dev-ppc64 +ppc64_add-ons = nptl $(add-ons) +ppc64_configure_target = powerpc64-linux +ppc64_CC = $(CC) -m64 -fno-stack-protector -U_FORTIFY_SOURCE +ppc64_CXX = $(CXX) -m64 -fno-stack-protector -U_FORTIFY_SOURCE +libc6-ppc64_shlib_dep = libc6-ppc64 (>= $(shlib_dep_ver)) +ppc64_extra_config_options := $(extra_config_options) --disable-profile +ppc64_slibdir = /lib64 +ppc64_libdir = /usr/lib64 +ppc64_includedir = /usr/include/powerpc64-linux-gnu + +define libc6-dev-ppc64_extra_pkg_install +mkdir -p debian/libc6-dev-ppc64/usr/include/gnu +cp -af debian/tmp-ppc64/usr/include/powerpc64-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs-64.h \ + debian/libc6-dev-ppc64/usr/include/gnu +mkdir -p debian/libc6-dev-ppc64/usr/include/powerpc64-linux-gnu +endef + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/sysdeps/hurd.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/sysdeps/hurd.mk @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +# This is for the GNU OS. Commonly known as the Hurd. + +GLIBC_OVERLAYS ?= $(shell ls glibc-linuxthreads* glibc-ports* glibc-libidn*) + +threads = no +libc = libc0.3 +slibdir = /lib + +# Glibc should really do this for us. +define libc_extra_install +mkdir -p debian/tmp-$(curpass)/lib +ln -s ld.so.1 debian/tmp-$(curpass)/lib/ld.so +endef + +# Do not care about kernel versions for now. +define kernel_check +true +endef + +libc_extra_config_options := $(extra_config_options) + +# Only use libidn as add-on. +standard-add-ons = libidn + +# disabled because the testsuite is known to provoke build abortions. +RUN_TESTSUITE = no --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/sysdeps/hppa.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/sysdeps/hppa.mk @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +# To build the NPTL version of the glibc on hppa, uncomment the following line +# and comment the two next ones. Note that it is currently not binary +# compatible with the linuxthreads version. +libc_add-ons = ports nptl $(add-ons) + +# hppa64 needs symlink /usr/hppa64-linux/include to /usr/include +# (See: Bug#239020) In future we may drop this file with supporting hppa64. + +define libc6-dev_extra_pkg_install +mkdir -p debian/$(curpass)/usr +mkdir -p debian/$(curpass)/usr/hppa64-linux +ln -sf ../include debian/$(curpass)/usr/hppa64-linux/include +mkdir -p debian/$(curpass)/usr/hppa64-linux-gnu +ln -sf ../include debian/$(curpass)/usr/hppa64-linux-gnu/include +endef + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +#!/usr/bin/perl + +# These get export by debian/sysdeps/depflags.mk +$DEB_HOST_ARCH_OS = $ENV{'DEB_HOST_ARCH_OS'}; +$DEB_HOST_ARCH = $ENV{'DEB_HOST_ARCH'}; +$libc = $ENV{'libc'}; +$glibc = $ENV{'glibc'}; +@deptypes = ('Depends', 'Replaces', 'Conflicts', 'Provides', + 'Suggests'); + +# Let's make sure we are sane +if (!defined($DEB_HOST_ARCH_OS) or !defined($DEB_HOST_ARCH) or + !defined($libc) or !defined($glibc)) { + die "Could not get all parameters"; +} + +@ARGV == 1 or die "Usage: depflags "; +$type = $ARGV[0]; + +# OS specific stuff +if ($DEB_HOST_ARCH_OS eq "hurd") { + push @{$libc_dev_c{'Depends'}}, ('gnumach-dev', 'hurd-dev (>= 20080607-3)', 'libpthread-stubs0-dev'); + push @{$libc_dev_c{'Replaces'}}, 'glibc2-dev'; + push @{$libc_dev_c{'Conflicts'}}, 'glibc2-dev'; + push @{$libc_c{'Replaces'}}, 'glibc2'; + push @{$libc_c{'Conflicts'}}, 'glibc2'; + push @{$libc_c{'Depends'}}, 'hurd (>= 20070606-1+SVN)'; +} +if ($DEB_HOST_ARCH_OS eq "linux") { + push @{$libc_c{'Suggests'}}, 'locales'; + push @{$libc_dev_c{'Recommends'}}, 'c-compiler'; + push @{$libc_dev_c{'Depends'}}, 'linux-libc-dev'; +} +if ($DEB_HOST_ARCH_OS eq "kfreebsd") { + push @{$libc_c{'Suggests'}}, 'locales'; + push @{$libc_dev_c{'Recommends'}}, 'c-compiler'; + push @{$libc_dev_c{'Replaces'}}, 'kfreebsd-kernel-headers (<< 0.11)'; + push @{$libc_dev_c{'Depends'}}, 'kfreebsd-kernel-headers (>= 0.11)'; +} + +# ${glibc}-doc is suggested by $libc_c and $libc_dev_c. +push @{$libc_c{'Suggests'}}, "${glibc}-doc"; +push @{$libc_dev_c{'Suggests'}}, "${glibc}-doc"; +push @{$libc_dev_c{'Suggests'}}, "manpages-dev"; + +# nss-db is now seperate +push @{$libc_c{'Recommends'}}, 'libnss-db'; + +# tzdata is now separate +# In Ubuntu, it's a recommends. +push @{$libc_c{'Recommends'}}, 'tzdata'; + +# Ubuntu hack to cope with the fact that we shipped /lib64 and /usr/lib64 +# in base-files for a while, and now they're in libc6, same as Debian +if ($DEB_HOST_GNU_TYPE eq "x86_64-linux-gnu") { + push @{$libc_c{'Replaces'}}, 'base-files (<< 3.1.9ubuntu8)'; +} + +## Conflict versions of binutils version that does not support DT_GNU_HASH +push @{$libc_dev_c{'Conflicts'}}, 'binutils (<< 2.17cvs20070426-1)'; + +# Make sure we only have one version of libc-dev installed +push @{$libc_dev_c{'Provides'}}, 'libc-dev'; +push @{$libc_dev_c{'Conflicts'}}, 'libc-dev'; +if ($libc ne "libc6") { + push @{$libc_dev_c{'Provides'}}, 'libc6-dev'; +} + +# Conflict with older versions of tzdata that need tzconfig. +push @{$libc_c{'Conflicts'}}, 'tzdata (<< 2007k-1), tzdata-etch'; + +# Conflict with older versions of nscd +push @{$libc_c{'Conflicts'}}, 'nscd (<< 2.9)'; + +# belocs-locales-bin is dead upstream; Ubuntu previously used it, now libc6 +# ships the programs itself again +push @{$libc_c{'Conflicts'}}, 'belocs-locales-bin'; +push @{$libc_c{'Replaces'}}, 'belocs-locales-bin'; + +# Depends on libgcc1/libgcc2/libgcc4 +if ($DEB_HOST_ARCH =~ m/^hppa$/) { + push @{$libc_c{'Depends'}}, 'libgcc4'; +} elsif ($DEB_HOST_ARCH =~ m/^m68k$/) { + push @{$libc_c{'Depends'}}, 'libgcc2'; +} else { + push @{$libc_c{'Depends'}}, 'libgcc1'; +} + +# mvo: this is needed to work arounda a upgrade issue from +# hardy to intrepid (see launchpad #234345) +push @{$libc_c{'Depends'}}, 'findutils (>= 4.4.0-2ubuntu2)'; + + +if ($type eq "libc") { + %pkg = %libc_c; +} elsif ($type eq "libc_dev") { + %pkg = %libc_dev_c; +} else { + die "Unknown package $type"; +} + +foreach $dep (@deptypes) { + next if not defined($pkg{$dep}); + print "-D${dep}=\"" . join(', ', @{$pkg{$dep}}) . "\" "; +} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/sysdeps/lpia.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/sysdeps/lpia.mk @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +# We use -mno-tls-direct-seg-refs to not wrap-around segments, as it +# greatly reduce the speed when running under the Xen hypervisor. +# libc_extra_config_options = $(extra_config_options) --without-__thread --disable-sanity-checks +libc_extra_cflags = -mno-tls-direct-seg-refs -march=i686 -mtune=i586 -g -O3 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/sysdeps/ia64.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/sysdeps/ia64.mk @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +libc = libc6.1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/sysdeps/armeb.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/sysdeps/armeb.mk @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +libc_add-ons = ports nptl $(add-ons) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/script.in/nohwcap.sh +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/script.in/nohwcap.sh @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ + # Handle upgrades when libc-opt package has been installed. + # When a /etc/ld.so.nohwcap file exists, ld.so only use libraries + # from /lib, and ignore all optimised libraries. This file is + # inconditionaly created in the preinst script of libc. + + # Get the list of optimized packages for a given architecture + # Before removing a package from this list, make sure it appears + # in the Conflicts: line of libc. + case $(dpkg --print-architecture) in + alpha) + hwcappkgs="libc6-alphaev67" + ;; + armel) + hwcappkgs="libc6-vfp" + ;; + i386) + hwcappkgs="libc6-i686 libc6-xen" + ;; + kfreebsd-i386) + hwcappkgs="libc0.1-i686" + ;; + sparc) + hwcappkgs="libc6-sparcv9 libc6-sparcv9b libc6-sparcv9v libc6-sparcv9v2 libc6-sparc64b libc6-sparc64v libc6-sparc64v2" + ;; + esac + + # We check the version between the current installed libc and + # all optimized packages (on architectures where such packages + # exists). + all_upgraded=yes + if [ -n "$hwcappkgs" ]; then + for pkg in $hwcappkgs ; do + ver=$(dpkg -l $pkg 2>/dev/null | sed -e '/^i/!d;' -e "s/^i.\s\+$pkg\s\+//;s/\s.*//g") + if [ -n "$ver" ] && [ "$ver" != "CURRENT_VER" ]; then + all_upgraded=no + fi + done + fi + + # If the versions of all optimized packages are the same as the libc + # one, we could remove /etc/ld.so.nohwcap. Otherwise, it will be removed + # when all optimized packages are upgraded or removed. + if [ "$all_upgraded" = yes ] ; then + rm -f /etc/ld.so.nohwcap + fi --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/script.in/nsscheck.sh +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/script.in/nsscheck.sh @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ + echo -n "Checking for services that may need to be restarted..." + # Only get the ones that are installed, and configured + check=$(dpkg -s $check 2> /dev/null | egrep '^Package:|^Status:' | awk '{if ($1 ~ /^Package:/) { package=$2 } else if ($0 ~ /^Status: .* installed$/) { print package }}') + # some init scripts don't match the package names + check=$(echo $check | \ + sed -e's/\bapache2-common\b/apache2/g' \ + -e's/\bat\b/atd/g' \ + -e's/\bdovecot-common\b/dovecot/g' \ + -e's/\bexim4-base\b/exim4/g' \ + -e's/\blpr\b/lpd/g' \ + -e's/\blpr-ppd\b/lpd-ppd/g' \ + -e's/\bmysql-server\b/mysql/g' \ + -e's/\bsasl2-bin\b/saslauthd/g' \ + ) + echo + echo "Checking init scripts..." + rl=$(runlevel | sed 's/.*\ //') + for service in $check; do + if [ -x "`which invoke-rc.d 2>/dev/null`" ]; then + idl=$(ls /etc/init.d/${service} 2> /dev/null | head -n 1) + if [ -n "$idl" ] && [ -x $idl ]; then + services="$service $services" + else + echo "WARNING: init script for $service not found." + fi + else + if [ -f /usr/share/file-rc/rc ] || [ -f /usr/lib/file-rc/rc ] && [ -f /etc/runlevel.conf ]; then + idl=$(filerc $rl $service) + else + idl=$(ls /etc/rc${rl}.d/S??${service} 2> /dev/null | head -1) + fi + if [ -n "$idl" ] && [ -x $idl ]; then + services="$service $services" + fi + fi + done --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/README +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/README @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +For the patch directory we follow this naming scheme: + + {ARCH|all|any}/{local|branch|cvs|submitted}-"Description" + +Branch means commited in the upstream branch. +CVS means committed in the upstream trunk. +Submitted means we're hopeful that it will go in. +Local means that it's not going upstream. + +The goal is to get all patches to "Branch". Patches should be split by +arch so that it's easy to send just the relevant bits to various +arch maintainers if needed. + +The difference between 'all' and 'any' is that the latter touches several +architecture dependent files (usually in the sysdeps directory), whereas +the former only modifies architecture independent files. Porters are +supposed to have an eye on their arch patches and on 'any'. + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/series.kfreebsd-amd64 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/series.kfreebsd-amd64 @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +kfreebsd/local-config_h_in.patch +kfreebsd/local-ftw.diff +kfreebsd/local-linuxthreads29.diff +kfreebsd/local-memusage_no_mremap.diff +kfreebsd/local-no-SOCK_NONBLOCK.diff +kfreebsd/local-pthread_at_fork.diff +kfreebsd/local-readdir_r.diff +kfreebsd/local-scripts.diff +kfreebsd/local-sys_queue_h.diff +kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff +kfreebsd/local-sysdeps-2.10.diff +kfreebsd/local-undef-glibc.diff --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/series.hurd-i386 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/series.hurd-i386 @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +hurd-i386/local-gscope.diff +hurd-i386/local-atomic-no-multiple_threads.diff +hurd-i386/local-pthread_stubs.diff +hurd-i386/local-pthread-unsupported-stubs.diff +hurd-i386/local-unlockpt-chroot.diff +hurd-i386/local-msg-nosignal.diff +kfreebsd/local-no-SOCK_NONBLOCK.diff --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/series +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/series @@ -0,0 +1,148 @@ +svn-updates.diff + +locale/check-unknown-symbols.diff +locale/fix-LC_COLLATE-rules.diff +locale/preprocessor-collate-uli-sucks.diff +locale/preprocessor-collate.diff # should not be needed anymore, but keep it anyways. +locale/locale-print-LANGUAGE.diff +locale/LC_IDENTIFICATION-optional-fields.diff +locale/fix-C-first_weekday.diff +locale/LC_COLLATE-keywords-ordering.diff +localedata/local-all-no-archive.diff +localedata/sort-UTF8-first.diff +localedata/supported.diff +localedata/locale-eo_EO.diff +localedata/locale-eu_FR.diff +localedata/new-valencian-locale.diff +localedata/locale-ku_TR.diff +localedata/tl_PH-yesexpr.diff +localedata/fo_FO-date_fmt.diff +localedata/locales_CH.diff +localedata/locales-fr.diff +localedata/locales_GB.diff +localedata/locale-en_DK.diff +localedata/locale-csb_PL.diff +localedata/submitted-bz9732-dz_BT-collation.diff +localedata/locale-ia.diff +localedata/locale-zh_TW.diff +localedata/locale-se_NO.diff +localedata/tailor-iso14651_t1.diff +localedata/tailor-iso14651_t1-common.diff +localedata/fix-lang.diff +localedata/fr_BE-first_weekday.diff +localedata/fr_CA-first_weekday.diff +localedata/fr_CH-first_weekday.diff +localedata/fr_LU-first_weekday.diff +localedata/cy_GB-first_weekday.diff +localedata/locale-de_LI.diff +localedata/submitted-bz9725-locale-sv_SE.diff +localedata/first_weekday.diff +localedata/submitted-bz9912-locale-ru_UA.diff + +amd64/local-biarch.diff +amd64/local-clone.diff +amd64/local-linuxthreads-gscope.diff + +arm/local-eabi-wchar.diff +arm/local-ioperm.diff +arm/local-lowlevellock.diff +arm/local-no-hwcap.diff +arm/local-hwcap-updates.diff + +hppa/local-inlining.diff +hppa/local-linuxthreads.diff +hppa/local-linuxthreads-gscope.diff +hppa/submitted-fadvise64_64.diff +hppa/submitted-lt.diff +hppa/submitted-nptl-carlos.diff +hppa/submitted-pie.diff +hppa/local-hppa-nptl.diff +hppa/local-ports-hppa-nptl.diff + +ia64/submitted-sysconf.diff +ia64/submitted-libm.diff +ia64/submitted-siginfo.diff + +i386/local-biarch.diff +i386/local-clone.diff +i386/local-cmov.diff +i386/local-linuxthreads-gscope.diff +i386/submitted-i686-timing.diff + +lpia/local-i686-redefine.diff -p0 + +sparc/local-fork.diff +sparc/local-sparcv9-target.diff +sparc/submitted-timing.diff + +all/fedora-nss_dns-gethostbyname4-disable.diff + +any/local-asserth-decls.diff +any/local-bindresvport_blacklist.diff +any/local-allocalim-header.diff +any/local-fhs-linux-paths.diff +any/local-fhs-nscd.diff +# any/local-ipv6-lookup.diff -p0 # has issues +any/local-ld-multiarch.diff +any/local-ldd.diff +any/local-ldso-disable-hwcap.diff +any/local-ldconfig.diff +any/local-ldconfig-fsync.diff +any/local-libgcc-compat-main.diff +any/local-libgcc-compat-ports.diff +any/local-linuxthreads-defines.diff +any/local-linuxthreads-fd.diff +any/local-linuxthreads-gscope.diff +any/local-linuxthreads-lowlevellock.diff +any/local-linuxthreads-fatalprepare.diff +any/local-linuxthreads-ptw.diff +any/local-linuxthreads-semaphore_h.diff +any/local-linuxthreads-signals.diff +any/local-linuxthreads-tst-sighandler.diff +any/local-linuxthreads-unwind.diff +any/local-linuxthreads-weak.diff +any/local-localedef-fix-trampoline.diff +any/local-mktemp.diff +any/local-no-pagesize.diff +any/local-nss-upgrade.diff +any/local-o_cloexec.diff +any/local-rtld.diff +any/local-stubs_h.diff +any/local-stdio-lock.diff +any/local-tcsetaddr.diff +any/local-disable-test-tgmath2.diff +any/local-tst-mktime2.diff +any/local-dynamic-resolvconf.diff +any/submitted-nis-netgrp.diff +any/submitted-clock-settime.diff +any/submitted-libgcc_s.so.diff +any/submitted-longdouble.diff +any/submitted-sched_h.diff +any/local-disable-nscd-host-caching.diff +#any/submitted-fileops-and-signals.diff # has issues +any/local-missing-linux_types.h.diff +any/local-nss-overflow.diff +any/submitted-popen.diff +any/local-linuxthreads-thread_self.diff +any/submitted-futex_robust_pi.diff +#any/local-disable-gethostbyname4.diff +any/submitted-getaddrinfo-lo.diff +any/local-getaddrinfo-interface.diff +any/cvs-broken-dns.diff +any/submitted-autotools.diff +any/cvs-nptl-init.diff +any/submitted-accept4-hidden.diff +any/submitted-getent-gshadow.diff +any/cvs-getaddrinfo-nss-notfound.diff + +# Ubuntu-specific patches. These are things that we don't expect to wind up +# in Debian. +ubuntu/local-altlocaledir.diff -p1 +ubuntu/stack-guard-quick-randomization.diff +ubuntu/submitted-leading-zero-stack-guard.diff +ubuntu/no-sprintf-pre-truncate.diff +ubuntu/local-fwrite-no-attr-unused.diff +ubuntu/ia64-include.diff +ubuntu/machine-sparcv2.diff +ubuntu/retain-fatal-msg.diff +all/submitted-missing-etc-hosts.diff --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/series.kfreebsd-i386 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/series.kfreebsd-i386 @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +kfreebsd/local-config_h_in.patch +kfreebsd/local-ftw.diff +kfreebsd/local-linuxthreads29.diff +kfreebsd/local-memusage_no_mremap.diff +kfreebsd/local-no-SOCK_NONBLOCK.diff +kfreebsd/local-pthread_at_fork.diff +kfreebsd/local-readdir_r.diff +kfreebsd/local-scripts.diff +kfreebsd/local-sys_queue_h.diff +kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff +kfreebsd/local-sysdeps-2.10.diff +kfreebsd/local-undef-glibc.diff --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/svn-updates.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/svn-updates.diff @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +SVN update of svn://svn.eglibc.org/branches/eglibc-2_10 from revision 8733 + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/mips/mips32/internal_accept4.S (révision 0) ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/mips/mips32/internal_accept4.S (révision 8758) +@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ ++/* MIPS does not have socket.S and the socketcall syscall should ++ generally be avoided, though it exists. */ +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/mips/mips32/accept4.c (révision 0) ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/mips/mips32/accept4.c (révision 8758) +@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* Avoid accept4.c trying to use a definition based on the socketcall ++ syscall and internal_accept4.S. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#undef __NR_socketcall ++ ++#include +--- a/ports/ChangeLog.mips (révision 8733) ++++ b/ports/ChangeLog.mips (révision 8758) +@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@ ++2009-08-03 Joseph Myers ++ ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/mips/mips32/accept4.c, ++ sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/mips/mips32/internal_accept4.S: New. ++ + 2009-07-20 Aurelien Jarno + + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/mips/kernel-features.h: Define --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/ubuntu/README +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/ubuntu/README @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Patches in this directory are hacks done for Ubuntu directly. These might +include things like splitting out langpacks or launchpad/rosetta integration. + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/ubuntu/stack-guard-quick-randomization.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/ubuntu/stack-guard-quick-randomization.diff @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +Taken from http://cvs.fedora.redhat.com/viewvc//devel/glibc/ +based on Jakub Jelinek's patch to glibc. +--- + elf/tst-stackguard1.c | 8 ++++++-- + nptl/tst-stackguard1.c | 8 ++++++-- + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/dl-osinfo.h | 29 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + 3 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) + +Index: b/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/dl-osinfo.h +=================================================================== +--- a/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/dl-osinfo.h ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/dl-osinfo.h +@@ -17,10 +17,13 @@ + Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA + 02111-1307 USA. */ + ++#include + #include + #include + #include + #include ++#include ++#include + + #ifndef MIN + # define MIN(a,b) (((a)<(b))?(a):(b)) +@@ -80,6 +83,32 @@ + unsigned char *p = (unsigned char *) &ret; + p[sizeof (ret) - 1] = 255; + p[sizeof (ret) - 2] = '\n'; ++#ifdef HP_TIMING_NOW ++ hp_timing_t hpt; ++ HP_TIMING_NOW (hpt); ++ hpt = (hpt & 0xffff) << 8; ++ ret ^= hpt; ++#endif ++ uintptr_t stk; ++ /* Avoid GCC being too smart. */ ++ asm ("" : "=r" (stk) : "r" (p)); ++ stk &= 0x7ffff0; ++#if __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN ++ stk <<= (__WORDSIZE - 23); ++#elif __WORDSIZE == 64 ++ stk <<= 31; ++#endif ++ ret ^= stk; ++ /* Avoid GCC being too smart. */ ++ p = (unsigned char *) &errno; ++ asm ("" : "=r" (stk) : "r" (p)); ++ stk &= 0x7fff00; ++#if __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN ++ stk <<= (__WORDSIZE - 29); ++#else ++ stk >>= 8; ++#endif ++ ret ^= stk; + } + else + #endif +Index: b/elf/tst-stackguard1.c +=================================================================== +--- a/elf/tst-stackguard1.c ++++ b/elf/tst-stackguard1.c +@@ -160,17 +160,21 @@ + the 16 runs, something is very wrong. */ + int ndifferences = 0; + int ndefaults = 0; ++ int npartlyrandomized = 0; + for (i = 0; i < N; ++i) + { + if (child_stack_chk_guards[i] != child_stack_chk_guards[i+1]) + ndifferences++; + else if (child_stack_chk_guards[i] == default_guard) + ndefaults++; ++ else if (*(char *) &child_stack_chk_guards[i] == 0) ++ npartlyrandomized++; + } + +- printf ("differences %d defaults %d\n", ndifferences, ndefaults); ++ printf ("differences %d defaults %d partly randomized %d\n", ++ ndifferences, ndefaults, npartlyrandomized); + +- if (ndifferences < N / 2 && ndefaults < N / 2) ++ if ((ndifferences + ndefaults + npartlyrandomized) < 3 * N / 4) + { + puts ("stack guard canaries are not randomized enough"); + puts ("nor equal to the default canary value"); +Index: b/nptl/tst-stackguard1.c +=================================================================== +--- a/nptl/tst-stackguard1.c ++++ b/nptl/tst-stackguard1.c +@@ -190,17 +190,21 @@ + the 16 runs, something is very wrong. */ + int ndifferences = 0; + int ndefaults = 0; ++ int npartlyrandomized = 0; + for (i = 0; i < N; ++i) + { + if (child_stack_chk_guards[i] != child_stack_chk_guards[i+1]) + ndifferences++; + else if (child_stack_chk_guards[i] == default_guard) + ndefaults++; ++ else if (*(char *) &child_stack_chk_guards[i] == 0) ++ npartlyrandomized++; + } + +- printf ("differences %d defaults %d\n", ndifferences, ndefaults); ++ printf ("differences %d defaults %d partly randomized %d\n", ++ ndifferences, ndefaults, npartlyrandomized); + +- if (ndifferences < N / 2 && ndefaults < N / 2) ++ if ((ndifferences + ndefaults + npartlyrandomized) < 3 * N / 4) + { + puts ("stack guard canaries are not randomized enough"); + puts ("nor equal to the default canary value"); --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/ubuntu/ia64-include.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/ubuntu/ia64-include.diff @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +--- ./sysdeps/ia64/elf/start.S~ 2009-05-11 13:24:14.000000000 +0200 ++++ ./sysdeps/ia64/elf/start.S 2009-05-12 18:14:39.000000000 +0200 +@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ + #include + + #include ++#include + #include + + /* --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/ubuntu/retain-fatal-msg.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/ubuntu/retain-fatal-msg.diff @@ -0,0 +1,204 @@ +Description: Retain the assert and internal error strings via a global + export for later core dump analysis as "__abort_msg". +Author: Kees Cook +Upstream: http://sources.redhat.com/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=10217 +Patch: http://sourceware.org/git/?p=glibc.git;a=patch;h=48dcd0ba84c5a0fa08a0bd000b24af07d20dce44 + +Index: eglibc-2.10.1/assert/assert-perr.c +=================================================================== +--- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/assert/assert-perr.c 2009-08-26 23:41:00.000000000 -0700 ++++ eglibc-2.10.1/assert/assert-perr.c 2009-08-28 09:45:35.000000000 -0700 +@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ +-/* Copyright (C) 1994-1998,2001,2002,2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++/* Copyright (C) 1994-1998,2001,2002,2005,2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + This file is part of the GNU C Library. + + The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or +@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ + 02111-1307 USA. */ + + #include ++#include + #include + #include + #include +@@ -64,9 +65,10 @@ + (void) __fxprintf (NULL, "%s", buf); + (void) fflush (stderr); + +- /* We have to free the buffer since the appplication might catch the +- SIGABRT. */ +- free (buf); ++ /* We have to free the old buffer since the application might ++ catch the SIGABRT signal. */ ++ char *old = atomic_exchange_acq (&__abort_msg, buf); ++ free (old); + } + else + { +Index: eglibc-2.10.1/assert/assert.c +=================================================================== +--- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/assert/assert.c 2009-08-26 23:41:00.000000000 -0700 ++++ eglibc-2.10.1/assert/assert.c 2009-08-28 09:45:35.000000000 -0700 +@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ +-/* Copyright (C) 1991,1994-1996,1998,2001,2002,2005 ++/* Copyright (C) 1991,1994-1996,1998,2001,2002,2005,2009 + Free Software Foundation, Inc. + This file is part of the GNU C Library. + +@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ + 02111-1307 USA. */ + + #include ++#include + #include + #include + #include +@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@ + # include FATAL_PREPARE_INCLUDE + #endif + ++ + #undef __assert_fail + void + __assert_fail (const char *assertion, const char *file, unsigned int line, +@@ -64,9 +66,10 @@ + (void) __fxprintf (NULL, "%s", buf); + (void) fflush (stderr); + +- /* We have to free the buffer since the application might catch the +- SIGABRT. */ +- free (buf); ++ /* We have to free the old buffer since the application might ++ catch the SIGABRT signal. */ ++ char *old = atomic_exchange_acq (&__abort_msg, buf); ++ free (old); + } + else + { +Index: eglibc-2.10.1/sysdeps/posix/libc_fatal.c +=================================================================== +--- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/sysdeps/posix/libc_fatal.c 2009-08-26 23:41:00.000000000 -0700 ++++ eglibc-2.10.1/sysdeps/posix/libc_fatal.c 2009-08-28 09:45:35.000000000 -0700 +@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ +-/* Copyright (C) 1993,1994,1995,1997,2000,2004,2005 ++/* Copyright (C) 1993-1995,1997,2000,2004,2005,2009 + Free Software Foundation, Inc. + This file is part of the GNU C Library. + +@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ + Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA + 02111-1307 USA. */ + ++#include + #include + #include + #include +@@ -123,6 +124,20 @@ + + if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (__writev (fd, iov, nlist)) == total) + written = true; ++ ++ char *buf = do_abort ? malloc (total + 1) : NULL; ++ if (buf != NULL) ++ { ++ char *wp = buf; ++ for (int cnt = 0; cnt < nlist; ++cnt) ++ wp = mempcpy (wp, iov[cnt].iov_base, iov[cnt].iov_len); ++ *wp = '\0'; ++ ++ /* We have to free the old buffer since the application might ++ catch the SIGABRT signal. */ ++ char *old = atomic_exchange_acq (&__abort_msg, buf); ++ free (old); ++ } + } + + va_end (ap); +Index: eglibc-2.10.1/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/libc_fatal.c +=================================================================== +--- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/libc_fatal.c 2009-08-26 23:40:59.000000000 -0700 ++++ eglibc-2.10.1/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/libc_fatal.c 2009-08-28 09:45:35.000000000 -0700 +@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ +-/* Copyright (C) 1993-1995,1997,2000,2002-2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++/* Copyright (C) 1993-1995,1997,2000,2002-2005,2009 ++ Free Software Foundation, Inc. + This file is part of the GNU C Library. + + The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or +@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ + Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA + 02111-1307 USA. */ + ++#include + #include + #include + #include +@@ -132,6 +134,20 @@ + + if (cnt == total) + written = true; ++ ++ char *buf = do_abort ? malloc (total + 1) : NULL; ++ if (buf != NULL) ++ { ++ char *wp = buf; ++ for (int cnt = 0; cnt < nlist; ++cnt) ++ wp = mempcpy (wp, iov[cnt].iov_base, iov[cnt].iov_len); ++ *wp = '\0'; ++ ++ /* We have to free the old buffer since the application might ++ catch the SIGABRT signal. */ ++ char *old = atomic_exchange_acq (&__abort_msg, buf); ++ free (old); ++ } + } + + va_end (ap); +Index: eglibc-2.10.1/stdlib/abort.c +=================================================================== +--- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/stdlib/abort.c 2009-08-26 23:41:00.000000000 -0700 ++++ eglibc-2.10.1/stdlib/abort.c 2009-08-28 09:45:35.000000000 -0700 +@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ +-/* Copyright (C) 1991,93,95,96,97,98,2001,02 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++/* Copyright (C) 1991,93,1995-1998,2001,02,2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + This file is part of the GNU C Library. + + The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or +@@ -36,6 +36,10 @@ + # define fflush(s) _IO_flush_all_lockp (0) + #endif + ++/* Exported variable to locate abort message in core files etc. */ ++char *__abort_msg __attribute__ ((nocommon)); ++libc_hidden_def (__abort_msg) ++ + /* We must avoid to run in circles. Therefore we remember how far we + already got. */ + static int stage; +Index: eglibc-2.10.1/include/stdlib.h +=================================================================== +--- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/include/stdlib.h 2009-08-28 09:45:25.000000000 -0700 ++++ eglibc-2.10.1/include/stdlib.h 2009-08-28 09:45:35.000000000 -0700 +@@ -221,6 +221,9 @@ + extern void *__default_morecore (ptrdiff_t) __THROW; + libc_hidden_proto (__default_morecore) + ++extern char *__abort_msg; ++libc_hidden_proto (__abort_msg) ++ + __END_DECLS + + #undef __Need_M_And_C +Index: eglibc-2.10.1/stdlib/Versions +=================================================================== +--- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/stdlib/Versions 2009-08-28 09:45:25.000000000 -0700 ++++ eglibc-2.10.1/stdlib/Versions 2009-08-28 09:45:35.000000000 -0700 +@@ -104,5 +104,7 @@ + # functions which have an additional interface since they are + # are cancelable. + __libc_system; ++ # Variable which needs a dynamic symbol table entry. ++ __abort_msg; + } + } --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/ubuntu/submitted-leading-zero-stack-guard.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/ubuntu/submitted-leading-zero-stack-guard.diff @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +Description: require that the first byte in the stack guard in a NULL byte. +Ubuntu: https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/413278 +Upstream: http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=10149 +Patch: http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/attachment.cgi?id=3933&action=view + +Index: eglibc-2.10.1/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/dl-osinfo.h +=================================================================== +--- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/dl-osinfo.h 2009-08-12 16:30:26.000000000 -0700 ++++ eglibc-2.10.1/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/dl-osinfo.h 2009-08-12 16:32:55.000000000 -0700 +@@ -65,7 +65,12 @@ + static inline uintptr_t __attribute__ ((always_inline)) + _dl_setup_stack_chk_guard (void *dl_random) + { +- uintptr_t ret; ++ uintptr_t ret = 0; ++ /* Having a leading zero byte protects the stack guard from being ++ overwritten with str* write operations or exposed by an ++ unterminated str* read operation. */ ++ unsigned char *p = ((unsigned char *) &ret) + 1; ++ int size = sizeof (ret) - 1; + #ifndef __ASSUME_AT_RANDOM + if (__builtin_expect (dl_random == NULL, 0)) + { +@@ -73,16 +78,16 @@ + int fd = __open ("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY); + if (fd >= 0) + { +- ssize_t reslen = __read (fd, &ret, sizeof (ret)); ++ ssize_t reslen = __read (fd, p, size); + __close (fd); +- if (reslen == (ssize_t) sizeof (ret)) ++ if (reslen == (ssize_t) size) + return ret; + } + # endif +- ret = 0; +- unsigned char *p = (unsigned char *) &ret; +- p[sizeof (ret) - 1] = 255; +- p[sizeof (ret) - 2] = '\n'; ++ /* Lacking any other form of randomized stack guard, add other ++ terminators in an attempt to block things like fgets, etc. */ ++ p[size - 1] = 255; ++ p[size - 2] = '\n'; + #ifdef HP_TIMING_NOW + hp_timing_t hpt; + HP_TIMING_NOW (hpt); +@@ -115,7 +120,7 @@ + /* We need in the moment only 8 bytes on 32-bit platforms and 16 + bytes on 64-bit platforms. Therefore we can use the data + directly and not use the kernel-provided data to seed a PRNG. */ +- memcpy (&ret, dl_random, sizeof (ret)); ++ memcpy (p, dl_random, size); + return ret; + } + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/ubuntu/local-altlocaledir.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/ubuntu/local-altlocaledir.diff @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +# All lines beginning with `# DP:' are a description of the patch. +# DP: Description: support alternative gettext tree in +# DP: /usr/share/locale-langpack +# DP: Dpatch author: Martin Pitt +# DP: Patch author: Martin Pitt +# DP: Upstream status: Ubuntu-Specific +# DP: Date: 2004-12-06 20:44:10 CET + +--- glibc-2.3.5.orig/intl/l10nflist.c ++++ glibc-2.3.5/intl/l10nflist.c +@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ _nl_make_l10nflist (l10nfile_list, dirli + + retval = (struct loaded_l10nfile *) + malloc (sizeof (*retval) + (__argz_count (dirlist, dirlist_len) +- * (1 << pop (mask)) ++ * 2 * (1 << pop (mask)) + * sizeof (struct loaded_l10nfile *))); + if (retval == NULL) + return NULL; +@@ -310,6 +310,15 @@ _nl_make_l10nflist (l10nfile_list, dirli + language, territory, codeset, + normalized_codeset, modifier, filename, 1); + } ++ const char* langpack_dir = "/usr/share/locale-langpack"; ++ for (cnt = mask; cnt >= 0; --cnt) ++ if ((cnt & ~mask) == 0) ++ { ++ retval->successor[entries++] ++ = _nl_make_l10nflist (l10nfile_list, langpack_dir, strlen (langpack_dir) + 1, cnt, ++ language, territory, codeset, ++ normalized_codeset, modifier, filename, 1); ++ } + retval->successor[entries] = NULL; + + return retval; --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/ubuntu/machine-sparcv2.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/ubuntu/machine-sparcv2.diff @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Recognize sparcv9v2 and sparc64v2 as valid machine names. The configure.in +still supports these machines, and the Debian build system misuses this as +the name of the build directory. + +--- ./scripts/config.sub~ 2009-05-13 02:14:37.000000000 +0200 ++++ ./scripts/config.sub 2009-05-13 09:43:56.000000000 +0200 +@@ -284,8 +284,8 @@ + | score \ + | sh | sh[1234] | sh[24]a | sh[24]aeb | sh[23]e | sh[34]eb | sheb | shbe | shle | sh[1234]le | sh3ele \ + | sh64 | sh64le \ +- | sparc | sparc64 | sparc64b | sparc64v | sparc86x | sparclet | sparclite \ +- | sparcv8 | sparcv9 | sparcv9b | sparcv9v \ ++ | sparc | sparc64 | sparc64b | sparc64v | sparc64v2 | sparc86x | sparclet | sparclite \ ++ | sparcv8 | sparcv9 | sparcv9b | sparcv9v | sparcv9v2 \ + | spu | strongarm \ + | tahoe | thumb | tic4x | tic80 | tron \ + | v850 | v850e \ +@@ -368,9 +368,9 @@ + | romp-* | rs6000-* \ + | sh-* | sh[1234]-* | sh[24]a-* | sh[24]aeb-* | sh[23]e-* | sh[34]eb-* | sheb-* | shbe-* \ + | shle-* | sh[1234]le-* | sh3ele-* | sh64-* | sh64le-* \ +- | sparc-* | sparc64-* | sparc64b-* | sparc64v-* | sparc86x-* | sparclet-* \ ++ | sparc-* | sparc64-* | sparc64b-* | sparc64v-* | sparc64v2-* | sparc86x-* | sparclet-* \ + | sparclite-* \ +- | sparcv8-* | sparcv9-* | sparcv9b-* | sparcv9v-* | strongarm-* | sv1-* | sx?-* \ ++ | sparcv8-* | sparcv9-* | sparcv9b-* | sparcv9v-* | sparcv9v2-* | strongarm-* | sv1-* | sx?-* \ + | tahoe-* | thumb-* \ + | tic30-* | tic4x-* | tic54x-* | tic55x-* | tic6x-* | tic80-* | tile-* \ + | tron-* \ +@@ -1193,7 +1193,7 @@ + sh[1234] | sh[24]a | sh[24]aeb | sh[34]eb | sh[1234]le | sh[23]ele) + basic_machine=sh-unknown + ;; +- sparc | sparcv8 | sparcv9 | sparcv9b | sparcv9v) ++ sparc | sparcv8 | sparcv9 | sparcv9b | sparcv9v | sparcv9v2) + basic_machine=sparc-sun + ;; + cydra) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/ubuntu/no-sprintf-pre-truncate.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/ubuntu/no-sprintf-pre-truncate.diff @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +Index: glibc-2.9/debug/vsprintf_chk.c +=================================================================== +--- glibc-2.9.orig/debug/vsprintf_chk.c 2008-12-23 21:30:07.000000000 -0800 ++++ glibc-2.9/debug/vsprintf_chk.c 2008-12-23 21:30:19.000000000 -0800 +@@ -76,7 +76,9 @@ + + _IO_no_init (&f._sbf._f, _IO_USER_LOCK, -1, NULL, NULL); + _IO_JUMPS (&f._sbf) = &_IO_str_chk_jumps; ++/* + s[0] = '\0'; ++*/ + _IO_str_init_static_internal (&f, s, slen - 1, s); + + /* For flags > 0 (i.e. __USE_FORTIFY_LEVEL > 1) request that %n --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/ubuntu/local-fwrite-no-attr-unused.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/ubuntu/local-fwrite-no-attr-unused.diff @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- ./libio/stdio.h~ 2008-05-24 20:14:36.000000000 +0200 ++++ ./libio/stdio.h 2009-03-27 20:59:20.000000000 +0100 +@@ -682,7 +682,7 @@ + This function is a possible cancellation points and therefore not + marked with __THROW. */ + extern size_t fwrite (__const void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size, +- size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __s) __wur; ++ size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __s); + __END_NAMESPACE_STD + + #ifdef __USE_GNU +@@ -706,7 +706,7 @@ + extern size_t fread_unlocked (void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size, + size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream) __wur; + extern size_t fwrite_unlocked (__const void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size, +- size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream) __wur; ++ size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream); + #endif + + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/all/local-alias-et_EE.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/all/local-alias-et_EE.diff @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- + intl/locale.alias | 4 ++-- + 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) + +--- a/intl/locale.alias ++++ b/intl/locale.alias +@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ + dansk da_DK.ISO-8859-1 + deutsch de_DE.ISO-8859-1 + dutch nl_NL.ISO-8859-1 +-eesti et_EE.ISO-8859-1 +-estonian et_EE.ISO-8859-1 ++eesti et_EE.ISO-8859-15 ++estonian et_EE.ISO-8859-15 + finnish fi_FI.ISO-8859-1 + français fr_FR.ISO-8859-1 + french fr_FR.ISO-8859-1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/all/local-alias-UTF-8.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/all/local-alias-UTF-8.diff @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- + intl/locale.alias | 4 ++-- + 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) + +--- a/intl/locale.alias ++++ b/intl/locale.alias +@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ + # Locales should always be specified by their full name. + + bokmal nb_NO.ISO-8859-1 +-bokmål nb_NO.ISO-8859-1 ++bokmÃ¥l nb_NO.ISO-8859-1 + catalan ca_ES.ISO-8859-1 + croatian hr_HR.ISO-8859-2 + czech cs_CZ.ISO-8859-2 +@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ + eesti et_EE.ISO-8859-1 + estonian et_EE.ISO-8859-1 + finnish fi_FI.ISO-8859-1 +-français fr_FR.ISO-8859-1 ++français fr_FR.ISO-8859-1 + french fr_FR.ISO-8859-1 + galego gl_ES.ISO-8859-1 + galician gl_ES.ISO-8859-1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/all/local-pthread-manpages.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/all/local-pthread-manpages.diff @@ -0,0 +1,2092 @@ +--- + linuxthreads/man/pthread_atfork.man | 36 ++--- + linuxthreads/man/pthread_attr_init.man | 132 ++++++++++----------- + linuxthreads/man/pthread_cancel.man | 98 +++++++-------- + linuxthreads/man/pthread_cleanup_push.man | 66 +++++----- + linuxthreads/man/pthread_cond_init.man | 114 +++++++++--------- + linuxthreads/man/pthread_condattr_init.man | 14 +- + linuxthreads/man/pthread_create.man | 36 ++--- + linuxthreads/man/pthread_detach.man | 31 ++-- + linuxthreads/man/pthread_equal.man | 6 + linuxthreads/man/pthread_exit.man | 18 +- + linuxthreads/man/pthread_join.man | 64 +++++----- + linuxthreads/man/pthread_key_create.man | 62 ++++----- + linuxthreads/man/pthread_kill_other_threads_np.man | 22 +-- + linuxthreads/man/pthread_mutex_init.man | 92 +++++++------- + linuxthreads/man/pthread_mutexattr_init.man | 62 ++++----- + linuxthreads/man/pthread_mutexattr_setkind_np.man | 20 +-- + linuxthreads/man/pthread_once.man | 18 +- + linuxthreads/man/pthread_self.man | 12 - + linuxthreads/man/pthread_setschedparam.man | 62 ++++----- + linuxthreads/man/pthread_sigmask.man | 86 ++++++------- + linuxthreads/man/sem_init.man | 88 +++++++------- + 21 files changed, 568 insertions(+), 571 deletions(-) + +--- a/linuxthreads/man/pthread_atfork.man ++++ b/linuxthreads/man/pthread_atfork.man +@@ -10,44 +10,44 @@ + + .SH DESCRIPTION + +-!pthread_atfork! registers handler functions to be called just before +-and just after a new process is created with !fork!(2). The |prepare| ++\fBpthread_atfork\fP registers handler functions to be called just before ++and just after a new process is created with \fBfork\fP(2). The \fIprepare\fP + handler will be called from the parent process, just before the new +-process is created. The |parent| handler will be called from the parent +-process, just before !fork!(2) returns. The |child| handler will be +-called from the child process, just before !fork!(2) returns. ++process is created. The \fIparent\fP handler will be called from the parent ++process, just before \fBfork\fP(2) returns. The \fIchild\fP handler will be ++called from the child process, just before \fBfork\fP(2) returns. + +-One or several of the three handlers |prepare|, |parent| and |child| +-can be given as !NULL!, meaning that no handler needs to be called at ++One or several of the three handlers \fIprepare\fP, \fIparent\fP and \fIchild\fP ++can be given as \fBNULL\fP, meaning that no handler needs to be called at + the corresponding point. + +-!pthread_atfork! can be called several times to install several sets +-of handlers. At !fork!(2) time, the |prepare| handlers are called in +-LIFO order (last added with !pthread_atfork!, first called before !fork!), +-while the |parent| and |child| handlers are called in FIFO order ++\fBpthread_atfork\fP can be called several times to install several sets ++of handlers. At \fBfork\fP(2) time, the \fIprepare\fP handlers are called in ++LIFO order (last added with \fBpthread_atfork\fP, first called before \fBfork\fP), ++while the \fIparent\fP and \fIchild\fP handlers are called in FIFO order + (first added, first called). + +-To understand the purpose of !pthread_atfork!, recall that !fork!(2) ++To understand the purpose of \fBpthread_atfork\fP, recall that \fBfork\fP(2) + duplicates the whole memory space, including mutexes in their current + locking state, but only the calling thread: other threads are not + running in the child process. The mutexes are not usable after the +-!fork! and must be initialized with |pthread_mutex_init| in the child ++\fBfork\fP and must be initialized with \fIpthread_mutex_init\fP in the child + process. This is a limitation of the current implementation and might + or might not be present in future versions. + + .SH "RETURN VALUE" + +-!pthread_atfork! returns 0 on success and a non-zero error code on error. ++\fBpthread_atfork\fP returns 0 on success and a non-zero error code on error. + + .SH ERRORS + .TP +-!ENOMEM! ++\fBENOMEM\fP + insufficient memory available to register the handlers. + + .SH AUTHOR + Xavier Leroy + + .SH "SEE ALSO" +-!fork!(2), +-!pthread_mutex_lock!(3), +-!pthread_mutex_unlock!(3). ++\fBfork\fP(2), ++\fBpthread_mutex_lock\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_mutex_unlock\fP(3). +--- a/linuxthreads/man/pthread_attr_init.man ++++ b/linuxthreads/man/pthread_attr_init.man +@@ -45,27 +45,27 @@ + .SH DESCRIPTION + + Setting attributes for threads is achieved by filling a +-thread attribute object |attr| of type !pthread_attr_t!, then passing it as +-second argument to !pthread_create!(3). Passing !NULL! is equivalent to ++thread attribute object \fIattr\fP of type \fBpthread_attr_t\fP, then passing it as ++second argument to \fBpthread_create\fP(3). Passing \fBNULL\fP is equivalent to + passing a thread attribute object with all attributes set to their + default values. + +-!pthread_attr_init! initializes the thread attribute object |attr| and ++\fBpthread_attr_init\fP initializes the thread attribute object \fIattr\fP and + fills it with default values for the attributes. (The default values + are listed below for each attribute.) + +-Each attribute |attrname| (see below for a list of all attributes) can +-be individually set using the function !pthread_attr_set!|attrname| +-and retrieved using the function !pthread_attr_get!|attrname|. ++Each attribute \fIattrname\fP (see below for a list of all attributes) can ++be individually set using the function \fBpthread_attr_set\fP\fIattrname\fP ++and retrieved using the function \fBpthread_attr_get\fP\fIattrname\fP. + +-!pthread_attr_destroy! destroys a thread attribute object, which +-must not be reused until it is reinitialized. !pthread_attr_destroy! ++\fBpthread_attr_destroy\fP destroys a thread attribute object, which ++must not be reused until it is reinitialized. \fBpthread_attr_destroy\fP + does nothing in the LinuxThreads implementation. + + Attribute objects are consulted only when creating a new thread. The + same attribute object can be used for creating several + threads. Modifying an attribute object after a call to +-!pthread_create! does not change the attributes of the thread ++\fBpthread_create\fP does not change the attributes of the thread + previously created. + + The following thread attributes are supported: +@@ -73,149 +73,149 @@ + .SS detachstate + + Control whether the thread is created in the joinable state (value +-!PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE!) or in the detached state +-(!PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED!). ++\fBPTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE\fP) or in the detached state ++(\fBPTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED\fP). + +-Default value: !PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE!. ++Default value: \fBPTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE\fP. + + In the joinable state, another thread can synchronize on the thread +-termination and recover its termination code using !pthread_join!(3), ++termination and recover its termination code using \fBpthread_join\fP(3), + but some of the thread resources are kept allocated after the thread + terminates, and reclaimed only when another thread performs +-!pthread_join!(3) on that thread. ++\fBpthread_join\fP(3) on that thread. + + In the detached state, the thread resources are immediately freed when +-it terminates, but !pthread_join!(3) cannot be used to synchronize on ++it terminates, but \fBpthread_join\fP(3) cannot be used to synchronize on + the thread termination. + + A thread created in the joinable state can later be put in the +-detached thread using !pthread_detach!(3). ++detached state using \fBpthread_detach\fP(3). + + .SS schedpolicy + + Select the scheduling policy for the thread: one of +-!SCHED_OTHER! (regular, non-realtime scheduling), +-!SCHED_RR! (realtime, round-robin) or +-!SCHED_FIFO! (realtime, first-in first-out). See +-!sched_setpolicy!(2) for more information on scheduling policies. ++\fBSCHED_OTHER\fP (regular, non-realtime scheduling), ++\fBSCHED_RR\fP (realtime, round-robin) or ++\fBSCHED_FIFO\fP (realtime, first-in first-out). See ++\fBsched_setpolicy\fP(2) for more information on scheduling policies. + +-Default value: !SCHED_OTHER!. ++Default value: \fBSCHED_OTHER\fP. + +-The realtime scheduling policies !SCHED_RR! and !SCHED_FIFO! are ++The realtime scheduling policies \fBSCHED_RR\fP and \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP are + available only to processes with superuser privileges. + + The scheduling policy of a thread can be changed after creation with +-!pthread_setschedparam!(3). ++\fBpthread_setschedparam\fP(3). + + .SS schedparam + + Contain the scheduling parameters (essentially, the scheduling +-priority) for the thread. See !sched_setparam!(2) for more information ++priority) for the thread. See \fBsched_setparam\fP(2) for more information + on scheduling parameters. + + Default value: priority is 0. + +-This attribute is not significant if the scheduling policy is !SCHED_OTHER!; +-it only matters for the realtime policies !SCHED_RR! and !SCHED_FIFO!. ++This attribute is not significant if the scheduling policy is \fBSCHED_OTHER\fP; ++it only matters for the realtime policies \fBSCHED_RR\fP and \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP. + + The scheduling priority of a thread can be changed after creation with +-!pthread_setschedparam!(3). ++\fBpthread_setschedparam\fP(3). + + .SS inheritsched + + Indicate whether the scheduling policy and scheduling parameters for + the newly created thread are determined by the values of the +-|schedpolicy| and |schedparam| attributes (value +-!PTHREAD_EXPLICIT_SCHED!) or are inherited from the parent thread +-(value !PTHREAD_INHERIT_SCHED!). ++\fIschedpolicy\fP and \fIschedparam\fP attributes (value ++\fBPTHREAD_EXPLICIT_SCHED\fP) or are inherited from the parent thread ++(value \fBPTHREAD_INHERIT_SCHED\fP). + +-Default value: !PTHREAD_EXPLICIT_SCHED!. ++Default value: \fBPTHREAD_EXPLICIT_SCHED\fP. + + .SS scope + + Define the scheduling contention scope for the created thread. The + only value supported in the LinuxThreads implementation is +-!PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM!, meaning that the threads contend for CPU time ++\fBPTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM\fP, meaning that the threads contend for CPU time + with all processes running on the machine. In particular, thread + priorities are interpreted relative to the priorities of all other + processes on the machine. The other value specified by the standard, +-!PTHREAD_SCOPE_PROCESS!, means that scheduling contention occurs only ++\fBPTHREAD_SCOPE_PROCESS\fP, means that scheduling contention occurs only + between the threads of the running process: thread priorities are + interpreted relative to the priorities of the other threads of the + process, regardless of the priorities of other processes. +-!PTHREAD_SCOPE_PROCESS! is not supported in LinuxThreads. ++\fBPTHREAD_SCOPE_PROCESS\fP is not supported in LinuxThreads. + +-Default value: !PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM!. ++Default value: \fBPTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM\fP. + + .SH "RETURN VALUE" + + All functions return 0 on success and a non-zero error code on error. +-On success, the !pthread_attr_get!|attrname| functions also store the +-current value of the attribute |attrname| in the location pointed to ++On success, the \fBpthread_attr_get\fP\fIattrname\fP functions also store the ++current value of the attribute \fIattrname\fP in the location pointed to + by their second argument. + + .SH ERRORS + +-The !pthread_attr_setdetachstate! function returns the following error ++The \fBpthread_attr_setdetachstate\fP function returns the following error + codes on error: + .RS + .TP +-!EINVAL! +-the specified |detachstate| is not one of !PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE! or +-!PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED!. ++\fBEINVAL\fP ++the specified \fIdetachstate\fP is not one of \fBPTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE\fP or ++\fBPTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED\fP. + .RE + +-The !pthread_attr_setschedparam! function returns the following error ++The \fBpthread_attr_setschedparam\fP function returns the following error + codes on error: + .RS + .TP +-!EINVAL! +-the priority specified in |param| is outside the range of allowed +-priorities for the scheduling policy currently in |attr| +-(1 to 99 for !SCHED_FIFO! and !SCHED_RR!; 0 for !SCHED_OTHER!). ++\fBEINVAL\fP ++the priority specified in \fIparam\fP is outside the range of allowed ++priorities for the scheduling policy currently in \fIattr\fP ++(1 to 99 for \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP and \fBSCHED_RR\fP; 0 for \fBSCHED_OTHER\fP). + .RE + +-The !pthread_attr_setschedpolicy! function returns the following error ++The \fBpthread_attr_setschedpolicy\fP function returns the following error + codes on error: + .RS + .TP +-!EINVAL! +-the specified |policy| is not one of !SCHED_OTHER!, !SCHED_FIFO!, or +-!SCHED_RR!. ++\fBEINVAL\fP ++the specified \fIpolicy\fP is not one of \fBSCHED_OTHER\fP, \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP, or ++\fBSCHED_RR\fP. + + .TP +-!ENOTSUP! +-|policy| is !SCHED_FIFO! or !SCHED_RR!, and the effective user of the ++\fBENOTSUP\fP ++\fIpolicy\fP is \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP or \fBSCHED_RR\fP, and the effective user of the + calling process is not super-user. + .RE + +-The !pthread_attr_setinheritsched! function returns the following error ++The \fBpthread_attr_setinheritsched\fP function returns the following error + codes on error: + .RS + .TP +-!EINVAL! +-the specified |inherit| is not one of !PTHREAD_INHERIT_SCHED! or +-!PTHREAD_EXPLICIT_SCHED!. ++\fBEINVAL\fP ++the specified \fIinherit\fP is not one of \fBPTHREAD_INHERIT_SCHED\fP or ++\fBPTHREAD_EXPLICIT_SCHED\fP. + .RE + +-The !pthread_attr_setscope! function returns the following error ++The \fBpthread_attr_setscope\fP function returns the following error + codes on error: + .RS + .TP +-!EINVAL! +-the specified |scope| is not one of !PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM! or +-!PTHREAD_SCOPE_PROCESS!. ++\fBEINVAL\fP ++the specified \fIscope\fP is not one of \fBPTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM\fP or ++\fBPTHREAD_SCOPE_PROCESS\fP. + + .TP +-!ENOTSUP! +-the specified |scope| is !PTHREAD_SCOPE_PROCESS! (not supported). ++\fBENOTSUP\fP ++the specified \fIscope\fP is \fBPTHREAD_SCOPE_PROCESS\fP (not supported). + .RE + + .SH AUTHOR + Xavier Leroy + + .SH "SEE ALSO" +-!pthread_create!(3), +-!pthread_join!(3), +-!pthread_detach!(3), +-!pthread_setschedparam!(3). ++\fBpthread_create\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_join\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_detach\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_setschedparam\fP(3). +--- a/linuxthreads/man/pthread_cancel.man ++++ b/linuxthreads/man/pthread_cancel.man +@@ -27,119 +27,119 @@ + immediately, or defer it till it reaches a cancellation point. + + When a thread eventually honors a cancellation request, it performs as +-if !pthread_exit(PTHREAD_CANCELED)! has been called at that point: ++if \fBpthread_exit(PTHREAD_CANCELED)\fP has been called at that point: + all cleanup handlers are executed in reverse order, finalization + functions for thread-specific data are called, and finally the thread +-stops executing with the return value !PTHREAD_CANCELED!. See +-!pthread_exit!(3) for more information. ++stops executing with the return value \fBPTHREAD_CANCELED\fP. See ++\fBpthread_exit\fP(3) for more information. + +-!pthread_cancel! sends a cancellation request to the thread denoted +-by the |thread| argument. ++\fBpthread_cancel\fP sends a cancellation request to the thread denoted ++by the \fIthread\fP argument. + +-!pthread_setcancelstate! changes the cancellation state for the ++\fBpthread_setcancelstate\fP changes the cancellation state for the + calling thread -- that is, whether cancellation requests are ignored +-or not. The |state| argument is the new cancellation state: either +-!PTHREAD_CANCEL_ENABLE! to enable cancellation, or +-!PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE! to disable cancellation (cancellation +-requests are ignored). If |oldstate| is not !NULL!, the previous +-cancellation state is stored in the location pointed to by |oldstate|, ++or not. The \fIstate\fP argument is the new cancellation state: either ++\fBPTHREAD_CANCEL_ENABLE\fP to enable cancellation, or ++\fBPTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE\fP to disable cancellation (cancellation ++requests are ignored). If \fIoldstate\fP is not \fBNULL\fP, the previous ++cancellation state is stored in the location pointed to by \fIoldstate\fP, + and can thus be restored later by another call to +-!pthread_setcancelstate!. ++\fBpthread_setcancelstate\fP. + +-!pthread_setcanceltype! changes the type of responses to cancellation ++\fBpthread_setcanceltype\fP changes the type of responses to cancellation + requests for the calling thread: asynchronous (immediate) or deferred. +-The |type| argument is the new cancellation type: either +-!PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS! to cancel the calling thread as soon as +-the cancellation request is received, or !PTHREAD_CANCEL_DEFERRED! to ++The \fItype\fP argument is the new cancellation type: either ++\fBPTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS\fP to cancel the calling thread as soon as ++the cancellation request is received, or \fBPTHREAD_CANCEL_DEFERRED\fP to + keep the cancellation request pending until the next cancellation +-point. If |oldtype| is not !NULL!, the previous +-cancellation state is stored in the location pointed to by |oldtype|, ++point. If \fIoldtype\fP is not \fBNULL\fP, the previous ++cancellation state is stored in the location pointed to by \fIoldtype\fP, + and can thus be restored later by another call to +-!pthread_setcanceltype!. ++\fBpthread_setcanceltype\fP. + +-Threads are always created by !pthread_create!(3) with cancellation ++Threads are always created by \fBpthread_create\fP(3) with cancellation + enabled and deferred. That is, the initial cancellation state is +-!PTHREAD_CANCEL_ENABLE! and the initial type is +-!PTHREAD_CANCEL_DEFERRED!. ++\fBPTHREAD_CANCEL_ENABLE\fP and the initial type is ++\fBPTHREAD_CANCEL_DEFERRED\fP. + + Cancellation points are those points in the program execution where a + test for pending cancellation requests is performed and cancellation + is executed if positive. The following POSIX threads functions + are cancellation points: + +-!pthread_join!(3) ++\fBpthread_join\fP(3) + .br +-!pthread_cond_wait!(3) ++\fBpthread_cond_wait\fP(3) + .br +-!pthread_cond_timedwait!(3) ++\fBpthread_cond_timedwait\fP(3) + .br +-!pthread_testcancel!(3) ++\fBpthread_testcancel\fP(3) + .br +-!sem_wait!(3) ++\fBsem_wait\fP(3) + .br +-!sigwait!(3) ++\fBsigwait\fP(3) + + All other POSIX threads functions are guaranteed not to be + cancellation points. That is, they never perform cancellation in + deferred cancellation mode. + +-!pthread_testcancel! does nothing except testing for pending ++\fBpthread_testcancel\fP does nothing except testing for pending + cancellation and executing it. Its purpose is to introduce explicit + checks for cancellation in long sequences of code that do not call + cancellation point functions otherwise. + + .SH "RETURN VALUE" + +-!pthread_cancel!, !pthread_setcancelstate! and +-!pthread_setcanceltype! return 0 on success and a non-zero error code ++\fBpthread_cancel\fP, \fBpthread_setcancelstate\fP and ++\fBpthread_setcanceltype\fP return 0 on success and a non-zero error code + on error. + + .SH ERRORS +-!pthread_cancel! returns the following error code on error: ++\fBpthread_cancel\fP returns the following error code on error: + .RS + .TP +-!ESRCH! +-no thread could be found corresponding to that specified by the |thread| ID. ++\fBESRCH\fP ++no thread could be found corresponding to that specified by the \fIthread\fP ID. + .RE + +-!pthread_setcancelstate! returns the following error code on error: ++\fBpthread_setcancelstate\fP returns the following error code on error: + .RS + .TP +-!EINVAL! +-the |state| argument is not !PTHREAD_CANCEL_ENABLE! nor +-!PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE! ++\fBEINVAL\fP ++the \fIstate\fP argument is not \fBPTHREAD_CANCEL_ENABLE\fP nor ++\fBPTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE\fP + .RE + +-!pthread_setcanceltype! returns the following error code on error: ++\fBpthread_setcanceltype\fP returns the following error code on error: + .RS + .TP +-!EINVAL! +-the |type| argument is not !PTHREAD_CANCEL_DEFERRED! nor +-!PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS! ++\fBEINVAL\fP ++the \fItype\fP argument is not \fBPTHREAD_CANCEL_DEFERRED\fP nor ++\fBPTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS\fP + .RE + + .SH AUTHOR + Xavier Leroy + + .SH "SEE ALSO" +-!pthread_exit!(3), +-!pthread_cleanup_push!(3), +-!pthread_cleanup_pop!(3). ++\fBpthread_exit\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_cleanup_push\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_cleanup_pop\fP(3). + + .SH BUGS + + POSIX specifies that a number of system calls (basically, all +-system calls that may block, such as !read!(2), !write!(2), !wait!(2), ++system calls that may block, such as \fBread\fP(2), \fBwrite\fP(2), \fBwait\fP(2), + etc.) and library functions that may call these system calls (e.g. +-!fprintf!(3)) are cancellation points. LinuxThreads is not yet ++\fBfprintf\fP(3)) are cancellation points. LinuxThreads is not yet + integrated enough with the C library to implement this, and thus none + of the C library functions is a cancellation point. + + For system calls at least, there is a workaround. Cancellation + requests are transmitted to the target thread by sending it a + signal. That signal will interrupt all blocking system calls, causing +-them to return immediately with the !EINTR! error. So, checking for +-cancellation during a !read! system call, for instance, can be ++them to return immediately with the \fBEINTR\fP error. So, checking for ++cancellation during a \fBread\fP system call, for instance, can be + achieved as follows: + + .RS +--- a/linuxthreads/man/pthread_cleanup_push.man ++++ b/linuxthreads/man/pthread_cleanup_push.man +@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ + .SH DESCRIPTION + + Cleanup handlers are functions that get called when a thread +-terminates, either by calling !pthread_exit!(3) or because of ++terminates, either by calling \fBpthread_exit\fP(3) or because of + cancellation. Cleanup handlers are installed and removed following a + stack-like discipline. + +@@ -32,41 +32,41 @@ + normally. The best way to avoid this is, just before locking the + mutex, to install a cleanup handler whose effect is to unlock the + mutex. Cleanup handlers can be used similarly to free blocks allocated +-with !malloc!(3) or close file descriptors on thread termination. ++with \fBmalloc\fP(3) or close file descriptors on thread termination. + +-!pthread_cleanup_push! installs the |routine| function with argument +-|arg| as a cleanup handler. From this point on to the matching +-!pthread_cleanup_pop!, the function |routine| will be called with +-arguments |arg| when the thread terminates, either through !pthread_exit!(3) ++\fBpthread_cleanup_push\fP installs the \fIroutine\fP function with argument ++\fIarg\fP as a cleanup handler. From this point on to the matching ++\fBpthread_cleanup_pop\fP, the function \fIroutine\fP will be called with ++arguments \fIarg\fP when the thread terminates, either through \fBpthread_exit\fP(3) + or by cancellation. If several cleanup handlers are active at that + point, they are called in LIFO order: the most recently installed + handler is called first. + +-!pthread_cleanup_pop! removes the most recently installed cleanup +-handler. If the |execute| argument is not 0, it also executes the +-handler, by calling the |routine| function with arguments |arg|. If +-the |execute| argument is 0, the handler is only removed but not ++\fBpthread_cleanup_pop\fP removes the most recently installed cleanup ++handler. If the \fIexecute\fP argument is not 0, it also executes the ++handler, by calling the \fIroutine\fP function with arguments \fIarg\fP. If ++the \fIexecute\fP argument is 0, the handler is only removed but not + executed. + +-Matching pairs of !pthread_cleanup_push! and !pthread_cleanup_pop! ++Matching pairs of \fBpthread_cleanup_push\fP and \fBpthread_cleanup_pop\fP + must occur in the same function, at the same level of block nesting. +-Actually, !pthread_cleanup_push! and !pthread_cleanup_pop! are macros, +-and the expansion of !pthread_cleanup_push! introduces an open brace !{! +-with the matching closing brace !}! being introduced by the expansion +-of the matching !pthread_cleanup_pop!. +- +-!pthread_cleanup_push_defer_np! is a non-portable extension that +-combines !pthread_cleanup_push! and !pthread_setcanceltype!(3). +-It pushes a cleanup handler just as !pthread_cleanup_push! does, but ++Actually, \fBpthread_cleanup_push\fP and \fBpthread_cleanup_pop\fP are macros, ++and the expansion of \fBpthread_cleanup_push\fP introduces an open brace \fB{\fP ++with the matching closing brace \fB}\fP being introduced by the expansion ++of the matching \fBpthread_cleanup_pop\fP. ++ ++\fBpthread_cleanup_push_defer_np\fP is a non-portable extension that ++combines \fBpthread_cleanup_push\fP and \fBpthread_setcanceltype\fP(3). ++It pushes a cleanup handler just as \fBpthread_cleanup_push\fP does, but + also saves the current cancellation type and sets it to deferred + cancellation. This ensures that the cleanup mechanism is effective + even if the thread was initially in asynchronous cancellation mode. + +-!pthread_cleanup_pop_restore_np! pops a cleanup handler introduced by +-!pthread_cleanup_push_defer_np!, and restores the cancellation type to +-its value at the time !pthread_cleanup_push_defer_np! was called. ++\fBpthread_cleanup_pop_restore_np\fP pops a cleanup handler introduced by ++\fBpthread_cleanup_push_defer_np\fP, and restores the cancellation type to ++its value at the time \fBpthread_cleanup_push_defer_np\fP was called. + +-!pthread_cleanup_push_defer_np! and !pthread_cleanup_pop_restore_np! ++\fBpthread_cleanup_push_defer_np\fP and \fBpthread_cleanup_pop_restore_np\fP + must occur in matching pairs, at the same level of block nesting. + + The following sequence +@@ -113,14 +113,14 @@ + Xavier Leroy + + .SH "SEE ALSO" +-!pthread_exit!(3), +-!pthread_cancel!(3), +-!pthread_setcanceltype!(3). ++\fBpthread_exit\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_cancel\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_setcanceltype\fP(3). + + .SH EXAMPLE + +-Here is how to lock a mutex |mut| in such a way that it will be +-unlocked if the thread is canceled while |mut| is locked: ++Here is how to lock a mutex \fImut\fP in such a way that it will be ++unlocked if the thread is canceled while \fImut\fP is locked: + + .RS + .ft 3 +@@ -149,10 +149,10 @@ + .fi + + Notice that the code above is safe only in deferred cancellation mode +-(see !pthread_setcanceltype!(3)). In asynchronous cancellation mode, +-a cancellation can occur between !pthread_cleanup_push! and +-!pthread_mutex_lock!, or between !pthread_mutex_unlock! and +-!pthread_cleanup_pop!, resulting in both cases in the thread trying to ++(see \fBpthread_setcanceltype\fP(3)). In asynchronous cancellation mode, ++a cancellation can occur between \fBpthread_cleanup_push\fP and ++\fBpthread_mutex_lock\fP, or between \fBpthread_mutex_unlock\fP and ++\fBpthread_cleanup_pop\fP, resulting in both cases in the thread trying to + unlock a mutex not locked by the current thread. This is the main + reason why asynchronous cancellation is difficult to use. + +@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ + + The code above can be rewritten in a more compact and more + efficient way, using the non-portable functions +-!pthread_cleanup_push_defer_np! and !pthread_cleanup_pop_restore_np!: ++\fBpthread_cleanup_push_defer_np\fP and \fBpthread_cleanup_pop_restore_np\fP: + + .RS + .ft 3 +--- a/linuxthreads/man/pthread_condattr_init.man ++++ b/linuxthreads/man/pthread_condattr_init.man +@@ -15,25 +15,25 @@ + .SH DESCRIPTION + + Condition attributes can be specified at condition creation time, by passing a +-condition attribute object as second argument to !pthread_cond_init!(3). +-Passing !NULL! is equivalent to passing a condition attribute object with ++condition attribute object as second argument to \fBpthread_cond_init\fP(3). ++Passing \fBNULL\fP is equivalent to passing a condition attribute object with + all attributes set to their default values. + + The LinuxThreads implementation supports no attributes for + conditions. The functions on condition attributes are included only + for compliance with the POSIX standard. + +-!pthread_condattr_init! initializes the condition attribute object +-|attr| and fills it with default values for the attributes. +-!pthread_condattr_destroy! destroys a condition attribute object, ++\fBpthread_condattr_init\fP initializes the condition attribute object ++\fIattr\fP and fills it with default values for the attributes. ++\fBpthread_condattr_destroy\fP destroys a condition attribute object, + which must not be reused until it is reinitialized. Both functions do + nothing in the LinuxThreads implementation. + + .SH "RETURN VALUE" +-!pthread_condattr_init! and !pthread_condattr_destroy! always return 0. ++\fBpthread_condattr_init\fP and \fBpthread_condattr_destroy\fP always return 0. + + .SH AUTHOR + Xavier Leroy + + .SH "SEE ALSO" +-!pthread_cond_init!(3). ++\fBpthread_cond_init\fP(3). +--- a/linuxthreads/man/pthread_cond_init.man ++++ b/linuxthreads/man/pthread_cond_init.man +@@ -40,31 +40,31 @@ + variable and another thread signals the condition just before the + first thread actually waits on it. + +-!pthread_cond_init! initializes the condition variable |cond|, using the +-condition attributes specified in |cond_attr|, or default attributes +-if |cond_attr| is !NULL!. The LinuxThreads implementation supports no +-attributes for conditions, hence the |cond_attr| parameter is actually ++\fBpthread_cond_init\fP initializes the condition variable \fIcond\fP, using the ++condition attributes specified in \fIcond_attr\fP, or default attributes ++if \fIcond_attr\fP is \fBNULL\fP. The LinuxThreads implementation supports no ++attributes for conditions, hence the \fIcond_attr\fP parameter is actually + ignored. + +-Variables of type !pthread_cond_t! can also be initialized +-statically, using the constant !PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER!. ++Variables of type \fBpthread_cond_t\fP can also be initialized ++statically, using the constant \fBPTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER\fP. + +-!pthread_cond_signal! restarts one of the threads that are waiting on +-the condition variable |cond|. If no threads are waiting on |cond|, +-nothing happens. If several threads are waiting on |cond|, exactly one ++\fBpthread_cond_signal\fP restarts one of the threads that are waiting on ++the condition variable \fIcond\fP. If no threads are waiting on \fIcond\fP, ++nothing happens. If several threads are waiting on \fIcond\fP, exactly one + is restarted, but it is not specified which. + +-!pthread_cond_broadcast! restarts all the threads that are waiting on +-the condition variable |cond|. Nothing happens if no threads are +-waiting on |cond|. ++\fBpthread_cond_broadcast\fP restarts all the threads that are waiting on ++the condition variable \fIcond\fP. Nothing happens if no threads are ++waiting on \fIcond\fP. + +-!pthread_cond_wait! atomically unlocks the |mutex| (as per +-!pthread_unlock_mutex!) and waits for the condition variable |cond| to ++\fBpthread_cond_wait\fP atomically unlocks the \fImutex\fP (as per ++\fBpthread_unlock_mutex\fP) and waits for the condition variable \fIcond\fP to + be signaled. The thread execution is suspended and does not consume +-any CPU time until the condition variable is signaled. The |mutex| ++any CPU time until the condition variable is signaled. The \fImutex\fP + must be locked by the calling thread on entrance to +-!pthread_cond_wait!. Before returning to the calling thread, +-!pthread_cond_wait! re-acquires |mutex| (as per !pthread_lock_mutex!). ++\fBpthread_cond_wait\fP. Before returning to the calling thread, ++\fBpthread_cond_wait\fP re-acquires \fImutex\fP (as per \fBpthread_lock_mutex\fP). + + Unlocking the mutex and suspending on the condition variable is done + atomically. Thus, if all threads always acquire the mutex before +@@ -72,37 +72,37 @@ + signaled (and thus ignored) between the time a thread locks the mutex + and the time it waits on the condition variable. + +-!pthread_cond_timedwait! atomically unlocks |mutex| and waits on +-|cond|, as !pthread_cond_wait! does, but it also bounds the duration +-of the wait. If |cond| has not been signaled within the amount of time +-specified by |abstime|, the mutex |mutex| is re-acquired and +-!pthread_cond_timedwait! returns the error !ETIMEDOUT!. +-The |abstime| parameter specifies an absolute time, with the same +-origin as !time!(2) and !gettimeofday!(2): an |abstime| of 0 ++\fBpthread_cond_timedwait\fP atomically unlocks \fImutex\fP and waits on ++\fIcond\fP, as \fBpthread_cond_wait\fP does, but it also bounds the duration ++of the wait. If \fIcond\fP has not been signaled within the amount of time ++specified by \fIabstime\fP, the mutex \fImutex\fP is re-acquired and ++\fBpthread_cond_timedwait\fP returns the error \fBETIMEDOUT\fP. ++The \fIabstime\fP parameter specifies an absolute time, with the same ++origin as \fBtime\fP(2) and \fBgettimeofday\fP(2): an \fIabstime\fP of 0 + corresponds to 00:00:00 GMT, January 1, 1970. + +-!pthread_cond_destroy! destroys a condition variable, freeing the ++\fBpthread_cond_destroy\fP destroys a condition variable, freeing the + resources it might hold. No threads must be waiting on the condition +-variable on entrance to !pthread_cond_destroy!. In the LinuxThreads ++variable on entrance to \fBpthread_cond_destroy\fP. In the LinuxThreads + implementation, no resources are associated with condition variables, +-thus !pthread_cond_destroy! actually does nothing except checking that ++thus \fBpthread_cond_destroy\fP actually does nothing except checking that + the condition has no waiting threads. + + .SH CANCELLATION + +-!pthread_cond_wait! and !pthread_cond_timedwait! are cancellation ++\fBpthread_cond_wait\fP and \fBpthread_cond_timedwait\fP are cancellation + points. If a thread is cancelled while suspended in one of these + functions, the thread immediately resumes execution, then locks again +-the |mutex| argument to !pthread_cond_wait! and +-!pthread_cond_timedwait!, and finally executes the cancellation. +-Consequently, cleanup handlers are assured that |mutex| is locked when ++the \fImutex\fP argument to \fBpthread_cond_wait\fP and ++\fBpthread_cond_timedwait\fP, and finally executes the cancellation. ++Consequently, cleanup handlers are assured that \fImutex\fP is locked when + they are called. + + .SH "ASYNC-SIGNAL SAFETY" + + The condition functions are not async-signal safe, and should not be + called from a signal handler. In particular, calling +-!pthread_cond_signal! or !pthread_cond_broadcast! from a signal ++\fBpthread_cond_signal\fP or \fBpthread_cond_broadcast\fP from a signal + handler may deadlock the calling thread. + + .SH "RETURN VALUE" +@@ -112,45 +112,45 @@ + + .SH ERRORS + +-!pthread_cond_init!, !pthread_cond_signal!, !pthread_cond_broadcast!, +-and !pthread_cond_wait! never return an error code. ++\fBpthread_cond_init\fP, \fBpthread_cond_signal\fP, \fBpthread_cond_broadcast\fP, ++and \fBpthread_cond_wait\fP never return an error code. + +-The !pthread_cond_timedwait! function returns the following error codes ++The \fBpthread_cond_timedwait\fP function returns the following error codes + on error: + .RS + .TP +-!ETIMEDOUT! ++\fBETIMEDOUT\fP + the condition variable was not signaled until the timeout specified by +-|abstime| ++\fIabstime\fP + + .TP +-!EINTR! +-!pthread_cond_timedwait! was interrupted by a signal ++\fBEINTR\fP ++\fBpthread_cond_timedwait\fP was interrupted by a signal + .RE + +-The !pthread_cond_destroy! function returns the following error code ++The \fBpthread_cond_destroy\fP function returns the following error code + on error: + .RS + .TP +-!EBUSY! +-some threads are currently waiting on |cond|. ++\fBEBUSY\fP ++some threads are currently waiting on \fIcond\fP. + .RE + + .SH AUTHOR + Xavier Leroy + + .SH "SEE ALSO" +-!pthread_condattr_init!(3), +-!pthread_mutex_lock!(3), +-!pthread_mutex_unlock!(3), +-!gettimeofday!(2), +-!nanosleep!(2). ++\fBpthread_condattr_init\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_mutex_lock\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_mutex_unlock\fP(3), ++\fBgettimeofday\fP(2), ++\fBnanosleep\fP(2). + + .SH EXAMPLE + +-Consider two shared variables |x| and |y|, protected by the mutex |mut|, +-and a condition variable |cond| that is to be signaled whenever |x| +-becomes greater than |y|. ++Consider two shared variables \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP, protected by the mutex \fImut\fP, ++and a condition variable \fIcond\fP that is to be signaled whenever \fIx\fP ++becomes greater than \fIy\fP. + + .RS + .ft 3 +@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ + .RE + .fi + +-Waiting until |x| is greater than |y| is performed as follows: ++Waiting until \fIx\fP is greater than \fIy\fP is performed as follows: + + .RS + .ft 3 +@@ -181,8 +181,8 @@ + .RE + .fi + +-Modifications on |x| and |y| that may cause |x| to become greater than +-|y| should signal the condition if needed: ++Modifications on \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP that may cause \fIx\fP to become greater than ++\fIy\fP should signal the condition if needed: + + .RS + .ft 3 +@@ -199,11 +199,11 @@ + + If it can be proved that at most one waiting thread needs to be waken + up (for instance, if there are only two threads communicating through +-|x| and |y|), !pthread_cond_signal! can be used as a slightly more +-efficient alternative to !pthread_cond_broadcast!. In doubt, use +-!pthread_cond_broadcast!. ++\fIx\fP and \fIy\fP), \fBpthread_cond_signal\fP can be used as a slightly more ++efficient alternative to \fBpthread_cond_broadcast\fP. In doubt, use ++\fBpthread_cond_broadcast\fP. + +-To wait for |x| to becomes greater than |y| with a timeout of 5 ++To wait for \fIx\fP to becomes greater than \fIy\fP with a timeout of 5 + seconds, do: + + .RS +--- a/linuxthreads/man/pthread_create.man ++++ b/linuxthreads/man/pthread_create.man +@@ -9,38 +9,38 @@ + int pthread_create(pthread_t * thread, pthread_attr_t * attr, void * (*start_routine)(void *), void * arg); + + .SH DESCRIPTION +-!pthread_create! creates a new thread of control that executes ++\fBpthread_create\fP creates a new thread of control that executes + concurrently with the calling thread. The new thread applies the +-function |start_routine| passing it |arg| as first argument. The new +-thread terminates either explicitly, by calling !pthread_exit!(3), +-or implicitly, by returning from the |start_routine| function. The +-latter case is equivalent to calling !pthread_exit!(3) with the result +-returned by |start_routine| as exit code. +- +-The |attr| argument specifies thread attributes to be applied to the +-new thread. See !pthread_attr_init!(3) for a complete list of thread +-attributes. The |attr| argument can also be !NULL!, in which case ++function \fIstart_routine\fP passing it \fIarg\fP as first argument. The new ++thread terminates either explicitly, by calling \fBpthread_exit\fP(3), ++or implicitly, by returning from the \fIstart_routine\fP function. The ++latter case is equivalent to calling \fBpthread_exit\fP(3) with the result ++returned by \fIstart_routine\fP as exit code. ++ ++The \fIattr\fP argument specifies thread attributes to be applied to the ++new thread. See \fBpthread_attr_init\fP(3) for a complete list of thread ++attributes. The \fIattr\fP argument can also be \fBNULL\fP, in which case + default attributes are used: the created thread is joinable (not + detached) and has default (non real-time) scheduling policy. + + .SH "RETURN VALUE" + On success, the identifier of the newly created thread is stored in +-the location pointed by the |thread| argument, and a 0 is returned. On ++the location pointed by the \fIthread\fP argument, and a 0 is returned. On + error, a non-zero error code is returned. + + .SH ERRORS + .TP +-!EAGAIN! ++\fBEAGAIN\fP + not enough system resources to create a process for the new thread. + .TP +-!EAGAIN! +-more than !PTHREAD_THREADS_MAX! threads are already active. ++\fBEAGAIN\fP ++more than \fBPTHREAD_THREADS_MAX\fP threads are already active. + + .SH AUTHOR + Xavier Leroy + + .SH "SEE ALSO" +-!pthread_exit!(3), +-!pthread_join!(3), +-!pthread_detach!(3), +-!pthread_attr_init!(3). ++\fBpthread_exit\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_join\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_detach\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_attr_init\fP(3). +--- a/linuxthreads/man/pthread_detach.man ++++ b/linuxthreads/man/pthread_detach.man +@@ -9,36 +9,36 @@ + int pthread_detach(pthread_t th); + + .SH DESCRIPTION +-!pthread_detach! put the thread |th| in the detached state. This +-guarantees that the memory resources consumed by |th| will be freed +-immediately when |th| terminates. However, this prevents other threads +-from synchronizing on the termination of |th| using !pthread_join!. ++\fBpthread_detach\fP put the thread \fIth\fP in the detached state. This ++guarantees that the memory resources consumed by \fIth\fP will be freed ++immediately when \fIth\fP terminates. However, this prevents other threads ++from synchronizing on the termination of \fIth\fP using \fBpthread_join\fP. + + A thread can be created initially in the detached state, using the +-!detachstate! attribute to !pthread_create!(3). In contrast, +-!pthread_detach! applies to threads created in the joinable state, and ++\fBdetachstate\fP attribute to \fBpthread_create\fP(3). In contrast, ++\fBpthread_detach\fP applies to threads created in the joinable state, and + which need to be put in the detached state later. + +-After !pthread_detach! completes, subsequent attempts to perform +-!pthread_join! on |th| will fail. If another thread is already joining +-the thread |th| at the time !pthread_detach! is called, +-!pthread_detach! does nothing and leaves |th| in the joinable state. ++After \fBpthread_detach\fP completes, subsequent attempts to perform ++\fBpthread_join\fP on \fIth\fP will fail. If another thread is already joining ++the thread \fIth\fP at the time \fBpthread_detach\fP is called, ++\fBpthread_detach\fP does nothing and leaves \fIth\fP in the joinable state. + + .SH "RETURN VALUE" + On success, 0 is returned. On error, a non-zero error code is returned. + + .SH ERRORS + .TP +-!ESRCH! +-No thread could be found corresponding to that specified by |th| ++\fBESRCH\fP ++No thread could be found corresponding to that specified by \fIth\fP + .TP +-!EINVAL! +-the thread |th| is already in the detached state ++\fBEINVAL\fP ++the thread \fIth\fP is already in the detached state + + .SH AUTHOR + Xavier Leroy + + .SH "SEE ALSO" +-!pthread_create!(3), +-!pthread_join!(3), +-!pthread_attr_setdetachstate!(3). +\ No newline at end of file ++\fBpthread_create\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_join\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_attr_setdetachstate\fP(3). +\ No newline at end of file +--- a/linuxthreads/man/pthread_equal.man ++++ b/linuxthreads/man/pthread_equal.man +@@ -9,15 +9,15 @@ + int pthread_equal(pthread_t thread1, pthread_t thread2); + + .SH DESCRIPTION +-!pthread_equal! determines if two thread identifiers refer to the same ++\fBpthread_equal\fP determines if two thread identifiers refer to the same + thread. + + .SH "RETURN VALUE" +-A non-zero value is returned if |thread1| and |thread2| refer to the ++A non-zero value is returned if \fIthread1\fP and \fIthread2\fP refer to the + same thread. Otherwise, 0 is returned. + + .SH AUTHOR + Xavier Leroy + + .SH "SEE ALSO" +-!pthread_self!(3). ++\fBpthread_self\fP(3). +--- a/linuxthreads/man/pthread_exit.man ++++ b/linuxthreads/man/pthread_exit.man +@@ -9,24 +9,24 @@ + void pthread_exit(void *retval); + + .SH DESCRIPTION +-!pthread_exit! terminates the execution of the calling thread. ++\fBpthread_exit\fP terminates the execution of the calling thread. + All cleanup handlers that have been set for the calling thread with +-!pthread_cleanup_push!(3) are executed in reverse order (the most ++\fBpthread_cleanup_push\fP(3) are executed in reverse order (the most + recently pushed handler is executed first). Finalization functions for +-thread-specific data are then called for all keys that have non-!NULL! ++thread-specific data are then called for all keys that have non-\fBNULL\fP + values associated with them in the calling thread (see +-!pthread_key_create!(3)). Finally, execution of the calling thread is ++\fBpthread_key_create\fP(3)). Finally, execution of the calling thread is + stopped. + +-The |retval| argument is the return value of the thread. It can be +-consulted from another thread using !pthread_join!(3). ++The \fIretval\fP argument is the return value of the thread. It can be ++consulted from another thread using \fBpthread_join\fP(3). + + .SH "RETURN VALUE" +-The !pthread_exit! function never returns. ++The \fBpthread_exit\fP function never returns. + + .SH AUTHOR + Xavier Leroy + + .SH "SEE ALSO" +-!pthread_create!(3), +-!pthread_join!(3). ++\fBpthread_create\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_join\fP(3). +--- a/linuxthreads/man/pthread_join.man ++++ b/linuxthreads/man/pthread_join.man +@@ -9,62 +9,62 @@ + int pthread_join(pthread_t th, void **thread_return); + + .SH DESCRIPTION +-!pthread_join! suspends the execution of the calling thread until the +-thread identified by |th| terminates, either by calling !pthread_exit!(3) ++\fBpthread_join\fP suspends the execution of the calling thread until the ++thread identified by \fIth\fP terminates, either by calling \fBpthread_exit\fP(3) + or by being cancelled. + +-If |thread_return| is not !NULL!, the return value of |th| is stored +-in the location pointed to by |thread_return|. The return value of +-|th| is either the argument it gave to !pthread_exit!(3), or +-!PTHREAD_CANCELED! if |th| was cancelled. +- +-The joined thread !th! must be in the joinable state: it must not have +-been detached using !pthread_detach!(3) or the +-!PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED! attribute to !pthread_create!(3). ++If \fIthread_return\fP is not \fBNULL\fP, the return value of \fIth\fP is stored ++in the location pointed to by \fIthread_return\fP. The return value of ++\fIth\fP is either the argument it gave to \fBpthread_exit\fP(3), or ++\fBPTHREAD_CANCELED\fP if \fIth\fP was cancelled. ++ ++The joined thread \fBth\fP must be in the joinable state: it must not have ++been detached using \fBpthread_detach\fP(3) or the ++\fBPTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED\fP attribute to \fBpthread_create\fP(3). + + When a joinable thread terminates, its memory resources (thread + descriptor and stack) are not deallocated until another thread +-performs !pthread_join! on it. Therefore, !pthread_join! must be ++performs \fBpthread_join\fP on it. Therefore, \fBpthread_join\fP must be + called once for each joinable thread created to avoid memory leaks. + + At most one thread can wait for the termination of a given +-thread. Calling !pthread_join! on a thread |th| on which another ++thread. Calling \fBpthread_join\fP on a thread \fIth\fP on which another + thread is already waiting for termination returns an error. + + .SH CANCELLATION + +-!pthread_join! is a cancellation point. If a thread is canceled while +-suspended in !pthread_join!, the thread execution resumes immediately +-and the cancellation is executed without waiting for the |th| thread +-to terminate. If cancellation occurs during !pthread_join!, the |th| ++\fBpthread_join\fP is a cancellation point. If a thread is canceled while ++suspended in \fBpthread_join\fP, the thread execution resumes immediately ++and the cancellation is executed without waiting for the \fIth\fP thread ++to terminate. If cancellation occurs during \fBpthread_join\fP, the \fIth\fP + thread remains not joined. + + .SH "RETURN VALUE" +-On success, the return value of |th| is stored in the location pointed +-to by |thread_return|, and 0 is returned. On error, a non-zero error ++On success, the return value of \fIth\fP is stored in the location pointed ++to by \fIthread_return\fP, and 0 is returned. On error, a non-zero error + code is returned. + + .SH ERRORS + .TP +-!ESRCH! +-No thread could be found corresponding to that specified by |th|. ++\fBESRCH\fP ++No thread could be found corresponding to that specified by \fIth\fP. + .TP +-!EINVAL! +-The |th| thread has been detached. ++\fBEINVAL\fP ++The \fIth\fP thread has been detached. + .TP +-!EINVAL! +-Another thread is already waiting on termination of |th|. ++\fBEINVAL\fP ++Another thread is already waiting on termination of \fIth\fP. + .TP +-!EDEADLK! +-The |th| argument refers to the calling thread. ++\fBEDEADLK\fP ++The \fIth\fP argument refers to the calling thread. + + .SH AUTHOR + Xavier Leroy + + .SH "SEE ALSO" +-!pthread_exit!(3), +-!pthread_detach!(3), +-!pthread_create!(3), +-!pthread_attr_setdetachstate!(3), +-!pthread_cleanup_push!(3), +-!pthread_key_create!(3). ++\fBpthread_exit\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_detach\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_create\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_attr_setdetachstate\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_cleanup_push\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_key_create\fP(3). +--- a/linuxthreads/man/pthread_key_create.man ++++ b/linuxthreads/man/pthread_key_create.man +@@ -23,81 +23,81 @@ + + Each thread possesses a private memory block, the thread-specific data + area, or TSD area for short. This area is indexed by TSD keys. The TSD +-area associates values of type !void *! to TSD keys. TSD keys are ++area associates values of type \fBvoid *\fP to TSD keys. TSD keys are + common to all threads, but the value associated with a given TSD key + can be different in each thread. + +-For concreteness, the TSD areas can be viewed as arrays of !void *! ++For concreteness, the TSD areas can be viewed as arrays of \fBvoid *\fP + pointers, TSD keys as integer indices into these arrays, and the value + of a TSD key as the value of the corresponding array element in the + calling thread. + +-When a thread is created, its TSD area initially associates !NULL! ++When a thread is created, its TSD area initially associates \fBNULL\fP + with all keys. + +-!pthread_key_create! allocates a new TSD key. The key is stored in the +-location pointed to by |key|. There is a limit of !PTHREAD_KEYS_MAX! ++\fBpthread_key_create\fP allocates a new TSD key. The key is stored in the ++location pointed to by \fIkey\fP. There is a limit of \fBPTHREAD_KEYS_MAX\fP + on the number of keys allocated at a given time. The value initially +-associated with the returned key is !NULL! in all currently executing ++associated with the returned key is \fBNULL\fP in all currently executing + threads. + +-The |destr_function| argument, if not !NULL!, specifies a destructor ++The \fIdestr_function\fP argument, if not \fBNULL\fP, specifies a destructor + function associated with the key. When a thread terminates via +-!pthread_exit! or by cancellation, |destr_function| is called with ++\fBpthread_exit\fP or by cancellation, \fIdestr_function\fP is called with + arguments the value associated with the key in that thread. The +-|destr_function| is not called if that value is !NULL!. The order in ++\fIdestr_function\fP is not called if that value is \fBNULL\fP. The order in + which destructor functions are called at thread termination time is + unspecified. + +-Before the destructor function is called, the !NULL! value is ++Before the destructor function is called, the \fBNULL\fP value is + associated with the key in the current thread. A destructor function +-might, however, re-associate non-!NULL! values to that key or some ++might, however, re-associate non-\fBNULL\fP values to that key or some + other key. To deal with this, if after all the destructors have been +-called for all non-!NULL! values, there are still some non-!NULL! ++called for all non-\fBNULL\fP values, there are still some non-\fBNULL\fP + values with associated destructors, then the process is repeated. The + LinuxThreads implementation stops the process after +-!PTHREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS! iterations, even if some non-!NULL! ++\fBPTHREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS\fP iterations, even if some non-\fBNULL\fP + values with associated descriptors remain. Other implementations may + loop indefinitely. + +-!pthread_key_delete! deallocates a TSD key. It does not check whether +-non-!NULL! values are associated with that key in the currently ++\fBpthread_key_delete\fP deallocates a TSD key. It does not check whether ++non-\fBNULL\fP values are associated with that key in the currently + executing threads, nor call the destructor function associated with + the key. + +-!pthread_setspecific! changes the value associated with |key| in the +-calling thread, storing the given |pointer| instead. ++\fBpthread_setspecific\fP changes the value associated with \fIkey\fP in the ++calling thread, storing the given \fIpointer\fP instead. + +-!pthread_getspecific! returns the value currently associated with +-|key| in the calling thread. ++\fBpthread_getspecific\fP returns the value currently associated with ++\fIkey\fP in the calling thread. + + .SH "RETURN VALUE" + +-!pthread_key_create!, !pthread_key_delete!, and !pthread_setspecific! ++\fBpthread_key_create\fP, \fBpthread_key_delete\fP, and \fBpthread_setspecific\fP + return 0 on success and a non-zero error code on failure. If +-successful, !pthread_key_create! stores the newly allocated key in the +-location pointed to by its |key| argument. ++successful, \fBpthread_key_create\fP stores the newly allocated key in the ++location pointed to by its \fIkey\fP argument. + +-!pthread_getspecific! returns the value associated with |key| on +-success, and !NULL! on error. ++\fBpthread_getspecific\fP returns the value associated with \fIkey\fP on ++success, and \fBNULL\fP on error. + + .SH ERRORS +-!pthread_key_create! returns the following error code on error: ++\fBpthread_key_create\fP returns the following error code on error: + .RS + .TP +-!EAGAIN! +-!PTHREAD_KEYS_MAX! keys are already allocated ++\fBEAGAIN\fP ++\fBPTHREAD_KEYS_MAX\fP keys are already allocated + .RE + +-!pthread_key_delete! and !pthread_setspecific! return the following ++\fBpthread_key_delete\fP and \fBpthread_setspecific\fP return the following + error code on error: + .RS + .TP +-!EINVAL! +-|key| is not a valid, allocated TSD key ++\fBEINVAL\fP ++\fIkey\fP is not a valid, allocated TSD key + .RE + +-!pthread_getspecific! returns !NULL! if |key| is not a valid, ++\fBpthread_getspecific\fP returns \fBNULL\fP if \fIkey\fP is not a valid, + allocated TSD key. + + .SH AUTHOR +--- a/linuxthreads/man/pthread_kill_other_threads_np.man ++++ b/linuxthreads/man/pthread_kill_other_threads_np.man +@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ + void pthread_kill_other_threads_np(void); + + .SH DESCRIPTION +-!pthread_kill_other_threads_np! is a non-portable LinuxThreads extension. ++\fBpthread_kill_other_threads_np\fP is a non-portable LinuxThreads extension. + It causes all threads in the program to terminate immediately, except + the calling thread which proceeds normally. It is intended to be +-called just before a thread calls one of the !exec! functions, +-e.g. !execve!(2). ++called just before a thread calls one of the \fBexec\fP functions, ++e.g. \fBexecve\fP(2). + + Termination of the other threads is not performed through +-!pthread_cancel!(3) and completely bypasses the cancellation ++\fBpthread_cancel\fP(3) and completely bypasses the cancellation + mechanism. Hence, the current settings for cancellation state and + cancellation type are ignored, and the cleanup handlers are not + executed in the terminated threads. +@@ -25,16 +25,16 @@ + Xavier Leroy + + .SH "SEE ALSO" +-!execve!(2), +-!pthread_setcancelstate!(3), +-!pthread_setcanceltype!(3), +-!pthread_cancel!(3). ++\fBexecve\fP(2), ++\fBpthread_setcancelstate\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_setcanceltype\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_cancel\fP(3). + + .SH BUGS + +-According to POSIX 1003.1c, a successful !exec*! in one of the threads ++According to POSIX 1003.1c, a successful \fBexec*\fP in one of the threads + should terminate automatically all other threads in the program. + This behavior is not yet implemented in LinuxThreads. +-Calling !pthread_kill_other_threads_np! before !exec*! achieves much +-of the same behavior, except that if !exec*! ultimately fails, then ++Calling \fBpthread_kill_other_threads_np\fP before \fBexec*\fP achieves much ++of the same behavior, except that if \fBexec*\fP ultimately fails, then + all other threads are already killed. +--- a/linuxthreads/man/pthread_mutexattr_init.man ++++ b/linuxthreads/man/pthread_mutexattr_init.man +@@ -21,64 +21,64 @@ + .SH DESCRIPTION + + Mutex attributes can be specified at mutex creation time, by passing a +-mutex attribute object as second argument to !pthread_mutex_init!(3). +-Passing !NULL! is equivalent to passing a mutex attribute object with ++mutex attribute object as second argument to \fBpthread_mutex_init\fP(3). ++Passing \fBNULL\fP is equivalent to passing a mutex attribute object with + all attributes set to their default values. + +-!pthread_mutexattr_init! initializes the mutex attribute object |attr| ++\fBpthread_mutexattr_init\fP initializes the mutex attribute object \fIattr\fP + and fills it with default values for the attributes. + +-!pthread_mutexattr_destroy! destroys a mutex attribute object, which +-must not be reused until it is reinitialized. !pthread_mutexattr_destroy! ++\fBpthread_mutexattr_destroy\fP destroys a mutex attribute object, which ++must not be reused until it is reinitialized. \fBpthread_mutexattr_destroy\fP + does nothing in the LinuxThreads implementation. + + LinuxThreads supports only one mutex attribute: the mutex kind, which +-is either !PTHREAD_MUTEX_FAST_NP! for ``fast'' mutexes, +-!PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE_NP! for ``recursive'' mutexes, +-or !PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK_NP! for ``error checking'' mutexes. +-As the !NP! suffix indicates, this is a non-portable extension to the ++is either \fBPTHREAD_MUTEX_FAST_NP\fP for ``fast'' mutexes, ++\fBPTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE_NP\fP for ``recursive'' mutexes, ++or \fBPTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK_NP\fP for ``error checking'' mutexes. ++As the \fBNP\fP suffix indicates, this is a non-portable extension to the + POSIX standard and should not be employed in portable programs. + + The mutex kind determines what happens if a thread attempts to lock a +-mutex it already owns with !pthread_mutex_lock!(3). If the mutex is of +-the ``fast'' kind, !pthread_mutex_lock!(3) simply suspends the calling ++mutex it already owns with \fBpthread_mutex_lock\fP(3). If the mutex is of ++the ``fast'' kind, \fBpthread_mutex_lock\fP(3) simply suspends the calling + thread forever. If the mutex is of the ``error checking'' kind, +-!pthread_mutex_lock!(3) returns immediately with the error code +-!EDEADLK!. If the mutex is of the ``recursive'' kind, the call to +-!pthread_mutex_lock!(3) returns immediately with a success return ++\fBpthread_mutex_lock\fP(3) returns immediately with the error code ++\fBEDEADLK\fP. If the mutex is of the ``recursive'' kind, the call to ++\fBpthread_mutex_lock\fP(3) returns immediately with a success return + code. The number of times the thread owning the mutex has locked it is + recorded in the mutex. The owning thread must call +-!pthread_mutex_unlock!(3) the same number of times before the mutex ++\fBpthread_mutex_unlock\fP(3) the same number of times before the mutex + returns to the unlocked state. + +-The default mutex kind is ``fast'', that is, !PTHREAD_MUTEX_FAST_NP!. ++The default mutex kind is ``fast'', that is, \fBPTHREAD_MUTEX_FAST_NP\fP. + +-!pthread_mutexattr_settype! sets the mutex kind attribute in |attr| +-to the value specified by |kind|. ++\fBpthread_mutexattr_settype\fP sets the mutex kind attribute in \fIattr\fP ++to the value specified by \fIkind\fP. + +-!pthread_mutexattr_gettype! retrieves the current value of the +-mutex kind attribute in |attr| and stores it in the location pointed +-to by |kind|. ++\fBpthread_mutexattr_gettype\fP retrieves the current value of the ++mutex kind attribute in \fIattr\fP and stores it in the location pointed ++to by \fIkind\fP. + + .SH "RETURN VALUE" +-!pthread_mutexattr_init!, !pthread_mutexattr_destroy! and +-!pthread_mutexattr_gettype! always return 0. ++\fBpthread_mutexattr_init\fP, \fBpthread_mutexattr_destroy\fP and ++\fBpthread_mutexattr_gettype\fP always return 0. + +-!pthread_mutexattr_settype! returns 0 on success and a non-zero ++\fBpthread_mutexattr_settype\fP returns 0 on success and a non-zero + error code on error. + + .SH ERRORS + +-On error, !pthread_mutexattr_settype! returns the following error code: ++On error, \fBpthread_mutexattr_settype\fP returns the following error code: + .TP +-!EINVAL! +-|kind| is neither !PTHREAD_MUTEX_FAST_NP! nor !PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE_NP! +-nor !PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK_NP! ++\fBEINVAL\fP ++\fIkind\fP is neither \fBPTHREAD_MUTEX_FAST_NP\fP nor \fBPTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE_NP\fP ++nor \fBPTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK_NP\fP + + .SH AUTHOR + Xavier Leroy + + .SH "SEE ALSO" +-!pthread_mutex_init!(3), +-!pthread_mutex_lock!(3), +-!pthread_mutex_unlock!(3). ++\fBpthread_mutex_init\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_mutex_lock\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_mutex_unlock\fP(3). +--- a/linuxthreads/man/pthread_mutexattr_setkind_np.man ++++ b/linuxthreads/man/pthread_mutexattr_setkind_np.man +@@ -14,26 +14,26 @@ + + .SH DESCRIPTION + +-These functions are deprecated, use !pthread_mutexattr_settype!(3) +-and !pthread_mutexattr_gettype!(3) instead. ++These functions are deprecated, use \fBpthread_mutexattr_settype\fP(3) ++and \fBpthread_mutexattr_gettype\fP(3) instead. + + .SH "RETURN VALUE" +-!pthread_mutexattr_getkind_np! always returns 0. ++\fBpthread_mutexattr_getkind_np\fP always returns 0. + +-!pthread_mutexattr_setkind_np! returns 0 on success and a non-zero ++\fBpthread_mutexattr_setkind_np\fP returns 0 on success and a non-zero + error code on error. + + .SH ERRORS + +-On error, !pthread_mutexattr_setkind_np! returns the following error code: ++On error, \fBpthread_mutexattr_setkind_np\fP returns the following error code: + .TP +-!EINVAL! +-|kind| is neither !PTHREAD_MUTEX_FAST_NP! nor !PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE_NP! +-nor !PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK_NP! ++\fBEINVAL\fP ++\fIkind\fP is neither \fBPTHREAD_MUTEX_FAST_NP\fP nor \fBPTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE_NP\fP ++nor \fBPTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK_NP\fP + + .SH AUTHOR + Xavier Leroy + + .SH "SEE ALSO" +-!pthread_mutexattr_settype!(3), +-!pthread_mutexattr_gettype!(3). ++\fBpthread_mutexattr_settype\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_mutexattr_gettype\fP(3). +--- a/linuxthreads/man/pthread_mutex_init.man ++++ b/linuxthreads/man/pthread_mutex_init.man +@@ -38,75 +38,75 @@ + that is already locked by another thread is suspended until the owning + thread unlocks the mutex first. + +-!pthread_mutex_init! initializes the mutex object pointed to by +-|mutex| according to the mutex attributes specified in |mutexattr|. +-If |mutexattr| is !NULL!, default attributes are used instead. ++\fBpthread_mutex_init\fP initializes the mutex object pointed to by ++\fImutex\fP according to the mutex attributes specified in \fImutexattr\fP. ++If \fImutexattr\fP is \fBNULL\fP, default attributes are used instead. + + The LinuxThreads implementation supports only one mutex attributes, + the |mutex kind|, which is either ``fast'', ``recursive'', or + ``error checking''. The kind of a mutex determines whether + it can be locked again by a thread that already owns it. +-The default kind is ``fast''. See !pthread_mutexattr_init!(3) for more ++The default kind is ``fast''. See \fBpthread_mutexattr_init\fP(3) for more + information on mutex attributes. + +-Variables of type !pthread_mutex_t! can also be initialized +-statically, using the constants !PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER! (for fast +-mutexes), !PTHREAD_RECURSIVE_MUTEX_INITIALIZER_NP! (for recursive +-mutexes), and !PTHREAD_ERRORCHECK_MUTEX_INITIALIZER_NP! (for error checking ++Variables of type \fBpthread_mutex_t\fP can also be initialized ++statically, using the constants \fBPTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER\fP (for fast ++mutexes), \fBPTHREAD_RECURSIVE_MUTEX_INITIALIZER_NP\fP (for recursive ++mutexes), and \fBPTHREAD_ERRORCHECK_MUTEX_INITIALIZER_NP\fP (for error checking + mutexes). + +-!pthread_mutex_lock! locks the given mutex. If the mutex is currently ++\fBpthread_mutex_lock\fP locks the given mutex. If the mutex is currently + unlocked, it becomes locked and owned by the calling thread, and +-!pthread_mutex_lock! returns immediately. If the mutex is already +-locked by another thread, !pthread_mutex_lock! suspends the calling ++\fBpthread_mutex_lock\fP returns immediately. If the mutex is already ++locked by another thread, \fBpthread_mutex_lock\fP suspends the calling + thread until the mutex is unlocked. + + If the mutex is already locked by the calling thread, the behavior of +-!pthread_mutex_lock! depends on the kind of the mutex. If the mutex is ++\fBpthread_mutex_lock\fP depends on the kind of the mutex. If the mutex is + of the ``fast'' kind, the calling thread is suspended until the mutex + is unlocked, thus effectively causing the calling thread to + deadlock. If the mutex is of the ``error checking'' kind, +-!pthread_mutex_lock! returns immediately with the error code !EDEADLK!. +-If the mutex is of the ``recursive'' kind, !pthread_mutex_lock! ++\fBpthread_mutex_lock\fP returns immediately with the error code \fBEDEADLK\fP. ++If the mutex is of the ``recursive'' kind, \fBpthread_mutex_lock\fP + succeeds and returns immediately, recording the number of times the + calling thread has locked the mutex. An equal number of +-!pthread_mutex_unlock! operations must be performed before the mutex ++\fBpthread_mutex_unlock\fP operations must be performed before the mutex + returns to the unlocked state. + +-!pthread_mutex_trylock! behaves identically to !pthread_mutex_lock!, ++\fBpthread_mutex_trylock\fP behaves identically to \fBpthread_mutex_lock\fP, + except that it does not block the calling thread if the mutex is + already locked by another thread (or by the calling thread in the case +-of a ``fast'' mutex). Instead, !pthread_mutex_trylock! returns +-immediately with the error code !EBUSY!. ++of a ``fast'' mutex). Instead, \fBpthread_mutex_trylock\fP returns ++immediately with the error code \fBEBUSY\fP. + +-!pthread_mutex_unlock! unlocks the given mutex. The mutex is assumed ++\fBpthread_mutex_unlock\fP unlocks the given mutex. The mutex is assumed + to be locked and owned by the calling thread on entrance to +-!pthread_mutex_unlock!. If the mutex is of the ``fast'' kind, +-!pthread_mutex_unlock! always returns it to the unlocked state. If it ++\fBpthread_mutex_unlock\fP. If the mutex is of the ``fast'' kind, ++\fBpthread_mutex_unlock\fP always returns it to the unlocked state. If it + is of the ``recursive'' kind, it decrements the locking count of the +-mutex (number of !pthread_mutex_lock! operations performed on it by ++mutex (number of \fBpthread_mutex_lock\fP operations performed on it by + the calling thread), and only when this count reaches zero is the + mutex actually unlocked. + +-On ``error checking'' mutexes, !pthread_mutex_unlock! actually checks ++On ``error checking'' mutexes, \fBpthread_mutex_unlock\fP actually checks + at run-time that the mutex is locked on entrance, and that it was +-locked by the same thread that is now calling !pthread_mutex_unlock!. ++locked by the same thread that is now calling \fBpthread_mutex_unlock\fP. + If these conditions are not met, an error code is returned and the + mutex remains unchanged. ``Fast'' and ``recursive'' mutexes perform + no such checks, thus allowing a locked mutex to be unlocked by a + thread other than its owner. This is non-portable behavior and must + not be relied upon. + +-!pthread_mutex_destroy! destroys a mutex object, freeing the resources ++\fBpthread_mutex_destroy\fP destroys a mutex object, freeing the resources + it might hold. The mutex must be unlocked on entrance. In the + LinuxThreads implementation, no resources are associated with mutex +-objects, thus !pthread_mutex_destroy! actually does nothing except ++objects, thus \fBpthread_mutex_destroy\fP actually does nothing except + checking that the mutex is unlocked. + + .SH CANCELLATION + + None of the mutex functions is a cancellation point, not even +-!pthread_mutex_lock!, in spite of the fact that it can suspend a ++\fBpthread_mutex_lock\fP, in spite of the fact that it can suspend a + thread for arbitrary durations. This way, the status of mutexes at + cancellation points is predictable, allowing cancellation handlers to + unlock precisely those mutexes that need to be unlocked before the +@@ -117,58 +117,58 @@ + + The mutex functions are not async-signal safe. What this means is that + they should not be called from a signal handler. In particular, +-calling !pthread_mutex_lock! or !pthread_mutex_unlock! from a signal ++calling \fBpthread_mutex_lock\fP or \fBpthread_mutex_unlock\fP from a signal + handler may deadlock the calling thread. + + .SH "RETURN VALUE" + +-!pthread_mutex_init! always returns 0. The other mutex functions ++\fBpthread_mutex_init\fP always returns 0. The other mutex functions + return 0 on success and a non-zero error code on error. + + .SH ERRORS + +-The !pthread_mutex_lock! function returns the following error code ++The \fBpthread_mutex_lock\fP function returns the following error code + on error: + .RS + .TP +-!EINVAL! ++\fBEINVAL\fP + the mutex has not been properly initialized. + + .TP +-!EDEADLK! ++\fBEDEADLK\fP + the mutex is already locked by the calling thread + (``error checking'' mutexes only). + .RE + +-The !pthread_mutex_trylock! function returns the following error codes ++The \fBpthread_mutex_trylock\fP function returns the following error codes + on error: + .RS + .TP +-!EBUSY! ++\fBEBUSY\fP + the mutex could not be acquired because it was currently locked. + + .TP +-!EINVAL! ++\fBEINVAL\fP + the mutex has not been properly initialized. + .RE + +-The !pthread_mutex_unlock! function returns the following error code ++The \fBpthread_mutex_unlock\fP function returns the following error code + on error: + .RS + .TP +-!EINVAL! ++\fBEINVAL\fP + the mutex has not been properly initialized. + + .TP +-!EPERM! ++\fBEPERM\fP + the calling thread does not own the mutex (``error checking'' mutexes only). + .RE + +-The !pthread_mutex_destroy! function returns the following error code ++The \fBpthread_mutex_destroy\fP function returns the following error code + on error: + .RS + .TP +-!EBUSY! ++\fBEBUSY\fP + the mutex is currently locked. + .RE + +@@ -176,13 +176,13 @@ + Xavier Leroy + + .SH "SEE ALSO" +-!pthread_mutexattr_init!(3), +-!pthread_mutexattr_setkind_np!(3), +-!pthread_cancel!(3). ++\fBpthread_mutexattr_init\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_mutexattr_setkind_np\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_cancel\fP(3). + + .SH EXAMPLE + +-A shared global variable |x| can be protected by a mutex as follows: ++A shared global variable \fIx\fP can be protected by a mutex as follows: + + .RS + .ft 3 +@@ -195,8 +195,8 @@ + .RE + .fi + +-All accesses and modifications to |x| should be bracketed by calls to +-!pthread_mutex_lock! and !pthread_mutex_unlock! as follows: ++All accesses and modifications to \fIx\fP should be bracketed by calls to ++\fBpthread_mutex_lock\fP and \fBpthread_mutex_unlock\fP as follows: + + .RS + .ft 3 +--- a/linuxthreads/man/pthread_once.man ++++ b/linuxthreads/man/pthread_once.man +@@ -12,19 +12,19 @@ + + .SH DESCRIPTION + +-The purpose of !pthread_once! is to ensure that a piece of +-initialization code is executed at most once. The |once_control| ++The purpose of \fBpthread_once\fP is to ensure that a piece of ++initialization code is executed at most once. The \fIonce_control\fP + argument points to a static or extern variable statically initialized +-to !PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT!. ++to \fBPTHREAD_ONCE_INIT\fP. + +-The first time !pthread_once! is called with a given |once_control| +-argument, it calls |init_routine| with no argument and changes the +-value of the |once_control| variable to record that initialization has +-been performed. Subsequent calls to !pthread_once! with the same +-!once_control! argument do nothing. ++The first time \fBpthread_once\fP is called with a given \fIonce_control\fP ++argument, it calls \fIinit_routine\fP with no argument and changes the ++value of the \fIonce_control\fP variable to record that initialization has ++been performed. Subsequent calls to \fBpthread_once\fP with the same ++\fBonce_control\fP argument do nothing. + + .SH "RETURN VALUE" +-!pthread_once! always returns 0. ++\fBpthread_once\fP always returns 0. + + .SH ERRORS + None. +--- a/linuxthreads/man/pthread_self.man ++++ b/linuxthreads/man/pthread_self.man +@@ -9,15 +9,15 @@ + pthread_t pthread_self(void); + + .SH DESCRIPTION +-!pthread_self! return the thread identifier for the calling thread. ++\fBpthread_self\fP return the thread identifier for the calling thread. + + .SH AUTHOR + Xavier Leroy + + .SH "SEE ALSO" +-!pthread_equal!(3), +-!pthread_join!(3), +-!pthread_detach!(3), +-!pthread_setschedparam!(3), +-!pthread_getschedparam!(3). ++\fBpthread_equal\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_join\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_detach\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_setschedparam\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_getschedparam\fP(3). + +--- a/linuxthreads/man/pthread_setschedparam.man ++++ b/linuxthreads/man/pthread_setschedparam.man +@@ -14,66 +14,66 @@ + + .SH DESCRIPTION + +-!pthread_setschedparam! sets the scheduling parameters for the thread +-|target_thread| as indicated by |policy| and |param|. |policy| can be +-either !SCHED_OTHER! (regular, non-realtime scheduling), !SCHED_RR! +-(realtime, round-robin) or !SCHED_FIFO! (realtime, first-in +-first-out). |param| specifies the scheduling priority for the two +-realtime policies. See !sched_setpolicy!(2) for more information on ++\fBpthread_setschedparam\fP sets the scheduling parameters for the thread ++\fItarget_thread\fP as indicated by \fIpolicy\fP and \fIparam\fP. \fIpolicy\fP can be ++either \fBSCHED_OTHER\fP (regular, non-realtime scheduling), \fBSCHED_RR\fP ++(realtime, round-robin) or \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP (realtime, first-in ++first-out). \fIparam\fP specifies the scheduling priority for the two ++realtime policies. See \fBsched_setpolicy\fP(2) for more information on + scheduling policies. + +-The realtime scheduling policies !SCHED_RR! and !SCHED_FIFO! are ++The realtime scheduling policies \fBSCHED_RR\fP and \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP are + available only to processes with superuser privileges. + +-!pthread_getschedparam! retrieves the scheduling policy and scheduling +-parameters for the thread |target_thread| and store them in the +-locations pointed to by |policy| and |param|, respectively. ++\fBpthread_getschedparam\fP retrieves the scheduling policy and scheduling ++parameters for the thread \fItarget_thread\fP and store them in the ++locations pointed to by \fIpolicy\fP and \fIparam\fP, respectively. + + .SH "RETURN VALUE" +-!pthread_setschedparam! and !pthread_getschedparam! return 0 on ++\fBpthread_setschedparam\fP and \fBpthread_getschedparam\fP return 0 on + success and a non-zero error code on error. + + .SH ERRORS +-On error, !pthread_setschedparam! returns the following error codes: ++On error, \fBpthread_setschedparam\fP returns the following error codes: + .RS + .TP +-!EINVAL! +-|policy| is not one of !SCHED_OTHER!, !SCHED_RR!, !SCHED_FIFO! ++\fBEINVAL\fP ++\fIpolicy\fP is not one of \fBSCHED_OTHER\fP, \fBSCHED_RR\fP, \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP + + .TP +-!EINVAL! +-the priority value specified by |param| is not valid for the specified policy ++\fBEINVAL\fP ++the priority value specified by \fIparam\fP is not valid for the specified policy + + .TP +-!EPERM! ++\fBEPERM\fP + the calling process does not have superuser permissions + + .TP +-!ESRCH! +-the |target_thread| is invalid or has already terminated ++\fBESRCH\fP ++the \fItarget_thread\fP is invalid or has already terminated + + .TP +-!EFAULT! +-|param| points outside the process memory space ++\fBEFAULT\fP ++\fIparam\fP points outside the process memory space + .RE + +-On error, !pthread_getschedparam! returns the following error codes: ++On error, \fBpthread_getschedparam\fP returns the following error codes: + .RS + .TP +-!ESRCH! +-the |target_thread| is invalid or has already terminated ++\fBESRCH\fP ++the \fItarget_thread\fP is invalid or has already terminated + + .TP +-!EFAULT! +-|policy| or |param| point outside the process memory space ++\fBEFAULT\fP ++\fIpolicy\fP or \fIparam\fP point outside the process memory space + .RE + + .SH AUTHOR + Xavier Leroy + + .SH "SEE ALSO" +-!sched_setscheduler!(2), +-!sched_getscheduler!(2), +-!sched_getparam!(2), +-!pthread_attr_setschedpolicy!(3), +-!pthread_attr_setschedparam!(3). ++\fBsched_setscheduler\fP(2), ++\fBsched_getscheduler\fP(2), ++\fBsched_getparam\fP(2), ++\fBpthread_attr_setschedpolicy\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_attr_setschedparam\fP(3). +--- a/linuxthreads/man/pthread_sigmask.man ++++ b/linuxthreads/man/pthread_sigmask.man +@@ -19,36 +19,36 @@ + + .SH DESCRIPTION + +-!pthread_sigmask! changes the signal mask for the calling thread as +-described by the |how| and |newmask| arguments. If |oldmask| is not +-!NULL!, the previous signal mask is stored in the location pointed to +-by |oldmask|. +- +-The meaning of the |how| and |newmask| arguments is the same as for +-!sigprocmask!(2). If |how| is !SIG_SETMASK!, the signal mask is set to +-|newmask|. If |how| is !SIG_BLOCK!, the signals specified to |newmask| +-are added to the current signal mask. If |how| is !SIG_UNBLOCK!, the +-signals specified to |newmask| are removed from the current signal ++\fBpthread_sigmask\fP changes the signal mask for the calling thread as ++described by the \fIhow\fP and \fInewmask\fP arguments. If \fIoldmask\fP is not ++\fBNULL\fP, the previous signal mask is stored in the location pointed to ++by \fIoldmask\fP. ++ ++The meaning of the \fIhow\fP and \fInewmask\fP arguments is the same as for ++\fBsigprocmask\fP(2). If \fIhow\fP is \fBSIG_SETMASK\fP, the signal mask is set to ++\fInewmask\fP. If \fIhow\fP is \fBSIG_BLOCK\fP, the signals specified to \fInewmask\fP ++are added to the current signal mask. If \fIhow\fP is \fBSIG_UNBLOCK\fP, the ++signals specified to \fInewmask\fP are removed from the current signal + mask. + + Recall that signal masks are set on a per-thread basis, but signal +-actions and signal handlers, as set with !sigaction!(2), are shared ++actions and signal handlers, as set with \fBsigaction\fP(2), are shared + between all threads. + +-!pthread_kill! send signal number |signo| to the thread +-|thread|. The signal is delivered and handled as described in +-!kill!(2). +- +-!sigwait! suspends the calling thread until one of the signals +-in |set| is delivered to the calling thread. It then stores the number +-of the signal received in the location pointed to by |sig| and +-returns. The signals in |set| must be blocked and not ignored on +-entrance to !sigwait!. If the delivered signal has a signal handler +-function attached, that function is |not| called. ++\fBpthread_kill\fP send signal number \fIsigno\fP to the thread ++\fIthread\fP. The signal is delivered and handled as described in ++\fBkill\fP(2). ++ ++\fBsigwait\fP suspends the calling thread until one of the signals ++in \fIset\fP is delivered to the calling thread. It then stores the number ++of the signal received in the location pointed to by \fIsig\fP and ++returns. The signals in \fIset\fP must be blocked and not ignored on ++entrance to \fBsigwait\fP. If the delivered signal has a signal handler ++function attached, that function is \fInot\fP called. + + .SH CANCELLATION + +-!sigwait! is a cancellation point. ++\fBsigwait\fP is a cancellation point. + + .SH "RETURN VALUE" + +@@ -56,50 +56,50 @@ + + .SH ERRORS + +-The !pthread_sigmask! function returns the following error codes ++The \fBpthread_sigmask\fP function returns the following error codes + on error: + .RS + .TP +-!EINVAL! +-|how| is not one of !SIG_SETMASK!, !SIG_BLOCK!, or !SIG_UNBLOCK! ++\fBEINVAL\fP ++\fIhow\fP is not one of \fBSIG_SETMASK\fP, \fBSIG_BLOCK\fP, or \fBSIG_UNBLOCK\fP + + .TP +-!EFAULT! +-|newmask| or |oldmask| point to invalid addresses ++\fBEFAULT\fP ++\fInewmask\fP or \fIoldmask\fP point to invalid addresses + .RE + +-The !pthread_kill! function returns the following error codes ++The \fBpthread_kill\fP function returns the following error codes + on error: + .RS + .TP +-!EINVAL! +-|signo| is not a valid signal number ++\fBEINVAL\fP ++\fIsigno\fP is not a valid signal number + + .TP +-!ESRCH! +-the thread |thread| does not exist (e.g. it has already terminated) ++\fBESRCH\fP ++the thread \fIthread\fP does not exist (e.g. it has already terminated) + .RE + +-The !sigwait! function never returns an error. ++The \fBsigwait\fP function never returns an error. + + .SH AUTHOR + Xavier Leroy + + .SH "SEE ALSO" +-!sigprocmask!(2), +-!kill!(2), +-!sigaction!(2), +-!sigsuspend!(2). ++\fBsigprocmask\fP(2), ++\fBkill\fP(2), ++\fBsigaction\fP(2), ++\fBsigsuspend\fP(2). + + .SH NOTES + +-For !sigwait! to work reliably, the signals being waited for must be ++For \fBsigwait\fP to work reliably, the signals being waited for must be + blocked in all threads, not only in the calling thread, since + otherwise the POSIX semantics for signal delivery do not guarantee +-that it's the thread doing the !sigwait! that will receive the signal. ++that it's the thread doing the \fBsigwait\fP that will receive the signal. + The best way to achieve this is block those signals before any threads + are created, and never unblock them in the program other than by +-calling !sigwait!. ++calling \fBsigwait\fP. + + .SH BUGS + +@@ -112,11 +112,11 @@ + + In LinuxThreads, each thread is actually a kernel process with its own + PID, so external signals are always directed to one particular thread. +-If, for instance, another thread is blocked in !sigwait! on that ++If, for instance, another thread is blocked in \fBsigwait\fP on that + signal, it will not be restarted. + +-The LinuxThreads implementation of !sigwait! installs dummy signal +-handlers for the signals in |set| for the duration of the wait. Since ++The LinuxThreads implementation of \fBsigwait\fP installs dummy signal ++handlers for the signals in \fIset\fP for the duration of the wait. Since + signal handlers are shared between all threads, other threads must not + attach their own signal handlers to these signals, or alternatively + they should all block these signals (which is recommended anyway -- +--- a/linuxthreads/man/sem_init.man ++++ b/linuxthreads/man/sem_init.man +@@ -26,98 +26,98 @@ + + .SH DESCRIPTION + This manual page documents POSIX 1003.1b semaphores, not to be +-confused with SystemV semaphores as described in !ipc!(5), !semctl!(2) +-and !semop!(2). ++confused with SystemV semaphores as described in \fBipc\fP(5), \fBsemctl\fP(2) ++and \fBsemop\fP(2). + + Semaphores are counters for resources shared between threads. The + basic operations on semaphores are: increment the counter atomically, + and wait until the counter is non-null and decrement it atomically. + +-!sem_init! initializes the semaphore object pointed to by |sem|. The +-count associated with the semaphore is set initially to |value|. The +-|pshared| argument indicates whether the semaphore is local to the +-current process (|pshared| is zero) or is to be shared between several +-processes (|pshared| is not zero). LinuxThreads currently does not +-support process-shared semaphores, thus !sem_init! always returns with +-error !ENOSYS! if |pshared| is not zero. ++\fBsem_init\fP initializes the semaphore object pointed to by \fIsem\fP. The ++count associated with the semaphore is set initially to \fIvalue\fP. The ++\fIpshared\fP argument indicates whether the semaphore is local to the ++current process (\fIpshared\fP is zero) or is to be shared between several ++processes (\fIpshared\fP is not zero). LinuxThreads currently does not ++support process-shared semaphores, thus \fBsem_init\fP always returns with ++error \fBENOSYS\fP if \fIpshared\fP is not zero. + +-!sem_wait! suspends the calling thread until the semaphore pointed to +-by |sem| has non-zero count. It then atomically decreases the ++\fBsem_wait\fP suspends the calling thread until the semaphore pointed to ++by \fIsem\fP has non-zero count. It then atomically decreases the + semaphore count. + +-!sem_trywait! is a non-blocking variant of !sem_wait!. If the +-semaphore pointed to by |sem| has non-zero count, the count is +-atomically decreased and !sem_trywait! immediately returns 0. +-If the semaphore count is zero, !sem_trywait! immediately returns with +-error !EAGAIN!. ++\fBsem_trywait\fP is a non-blocking variant of \fBsem_wait\fP. If the ++semaphore pointed to by \fIsem\fP has non-zero count, the count is ++atomically decreased and \fBsem_trywait\fP immediately returns 0. ++If the semaphore count is zero, \fBsem_trywait\fP immediately returns with ++error \fBEAGAIN\fP. + +-!sem_post! atomically increases the count of the semaphore pointed to +-by |sem|. This function never blocks and can safely be used in ++\fBsem_post\fP atomically increases the count of the semaphore pointed to ++by \fIsem\fP. This function never blocks and can safely be used in + asynchronous signal handlers. + +-!sem_getvalue! stores in the location pointed to by |sval| the current +-count of the semaphore |sem|. ++\fBsem_getvalue\fP stores in the location pointed to by \fIsval\fP the current ++count of the semaphore \fIsem\fP. + +-!sem_destroy! destroys a semaphore object, freeing the resources it ++\fBsem_destroy\fP destroys a semaphore object, freeing the resources it + might hold. No threads should be waiting on the semaphore at the time +-!sem_destroy! is called. In the LinuxThreads implementation, no +-resources are associated with semaphore objects, thus !sem_destroy! ++\fBsem_destroy\fP is called. In the LinuxThreads implementation, no ++resources are associated with semaphore objects, thus \fBsem_destroy\fP + actually does nothing except checking that no thread is waiting on the + semaphore. + + .SH CANCELLATION + +-!sem_wait! is a cancellation point. ++\fBsem_wait\fP is a cancellation point. + + .SH "ASYNC-SIGNAL SAFETY" + + On processors supporting atomic compare-and-swap (Intel 486, Pentium +-and later, Alpha, PowerPC, MIPS II, Motorola 68k), the !sem_post! ++and later, Alpha, PowerPC, MIPS II, Motorola 68k), the \fBsem_post\fP + function is async-signal safe and can therefore be + called from signal handlers. This is the only thread synchronization + function provided by POSIX threads that is async-signal safe. + + On the Intel 386 and the Sparc, the current LinuxThreads +-implementation of !sem_post! is not async-signal safe by lack of the ++implementation of \fBsem_post\fP is not async-signal safe by lack of the + required atomic operations. + + .SH "RETURN VALUE" + +-The !sem_wait! and !sem_getvalue! functions always return 0. ++The \fBsem_wait\fP and \fBsem_getvalue\fP functions always return 0. + All other semaphore functions return 0 on success and -1 on error, in +-addition to writing an error code in !errno!. ++addition to writing an error code in \fBerrno\fP. + + .SH ERRORS + +-The !sem_init! function sets !errno! to the following codes on error: ++The \fBsem_init\fP function sets \fBerrno\fP to the following codes on error: + .RS + .TP +-!EINVAL! +-|value| exceeds the maximal counter value !SEM_VALUE_MAX! ++\fBEINVAL\fP ++\fIvalue\fP exceeds the maximal counter value \fBSEM_VALUE_MAX\fP + .TP +-!ENOSYS! +-|pshared| is not zero ++\fBENOSYS\fP ++\fIpshared\fP is not zero + .RE + +-The !sem_trywait! function sets !errno! to the following error code on error: ++The \fBsem_trywait\fP function sets \fBerrno\fP to the following error code on error: + .RS + .TP +-!EAGAIN! ++\fBEAGAIN\fP + the semaphore count is currently 0 + .RE + +-The !sem_post! function sets !errno! to the following error code on error: ++The \fBsem_post\fP function sets \fBerrno\fP to the following error code on error: + .RS + .TP +-!ERANGE! +-after incrementation, the semaphore value would exceed !SEM_VALUE_MAX! ++\fBERANGE\fP ++after incrementation, the semaphore value would exceed \fBSEM_VALUE_MAX\fP + (the semaphore count is left unchanged in this case) + .RE + +-The !sem_destroy! function sets !errno! to the following error code on error: ++The \fBsem_destroy\fP function sets \fBerrno\fP to the following error code on error: + .RS + .TP +-!EBUSY! ++\fBEBUSY\fP + some threads are currently blocked waiting on the semaphore. + .RE + +@@ -125,8 +125,8 @@ + Xavier Leroy + + .SH "SEE ALSO" +-!pthread_mutex_init!(3), +-!pthread_cond_init!(3), +-!pthread_cancel!(3), +-!ipc!(5). ++\fBpthread_mutex_init\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_cond_init\fP(3), ++\fBpthread_cancel\fP(3), ++\fBipc\fP(5). + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/all/local-ru_RU.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/all/local-ru_RU.diff @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +# DP: Description: Change default charset for 'russian' locale alias +# DP: Related bugs: #62586 +# DP: Dpatch author: Ben Collins +# DP: Patch author: Alistair McKinstry +# DP: Upstream status: Submitted +# DP: Status Details: http://sources.redhat.com/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=120 +# DP: Date: 2002-03-10 + +--- + intl/locale.alias | 2 +- + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/intl/locale.alias ++++ b/intl/locale.alias +@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ + polish pl_PL.ISO-8859-2 + portuguese pt_PT.ISO-8859-1 + romanian ro_RO.ISO-8859-2 +-russian ru_RU.ISO-8859-5 ++russian ru_RU.KOI8-R + slovak sk_SK.ISO-8859-2 + slovene sl_SI.ISO-8859-2 + slovenian sl_SI.ISO-8859-2 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/all/fedora-nss_dns-gethostbyname4-disable.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/all/fedora-nss_dns-gethostbyname4-disable.diff @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +# Description: disable _nss_dns_gethostbyname4_r for the moment, as it +# causes problems for IPv6 users; patch from Fedora by Jakub Jelinek +# Ubuntu: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/glibc/+bug/313218 +# Upstream: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=459756 + +Index: b/resolv/Versions +=================================================================== +--- a/resolv/Versions ++++ b/resolv/Versions +@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ + _nss_dns_gethostbyname_r; _nss_dns_getnetbyaddr_r; + _nss_dns_getnetbyname_r; _nss_dns_getcanonname_r; + _nss_dns_gethostbyaddr2_r; +- _nss_dns_gethostbyname4_r; ++# _nss_dns_gethostbyname4_r; + } + } + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/all/submitted-missing-etc-hosts.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/all/submitted-missing-etc-hosts.diff @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +When /etc/hosts is missing, return NO_DATA instead of an internal error; +otherwise getaddrinfo() fails instead of falling back to the next backend +(DNS). + +Index: eglibc-2.10.1/nss/nss_files/files-hosts.c +=================================================================== +--- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/nss/nss_files/files-hosts.c ++++ eglibc-2.10.1/nss/nss_files/files-hosts.c +@@ -423,6 +423,11 @@ + if (! keep_stream) + internal_endent (); + } ++ else ++ { ++ *errnop = errno; ++ *herrnop = NO_DATA; ++ } + + __libc_lock_unlock (lock); + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/all/local-remove-manual.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/all/local-remove-manual.diff @@ -0,0 +1,290 @@ +The GNU Libc Reference manual has to be removed for licensing reasons. +But some files have a dependency on manual/errno.texi; the easiest +solution is to drop those dependencies and make sure that MAKEINFO=: +so that no target depends on manual/*.texi files. + +--- + manual/Makefile | 254 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + sysdeps/gnu/Makefile | 2 + sysdeps/mach/hurd/Makefile | 2 + 3 files changed, 256 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) + +--- /dev/null ++++ b/manual/Makefile +@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@ ++# Copyright (C) 1992-1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2006 ++# Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++# This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++# The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++# The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++# Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++# License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++# Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++# 02111-1307 USA. ++ ++# Makefile for the GNU C Library manual. ++ ++subdir := manual ++export subdir := $(subdir) ++ ++# Allow override ++INSTALL_INFO = install-info ++ ++.PHONY: all dvi pdf info html ++all: dvi ++dvi: libc.dvi ++pdf: libc.pdf ++ ++# Get glibc's configuration info. ++ifneq (,$(wildcard ../Makeconfig)) ++include ../Makeconfig ++else ++MAKEINFO = makeinfo ++TEXI2DVI = texi2dvi ++AWK = gawk ++endif ++ ++TEXI2PDF = texi2dvi --pdf ++ ++ifneq ($(strip $(MAKEINFO)),:) ++all: info ++info: libc.info ++endif ++ ++# scripts we use ++ifndef move-if-change ++move-if-change = ./move-if-change ++endif ++mkinstalldirs = $(..)scripts/mkinstalldirs ++ ++chapters = $(addsuffix .texi, \ ++ intro errno memory ctype string charset locale \ ++ message search pattern io stdio llio filesys \ ++ pipe socket terminal syslog math arith time \ ++ resource setjmp signal startup process job nss \ ++ users sysinfo conf crypt debug) ++add-chapters = $(wildcard $(foreach d, $(add-ons), ../$d/$d.texi)) ++appendices = lang.texi header.texi install.texi maint.texi contrib.texi \ ++ freemanuals.texi ++ ++-include texis ++texis: texis.awk $(chapters) $(add-chapters) $(appendices) lesser.texi fdl.texi ++ $(AWK) -f $^ > $@.T ++ mv -f $@.T $@ ++ ++nonexamples = $(filter-out $(add-chapters) %.c.texi, $(texis)) ++examples = $(filter-out $(foreach d, $(add-ons), ../$d/%.c.texi), \ ++ $(filter %.c.texi, $(texis))) ++ ++# Kludge: implicit rule so Make knows the one command does it all. ++chapters.% top-menu.%: libc-texinfo.sh $(texis) Makefile ++ AWK=$(AWK) $(SHELL) $< '$(chapters)' '$(add-chapters)' '$(appendices)' ++ ++libc.dvi libc.pdf libc.info: chapters.texi top-menu.texi dir-add.texi \ ++ libm-err.texi ++libc.dvi libc.pdf: texinfo.tex ++ ++html: libc/index.html ++libc/index.html: chapters.texi top-menu.texi dir-add.texi libm-err.texi ++ $(MAKEINFO) --html libc.texinfo ++ ++# Generate the summary from the Texinfo source files for each chapter. ++summary.texi: stamp-summary ; ++stamp-summary: summary.awk $(filter-out summary.texi, $(texis)) ++ $(AWK) -f $^ | sort -t' ' -df -k 1,1 | tr '\014' '\012' > summary-tmp ++ $(move-if-change) summary-tmp summary.texi ++ touch $@ ++ ++# Generate a file which can be added to the `dir' content to provide direct ++# access to the documentation of the function, variables, and other ++# definitions. ++dir-add.texi: xtract-typefun.awk $(texis) ++ (echo "@dircategory GNU C library functions and macros"; \ ++ echo "@direntry"; \ ++ $(AWK) -f $^ | sort; \ ++ echo "@end direntry") > $@.new ++ mv -f $@.new $@ ++ ++# The table with the math errors is generated. ++libm-err.texi: stamp-libm-err ++stamp-libm-err: libm-err-tab.pl $(wildcard $(foreach dir,$(sysdirs),\ ++ $(dir)/libm-test-ulps)) ++ pwd=`pwd`; \ ++ $(PERL) $< $$pwd/.. > libm-err-tmp ++ $(move-if-change) libm-err-tmp libm-err.texi ++ touch $@ ++ ++# Generate Texinfo files from the C source for the example programs. ++%.c.texi: examples/%.c ++ sed -e 's,[{}],@&,g' \ ++ -e 's,/\*\(@.*\)\*/,\1,g' \ ++ -e 's,/\* *,/* @r{,g' -e 's, *\*/,} */,' \ ++ -e 's/\(@[a-z][a-z]*\)@{\([^}]*\)@}/\1{\2}/g'\ ++ $< | expand > $@.new ++ mv -f $@.new $@ ++ ++%.info: %.texinfo ++ LANGUAGE=C LC_ALL=C $(MAKEINFO) $< ++ ++%.dvi: %.texinfo ++ $(TEXI2DVI) $< ++ ++%.pdf: %.texinfo ++ $(TEXI2PDF) $< ++ ++# Distribution. ++minimal-dist = summary.awk texis.awk tsort.awk libc-texinfo.sh libc.texinfo \ ++ libm-err.texi stamp-libm-err \ ++ $(filter-out summary.texi, $(nonexamples)) \ ++ $(patsubst %.c.texi,examples/%.c, $(examples)) ++ ++doc-only-dist = Makefile COPYING.LIB ++distribute = $(minimal-dist) $(examples) stdio-fp.c \ ++ libc.info* libc.?? libc.??s texinfo.tex \ ++ xtract-typefun.awk dir-add.texi dir libm-err-tab.pl ++export distribute := $(distribute) ++ ++tar-it = tar chovf $@ $^ ++ ++manual.tar: $(doc-only-dist) $(minimal-dist) ; $(tar-it) ++mandist.tar: $(doc-only-dist) $(distribute) ; $(tar-it) ++ ++edition := $(shell sed -n 's/^@set EDITION \([0-9][0-9.]*\)[^0-9.]*.*$$/\1/p' \ ++ libc.texinfo) ++ ++glibc-doc-$(edition).tar: $(doc-only-dist) $(distribute) ++ @rm -f glibc-doc-$(edition) ++ ln -s . glibc-doc-$(edition) ++ tar chovf $@ $(addprefix glibc-doc-$(edition)/,$^) ++ rm -f glibc-doc-$(edition) ++ ++%.Z: % ++ compress -c $< > $@.new ++ mv -f $@.new $@ ++%.gz: % ++ gzip -9 -c $< > $@.new ++ mv -f $@.new $@ ++%.uu: % ++ uuencode $< < $< > $@.new ++ mv -f $@.new $@ ++ ++.PHONY: mostlyclean distclean realclean clean ++mostlyclean: ++ -rm -f libc.dvi libc.pdf libc.tmp libc.info* ++ -rm -f $(objpfx)stubs ++ -rm -f $(foreach o,$(object-suffixes-for-libc),$(objpfx)stamp$o) ++clean: mostlyclean ++distclean: clean ++indices = cp fn pg tp vr ky ++realclean: distclean ++ -rm -f texis summary.texi stamp-summary *.c.texi dir-add.texi ++ -rm -f $(foreach index,$(indices),libc.$(index) libc.$(index)s) ++ -rm -f libc.log libc.aux libc.toc dir-add.texinfo ++ -rm -f top-menu.texi chapters.texi ++ ++.PHONY: install subdir_install installdirs install-data ++install-data subdir_install: install ++ifneq ($(strip $(MAKEINFO)),:) ++install: $(inst_infodir)/libc.info ++ @if $(SHELL) -c '$(INSTALL_INFO) --version' >/dev/null 2>&1; then \ ++ test -f $(inst_infodir)/dir || $(INSTALL_DATA) dir $(inst_infodir);\ ++ $(INSTALL_INFO) --info-dir=$(inst_infodir) $(inst_infodir)/libc.info;\ ++ else : ; fi ++endif ++# Catchall implicit rule for other installation targets from the parent. ++install-%: ; ++ ++$(inst_infodir)/libc.info: libc.info installdirs ++ for file in $<*; do \ ++ $(INSTALL_DATA) $$file $(@D)/$$file; \ ++ done ++ ++installdirs: ++ $(mkinstalldirs) $(inst_infodir) ++ ++.PHONY: dist ++dist: # glibc-doc-$(edition).tar.gz ++ ++ifneq (,$(wildcard ../Make-dist)) ++dist: ../Make-dist ++ $(MAKE) -f $< $(Make-dist-args) ++endif ++ ++ifndef ETAGS ++ETAGS = etags -T ++endif ++TAGS: $(minimal-dist) ++ $(ETAGS) -o $@ $^ ++ ++# The parent makefile sometimes invokes us with targets `subdir_REAL-TARGET'. ++subdir_%: % ; ++# For targets we don't define, do nothing. ++subdir_%: ; ++ ++# These are targets that each glibc subdirectory is expected to understand. ++# ../Rules defines them for code subdirectories; for us, they are no-ops. ++# None of these should be `subdir_TARGET'; those targets are transformed ++# by the implicit rule above into `TARGET' deps. ++glibc-targets := lib objects objs others tests xtests lint.out echo-headers ++.PHONY: $(glibc-targets) ++$(glibc-targets): ++ ++# Create stamp files if they don't exist, so the parent makefile's rules for ++# updating the library archives are happy with us, and never think we have ++# changed the library. ++lib: $(foreach o,$(object-suffixes-for-libc),$(objpfx)stamp$o) ++ifdef objpfx ++.PHONY: stubs ++stubs: $(objpfx)stubs ++endif ++$(objpfx)stubs ../po/manual.pot $(objpfx)stamp%: ++ $(make-target-directory) ++ touch $@ ++ ++# Make the target directory if it doesn't exist, using the `mkinstalldirs' ++# script that does `mkdir -p' even if `mkdir' doesn't support that flag. ++define make-target-directory ++$(addprefix $(mkinstalldirs) ,\ ++ $(filter-out $(wildcard $(@D:%/=%)),$(@D:%/=%))) ++endef ++ ++# The top-level glibc Makefile expects subdir_install to update the stubs file. ++subdir_install: stubs ++ ++# Get rid of these variables if they came from the parent. ++routines = ++aux = ++sources = ++objects = ++headers = +--- a/sysdeps/gnu/Makefile ++++ b/sysdeps/gnu/Makefile +@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ + # Generate the list of strings for errno codes from the section of the + # manual which documents the codes. + +-$(..)sysdeps/gnu/errlist.c: $(..)sysdeps/gnu/errlist.awk \ ++$(..)sysdeps/gnu/errlist-disabled.c: $(..)sysdeps/gnu/errlist.awk \ + $(..)manual/errno.texi + $(AWK) -f $^ > $@-tmp + # Make it unwritable so noone will edit it by mistake. +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/Makefile ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/Makefile +@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ + -e 's, \.\./, $(..),g' > $@t + mv -f $@t $@ + +-$(hurd)/bits/errno.h: $(common-objpfx)stamp-errnos ; ++$(hurd)/bits/errno-disabled.h: $(common-objpfx)stamp-errnos ; + $(common-objpfx)stamp-errnos: $(hurd)/errnos.awk $(errno.texinfo) \ + $(mach-errnos-deps) $(common-objpfx)errnos.d + $(AWK) -f $^ > $(hurd)/bits/errno.h-tmp --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/m68k/local-compat.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/m68k/local-compat.diff @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +# DP: Fixes some old compatibility issues with m68k and lchown/chown + +--- + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m68k/chown.c | 5 +++++ + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m68k/lchown.c | 5 +++++ + 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+) + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m68k/chown.c ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m68k/chown.c +@@ -67,3 +67,8 @@ + } + libc_hidden_def (__chown) + weak_alias (__chown, chown) ++ ++#include ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT (libc, GLIBC_2_1, GLIBC_2_2) ++compat_symbol (libc, __chown, chown, GLIBC_2_1); ++#endif +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m68k/lchown.c ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m68k/lchown.c +@@ -1 +1,6 @@ + #include ++ ++#include ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT (libc, GLIBC_2_1, GLIBC_2_2) ++compat_symbol (libc, __lchown, lchown, GLIBC_2_1); ++#endif --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/m68k/local-fpic.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/m68k/local-fpic.diff @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +# DP: Make sure libc_nonshared.a is compiled with -fPIC on m68k + +--- + ports/sysdeps/m68k/Makefile | 4 ++++ + 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+) + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/m68k/Makefile ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/m68k/Makefile +@@ -33,3 +33,7 @@ + ifeq ($(subdir),elf) + CFLAGS-rtld.c += -Wno-uninitialized -Wno-unused + endif ++ ++# Build objects in libc_nonshared.a with -fPIC (instead of -fpic) to avoid ++# possible linkage problems. ++CFLAGS-.oS += -fPIC --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/m68k/local-mathinline_h.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/m68k/local-mathinline_h.diff @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- + ports/sysdeps/m68k/m680x0/fpu/bits/mathinline.h | 14 +++++++------- + 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/m68k/m680x0/fpu/bits/mathinline.h ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/m68k/m680x0/fpu/bits/mathinline.h +@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ + /* Define a const math function. */ + #define __m81_defun(rettype, func, args) \ + __m81_inline rettype __attribute__((__const__)) \ +- __m81_u(func) args ++ __NTH(__m81_u(func) args) + + /* Define the three variants of a math function that has a direct + implementation in the m68k fpu. FUNC is the name for C (which will be +@@ -313,8 +313,8 @@ + } \ + \ + __m81_inline float_type \ +-__m81_u(__CONCAT(__fma,s))(float_type __x, float_type __y, \ +- float_type __z) \ ++__NTH(__m81_u(__CONCAT(__fma,s))(float_type __x, float_type __y, \ ++ float_type __z)) \ + { \ + return (__x * __y) + __z; \ + } +@@ -330,8 +330,8 @@ + + # define __inline_functions(float_type, s) \ + __m81_inline void \ +-__m81_u(__CONCAT(__sincos,s))(float_type __x, float_type *__sinx, \ +- float_type *__cosx) \ ++__NTH(__m81_u(__CONCAT(__sincos,s))(float_type __x, float_type *__sinx, \ ++ float_type *__cosx)) \ + { \ + __asm ("fsincos%.x %2,%1:%0" \ + : "=f" (*__sinx), "=f" (*__cosx) : "f" (__x)); \ +@@ -352,13 +352,13 @@ + NAME, to make token pasting work correctly with -traditional. */ + # define __inline_forward_c(rettype, name, args1, args2) \ + extern __inline rettype __attribute__((__const__)) \ +- name args1 \ ++ __NTH(name args1) \ + { \ + return __CONCAT(__,name) args2; \ + } + + # define __inline_forward(rettype, name, args1, args2) \ +-extern __inline rettype name args1 \ ++extern __inline rettype __NTH(name args1) \ + { \ + return __CONCAT(__,name) args2; \ + } --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/m68k/local-dwarf2-buildfix.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/m68k/local-dwarf2-buildfix.diff @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +# DP: Description: Adding empty m68k framestate.c not to build for dwarf2. +# DP: Related bugs: +# DP: Dpatch author: GOTO Masanori +# DP: Patch author: GOTO Masanori +# DP: Upstream status: Debian-Specific +# DP: Status Details: m68k uses sjlj exceptions, not dwarf2 unwind. +# DP: This patch adds empty framestate.c for m68k to avoid +# DP: dwarf2 build failure. +# DP: Date: 2003-07-19 (Update 2005-03-16 gotom) + +2005-03-16 GOTO Masanori + + * sysdeps/m68k/unwind-pe.c: Update to fix compilation failure. + +2003-07-19 GOTO Masanori + + * sysdeps/m68k/framestate.c: Add to fix compilation failure + with sjlj exception, suggested by Philip Blundell. + + +--- + sysdeps/m68k/framestate.c | 2 ++ + sysdeps/m68k/unwind-pe.c | 6 ++++++ + 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+) + +--- /dev/null ++++ b/sysdeps/m68k/unwind-pe.c +@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ ++#include ++#include ++ ++#define _LIBC_DEFINITIONS ++#define NO_BASE_OF_ENCODED_VALUE ++#include "unwind-pe.h" +--- /dev/null ++++ b/sysdeps/m68k/framestate.c +@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ ++ ++ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/m68k/local-pthread_lock.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/m68k/local-pthread_lock.diff @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- + linuxthreads/sysdeps/m68k/pspinlock.c | 4 ++-- + 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) + +--- a/linuxthreads/sysdeps/m68k/pspinlock.c ++++ b/linuxthreads/sysdeps/m68k/pspinlock.c +@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ + int + __pthread_spin_lock (pthread_spinlock_t *lock) + { +- unsigned int val; ++ unsigned char val; + + do + asm volatile ("tas %1; sne %0" +@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ + int + __pthread_spin_trylock (pthread_spinlock_t *lock) + { +- unsigned int val; ++ unsigned char val; + + asm volatile ("tas %1; sne %0" + : "=dm" (val), "=m" (*lock) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/m68k/submitted-gcc34-seccomment.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/m68k/submitted-gcc34-seccomment.diff @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +# DP: Description: Make glibc-2.3.5 compile with gcc-3.4/4.0 + binutils 2.16 +# on m68k fixed by adding #APP. +# DP: Related bugs: +# DP: Dpatch author: GOTO Masanori +# DP: Patch author: Andreas Schwab +# DP: Upstream status: Pending +# DP: Status Details: +# DP: Date: 2005-08-03 + +From: Andreas Schwab + +--- + include/libc-symbols.h | 6 +++--- + 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) + +--- a/include/libc-symbols.h ++++ b/include/libc-symbols.h +@@ -239,12 +239,12 @@ + # define __make_section_unallocated(section_string) + # endif + +-/* Tacking on "\n\t#" to the section name makes gcc put it's bogus ++/* Tacking on "\n#APP\n\t#" to the section name makes gcc put it's bogus + section attributes on what looks like a comment to the assembler. */ + # ifdef HAVE_SECTION_QUOTES +-# define __sec_comment "\"\n\t#\"" ++# define __sec_comment "\"\n#APP\n\t#\"" + # else +-# define __sec_comment "\n\t#" ++# define __sec_comment "\n#APP\n\t#" + # endif + # define link_warning(symbol, msg) \ + __make_section_unallocated (".gnu.warning." #symbol) \ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/m68k/local-reloc.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/m68k/local-reloc.diff @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +# DP: Description: binutils bug workaround +# DP: Related bugs: #263601: m68k: workaround for binutils problem +# DP: Dpatch author: Roman Zippel +# DP: Patch author: Richard Zidlicky +# DP: Upstream status: Debian-Specific +# DP: Status Details: Actual fix is to modify m68k binutils. +# DP: Date: 2004-08-09 + +--- + ports/sysdeps/m68k/dl-machine.h | 2 ++ + 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/m68k/dl-machine.h ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/m68k/dl-machine.h +@@ -286,6 +286,8 @@ + Elf32_Addr *const reloc_addr = (void *) (l_addr + reloc->r_offset); + if (ELF32_R_TYPE (reloc->r_info) == R_68K_JMP_SLOT) + *reloc_addr += l_addr; ++ else if (ELF32_R_TYPE (reloc->r_info) == R_68K_NONE) ++ return; + else + _dl_reloc_bad_type (map, ELF32_R_TYPE (reloc->r_info), 1); + } --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-libc_once.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-libc_once.diff @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +2007-10-28 Aurelien Jarno + + * bits/libc-lock.h (__libc_once_get): New definiton. + * linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/bits/libc-lock.h: Likewise + * nptl/sysdeps/pthread/bits/libc-lock.h: Likewise. + * sysdeps/mach/bits/libc-lock.h: Likewise. + * sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/libc-lock.h: Likewise. + * sysdeps/posix/getaddrinfo.c (getaddrinfo): Use __libc_once_get + instead of using implementational details. + +--- + bits/libc-lock.h | 3 +++ + linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/bits/libc-lock.h | 3 +++ + nptl/sysdeps/pthread/bits/libc-lock.h | 3 +++ + sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/libc-lock.h | 4 ++++ + sysdeps/posix/getaddrinfo.c | 2 +- + 5 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/bits/libc-lock.h ++++ b/bits/libc-lock.h +@@ -98,6 +98,9 @@ + } \ + } while (0) + ++/* Get once control variable. */ ++#define __libc_once_get(ONCE_CONTROL) \ ++ ((ONCE_CONTROL) == 1) + + /* Start a critical region with a cleanup function */ + #define __libc_cleanup_region_start(DOIT, FCT, ARG) \ +--- a/linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/bits/libc-lock.h ++++ b/linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/bits/libc-lock.h +@@ -242,6 +242,9 @@ + } \ + } while (0) + ++/* Get once control variable. */ ++#define __libc_once_get(ONCE_CONTROL) \ ++ ((ONCE_CONTROL) != PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT) + + /* Start critical region with cleanup. */ + #define __libc_cleanup_region_start(DOIT, FCT, ARG) \ +--- a/nptl/sysdeps/pthread/bits/libc-lock.h ++++ b/nptl/sysdeps/pthread/bits/libc-lock.h +@@ -377,6 +377,9 @@ + } \ + } while (0) + ++/* Get once control variable. */ ++#define __libc_once_get(ONCE_CONTROL) \ ++ ((ONCE_CONTROL) != PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT) + + /* Note that for I/O cleanup handling we are using the old-style + cancel handling. It does not have to be integrated with C++ snce +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/libc-lock.h ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/libc-lock.h +@@ -188,6 +188,10 @@ + __libc_lock_unlock (ONCE_CONTROL.lock); \ + } while (0) + ++/* Get once control variable. */ ++#define __libc_once_get(ONCE_CONTROL) \ ++ (!ONCE_CONTROL.done) ++ + #ifdef _LIBC + /* We need portable names for some functions. E.g., when they are + used as argument to __libc_cleanup_region_start. */ +--- a/sysdeps/posix/getaddrinfo.c ++++ b/sysdeps/posix/getaddrinfo.c +@@ -2337,7 +2337,7 @@ + __libc_lock_define_initialized (static, lock); + + __libc_lock_lock (lock); +- if (old_once && gaiconf_reload_flag) ++ if (__libc_once_get(old_once) && gaiconf_reload_flag) + gaiconf_reload (); + qsort_r (order, nresults, sizeof (order[0]), rfc3484_sort, &src); + __libc_lock_unlock (lock); --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-dl-dynamic-weak.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-dl-dynamic-weak.diff @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- + elf/dl-support.c | 6 ++++++ + elf/rtld.c | 5 +++++ + 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+) + +--- a/elf/dl-support.c ++++ b/elf/dl-support.c +@@ -43,7 +43,13 @@ + int _dl_debug_mask; + int _dl_lazy; + ElfW(Addr) _dl_use_load_bias = -2; ++#ifdef __GNU__ ++/* GNU/Hurd needs this because otherwise libpthread's pthread_mutex_lock gets ++ * overridden by libX11's stubs. */ ++int _dl_dynamic_weak = 1; ++#else + int _dl_dynamic_weak; ++#endif + + /* If nonzero print warnings about problematic situations. */ + int _dl_verbose; +--- a/elf/rtld.c ++++ b/elf/rtld.c +@@ -146,6 +146,11 @@ + #ifdef NEED_DL_SYSINFO + ._dl_sysinfo = DL_SYSINFO_DEFAULT, + #endif ++#ifdef __GNU__ ++/* GNU/Hurd needs this because otherwise libpthread's pthread_mutex_lock gets ++ * * overridden by libX11's stubs. */ ++ ._dl_dynamic_weak = 1, ++#endif + ._dl_debug_fd = STDERR_FILENO, + ._dl_use_load_bias = -2, + ._dl_correct_cache_id = _DL_CACHE_DEFAULT_ID, --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-pthread_stubs.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-pthread_stubs.diff @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +This provides so-called "pthread stubs", which permit thread-safe libraries to +not have to explicitely link with libpthread, and just rely on libc providing +e.g. void pthread_mutex_lock/unlock. However, because of weak ELF symbols +rules, this will only work as long as we set _dl_dynamic_weak to 1 (see +local-dl-dynamic-weak.diff), so the plan is + +- once glibc has integrated Hurd's libpthread and thus is able to provide the +pthread stubs itself, this patch can be dropped. +- once we see that all packages got recompiled with that new glibc (i.e. +apt-cache rdepends libpthread-stubs0 is empty), the local-dl-dynamic-weak.diff +patch can be dropped. + +--- + Makerules | 3 ++- + sysdeps/mach/hurd/libc-ldscript | 1 + + 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/Makerules ++++ b/Makerules +@@ -979,7 +979,8 @@ + cat $<; \ + echo 'GROUP ( $(slibdir)/libc.so$(libc.so-version)' \ + '$(libdir)/$(patsubst %,$(libtype.oS),$(libprefix)$(libc-name))'\ +- ' AS_NEEDED (' $(slibdir)/$(rtld-installed-name) ') )' \ ++ ' AS_NEEDED (' $(slibdir)/$(rtld-installed-name) ') )' ;\ ++ echo 'INPUT ( AS_NEEDED ( -lpthread-stubs ) )' \ + ) > $@.new + mv -f $@.new $@ + +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/libc-ldscript ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/libc-ldscript +@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ + */ + + GROUP ( libcrt.a libmachuser.a libhurduser.a ) ++INPUT ( -lpthread-stubs ) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-atomic-no-multiple_threads.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-atomic-no-multiple_threads.diff @@ -0,0 +1,269 @@ +On the Hurd we always at least start the sigthread anyway. Let's avoid forking +the file (which would mean having to maintain it) + +--- a/sysdeps/i386/i486/bits/atomic.h ++++ b/sysdeps/i386/i486/bits/atomic.h +@@ -87,35 +87,26 @@ + + #define __arch_c_compare_and_exchange_val_8_acq(mem, newval, oldval) \ + ({ __typeof (*mem) ret; \ +- __asm __volatile ("cmpl $0, %%gs:%P5\n\t" \ +- "je 0f\n\t" \ +- "lock\n" \ +- "0:\tcmpxchgb %b2, %1" \ ++ __asm __volatile ("lock\n" \ ++ "\tcmpxchgb %b2, %1" \ + : "=a" (ret), "=m" (*mem) \ +- : "q" (newval), "m" (*mem), "0" (oldval), \ +- "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, multiple_threads))); \ ++ : "q" (newval), "m" (*mem), "0" (oldval)); \ + ret; }) + + #define __arch_c_compare_and_exchange_val_16_acq(mem, newval, oldval) \ + ({ __typeof (*mem) ret; \ +- __asm __volatile ("cmpl $0, %%gs:%P5\n\t" \ +- "je 0f\n\t" \ +- "lock\n" \ +- "0:\tcmpxchgw %w2, %1" \ ++ __asm __volatile ("lock\n" \ ++ "\tcmpxchgw %w2, %1" \ + : "=a" (ret), "=m" (*mem) \ +- : "r" (newval), "m" (*mem), "0" (oldval), \ +- "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, multiple_threads))); \ ++ : "r" (newval), "m" (*mem), "0" (oldval)); \ + ret; }) + + #define __arch_c_compare_and_exchange_val_32_acq(mem, newval, oldval) \ + ({ __typeof (*mem) ret; \ +- __asm __volatile ("cmpl $0, %%gs:%P5\n\t" \ +- "je 0f\n\t" \ +- "lock\n" \ +- "0:\tcmpxchgl %2, %1" \ ++ __asm __volatile ("lock\n" \ ++ "\tcmpxchgl %2, %1" \ + : "=a" (ret), "=m" (*mem) \ +- : "r" (newval), "m" (*mem), "0" (oldval), \ +- "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, multiple_threads))); \ ++ : "r" (newval), "m" (*mem), "0" (oldval)); \ + ret; }) + + /* XXX We do not really need 64-bit compare-and-exchange. At least +@@ -148,10 +139,8 @@ + # define __arch_c_compare_and_exchange_val_64_acq(mem, newval, oldval) \ + ({ __typeof (*mem) ret; \ + __asm __volatile ("xchgl %2, %%ebx\n\t" \ +- "cmpl $0, %%gs:%P7\n\t" \ +- "je 0f\n\t" \ + "lock\n" \ +- "0:\tcmpxchg8b %1\n\t" \ ++ "\tcmpxchg8b %1\n\t" \ + "xchgl %2, %%ebx" \ + : "=A" (ret), "=m" (*mem) \ + : "DS" (((unsigned long long int) (newval)) \ +@@ -159,8 +148,7 @@ + "c" (((unsigned long long int) (newval)) >> 32), \ + "m" (*mem), "a" (((unsigned long long int) (oldval)) \ + & 0xffffffff), \ +- "d" (((unsigned long long int) (oldval)) >> 32), \ +- "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, multiple_threads))); \ ++ "d" (((unsigned long long int) (oldval)) >> 32)); \ + ret; }) + # else + # define __arch_compare_and_exchange_val_64_acq(mem, newval, oldval) \ +@@ -177,18 +165,15 @@ + + # define __arch_c_compare_and_exchange_val_64_acq(mem, newval, oldval) \ + ({ __typeof (*mem) ret; \ +- __asm __volatile ("cmpl $0, %%gs:%P7\n\t" \ +- "je 0f\n\t" \ +- "lock\n" \ +- "0:\tcmpxchg8b %1" \ ++ __asm __volatile ("lock\n" \ ++ "\tcmpxchg8b %1" \ + : "=A" (ret), "=m" (*mem) \ + : "b" (((unsigned long long int) (newval)) \ + & 0xffffffff), \ + "c" (((unsigned long long int) (newval)) >> 32), \ + "m" (*mem), "a" (((unsigned long long int) (oldval)) \ + & 0xffffffff), \ +- "d" (((unsigned long long int) (oldval)) >> 32), \ +- "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, multiple_threads))); \ ++ "d" (((unsigned long long int) (oldval)) >> 32)); \ + ret; }) + # endif + #endif +@@ -223,18 +208,15 @@ + if (sizeof (*mem) == 1) \ + __asm __volatile (lock "xaddb %b0, %1" \ + : "=q" (__result), "=m" (*mem) \ +- : "0" (__addval), "m" (*mem), \ +- "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, multiple_threads))); \ ++ : "0" (__addval), "m" (*mem)); \ + else if (sizeof (*mem) == 2) \ + __asm __volatile (lock "xaddw %w0, %1" \ + : "=r" (__result), "=m" (*mem) \ +- : "0" (__addval), "m" (*mem), \ +- "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, multiple_threads))); \ ++ : "0" (__addval), "m" (*mem)); \ + else if (sizeof (*mem) == 4) \ + __asm __volatile (lock "xaddl %0, %1" \ + : "=r" (__result), "=m" (*mem) \ +- : "0" (__addval), "m" (*mem), \ +- "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, multiple_threads))); \ ++ : "0" (__addval), "m" (*mem)); \ + else \ + { \ + __typeof (mem) __memp = (mem); \ +@@ -256,7 +238,7 @@ + #endif + + #define __arch_exchange_and_add_cprefix \ +- "cmpl $0, %%gs:%P4\n\tje 0f\n\tlock\n0:\t" ++ "lock\n\t" + + #define catomic_exchange_and_add(mem, value) \ + __arch_exchange_and_add_body (__arch_exchange_and_add_cprefix, __arch_c, \ +@@ -272,18 +254,15 @@ + else if (sizeof (*mem) == 1) \ + __asm __volatile (lock "addb %b1, %0" \ + : "=m" (*mem) \ +- : "iq" (value), "m" (*mem), \ +- "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, multiple_threads))); \ ++ : "iq" (value), "m" (*mem)); \ + else if (sizeof (*mem) == 2) \ + __asm __volatile (lock "addw %w1, %0" \ + : "=m" (*mem) \ +- : "ir" (value), "m" (*mem), \ +- "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, multiple_threads))); \ ++ : "ir" (value), "m" (*mem)); \ + else if (sizeof (*mem) == 4) \ + __asm __volatile (lock "addl %1, %0" \ + : "=m" (*mem) \ +- : "ir" (value), "m" (*mem), \ +- "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, multiple_threads))); \ ++ : "ir" (value), "m" (*mem)); \ + else \ + { \ + __typeof (value) __addval = (value); \ +@@ -301,7 +280,7 @@ + __arch_add_body (LOCK_PREFIX, __arch, mem, value) + + #define __arch_add_cprefix \ +- "cmpl $0, %%gs:%P3\n\tje 0f\n\tlock\n0:\t" ++ "lock\n\t" + + #define catomic_add(mem, value) \ + __arch_add_body (__arch_add_cprefix, __arch_c, mem, value) +@@ -350,18 +329,15 @@ + if (sizeof (*mem) == 1) \ + __asm __volatile (lock "incb %b0" \ + : "=m" (*mem) \ +- : "m" (*mem), \ +- "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, multiple_threads))); \ ++ : "m" (*mem)); \ + else if (sizeof (*mem) == 2) \ + __asm __volatile (lock "incw %w0" \ + : "=m" (*mem) \ +- : "m" (*mem), \ +- "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, multiple_threads))); \ ++ : "m" (*mem)); \ + else if (sizeof (*mem) == 4) \ + __asm __volatile (lock "incl %0" \ + : "=m" (*mem) \ +- : "m" (*mem), \ +- "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, multiple_threads))); \ ++ : "m" (*mem)); \ + else \ + { \ + __typeof (mem) __memp = (mem); \ +@@ -377,7 +353,7 @@ + #define atomic_increment(mem) __arch_increment_body (LOCK_PREFIX, __arch, mem) + + #define __arch_increment_cprefix \ +- "cmpl $0, %%gs:%P2\n\tje 0f\n\tlock\n0:\t" ++ "lock\n\t" + + #define catomic_increment(mem) \ + __arch_increment_body (__arch_increment_cprefix, __arch_c, mem) +@@ -407,18 +383,15 @@ + if (sizeof (*mem) == 1) \ + __asm __volatile (lock "decb %b0" \ + : "=m" (*mem) \ +- : "m" (*mem), \ +- "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, multiple_threads))); \ ++ : "m" (*mem)); \ + else if (sizeof (*mem) == 2) \ + __asm __volatile (lock "decw %w0" \ + : "=m" (*mem) \ +- : "m" (*mem), \ +- "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, multiple_threads))); \ ++ : "m" (*mem)); \ + else if (sizeof (*mem) == 4) \ + __asm __volatile (lock "decl %0" \ + : "=m" (*mem) \ +- : "m" (*mem), \ +- "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, multiple_threads))); \ ++ : "m" (*mem)); \ + else \ + { \ + __typeof (mem) __memp = (mem); \ +@@ -434,7 +407,7 @@ + #define atomic_decrement(mem) __arch_decrement_body (LOCK_PREFIX, __arch, mem) + + #define __arch_decrement_cprefix \ +- "cmpl $0, %%gs:%P2\n\tje 0f\n\tlock\n0:\t" ++ "lock\n\t" + + #define catomic_decrement(mem) \ + __arch_decrement_body (__arch_decrement_cprefix, __arch_c, mem) +@@ -505,24 +478,21 @@ + if (sizeof (*mem) == 1) \ + __asm __volatile (lock "andb %b1, %0" \ + : "=m" (*mem) \ +- : "iq" (mask), "m" (*mem), \ +- "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, multiple_threads))); \ ++ : "iq" (mask), "m" (*mem)); \ + else if (sizeof (*mem) == 2) \ + __asm __volatile (lock "andw %w1, %0" \ + : "=m" (*mem) \ +- : "ir" (mask), "m" (*mem), \ +- "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, multiple_threads))); \ ++ : "ir" (mask), "m" (*mem)); \ + else if (sizeof (*mem) == 4) \ + __asm __volatile (lock "andl %1, %0" \ + : "=m" (*mem) \ +- : "ir" (mask), "m" (*mem), \ +- "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, multiple_threads))); \ ++ : "ir" (mask), "m" (*mem)); \ + else \ + abort (); \ + } while (0) + + #define __arch_cprefix \ +- "cmpl $0, %%gs:%P3\n\tje 0f\n\tlock\n0:\t" ++ "lock\n\t" + + #define atomic_and(mem, mask) __arch_and_body (LOCK_PREFIX, mem, mask) + +@@ -534,18 +504,15 @@ + if (sizeof (*mem) == 1) \ + __asm __volatile (lock "orb %b1, %0" \ + : "=m" (*mem) \ +- : "iq" (mask), "m" (*mem), \ +- "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, multiple_threads))); \ ++ : "iq" (mask), "m" (*mem)); \ + else if (sizeof (*mem) == 2) \ + __asm __volatile (lock "orw %w1, %0" \ + : "=m" (*mem) \ +- : "ir" (mask), "m" (*mem), \ +- "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, multiple_threads))); \ ++ : "ir" (mask), "m" (*mem)); \ + else if (sizeof (*mem) == 4) \ + __asm __volatile (lock "orl %1, %0" \ + : "=m" (*mem) \ +- : "ir" (mask), "m" (*mem), \ +- "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, multiple_threads))); \ ++ : "ir" (mask), "m" (*mem)); \ + else \ + abort (); \ + } while (0) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-ioctl-decode-argument.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-ioctl-decode-argument.diff @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +2005-07-28 Samuel Thibault + + * ioctl.c (__ioctl): Add handling of parameter-less ioctls. + +2005-07-28 Samuel Thibault + + * ioctls.h (_IOIW): New macro for immediate-write ioctls. + +--- + sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/ioctls.h | 1 + + sysdeps/mach/hurd/ioctl.c | 16 ++++++++++------ + 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/ioctl.c ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/ioctl.c +@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ + void *p; + #endif + +- void *arg; ++ void *arg = NULL; + + error_t err; + +@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ + in (_IOT_COUNT1 (type), _IOT_TYPE1 (type)); + in (_IOT_COUNT2 (type), _IOT_TYPE2 (type)); + } +- else if (_IOC_INOUT (request) == IOC_VOID) ++ else if ((_IOC_INOUT (request) == IOC_VOID) && _IOT_COUNT0 (type)) + { + /* The RPC takes a single integer_t argument. + Rather than pointing to the value, ARG is the value itself. */ +@@ -209,11 +209,15 @@ + return msg.header.RetCode; + } + +- va_list ap; ++ if (_IOT_COUNT0 (type)) ++ { ++ /* Data need either be sent, received, or even both. */ ++ va_list ap; + +- va_start (ap, request); +- arg = va_arg (ap, void *); +- va_end (ap); ++ va_start (ap, request); ++ arg = va_arg (ap, void *); ++ va_end (ap); ++ } + + { + /* Check for a registered handler for REQUEST. */ +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/ioctls.h ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/ioctls.h +@@ -158,6 +158,7 @@ + _IOT_foobar is defined either in this file, + or where struct foobar is defined. */ + #define _IO(g, n) _IOC (IOC_VOID, (g), (n), 0) ++#define _IOIW(g, n, t) _IOC (IOC_VOID, (g), (n), _IOC_ENCODE_TYPE (t)) + #define _IOR(g, n, t) _IOC (IOC_OUT, (g), (n), _IOC_ENCODE_TYPE (t)) + #define _IOW(g, n, t) _IOC (IOC_IN, (g), (n), _IOC_ENCODE_TYPE (t)) + #define _IOWR(g, n, t) _IOC (IOC_INOUT, (g), (n), _IOC_ENCODE_TYPE (t)) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-dl-sysdep.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-dl-sysdep.diff @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +2009-01-31 Samuel Thibault + + * sysdeps/mach/hurd/dl-sysdep.c: Include code only #ifdef SHARED. + +--- + sysdeps/mach/hurd/dl-sysdep.c | 4 ++++ + 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+) + +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/dl-sysdep.c ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/dl-sysdep.c +@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@ + #include + #include + ++#ifdef SHARED ++ + extern void __mach_init (void); + + extern int _dl_argc; +@@ -668,3 +670,5 @@ + { + /* This no-op definition only gets used if libc is not linked in. */ + } ++ ++#endif /* SHARED */ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-mlock.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-mlock.diff @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +2006-01-18 Samuel Thibault + + Fix mlock() in all cases except non-readable pages. + + * glibc/sysdeps/mach/hurd/mlock.c (mlock): Give VM_PROT_READ + instead of VM_PROT_ALL as parameter to __vm_wire function. + +--- + sysdeps/mach/hurd/mlock.c | 2 +- + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/mlock.c ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/mlock.c +@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ + page = trunc_page ((vm_address_t) addr); + len = round_page ((vm_address_t) addr + len) - page; + err = __vm_wire (hostpriv, __mach_task_self (), page, len, +- VM_PROT_ALL); /* XXX ? */ ++ VM_PROT_READ); + __mach_port_deallocate (__mach_task_self (), hostpriv); + + return err ? __hurd_fail (err) : 0; --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-tls.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-tls.diff @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +For now errno is still a threadvar variable. + +--- + include/errno.h | 2 +- + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/include/errno.h ++++ b/include/errno.h +@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ + + # include + +-# if USE___THREAD ++# if USE___THREAD && !defined(__GNU__) + # undef errno + # ifndef NOT_IN_libc + # define errno __libc_errno --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-stat.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-stat.diff @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +Needed for HEAD and glibc-2_7-branch. + + + + +Reported on . + + +2007-10-05 Thomas Schwinge + + * sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/stat.h (struct stat): Align to what is done + for Linux: use nsec instead of usec, as well as: + [__USE_MISC] (st_atim, st_mtim, st_ctim): Provide these ``struct + timespec''s. + (struct stat64): Likewise. + (_STATBUF_ST_NSEC): Define. + * sysdeps/mach/hurd/xstatconv.c (xstat64_conv): Adapt to that. + +--- + sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/stat.h | 56 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------- + sysdeps/mach/hurd/xstatconv.c | 9 ++---- + 2 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/xstatconv.c ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/xstatconv.c +@@ -42,12 +42,9 @@ + buf->st_uid = buf64->st_uid; + buf->st_gid = buf64->st_gid; + buf->st_size = buf64->st_size; +- buf->st_atime = buf64->st_atime; +- buf->st_atime_usec = buf64->st_atime_usec; +- buf->st_mtime = buf64->st_mtime; +- buf->st_mtime_usec = buf64->st_mtime_usec; +- buf->st_ctime = buf64->st_ctime; +- buf->st_ctime_usec = buf64->st_ctime_usec; ++ buf->st_atim = buf64->st_atim; ++ buf->st_mtim = buf64->st_mtim; ++ buf->st_ctim = buf64->st_ctim; + buf->st_blksize = buf64->st_blksize; + buf->st_blocks = buf64->st_blocks; + buf->st_author = buf64->st_author; +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/stat.h ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/stat.h +@@ -55,12 +55,27 @@ + __off64_t st_size; /* Size in bytes. */ + #endif + +- __time_t st_atime; /* Access time, seconds */ +- unsigned long int st_atime_usec; /* and microseconds. */ +- __time_t st_mtime; /* Modification time, seconds */ +- unsigned long int st_mtime_usec; /* and microseconds. */ +- __time_t st_ctime; /* Status change time, seconds */ +- unsigned long int st_ctime_usec; /* and microseconds. */ ++#ifdef __USE_MISC ++ /* Nanosecond resolution timestamps are stored in a format ++ equivalent to 'struct timespec'. This is the type used ++ whenever possible but the Unix namespace rules do not allow the ++ identifier 'timespec' to appear in the header. ++ Therefore we have to handle the use of this header in strictly ++ standard-compliant sources special. */ ++ struct timespec st_atim; /* Time of last access. */ ++ struct timespec st_mtim; /* Time of last modification. */ ++ struct timespec st_ctim; /* Time of last status change. */ ++# define st_atime st_atim.tv_sec /* Backward compatibility. */ ++# define st_mtime st_mtim.tv_sec ++# define st_ctime st_ctim.tv_sec ++#else ++ __time_t st_atime; /* Time of last access. */ ++ unsigned long int st_atimensec; /* Nscecs of last access. */ ++ __time_t st_mtime; /* Time of last modification. */ ++ unsigned long int st_mtimensec; /* Nsecs of last modification. */ ++ __time_t st_ctime; /* Time of last status change. */ ++ unsigned long int st_ctimensec; /* Nsecs of last status change. */ ++#endif + + __blksize_t st_blksize; /* Optimal size for I/O. */ + +@@ -104,12 +119,24 @@ + + __off64_t st_size; /* Size in bytes. */ + +- __time_t st_atime; /* Access time, seconds */ +- unsigned long int st_atime_usec; /* and microseconds. */ +- __time_t st_mtime; /* Modification time, seconds */ +- unsigned long int st_mtime_usec; /* and microseconds. */ +- __time_t st_ctime; /* Status change time, seconds */ +- unsigned long int st_ctime_usec; /* and microseconds. */ ++#ifdef __USE_MISC ++ /* Nanosecond resolution timestamps are stored in a format ++ equivalent to 'struct timespec'. This is the type used ++ whenever possible but the Unix namespace rules do not allow the ++ identifier 'timespec' to appear in the header. ++ Therefore we have to handle the use of this header in strictly ++ standard-compliant sources special. */ ++ struct timespec st_atim; /* Time of last access. */ ++ struct timespec st_mtim; /* Time of last modification. */ ++ struct timespec st_ctim; /* Time of last status change. */ ++#else ++ __time_t st_atime; /* Time of last access. */ ++ unsigned long int st_atimensec; /* Nscecs of last access. */ ++ __time_t st_mtime; /* Time of last modification. */ ++ unsigned long int st_mtimensec; /* Nsecs of last modification. */ ++ __time_t st_ctime; /* Time of last status change. */ ++ unsigned long int st_ctimensec; /* Nsecs of last status change. */ ++#endif + + __blksize_t st_blksize; /* Optimal size for I/O. */ + +@@ -127,7 +154,10 @@ + }; + #endif + +-#define _STATBUF_ST_BLKSIZE /* Tell code we have this member. */ ++/* Tell code we have these members. */ ++#define _STATBUF_ST_BLKSIZE ++/* Nanosecond resolution time values are supported. */ ++#define _STATBUF_ST_NSEC + + /* Encoding of the file mode. */ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-ECANCELED.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-ECANCELED.diff @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- + sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/errno.h | 6 +++--- + 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/errno.h ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/errno.h +@@ -212,8 +212,8 @@ + #define EPROTO _HURD_ERRNO (116)/* Protocol error */ + ETIME = _HURD_ERRNO (117), + #define ETIME _HURD_ERRNO (117)/* Timer expired */ +- ECANCELED = _HURD_ERRNO (118), +-#define ECANCELED _HURD_ERRNO (118)/* Operation canceled */ ++ ECANCELED = _HURD_ERRNO (119), ++#define ECANCELED _HURD_ERRNO (119)/* Operation canceled */ + + /* Errors from . */ + EMACH_SEND_IN_PROGRESS = 0x10000001, +@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ + + }; + +-#define _HURD_ERRNOS 119 ++#define _HURD_ERRNOS 120 + + /* User-visible type of error codes. It is ok to use `int' or + `kern_return_t' for these, but with `error_t' the debugger prints --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-dup2-fix.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-dup2-fix.diff @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- + sysdeps/mach/hurd/dup2.c | 7 +++---- + 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/dup2.c ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/dup2.c +@@ -68,15 +68,14 @@ + /* Get a hold of the destination descriptor. */ + struct hurd_fd *d2; + ++ __mutex_lock (&_hurd_dtable_lock); ++ + if (fd2 >= _hurd_dtablesize) + { + /* The table is not large enough to hold the destination + descriptor. Enlarge it as necessary to allocate this + descriptor. */ + __mutex_unlock (&_hurd_dtable_lock); +- /* We still hold FD1's lock, but this is safe because +- _hurd_alloc_fd will only examine the cells starting +- at FD2. */ + d2 = _hurd_alloc_fd (NULL, fd2); + if (d2) + __spin_unlock (&d2->port.lock); +@@ -96,6 +95,7 @@ + MACH_PORT_NULL); + } + } ++ __mutex_unlock (&_hurd_dtable_lock); + + if (d2 == NULL) + { +@@ -119,7 +119,6 @@ + _hurd_port_locked_set (&d2->port, port); /* Unlocks D2. */ + } + } +- __mutex_unlock (&_hurd_dtable_lock); + + _hurd_port_free (&d->port, &ulink, port); + if (ctty != MACH_PORT_NULL) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-strtoul.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-strtoul.diff @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +2007-11-02 Aurelien Jarno + + * hurd/lookup-retry.c (__hurd_file_name_lookup_retry): Use + __strtoul_internal instead of strtoul. + +--- + hurd/lookup-retry.c | 2 +- + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/hurd/lookup-retry.c ++++ b/hurd/lookup-retry.c +@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ + char *end; + int save = errno; + errno = 0; +- fd = (int) strtoul (&retryname[3], &end, 10); ++ fd = (int) __strtoul_internal (&retryname[3], &end, 10, 0); + if (end == NULL || errno || /* Malformed number. */ + /* Check for excess text after the number. A slash + is valid; it ends the component. Anything else --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-gcc-4.1-init-first.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-gcc-4.1-init-first.diff @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +2007-07-22 Thomas Schwinge + + * sysdeps/mach/hurd/i386/init-first.c: Undo parts of Roland's `r 1.43' + to `r 1.44' changes. + (_hurd_stack_setup): Take a ``void *'' argument. Save the caller into + CALLER and pass that one on. + (init): Avoid an ugly typecast. + +--- + sysdeps/mach/hurd/i386/init-first.c | 16 ++++++++-------- + 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/i386/init-first.c ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/i386/init-first.c +@@ -334,11 +334,11 @@ + stack set up just as the user will see it, so it can switch stacks. */ + + void +-_dl_init_first (void) ++_dl_init_first (int argc, ...) + { + first_init (); + +- init ((int *) __builtin_frame_address (0) + 2); ++ init (&argc); + } + #endif + +@@ -365,23 +365,23 @@ + This poorly-named function is called by static-start.S, + which should not exist at all. */ + void +-_hurd_stack_setup (void) ++_hurd_stack_setup (void *arg, ...) + { +- intptr_t caller = (intptr_t) __builtin_return_address (0); ++ void *caller = (&arg)[-1]; + + void doinit (intptr_t *data) + { + /* This function gets called with the argument data at TOS. */ +- void doinit1 (void) ++ void doinit1 (volatile int argc, ...) + { +- init ((int *) __builtin_frame_address (0) + 2); ++ init ((int *) &argc); + } + + /* Push the user return address after the argument data, and then + jump to `doinit1' (above), so it is as if __libc_init_first's + caller had called `doinit1' with the argument data already on the + stack. */ +- *--data = caller; ++ *--data = (intptr_t) caller; + asm volatile ("movl %0, %%esp\n" /* Switch to new outermost stack. */ + "movl $0, %%ebp\n" /* Clear outermost frame pointer. */ + "jmp *%1" : : "r" (data), "r" (&doinit1) : "sp"); +@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ + + first_init (); + +- _hurd_startup ((void **) __builtin_frame_address (0) + 2, &doinit); ++ _hurd_startup (&arg, &doinit); + } + #endif + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-pthread-unsupported-stubs.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-pthread-unsupported-stubs.diff @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- + include/stubs-biarch.h | 2 ++ + 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) + +--- a/include/stubs-biarch.h ++++ b/include/stubs-biarch.h +@@ -10,3 +10,5 @@ + #else + # error "unexpected value for __WORDSIZE macro" + #endif ++ ++#include --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-ptr-mangle.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-ptr-mangle.diff @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +2007-11-12 Aurelien Jarno + Thomas Schwinge + + * sysdeps/mach/i386/sysdep.h (PTR_MANGLE, PTR_DEMANGLE): Define. + +--- + sysdeps/mach/i386/sysdep.h | 9 +++++++++ + 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+) + +--- a/sysdeps/mach/i386/sysdep.h ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/i386/sysdep.h +@@ -55,6 +55,15 @@ + + #define STACK_GROWTH_DOWN + ++/* Pointer mangling is not yet supported for Hurd. */ ++#ifdef __ASSEMBLER__ ++#define PTR_MANGLE(var) ++#define PTR_DEMANGLE(var) ++#else ++#define PTR_MANGLE(var) (void) (var) ++#define PTR_DEMANGLE(var) (void) (var) ++#endif ++ + /* Get the machine-independent Mach definitions. */ + #include + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-msg-nosignal.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-msg-nosignal.diff @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +This is not a proper fix, but a workaround that is needed on HEAD. (Have +to check glibc-2_5-branch.) Reported on +. + +We need to keep this until a newer hurd package gets compiled with MSG_NOSIGNAL +support (>= 20080921). + +--- + resolv/res_send.c | 2 ++ + 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) + +--- a/resolv/res_send.c ++++ b/resolv/res_send.c +@@ -102,6 +102,8 @@ + #define MAXPACKET 65536 + #endif + ++#undef MSG_NOSIGNAL ++#define MSG_NOSIGNAL 0 + + /* From ev_streams.c. */ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-tls-support.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-tls-support.diff @@ -0,0 +1,508 @@ +--- + csu/libc-start.c | 2 + + hurd/hurdfault.c | 2 + + hurd/hurdsig.c | 4 +- + mach/mach.h | 3 + + mach/setup-thread.c | 30 +++++++++++++++- + ports/sysdeps/mach/alpha/thread_state.h | 1 + sysdeps/generic/thread_state.h | 1 + sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/libc-lock.h | 3 + + sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/libc-tsd.h | 35 ------------------ + sysdeps/mach/hurd/fork.c | 7 +++ + sysdeps/mach/hurd/i386/init-first.c | 60 +++++++++++++++++++------------- + sysdeps/mach/hurd/i386/tls.h | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++-- + sysdeps/mach/hurd/i386/tlsdesc.sym | 17 +++++++++ + sysdeps/mach/hurd/i386/trampoline.c | 2 - + sysdeps/mach/hurd/profil.c | 2 + + sysdeps/mach/hurd/setitimer.c | 3 + + sysdeps/mach/hurd/tls.h | 1 + sysdeps/mach/i386/thread_state.h | 11 +++++ + sysdeps/mach/powerpc/thread_state.h | 1 + sysdeps/mach/thread_state.h | 3 + + 20 files changed, 161 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-) + +--- a/csu/libc-start.c ++++ b/csu/libc-start.c +@@ -134,10 +134,12 @@ + } + # endif + ++#ifndef __GNU__ + /* Initialize the thread library at least a bit since the libgcc + functions are using thread functions if these are available and + we need to setup errno. */ + __pthread_initialize_minimal (); ++#endif + + /* Set up the stack checker's canary. */ + uintptr_t stack_chk_guard = _dl_setup_stack_chk_guard (_dl_random); +--- a/hurd/hurdfault.c ++++ b/hurd/hurdfault.c +@@ -206,6 +206,8 @@ + /* This state will be restored when we fault. + It runs the function above. */ + memset (&state, 0, sizeof state); ++ ++ MACHINE_THREAD_STATE_FIX_NEW (&state); + MACHINE_THREAD_STATE_SET_PC (&state, faulted); + MACHINE_THREAD_STATE_SET_SP (&state, faultstack, sizeof faultstack); + +--- a/hurd/hurdsig.c ++++ b/hurd/hurdsig.c +@@ -1268,6 +1268,8 @@ + (vm_address_t *) &__hurd_sigthread_stack_base, + &stacksize); + assert_perror (err); ++ err = __mach_setup_tls (_hurd_msgport_thread); ++ assert_perror (err); + + __hurd_sigthread_stack_end = __hurd_sigthread_stack_base + stacksize; + __hurd_sigthread_variables = +@@ -1276,8 +1278,6 @@ + __libc_fatal ("hurd: Can't allocate threadvars for signal thread\n"); + memset (__hurd_sigthread_variables, 0, + __hurd_threadvar_max * sizeof (unsigned long int)); +- __hurd_sigthread_variables[_HURD_THREADVAR_LOCALE] +- = (unsigned long int) &_nl_global_locale; + + /* Reinitialize the MiG support routines so they will use a per-thread + variable for the cached reply port. */ +--- a/mach/mach.h ++++ b/mach/mach.h +@@ -101,5 +101,8 @@ + vm_address_t *stack_base, + vm_size_t *stack_size); + ++/* Give THREAD a TLS area. */ ++kern_return_t __mach_setup_tls (thread_t thread); ++kern_return_t mach_setup_tls (thread_t thread); + + #endif /* mach.h */ +--- a/mach/setup-thread.c ++++ b/mach/setup-thread.c +@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ + #include + #include + #include ++#include + #include "sysdep.h" /* Defines stack direction. */ + + #define STACK_SIZE (16 * 1024 * 1024) /* 16MB, arbitrary. */ +@@ -73,8 +74,35 @@ + if (error = __vm_protect (task, stack, __vm_page_size, 0, VM_PROT_NONE)) + return error; + +- return __thread_set_state (thread, MACHINE_THREAD_STATE_FLAVOR, ++ return __thread_set_state (thread, MACHINE_NEW_THREAD_STATE_FLAVOR, + (natural_t *) &ts, tssize); + } + + weak_alias (__mach_setup_thread, mach_setup_thread) ++ ++/* Give THREAD a TLS area. */ ++kern_return_t ++__mach_setup_tls (thread_t thread) ++{ ++ kern_return_t error; ++ struct machine_thread_state ts; ++ mach_msg_type_number_t tssize = MACHINE_THREAD_STATE_COUNT; ++ tcbhead_t *tcb; ++ ++ if (error = __thread_get_state (thread, MACHINE_THREAD_STATE_FLAVOR, ++ (natural_t *) &ts, &tssize)) ++ return error; ++ assert (tssize == MACHINE_THREAD_STATE_COUNT); ++ ++ tcb = _dl_allocate_tls(NULL); ++ if (!tcb) ++ return KERN_RESOURCE_SHORTAGE; ++ ++ _hurd_tls_new(thread, &ts, tcb); ++ ++ error = __thread_set_state (thread, MACHINE_THREAD_STATE_FLAVOR, ++ (natural_t *) &ts, tssize); ++ return error; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__mach_setup_tls, mach_setup_tls) +--- a/sysdeps/generic/thread_state.h ++++ b/sysdeps/generic/thread_state.h +@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ + + /* Replace with "i386" or "mips" or whatever. */ + ++#define MACHINE_NEW_THREAD_STATE_FLAVOR _NEW_THREAD_STATE + #define MACHINE_THREAD_STATE_FLAVOR _THREAD_STATE + #define MACHINE_THREAD_STATE_COUNT _THREAD_STATE_COUNT + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/mach/alpha/thread_state.h ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/mach/alpha/thread_state.h +@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ + + #include + ++#define MACHINE_NEW_THREAD_STATE_FLAVOR ALPHA_THREAD_STATE + #define MACHINE_THREAD_STATE_FLAVOR ALPHA_THREAD_STATE + #define MACHINE_THREAD_STATE_COUNT ALPHA_THREAD_STATE_COUNT + +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/libc-tsd.h ++++ /dev/null +@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@ +-/* libc-internal interface for thread-specific data. Hurd version. +- Copyright (C) 1998,2002,2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +- This file is part of the GNU C Library. +- +- The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or +- modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public +- License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either +- version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. +- +- The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +- Lesser General Public License for more details. +- +- You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public +- License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free +- Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA +- 02111-1307 USA. */ +- +-#ifndef _BITS_LIBC_TSD_H +-#define _BITS_LIBC_TSD_H 1 +- +-#include +- +-#define __libc_tsd_define(CLASS, TYPE, KEY) /* nothing, always have threadvars */ +- +-#define __libc_tsd_address(TYPE, KEY) \ +- ((TYPE *) __hurd_threadvar_location (_HURD_THREADVAR_##KEY)) +- +-#define __libc_tsd_get(TYPE, KEY) \ +- (*__libc_tsd_address (TYPE, KEY)) +-#define __libc_tsd_set(TYPE, KEY, VALUE) \ +- (*__libc_tsd_address (TYPE, KEY) = (VALUE)) +- +-#endif /* bits/libc-tsd.h */ +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/fork.c ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/fork.c +@@ -523,6 +523,11 @@ + #endif + MACHINE_THREAD_STATE_SET_PC (&state, + (unsigned long int) _hurd_msgport_receive); ++ ++ /* Do special thread setup for TLS if needed. */ ++ if (err = _hurd_tls_fork (sigthread, _hurd_msgport_thread, &state)) ++ LOSE; ++ + if (err = __thread_set_state (sigthread, MACHINE_THREAD_STATE_FLAVOR, + (natural_t *) &state, statecount)) + LOSE; +@@ -533,7 +538,7 @@ + _hurd_longjmp_thread_state (&state, env, 1); + + /* Do special thread setup for TLS if needed. */ +- if (err = _hurd_tls_fork (thread, &state)) ++ if (err = _hurd_tls_fork (thread, __mach_thread_self (), &state)) + LOSE; + + if (err = __thread_set_state (thread, MACHINE_THREAD_STATE_FLAVOR, +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/i386/init-first.c ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/i386/init-first.c +@@ -104,10 +104,6 @@ + char **argv = &arg0; + char **envp = &argv[argc + 1]; + struct hurd_startup_data *d; +-#ifndef SHARED +- extern ElfW(Phdr) *_dl_phdr; +- extern size_t _dl_phnum; +-#endif + + while (*envp) + ++envp; +@@ -118,27 +114,9 @@ + data block; the argument strings start there. */ + if ((void *) d == argv[0]) + { +-#ifndef SHARED +- /* We may need to see our own phdrs, e.g. for TLS setup. +- Try the usual kludge to find the headers without help from +- the exec server. */ +- extern const void _start; +- const ElfW(Ehdr) *const ehdr = &_start; +- _dl_phdr = (ElfW(Phdr) *) ((const void *) ehdr + ehdr->e_phoff); +- _dl_phnum = ehdr->e_phnum; +- assert (ehdr->e_phentsize == sizeof (ElfW(Phdr))); +-#endif + return; + } + +-#ifndef SHARED +- __libc_enable_secure = d->flags & EXEC_SECURE; +- +- _dl_phdr = (ElfW(Phdr) *) d->phdr; +- _dl_phnum = d->phdrsz / sizeof (ElfW(Phdr)); +- assert (d->phdrsz % sizeof (ElfW(Phdr)) == 0); +-#endif +- + _hurd_init_dtable = d->dtable; + _hurd_init_dtablesize = d->dtablesize; + +@@ -172,13 +150,16 @@ + char **envp = &argv[argc + 1]; + struct hurd_startup_data *d; + unsigned long int threadvars[_HURD_THREADVAR_MAX]; ++#ifndef SHARED ++ extern ElfW(Phdr) *_dl_phdr; ++ extern size_t _dl_phnum; ++#endif + + /* Provide temporary storage for thread-specific variables on the + startup stack so the cthreads initialization code can use them + for malloc et al, or so we can use malloc below for the real + threadvars array. */ + memset (threadvars, 0, sizeof threadvars); +- threadvars[_HURD_THREADVAR_LOCALE] = (unsigned long int) &_nl_global_locale; + __hurd_threadvar_stack_offset = (unsigned long int) threadvars; + + /* Since the cthreads initialization code uses malloc, and the +@@ -192,6 +173,39 @@ + ++envp; + d = (void *) ++envp; + ++ /* If we are the bootstrap task started by the kernel, ++ then after the environment pointers there is no Hurd ++ data block; the argument strings start there. */ ++ if ((void *) d == argv[0]) ++ { ++#ifndef SHARED ++ /* We may need to see our own phdrs, e.g. for TLS setup. ++ Try the usual kludge to find the headers without help from ++ the exec server. */ ++ extern const void __executable_start; ++ const ElfW(Ehdr) *const ehdr = &__executable_start; ++ _dl_phdr = (ElfW(Phdr) *) ((const void *) ehdr + ehdr->e_phoff); ++ _dl_phnum = ehdr->e_phnum; ++ assert (ehdr->e_phentsize == sizeof (ElfW(Phdr))); ++#endif ++ } ++ else ++ { ++#ifndef SHARED ++ __libc_enable_secure = d->flags & EXEC_SECURE; ++ ++ _dl_phdr = (ElfW(Phdr) *) d->phdr; ++ _dl_phnum = d->phdrsz / sizeof (ElfW(Phdr)); ++ assert (d->phdrsz % sizeof (ElfW(Phdr)) == 0); ++#endif ++ } ++ ++#ifndef SHARED ++ /* We need to setup TLS before starting sigthread */ ++ extern void __pthread_initialize_minimal(void); ++ __pthread_initialize_minimal(); ++#endif ++ + /* The user might have defined a value for this, to get more variables. + Otherwise it will be zero on startup. We must make sure it is set + properly before before cthreads initialization, so cthreads can know +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/i386/tls.h ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/i386/tls.h +@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ + /* Fetch the selector set by the first call. */ + int sel; + asm ("mov %%gs, %w0" : "=q" (sel) : "0" (0)); +- if (__builtin_expect (sel, 0x50) & 4) /* LDT selector */ ++ if (__builtin_expect (sel, 0x48) & 4) /* LDT selector */ + { + error_t err = __i386_set_ldt (tcb->self, sel, &desc, 1); + assert_perror (err); +@@ -142,9 +142,40 @@ + + #include + +-/* Set up TLS in the new thread of a fork child, copying from our own. */ ++/* Set up TLS in the new thread of a fork child, copying from the original. */ + static inline error_t __attribute__ ((unused)) +-_hurd_tls_fork (thread_t child, struct i386_thread_state *state) ++_hurd_tls_fork (thread_t child, thread_t orig, struct i386_thread_state *state) ++{ ++ /* Fetch the selector set by _hurd_tls_init. */ ++ int sel; ++ asm ("mov %%gs, %w0" : "=q" (sel) : "0" (0)); ++ if (sel == state->ds) /* _hurd_tls_init was never called. */ ++ return 0; ++ ++ struct descriptor desc, *_desc = &desc; ++ error_t err; ++ unsigned int count; ++ ++ if (__builtin_expect (sel, 0x48) & 4) /* LDT selector */ ++ err = __i386_get_ldt (orig, sel, 1, &_desc, &count); ++ else ++ err = __i386_get_gdt (orig, sel, &desc); ++ ++ assert_perror (err); ++ if (err) ++ return err; ++ ++ if (__builtin_expect (sel, 0x48) & 4) /* LDT selector */ ++ err = __i386_set_ldt (child, sel, &desc, 1); ++ else ++ err = __i386_set_gdt (child, &sel, desc); ++ ++ state->gs = sel; ++ return err; ++} ++ ++static inline error_t __attribute__ ((unused)) ++_hurd_tls_new (thread_t child, struct i386_thread_state *state, tcbhead_t *tcb) + { + /* Fetch the selector set by _hurd_tls_init. */ + int sel; +@@ -152,11 +183,13 @@ + if (sel == state->ds) /* _hurd_tls_init was never called. */ + return 0; + +- tcbhead_t *const tcb = THREAD_SELF; + HURD_TLS_DESC_DECL (desc, tcb); + error_t err; + +- if (__builtin_expect (sel, 0x50) & 4) /* LDT selector */ ++ tcb->tcb = tcb; ++ tcb->self = child; ++ ++ if (__builtin_expect (sel, 0x48) & 4) /* LDT selector */ + err = __i386_set_ldt (child, sel, &desc, 1); + else + err = __i386_set_gdt (child, &sel, desc); +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/i386/trampoline.c ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/i386/trampoline.c +@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ + sizeof (state->basic)); + memcpy (&state->fpu, &ss->context->sc_i386_float_state, + sizeof (state->fpu)); +- state->set |= (1 << i386_THREAD_STATE) | (1 << i386_FLOAT_STATE); ++ state->set |= (1 << i386_REGS_SEGS_STATE) | (1 << i386_FLOAT_STATE); + } + } + +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/profil.c ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/profil.c +@@ -69,6 +69,8 @@ + if (! err) + err = __mach_setup_thread (__mach_task_self (), profile_thread, + &profile_waiter, NULL, NULL); ++ if (! err) ++ err = __mach_setup_tls(profile_thread); + } + else + err = 0; +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/setitimer.c ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/setitimer.c +@@ -223,11 +223,12 @@ + return __hurd_fail (err); + _hurd_itimer_thread_stack_base = 0; /* Anywhere. */ + _hurd_itimer_thread_stack_size = __vm_page_size; /* Small stack. */ +- if (err = __mach_setup_thread (__mach_task_self (), ++ if ((err = __mach_setup_thread (__mach_task_self (), + _hurd_itimer_thread, + &timer_thread, + &_hurd_itimer_thread_stack_base, + &_hurd_itimer_thread_stack_size)) ++ || (err = __mach_setup_tls(_hurd_itimer_thread))) + { + __thread_terminate (_hurd_itimer_thread); + _hurd_itimer_thread = MACH_PORT_NULL; +--- a/sysdeps/mach/i386/thread_state.h ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/i386/thread_state.h +@@ -19,7 +19,8 @@ + + #include + +-#define MACHINE_THREAD_STATE_FLAVOR i386_THREAD_STATE ++#define MACHINE_NEW_THREAD_STATE_FLAVOR i386_THREAD_STATE ++#define MACHINE_THREAD_STATE_FLAVOR i386_REGS_SEGS_STATE + #define MACHINE_THREAD_STATE_COUNT i386_THREAD_STATE_COUNT + + #define machine_thread_state i386_thread_state +@@ -28,6 +29,14 @@ + #define SP uesp + #define SYSRETURN eax + ++#define MACHINE_THREAD_STATE_FIX_NEW(ts) do { \ ++ asm ("mov %%cs, %w0" : "=q" ((ts)->cs)); \ ++ asm ("mov %%ds, %w0" : "=q" ((ts)->ds)); \ ++ asm ("mov %%es, %w0" : "=q" ((ts)->es)); \ ++ asm ("mov %%fs, %w0" : "=q" ((ts)->fs)); \ ++ asm ("mov %%gs, %w0" : "=q" ((ts)->gs)); \ ++} while(0) ++ + struct machine_thread_all_state + { + int set; /* Mask of bits (1 << FLAVOR). */ +--- a/sysdeps/mach/powerpc/thread_state.h ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/powerpc/thread_state.h +@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ + + #include + ++#define MACHINE_NEW_THREAD_STATE_FLAVOR PPC_THREAD_STATE + #define MACHINE_THREAD_STATE_FLAVOR PPC_THREAD_STATE + #define MACHINE_THREAD_STATE_COUNT PPC_THREAD_STATE_COUNT + +--- a/sysdeps/mach/thread_state.h ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/thread_state.h +@@ -38,6 +38,9 @@ + ((ts)->SP = (unsigned long int) (stack) + (size)) + #endif + #endif ++#ifndef MACHINE_THREAD_STATE_FIX_NEW ++#define MACHINE_THREAD_STATE_FIX_NEW(ts) ++#endif + + /* These functions are of use in machine-dependent signal trampoline + implementations. */ +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/libc-lock.h ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/libc-lock.h +@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@ + #define _BITS_LIBC_LOCK_H 1 + + #if (_LIBC - 0) || (_CTHREADS_ - 0) ++#if (_LIBC - 0) ++#include ++#endif + #include + #include + +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/tls.h ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/tls.h +@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ + #if defined HAVE_TLS_SUPPORT && !defined __ASSEMBLER__ + + # include ++# include + # include ++# include + # include + # include + +--- /dev/null ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/i386/tlsdesc.sym +@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++-- ++ ++-- Abuse tls.h macros to derive offsets relative to the thread register. ++ ++DTV_OFFSET offsetof(tcbhead_t, dtv) ++ ++TLSDESC_ARG offsetof(struct tlsdesc, arg) ++ ++TLSDESC_GEN_COUNT offsetof(struct tlsdesc_dynamic_arg, gen_count) ++TLSDESC_MODID offsetof(struct tlsdesc_dynamic_arg, tlsinfo.ti_module) ++TLSDESC_MODOFF offsetof(struct tlsdesc_dynamic_arg, tlsinfo.ti_offset) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-itimer-lock.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-itimer-lock.diff @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +2009-02-01 Samuel Thibault + + * sysdeps/mach/hurd/setitimer.c (setitimer_locked): Use common exit path + instead of returning without unlocking. + +--- + sysdeps/mach/hurd/setitimer.c | 2 +- + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/setitimer.c ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/setitimer.c +@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ + /* Start up the itimer thread running `timer_thread' (below). */ + if (err = __thread_create (__mach_task_self (), + &_hurd_itimer_thread)) +- return __hurd_fail (err); ++ goto out; + _hurd_itimer_thread_stack_base = 0; /* Anywhere. */ + _hurd_itimer_thread_stack_size = __vm_page_size; /* Small stack. */ + if ((err = __mach_setup_thread (__mach_task_self (), --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-pthread_types.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-pthread_types.diff @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +--- + sysdep/mach/hurd/bits/pthreadtypes.h | 1 + + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) + +--- /dev/null ++++ b/sysdep/mach/hurd/bits/pthreadtypes.h +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-check_native.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-check_native.diff @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- + sysdeps/mach/hurd/check_native.c | 27 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+) + +--- /dev/null ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/check_native.c +@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ ++/* Determine whether interfaces use native transport. Dummy version. ++ Copyright (C) 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++void ++__check_native (uint32_t a1_index, int *a1_native, ++ uint32_t a2_index, int *a2_native) ++{ ++#warning __check_native() not yet implemented ++} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-enable-ldconfig.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-enable-ldconfig.diff @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +# DP: Description: Enable ldconfig and such on hurd-i386 +# DP: Author: Jeff Bailey +# DP: Related Bugs: #309489 +# DP: Upstream status: Not submitted +# DP: Status Details: Upstream disagrees with this patch, but I'm +# DP: putting it in so that we have expected Debian behaviour on the +# DP: Hurd. We should review this when the ELF standard supports runpath. +# DP: Date: 08 Apr 2003 + +--- + elf/ldconfig.c | 4 ++++ + sysdeps/mach/hurd/configure | 2 ++ + sysdeps/mach/hurd/configure.in | 2 ++ + sysdeps/mach/hurd/dl-cache.c | 29 ----------------------------- + 4 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/configure ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/configure +@@ -90,3 +90,5 @@ + echo "$as_me: error: Hurd headers not installed or too old" >&2;} + { (exit 1); exit 1; }; } + fi ++ ++use_ldconfig=yes +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/configure.in ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/configure.in +@@ -36,3 +36,5 @@ + if test "x$libc_cv_hurd_version" != xok; then + AC_MSG_ERROR(Hurd headers not installed or too old) + fi ++ ++use_ldconfig=yes +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/dl-cache.c ++++ /dev/null +@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@ +-/* Stubby version of dl-cache; the Hurd doesn't support this "feature". +- Copyright (C) 1996, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +- This file is part of the GNU C Library. +- +- The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or +- modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public +- License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either +- version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. +- +- The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +- Lesser General Public License for more details. +- +- You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public +- License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free +- Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA +- 02111-1307 USA. */ +- +-const char * +-_dl_load_cache_lookup (const char *name) +-{ +- return 0; +-} +- +-void +-_dl_unload_cache (void) +-{ +-} +--- a/elf/ldconfig.c ++++ b/elf/ldconfig.c +@@ -59,6 +59,10 @@ + + #define PACKAGE _libc_intl_domainname + ++#ifndef PATH_MAX ++#define PATH_MAX 1024 ++#endif ++ + static const struct + { + const char *name; --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-IPV6_PKTINFO.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-IPV6_PKTINFO.diff @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- + bits/in.h | 7 ++++--- + 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) + +--- a/bits/in.h ++++ b/bits/in.h +@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ + + /* IPV6 socket options. */ + #define IPV6_ADDRFORM 1 +-#define IPV6_RXINFO 2 ++#define IPV6_PKTINFO 2 + #define IPV6_HOPOPTS 3 + #define IPV6_DSTOPTS 4 + #define IPV6_RTHDR 5 +@@ -58,8 +58,9 @@ + #define IPV6_CHECKSUM 7 + #define IPV6_HOPLIMIT 8 + +-#define IPV6_TXINFO IPV6_RXINFO +-#define SCM_SRCINFO IPV6_TXINFO ++#define IPV6_RXINFO IPV6_PKTINFO ++#define IPV6_TXINFO IPV6_PKTINFO ++#define SCM_SRCINFO IPV6_PKTINFO + #define SCM_SRCRT IPV6_RXSRCRT + + #define IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS 16 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-pthread_posix-option.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-pthread_posix-option.diff @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +Even if glibc doesn't have an integrated pthread library, it depends on the hurd +packages which have a pthread library. + +--- + sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/posix_opt.h | 8 ++++---- + 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/posix_opt.h ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/posix_opt.h +@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ + #undef _POSIX_SYNC_IO /* File supports O_SYNC et al? */ + + +-/* We do not have the POSIX threads interface. */ +-#define _POSIX_THREADS -1 ++/* Tell we have POSIX threads. */ ++#define _POSIX_THREADS 200112L + + /* We have the reentrant functions described in POSIX. */ + #define _POSIX_REENTRANT_FUNCTIONS 1 +@@ -108,8 +108,8 @@ + /* We have a POSIX shell. */ + #define _POSIX_SHELL 1 + +-/* We cannot support the Timeouts option without _POSIX_THREADS. */ +-#define _POSIX_TIMEOUTS -1 ++/* We support the Timeouts option. */ ++#define _POSIX_TIMEOUTS 200112L + + /* The `spawn' function family is supported. */ + #define _POSIX_SPAWN 200809L --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-sysvshm.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-sysvshm.diff @@ -0,0 +1,763 @@ +# All lines beginning with `# DP:' are a description of the patch. +# DP: Description: Implement SysV shared memory for GNU/Hurd. +# DP: Dpatch author: Michael Banck +# DP: Patch author: Marcus Brinkmann +# DP: Upstream status: Unsubmitted, copyright assignments needed +# DP: Date: 2005-07-11 + +2005-07-11 Marcus Brinkmann + + * hurd/Makefile (routines): Add sysvshm. + (distribute): Add sysvshm.h. + * hurd/sysvshm.h: New file. + * hurd/sysvshm.c: New file. + * sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/stat.h (S_IMMAP0): New macro. + (S_ISPARE): Unset the S_IMMAP0 flag. + * sysdeps/mach/hurd/ftok.c: New file. + * sysdeps/mach/hurd/shmat.c: New file. + * sysdeps/mach/hurd/shmctl.c: New file. + * sysdeps/mach/hurd/shmdt.c: New file. + +--- + hurd/Makefile | 3 + hurd/sysvshm.c | 96 +++++++++++++++++ + hurd/sysvshm.h | 47 ++++++++ + sysdeps/mach/hurd/ftok.c | 43 +++++++ + sysdeps/mach/hurd/shmat.c | 78 ++++++++++++++ + sysdeps/mach/hurd/shmctl.c | 132 ++++++++++++++++++++++++ + sysdeps/mach/hurd/shmdt.c | 51 +++++++++ + sysdeps/mach/hurd/shmget.c | 245 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + 8 files changed, 694 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/hurd/Makefile ++++ b/hurd/Makefile +@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ + vpprintf \ + ports-get ports-set hurdports hurdmsg \ + errno-loc \ ++ sysvshm \ + $(sig) $(dtable) $(inlines) port-cleanup report-wait xattr + sig = hurdsig hurdfault siginfo hurd-raise preempt-sig \ + trampoline longjmp-ts catch-exc exc2signal hurdkill sigunwind \ +@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ + getdport openport \ + fd-close fd-read fd-write hurdioctl ctty-input ctty-output + inlines = $(inline-headers:%.h=%-inlines) +-distribute = hurdstartup.h hurdfault.h hurdhost.h \ ++distribute = hurdstartup.h hurdfault.h hurdhost.h sysvshm.h \ + faultexc.defs intr-rpc.defs intr-rpc.h intr-msg.h Notes + + # XXX this is a temporary hack; see hurdmalloc.h +--- /dev/null ++++ b/hurd/sysvshm.c +@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++ ++/* Description of an shm attachment. */ ++struct sysvshm_attach ++{ ++ /* Linked list. */ ++ struct sysvshm_attach *next; ++ ++ /* Map address. */ ++ void *addr; ++ ++ /* Map size. */ ++ size_t size; ++}; ++ ++/* List of attachments. */ ++static struct sysvshm_attach *attach_list; ++ ++/* A lock to protect the linked list of shared memory attachments. */ ++static struct mutex sysvshm_lock = MUTEX_INITIALIZER; ++ ++ ++/* Adds a segment attachment. */ ++error_t ++__sysvshm_add (void *addr, size_t size) ++{ ++ struct sysvshm_attach *shm; ++ ++ shm = malloc (sizeof (*shm)); ++ if (!shm) ++ return errno; ++ ++ __mutex_lock (&sysvshm_lock); ++ shm->addr = addr; ++ shm->size = size; ++ shm->next = attach_list; ++ attach_list = shm; ++ __mutex_unlock (&sysvshm_lock); ++ ++ return 0; ++} ++ ++/* Removes a segment attachment. Returns its size if found, or EINVAL ++ otherwise. */ ++error_t ++__sysvshm_remove (void *addr, size_t *size) ++{ ++ struct sysvshm_attach *shm; ++ struct sysvshm_attach **pshm = &attach_list; ++ ++ __mutex_lock (&sysvshm_lock); ++ shm = attach_list; ++ while (shm) ++ { ++ shm = *pshm; ++ if (shm->addr == addr) ++ { ++ *pshm = shm->next; ++ *size = shm->size; ++ __mutex_unlock (&sysvshm_lock); ++ return 0; ++ } ++ pshm = &shm->next; ++ shm = shm->next; ++ } ++ __mutex_unlock (&sysvshm_lock); ++ return EINVAL; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/hurd/sysvshm.h +@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* The area (from top to bottom) that is used for private keys. These ++ are all keys that have the second highest bit set. */ ++#define SHM_PRIV_KEY_START INT_MAX ++#define SHM_PRIV_KEY_END ((INT_MAX / 2) + 1) ++ ++#define SHM_PREFIX "shm-" ++#define SHM_DIR _PATH_DEV "shm/" ++ ++/* The maximum number of characters in a shared memory segment file name. ++ 32 is the max number of characters in a 128 bit number in hex. */ ++#if __WORDSIZE > 128 ++#error Need to increase SHM_NAMEMAX. ++#else ++#define SHM_NAMEMAX (sizeof (SHM_PREFIX) - 1 + 32 + 1) ++#endif ++ ++/* Use this with printf and its variants. */ ++#define SHM_NAMEPRI SHM_PREFIX "%0x" ++ ++ ++/* Adds a segment attachment. */ ++error_t __sysvshm_add (void *addr, size_t size); ++ ++/* Removes a segment attachment. Returns its size if found, or EINVAL ++ otherwise. */ ++error_t __sysvshm_remove (void *addr, size_t *size); +--- /dev/null ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/ftok.c +@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 2000, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Ulrich Drepper , August 1995. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++ ++/* In the Hurd, we use the second-to-most-significant bit as flag for ++ private keys. We use a different order of the components so that ++ the biggest one---the inode number---is affected by this. */ ++ ++key_t ++ftok (pathname, proj_id) ++ const char *pathname; ++ int proj_id; ++{ ++ struct stat64 st; ++ key_t key; ++ ++ if (__xstat64 (_STAT_VER, pathname, &st) < 0) ++ return (key_t) -1; ++ ++ key = ((st.st_dev & 0xff) | ((proj_id & 0xff) << 8) ++ | ((st.st_ino & 0x3fff) << 16)); ++ ++ return key; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/shmat.c +@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "sysvshm.h" ++ ++/* Attach the shared memory segment associated with SHMID to the data ++ segment of the calling process. SHMADDR and SHMFLG determine how ++ and where the segment is attached. */ ++void * ++__shmat (int shmid, const void *shmaddr, int shmflg) ++{ ++ error_t err; ++ char filename[sizeof (SHM_DIR) - 1 + SHM_NAMEMAX]; ++ int fd; ++ void *addr; ++ struct stat statbuf; ++ int res; ++ ++ sprintf (filename, SHM_DIR SHM_NAMEPRI, shmid); ++ fd = __open (filename, (shmflg & SHM_RDONLY) ? O_RDONLY : O_RDWR); ++ if (fd < 0) ++ { ++ if (errno == ENOENT) ++ errno = EINVAL; ++ return (void *) -1; ++ } ++ ++ res = __fstat (fd, &statbuf); ++ if (res < 0) ++ { ++ __close (fd); ++ return (void *) -1; ++ } ++ ++ addr = __mmap ((void *) shmaddr, statbuf.st_size, ++ PROT_READ | ((shmflg & SHM_RDONLY) ? 0 : PROT_WRITE), ++ MAP_SHARED, fd, 0); ++ __close (fd); ++ if (addr == MAP_FAILED) ++ return (void *) -1; ++ ++ err = __sysvshm_add (addr, statbuf.st_size); ++ if (err) ++ { ++ munmap (addr, statbuf.st_size); ++ return (void *) -1; ++ } ++ ++ return addr; ++} ++ ++weak_alias(__shmat, shmat) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/shmctl.c +@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "sysvshm.h" ++ ++/* Provide operations to control over shared memory segments. */ ++int ++__shmctl (int id, int cmd, struct shmid_ds *buf) ++{ ++ error_t err = 0; ++ int fd; ++ int res; ++ char filename[sizeof (SHM_DIR) - 1 + SHM_NAMEMAX]; ++ struct stat statbuf; ++ ++ sprintf (filename, SHM_DIR SHM_NAMEPRI, id); ++ /* SysV requires read access for IPC_STAT. */ ++ fd = __open (filename, O_NORW); ++ if (fd < 0) ++ { ++ if (errno == ENOENT) ++ errno = EINVAL; ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ res = __fstat (fd, &statbuf); ++ if (res < 0) ++ { ++ err = errno; ++ __close (fd); ++ errno = err; ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ switch (cmd) ++ { ++ case IPC_STAT: ++ ++ buf->shm_perm.__key = id; ++ buf->shm_perm.uid = statbuf.st_uid; ++ buf->shm_perm.gid = statbuf.st_gid; ++ ++ /* We do not support the creator. */ ++ buf->shm_perm.cuid = statbuf.st_uid; ++ buf->shm_perm.cgid = statbuf.st_gid; ++ ++ /* We just want the protection bits. */ ++ buf->shm_perm.mode = statbuf.st_mode & 0777; ++ /* Hopeless. We do not support a sequence number. */ ++ buf->shm_perm.__seq = statbuf.st_ino; ++ buf->shm_segsz = statbuf.st_size; ++ ++ /* Hopeless. We do not support any of these. */ ++ buf->shm_atime = statbuf.st_atime; ++ buf->shm_dtime = statbuf.st_mtime; ++ /* Well, this comes at least close. */ ++ buf->shm_ctime = statbuf.st_ctime; ++ ++ /* We do not support the PID. */ ++ buf->shm_cpid = 0; ++ buf->shm_lpid = 0; ++ ++ if (statbuf.st_mode & S_IMMAP0) ++ buf->shm_nattch = 0; ++ else ++ /* 42 is the answer. Of course this is bogus, but for most ++ applications, this should be fine. */ ++ buf->shm_nattch = 42; ++ ++ break; ++ ++ case IPC_SET: ++ if (statbuf.st_uid != buf->shm_perm.uid ++ || statbuf.st_gid != buf->shm_perm.gid) ++ { ++ res = __fchown (fd, ++ (statbuf.st_uid != buf->shm_perm.uid) ++ ? buf->shm_perm.uid : -1, ++ (statbuf.st_gid != buf->shm_perm.gid) ++ ? buf->shm_perm.gid : -1); ++ if (res < 0) ++ err = errno; ++ } ++ ++ if (!err && statbuf.st_mode & 0777 != buf->shm_perm.mode & 0777) ++ { ++ res = __fchmod (fd, (statbuf.st_mode & ~0777) ++ | (buf->shm_perm.mode & 0777)); ++ if (res < 0) ++ err = errno; ++ } ++ break; ++ ++ case IPC_RMID: ++ res = __unlink (filename); ++ /* FIXME: Check error (mapping ENOENT to EINVAL). */ ++ break; ++ ++ default: ++ err = EINVAL; ++ } ++ ++ __close (fd); ++ errno = err; ++ return err ? -1 : 0; ++} ++ ++weak_alias(__shmctl, shmctl) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/shmdt.c +@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "sysvshm.h" ++ ++/* Detach shared memory segment starting at address specified by ++ SHMADDR from the caller's data segment. */ ++int ++__shmdt (const void *shmaddr) ++{ ++ error_t err; ++ size_t size; ++ ++ err = __sysvshm_remove ((void *) shmaddr, &size); ++ if (err) ++ { ++ errno = err; ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ __munmap ((void *) shmaddr, size); ++ return 0; ++} ++ ++weak_alias(__shmdt, shmdt) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/shmget.c +@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++ ++#include "sysvshm.h" ++ ++/* Create a new shared memory segment file without linking it into the ++ filesystem. Return the directory and file ports in R_DIR and R_FILE. */ ++static error_t ++create_shm_file (size_t size, int flags, file_t *r_dir, file_t *r_file) ++{ ++ error_t err; ++ file_t dir; ++ file_t file; ++ ++ flags &= 0777; ++ ++ /* Get a port to the directory that will contain the file. */ ++ dir = __file_name_lookup (SHM_DIR, 0, 0); ++ if (dir == MACH_PORT_NULL) ++ return errno; ++ ++ /* Create an unnamed file in the directory. */ ++ err = __dir_mkfile (dir, O_RDWR, flags, &file); ++ if (err) ++ { ++ __mach_port_deallocate (__mach_task_self (), dir); ++ return err; ++ } ++ ++ err = __file_set_size (file, size); ++ if (err) ++ { ++ __mach_port_deallocate (__mach_task_self (), file); ++ __mach_port_deallocate (__mach_task_self (), dir); ++ ++ return err; ++ } ++ ++ *r_dir = dir; ++ *r_file = file; ++ ++ return 0; ++} ++ ++ ++/* Open the shared memory segment *R_KEY and return a file descriptor ++ to it in R_FD. If KEY is IPC_PRIVATE, use a private key and return ++ it in R_KEY. */ ++static error_t ++get_exclusive (int shmflags, size_t size, key_t *r_key, int *r_fd) ++{ ++ error_t err; ++ file_t dir; ++ file_t file; ++ char filename[SHM_NAMEMAX]; ++ key_t key = *r_key; ++ bool is_private; ++ ++ /* Create the shared memory segment. */ ++ err = create_shm_file (size, shmflags, &dir, &file); ++ if (err) ++ return err; ++ ++ if (key == IPC_PRIVATE) ++ { ++ is_private = true; ++ key = SHM_PRIV_KEY_START; ++ ++ /* Try to link the shared memory segment into the filesystem ++ (exclusively). Private segments have negative keys. */ ++ do ++ { ++ sprintf (filename, SHM_NAMEPRI, key); ++ err = __dir_link (dir, file, filename, 1); ++ if (!err) ++ { ++ /* We are done. */ ++ *r_key = key; ++ break; ++ } ++ else if (err == EEXIST) ++ { ++ /* Check if we ran out of keys. If not, try again with new ++ key. */ ++ if (key == SHM_PRIV_KEY_END) ++ err = ENOSPC; ++ else ++ err = 0; ++ ++ key--; ++ } ++ } ++ while (!err); ++ } ++ else ++ { ++ /* Try to link the shared memory segment into the filesystem ++ (exclusively) under the given key. */ ++ sprintf (filename, SHM_NAMEPRI, key); ++ err = __dir_link (dir, file, filename, 1); ++ } ++ ++ __mach_port_deallocate (__mach_task_self (), dir); ++ ++ if (!err) ++ { ++ int fd; ++ ++ /* Get a file descriptor for that port. */ ++ fd = _hurd_intern_fd (file, O_RDWR, 1); /* dealloc on error */ ++ if (fd < 0) ++ err = errno; ++ else ++ *r_fd = fd; ++ } ++ ++ return err; ++} ++ ++ ++/* Open the shared memory segment KEY (creating it if it doesn't yet ++ exist) and return a file descriptor to it in R_FD. */ ++static error_t ++get_shared (int shmflags, size_t size, key_t key, int *r_fd) ++{ ++ error_t err = 0; ++ char filename[sizeof (SHM_DIR) - 1 + SHM_NAMEMAX]; ++ int fd = -1; ++ int create_flag; ++ ++ create_flag = (shmflags & IPC_CREAT) ? O_CREAT : 0; ++ sprintf (filename, SHM_DIR SHM_NAMEPRI, key); ++ ++ do ++ { ++ fd = __open (filename, O_NORW | create_flag, shmflags & 0777); ++ ++ if (fd < 0 && errno != ENOENT) ++ /* We give up. */ ++ return errno; ++ else if (fd >= 0) ++ { ++ int res; ++ struct stat statbuf; ++ ++ /* Check the size (we only need to do this if we did not ++ create the shared memory segment file ourselves). */ ++ res = __fstat (fd, &statbuf); ++ if (res < 0) ++ { ++ err = errno; ++ __close (fd); ++ return err; ++ } ++ ++ if (statbuf.st_size < size) ++ { ++ __close (fd); ++ return EINVAL; ++ } ++ } ++ else ++ { ++ /* The memory segment doesn't exist. */ ++ if (create_flag) ++ { ++ /* Try to create it exclusively. */ ++ err = get_exclusive (shmflags, size, &key, &fd); ++ if (err == EEXIST) ++ /* If somebody created it in the meanwhile, just try again. */ ++ err = 0; ++ } ++ else ++ err = ENOENT; ++ } ++ } ++ while (fd < 0 && !err); ++ ++ if (!err) ++ *r_fd = fd; ++ else ++ *r_fd = -1; ++ ++ return err; ++} ++ ++/* Return an identifier for an shared memory segment of at least size ++ SIZE which is associated with KEY. */ ++int ++__shmget (key_t key, size_t size, int shmflags) ++{ ++ error_t err; ++ int fd; ++ ++ if (key == IPC_PRIVATE || shmflags & IPC_EXCL) ++ /* An exclusive shared memory segment must be created. */ ++ err = get_exclusive (shmflags, size, &key, &fd); ++ else ++ err = get_shared (shmflags, size, key, &fd); ++ ++ if (err) ++ { ++ errno = err; ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ /* From here, we can't fail. That's important, as otherwise we ++ would need to unlink the file if we created it (in that case, the ++ code above would have to be changed to pass a "created" flag down ++ to the caller). */ ++ ++ __close (fd); ++ ++ return key; ++} ++ ++weak_alias(__shmget, shmget) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-unlockpt-chroot.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-unlockpt-chroot.diff @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +when e.g. using a chroot, the pty path is not so short. + +--- + sysdeps/unix/bsd/unlockpt.c | 2 +- + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/unix/bsd/unlockpt.c ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/bsd/unlockpt.c +@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ + int + unlockpt (int fd) + { +- char buf[sizeof (_PATH_TTY) + 2]; ++ char buf[1024]; /* XXX */ + + /* BSD doesn't have a lock, but it does have `revoke'. */ + if (__ptsname_r (fd, buf, sizeof (buf))) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-gscope.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-gscope.diff @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +--- + elf/dl-support.c | 1 + + sysdeps/generic/ldsodefs.h | 1 + + sysdeps/mach/hurd/sysdep-cancel.h | 9 +++++++++ + sysdeps/mach/hurd/tls.h | 13 +++++++++++++ + 4 files changed, 24 insertions(+) + +--- a/elf/dl-support.c ++++ b/elf/dl-support.c +@@ -141,6 +141,7 @@ + /* Function in libpthread to wait for termination of lookups. */ + void (*_dl_wait_lookup_done) (void); + ++int volatile _dl_thread_gscope_count; + struct dl_scope_free_list *_dl_scope_free_list; + + #ifdef NEED_DL_SYSINFO +--- a/sysdeps/generic/ldsodefs.h ++++ b/sysdeps/generic/ldsodefs.h +@@ -493,6 +493,7 @@ + size_t count; + void *list[50]; + } *_dl_scope_free_list; ++ EXTERN volatile int _dl_thread_gscope_count; + #ifdef SHARED + }; + # define __rtld_global_attribute__ +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/tls.h ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/tls.h +@@ -74,5 +74,18 @@ + + #endif /* HAVE_TLS_SUPPORT */ + ++#ifndef __ASSEMBLER__ ++#include ++#include ++/* Temporary poor-man's global scope switch support: just busy-waits */ ++#define THREAD_GSCOPE_SET_FLAG() \ ++ asm volatile ("lock incl %0":"=m"(GL(dl_thread_gscope_count))) ++#define THREAD_GSCOPE_RESET_FLAG() \ ++ asm volatile ("lock decl %0":"=m"(GL(dl_thread_gscope_count))) ++#define THREAD_GSCOPE_WAIT() \ ++ while (GL(dl_thread_gscope_count)) { \ ++ __swtch_pri (0); \ ++ } ++#endif + + #endif /* tls.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/sysdep-cancel.h +@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ ++#include ++ ++/* Always multi-thread (since there's at least the sig handler), but no ++ handling enabled. */ ++#define SINGLE_THREAD_P (0) ++#define RTLD_SINGLE_THREAD_P (0) ++#define LIBC_CANCEL_ASYNC() 0 /* Just a dummy value. */ ++#define LIBC_CANCEL_RESET(val) ((void)(val)) /* Nothing, but evaluate it. */ ++#define LIBC_CANCEL_HANDLED() /* Nothing. */ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-_dl_random.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-_dl_random.diff @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- + dl-sysdep.c | 1 + + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) + +--- glibc/sysdeps/mach/hurd/dl-sysdep.c.orig 2009-07-29 20:34:05.000000000 +0000 ++++ glibc/sysdeps/mach/hurd/dl-sysdep.c 2009-07-29 20:33:51.000000000 +0000 +@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ + of init-first. */ + /* This variable containts the lowest stack address ever used. */ + void *__libc_stack_end; ++void *_dl_random attribute_relro = NULL; /* TODO */ + + #if HP_TIMING_AVAIL + hp_timing_t _dl_cpuclock_offset; --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-critical-sections.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-critical-sections.diff @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +--- + hurd/hurd/fd.h | 2 ++ + sysdeps/mach/hurd/dirfd.c | 3 +++ + sysdeps/mach/hurd/opendir.c | 2 ++ + 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+) + +--- a/hurd/hurd/fd.h ++++ b/hurd/hurd/fd.h +@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ + { + struct hurd_fd *descriptor; + ++ HURD_CRITICAL_BEGIN; + __mutex_lock (&_hurd_dtable_lock); + if (fd < 0 || fd >= _hurd_dtablesize) + descriptor = NULL; +@@ -90,6 +91,7 @@ + } + } + __mutex_unlock (&_hurd_dtable_lock); ++ HURD_CRITICAL_END; + + return descriptor; + } +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/dirfd.c ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/dirfd.c +@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ + dirfd (DIR *dirp) + { + int fd; ++ ++ HURD_CRITICAL_BEGIN; + __mutex_lock (&_hurd_dtable_lock); + for (fd = 0; fd < _hurd_dtablesize; ++fd) + if (_hurd_dtable[fd] == dirp->__fd) +@@ -36,6 +38,7 @@ + fd = -1; + } + __mutex_unlock (&_hurd_dtable_lock); ++ HURD_CRITICAL_END; + + return fd; + } +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/opendir.c ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/opendir.c +@@ -51,9 +51,11 @@ + return NULL; + + /* Set the descriptor to close on exec. */ ++ HURD_CRITICAL_BEGIN; + __spin_lock (&d->port.lock); + d->flags |= FD_CLOEXEC; + __spin_unlock (&d->port.lock); ++ HURD_CRITICAL_END; + + dirp->__fd = d; + dirp->__data = dirp->__ptr = NULL; --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-extern_inline.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-extern_inline.diff @@ -0,0 +1,719 @@ +--- + hurd/hurd.h | 4 ++++ + hurd/hurd/fd.h | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++ + hurd/hurd/port.h | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + hurd/hurd/signal.h | 16 +++++++++++++--- + hurd/hurd/threadvar.h | 5 +++++ + hurd/hurd/userlink.h | 14 ++++++++++++++ + mach/lock-intern.h | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++ + mach/mach/mig_support.h | 3 +++ + mach/spin-lock.c | 1 + + ports/sysdeps/mach/alpha/machine-lock.h | 12 ++++++++++++ + ports/sysdeps/mach/alpha/machine-sp.h | 4 ++++ + sysdeps/generic/machine-lock.h | 12 ++++++++++++ + sysdeps/generic/machine-sp.h | 4 ++++ + sysdeps/mach/i386/machine-lock.h | 12 ++++++++++++ + sysdeps/mach/powerpc/machine-lock.h | 12 ++++++++++++ + sysdeps/mach/powerpc/machine-sp.h | 4 ++++ + 16 files changed, 171 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) + +--- a/hurd/hurd.h ++++ b/hurd/hurd.h +@@ -48,6 +48,9 @@ + #define _HURD_H_EXTERN_INLINE __extern_inline + #endif + ++int __hurd_fail (error_t err); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _HURD_H_EXTERN_INLINE int + __hurd_fail (error_t err) + { +@@ -77,6 +80,7 @@ + errno = err; + return -1; + } ++#endif + + /* Basic ports and info, initialized by startup. */ + +--- a/hurd/hurd/fd.h ++++ b/hurd/hurd/fd.h +@@ -60,6 +60,9 @@ + NULL. The cell is unlocked; when ready to use it, lock it and check for + it being unused. */ + ++struct hurd_fd *_hurd_fd_get (int fd); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _HURD_FD_H_EXTERN_INLINE struct hurd_fd * + _hurd_fd_get (int fd) + { +@@ -90,6 +93,7 @@ + + return descriptor; + } ++#endif + + + /* Evaluate EXPR with the variable `descriptor' bound to a pointer to the +@@ -137,6 +141,9 @@ + /* Check if ERR should generate a signal. + Returns the signal to take, or zero if none. */ + ++int _hurd_fd_error_signal (error_t err); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _HURD_FD_H_EXTERN_INLINE int + _hurd_fd_error_signal (error_t err) + { +@@ -153,11 +160,15 @@ + return 0; + } + } ++#endif + + /* Handle an error from an RPC on a file descriptor's port. You should + always use this function to handle errors from RPCs made on file + descriptor ports. Some errors are translated into signals. */ + ++error_t _hurd_fd_error (int fd, error_t err); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _HURD_FD_H_EXTERN_INLINE error_t + _hurd_fd_error (int fd, error_t err) + { +@@ -170,20 +181,28 @@ + } + return err; + } ++#endif + + /* Handle error code ERR from an RPC on file descriptor FD's port. + Set `errno' to the appropriate error code, and always return -1. */ + ++int __hurd_dfail (int fd, error_t err); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _HURD_FD_H_EXTERN_INLINE int + __hurd_dfail (int fd, error_t err) + { + errno = _hurd_fd_error (fd, err); + return -1; + } ++#endif + + /* Likewise, but do not raise SIGPIPE on EPIPE if flags contain + MSG_NOSIGNAL. */ + ++int __hurd_sockfail (int fd, int flags, error_t err); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _HURD_FD_H_EXTERN_INLINE int + __hurd_sockfail (int fd, int flags, error_t err) + { +@@ -192,6 +211,7 @@ + errno = err; + return -1; + } ++#endif + + /* Set up *FD to have PORT its server port, doing appropriate ctty magic. + Does no locking or unlocking. */ +--- a/hurd/hurd/port.h ++++ b/hurd/hurd/port.h +@@ -62,6 +62,9 @@ + + /* Initialize *PORT to INIT. */ + ++void _hurd_port_init (struct hurd_port *port, mach_port_t init); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _HURD_PORT_H_EXTERN_INLINE void + _hurd_port_init (struct hurd_port *port, mach_port_t init) + { +@@ -69,6 +72,7 @@ + port->users = NULL; + port->port = init; + } ++#endif + + + /* Cleanup function for non-local exits. */ +@@ -77,6 +81,11 @@ + /* Get a reference to *PORT, which is locked. + Pass return value and LINK to _hurd_port_free when done. */ + ++mach_port_t ++_hurd_port_locked_get (struct hurd_port *port, ++ struct hurd_userlink *link); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _HURD_PORT_H_EXTERN_INLINE mach_port_t + _hurd_port_locked_get (struct hurd_port *port, + struct hurd_userlink *link) +@@ -92,9 +101,15 @@ + __spin_unlock (&port->lock); + return result; + } ++#endif + + /* Same, but locks PORT first. */ + ++mach_port_t ++_hurd_port_get (struct hurd_port *port, ++ struct hurd_userlink *link); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _HURD_PORT_H_EXTERN_INLINE mach_port_t + _hurd_port_get (struct hurd_port *port, + struct hurd_userlink *link) +@@ -106,10 +121,17 @@ + HURD_CRITICAL_END; + return result; + } ++#endif + + + /* Free a reference gotten with `USED_PORT = _hurd_port_get (PORT, LINK);' */ + ++void ++_hurd_port_free (struct hurd_port *port, ++ struct hurd_userlink *link, ++ mach_port_t used_port); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _HURD_PORT_H_EXTERN_INLINE void + _hurd_port_free (struct hurd_port *port, + struct hurd_userlink *link, +@@ -129,11 +151,15 @@ + if (dealloc) + __mach_port_deallocate (__mach_task_self (), used_port); + } ++#endif + + + /* Set *PORT's port to NEWPORT. NEWPORT's reference is consumed by PORT->port. + PORT->lock is locked. */ + ++void _hurd_port_locked_set (struct hurd_port *port, mach_port_t newport); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _HURD_PORT_H_EXTERN_INLINE void + _hurd_port_locked_set (struct hurd_port *port, mach_port_t newport) + { +@@ -144,9 +170,13 @@ + if (old != MACH_PORT_NULL) + __mach_port_deallocate (__mach_task_self (), old); + } ++#endif + + /* Same, but locks PORT first. */ + ++void _hurd_port_set (struct hurd_port *port, mach_port_t newport); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _HURD_PORT_H_EXTERN_INLINE void + _hurd_port_set (struct hurd_port *port, mach_port_t newport) + { +@@ -155,6 +185,7 @@ + _hurd_port_locked_set (port, newport); + HURD_CRITICAL_END; + } ++#endif + + + #endif /* hurd/port.h */ +--- a/hurd/hurd/signal.h ++++ b/hurd/hurd/signal.h +@@ -131,15 +131,17 @@ + #define _HURD_SIGNAL_H_EXTERN_INLINE __extern_inline + #endif + ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _HURD_SIGNAL_H_EXTERN_INLINE struct hurd_sigstate * + _hurd_self_sigstate (void) + { +- struct hurd_sigstate **location = ++ struct hurd_sigstate **location = (struct hurd_sigstate **) + (void *) __hurd_threadvar_location (_HURD_THREADVAR_SIGSTATE); + if (*location == NULL) + *location = _hurd_thread_sigstate (__mach_thread_self ()); + return *location; + } ++#endif + + /* Thread listening on our message port; also called the "signal thread". */ + +@@ -166,10 +168,13 @@ + interrupted lest the signal handler try to take the same lock and + deadlock result. */ + ++void *_hurd_critical_section_lock (void); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _HURD_SIGNAL_H_EXTERN_INLINE void * + _hurd_critical_section_lock (void) + { +- struct hurd_sigstate **location = ++ struct hurd_sigstate **location = (struct hurd_sigstate **) + (void *) __hurd_threadvar_location (_HURD_THREADVAR_SIGSTATE); + struct hurd_sigstate *ss = *location; + if (ss == NULL) +@@ -191,7 +196,11 @@ + _hurd_critical_section_unlock to unlock it. */ + return ss; + } ++#endif + ++void _hurd_critical_section_unlock (void *our_lock); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _HURD_SIGNAL_H_EXTERN_INLINE void + _hurd_critical_section_unlock (void *our_lock) + { +@@ -201,7 +210,7 @@ + else + { + /* It was us who acquired the critical section lock. Unlock it. */ +- struct hurd_sigstate *ss = our_lock; ++ struct hurd_sigstate *ss = (struct hurd_sigstate *) our_lock; + sigset_t pending; + __spin_lock (&ss->lock); + __spin_unlock (&ss->critical_section_lock); +@@ -214,6 +223,7 @@ + __msg_sig_post (_hurd_msgport, 0, 0, __mach_task_self ()); + } + } ++#endif + + /* Convenient macros for simple uses of critical sections. + These two must be used as a pair at the same C scoping level. */ +--- a/hurd/hurd/threadvar.h ++++ b/hurd/hurd/threadvar.h +@@ -82,6 +82,8 @@ + + extern unsigned long int *__hurd_threadvar_location_from_sp + (enum __hurd_threadvar_index __index, void *__sp); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _HURD_THREADVAR_H_EXTERN_INLINE unsigned long int * + __hurd_threadvar_location_from_sp (enum __hurd_threadvar_index __index, + void *__sp) +@@ -93,6 +95,7 @@ + : (unsigned long int *) ((__stack & __hurd_threadvar_stack_mask) + + __hurd_threadvar_stack_offset))[__index]; + } ++#endif + + #include /* Define __thread_stack_pointer. */ + +@@ -106,12 +109,14 @@ + the same stack frame by different threads. */ + __attribute__ ((__const__)); + ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _HURD_THREADVAR_H_EXTERN_INLINE unsigned long int * + __hurd_threadvar_location (enum __hurd_threadvar_index __index) + { + return __hurd_threadvar_location_from_sp (__index, + __thread_stack_pointer ()); + } ++#endif + + + #endif /* hurd/threadvar.h */ +--- a/hurd/hurd/userlink.h ++++ b/hurd/hurd/userlink.h +@@ -77,6 +77,11 @@ + + /* Attach LINK to the chain of users at *CHAINP. */ + ++void ++_hurd_userlink_link (struct hurd_userlink **chainp, ++ struct hurd_userlink *link); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _HURD_USERLINK_H_EXTERN_INLINE void + _hurd_userlink_link (struct hurd_userlink **chainp, + struct hurd_userlink *link) +@@ -97,11 +102,15 @@ + link->thread.prevp = thread_chainp; + *thread_chainp = link; + } ++#endif + + + /* Detach LINK from its chain. Returns nonzero iff this was the + last user of the resource and it should be deallocated. */ + ++int _hurd_userlink_unlink (struct hurd_userlink *link); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _HURD_USERLINK_H_EXTERN_INLINE int + _hurd_userlink_unlink (struct hurd_userlink *link) + { +@@ -124,6 +133,7 @@ + + return dealloc; + } ++#endif + + + /* Clear all users from *CHAINP. Call this when the resource *CHAINP +@@ -132,6 +142,9 @@ + value is zero, someone is still using the resource and they will + deallocate it when they are finished. */ + ++int _hurd_userlink_clear (struct hurd_userlink **chainp); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _HURD_USERLINK_H_EXTERN_INLINE int + _hurd_userlink_clear (struct hurd_userlink **chainp) + { +@@ -144,5 +157,6 @@ + *chainp = NULL; + return 0; + } ++#endif + + #endif /* hurd/userlink.h */ +--- a/mach/lock-intern.h ++++ b/mach/lock-intern.h +@@ -29,11 +29,15 @@ + + /* Initialize LOCK. */ + ++void __spin_lock_init (__spin_lock_t *__lock); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _EXTERN_INLINE void + __spin_lock_init (__spin_lock_t *__lock) + { + *__lock = __SPIN_LOCK_INITIALIZER; + } ++#endif + + + /* Lock LOCK, blocking if we can't get it. */ +@@ -41,12 +45,16 @@ + + /* Lock the spin lock LOCK. */ + ++void __spin_lock (__spin_lock_t *__lock); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _EXTERN_INLINE void + __spin_lock (__spin_lock_t *__lock) + { + if (! __spin_try_lock (__lock)) + __spin_lock_solid (__lock); + } ++#endif + + /* Name space-clean internal interface to mutex locks. + +@@ -71,27 +79,39 @@ + + /* Lock the mutex lock LOCK. */ + ++void __mutex_lock (void *__lock); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _EXTERN_INLINE void + __mutex_lock (void *__lock) + { + if (! __spin_try_lock ((__spin_lock_t *) __lock)) + __mutex_lock_solid (__lock); + } ++#endif + + /* Unlock the mutex lock LOCK. */ + ++void __mutex_unlock (void *__lock); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _EXTERN_INLINE void + __mutex_unlock (void *__lock) + { + __spin_unlock ((__spin_lock_t *) __lock); + __mutex_unlock_solid (__lock); + } ++#endif ++ + ++int __mutex_trylock (void *__lock); + ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _EXTERN_INLINE int + __mutex_trylock (void *__lock) + { + return __spin_try_lock ((__spin_lock_t *) __lock); + } ++#endif + + #endif /* lock-intern.h */ +--- a/mach/mach/mig_support.h ++++ b/mach/mach/mig_support.h +@@ -67,6 +67,8 @@ + /* Idiocy support function. */ + extern vm_size_t mig_strncpy (char *__dst, const char *__src, vm_size_t __len); + extern vm_size_t __mig_strncpy (char *__dst, const char *__src, vm_size_t); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + __extern_inline vm_size_t + __mig_strncpy (char *__dst, const char *__src, vm_size_t __len) + { +@@ -77,6 +79,7 @@ + { + return __mig_strncpy (__dst, __src, __len); + } ++#endif + + + +--- a/sysdeps/generic/machine-lock.h ++++ b/sysdeps/generic/machine-lock.h +@@ -35,14 +35,21 @@ + + /* Unlock LOCK. */ + ++void __spin_unlock (__spin_lock_t *__lock); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _EXTERN_INLINE void + __spin_unlock (__spin_lock_t *__lock) + { + *__lock = 0; + } ++#endif + + /* Try to lock LOCK; return nonzero if we locked it, zero if another has. */ + ++int __spin_try_lock (__spin_lock_t *__lock); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _EXTERN_INLINE int + __spin_try_lock (__spin_lock_t *__lock) + { +@@ -51,14 +58,19 @@ + *__lock = 1; + return 1; + } ++#endif + + /* Return nonzero if LOCK is locked. */ + ++int __spin_lock_locked (__spin_lock_t *__lock); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _EXTERN_INLINE int + __spin_lock_locked (__spin_lock_t *__lock) + { + return *__lock != 0; + } ++#endif + + + #endif /* machine-lock.h */ +--- a/sysdeps/generic/machine-sp.h ++++ b/sysdeps/generic/machine-sp.h +@@ -26,11 +26,15 @@ + #define _EXTERN_INLINE __extern_inline + #endif + ++void * __thread_stack_pointer (void); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _EXTERN_INLINE void * + __thread_stack_pointer (void) + { + register void *__sp__ ("{STACK-POINTER}"); + return __sp__; + } ++#endif + + #endif /* machine-sp.h */ +--- a/ports/sysdeps/mach/alpha/machine-lock.h ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/mach/alpha/machine-lock.h +@@ -35,15 +35,22 @@ + + /* Unlock LOCK. */ + ++void __spin_unlock (__spin_lock_t *__lock); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _EXTERN_INLINE void + __spin_unlock (__spin_lock_t *__lock) + { + __asm__ __volatile__ ("mb; stq $31, %0; mb" + : "=m" (__lock)); + } ++#endif + + /* Try to lock LOCK; return nonzero if we locked it, zero if another has. */ + ++int __spin_try_lock (register __spin_lock_t *__lock); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _EXTERN_INLINE int + __spin_try_lock (register __spin_lock_t *__lock) + { +@@ -67,14 +74,19 @@ + /* RTN is now nonzero; we have the lock. */ + return __rtn; + } ++#endif + + /* Return nonzero if LOCK is locked. */ + ++int __spin_lock_locked (__spin_lock_t *__lock); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _EXTERN_INLINE int + __spin_lock_locked (__spin_lock_t *__lock) + { + return *__lock != 0; + } ++#endif + + + #endif /* machine-lock.h */ +--- a/ports/sysdeps/mach/alpha/machine-sp.h ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/mach/alpha/machine-sp.h +@@ -26,11 +26,15 @@ + #define _EXTERN_INLINE __extern_inline + #endif + ++void * __thread_stack_pointer (void); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _EXTERN_INLINE void * + __thread_stack_pointer (void) + { + register void *__sp__ __asm__ ("$30"); + return __sp__; + } ++#endif + + #endif /* machine-sp.h */ +--- a/sysdeps/mach/i386/machine-lock.h ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/i386/machine-lock.h +@@ -35,6 +35,9 @@ + + /* Unlock LOCK. */ + ++void __spin_unlock (__spin_lock_t *__lock); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _EXTERN_INLINE void + __spin_unlock (__spin_lock_t *__lock) + { +@@ -43,9 +46,13 @@ + : "=&r" (__unlocked), "=m" (*__lock) : "0" (0) + : "memory"); + } ++#endif + + /* Try to lock LOCK; return nonzero if we locked it, zero if another has. */ + ++int __spin_try_lock (__spin_lock_t *__lock); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _EXTERN_INLINE int + __spin_try_lock (__spin_lock_t *__lock) + { +@@ -55,14 +62,19 @@ + : "memory"); + return !__locked; + } ++#endif + + /* Return nonzero if LOCK is locked. */ + ++int __spin_lock_locked (__spin_lock_t *__lock); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _EXTERN_INLINE int + __spin_lock_locked (__spin_lock_t *__lock) + { + return *__lock != 0; + } ++#endif + + + #endif /* machine-lock.h */ +--- a/sysdeps/mach/powerpc/machine-lock.h ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/powerpc/machine-lock.h +@@ -35,6 +35,9 @@ + + /* Unlock LOCK. */ + ++void __spin_unlock (__spin_lock_t *__lock); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _EXTERN_INLINE void + __spin_unlock (__spin_lock_t *__lock) + { +@@ -45,9 +48,13 @@ + bne- 0b\n\ + " : "=&r" (__locked) : "r" (__lock), "r" (0) : "cr0"); + } ++#endif + + /* Try to lock LOCK; return nonzero if we locked it, zero if another has. */ + ++int __spin_try_lock (register __spin_lock_t *__lock); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _EXTERN_INLINE int + __spin_try_lock (register __spin_lock_t *__lock) + { +@@ -59,9 +66,13 @@ + " : "=&r" (__rtn) : "r" (__lock), "r" (1) : "cr0"); + return !__rtn; + } ++#endif + + /* Return nonzero if LOCK is locked. */ + ++int __spin_lock_locked (__spin_lock_t *__lock); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _EXTERN_INLINE int + __spin_lock_locked (__spin_lock_t *__lock) + { +@@ -73,6 +84,7 @@ + " : "=&r" (__rtn) : "r" (__lock) : "cr0"); + return __rtn; + } ++#endif + + + #endif /* machine-lock.h */ +--- a/sysdeps/mach/powerpc/machine-sp.h ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/powerpc/machine-sp.h +@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ + # endif + #endif + ++void * __thread_stack_pointer (void); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES + _EXTERN_INLINE void * + __thread_stack_pointer (void) + { +@@ -38,5 +41,6 @@ + __asm__ ("mr %0, 1" : "=r" (__sp__)); + return __sp__; + } ++#endif + + #endif /* machine-sp.h */ +--- a/mach/spin-lock.c ++++ b/mach/spin-lock.c +@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ ++#define __USE_EXTERN_INLINES 1 + #define _EXTERN_INLINE /* Empty to define the real functions. */ + #include "spin-lock.h" + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-ioctl-unsigned-size_t.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/submitted-ioctl-unsigned-size_t.diff @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- + sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/ioctls.h | 14 +++++++++++++- + 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/ioctls.h ++++ b/sysdeps/mach/hurd/bits/ioctls.h +@@ -149,9 +149,17 @@ + #define _IOT_SIMPLE(type) _IOT (_IOTS (type), 1, 0, 0, 0, 0) + + /* Basic C types. */ +-#define _IOT__IOTBASE_int _IOT_SIMPLE (int) + #define _IOT__IOTBASE_char _IOT_SIMPLE (char) ++#define _IOT__IOTBASE_int _IOT_SIMPLE (int) + #define _IOT__IOTBASE_short _IOT_SIMPLE (short) ++#define _IOT__IOTBASE_long _IOT_SIMPLE (long) ++#define _IOT_char _IOT_SIMPLE (char) ++#define _IOT_int _IOT_SIMPLE (int) ++#define _IOT_short _IOT_SIMPLE (short) ++#define _IOT_long _IOT_SIMPLE (long) ++ ++#define _IOT__IOTBASE_size_t _IOT_SIMPLE (size_t) ++#define _IOT__IOTBASE_ssize_t _IOT_SIMPLE (ssize_t) + + + /* Standard flavors of ioctls. +@@ -174,6 +182,10 @@ + #define _IOC_ENCODE_TYPE_1(typespec) _IOC_ENCODE_TYPE_2(typespec) + #define _IOC_ENCODE_TYPE_2(typespec) _IOT_##typespec + ++/* Also, ignore signedness. */ ++#define _IOTBASE_unsigned ++#define _IOTBASE_signed ++ + + /* ioctls verbatim from 4.4 . */ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-unwind-resume.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hurd-i386/local-unwind-resume.diff @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ +--- + Makefile | 12 +++++++++ + rt-unwind-resume.c | 1 + unwind-resume.c | 64 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + 3 files changed, 77 insertions(+) + +Index: glibc/sysdeps/mach/hurd/rt-unwind-resume.c +=================================================================== +RCS file: glibc/sysdeps/mach/hurd/rt-unwind-resume.c +diff -N glibc/sysdeps/mach/hurd/rt-unwind-resume.c +--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000 ++++ glibc/sysdeps/mach/hurd/rt-unwind-resume.c 30 Jul 2009 00:21:33 -0000 +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +Index: glibc/sysdeps/mach/hurd/unwind-resume.c +=================================================================== +RCS file: glibc/sysdeps/mach/hurd/unwind-resume.c +diff -N glibc/sysdeps/mach/hurd/unwind-resume.c +--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000 ++++ glibc/sysdeps/mach/hurd/unwind-resume.c 30 Jul 2009 00:21:33 -0000 +@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Jakub Jelinek . ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++static void (*libgcc_s_resume) (struct _Unwind_Exception *exc); ++static _Unwind_Reason_Code (*libgcc_s_personality) ++ (int, _Unwind_Action, _Unwind_Exception_Class, struct _Unwind_Exception *, ++ struct _Unwind_Context *); ++ ++static void ++init (void) ++{ ++ void *resume, *personality; ++ void *handle; ++ ++ handle = __libc_dlopen ("libgcc_s.so.1"); ++ ++ if (handle == NULL ++ || (resume = __libc_dlsym (handle, "_Unwind_Resume")) == NULL ++ || (personality = __libc_dlsym (handle, "__gcc_personality_v0")) == NULL) ++ __libc_fatal ("libgcc_s.so.1 must be installed for pthread_cancel to work\n"); ++ ++ libgcc_s_resume = resume; ++ libgcc_s_personality = personality; ++} ++ ++void ++_Unwind_Resume (struct _Unwind_Exception *exc) ++{ ++ if (__builtin_expect (libgcc_s_resume == NULL, 0)) ++ init (); ++ libgcc_s_resume (exc); ++} ++ ++_Unwind_Reason_Code ++__gcc_personality_v0 (int version, _Unwind_Action actions, ++ _Unwind_Exception_Class exception_class, ++ struct _Unwind_Exception *ue_header, ++ struct _Unwind_Context *context) ++{ ++ if (__builtin_expect (libgcc_s_personality == NULL, 0)) ++ init (); ++ return libgcc_s_personality (version, actions, exception_class, ++ ue_header, context); ++} +Index: glibc/sysdeps/mach/hurd/Makefile +=================================================================== +RCS file: /cvs/glibc/libc/sysdeps/mach/hurd/Makefile,v +retrieving revision 1.96 +diff -u -p -r1.96 Makefile +--- glibc/sysdeps/mach/hurd/Makefile 7 Jan 2009 01:59:31 -0000 1.96 ++++ glibc/sysdeps/mach/hurd/Makefile 30 Jul 2009 00:21:33 -0000 +@@ -211,4 +211,16 @@ ifeq ($(subdir),sunrpc) + net/route.h + endif + ++ifeq ($(subdir),csu) ++routines += unwind-resume ++shared-only-routines += unwind-resume ++CFLAGS-unwind-resume.c += -fexceptions -fasynchronous-unwind-tables ++endif ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),rt) ++librt-sysdep_routines += rt-unwind-resume ++librt-shared-only-routines += rt-unwind-resume ++CFLAGS-rt-unwind-resume.c += -fexceptions -fasynchronous-unwind-tables ++endif ++ + endif # in-Makerules --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/submitted-bz9912-locale-ru_UA.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/submitted-bz9912-locale-ru_UA.diff @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- + localedata/locales/ru_UA | 1 + + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) + +--- a/localedata/locales/ru_UA ++++ b/localedata/locales/ru_UA +@@ -141,6 +141,7 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++week 7;19971201;4 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/fix-lang.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/fix-lang.diff @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +# All lines beginning with `# DP:' are a description of the patch. +# DP: Description: Fix lang_* fields in LC_ADDRESS +# DP: Related bugs: +# DP: Dpatch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Patch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Upstream status: Not submitted +# DP: Status Details: +# DP: Date: 2006-01-20 + +--- + localedata/locales/tr_TR | 6 +++--- + localedata/locales/wal_ET | 1 - + 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) + +--- a/localedata/locales/tr_TR ++++ b/localedata/locales/tr_TR +@@ -1591,10 +1591,10 @@ + country_ab3 "" + % Turkish + lang_name "" +-% tr ++% tur + lang_term "" ++% tur ++lang_lib "" + % tr +-lang_lib "" +-%tr + lang_ab "" + END LC_ADDRESS +--- a/localedata/locales/wal_ET ++++ b/localedata/locales/wal_ET +@@ -110,7 +110,6 @@ + % country_car unknown + % country_isbn unknown, Need ISO 2108 + lang_name "" +-lang_ab "" + lang_term "" + lang_lib "" + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/locale-eu_FR.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/locale-eu_FR.diff @@ -0,0 +1,198 @@ +# DP: Description: #257840: locales: Please add the eu_FR locale +# DP: Related bugs: #257840 +# DP: Dpatch author: GOTO Masanori +# DP: Patch author: Christian Perrier +# DP: Upstream status: Not submitted +# DP: Status Details: sending upstream +# DP: Date: 2004-07-31 + +--- + localedata/SUPPORTED | 3 + + localedata/locales/eu_FR | 83 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + localedata/locales/eu_FR@euro | 83 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + 3 files changed, 169 insertions(+) + +--- /dev/null ++++ b/localedata/locales/eu_FR +@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ ++comment_char % ++escape_char / ++% ++% Basque Language Locale for France ++% Language: eu ++% Territory: FR ++% Revision: 1.0 ++% Date: 2004-06-24 ++% Users: general ++% Charset: ISO-8859-1 ++% Distribution and use is free, also ++% for commercial purposes. ++ ++LC_IDENTIFICATION ++title "Basque locale for France" ++source "Christian Perrier and the Debian Project" ++address "" ++contact "Christian Perrier" ++email "bubulle@debian.org" ++tel "" ++fax "" ++language "Basque" ++territory "France" ++revision "1.0" ++date "2004-06-24" ++% ++category "eu_FR:2000";LC_IDENTIFICATION ++category "eu_FR:2000";LC_CTYPE ++category "eu_FR:2000";LC_COLLATE ++category "eu_FR:2000";LC_TIME ++category "eu_FR:2000";LC_NUMERIC ++category "eu_FR:2000";LC_MONETARY ++category "eu_FR:2000";LC_MESSAGES ++category "eu_FR:2000";LC_PAPER ++category "eu_FR:2000";LC_NAME ++category "eu_FR:2000";LC_ADDRESS ++category "eu_FR:2000";LC_TELEPHONE ++ ++END LC_IDENTIFICATION ++ ++LC_COLLATE ++copy "iso14651_t1" ++END LC_COLLATE ++ ++LC_CTYPE ++copy "i18n" ++END LC_CTYPE ++ ++LC_MESSAGES ++copy "eu_ES" ++END LC_MESSAGES ++ ++LC_MONETARY ++copy "fr_FR" ++END LC_MONETARY ++ ++LC_NUMERIC ++copy "fr_FR" ++END LC_NUMERIC ++ ++LC_TIME ++copy "eu_ES" ++END LC_TIME ++ ++LC_PAPER ++copy "fr_FR" ++END LC_PAPER ++ ++LC_TELEPHONE ++copy "fr_FR" ++END LC_TELEPHONE ++ ++LC_MEASUREMENT ++copy "fr_FR" ++END LC_MEASUREMENT ++ ++LC_NAME ++copy "eu_ES" ++END LC_NAME ++ ++LC_ADDRESS ++copy "fr_FR" ++END LC_ADDRESS +--- a/localedata/SUPPORTED ++++ b/localedata/SUPPORTED +@@ -184,6 +184,9 @@ + eu_ES.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + eu_ES/ISO-8859-1 \ + eu_ES@euro/ISO-8859-15 \ ++eu_FR.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ ++eu_FR/ISO-8859-1 \ ++eu_FR@euro/ISO-8859-15 \ + fa_IR/UTF-8 \ + fi_FI.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + fi_FI/ISO-8859-1 \ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/localedata/locales/eu_FR@euro +@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ ++comment_char % ++escape_char / ++% ++% Basque Language Locale for France ++% Language: eu ++% Territory: FR ++% Revision: 1.0 ++% Date: 2004-06-24 ++% Users: general ++% Charset: ISO-8859-15 ++% Distribution and use is free, also ++% for commercial purposes. ++ ++LC_IDENTIFICATION ++title "Basque locale for France" ++source "Christian Perrier and the Debian Project" ++address "" ++contact "Christian Perrier" ++email "bubulle@debian.org" ++tel "" ++fax "" ++language "Basque" ++territory "France" ++revision "1.0" ++date "2004-06-24" ++% ++category "eu_FR:2000";LC_IDENTIFICATION ++category "eu_FR:2000";LC_CTYPE ++category "eu_FR:2000";LC_COLLATE ++category "eu_FR:2000";LC_TIME ++category "eu_FR:2000";LC_NUMERIC ++category "eu_FR:2000";LC_MONETARY ++category "eu_FR:2000";LC_MESSAGES ++category "eu_FR:2000";LC_PAPER ++category "eu_FR:2000";LC_NAME ++category "eu_FR:2000";LC_ADDRESS ++category "eu_FR:2000";LC_TELEPHONE ++ ++END LC_IDENTIFICATION ++ ++LC_COLLATE ++copy "iso14651_t1" ++END LC_COLLATE ++ ++LC_CTYPE ++copy "i18n" ++END LC_CTYPE ++ ++LC_MESSAGES ++copy "eu_ES" ++END LC_MESSAGES ++ ++LC_MONETARY ++copy "fr_FR" ++END LC_MONETARY ++ ++LC_NUMERIC ++copy "fr_FR" ++END LC_NUMERIC ++ ++LC_TIME ++copy "eu_ES" ++END LC_TIME ++ ++LC_PAPER ++copy "fr_FR" ++END LC_PAPER ++ ++LC_TELEPHONE ++copy "fr_FR" ++END LC_TELEPHONE ++ ++LC_MEASUREMENT ++copy "fr_FR" ++END LC_MEASUREMENT ++ ++LC_NAME ++copy "eu_ES" ++END LC_NAME ++ ++LC_ADDRESS ++copy "fr_FR" ++END LC_ADDRESS --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/submitted-bz9732-dz_BT-collation.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/submitted-bz9732-dz_BT-collation.diff @@ -0,0 +1,2409 @@ +# All lines beginning with `# DP:' are a description of the patch. +# DP: Description: Enhance collation rules for dz_BT. These rules have +# DP: been written by Pema Geyleg and Denis Barbier, based on +# DP: C. Fynn's chart. +# DP: Dpatch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Patch author: Pema Geyleg and Denis Barbier +# DP: Upstream status: not submitted +# DP: Date: 2006-01-30 + +--- + localedata/locales/dz_BT | 2330 +++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------- + 1 file changed, 1285 insertions(+), 1045 deletions(-) + +--- a/localedata/locales/dz_BT ++++ b/localedata/locales/dz_BT +@@ -56,7 +56,30 @@ + LC_COLLATE + copy "iso14651_t1" + +-script ++% Collation rules written by Pema Geyleg, Pablo Saratxaga and Denis ++% Barbier, based on Dzongkha collation chart provided by Christopher J Fynn ++% at http://www.btinternet.com/~c.fynn/misc/DZ_bt/dzongkha-collate.html ++ ++% Third level ++ ++% Nominal, subjoined or variant forms ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++% Tibetan signs ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++ ++% Second level ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++ ++% Primary level ++collating-symbol + + % 30 base letters + collating-symbol +@@ -96,669 +119,736 @@ + collating-symbol + collating-symbol + +-% pre-radicals +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +- +-% nominal, subjoined or variant forms +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++ ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++%%% Not in Fynn's chart ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++%%% Not in Fynn's chart ++collating-element from "" ++%%% Not in Fynn's chart ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++%%% Not in Fynn's chart ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++%%% Not in Fynn's chart ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++%%% Not in Fynn's chart ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++%%% Not in Fynn's chart ++collating-element from "" ++%%% Not in Fynn's chart ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++%%% Not in Fynn's chart ++collating-element from "" ++%%% Not in Fynn's chart ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++%%% Not in Fynn's chart ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++%%% Not in Fynn's chart ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++%%% Not in Fynn's chart ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++% ++collating-symbol ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++%%% Not in Fynn's chart ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++% ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol + +-% ka-radicals +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +- +-% kha-radicals +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +- +-% ga-radicals +-% as there are ambiguous, the next letter has to be added too; +-% so the are in fact double elements: the ga-radical +-% itself, and the following letter. +-collating-symbol % ambiguous +-collating-symbol % ambiguous +-collating-symbol % ambiguous +-collating-symbol % ambiguous +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +- +-% nga-radicals +-% as there are ambiguous, the next letter has to be added too; +-% so the are in fact double elements: the nga-radical +-% itself, and the following letter. +-collating-symbol % ambiguous +-collating-symbol % ambiguous +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +- +-% ca-radicals +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +- +-% cha-radicals +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +- +-% ja-radicals +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +- +-% nya-radicals +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +- +-% ta-radicals +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +- +-% tha-radicals +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +- +-% da-radicals +-% as there are ambiguous, the next letter has to be added too; +-% so the are in fact double elements: the da-radical +-% itself, and the following letter. +-collating-symbol % ambiguous +-collating-symbol % ambiguous +-collating-symbol % ambiguous +-collating-symbol % ambiguous +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +- +-% na-radicals +-% as there are ambiguous, the next letter has to be added too; +-% so the are in fact double elements: the na-radical +-% itself, and the following letter. +-collating-symbol % ambiguous +-collating-symbol % ambiguous +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +- +-% pa-radicals +-% as there are ambiguous, the next letter has to be added too; +-% so the are in fact double elements: the pa-radical +-% itself, and the following letter. +-collating-symbol % ambiguous in Dzongkha +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +- +-% pha-radicals +-collating-symbol +-collating-element from "" +- +-% ba-radicals +-% as there are ambiguous, the next letter has to be added too; +-% so the are in fact double elements: the ba-radical +-% itself, and the following letter. +-collating-symbol % ambiguous +-collating-symbol % ambiguous +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +- +-% ma-radicals +-% as there are ambiguous, the next letter has to be added too; +-% so the are in fact double elements: the ma-radical +-% itself, and the following letter. +-collating-symbol % ambiguous +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +- +-% tsa-radicals +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +- +-% tsha-radicals +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +- +-% dza-radicals +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +- +-% zha-radicals +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +- +-% za-radicals +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +- +-% ya-radicals +-collating-symbol +-collating-element from "" +- +-% ra-radicals +-% as there are ambiguous, the next letter has to be added too; +-% so the are in fact double elements: the ra-radical +-% itself, and the following letter. +-collating-symbol % ambiguous +-collating-element from "" +- +-% sha-radicals +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +- +-% sa-radicals +-% as there are ambiguous, the next letter has to be added too; +-% so the are in fact double elements: the sa-radical +-% itself, and the following letter. +-collating-symbol % ambiguous +-collating-symbol % ambiguous +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +- +-% ha-radicals +-collating-symbol +-collating-element from "" +- +-% generic definitions +-reorder-after ++reorder-after + + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + + reorder-after +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- ++ ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ + +-% a better place than after cyrillic ya should be defined + reorder-after ++ + +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- ++ ++ ++ + +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- ++ + +- +- +- +- +- +- +- ++ + +- +- +- +- ++ + +- +- ++ + +- +- +- +- +- ++ + +- +- +- +- +- +- ++ + +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- ++ + +- +- ++ + +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- ++ + +- +- +- +- +- +- ++ + +- +- +- ++ + +- ++ + +- +- +- +- +- ++ + +- +- +- ++ + +- +- +- +- +- +- ++ + +- +- ++ + +- +- +- +- ++ + ++ + +- +- ++ + +- +- ++ + ++ + +- ++ + +- ++ + ++ + +- +- ++ + +- +- ++ + +- ++ + ++ ++ + + + + + +-%order_start ;forward;forward;forward;forward,position ++ + +-% specific definitions +-reorder-after +-% digits ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++reorder-end ++ ++script ++ ++order_start ;forward;forward;forward;forward,position + <0>;;IGNORE;IGNORE + <0>;;IGNORE;IGNORE + <1>;;IGNORE;IGNORE +@@ -780,430 +870,580 @@ + <9>;;IGNORE;IGNORE + <9>;;IGNORE;IGNORE + +-% letters +- ;;;IGNORE % ka +- ;;;IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE % kssa +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % kha +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % ga +- ;;;IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE % gha +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % nga +- ;;;IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % ca +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % cha +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % ja +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % nya +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % ta +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % tta +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % tha +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % ttha +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % da +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % dda +- ;;;IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE % dha +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE % ddha +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % na +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % nna +- ;;;IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % pa +- ;;;IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % pha +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % ba +- ;;;IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE % bha +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % ma +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % +- ;;;IGNORE % +- ;;;IGNORE % +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % tsa +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % tsha +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % dza +- ;;;IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE % dzha +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % wa +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % fixed wa +- ;;;IGNORE % zha +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % za +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % -a +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % ya +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % fixed ya +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % ra +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % fixed ra +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % vocalic r +-% FIXME; which of the two? +- ;;;IGNORE % vocalic rr +-% "";";";IGNORE % vocalic rr +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % la +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % vocalic l +-% FIXME; which of the two? +- ;;;IGNORE % vocalic ll +-% "";";";IGNORE % vocalic ll +- ;;;IGNORE % sha +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % ssa +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % sa +- ;;;IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % ha +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE % a +- ;;;IGNORE +- +-% explicit vowels +- IGNORE;;IGNORE;IGNORE % long vowel mark % FIXME +- ;;;IGNORE % i +- ;;;IGNORE % reversed i +- ;;;IGNORE % ii +- ;;;IGNORE % reversed ii +- ;;;IGNORE % u +- ;;;IGNORE % uu +- ;;;IGNORE % e +- ;;;IGNORE % ee +- ;;;IGNORE % o +- ;;;IGNORE % oo +- +-% FIXME: 0F39, 0F7F, 0F84, 0F85, 0F86, 0F87, +- +-% FIXME: 0F88, UF89, UF8A, 0F8B +- IGNORE;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- IGNORE;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- IGNORE;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- IGNORE;;IGNORE;IGNORE ++ ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE + +-reorder-end ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ "";"";"";IGNORE ++ "";"";"";IGNORE ++ "";"";"";IGNORE ++ "";"";"";IGNORE ++ "";"";"";IGNORE ++ "";"";"";IGNORE ++ "";"";"";IGNORE ++ "";"";"";IGNORE ++ ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ "";"";"";IGNORE ++ "";"";"";IGNORE ++ ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ "";"";"";IGNORE ++ "";"";"";IGNORE ++ "";"";"";IGNORE ++ "";"";"";IGNORE ++ "";"";"";IGNORE ++ "";"";"";IGNORE ++ "";"";"";IGNORE ++ "";"";"";IGNORE ++ "";"";"";IGNORE ++ "";"";"";IGNORE ++ "";"";"";IGNORE ++ "";"";"";IGNORE ++ 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++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++order_end + + END LC_COLLATE + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/locale-se_NO.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/locale-se_NO.diff @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +# All lines beginning with `# DP:' are a description of the patch. +# DP: Description: Fix se_NO locale +# DP: Dpatch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Patch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Upstream status: Not submitted yet +# DP: Date: 2006-06-02 + +--- + localedata/locales/se_NO | 5 +++-- + 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) + +--- a/localedata/locales/se_NO ++++ b/localedata/locales/se_NO +@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ + ;;;IGNORE % ezh caron + + reorder-after +- ;;;IGNORE % EZH ++ ;;;IGNORE % EZH + ;;;IGNORE % EZH caron + + reorder-after +@@ -164,9 +164,10 @@ + reorder-after + ;;;IGNORE % Kcaron + +-reorder-after ++reorder-after + ;"";"";IGNORE % ß + ;;;IGNORE % 288 ++reorder-after + ;;;IGNORE % 405 + + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/first_weekday.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/first_weekday.diff @@ -0,0 +1,1707 @@ +# All lines beginning with `# DP:' are a description of the patch. +# DP: Description: Add first_weekday and first_workday, most come +# DP: from OpenOffice through CLDR +# DP: This patch applies the following conventions: +# DP: 1=Sunday...7=Saturday +# DP: The week keyword is removed from all locales. +# DP: Normally GTK apps should work with these settings, as well as +# DP: other apps. +# DP: Related bugs: #343885 347323 #379100 +# DP: Dpatch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Patch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Upstream status: not submitted + +--- + localedata/locales/aa_DJ | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/aa_ER | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/aa_ER@saaho | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/aa_ET | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/af_ZA | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/am_ET | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ar_AE | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ar_BH | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ar_DZ | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ar_EG | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ar_IN | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ar_IQ | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ar_JO | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ar_KW | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ar_LB | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ar_LY | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ar_MA | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ar_OM | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ar_QA | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ar_SA | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ar_SD | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ar_SY | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ar_TN | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ar_YE | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/az_AZ | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/be_BY | 3 +++ + localedata/locales/be_BY@latin | 3 +++ + localedata/locales/bn_IN | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/br_FR | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/bs_BA | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/byn_ER | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ca_ES | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/de_BE | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/de_CH | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/de_LU | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/dz_BT | 3 ++- + localedata/locales/el_GR | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/en_AU | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/en_CA | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/en_DK | 3 +++ + localedata/locales/en_HK | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/en_IE | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/en_IN | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/en_NZ | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/en_PH | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/en_SG | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/en_ZA | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/es_AR | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/es_BO | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/es_CL | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/es_CO | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/es_DO | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/es_EC | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/es_GT | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/es_HN | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/es_MX | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/es_NI | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/es_PA | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/es_PE | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/es_PR | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/es_PY | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/es_SV | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/es_US | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/es_UY | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/es_VE | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/eu_ES | 1 + + localedata/locales/ga_IE | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/gd_GB | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/gez_ER | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/gez_ET | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/gl_ES | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/gu_IN | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/gv_GB | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/he_IL | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/hi_IN | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/hr_HR | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/hsb_DE | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/hy_AM | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/id_ID | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/is_IS | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/it_CH | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/it_IT | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ja_JP | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/kk_KZ | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/km_KH | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/kn_IN | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ko_KR | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ku_TR | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/kw_GB | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/lo_LA | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/lt_LT | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/lv_LV | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ml_IN | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/mn_MN | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/mr_IN | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ms_MY | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ne_NP | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/nl_BE | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/nl_NL | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/nr_ZA | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/nso_ZA | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/oc_FR | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/om_ET | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/pa_IN | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/pt_BR | 1 + + localedata/locales/pt_PT | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/rw_RW | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/sa_IN | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/se_NO | 3 +++ + localedata/locales/sid_ET | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/sl_SI | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/so_DJ | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/so_ET | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/so_KE | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/so_SO | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/sq_AL | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ss_ZA | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/st_ZA | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/sv_FI | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ta_IN | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/te_IN | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/th_TH | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ti_ER | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ti_ET | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/tig_ER | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/tn_ZA | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/tr_TR | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ts_ZA | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/tt_RU | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/uz_UZ | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/uz_UZ@cyrillic | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/ve_ZA | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/vi_VN | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/wa_BE | 3 ++- + localedata/locales/wal_ET | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/xh_ZA | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/yi_US | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/zh_CN | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/zh_HK | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/zh_SG | 2 ++ + localedata/locales/zh_TW | 3 +++ + localedata/locales/zu_ZA | 2 ++ + 143 files changed, 289 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) + +--- a/localedata/locales/aa_DJ ++++ b/localedata/locales/aa_DJ +@@ -273,5 +273,7 @@ + date_fmt "/ + " + % ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + % +--- a/localedata/locales/aa_ER ++++ b/localedata/locales/aa_ER +@@ -223,5 +223,7 @@ + date_fmt "/ + " + % ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + % +--- a/localedata/locales/aa_ER@saaho ++++ b/localedata/locales/aa_ER@saaho +@@ -207,5 +207,7 @@ + date_fmt "/ + " + % ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + % +--- a/localedata/locales/aa_ET ++++ b/localedata/locales/aa_ET +@@ -226,5 +226,7 @@ + date_fmt "/ + " + % ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + % +--- a/localedata/locales/af_ZA ++++ b/localedata/locales/af_ZA +@@ -164,6 +164,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/am_ET ++++ b/localedata/locales/am_ET +@@ -1564,5 +1564,7 @@ + / + " + % ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + % +--- a/localedata/locales/ar_AE ++++ b/localedata/locales/ar_AE +@@ -141,6 +141,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/ar_BH ++++ b/localedata/locales/ar_BH +@@ -145,6 +145,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/ar_DZ ++++ b/localedata/locales/ar_DZ +@@ -144,6 +144,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/ar_EG ++++ b/localedata/locales/ar_EG +@@ -148,6 +148,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/ar_IN ++++ b/localedata/locales/ar_IN +@@ -127,6 +127,8 @@ + % Appropriate 12 h time representation (%r) + t_fmt_ampm "" + % ++% FIXME: copied from other *_IN locales ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/ar_IQ ++++ b/localedata/locales/ar_IQ +@@ -144,6 +144,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/ar_JO ++++ b/localedata/locales/ar_JO +@@ -162,6 +162,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/ar_KW ++++ b/localedata/locales/ar_KW +@@ -144,6 +144,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/ar_LB ++++ b/localedata/locales/ar_LB +@@ -161,6 +161,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/ar_LY ++++ b/localedata/locales/ar_LY +@@ -144,6 +144,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/ar_MA ++++ b/localedata/locales/ar_MA +@@ -144,6 +144,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/ar_OM ++++ b/localedata/locales/ar_OM +@@ -144,6 +144,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/ar_QA ++++ b/localedata/locales/ar_QA +@@ -144,6 +144,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/ar_SA ++++ b/localedata/locales/ar_SA +@@ -132,6 +132,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/ar_SD ++++ b/localedata/locales/ar_SD +@@ -144,6 +144,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/ar_SY ++++ b/localedata/locales/ar_SY +@@ -161,6 +161,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 5 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/ar_TN ++++ b/localedata/locales/ar_TN +@@ -144,6 +144,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/ar_YE ++++ b/localedata/locales/ar_YE +@@ -144,6 +144,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/az_AZ ++++ b/localedata/locales/az_AZ +@@ -274,6 +274,8 @@ + t_fmt "" + am_pm "";"" + t_fmt_ampm "" ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/be_BY ++++ b/localedata/locales/be_BY +@@ -145,6 +145,9 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% Copied from be_BY@alternative ++first_weekday 2 ++first_workday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/be_BY@latin ++++ b/localedata/locales/be_BY@latin +@@ -102,6 +102,9 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% Copied from be_BY@alternative ++first_weekday 2 ++first_workday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_COLLATE +--- a/localedata/locales/bn_IN ++++ b/localedata/locales/bn_IN +@@ -145,6 +145,8 @@ + % Appropriate 12 h time representation (%r) + t_fmt_ampm "" + % ++% FIXME ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/br_FR ++++ b/localedata/locales/br_FR +@@ -141,6 +141,8 @@ + t_fmt "" + am_pm "";"" + t_fmt_ampm "" ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/bs_BA ++++ b/localedata/locales/bs_BA +@@ -208,6 +208,8 @@ + t_fmt "" + am_pm "";"" + t_fmt_ampm "" ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/byn_ER ++++ b/localedata/locales/byn_ER +@@ -218,5 +218,7 @@ + / + " + % ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + % +--- a/localedata/locales/ca_ES ++++ b/localedata/locales/ca_ES +@@ -138,6 +138,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/de_BE ++++ b/localedata/locales/de_BE +@@ -119,6 +119,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/de_CH ++++ b/localedata/locales/de_CH +@@ -120,6 +120,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/de_LU ++++ b/localedata/locales/de_LU +@@ -119,6 +119,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/dz_BT ++++ b/localedata/locales/dz_BT +@@ -1546,7 +1546,8 @@ + / + " + +- ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/el_GR ++++ b/localedata/locales/el_GR +@@ -139,6 +139,8 @@ + % + % Appropriate date representation (date(1)) "%a %d %b %Y %r %Z" + date_fmt "" ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/en_AU ++++ b/localedata/locales/en_AU +@@ -117,6 +117,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/en_CA ++++ b/localedata/locales/en_CA +@@ -132,6 +132,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/en_DK ++++ b/localedata/locales/en_DK +@@ -106,6 +106,9 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 ++first_workday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/en_HK ++++ b/localedata/locales/en_HK +@@ -133,6 +133,8 @@ + % Appropriate 12 h time representation (%r) + t_fmt_ampm "" + % ++% FIXME ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/en_IE ++++ b/localedata/locales/en_IE +@@ -115,6 +115,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/en_IN ++++ b/localedata/locales/en_IN +@@ -132,6 +132,8 @@ + % Appropriate 12 h time representation (%r) + t_fmt_ampm "" + % ++% FIXME ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/en_NZ ++++ b/localedata/locales/en_NZ +@@ -117,6 +117,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/en_PH ++++ b/localedata/locales/en_PH +@@ -133,6 +133,8 @@ + % Appropriate 12 h time representation (%r) + t_fmt_ampm "" + % ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/en_SG ++++ b/localedata/locales/en_SG +@@ -131,6 +131,8 @@ + % Appropriate 12 h time representation (%r) + t_fmt_ampm "" + % ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/en_ZA ++++ b/localedata/locales/en_ZA +@@ -205,6 +205,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/es_AR ++++ b/localedata/locales/es_AR +@@ -122,6 +122,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/es_BO ++++ b/localedata/locales/es_BO +@@ -122,6 +122,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/es_CL ++++ b/localedata/locales/es_CL +@@ -122,6 +122,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/es_CO ++++ b/localedata/locales/es_CO +@@ -122,6 +122,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/es_DO ++++ b/localedata/locales/es_DO +@@ -122,6 +122,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/es_EC ++++ b/localedata/locales/es_EC +@@ -122,6 +122,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/es_GT ++++ b/localedata/locales/es_GT +@@ -122,6 +122,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/es_HN ++++ b/localedata/locales/es_HN +@@ -122,6 +122,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/es_MX ++++ b/localedata/locales/es_MX +@@ -122,6 +122,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/es_NI ++++ b/localedata/locales/es_NI +@@ -114,6 +114,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/es_PA ++++ b/localedata/locales/es_PA +@@ -122,6 +122,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/es_PE ++++ b/localedata/locales/es_PE +@@ -123,6 +123,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/es_PR ++++ b/localedata/locales/es_PR +@@ -113,6 +113,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/es_PY ++++ b/localedata/locales/es_PY +@@ -122,6 +122,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/es_SV ++++ b/localedata/locales/es_SV +@@ -122,6 +122,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/es_US ++++ b/localedata/locales/es_US +@@ -174,6 +174,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/es_UY ++++ b/localedata/locales/es_UY +@@ -122,6 +122,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/es_VE ++++ b/localedata/locales/es_VE +@@ -123,6 +123,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/eu_ES ++++ b/localedata/locales/eu_ES +@@ -131,6 +131,7 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/ga_IE ++++ b/localedata/locales/ga_IE +@@ -117,6 +117,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/gd_GB ++++ b/localedata/locales/gd_GB +@@ -122,6 +122,8 @@ + t_fmt "" + am_pm "";"" + t_fmt_ampm "" ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/gez_ER ++++ b/localedata/locales/gez_ER +@@ -215,5 +215,7 @@ + / + " + % ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + % +--- a/localedata/locales/gez_ET ++++ b/localedata/locales/gez_ET +@@ -216,5 +216,7 @@ + / + " + % ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + % +--- a/localedata/locales/gl_ES ++++ b/localedata/locales/gl_ES +@@ -121,6 +121,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/gu_IN ++++ b/localedata/locales/gu_IN +@@ -178,6 +178,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/gv_GB ++++ b/localedata/locales/gv_GB +@@ -131,6 +131,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/he_IL ++++ b/localedata/locales/he_IL +@@ -123,6 +123,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/hi_IN ++++ b/localedata/locales/hi_IN +@@ -173,6 +173,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/hr_HR ++++ b/localedata/locales/hr_HR +@@ -220,6 +220,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/hsb_DE ++++ b/localedata/locales/hsb_DE +@@ -220,6 +220,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/hy_AM ++++ b/localedata/locales/hy_AM +@@ -147,6 +147,8 @@ + t_fmt "" + am_pm "";"" + t_fmt_ampm "" ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/id_ID ++++ b/localedata/locales/id_ID +@@ -120,6 +120,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/is_IS ++++ b/localedata/locales/is_IS +@@ -2223,6 +2223,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in Java ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/it_CH ++++ b/localedata/locales/it_CH +@@ -98,6 +98,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/it_IT ++++ b/localedata/locales/it_IT +@@ -124,6 +124,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/ja_JP ++++ b/localedata/locales/ja_JP +@@ -15006,6 +15006,8 @@ + "";"";/ + "";"";/ + "";"" ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/kk_KZ ++++ b/localedata/locales/kk_KZ +@@ -232,6 +232,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/km_KH ++++ b/localedata/locales/km_KH +@@ -1841,6 +1841,8 @@ + % ICT-7ICT-7 + %timezone "" + ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/kn_IN ++++ b/localedata/locales/kn_IN +@@ -182,6 +182,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/ko_KR ++++ b/localedata/locales/ko_KR +@@ -6189,6 +6189,8 @@ + / + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + + END LC_TIME + +--- a/localedata/locales/ku_TR ++++ b/localedata/locales/ku_TR +@@ -149,6 +149,8 @@ + t_fmt_ampm "" + % format: %A %d %B %Y + date_fmt "" ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/kw_GB ++++ b/localedata/locales/kw_GB +@@ -123,6 +123,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/lo_LA ++++ b/localedata/locales/lo_LA +@@ -718,6 +718,8 @@ + " + % ICT-7ICT-7 + timezone "" ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/lt_LT ++++ b/localedata/locales/lt_LT +@@ -137,6 +137,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/lv_LV ++++ b/localedata/locales/lv_LV +@@ -2183,6 +2183,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/ml_IN ++++ b/localedata/locales/ml_IN +@@ -163,6 +163,8 @@ + % Appropriate 12 h time representation (%r) + t_fmt_ampm "" + % ++% FIXME ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + % + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/mn_MN ++++ b/localedata/locales/mn_MN +@@ -220,6 +220,8 @@ + % "%Z %Y ony %B %e, %a %H:%M:%S" + date_fmt "/ + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/mr_IN ++++ b/localedata/locales/mr_IN +@@ -170,6 +170,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/ms_MY ++++ b/localedata/locales/ms_MY +@@ -139,6 +139,8 @@ + % Appropriate 12 h time representation (%r) + t_fmt_ampm "" + % ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/ne_NP ++++ b/localedata/locales/ne_NP +@@ -153,6 +153,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/nl_BE ++++ b/localedata/locales/nl_BE +@@ -104,6 +104,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/nl_NL ++++ b/localedata/locales/nl_NL +@@ -123,6 +123,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/nr_ZA ++++ b/localedata/locales/nr_ZA +@@ -162,6 +162,8 @@ + % %Z - time-zone name, + % %Y - year with century as a decimal number,e.g. 2001. + ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/nso_ZA ++++ b/localedata/locales/nso_ZA +@@ -157,6 +157,8 @@ + % %Z - time-zone name, + % %Y - year with century as a decimal number,e.g. 2001. + ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/oc_FR ++++ b/localedata/locales/oc_FR +@@ -123,6 +123,8 @@ + t_fmt "" + am_pm "";"" + t_fmt_ampm "" ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_NAME +--- a/localedata/locales/om_ET ++++ b/localedata/locales/om_ET +@@ -233,5 +233,7 @@ + date_fmt "/ + " + % ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + % +--- a/localedata/locales/pa_IN ++++ b/localedata/locales/pa_IN +@@ -170,6 +170,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/pt_BR ++++ b/localedata/locales/pt_BR +@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/pt_PT ++++ b/localedata/locales/pt_PT +@@ -124,6 +124,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/rw_RW ++++ b/localedata/locales/rw_RW +@@ -109,6 +109,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/sa_IN ++++ b/localedata/locales/sa_IN +@@ -182,6 +182,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: copied from other *_IN locales ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/se_NO ++++ b/localedata/locales/se_NO +@@ -277,6 +277,9 @@ + " + + % %a %b-%e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y søn jan-31 21:15:11 CET 2001 ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 ++first_workday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/sid_ET ++++ b/localedata/locales/sid_ET +@@ -222,5 +222,7 @@ + % + date_fmt "/ + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + % +--- a/localedata/locales/sl_SI ++++ b/localedata/locales/sl_SI +@@ -157,6 +157,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/so_DJ ++++ b/localedata/locales/so_DJ +@@ -222,5 +222,7 @@ + date_fmt "/ + " + % ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + % +--- a/localedata/locales/so_ET ++++ b/localedata/locales/so_ET +@@ -219,5 +219,7 @@ + date_fmt "/ + " + % ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + % +--- a/localedata/locales/so_KE ++++ b/localedata/locales/so_KE +@@ -218,5 +218,7 @@ + date_fmt "/ + " + % ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + % +--- a/localedata/locales/so_SO ++++ b/localedata/locales/so_SO +@@ -278,5 +278,7 @@ + date_fmt "/ + " + % ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + % +--- a/localedata/locales/sq_AL ++++ b/localedata/locales/sq_AL +@@ -290,6 +290,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/ss_ZA ++++ b/localedata/locales/ss_ZA +@@ -167,6 +167,8 @@ + % %Z - time-zone name, + % %Y - year with century as a decimal number,e.g. 2001. + ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/st_ZA ++++ b/localedata/locales/st_ZA +@@ -164,6 +164,8 @@ + % %Z - time-zone name, + % %Y - year with century as a decimal number,e.g. 2001. + ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/sv_FI ++++ b/localedata/locales/sv_FI +@@ -107,6 +107,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/ta_IN ++++ b/localedata/locales/ta_IN +@@ -247,6 +247,8 @@ + % Appropriate 12 h time representation (%r) + t_fmt_ampm "" + % ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/te_IN ++++ b/localedata/locales/te_IN +@@ -156,6 +156,8 @@ + % %p%I.%M.%S %Z + t_fmt_ampm "" + % ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/th_TH ++++ b/localedata/locales/th_TH +@@ -913,6 +913,8 @@ + " + % ICT-7ICT-7 + timezone "" ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/ti_ER ++++ b/localedata/locales/ti_ER +@@ -270,5 +270,7 @@ + / + " + % ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + % +--- a/localedata/locales/ti_ET ++++ b/localedata/locales/ti_ET +@@ -1072,5 +1072,7 @@ + / + " + % ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + % +--- a/localedata/locales/tig_ER ++++ b/localedata/locales/tig_ER +@@ -218,5 +218,7 @@ + / + " + % ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + % +--- a/localedata/locales/tn_ZA ++++ b/localedata/locales/tn_ZA +@@ -169,6 +169,8 @@ + % %Z - time-zone name, + % %Y - year with century as a decimal number,e.g. 2001. + ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/tr_TR ++++ b/localedata/locales/tr_TR +@@ -1540,6 +1540,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/ts_ZA ++++ b/localedata/locales/ts_ZA +@@ -164,6 +164,8 @@ + % %Z - time-zone name, + % %Y - year with century as a decimal number,e.g. 2001. + ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/tt_RU ++++ b/localedata/locales/tt_RU +@@ -297,6 +297,8 @@ + t_fmt "" + am_pm "";"" + t_fmt_ampm "" ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +--- a/localedata/locales/uz_UZ ++++ b/localedata/locales/uz_UZ +@@ -260,6 +260,8 @@ + am_pm "";"" + t_fmt_ampm "" + date_fmt "" ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/uz_UZ@cyrillic ++++ b/localedata/locales/uz_UZ@cyrillic +@@ -263,6 +263,8 @@ + am_pm "";"" + t_fmt_ampm "" + date_fmt "" ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/ve_ZA ++++ b/localedata/locales/ve_ZA +@@ -166,6 +166,8 @@ + % %Z - time-zone name, + % %Y - year with century as a decimal number,e.g. 2001. + ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/vi_VN ++++ b/localedata/locales/vi_VN +@@ -294,6 +294,8 @@ + am_pm "";"" + t_fmt_ampm "" + date_fmt "" ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + % yes: Va^ng / Da. +--- a/localedata/locales/wa_BE ++++ b/localedata/locales/wa_BE +@@ -163,7 +163,8 @@ + am_pm "";"" + t_fmt_ampm "" + % prumî djoû del samwinne (1=londi) +-first_weekday 1 ++% FIXME No, 2=lundi ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_NAME +--- a/localedata/locales/wal_ET ++++ b/localedata/locales/wal_ET +@@ -232,5 +232,7 @@ + / + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 7 + END LC_TIME + % +--- a/localedata/locales/xh_ZA ++++ b/localedata/locales/xh_ZA +@@ -164,6 +164,8 @@ + % time-zone name, + % year with century as a decimal number,e.g. 2001. + % ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/yi_US ++++ b/localedata/locales/yi_US +@@ -186,6 +186,8 @@ + am_pm "";"" + t_fmt_ampm "" + cal_direction 3 ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/zh_CN ++++ b/localedata/locales/zh_CN +@@ -135,6 +135,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/zh_HK ++++ b/localedata/locales/zh_HK +@@ -141,6 +141,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/zh_SG ++++ b/localedata/locales/zh_SG +@@ -130,6 +130,8 @@ + % Appropriate 12 h time representation (%r) + t_fmt_ampm "" + % ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + +--- a/localedata/locales/zh_TW ++++ b/localedata/locales/zh_TW +@@ -128,6 +128,9 @@ + / + " + ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 ++ + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/zu_ZA ++++ b/localedata/locales/zu_ZA +@@ -170,6 +170,8 @@ + % %Z - time-zone name, + % %Y - year with century as a decimal number,e.g. 2001. + ++% FIXME: found in CLDR ++first_weekday 1 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/locale-en_DK.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/locale-en_DK.diff @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +# All lines beginning with `# DP:' are a description of the patch. +# DP: Description: Improve en_DK and add en_DK.ISO-8859-15 to SUPPORTED +# DP: This locale is only useful to provide ISO8601 date formats. +# DP: Related bugs: #323159 +# DP: Dpatch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Patch author: Jakob Bohm +# DP: Upstream status: not submitted +# DP: Date: 2006-01-16 + +--- + localedata/SUPPORTED | 1 + + localedata/locales/en_DK | 35 +++++------------------------------ + 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-) + +--- a/localedata/SUPPORTED ++++ b/localedata/SUPPORTED +@@ -113,6 +113,7 @@ + en_CA.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + en_CA/ISO-8859-1 \ + en_DK.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ ++en_DK.ISO-8859-15/ISO-8859-15 \ + en_DK/ISO-8859-1 \ + en_GB.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + en_GB/ISO-8859-1 \ +--- a/localedata/locales/en_DK ++++ b/localedata/locales/en_DK +@@ -60,27 +60,11 @@ + END LC_CTYPE + + LC_MONETARY +-int_curr_symbol "" +-currency_symbol "" +-mon_decimal_point "" +-mon_thousands_sep "" +-mon_grouping 3;3 +-positive_sign "" +-negative_sign "" +-int_frac_digits 2 +-frac_digits 2 +-p_cs_precedes 1 +-p_sep_by_space 0 +-n_cs_precedes 1 +-n_sep_by_space 0 +-p_sign_posn 1 +-n_sign_posn 1 ++copy "da_DK" + END LC_MONETARY + + LC_NUMERIC +-decimal_point "" +-thousands_sep "" +-grouping 3;3 ++copy "da_DK" + END LC_NUMERIC + + LC_TIME +@@ -125,8 +109,7 @@ + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +-yesexpr "" +-noexpr "" ++copy "da_DK" + END LC_MESSAGES + + LC_PAPER +@@ -142,17 +125,9 @@ + END LC_MEASUREMENT + + LC_NAME +-name_fmt "/ +-" ++copy "da_DK" + END LC_NAME + + LC_ADDRESS +-postal_fmt "/ +-/ +-/ +-/ +-" +-country_ab2 "" +-country_ab3 "" +-country_num 208 ++copy "da_DK" + END LC_ADDRESS --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/cy_GB-first_weekday.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/cy_GB-first_weekday.diff @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- + localedata/locales/cy_GB | 2 ++ + 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) + +--- a/localedata/locales/cy_GB ++++ b/localedata/locales/cy_GB +@@ -253,6 +253,8 @@ + date_fmt "/ + / + " ++week 7;19971130;4 ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/local-all-no-archive.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/local-all-no-archive.diff @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- + localedata/Makefile | 2 +- + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/localedata/Makefile ++++ b/localedata/Makefile +@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ + echo -n `echo $$locale | sed 's/\([^\@]*\)\(\@.*\)*/\2/'`; \ + echo -n '...'; \ + input=`echo $$locale | sed 's/\([^.]*\)[^@]*\(.*\)/\1\2/'`; \ +- $(LOCALEDEF) --alias-file=../intl/locale.alias \ ++ $(LOCALEDEF) --alias-file=../intl/locale.alias --no-archive \ + -i locales/$$input -c -f charmaps/$$charset \ + $(addprefix --prefix=,$(install_root)) $$locale; \ + echo ' done'; \ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/locale-eo_EO.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/locale-eo_EO.diff @@ -0,0 +1,243 @@ +# DP: Description: Add Esperanto locale (eo_EO) +# DP: Related bugs: #78085 #233308 +# DP: Dpatch author: Ben Collins +# DP: Patch author: Robert Thomson and Edmund GRIMLEY +# DP: Upstream status: Not submitted +# DP: Status Details: +# DP: Date: 2001-03-23 + +--- + localedata/SUPPORTED | 2 + localedata/locales/eo | 216 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + 2 files changed, 218 insertions(+) + +--- /dev/null ++++ b/localedata/locales/eo +@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@ ++comment_char % ++escape_char / ++ ++% Esperanto language locale for ... ++% Edmund GRIMLEY EVANS ++ ++LC_IDENTIFICATION ++title "Esperanto locale" ++source "" ++address "" ++contact "" ++email "debian-esperanto@lists.debian.org" ++tel "" ++fax "" ++language "Esperanto" ++territory "" ++revision "draft" ++date "2002-07-04" ++% ++category "eo:2000";LC_IDENTIFICATION ++category "eo:2000";LC_CTYPE ++category "eo:2000";LC_COLLATE ++category "eo:2000";LC_TIME ++category "eo:2000";LC_NUMERIC ++category "eo:2000";LC_MONETARY ++category "eo:2000";LC_MESSAGES ++category "eo:2000";LC_PAPER ++category "eo:2000";LC_NAME ++category "eo:2000";LC_ADDRESS ++category "eo:2000";LC_TELEPHONE ++ ++END LC_IDENTIFICATION ++ ++LC_CTYPE ++copy "i18n" ++END LC_CTYPE ++ ++LC_COLLATE ++copy "iso14651_t1" ++ ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE % Ĉ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE % ĉ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE % Äœ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE % Ä ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE % Ĥ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE % Ä¥ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE % Ä´ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE % ĵ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE % Åœ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE % Å ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE % Ŭ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE % Å­ ++ ++reorder-end ++ ++END LC_COLLATE ++ ++LC_MONETARY ++int_curr_symbol "" % "EUR" ++currency_symbol "" % "EUR" ++% "" ne eblas en ISO-8859-3 ++mon_decimal_point "" ++mon_thousands_sep "" ++mon_grouping 3;3 ++positive_sign "" ++negative_sign "" ++int_frac_digits 2 ++frac_digits 2 ++p_cs_precedes 1 ++p_sep_by_space 1 ++n_cs_precedes 1 ++n_sep_by_space 1 ++p_sign_posn 1 ++n_sign_posn 1 ++END LC_MONETARY ++ ++LC_NUMERIC ++decimal_point "" ++thousands_sep "" ++grouping 0;0 ++END LC_NUMERIC ++ ++LC_TIME ++ ++% "dim";"lun";"mar";"mer";"ĵaÅ­";"ven";"sab" ++abday "";"";/ ++ "";"";/ ++ "";"";/ ++ "" ++ ++% "dimanĉo";"lundo";"mardo";"merkredo";"ĵaÅ­do";"vendredo";"sabato" ++day "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "" ++ ++% "Jan";"Feb";"Mar";"Apr";"Maj";"Jun";"Jul";"AÅ­g";"Sep";"Okt";"Nov";"Dec" ++abmon "";"";/ ++ "";"";/ ++ "";"";/ ++ "";"";/ ++ "";"";/ ++ "";"" ++ ++% "Januaro";"Februaro";"Marto";"Aprilo";"Majo";"Junio"; ++% "Julio";"AÅ­gusto";"Septembro";"Oktobro";"Novembro";"Decembro" ++mon "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "" ++ ++am_pm "";"" ++ ++% "%a %d %b %Y %T %z" ++d_t_fmt "" ++ ++% "%Y-%m-%d" ++d_fmt "" ++ ++% "%T" ++t_fmt "" ++ ++t_fmt_ampm "" ++ ++% date_fmt ? ++ ++END LC_TIME ++ ++LC_MESSAGES ++% "^[JjYy].*" ++yesexpr "" ++% "^[Nn].*" ++noexpr "" ++END LC_MESSAGES ++ ++LC_PAPER ++height 297 ++width 210 ++END LC_PAPER ++ ++LC_TELEPHONE ++% "+%c %a %l" ++tel_int_fmt "/ ++" ++% "00" ++int_select "" ++END LC_TELEPHONE ++ ++LC_MEASUREMENT ++measurement 1 ++END LC_MEASUREMENT ++ ++LC_NAME ++% "%d%t%g%t%m%t%f" ++name_fmt "/ ++" ++name_mr "" % "s-ro" ++name_mrs "" % "s-ino" ++name_ms "" % "s-ino" ++END LC_NAME ++ ++LC_ADDRESS ++% "%f%N%a%N%d%N%b%N%s %h %e %r%N%%z %T%N%c%N" ++postal_fmt "/ ++/ ++/ ++/ ++" ++% "Esperanto" ++lang_name "" ++lang_ab "" % "eo" ++lang_term "" % "epo" ++END LC_ADDRESS +--- a/localedata/SUPPORTED ++++ b/localedata/SUPPORTED +@@ -135,6 +135,8 @@ + en_ZA/ISO-8859-1 \ + en_ZW.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + en_ZW/ISO-8859-1 \ ++eo.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ ++eo/ISO-8859-3 \ + es_AR.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + es_AR/ISO-8859-1 \ + es_BO.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/sort-UTF8-first.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/sort-UTF8-first.diff @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +--- + localedata/SUPPORTED | 16 ++++++++-------- + 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) + +--- a/localedata/SUPPORTED ++++ b/localedata/SUPPORTED +@@ -225,8 +225,8 @@ + hne_IN/UTF-8 \ + hr_HR.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + hr_HR/ISO-8859-2 \ +-hsb_DE/ISO-8859-2 \ + hsb_DE.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ ++hsb_DE/ISO-8859-2 \ + ht_HT/UTF-8 \ + hu_HU.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + hu_HU/ISO-8859-2 \ +@@ -246,8 +246,8 @@ + iu_CA/UTF-8 \ + iw_IL.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + iw_IL/ISO-8859-8 \ +-ja_JP.EUC-JP/EUC-JP \ + ja_JP.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ ++ja_JP.EUC-JP/EUC-JP \ + ka_GE.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + ka_GE/GEORGIAN-PS \ + kk_KZ.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ +@@ -256,8 +256,8 @@ + kl_GL/ISO-8859-1 \ + km_KH/UTF-8 \ + kn_IN/UTF-8 \ +-ko_KR.EUC-KR/EUC-KR \ + ko_KR.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ ++ko_KR.EUC-KR/EUC-KR \ + ks_IN/UTF-8 \ + ks_IN@devanagari/UTF-8 \ + ku_TR.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ +@@ -323,8 +323,8 @@ + pt_PT@euro/ISO-8859-15 \ + ro_RO.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + ro_RO/ISO-8859-2 \ +-ru_RU.KOI8-R/KOI8-R \ + ru_RU.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ ++ru_RU.KOI8-R/KOI8-R \ + ru_RU/ISO-8859-5 \ + ru_UA.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + ru_UA/KOI8-U \ +@@ -388,28 +388,28 @@ + uz_UZ/ISO-8859-1 \ + uz_UZ@cyrillic/UTF-8 \ + ve_ZA/UTF-8 \ +-vi_VN.TCVN/TCVN5712-1 \ + vi_VN/UTF-8 \ ++vi_VN.TCVN/TCVN5712-1 \ ++wa_BE.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + wa_BE/ISO-8859-1 \ + wa_BE@euro/ISO-8859-15 \ +-wa_BE.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + wo_SN/UTF-8 \ + xh_ZA.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + xh_ZA/ISO-8859-1 \ + yi_US.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + yi_US/CP1255 \ + yo_NG/UTF-8 \ ++zh_CN.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + zh_CN.GB18030/GB18030 \ + zh_CN.GBK/GBK \ +-zh_CN.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + zh_CN/GB2312 \ + zh_HK.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + zh_HK/BIG5-HKSCS \ + zh_SG.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + zh_SG.GBK/GBK \ + zh_SG/GB2312 \ +-zh_TW.EUC-TW/EUC-TW \ + zh_TW.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ ++zh_TW.EUC-TW/EUC-TW \ + zh_TW/BIG5 \ + zu_ZA.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + zu_ZA/ISO-8859-1 \ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/tl_PH-yesexpr.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/tl_PH-yesexpr.diff @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +# All lines beginning with `# DP:' are a description of the patch. +# DP: Description: Fix yesexpr/noexpr/yesstr/nostr +# DP: Related bugs: #295810 +# DP: Dpatch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Patch author: eric pareja +# DP: Upstream status: not submitted +# DP: Date: 2006-01-10 + +--- + localedata/locales/tl_PH | 14 +++++++++++++- + 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/localedata/locales/tl_PH ++++ b/localedata/locales/tl_PH +@@ -140,7 +140,19 @@ + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +-copy "en_US" ++ ++% "^[oOyY].*" for "Yes" ++yesexpr "" ++ ++% "^[hHnN].*" for "No" ++noexpr "" ++ ++% "Oo" for "Yes" ++yesstr "" ++ ++% "Hindi" for "No" ++nostr "" ++ + END LC_MESSAGES + + LC_PAPER --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/locales-fr.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/locales-fr.diff @@ -0,0 +1,274 @@ +# All lines beginning with `# DP:' are a description of the patch. +# DP: Description: Various fixes for all French locales +# DP: Related bugs: #248377 #351786 #345481 +# DP: Dpatch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Patch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Upstream status: not submitted +# DP: Date: 2006-01-10 + +--- + localedata/locales/fr_BE | 20 +++++++++++++++----- + localedata/locales/fr_CA | 15 ++++++++++----- + localedata/locales/fr_CH | 23 +++++++++++++++-------- + localedata/locales/fr_FR | 21 ++++++++++++++++++--- + localedata/locales/fr_LU | 23 ++++++++++++++++------- + 5 files changed, 74 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-) + +--- a/localedata/locales/fr_BE ++++ b/localedata/locales/fr_BE +@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ + category "fr_BE:2000";LC_NAME + category "fr_BE:2000";LC_ADDRESS + category "fr_BE:2000";LC_TELEPHONE ++category "fr_BE:2000";LC_MEASUREMENT + + END LC_IDENTIFICATION + +@@ -117,9 +118,10 @@ + t_fmt "" + am_pm "";"" + t_fmt_ampm "" +-date_fmt "/ +-/ +-" ++date_fmt "/ ++/ ++/ ++" + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +@@ -142,8 +144,7 @@ + END LC_MEASUREMENT + + LC_NAME +-name_fmt "/ +-" ++copy "fr_FR" + END LC_NAME + + LC_ADDRESS +@@ -155,4 +156,13 @@ + country_ab2 "" + country_ab3 "" + country_num 056 ++country_name "" ++country_car "" ++% FIXME ++country_post "" ++country_isbn 2 ++lang_name "" ++lang_ab "" ++lang_term "" ++lang_lib "" + END LC_ADDRESS +--- a/localedata/locales/fr_CA ++++ b/localedata/locales/fr_CA +@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ + category "fr_CA:2000";LC_NAME + category "fr_CA:2000";LC_ADDRESS + category "fr_CA:2000";LC_TELEPHONE ++category "fr_CA:2000";LC_MEASUREMENT + + END LC_IDENTIFICATION + +@@ -118,9 +119,10 @@ + t_fmt "" + am_pm "";"" + t_fmt_ampm "" +-date_fmt "/ +-/ +-" ++date_fmt "/ ++/ ++/ ++" + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +@@ -136,8 +138,7 @@ + END LC_MEASUREMENT + + LC_NAME +-name_fmt "/ +-" ++copy "fr_FR" + END LC_NAME + + LC_ADDRESS +@@ -149,6 +150,10 @@ + country_ab2 "" + country_ab3 "" + country_num 124 ++country_name "" ++country_car "" ++country_post "" ++country_isbn 2 + lang_name "" + lang_ab "" + lang_term "" +--- a/localedata/locales/fr_CH ++++ b/localedata/locales/fr_CH +@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ + category "fr_CH:2000";LC_NAME + category "fr_CH:2000";LC_ADDRESS + category "fr_CH:2000";LC_TELEPHONE ++category "fr_CH:2000";LC_MEASUREMENT + + END LC_IDENTIFICATION + +@@ -64,9 +65,7 @@ + END LC_MONETARY + + LC_NUMERIC +-decimal_point "" +-thousands_sep "" +-grouping 0;0 ++copy "de_CH" + END LC_NUMERIC + + LC_TIME +@@ -104,9 +103,10 @@ + t_fmt "" + am_pm "";"" + t_fmt_ampm "" +-date_fmt "/ +-/ +-" ++date_fmt "/ ++/ ++/ ++" + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +@@ -128,8 +128,7 @@ + END LC_MEASUREMENT + + LC_NAME +-name_fmt "/ +-" ++copy "fr_FR" + END LC_NAME + + LC_ADDRESS +@@ -141,4 +140,12 @@ + country_ab2 "" + country_ab3 "" + country_num 756 ++country_name "" ++country_car "" ++country_post "" ++country_isbn 2 ++lang_name "" ++lang_ab "" ++lang_term "" ++lang_lib "" + END LC_ADDRESS +--- a/localedata/locales/fr_FR ++++ b/localedata/locales/fr_FR +@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ + category "fr_FR:2000";LC_NAME + category "fr_FR:2000";LC_ADDRESS + category "fr_FR:2000";LC_TELEPHONE ++category "fr_FR:2000";LC_MEASUREMENT + + END LC_IDENTIFICATION + +@@ -137,9 +138,10 @@ + t_fmt "" + am_pm "";"" + t_fmt_ampm "" +-date_fmt "/ +-/ +-" ++date_fmt "/ ++/ ++/ ++" + + week 7;19971130;4 + first_weekday 2 +@@ -166,6 +168,11 @@ + LC_NAME + name_fmt "/ + " ++name_gen "" ++name_mr "" ++name_mrs "" ++name_miss "" ++name_ms "" + END LC_NAME + + LC_ADDRESS +@@ -177,4 +184,12 @@ + country_ab2 "" + country_ab3 "" + country_num 250 ++country_name "" ++country_car "" ++country_post "" ++country_isbn 2 ++lang_name "" ++lang_ab "" ++lang_term "" ++lang_lib "" + END LC_ADDRESS +--- a/localedata/locales/fr_LU ++++ b/localedata/locales/fr_LU +@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ + category "fr_LU:2000";LC_NAME + category "fr_LU:2000";LC_ADDRESS + category "fr_LU:2000";LC_TELEPHONE ++category "fr_LU:2000";LC_MEASUREMENT + + END LC_IDENTIFICATION + +@@ -78,8 +79,8 @@ + + LC_NUMERIC + decimal_point "" +-thousands_sep "" +-grouping 0;0 ++thousands_sep "" ++grouping 3;3 + END LC_NUMERIC + + LC_TIME +@@ -117,9 +118,10 @@ + t_fmt "" + am_pm "";"" + t_fmt_ampm "" +-date_fmt "/ +-/ +-" ++date_fmt "/ ++/ ++/ ++" + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER +@@ -141,8 +143,7 @@ + END LC_MEASUREMENT + + LC_NAME +-name_fmt "/ +-" ++copy "fr_FR" + END LC_NAME + + LC_ADDRESS +@@ -154,4 +155,12 @@ + country_ab2 "" + country_ab3 "" + country_num 442 ++country_name "" ++country_car "" ++country_post "" ++country_isbn 2 ++lang_name "" ++lang_ab "" ++lang_term "" ++lang_lib "" + END LC_ADDRESS --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/tailor-iso14651_t1.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/tailor-iso14651_t1.diff @@ -0,0 +1,15400 @@ +# All lines beginning with `# DP:' are a description of the patch. +# DP: Description: Rewrite collation rules to include iso14651_t1 +# DP: es_ES: BZ664, by Pablo Saratxaga +# DP: da_DK fi_FI nb_NO: BZ672, by Denis Barbier +# DP: ar_SA cs_CZ et_EE hr_HR hsb_DE lt_LT pl_PL sl_SI tr_TR: not +# DP: submitted yet. +# DP: Related bugs: BZ664 BZ672 +# DP: Dpatch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Patch author: Denis Barbier, Pablo Saratxaga +# DP: Upstream status: BZ664 BZ672 +# DP: Date: 2006-01-18 + +2008-08-08 Aurelien Jarno + + Loosy update for glibc 2.8. + +2007-05-25 Pierre Habouzit + + Loosy update for glibc 2.6. + +2005-01-16 Denis Barbier + + [BZ #672] + Replace current collation rules by including iso14651_t1 and adding + extra rules if needed. There should be no noticeable changes in + sorted text. only ligatures and ignoreable characters have modified + weights. + * locales/da_DK: Likewise. + * locales/fi_FI: Likewise. + * locales/nb_NO: Likewise. + +--- + localedata/locales/ar_SA | 219 ---- + localedata/locales/da_DK | 27 + localedata/locales/es_ES | 12 + localedata/locales/et_EE | 2099 -------------------------------------------- + localedata/locales/fi_FI | 45 + localedata/locales/hr_HR | 2158 +-------------------------------------------- + localedata/locales/hsb_DE | 2190 ++-------------------------------------------- + localedata/locales/lt_LT | 2064 ------------------------------------------- + localedata/locales/pl_PL | 2139 +------------------------------------------- + localedata/locales/sl_SI | 2086 ------------------------------------------- + localedata/locales/tr_TR | 2120 +------------------------------------------- + 11 files changed, 470 insertions(+), 14689 deletions(-) + +--- a/localedata/locales/da_DK ++++ b/localedata/locales/da_DK +@@ -81,34 +81,37 @@ + % and are treated as in Danish + reorder-after + ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE + + % is a separate letter in Danish + reorder-after + ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE + % is a separate letter in Danish + ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE + % is a separate letter in Danish + ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE + +@@ -116,6 +119,7 @@ + % removed from latest iso14651 tables. + reorder-after + "";"";"";IGNORE ++reorder-after + "";"";"";IGNORE + + reorder-after +@@ -123,8 +127,9 @@ + + reorder-after + ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE + + reorder-end +--- a/localedata/locales/es_ES ++++ b/localedata/locales/es_ES +@@ -50,6 +50,18 @@ + LC_COLLATE + % Copy the template from ISO/IEC 14651 + copy "iso14651_t1" ++ ++collating-symbol ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-end + END LC_COLLATE + + LC_CTYPE +--- a/localedata/locales/fi_FI ++++ b/localedata/locales/fi_FI +@@ -63,60 +63,65 @@ + + + +-reorder-after ++reorder-after + ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE + +-reorder-after ++reorder-after + ;;; +- ;;; + ;;; +- ;;; + ;;; +- ;;; + ;;; +- ;;; + ;;; +- ;;; + ;;; +- ;;; + ;;; +- ;;; + ;;; ++reorder-after ++ ;;; ++ ;;; ++ ;;; ++ ;;; ++ ;;; ++ ;;; ++ ;;; + ;;; + + reorder-after + ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after + ;;;IGNORE + + % Present in iso14651_t1, but these definitions seem to have been + % removed from latest iso14651 tables. +-reorder-after ++reorder-after + "";"";"";IGNORE ++reorder-after + "";"";"";IGNORE + + reorder-after + ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE + + reorder-end +--- a/localedata/locales/ar_SA ++++ b/localedata/locales/ar_SA +@@ -43,223 +43,8 @@ + % Set up the LC_COLLATE category + + LC_COLLATE +- +- +-order_start forward; forward +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- ; +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- IGNORE +- IGNORE +- IGNORE +- IGNORE +- IGNORE +- IGNORE +- IGNORE +- IGNORE +- IGNORE +-order_end +- +- ++% Copy the template from ISO/IEC 14651 ++copy "iso14651_t1" + END LC_COLLATE + + +--- a/localedata/locales/et_EE ++++ b/localedata/locales/et_EE +@@ -55,2067 +55,48 @@ + END LC_IDENTIFICATION + + LC_COLLATE ++define UPPERCASE_FIRST ++copy "iso14651_t1" + +-% Base collation scheme: 1994-03-22 ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE + +-% Ordering algorithm: +-% 1. Spaces and hyphen (but not soft +-% hyphen) before punctuation +-% characters, punctuation characters +-% before numbers, +-% numbers before letters. +-% 2. Letters with diacritical marks are +-% members of equivalence classes +-% 3. A distinction is made with regards +-% to case as noted below. +-% 4. Special characters are ignored +-% when comparing letters, but then +-% they are considered +-% 5. The alphabets are sorted in order +-% of first appearance in ISO 10646: +-% Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, etc. +-% +-% According to Greek specifications, +-% the steps 2. and 3. above are reversed +-% for the Greek script +- +-% collating symbols +- +-% The collating symbol naming is +-% mostly taken from ISO 10646-1, +-% for example the case and accent +-% names are from this standard. +- +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +- +-% and +-% are for cases like Danish +-% and Spanish being treated +-% as one letter. +- +-% The ...... collating +-% symbols have defined weights as +-% the last character in a group of +-% Latin letters. They are used +-% to specify deltas by locales using +-% a locale as the default ordering +-% and by "replace-after" statements +-% specifying the changed placement +-% in an ordering of a character. +- +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +- +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +- +-% letter;accent;case;specials +- +-order_start forward;backward/ +- ;forward;position +- +-% or letters first: +- +- +- +- +- +- +-% Accents: +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- 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;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;; +- ;; +- ;; +- ;; +- ;; +- ;; +- ;; +- ;; +- ;; +- ;; +- ;;;IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;; +- ;;; +- ;;; +- ;;; +- ;;; +- ;;; +- ;;; +- ;;; +- ;;; +- ;;; +- ;;; +- ;;; +- ;;; +- ;;; +- ;; +- ;; +- ;; +- ;; +- ;; +- ;; +- ;; +- ;; +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE 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;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- +-% Arabic collating +- +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- 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;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- +-% katakana/hiragana sorting +-% base is katakana, as this is present in most charsets +-% normal before voiced before semi-voiced +-% 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;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- +-order_end ++reorder-end + + END LC_COLLATE + +--- a/localedata/locales/hr_HR ++++ b/localedata/locales/hr_HR +@@ -48,10 +48,25 @@ + END LC_IDENTIFICATION + + LC_COLLATE +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" +-collating-element from "" ++copy "iso14651_t1" ++ ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++ ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++ ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++ ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" ++collating-element from "" + collating-element from "" + collating-element from "" + collating-element from "" +@@ -61,2078 +76,71 @@ + collating-element from "" + collating-element from "" + +-% Base collation scheme: 1994-03-22 +- +-% Ordering algorithm: +-% 1. Spaces and hyphen (but not soft +-% hyphen) before punctuation +-% characters, punctuation characters +-% before numbers, +-% numbers before letters. +-% 2. Letters with diacritical marks are +-% members of equivalence classes +-% 3. A distinction is made with regards +-% to case as noted below. +-% 4. Special characters are ignored +-% when comparing letters, but then +-% they are considered +-% 5. The alphabets are sorted in order +-% of first appearance in ISO 10646: +-% Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, etc. +-% +-% According to Greek specifications, +-% the steps 2. and 3. above are reversed +-% for the Greek script +- +-% collating symbols +- +-% The collating symbol naming is +-% mostly taken from ISO 10646-1, +-% for example the case and accent +-% names are from this standard. +- +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +- +-% and +-% are for cases like Danish +-% and Spanish being treated +-% as one letter. +- +-% The ...... collating +-% symbols have defined weights as +-% the last character in a group of +-% Latin letters. They are used +-% to specify deltas by locales using +-% a locale as the default ordering +-% and by "replace-after" statements +-% specifying the changed placement +-% in an ordering of a character. +- +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +- +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +- +-% letter;accent;case;specials +- +-order_start forward;backward/ +- ;forward;position +- +-% or letters first: +- +- +- +- +- +- +-% Accents: +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- 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+- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- +-% Arabic collating +- +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- +-% katakana/hiragana sorting +-% base is katakana, as this is present in most charsets +-% normal before voiced before semi-voiced +-% small vocals before normal vocals +-% katakana before hiragana +- +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE + +-order_end ++reorder-end + + END LC_COLLATE + +--- a/localedata/locales/hsb_DE ++++ b/localedata/locales/hsb_DE +@@ -34,7 +34,14 @@ + + END LC_IDENTIFICATION + ++LC_CTYPE ++copy "i18n" ++END LC_CTYPE ++ + LC_COLLATE ++% Copy the template from ISO/IEC 14651 ++copy "iso14651_t1" ++ + collating-element from "" + collating-element from "" + collating-element from "" +@@ -44,2081 +51,122 @@ + collating-element from "" + collating-element from "" + +-% Base collation scheme: 1994-03-22 ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++ ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++% Is oacute really used? ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE + +-% Ordering algorithm: +-% 1. Spaces and hyphen (but not soft +-% hyphen) before punctuation +-% characters, punctuation characters +-% before numbers, +-% numbers before letters. +-% 2. Letters with diacritical marks are +-% members of equivalence classes +-% 3. A distinction is made with regards +-% to case as noted below. +-% 4. Special characters are ignored +-% when comparing letters, but then +-% they are considered +-% 5. The alphabets are sorted in order +-% of first appearance in ISO 10646: +-% Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, etc. +-% +-% According to Greek specifications, +-% the steps 2. and 3. above are reversed +-% for the Greek script +- +-% collating symbols +- +-% The collating symbol naming is +-% mostly taken from ISO 10646-1, +-% for example the case and accent +-% names are from this standard. +- +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +- +-% and +-% are for cases like Danish +-% and Spanish being treated +-% as one letter. +- +-% The ...... collating +-% symbols have defined weights as +-% the last character in a group of +-% Latin letters. They are used +-% to specify deltas by locales using +-% a locale as the default ordering +-% and by "replace-after" statements +-% specifying the changed placement +-% in an ordering of a character. +- +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +- +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +- +-% letter;accent;case;specials +- +-order_start forward;backward/ +- ;forward;position +- +-% or letters first: +- +- +- +- +- +- +-% Accents: +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- 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+- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- +-% Arabic collating +- +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- +-% katakana/hiragana sorting +-% base is katakana, as this is present in most charsets +-% normal before voiced before semi-voiced +-% small vocals before normal vocals +-% katakana before hiragana +- +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- +-order_end ++reorder-end + + END LC_COLLATE + +-LC_CTYPE +-copy "i18n" +-END LC_CTYPE +- + LC_MESSAGES + yesexpr "" + noexpr "" +--- a/localedata/locales/lt_LT ++++ b/localedata/locales/lt_LT +@@ -58,2067 +58,13 @@ + END LC_IDENTIFICATION + + LC_COLLATE ++define UPPERCASE_FIRST ++copy "iso14651_t1" + +-% Base collation scheme: 1994-03-22 ++reorder-after ++ + +-% Ordering algorithm: +-% 1. Spaces and hyphen (but not soft +-% hyphen) before punctuation +-% characters, punctuation characters +-% before numbers, +-% numbers before letters. +-% 2. Letters with diacritical marks are +-% members of equivalence classes +-% 3. A distinction is made with regards +-% to case as noted below. +-% 4. Special characters are ignored +-% when comparing letters, but then +-% they are considered +-% 5. 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+- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- +-% katakana/hiragana sorting +-% base is katakana, as this is present in most charsets +-% normal before voiced before semi-voiced +-% small vocals before normal vocals +-% katakana before hiragana +- +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE 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;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- +-order_end ++reorder-end + + END LC_COLLATE + +--- a/localedata/locales/pl_PL ++++ b/localedata/locales/pl_PL +@@ -48,2067 +48,88 @@ + END LC_IDENTIFICATION + + LC_COLLATE ++copy "iso14651_t1" + +-% Base collation scheme: 1994-03-22 ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;IGNORE;; ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE + +-% Ordering algorithm: +-% 1. Spaces and hyphen (but not soft +-% hyphen) before punctuation +-% characters, punctuation characters +-% before numbers, +-% numbers before letters. +-% 2. Letters with diacritical marks are +-% members of equivalence classes +-% 3. A distinction is made with regards +-% to case as noted below. +-% 4. Special characters are ignored +-% when comparing letters, but then +-% they are considered +-% 5. The alphabets are sorted in order +-% of first appearance in ISO 10646: +-% Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, etc. +-% +-% According to Greek specifications, +-% the steps 2. and 3. above are reversed +-% for the Greek script +- +-% collating symbols +- +-% The collating symbol naming is +-% mostly taken from ISO 10646-1, +-% for example the case and accent +-% names are from this standard. +- +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +- +-% and +-% are for cases like Danish +-% and Spanish being treated +-% as one letter. +- +-% The ...... collating +-% symbols have defined weights as +-% the last character in a group of +-% Latin letters. They are used +-% to specify deltas by locales using +-% a locale as the default ordering +-% and by "replace-after" statements +-% specifying the changed placement +-% in an ordering of a character. +- +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +- +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol 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;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- +-% Arabic collating +- +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- +-% katakana/hiragana sorting +-% base is katakana, as this is present in most charsets +-% normal before voiced before semi-voiced +-% small vocals before normal vocals +-% katakana before hiragana +- +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- +-order_end ++reorder-end + + END LC_COLLATE + +--- a/localedata/locales/sl_SI ++++ b/localedata/locales/sl_SI +@@ -48,2067 +48,37 @@ + END LC_IDENTIFICATION + + LC_COLLATE ++copy "iso14651_t1" + +-% Base collation scheme: 1994-03-22 ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol + +-% Ordering algorithm: +-% 1. Spaces and hyphen (but not soft +-% hyphen) before punctuation +-% characters, punctuation characters +-% before numbers, +-% numbers before letters. +-% 2. Letters with diacritical marks are +-% members of equivalence classes +-% 3. A distinction is made with regards +-% to case as noted below. +-% 4. Special characters are ignored +-% when comparing letters, but then +-% they are considered +-% 5. The alphabets are sorted in order +-% of first appearance in ISO 10646: +-% Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, etc. +-% +-% According to Greek specifications, +-% the steps 2. and 3. above are reversed +-% for the Greek script +- +-% collating symbols +- +-% The collating symbol naming is +-% mostly taken from ISO 10646-1, +-% for example the case and accent +-% names are from this standard. +- +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +- +-% and +-% are for cases like Danish +-% and Spanish being treated +-% as one letter. +- +-% The ...... collating +-% symbols have defined weights as +-% the last character in a group of +-% Latin letters. They are used +-% to specify deltas by locales using +-% a locale as the default ordering +-% and by "replace-after" statements +-% specifying the changed placement +-% in an ordering of a character. +- +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +- +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol 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;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- 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;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- 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+- +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- +-% Arabic collating +- +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- +-% katakana/hiragana sorting +-% base is katakana, as this is present in most charsets +-% normal before voiced before semi-voiced +-% small vocals before normal vocals +-% katakana before hiragana +- +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ + +-order_end ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-end + + END LC_COLLATE + +--- a/localedata/locales/tr_TR ++++ b/localedata/locales/tr_TR +@@ -61,2067 +61,67 @@ + END LC_IDENTIFICATION + + LC_COLLATE ++define UPPERCASE_FIRST ++% Copy the template from ISO/IEC 14651 ++copy "iso14651_t1" ++ ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++collating-symbol ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE + +-% Base collation scheme: 1994-03-22 +- +-% Ordering algorithm: +-% 1. Spaces and hyphen (but not soft +-% hyphen) before punctuation +-% characters, punctuation characters +-% before numbers, +-% numbers before letters. +-% 2. Letters with diacritical marks are +-% members of equivalence classes +-% 3. A distinction is made with regards +-% to case as noted below. +-% 4. Special characters are ignored +-% when comparing letters, but then +-% they are considered +-% 5. The alphabets are sorted in order +-% of first appearance in ISO 10646: +-% Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, etc. +-% +-% According to Greek specifications, +-% the steps 2. and 3. above are reversed +-% for the Greek script +- +-% collating symbols +- +-% The collating symbol naming is +-% mostly taken from ISO 10646-1, +-% for example the case and accent +-% names are from this standard. +- +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +- +-% and +-% are for cases like Danish +-% and Spanish being treated +-% as one letter. +- +-% The ...... collating +-% symbols have defined weights as +-% the last character in a group of +-% Latin letters. They are used +-% to specify deltas by locales using +-% a locale as the default ordering +-% and by "replace-after" statements +-% specifying the changed placement +-% in an ordering of a character. +- +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +- +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +-collating-symbol +- +-% letter;accent;case;specials +- +-order_start forward;backward/ +- ;forward;position +- +-% or letters first: +- +- +- +- +- +- +-% Accents: +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- 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;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE +- +-% Arabic collating +- +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- IGNORE;IGNORE;IGNORE; +- +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- IGNORE;IGNORE;;IGNORE +- +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- "";"";"";IGNORE +- +-% katakana/hiragana sorting +-% base is katakana, as this is present in most charsets +-% normal before voiced before semi-voiced +-% small vocals before normal vocals +-% katakana before hiragana +- +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- ;;IGNORE;IGNORE +- +-order_end ++reorder-end + + END LC_COLLATE + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/supported.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/supported.diff @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +# All lines beginning with `# DP:' are a description of the patch. +# DP: Description: Add several locales to localedata.SUPPORTED +# DP: - ru_RU.CP1251 was requested in #225516 +# DP: - uz_UZ.UTF-8 was clearly missing, uz_UZ had no UTF-8 variant +# DP: - da_DK.ISO-8859-15, en_GB.ISO-8859-15, en_US.ISO-8859-15, no_NO.UTF-8, +# DP: no_NO and sv_SE.ISO-8859-15 are found in fedora-branch CVS branch. +# DP: Related bugs: #225516 (ru_RU.CP1251) +# DP: Dpatch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Upstream status: not submitted +# DP: Date: 2006-01-10 + +--- + localedata/SUPPORTED | 6 ++++++ + 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+) + +--- a/localedata/SUPPORTED ++++ b/localedata/SUPPORTED +@@ -114,6 +114,7 @@ + en_DK/ISO-8859-1 \ + en_GB.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + en_GB/ISO-8859-1 \ ++en_GB.ISO-8859-15/ISO-8859-15 \ + en_HK.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + en_HK/ISO-8859-1 \ + en_IE.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ +@@ -129,6 +130,7 @@ + en_SG/ISO-8859-1 \ + en_US.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + en_US/ISO-8859-1 \ ++en_US.ISO-8859-15/ISO-8859-15 \ + en_ZA.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + en_ZA/ISO-8859-1 \ + en_ZW.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ +@@ -252,6 +254,7 @@ + ka_GE/GEORGIAN-PS \ + kk_KZ.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + kk_KZ/PT154 \ ++kk_KZ/RK1048 \ + kl_GL.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + kl_GL/ISO-8859-1 \ + km_KH/UTF-8 \ +@@ -326,6 +329,7 @@ + ru_RU.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + ru_RU.KOI8-R/KOI8-R \ + ru_RU/ISO-8859-5 \ ++ru_RU.CP1251/CP1251 \ + ru_UA.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + ru_UA/KOI8-U \ + rw_RW/UTF-8 \ +@@ -361,6 +365,7 @@ + sv_FI@euro/ISO-8859-15 \ + sv_SE.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + sv_SE/ISO-8859-1 \ ++sv_SE.ISO-8859-15/ISO-8859-15 \ + ta_IN/UTF-8 \ + te_IN/UTF-8 \ + tg_TJ.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ +@@ -385,6 +390,7 @@ + uk_UA.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + uk_UA/KOI8-U \ + ur_PK/UTF-8 \ ++uz_UZ.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + uz_UZ/ISO-8859-1 \ + uz_UZ@cyrillic/UTF-8 \ + ve_ZA/UTF-8 \ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/locales_CH.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/locales_CH.diff @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +# All lines beginning with `# DP:' are a description of the patch. +# DP: Description: LC_NUMERIC: copy de_CH into it_CH +# DP: Dpatch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Patch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Upstream status: not submitted +# DP: Date: 2006-10-02 + +--- + localedata/locales/it_CH | 4 +--- + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-) + +--- a/localedata/locales/it_CH ++++ b/localedata/locales/it_CH +@@ -57,9 +57,7 @@ + END LC_MONETARY + + LC_NUMERIC +-decimal_point "" +-thousands_sep "" +-grouping 3;3 ++copy "de_CH" + END LC_NUMERIC + + LC_TIME --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/tailor-iso14651_t1-common.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/tailor-iso14651_t1-common.diff @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- + localedata/locales/iso14651_t1_common | 17 ++++++++++++++--- + 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) + +--- a/localedata/locales/iso14651_t1_common ++++ b/localedata/locales/iso14651_t1_common +@@ -1120,7 +1120,11 @@ + # SYMB. N° + # + ++ifdef UPPERCASE_FIRST ++ ++else + ++endif + # forme de base (bas de casse, arabe intrinsèque, + # hébreu intrinsèque, etc. + # basic form (lower case, intrinsic Arabic +@@ -1139,14 +1143,21 @@ + # medial/mdian + # 6 + # ++ifdef UPPERCASE_FIRST ++ # 7 ++ # 8 ++ # 9 ++ # 10 ++ # 11 ++ # 12 ++else + # 7 + # 8 + # 9 + # 10 + # 11 +- +-#alternate lower case/ +-# 12 ++ # 12 alternate lower case ++endif + # + #minuscules spéciales après majuscules + # / --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/locale-ia.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/locale-ia.diff @@ -0,0 +1,163 @@ +Locale definition for the interlingua locale, submitted by +Alberto Mardegan in #224756. +Ulrich Drepper claimed that he will not accept artificial +languages (like interlingua and esperanto), this locale +will thus not be submitted upstream. + +--- + localedata/SUPPORTED | 1 + localedata/locales/ia | 139 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + 2 files changed, 140 insertions(+) + +--- /dev/null ++++ b/localedata/locales/ia +@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ ++comment_char % ++escape_char / ++% ++% Interlingua Language Locale ++ ++LC_IDENTIFICATION ++title "Interlingua locale" ++source "" ++address "" ++contact "" ++email "mardy@despammed.com" ++tel "" ++fax "" ++language "Interlingua" ++territory "" ++revision "1.0" ++date "2003-11-25" ++% ++category "ia:2000";LC_IDENTIFICATION ++category "ia:2000";LC_CTYPE ++category "ia:2000";LC_COLLATE ++category "ia:2000";LC_TIME ++category "ia:2000";LC_NUMERIC ++category "ia:2000";LC_MONETARY ++category "ia:2000";LC_MESSAGES ++category "ia:2000";LC_PAPER ++category "ia:2000";LC_NAME ++category "ia:2000";LC_ADDRESS ++category "ia:2000";LC_TELEPHONE ++ ++END LC_IDENTIFICATION ++ ++LC_COLLATE ++copy "iso14651_t1" ++END LC_COLLATE ++ ++LC_CTYPE ++copy "i18n" ++END LC_CTYPE ++ ++LC_MESSAGES ++yesexpr "" ++noexpr "" ++END LC_MESSAGES ++ ++LC_MONETARY ++int_curr_symbol "" ++currency_symbol "" ++mon_decimal_point "" ++mon_thousands_sep "" ++mon_grouping 3;3 ++positive_sign "" ++negative_sign "" ++int_frac_digits 2 ++frac_digits 2 ++p_cs_precedes 1 ++p_sep_by_space 1 ++n_cs_precedes 1 ++n_sep_by_space 1 ++p_sign_posn 1 ++n_sign_posn 1 ++END LC_MONETARY ++ ++LC_NUMERIC ++decimal_point "" ++thousands_sep "" ++grouping 0;0 ++END LC_NUMERIC ++ ++LC_TIME ++abday "";"";/ ++ "";"";/ ++ "";"";/ ++ "" ++day "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "" ++abmon "";"";/ ++ "";"";/ ++ "";"";/ ++ "";"";/ ++ "";"";/ ++ "";"" ++mon "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "" ++d_t_fmt "" ++d_fmt "" ++t_fmt "" ++am_pm "";"" ++t_fmt_ampm "" ++date_fmt "/ ++/ ++" ++END LC_TIME ++ ++LC_PAPER ++% FIXME ++height 297 ++% FIXME ++width 210 ++END LC_PAPER ++ ++LC_TELEPHONE ++tel_int_fmt "/ ++" ++int_select "" ++END LC_TELEPHONE ++ ++LC_MEASUREMENT ++% FIXME ++measurement 1 ++END LC_MEASUREMENT ++ ++LC_NAME ++name_fmt "/ ++" ++END LC_NAME ++ ++LC_ADDRESS ++postal_fmt "/ ++/ ++/ ++/ ++" ++END LC_ADDRESS +--- a/localedata/SUPPORTED ++++ b/localedata/SUPPORTED +@@ -242,6 +242,7 @@ + hu_HU/ISO-8859-2 \ + hy_AM/UTF-8 \ + hy_AM.ARMSCII-8/ARMSCII-8 \ ++ia/UTF-8 \ + id_ID.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + id_ID/ISO-8859-1 \ + ig_NG/UTF-8 \ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/fr_CA-first_weekday.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/fr_CA-first_weekday.diff @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- + localedata/locales/fr_CA | 2 ++ + 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) + +--- a/localedata/locales/fr_CA ++++ b/localedata/locales/fr_CA +@@ -123,6 +123,8 @@ + / + / + " ++week 7;19971130;4 ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/submitted-bz9725-locale-sv_SE.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/submitted-bz9725-locale-sv_SE.diff @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- + localedata/locales/sv_SE | 15 ++++++++++++--- + 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) + +--- a/localedata/locales/sv_SE ++++ b/localedata/locales/sv_SE +@@ -169,14 +169,23 @@ + "";/ + "";/ + "" ++% ++% Appropriate date and time representation (%c) ++% "%a %e %b %Y %H.%M.%S" + d_t_fmt "" ++% ++% Appropriate date representation (%x) "%Y-%m-%d" + d_fmt "" ++% ++% Appropriate time representation (%X) "%H.%M.%S" + t_fmt "" + am_pm "";"" + t_fmt_ampm "" +-date_fmt "/ +-/ +-" ++% ++% Appropriate date representation (date(1)) "%a %e %b %Y %H.%M.%S %Z" ++date_fmt "/ ++/ ++" + first_weekday 2 + first_workday 2 + END LC_TIME --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/locale-csb_PL.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/locale-csb_PL.diff @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +Modify collation rules which could cause errors in regular expressions +with character ranges, as was reported in #362514 for another locale. + +--- + localedata/locales/csb_PL | 15 +++++++++++---- + 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) + +--- a/localedata/locales/csb_PL ++++ b/localedata/locales/csb_PL +@@ -93,38 +93,45 @@ + + reorder-after + ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE + + reorder-after + ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE + + reorder-after + ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after + ;;;IGNORE + + reorder-after + ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after + ;;;IGNORE + + reorder-after + ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after ++ ;;;IGNORE ++ ;;;IGNORE + ;;;IGNORE + + reorder-after + ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after + ;;;IGNORE + + reorder-after + ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after + ;;;IGNORE + + reorder-end --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/fr_LU-first_weekday.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/fr_LU-first_weekday.diff @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- + localedata/locales/fr_LU | 2 ++ + 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) + +--- a/localedata/locales/fr_LU ++++ b/localedata/locales/fr_LU +@@ -122,6 +122,8 @@ + / + / + " ++week 7;19971130;4 ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/locale-zh_TW.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/locale-zh_TW.diff @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +See BTS #352600. +Not submitted yet. + +--- + localedata/locales/zh_TW | 4 ++-- + 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) + +--- a/localedata/locales/zh_TW ++++ b/localedata/locales/zh_TW +@@ -107,13 +107,13 @@ + "";"";"" + + % d_t_fmt: "%Y%m%d (%A) %H
%M%S" +-d_t_fmt "/ ++d_t_fmt "/ + / + / + / + " + +-d_fmt "/ ++d_fmt "/ + " + + t_fmt "" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/locales_GB.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/locales_GB.diff @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +# All lines beginning with `# DP:' are a description of the patch. +# DP: Description: Add AM/PM strings to cy_GB and en_GB. +# DP: This patch has been rejected upstream but is in fedora-branch. +# DP: Related bugs: #240901 +# DP: Dpatch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Patch author: taken from Fedora +# DP: Upstream status: not submitted +# DP: Date: 2006-02-16 + +--- + localedata/locales/cy_GB | 7 +++++-- + localedata/locales/en_GB | 4 ++-- + 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) + +--- a/localedata/locales/cy_GB ++++ b/localedata/locales/cy_GB +@@ -248,8 +248,11 @@ + d_t_fmt "" + d_fmt "" + t_fmt "" +-am_pm "";"" +-t_fmt_ampm "" ++am_pm "";"" ++t_fmt_ampm "" ++date_fmt "/ ++/ ++" + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES +--- a/localedata/locales/en_GB ++++ b/localedata/locales/en_GB +@@ -116,8 +116,8 @@ + d_t_fmt "" + d_fmt "" + t_fmt "" +-am_pm "";"" +-t_fmt_ampm "" ++am_pm "";"" ++t_fmt_ampm "" + date_fmt "/ + / + " --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/new-valencian-locale.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/new-valencian-locale.diff @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +Submitted upstream: BZ2522 + +--- + localedata/SUPPORTED | 2 + localedata/locales/ca_ES@valencia | 96 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + 2 files changed, 98 insertions(+) + +--- /dev/null ++++ b/localedata/locales/ca_ES@valencia +@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ ++comment_char % ++escape_char / ++% ++% Valencian (southern Catalan) locale for Spain with Euro ++% ++% Note that this locale is almost the same as ca_ES@euro. The point of having ++% a separate locale is only for PO translations, which have a lot of social ++% support and are very appreciated by the Valencian-speaking community. ++% ++% Contact: Jordi Mallach ++% Email: jordi@gnu.org ++% Tel: ++% Fax: ++% Language: ca ++% Territory: ES ++% Option: euro ++% Revision: 1.0 ++% Date: 2006-04-06 ++% Application: general ++% Users: general ++% Repertoiremap: mnemonic,ds ++% Charset: ISO-8859-15 ++% Distribution and use is free, also ++% for commercial purposes. ++ ++LC_IDENTIFICATION ++title "Valencian (southern Catalan) locale for Spain with Euro" ++source "" ++address "" ++contact "Jordi Mallach" ++email "jordi@gnu.org" ++tel "" ++fax "" ++language "Catalan" ++territory "Spain" ++revision "1.0" ++date "2006-04-06" ++% ++category "ca_ES@valencia:2006";LC_IDENTIFICATION ++category "ca_ES@valencia:2006";LC_CTYPE ++category "ca_ES@valencia:2006";LC_COLLATE ++category "ca_ES@valencia:2006";LC_MONETARY ++category "ca_ES@valencia:2006";LC_NUMERIC ++category "ca_ES@valencia:2006";LC_TIME ++category "ca_ES@valencia:2006";LC_MESSAGES ++category "ca_ES@valencia:2006";LC_PAPER ++category "ca_ES@valencia:2006";LC_NAME ++category "ca_ES@valencia:2006";LC_ADDRESS ++category "ca_ES@valencia:2006";LC_TELEPHONE ++category "ca_ES@valencia:2006";LC_MEASUREMENT ++ ++END LC_IDENTIFICATION ++ ++LC_CTYPE ++copy "i18n" ++END LC_CTYPE ++ ++LC_COLLATE ++copy "ca_ES" ++END LC_COLLATE ++ ++LC_MONETARY ++copy "ca_ES" ++END LC_MONETARY ++ ++LC_NUMERIC ++copy "ca_ES" ++END LC_NUMERIC ++ ++LC_TIME ++copy "ca_ES" ++END LC_TIME ++ ++LC_MESSAGES ++copy "ca_ES" ++END LC_MESSAGES ++ ++LC_PAPER ++copy "ca_ES" ++END LC_PAPER ++ ++LC_NAME ++copy "ca_ES" ++END LC_NAME ++ ++LC_ADDRESS ++copy "ca_ES" ++END LC_ADDRESS ++ ++LC_TELEPHONE ++copy "ca_ES" ++END LC_TELEPHONE ++ ++LC_MEASUREMENT ++copy "ca_ES" ++END LC_MEASUREMENT +--- a/localedata/SUPPORTED ++++ b/localedata/SUPPORTED +@@ -72,6 +72,8 @@ + ca_ES.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + ca_ES/ISO-8859-1 \ + ca_ES@euro/ISO-8859-15 \ ++ca_ES.UTF-8@valencia/UTF-8 \ ++ca_ES@valencia/ISO-8859-15 \ + ca_FR.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + ca_FR/ISO-8859-15 \ + ca_IT.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/fr_BE-first_weekday.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/fr_BE-first_weekday.diff @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- + localedata/locales/fr_BE | 2 ++ + 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) + +--- a/localedata/locales/fr_BE ++++ b/localedata/locales/fr_BE +@@ -122,6 +122,8 @@ + / + / + " ++week 7;19971130;4 ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/locale-ku_TR.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/locale-ku_TR.diff @@ -0,0 +1,189 @@ +# DP: Description: Please add Kurdish locale +# DP: Related bugs: BZ870 +# DP: Dpatch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Patch author: Kader DILSIZ, Pablo Saratxaga +# DP: Upstream status: Version 0.1 submitted in the original bugreport +# DP: has been committed, this new version has been sent just after. +# DP: Date: 2006-01-06 + +--- + localedata/locales/ku_TR | 104 ++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------- + 1 file changed, 49 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-) + +--- a/localedata/locales/ku_TR ++++ b/localedata/locales/ku_TR +@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ + % Distribution and use is free, also + % for commercial purposes. + % History: ++% 0.2 2005-04-24 Erdal Ronah ++% Fix LC_CTYPE and LC_NAME sections. Remove dotless i from LC_COLLATE + + LC_IDENTIFICATION + title "Kurdish (latin) locale for Turkey" +@@ -27,8 +29,8 @@ + fax "" + language "Kurdish" + territory "Turkey" +-revision "0.1" +-date "2003-07-27" ++revision "0.2" ++date "2005-04-24" + % + category "ku_TR:2000";LC_IDENTIFICATION + category "ku_TR:2000";LC_CTYPE +@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ + END LC_IDENTIFICATION + + LC_CTYPE +-copy "tr_TR" ++copy "i18n" + END LC_CTYPE + + LC_COLLATE +@@ -56,7 +58,6 @@ + + collating-symbol + collating-symbol > +-collating-symbol + collating-symbol > + collating-symbol + collating-symbol > +@@ -65,9 +66,7 @@ + + reorder-after + > +-reorder-after +- +- ++reorder-after + > + reorder-after + +@@ -84,13 +83,9 @@ + reorder-after + >;;;IGNORE + +-reorder-after +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after + >;;;IGNORE +-reorder-after +- ;;;IGNORE +- ;;;IGNORE ++reorder-after + >;;;IGNORE + + reorder-after +@@ -116,35 +111,35 @@ + END LC_NUMERIC + + LC_TIME +-abday "";"";/ +- "";"";/ +- "";"";/ +- "" +-day "";/ +- "";/ +- "";/ +- "";/ +- "";/ +- "";/ +- "" ++abday "";"";/ ++ "";"";/ ++ "";"";/ ++ "" ++day "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "" + abmon "";"";/ + "";"";/ + "";"";/ + "";"";/ + "";"";/ + "";"" +-mon "";/ +- "";/ +- "";/ +- "";/ +- "";/ +- "";/ +- "";/ +- "";/ +- "";/ +- "";/ +- "";/ +- "" ++mon "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "";/ ++ "" + % format: %A %d %B %Y %T %Z + d_t_fmt "" + % format: %d/%m/%Y +@@ -182,15 +177,15 @@ + name_fmt "/ + " + % TODO +-% Sayýn +-name_gen "" ++% Birz ++name_gen "" + % "M." +-name_mr "" +-% "Jne" +-name_mrs "" +-name_ms "" +-% "Kc,k" +-name_miss "" ++name_mr "" ++% "Birz" ++name_mrs "" ++name_ms "" ++% "Birz" ++name_miss "" + END LC_NAME + + LC_ADDRESS +@@ -199,17 +194,16 @@ + / + / + " +-% TODO +-country_name "" +-country_post "TR" +-country_ab2 "TR" +-country_ab3 "TUR" ++country_name "" ++country_post "" ++country_ab2 "" ++country_ab3 "" + country_num 792 + country_isbn 975 +-country_car "TR" +-% "kurdi" +-lang_name "" +-lang_ab "ku" +-lang_term "kur" +-lang_lib "kur" ++country_car "" ++% "kurd" ++lang_name "" ++lang_ab "" ++lang_term "" ++lang_lib "" + END LC_ADDRESS --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/fr_CH-first_weekday.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/fr_CH-first_weekday.diff @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- + localedata/locales/fr_CH | 2 ++ + 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) + +--- a/localedata/locales/fr_CH ++++ b/localedata/locales/fr_CH +@@ -107,6 +107,8 @@ + / + / + " ++week 7;19971130;4 ++first_weekday 2 + END LC_TIME + + LC_PAPER --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/locale-de_LI.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/locale-de_LI.diff @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +--- + localedata/SUPPORTED | 1 + localedata/locales/de_LI | 94 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + 2 files changed, 95 insertions(+) + +--- /dev/null ++++ b/localedata/locales/de_LI +@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ ++comment_char % ++escape_char / ++% ++% German locale for Liechtenstein ++% Language: de ++% Territory: LI ++% Revision: 1.0 ++% Date: 2007-11-27 ++% Users: general ++% Repertoiremap: mnemonic.ds ++% Charset: ISO-8859-1 ++% Distribution and use is free, also ++% for commercial purposes. ++ ++LC_IDENTIFICATION ++title "German locale for Liechtenstein" ++source "" ++address "" ++contact "" ++email "bug-glibc-locales@gnu.org" ++tel "" ++fax "" ++language "German" ++territory "Liechtenstein" ++revision "1.0" ++date "2007-11-27" ++% ++category "de_LI:2000";LC_IDENTIFICATION ++category "de_LI:2000";LC_CTYPE ++category "de_LI:2000";LC_COLLATE ++category "de_LI:2000";LC_TIME ++category "de_LI:2000";LC_NUMERIC ++category "de_LI:2000";LC_MONETARY ++category "de_LI:2000";LC_MESSAGES ++category "de_LI:2000";LC_PAPER ++category "de_LI:2000";LC_NAME ++category "de_LI:2000";LC_ADDRESS ++category "de_LI:2000";LC_TELEPHONE ++ ++END LC_IDENTIFICATION ++ ++LC_CTYPE ++copy "de_CH" ++END LC_CTYPE ++ ++LC_COLLATE ++copy "de_CH" ++END LC_COLLATE ++ ++LC_MESSAGES ++copy "de_CH" ++END LC_MESSAGES ++ ++LC_MONETARY ++copy "de_CH" ++END LC_MONETARY ++ ++LC_NUMERIC ++copy "de_CH" ++END LC_NUMERIC ++ ++LC_TIME ++copy "de_CH" ++END LC_TIME ++ ++LC_PAPER ++copy "de_CH" ++END LC_PAPER ++ ++LC_TELEPHONE ++tel_int_fmt "/ ++" ++int_prefix "" ++END LC_TELEPHONE ++ ++LC_MEASUREMENT ++copy "de_CH" ++END LC_MEASUREMENT ++ ++LC_NAME ++copy "de_CH" ++END LC_NAME ++ ++LC_ADDRESS ++postal_fmt "/ ++/ ++/ ++/ ++" ++country_ab2 "" ++country_ab3 "" ++country_num 438 ++END LC_ADDRESS ++ +--- a/localedata/SUPPORTED ++++ b/localedata/SUPPORTED +@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ + de_DE.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + de_DE/ISO-8859-1 \ + de_DE@euro/ISO-8859-15 \ ++de_LI.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + de_LU.UTF-8/UTF-8 \ + de_LU/ISO-8859-1 \ + de_LU@euro/ISO-8859-15 \ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/localedata/fo_FO-date_fmt.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/localedata/fo_FO-date_fmt.diff @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +# All lines beginning with `# DP:' are a description of the patch. +# DP: Description: Fix d_t_fmt and date_fmt in fo_FO +# DP: Related bugs: #307194 +# DP: Dpatch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Patch author: Jacob Sparre Andersen +# DP: Upstream status: not submitted +# DP: Date: 2006-01-10 + +--- + localedata/locales/fo_FO | 12 ++++++++---- + 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) + +--- a/localedata/locales/fo_FO ++++ b/localedata/locales/fo_FO +@@ -95,14 +95,18 @@ + "";/ + "";/ + "" +-d_t_fmt "" ++d_t_fmt "/ ++/ ++" + d_fmt "" + t_fmt "" + am_pm "";"" + t_fmt_ampm "" +-date_fmt "/ +-/ +-" ++date_fmt "/ ++/ ++/ ++/ ++" + END LC_TIME + + LC_MESSAGES --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/alpha/submitted-fpu-round.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/alpha/submitted-fpu-round.diff @@ -0,0 +1,274 @@ +2007-11-16 Aurelien Jarno + + * sysdeps/alpha/fpu/s_ceil.c: Restore old version. + * sysdeps/alpha/fpu/s_ceilf.c: Likewise. + * sysdeps/alpha/fpu/s_floor.c: Likewise. + * sysdeps/alpha/fpu/s_floorf.c: Likewise. + * sysdeps/alpha/fpu/s_rint.c: Likewise. + * sysdeps/alpha/fpu/s_rintf.c: Likewise. + + +--- + ports/sysdeps/alpha/fpu/s_ceil.c | 25 +++++++++++++++---------- + ports/sysdeps/alpha/fpu/s_ceilf.c | 30 ++++++++++++++++++++---------- + ports/sysdeps/alpha/fpu/s_floor.c | 30 ++++++++++++++++++------------ + ports/sysdeps/alpha/fpu/s_floorf.c | 35 +++++++++++++++++++++++------------ + ports/sysdeps/alpha/fpu/s_rint.c | 25 +++++++++++++++++-------- + ports/sysdeps/alpha/fpu/s_rintf.c | 29 ++++++++++++++++++++++------- + 6 files changed, 115 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-) + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/alpha/fpu/s_ceil.c ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/alpha/fpu/s_ceil.c +@@ -27,20 +27,25 @@ + double + __ceil (double x) + { +- double two52 = copysign (0x1.0p52, x); +- double r, tmp; +- +- __asm ( ++ if (isless (fabs (x), 9007199254740992.0)) /* 1 << DBL_MANT_DIG */ ++ { ++ double tmp1, new_x; ++ ++ new_x = -x; ++ __asm ( + #ifdef _IEEE_FP_INEXACT +- "addt/suim %2, %3, %1\n\tsubt/suim %1, %3, %0" ++ "cvttq/svim %2,%1\n\t" + #else +- "addt/sum %2, %3, %1\n\tsubt/sum %1, %3, %0" ++ "cvttq/svm %2,%1\n\t" + #endif +- : "=&f"(r), "=&f"(tmp) +- : "f"(-x), "f"(-two52)); ++ "cvtqt/m %1,%0\n\t" ++ : "=f"(new_x), "=&f"(tmp1) ++ : "f"(new_x)); + +- /* Fix up the negation we did above, as well as handling -0 properly. */ +- return copysign (r, x); ++ /* Fix up the negation we did above, as well as handling -0 properly. */ ++ x = copysign(new_x, x); ++ } ++ return x; + } + + weak_alias (__ceil, ceil) +--- a/ports/sysdeps/alpha/fpu/s_ceilf.c ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/alpha/fpu/s_ceilf.c +@@ -26,20 +26,30 @@ + float + __ceilf (float x) + { +- float two23 = copysignf (0x1.0p23, x); +- float r, tmp; +- +- __asm ( ++ if (isless (fabsf (x), 16777216.0f)) /* 1 << FLT_MANT_DIG */ ++ { ++ /* Note that Alpha S_Floating is stored in registers in a ++ restricted T_Floating format, so we don't even need to ++ convert back to S_Floating in the end. The initial ++ conversion to T_Floating is needed to handle denormals. */ ++ ++ float tmp1, tmp2, new_x; ++ ++ new_x = -x; ++ __asm ("cvtst/s %3,%2\n\t" + #ifdef _IEEE_FP_INEXACT +- "adds/suim %2, %3, %1\n\tsubs/suim %1, %3, %0" ++ "cvttq/svim %2,%1\n\t" + #else +- "adds/sum %2, %3, %1\n\tsubs/sum %1, %3, %0" ++ "cvttq/svm %2,%1\n\t" + #endif +- : "=&f"(r), "=&f"(tmp) +- : "f"(-x), "f"(-two23)); ++ "cvtqt/m %1,%0\n\t" ++ : "=f"(new_x), "=&f"(tmp1), "=&f"(tmp2) ++ : "f"(new_x)); + +- /* Fix up the negation we did above, as well as handling -0 properly. */ +- return copysignf (r, x); ++ /* Fix up the negation we did above, as well as handling -0 properly. */ ++ x = copysignf(new_x, x); ++ } ++ return x; + } + + weak_alias (__ceilf, ceilf) +--- a/ports/sysdeps/alpha/fpu/s_floor.c ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/alpha/fpu/s_floor.c +@@ -21,26 +21,32 @@ + #include + + +-/* Use the -inf rounding mode conversion instructions to implement floor. */ ++/* Use the -inf rounding mode conversion instructions to implement ++ floor. We note when the exponent is large enough that the value ++ must be integral, as this avoids unpleasant integer overflows. */ + + double + __floor (double x) + { +- double two52 = copysign (0x1.0p52, x); +- double r, tmp; +- +- __asm ( ++ if (isless (fabs (x), 9007199254740992.0)) /* 1 << DBL_MANT_DIG */ ++ { ++ double tmp1, new_x; ++ ++ __asm ( + #ifdef _IEEE_FP_INEXACT +- "addt/suim %2, %3, %1\n\tsubt/suim %1, %3, %0" ++ "cvttq/svim %2,%1\n\t" + #else +- "addt/sum %2, %3, %1\n\tsubt/sum %1, %3, %0" ++ "cvttq/svm %2,%1\n\t" + #endif +- : "=&f"(r), "=&f"(tmp) +- : "f"(x), "f"(two52)); ++ "cvtqt/m %1,%0\n\t" ++ : "=f"(new_x), "=&f"(tmp1) ++ : "f"(x)); + +- /* floor(-0) == -0, and in general we'll always have the same +- sign as our input. */ +- return copysign (r, x); ++ /* floor(-0) == -0, and in general we'll always have the same ++ sign as our input. */ ++ x = copysign(new_x, x); ++ } ++ return x; + } + + weak_alias (__floor, floor) +--- a/ports/sysdeps/alpha/fpu/s_floorf.c ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/alpha/fpu/s_floorf.c +@@ -20,26 +20,37 @@ + #include + + +-/* Use the -inf rounding mode conversion instructions to implement floor. */ ++/* Use the -inf rounding mode conversion instructions to implement ++ floor. We note when the exponent is large enough that the value ++ must be integral, as this avoids unpleasant integer overflows. */ + + float + __floorf (float x) + { +- float two23 = copysignf (0x1.0p23, x); +- float r, tmp; +- +- __asm ( ++ if (isless (fabsf (x), 16777216.0f)) /* 1 << FLT_MANT_DIG */ ++ { ++ /* Note that Alpha S_Floating is stored in registers in a ++ restricted T_Floating format, so we don't even need to ++ convert back to S_Floating in the end. The initial ++ conversion to T_Floating is needed to handle denormals. */ ++ ++ float tmp1, tmp2, new_x; ++ ++ __asm ("cvtst/s %3,%2\n\t" + #ifdef _IEEE_FP_INEXACT +- "adds/suim %2, %3, %1\n\tsubs/suim %1, %3, %0" ++ "cvttq/svim %2,%1\n\t" + #else +- "adds/sum %2, %3, %1\n\tsubs/sum %1, %3, %0" ++ "cvttq/svm %2,%1\n\t" + #endif +- : "=&f"(r), "=&f"(tmp) +- : "f"(x), "f"(two23)); ++ "cvtqt/m %1,%0\n\t" ++ : "=f"(new_x), "=&f"(tmp1), "=&f"(tmp2) ++ : "f"(x)); + +- /* floor(-0) == -0, and in general we'll always have the same +- sign as our input. */ +- return copysignf (r, x); ++ /* floor(-0) == -0, and in general we'll always have the same ++ sign as our input. */ ++ x = copysignf(new_x, x); ++ } ++ return x; + } + + weak_alias (__floorf, floorf) +--- a/ports/sysdeps/alpha/fpu/s_rint.c ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/alpha/fpu/s_rint.c +@@ -24,15 +24,24 @@ + double + __rint (double x) + { +- double two52 = copysign (0x1.0p52, x); +- double r; +- +- r = x + two52; +- r = r - two52; ++ if (isless (fabs (x), 9007199254740992.0)) /* 1 << DBL_MANT_DIG */ ++ { ++ double tmp1, new_x; ++ __asm ( ++#ifdef _IEEE_FP_INEXACT ++ "cvttq/svid %2,%1\n\t" ++#else ++ "cvttq/svd %2,%1\n\t" ++#endif ++ "cvtqt/d %1,%0\n\t" ++ : "=f"(new_x), "=&f"(tmp1) ++ : "f"(x)); + +- /* rint(-0.1) == -0, and in general we'll always have the same sign +- as our input. */ +- return copysign (r, x); ++ /* rint(-0.1) == -0, and in general we'll always have the same ++ sign as our input. */ ++ x = copysign(new_x, x); ++ } ++ return x; + } + + weak_alias (__rint, rint) +--- a/ports/sysdeps/alpha/fpu/s_rintf.c ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/alpha/fpu/s_rintf.c +@@ -23,15 +23,30 @@ + float + __rintf (float x) + { +- float two23 = copysignf (0x1.0p23, x); +- float r; ++ if (isless (fabsf (x), 16777216.0f)) /* 1 << FLT_MANT_DIG */ ++ { ++ /* Note that Alpha S_Floating is stored in registers in a ++ restricted T_Floating format, so we don't even need to ++ convert back to S_Floating in the end. The initial ++ conversion to T_Floating is needed to handle denormals. */ + +- r = x + two23; +- r = r - two23; ++ float tmp1, tmp2, new_x; + +- /* rint(-0.1) == -0, and in general we'll always have the same sign +- as our input. */ +- return copysign (r, x); ++ __asm ("cvtst/s %3,%2\n\t" ++#ifdef _IEEE_FP_INEXACT ++ "cvttq/svid %2,%1\n\t" ++#else ++ "cvttq/svd %2,%1\n\t" ++#endif ++ "cvtqt/d %1,%0\n\t" ++ : "=f"(new_x), "=&f"(tmp1), "=&f"(tmp2) ++ : "f"(x)); ++ ++ /* rint(-0.1) == -0, and in general we'll always have the same ++ sign as our input. */ ++ x = copysignf(new_x, x); ++ } ++ return x; + } + + weak_alias (__rintf, rintf) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/alpha/submitted-fdatasync.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/alpha/submitted-fdatasync.diff @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +2009-07-25 Aurelien Jarno + + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/kernel-features.h: define + __ASSUME_FDATASYNC. + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/fdatasync.c: New file. + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/Makefile: compile fdatasync.c with + -fexceptions. + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/syscalls.list: Remove fdatasync. + +--- + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/Makefile | 1 + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/fdatasync.c | 69 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/kernel-features.h | 6 ++ + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/syscalls.list | 1 + 4 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/kernel-features.h ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/kernel-features.h +@@ -474,6 +474,12 @@ + # define __ASSUME_FUTEX_LOCK_PI 1 + #endif + ++/* Support for fsyncdata syscall was added in 2.6.22 on alpha, but it ++ was already present in 2.0 kernels on other architectures. */ ++#if (!defined __alpha || __LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x020616) ++# define __ASSUME_FDATASYNC 1 ++#endif ++ + /* Support for utimensat syscall was added in 2.6.22, on alpha and s390 + only after 2.6.22-rc1. */ + #if __LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x020616 \ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/fdatasync.c +@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ ++/* fdatasync -- synchronize at least the data part of a file with ++ the underlying media. Linux version. ++ ++ Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++ ++#if defined __NR_fdatasync && !defined __ASSUME_FDATASYNC ++static int __have_no_fdatasync; ++#endif ++ ++static int ++do_fdatasync (int fd) ++{ ++#ifdef __ASSUME_FDATASYNC ++ return INLINE_SYSCALL (fdatasync, 1, fd); ++#elif defined __NR_fdatasync ++ if (!__builtin_expect (__have_no_fdatasync, 0)) ++ { ++ int result = INLINE_SYSCALL (fdatasync, 1, fd); ++ if (__builtin_expect (result, 0) != -1 || errno != ENOSYS) ++ return result; ++ ++ __have_no_fdatasync = 1; ++ } ++#endif ++ return INLINE_SYSCALL (fsync, 1, fd); ++} ++ ++int ++__fdatasync (int fd) ++{ ++ if (SINGLE_THREAD_P) ++ return do_fdatasync (fd); ++ ++ int oldtype = LIBC_CANCEL_ASYNC (); ++ ++ int result = do_fdatasync (fd); ++ ++ LIBC_CANCEL_RESET (oldtype); ++ ++ return result; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__fdatasync, fdatasync) ++ +--- a/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/syscalls.list ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/syscalls.list +@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ + epoll_create1 EXTRA epoll_create1 i:i epoll_create1 + epoll_ctl EXTRA epoll_ctl i:iiip epoll_ctl + epoll_wait EXTRA epoll_wait Ci:ipii epoll_wait +-fdatasync - fdatasync Ci:i fdatasync + flock - flock i:ii __flock flock + fork - fork i: __libc_fork __fork fork + get_kernel_syms EXTRA get_kernel_syms i:p get_kernel_syms +--- a/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/Makefile ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/Makefile +@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ + eventfd eventfd_read eventfd_write + + ++CFLAGS-fdatasync.c = -fexceptions + CFLAGS-gethostid.c = -fexceptions + + sysdep_headers += sys/mount.h sys/acct.h sys/sysctl.h \ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/alpha/submitted-includes.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/alpha/submitted-includes.diff @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +2009-05-15 Aurelien Jarno + + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/getdents64.c: Adjust include path. + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/fork.c: Likewise. + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/sem_post.c: Likewise. + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/timer_create.c: Likewise. + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/timer_delete.c: Likewise. + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/timer_getoverr.c: Likewise. + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/timer_gettime.c: Likewise. + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/timer_settime.c: Likewise. + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/sysconf.c: Likewise. + +--- + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/getdents64.c | 2 +- + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/fork.c | 2 +- + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/sem_post.c | 2 +- + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/timer_create.c | 2 +- + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/timer_delete.c | 2 +- + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/timer_getoverr.c | 2 +- + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/timer_gettime.c | 2 +- + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/timer_settime.c | 2 +- + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/sysconf.c | 2 +- + 9 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/getdents64.c ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/getdents64.c +@@ -1 +1 @@ +-#include "../getdents64.c" ++#include +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/fork.c ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/fork.c +@@ -27,4 +27,4 @@ + CLONE_CHILD_SETTID | CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID | SIGCHLD, \ + NULL, NULL, &THREAD_SELF->tid, NULL) + +-#include "../fork.c" ++#include +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/sem_post.c ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/sem_post.c +@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ + the acquire/release semantics of atomic_exchange_and_add. And even if + we don't do this, we should be using atomic_full_barrier or otherwise. */ + #define __lll_rel_instr "mb" +-#include "../sem_post.c" ++#include +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/timer_create.c ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/timer_create.c +@@ -1 +1 @@ +-#include "../x86_64/timer_create.c" ++#include +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/timer_delete.c ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/timer_delete.c +@@ -1 +1 @@ +-#include "../x86_64/timer_delete.c" ++#include +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/timer_getoverr.c ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/timer_getoverr.c +@@ -1 +1 @@ +-#include "../x86_64/timer_getoverr.c" ++#include +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/timer_gettime.c ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/timer_gettime.c +@@ -1 +1 @@ +-#include "../x86_64/timer_gettime.c" ++#include +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/timer_settime.c ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/timer_settime.c +@@ -1 +1 @@ +-#include "../x86_64/timer_settime.c" ++#include +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/sysconf.c ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/sysconf.c +@@ -149,4 +149,4 @@ + /* Now the generic Linux version. */ + #undef __sysconf + #define __sysconf static linux_sysconf +-#include "../sysconf.c" ++#include --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/alpha/submitted-creat64.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/alpha/submitted-creat64.diff @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +alpha does not have a __NR_creat + +http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=6650 + +--- + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/wordsize-64/creat64.c | 4 ++++ + 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+) + +--- a/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/wordsize-64/creat64.c ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/wordsize-64/creat64.c +@@ -1 +1,5 @@ + /* Defined as alias for the syscall. */ ++#include ++#ifndef __NR_creat ++#include "../../../../../io/creat64.c" ++#endif --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/alpha/local-gcc4.1.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/alpha/local-gcc4.1.diff @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +2006-05-30 Falk Hueffner + + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/ioperm.c: force the architecture + to ev6 in assembly code. + +{standard input}: Assembler messages: +{standard input}:341: Error: macro requires $at register while noat in effect +{standard input}:374: Error: macro requires $at register while noat in effect +{standard input}:438: Error: macro requires $at register while noat in effect +{standard input}:471: Error: macro requires $at register while noat in effect +make[3]: *** [/tmp/buildd/glibc-2.3.6/build-tree/alpha-libc/misc/ioperm.o] Error 1 + +Hrm. gcc puts .arch ev4 into the .s, and this overrides -mev6 for as. +I cannot really think of anything better than + +--- + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/ioperm.c | 8 ++++---- + 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/ioperm.c ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/ioperm.c +@@ -178,13 +178,13 @@ + static inline void + stb_mb(unsigned char val, unsigned long addr) + { +- __asm__("stb %1,%0; mb" : "=m"(*(vucp)addr) : "r"(val)); ++ __asm__(".arch ev6; stb %1,%0; mb" : "=m"(*(vucp)addr) : "r"(val)); + } + + static inline void + stw_mb(unsigned short val, unsigned long addr) + { +- __asm__("stw %1,%0; mb" : "=m"(*(vusp)addr) : "r"(val)); ++ __asm__(".arch ev6; stw %1,%0; mb" : "=m"(*(vusp)addr) : "r"(val)); + } + + static inline void +@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ + unsigned long int addr = dense_port_to_cpu_addr (port); + unsigned char r; + +- __asm__ ("ldbu %0,%1" : "=r"(r) : "m"(*(vucp)addr)); ++ __asm__ (".arch ev6; ldbu %0,%1" : "=r"(r) : "m"(*(vucp)addr)); + return r; + } + +@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ + unsigned long int addr = dense_port_to_cpu_addr (port); + unsigned short r; + +- __asm__ ("ldwu %0,%1" : "=r"(r) : "m"(*(vusp)addr)); ++ __asm__ (".arch ev6; ldwu %0,%1" : "=r"(r) : "m"(*(vusp)addr)); + return r; + } + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/alpha/submitted-asm-memchr.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/alpha/submitted-asm-memchr.diff @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +2009-07-27 Aurelien Jarno + + * sysdeps/alpha/memchr.S: Use prefetch load. + * sysdeps/alpha/alphaev6/memchr.S: Likewise. + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/alpha/alphaev6/memchr.S ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/alpha/alphaev6/memchr.S +@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ $first_quad: + cmpbge $31, $1, $2 # E : + bne $2, $found_it # U : + # At least one byte left to process. +- ldq $1, 8($0) # L : ++ ldq $31, 8($0) # L : + subq $5, 1, $18 # E : U L U L + + addq $0, 8, $0 # E : +@@ -143,38 +143,38 @@ $first_quad: + and $4, 8, $4 # E : odd number of quads? + bne $4, $odd_quad_count # U : + # At least three quads remain to be accessed +- mov $1, $4 # E : L U L U : move prefetched value to correct reg ++ nop # E : L U L U : move prefetched value to correct reg + + .align 4 + $unrolled_loop: +- ldq $1, 8($0) # L : prefetch $1 +- xor $17, $4, $2 # E : +- cmpbge $31, $2, $2 # E : +- bne $2, $found_it # U : U L U L ++ ldq $1, 0($0) # L : load quad ++ xor $17, $1, $2 # E : ++ ldq $31, 8($0) # L : prefetch next quad ++ cmpbge $31, $2, $2 # E : U L U L + ++ bne $2, $found_it # U : + addq $0, 8, $0 # E : + nop # E : + nop # E : +- nop # E : + + $odd_quad_count: ++ ldq $1, 0($0) # L : load quad + xor $17, $1, $2 # E : +- ldq $4, 8($0) # L : prefetch $4 ++ ldq $31, 8($0) # L : prefetch $4 + cmpbge $31, $2, $2 # E : +- addq $0, 8, $6 # E : + ++ addq $0, 8, $6 # E : + bne $2, $found_it # U : + cmpult $6, $18, $6 # E : + addq $0, 8, $0 # E : +- nop # E : + + bne $6, $unrolled_loop # U : +- mov $4, $1 # E : move prefetched value into $1 + nop # E : + nop # E : +- +-$final: subq $5, $0, $18 # E : $18 <- number of bytes left to do + nop # E : ++ ++$final: ldq $1, 0($0) # L : load last quad ++ subq $5, $0, $18 # E : $18 <- number of bytes left to do + nop # E : + bne $18, $last_quad # U : + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/alpha/memchr.S ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/alpha/memchr.S +@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ $first_quad: + + # At least one byte left to process. + +- ldq t0, 8(v0) # e0 : ++ ldq zero, 8(v0) # e0 : prefetch next quad + subq t4, 1, a2 # .. e1 : + addq v0, 8, v0 #-e0 : + +@@ -138,19 +138,19 @@ $first_quad: + + # At least three quads remain to be accessed + +- mov t0, t3 # e0 : move prefetched value to correct reg +- + .align 4 + $unrolled_loop: +- ldq t0, 8(v0) #-e0 : prefetch t0 +- xor a1, t3, t1 # .. e1 : +- cmpbge zero, t1, t1 # e0 : +- bne t1, $found_it # .. e1 : ++ ldq t0, 0(v0) # e0 : load quad ++ xor a1, t0, t1 # .. e1 : ++ ldq zero, 8(v0) # e0 : prefetch next quad ++ cmpbge zero, t1, t1 # .. e1: ++ bne t1, $found_it # e0 : + +- addq v0, 8, v0 #-e0 : ++ addq v0, 8, v0 # e1 : + $odd_quad_count: ++ ldq t0, 0(v0) # e0 : load quad + xor a1, t0, t1 # .. e1 : +- ldq t3, 8(v0) # e0 : prefetch t3 ++ ldq zero, 8(v0) # e0 : prefetch next quad + cmpbge zero, t1, t1 # .. e1 : + addq v0, 8, t5 #-e0 : + bne t1, $found_it # .. e1 : +@@ -159,8 +159,8 @@ $odd_quad_count: + addq v0, 8, v0 # .. e1 : + bne t5, $unrolled_loop #-e1 : + +- mov t3, t0 # e0 : move prefetched value into t0 +-$final: subq t4, v0, a2 # .. e1 : a2 <- number of bytes left to do ++$final: ldq t0, 0(v0) # e0 : load last quad ++ subq t4, v0, a2 # .. e1 : a2 <- number of bytes left to do + bne a2, $last_quad # e1 : + + $not_found: --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/alpha/submitted-lowlevellock.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/alpha/submitted-lowlevellock.diff @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +2009-05-19 Aurelien Jarno + + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/lowlevellock.h: Define + FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET, FUTEX_WAKE_BITSET, FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME and + FUTEX_BITSET_MATCH_ANY. + +--- + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/lowlevellock.h | 5 +++++ + 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+) + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/lowlevellock.h ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/nptl/lowlevellock.h +@@ -37,7 +37,12 @@ + #define FUTEX_LOCK_PI 6 + #define FUTEX_UNLOCK_PI 7 + #define FUTEX_TRYLOCK_PI 8 ++#define FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET 9 ++#define FUTEX_WAKE_BITSET 10 + #define FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG 128 ++#define FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME 256 ++ ++#define FUTEX_BITSET_MATCH_ANY 0xffffffff + + /* Values for 'private' parameter of locking macros. Yes, the + definition seems to be backwards. But it is not. The bit will be --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/alpha/submitted-rtld-fPIC.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/alpha/submitted-rtld-fPIC.diff @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +2009-05-26 Aurelien Jarno + + * sysdeps/alpha/Makefile (CFLAGS-rtld.c): add $(PIC-ccflag). + +--- + ports/sysdeps/alpha/Makefile | 3 ++- + 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/alpha/Makefile ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/alpha/Makefile +@@ -35,7 +35,8 @@ + + ifeq ($(subdir),elf) + # The ld.so startup code cannot use literals until it self-relocates. +-CFLAGS-rtld.c = -mbuild-constants ++# It uses more than 64k for the small data area. ++CFLAGS-rtld.c = -mbuild-constants $(PIC-ccflag) + endif + + # Build everything with full IEEE math support, and with dynamic rounding; --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/alpha/submitted-getsysstats.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/alpha/submitted-getsysstats.diff @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +2009-05-16 Aurelien Jarno + + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/getsysstats.c (GET_NPROCS_PARSER): + Change parameters and use next_line. + +--- + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/getsysstats.c | 5 +++-- + 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/getsysstats.c ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/getsysstats.c +@@ -20,15 +20,16 @@ + + + /* We need to define a special parser for /proc/cpuinfo. */ +-#define GET_NPROCS_PARSER(FP, BUFFER, RESULT) \ ++#define GET_NPROCS_PARSER(FD, BUFFER, CP, RE, BUFFER_END, RESULT) \ + do \ + { \ + /* Find the line that contains the information about the number of \ + active cpus. We don't have to fear extremely long lines since \ + the kernel will not generate them. 8192 bytes are really enough. \ + If there is no "CPUs ..." line then we are on a UP system. */ \ ++ char *l; \ + (RESULT) = 1; \ +- while (fgets_unlocked (BUFFER, sizeof (BUFFER), FP) != NULL) \ ++ while ((l = next_line (FD, BUFFER, &CP, &RE, BUFFER_END)) != NULL) \ + if ((sscanf (BUFFER, "cpus active : %d", &(RESULT)) == 1) \ + || (sscanf (BUFFER, "CPUs probed %*d active %d", \ + &(RESULT)) == 1)) \ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/alpha/submitted-dl-procinfo.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/alpha/submitted-dl-procinfo.diff @@ -0,0 +1,165 @@ +--- + ports/sysdeps/alpha/dl-machine.h | 12 ++++++ + ports/sysdeps/alpha/dl-procinfo.c | 64 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + ports/sysdeps/alpha/dl-procinfo.h | 68 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + 3 files changed, 144 insertions(+) + +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/alpha/dl-procinfo.h +@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ ++/* Alpha version of processor capability information handling macros. ++ Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Aurelien Jarno , 2007. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _DL_PROCINFO_H ++#define _DL_PROCINFO_H 1 ++ ++#include ++ ++ ++/* Mask to filter out platforms. */ ++#define _DL_HWCAP_PLATFORM (-1ULL) ++ ++#define _DL_PLATFORMS_COUNT 5 ++ ++static inline const char * ++__attribute__ ((unused)) ++_dl_platform_string (int idx) ++{ ++ return GLRO(dl_alpha_platforms)[idx]; ++}; ++ ++static inline int ++__attribute__ ((unused, always_inline)) ++_dl_string_platform (const char *str) ++{ ++ int i; ++ ++ if (str != NULL) ++ for (i = 0; i < _DL_PLATFORMS_COUNT; ++i) ++ { ++ if (strcmp (str, _dl_platform_string (i)) == 0) ++ return i; ++ } ++ return -1; ++}; ++ ++/* We cannot provide a general printing function. */ ++#define _dl_procinfo(word) -1 ++ ++/* There are no hardware capabilities defined. */ ++#define _dl_hwcap_string(idx) "" ++ ++/* By default there is no important hardware capability. */ ++#define HWCAP_IMPORTANT (0) ++ ++/* We don't have any hardware capabilities. */ ++#define _DL_HWCAP_COUNT 0 ++ ++#define _dl_string_hwcap(str) (-1) ++ ++#endif /* dl-procinfo.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/alpha/dl-procinfo.c +@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ ++/* Data for Alpha version of processor capability information. ++ Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Aurelien Jarno , 2007. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* This information must be kept in sync with the _DL_PLATFORM_COUNT ++ definitions in procinfo.h. ++ ++ If anything should be added here check whether the size of each string ++ is still ok with the given array size. ++ ++ All the #ifdefs in the definitions are quite irritating but ++ necessary if we want to avoid duplicating the information. There ++ are three different modes: ++ ++ - PROCINFO_DECL is defined. This means we are only interested in ++ declarations. ++ ++ - PROCINFO_DECL is not defined: ++ ++ + if SHARED is defined the file is included in an array ++ initializer. The .element = { ... } syntax is needed. ++ ++ + if SHARED is not defined a normal array initialization is ++ needed. ++ */ ++ ++#ifndef PROCINFO_CLASS ++#define PROCINFO_CLASS ++#endif ++ ++#if !defined PROCINFO_DECL && defined SHARED ++ ._dl_alpha_platforms ++#else ++PROCINFO_CLASS const char _dl_alpha_platforms[5][5] ++#endif ++#ifndef PROCINFO_DECL ++= { ++ "ev4", "ev5", "ev56", "ev6", "ev67" ++ } ++#endif ++#if !defined SHARED || defined PROCINFO_DECL ++; ++#else ++, ++#endif ++ ++#undef PROCINFO_DECL ++#undef PROCINFO_CLASS +--- a/ports/sysdeps/alpha/dl-machine.h ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/alpha/dl-machine.h +@@ -249,6 +249,18 @@ + /* The alpha never uses Elf64_Rel relocations. */ + #define ELF_MACHINE_NO_REL 1 + ++/* We define an initialization functions. This is called very early in ++ * _dl_sysdep_start. */ ++#define DL_PLATFORM_INIT dl_platform_init () ++ ++static inline void __attribute__ ((unused)) ++dl_platform_init (void) ++{ ++ if (GLRO(dl_platform) != NULL && *GLRO(dl_platform) == '\0') ++ /* Avoid an empty string which would disturb us. */ ++ GLRO(dl_platform) = NULL; ++} ++ + /* Fix up the instructions of a PLT entry to invoke the function + rather than the dynamic linker. */ + static inline Elf64_Addr --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/alpha/submitted-dl-support.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/alpha/submitted-dl-support.diff @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +older verisons of glibc would build dl-sysdep as shared-only and dl-support as +static-only. alpha hooks in a cache variable via dl-auxv.h. newer versions of +glibc build dl-sysdep as both shared and static which means we now have symbol +duplication for static builds with dl-sysdep and dl-support. since dl-sysdep +is both shared/static, there is no point in hooking dl-support anymore, so we +can punt it. + +--- + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/dl-support.c | 2 -- + 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/dl-support.c ++++ /dev/null +@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@ +-#include "dl-auxv.h" +-#include --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/alpha/submitted-procfs_h.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/alpha/submitted-procfs_h.diff @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +2008-05-11 Aurelien Jarno + #include + #include +-#include + + __BEGIN_DECLS + ++/* ++ * The OSF/1 version of makes gregset_t 46 entries long. ++ * I have no idea why that is so. For now, we just leave it at 33 ++ * (32 general regs + processor status word). ++ */ ++#define ELF_NGREG 33 ++#define ELF_NFPREG 32 ++ ++typedef unsigned long elf_greg_t; ++typedef elf_greg_t elf_gregset_t[ELF_NGREG]; ++ ++typedef double elf_fpreg_t; ++typedef elf_fpreg_t elf_fpregset_t[ELF_NFPREG]; ++ + struct elf_siginfo + { + int si_signo; /* Signal number. */ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/alpha/submitted-PTR_MANGLE.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/alpha/submitted-PTR_MANGLE.diff @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +--- + ports/sysdeps/unix/alpha/sysdep.h | 38 ------------------------ + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/sysdep.h | 42 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + 2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-) + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/alpha/sysdep.h ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/alpha/sysdep.h +@@ -397,42 +397,4 @@ + _sc_ret = _sc_0, _sc_err = _sc_19; \ + } + +-/* Pointer mangling support. Note that tls access is slow enough that +- we don't deoptimize things by placing the pointer check value there. */ +- +-#include +- +-#if defined NOT_IN_libc && defined IS_IN_rtld +-# ifdef __ASSEMBLER__ +-# define PTR_MANGLE(dst, src, tmp) \ +- ldah tmp, __pointer_chk_guard_local($29) !gprelhigh; \ +- ldq tmp, __pointer_chk_guard_local(tmp) !gprellow; \ +- xor src, tmp, dst +-# define PTR_MANGLE2(dst, src, tmp) \ +- xor src, tmp, dst +-# define PTR_DEMANGLE(dst, tmp) PTR_MANGLE(dst, dst, tmp) +-# define PTR_DEMANGLE2(dst, tmp) PTR_MANGLE2(dst, dst, tmp) +-# else +-extern uintptr_t __pointer_chk_guard_local attribute_relro attribute_hidden; +-# define PTR_MANGLE(var) \ +- (var) = (__typeof (var)) ((uintptr_t) (var) ^ __pointer_chk_guard_local) +-# define PTR_DEMANGLE(var) PTR_MANGLE(var) +-# endif +-#elif defined PIC +-# ifdef __ASSEMBLER__ +-# define PTR_MANGLE(dst, src, tmp) \ +- ldq tmp, __pointer_chk_guard; \ +- xor src, tmp, dst +-# define PTR_MANGLE2(dst, src, tmp) \ +- xor src, tmp, dst +-# define PTR_DEMANGLE(dst, tmp) PTR_MANGLE(dst, dst, tmp) +-# define PTR_DEMANGLE2(dst, tmp) PTR_MANGLE2(dst, dst, tmp) +-# else +-extern uintptr_t __pointer_chk_guard attribute_relro; +-# define PTR_MANGLE(var) \ +- (var) = (void *) ((uintptr_t) (var) ^ __pointer_chk_guard) +-# define PTR_DEMANGLE(var) PTR_MANGLE(var) +-# endif +-#endif +- + #endif /* ASSEMBLER */ +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/sysdep.h ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/sysdep.h +@@ -98,4 +98,46 @@ + INTERNAL_SYSCALL1(name, err_out, nr, args); \ + }) + ++/* Pointer mangling support. Note that tls access is slow enough that ++ we don't deoptimize things by placing the pointer check value there. */ ++ ++#if defined NOT_IN_libc && defined IS_IN_rtld ++# ifdef __ASSEMBLER__ ++# define PTR_MANGLE(dst, src, tmp) \ ++ ldah tmp, __pointer_chk_guard_local($29) !gprelhigh; \ ++ ldq tmp, __pointer_chk_guard_local(tmp) !gprellow; \ ++ xor src, tmp, dst ++# define PTR_MANGLE2(dst, src, tmp) \ ++ xor src, tmp, dst ++# define PTR_DEMANGLE(dst, tmp) PTR_MANGLE(dst, dst, tmp) ++# define PTR_DEMANGLE2(dst, tmp) PTR_MANGLE2(dst, dst, tmp) ++# else ++extern uintptr_t __pointer_chk_guard_local attribute_relro attribute_hidden; ++# define PTR_MANGLE(var) \ ++ (var) = (__typeof (var)) ((uintptr_t) (var) ^ __pointer_chk_guard_local) ++# define PTR_DEMANGLE(var) PTR_MANGLE(var) ++# endif ++#elif defined PIC ++# ifdef __ASSEMBLER__ ++# define PTR_MANGLE(dst, src, tmp) \ ++ ldq tmp, __pointer_chk_guard; \ ++ xor src, tmp, dst ++# define PTR_MANGLE2(dst, src, tmp) \ ++ xor src, tmp, dst ++# define PTR_DEMANGLE(dst, tmp) PTR_MANGLE(dst, dst, tmp) ++# define PTR_DEMANGLE2(dst, tmp) PTR_MANGLE2(dst, dst, tmp) ++# else ++extern uintptr_t __pointer_chk_guard attribute_relro; ++# define PTR_MANGLE(var) \ ++ (var) = (void *) ((uintptr_t) (var) ^ __pointer_chk_guard) ++# define PTR_DEMANGLE(var) PTR_MANGLE(var) ++# endif ++#else ++/* Pointer mangling is not yet supported for static libc on alpha. */ ++# ifndef __ASSEMBLER__ ++# define PTR_MANGLE(var) (void) (var) ++# define PTR_DEMANGLE(var) (void) (var) ++# endif ++#endif ++ + #endif /* _LINUX_ALPHA_SYSDEP_H */ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/locale/LC_IDENTIFICATION-optional-fields.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/locale/LC_IDENTIFICATION-optional-fields.diff @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +In LC_IDENTIFICATION, audience, application and abbreviation keywords +are optional, thus do not report an error if they are not defined. + +# DP: Dpatch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Patch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Upstream status: not submitted +# DP: Date: 2006-01-08 + +--- + locale/programs/ld-identification.c | 9 ++++++--- + 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) + +--- a/locale/programs/ld-identification.c ++++ b/locale/programs/ld-identification.c +@@ -147,6 +147,9 @@ + "LC_IDENTIFICATION", #cat)); \ + identification->cat = ""; \ + } ++#define TEST_ELEM_OPT(cat) \ ++ if (identification->cat == NULL) \ ++ identification->cat = ""; \ + + TEST_ELEM (title); + TEST_ELEM (source); +@@ -157,9 +160,9 @@ + TEST_ELEM (fax); + TEST_ELEM (language); + TEST_ELEM (territory); +- TEST_ELEM (audience); +- TEST_ELEM (application); +- TEST_ELEM (abbreviation); ++ TEST_ELEM_OPT (audience); ++ TEST_ELEM_OPT (application); ++ TEST_ELEM_OPT (abbreviation); + TEST_ELEM (revision); + TEST_ELEM (date); + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/locale/locale-print-LANGUAGE.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/locale/locale-print-LANGUAGE.diff @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Comments tell that LANG has to be the first value, and LC_ALL the last +one. Thus LANGUAGE is printed between them. + +# DP: Dpatch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Patch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Upstream status: not submitted +# DP: Date: 2006-01-08 + +--- + locale/programs/locale.c | 4 ++++ + 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+) + +--- a/locale/programs/locale.c ++++ b/locale/programs/locale.c +@@ -773,6 +773,7 @@ + { + size_t cat_no; + const char *lcall = getenv ("LC_ALL"); ++ const char *language = getenv ("LANGUAGE"); + const char *lang = getenv ("LANG") ? : ""; + + auto void get_source (const char *name); +@@ -791,6 +792,9 @@ + /* LANG has to be the first value. */ + printf ("LANG=%s\n", lang); + ++ if (language != NULL && getenv ("POSIXLY_CORRECT") == NULL) ++ printf ("LANGUAGE=%s\n", language); ++ + /* Now all categories in an unspecified order. */ + for (cat_no = 0; cat_no < NCATEGORIES; ++cat_no) + if (cat_no != LC_ALL) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/locale/preprocessor-collate-uli-sucks.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/locale/preprocessor-collate-uli-sucks.diff @@ -0,0 +1,334 @@ +--- + locale/programs/ld-collate.c | 265 ------------------------------------------- + 1 file changed, 265 deletions(-) + +--- a/locale/programs/ld-collate.c ++++ b/locale/programs/ld-collate.c +@@ -185,14 +185,6 @@ + #include "3level.h" + + +-/* Simple name list for the preprocessor. */ +-struct name_list +-{ +- struct name_list *next; +- char str[0]; +-}; +- +- + /* The real definition of the struct for the LC_COLLATE locale. */ + struct locale_collate_t + { +@@ -252,15 +244,6 @@ + /* The arrays with the collation sequence order. */ + unsigned char mbseqorder[256]; + struct collseq_table wcseqorder; +- +- /* State of the preprocessor. */ +- enum +- { +- else_none = 0, +- else_ignore, +- else_seen +- } +- else_action; + }; + + +@@ -268,9 +251,6 @@ + LC_COLLATE category descriptions in all files. */ + static uint32_t nrules; + +-/* List of defined preprocessor symbols. */ +-static struct name_list *defined; +- + + /* We need UTF-8 encoding of numbers. */ + static inline int +@@ -2509,46 +2489,6 @@ + } + + +-static enum token_t +-skip_to (struct linereader *ldfile, struct locale_collate_t *collate, +- const struct charmap_t *charmap, int to_endif) +-{ +- while (1) +- { +- struct token *now = lr_token (ldfile, charmap, NULL, NULL, 0); +- enum token_t nowtok = now->tok; +- +- if (nowtok == tok_eof || nowtok == tok_end) +- return nowtok; +- +- if (nowtok == tok_ifdef || nowtok == tok_ifndef) +- { +- lr_error (ldfile, _("%s: nested conditionals not supported"), +- "LC_COLLATE"); +- nowtok = skip_to (ldfile, collate, charmap, tok_endif); +- if (nowtok == tok_eof || nowtok == tok_end) +- return nowtok; +- } +- else if (nowtok == tok_endif || (!to_endif && nowtok == tok_else)) +- { +- lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 1); +- return nowtok; +- } +- else if (!to_endif && (nowtok == tok_elifdef || nowtok == tok_elifndef)) +- { +- /* Do not read the rest of the line. */ +- return nowtok; +- } +- else if (nowtok == tok_else) +- { +- lr_error (ldfile, _("%s: more then one 'else'"), "LC_COLLATE"); +- } +- +- lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 0); +- } +-} +- +- + void + collate_read (struct linereader *ldfile, struct localedef_t *result, + const struct charmap_t *charmap, const char *repertoire_name, +@@ -2579,8 +2519,6 @@ + /* The rest of the line containing `LC_COLLATE' must be free. */ + lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 1); + +- while (1) +- { + do + { + now = lr_token (ldfile, charmap, result, NULL, verbose); +@@ -2588,31 +2526,6 @@ + } + while (nowtok == tok_eol); + +- if (nowtok != tok_define) +- break; +- +- if (ignore_content) +- lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 0); +- else +- { +- arg = lr_token (ldfile, charmap, result, NULL, verbose); +- if (arg->tok != tok_ident) +- SYNTAX_ERROR (_("%s: syntax error"), "LC_COLLATE"); +- else +- { +- /* Simply add the new symbol. */ +- struct name_list *newsym = xmalloc (sizeof (*newsym) +- + arg->val.str.lenmb + 1); +- memcpy (newsym->str, arg->val.str.startmb, arg->val.str.lenmb); +- newsym->str[arg->val.str.lenmb] = '\0'; +- newsym->next = defined; +- defined = newsym; +- +- lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 1); +- } +- } +- } +- + if (nowtok == tok_copy) + { + now = lr_token (ldfile, charmap, result, NULL, verbose); +@@ -3767,7 +3680,6 @@ + break; + + case tok_end: +- seen_end: + /* Next we assume `LC_COLLATE'. */ + if (!ignore_content) + { +@@ -3808,182 +3720,6 @@ + lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, arg->tok == tok_lc_collate); + return; + +- case tok_define: +- if (ignore_content) +- { +- lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 0); +- break; +- } +- +- arg = lr_token (ldfile, charmap, result, NULL, verbose); +- if (arg->tok != tok_ident) +- goto err_label; +- +- /* Simply add the new symbol. */ +- struct name_list *newsym = xmalloc (sizeof (*newsym) +- + arg->val.str.lenmb + 1); +- memcpy (newsym->str, arg->val.str.startmb, arg->val.str.lenmb); +- newsym->str[arg->val.str.lenmb] = '\0'; +- newsym->next = defined; +- defined = newsym; +- +- lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 1); +- break; +- +- case tok_undef: +- if (ignore_content) +- { +- lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 0); +- break; +- } +- +- arg = lr_token (ldfile, charmap, result, NULL, verbose); +- if (arg->tok != tok_ident) +- goto err_label; +- +- /* Remove _all_ occurrences of the symbol from the list. */ +- struct name_list *prevdef = NULL; +- struct name_list *curdef = defined; +- while (curdef != NULL) +- if (strncmp (arg->val.str.startmb, curdef->str, +- arg->val.str.lenmb) == 0 +- && curdef->str[arg->val.str.lenmb] == '\0') +- { +- if (prevdef == NULL) +- defined = curdef->next; +- else +- prevdef->next = curdef->next; +- +- struct name_list *olddef = curdef; +- curdef = curdef->next; +- +- free (olddef); +- } +- else +- { +- prevdef = curdef; +- curdef = curdef->next; +- } +- +- lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 1); +- break; +- +- case tok_ifdef: +- case tok_ifndef: +- if (ignore_content) +- { +- lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 0); +- break; +- } +- +- found_ifdef: +- arg = lr_token (ldfile, charmap, result, NULL, verbose); +- if (arg->tok != tok_ident) +- goto err_label; +- lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 1); +- +- if (collate->else_action == else_none) +- { +- curdef = defined; +- while (curdef != NULL) +- if (strncmp (arg->val.str.startmb, curdef->str, +- arg->val.str.lenmb) == 0 +- && curdef->str[arg->val.str.lenmb] == '\0') +- break; +- else +- curdef = curdef->next; +- +- if ((nowtok == tok_ifdef && curdef != NULL) +- || (nowtok == tok_ifndef && curdef == NULL)) +- { +- /* We have to use the if-branch. */ +- collate->else_action = else_ignore; +- } +- else +- { +- /* We have to use the else-branch, if there is one. */ +- nowtok = skip_to (ldfile, collate, charmap, 0); +- if (nowtok == tok_else) +- collate->else_action = else_seen; +- else if (nowtok == tok_elifdef) +- { +- nowtok = tok_ifdef; +- goto found_ifdef; +- } +- else if (nowtok == tok_elifndef) +- { +- nowtok = tok_ifndef; +- goto found_ifdef; +- } +- else if (nowtok == tok_eof) +- goto seen_eof; +- else if (nowtok == tok_end) +- goto seen_end; +- } +- } +- else +- { +- /* XXX Should it really become necessary to support nested +- preprocessor handling we will push the state here. */ +- lr_error (ldfile, _("%s: nested conditionals not supported"), +- "LC_COLLATE"); +- nowtok = skip_to (ldfile, collate, charmap, 1); +- if (nowtok == tok_eof) +- goto seen_eof; +- else if (nowtok == tok_end) +- goto seen_end; +- } +- break; +- +- case tok_elifdef: +- case tok_elifndef: +- case tok_else: +- if (ignore_content) +- { +- lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 0); +- break; +- } +- +- lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 1); +- +- if (collate->else_action == else_ignore) +- { +- /* Ignore everything until the endif. */ +- nowtok = skip_to (ldfile, collate, charmap, 1); +- if (nowtok == tok_eof) +- goto seen_eof; +- else if (nowtok == tok_end) +- goto seen_end; +- } +- else +- { +- assert (collate->else_action == else_none); +- lr_error (ldfile, _("\ +-%s: '%s' without matching 'ifdef' or 'ifndef'"), "LC_COLLATE", +- nowtok == tok_else ? "else" +- : nowtok == tok_elifdef ? "elifdef" : "elifndef"); +- } +- break; +- +- case tok_endif: +- if (ignore_content) +- { +- lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 0); +- break; +- } +- +- lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 1); +- +- if (collate->else_action != else_ignore +- && collate->else_action != else_seen) +- lr_error (ldfile, _("\ +-%s: 'endif' without matching 'ifdef' or 'ifndef'"), "LC_COLLATE"); +- +- /* XXX If we support nested preprocessor directives we pop +- the state here. */ +- collate->else_action = else_none; +- break; +- + default: + err_label: + SYNTAX_ERROR (_("%s: syntax error"), "LC_COLLATE"); +@@ -3994,7 +3730,6 @@ + nowtok = now->tok; + } + +- seen_eof: + /* When we come here we reached the end of the file. */ + lr_error (ldfile, _("%s: premature end of file"), "LC_COLLATE"); + } --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/locale/fix-C-first_weekday.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/locale/fix-C-first_weekday.diff @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +# All lines beginning with `# DP:' are a description of the patch. +# DP: Description: #327025 C locale has bad default for _NL_TIME_FIRST_WEEKDAY +# DP: Also fixes the 3rd value of the week keyword. +# DP: Related bugs: #327025 BZ181 +# DP: Dpatch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Patch author: Petter Reinholdtsen +# DP: Upstream status: BZ181 +# DP: Date: 2006-01-10 + +--- + locale/C-time.c | 2 +- + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/locale/C-time.c ++++ b/locale/C-time.c +@@ -135,10 +135,10 @@ + { .wstr = (const uint32_t *) L"" }, + { .string = "\7" }, + { .word = 19971201 }, +- { .string = "\4" }, + { .string = "\7" }, + { .string = "\1" }, + { .string = "\1" }, ++ { .string = "\1" }, + { .string = "" }, + { .string = "%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y" }, + { .wstr = (const uint32_t *) L"%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y" }, --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/locale/fix-LC_COLLATE-rules.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/locale/fix-LC_COLLATE-rules.diff @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +--- + locale/programs/ld-collate.c | 16 +++++++++++++++- + 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/locale/programs/ld-collate.c ++++ b/locale/programs/ld-collate.c +@@ -1553,6 +1553,7 @@ + int i; + int need_undefined = 0; + struct section_list *sect; ++ enum coll_sort_rule *orules; + int ruleidx; + int nr_wide_elems = 0; + +@@ -1564,18 +1565,28 @@ + "LC_COLLATE")); + return; + } ++ if (nrules == 0) ++ { ++ /* An error message has already been printed: ++ empty category description not allowed. */ ++ return; ++ } + + /* If this assertion is hit change the type in `element_t'. */ + assert (nrules <= sizeof (runp->used_in_level) * 8); + + /* Make sure that the `position' rule is used either in all sections + or in none. */ ++ sect = collate->sections; ++ while (sect != NULL && sect->rules == NULL) ++ sect = sect->next; ++ orules = sect->rules; + for (i = 0; i < nrules; ++i) + for (sect = collate->sections; sect != NULL; sect = sect->next) + if (sect != collate->current_section + && sect->rules != NULL + && ((sect->rules[i] & sort_position) +- != (collate->current_section->rules[i] & sort_position))) ++ != (orules[i] & sort_position))) + { + WITH_CUR_LOCALE (error (0, 0, _("\ + %s: `position' must be used for a specific level in all sections or none"), +@@ -3359,6 +3370,9 @@ + no_error = 0; + } + } ++ /* Update current section. */ ++ if (collate->cursor != NULL) ++ collate->current_section = collate->cursor->section; + + lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, no_error); + } --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/locale/preprocessor-collate.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/locale/preprocessor-collate.diff @@ -0,0 +1,342 @@ +Allow preprocessor-like directives. These keywords were already +defined in locale/programs/locfile-kw.h, an implementation for +'define', 'undef', 'ifdef', 'else' and 'endif' is now provided in +locale/programs/ld-collate.c. For the moment, 'ifndef' and 'elif' +are not implemented because they do not appear in locfile-kw.h. +This patch is harmless, it only adds new keywords. + +# DP: Dpatch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Patch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Upstream status: BZ686 +# DP: Date: 2006-01-08 + +--- + locale/programs/ld-collate.c | 275 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + 1 file changed, 275 insertions(+) + +--- a/locale/programs/ld-collate.c ++++ b/locale/programs/ld-collate.c +@@ -164,6 +164,24 @@ + size_t line; + }; + ++/* Data type for toggles. */ ++struct toggle_list_t; ++ ++struct toggle_list_t ++{ ++ const char *name; ++ ++ /* Predecessor in the list. */ ++ struct toggle_list_t *last; ++ ++ /* This flag is set when a keyword is undefined. */ ++ int is_undefined; ++ ++ /* Where does the branch come from. */ ++ const char *file; ++ size_t line; ++}; ++ + /* Sparse table of struct element_t *. */ + #define TABLE wchead_table + #define ELEMENT struct element_t * +@@ -217,6 +235,9 @@ + /* This value is used when handling ellipsis. */ + struct element_t ellipsis_weight; + ++ /* This is a stack of . */ ++ struct toggle_list_t *flow_control; ++ + /* Known collating elements. */ + hash_table elem_table; + +@@ -1465,6 +1486,56 @@ + } + + ++static struct token * ++flow_skip (struct linereader *ldfile, const struct charmap_t *charmap, ++ struct locale_collate_t *collate) ++{ ++ int level = 0; ++ struct token *now; ++ enum token_t nowtok; ++ while (1) ++ { ++ lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 0); ++ now = lr_token (ldfile, charmap, NULL, NULL, 0); ++ nowtok = now->tok; ++ if (nowtok == tok_eof) ++ break; ++ else if (nowtok == tok_ifdef || nowtok == tok_ifndef) ++ ++level ; ++ else if (nowtok == tok_else) ++ { ++ if (strcmp (collate->flow_control->name, "else") == 0) ++ lr_error (ldfile, ++ _("%s: `else' statement at `%s:%Zu' cannot be followed by another `else' statement"), ++ "LC_COLLATE", collate->flow_control->name, collate->flow_control->line); ++ if (level == 0) ++ { ++ collate->flow_control->name = "else"; ++ collate->flow_control->file = ldfile->fname; ++ collate->flow_control->line = ldfile->lineno; ++ break; ++ } ++ } ++ else if (nowtok == tok_endif) ++ { ++ if (level == 0) ++ { ++ collate->flow_control = collate->flow_control->last; ++ break; ++ } ++ --level ; ++ } ++ } ++ if (nowtok == tok_eof) ++ WITH_CUR_LOCALE (error (0, 0, _("\ ++%s: unterminated `%s' flow control beginning at %s:%Zu"), ++ "LC_COLLATE", collate->flow_control->name, ++ collate->flow_control->file, ++ collate->flow_control->line)); ++ return now; ++} ++ ++ + static void + collate_startup (struct linereader *ldfile, struct localedef_t *locale, + struct localedef_t *copy_locale, int ignore_content) +@@ -2512,6 +2583,8 @@ + */ + int state = 0; + ++ static struct toggle_list_t *defined_keywords = NULL; ++ + /* Get the repertoire we have to use. */ + if (repertoire_name != NULL) + repertoire = repertoire_read (repertoire_name); +@@ -2526,6 +2599,82 @@ + } + while (nowtok == tok_eol); + ++ while (nowtok == tok_define || nowtok == tok_undef) ++ { ++ /* Ignore the rest of the line if we don't need the input of ++ this line. */ ++ if (ignore_content) ++ { ++ lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 0); ++ now = lr_token (ldfile, charmap, result, NULL, verbose); ++ nowtok = now->tok; ++ continue; ++ } ++ ++ arg = lr_token (ldfile, charmap, result, NULL, verbose); ++ if (arg->tok != tok_ident) ++ goto err_label; ++ ++ if (nowtok == tok_define) ++ { ++ struct toggle_list_t *runp = defined_keywords; ++ char *name; ++ ++ while (runp != NULL) ++ if (strncmp (runp->name, arg->val.str.startmb, ++ arg->val.str.lenmb) == 0 ++ && runp->name[arg->val.str.lenmb] == '\0') ++ SYNTAX_ERROR (_("%s: syntax error"), "LC_COLLATE"); ++ else ++ runp = runp->last; ++ ++ if (runp != NULL && runp->is_undefined == 0) ++ { ++ lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 0); ++ SYNTAX_ERROR (_("%s: syntax error"), "LC_COLLATE"); ++ } ++ ++ if (runp == NULL) ++ { ++ runp = (struct toggle_list_t *) xcalloc (1, sizeof (*runp)); ++ runp->last = defined_keywords; ++ defined_keywords = runp; ++ } ++ else ++ { ++ free ((char *) runp->name); ++ runp->is_undefined = 0; ++ } ++ ++ name = (char *) xmalloc (arg->val.str.lenmb + 1); ++ memcpy (name, arg->val.str.startmb, arg->val.str.lenmb); ++ name[arg->val.str.lenmb] = '\0'; ++ runp->name = name; ++ } ++ else ++ { ++ struct toggle_list_t *runp = defined_keywords; ++ while (runp != NULL) ++ if (strncmp (runp->name, arg->val.str.startmb, ++ arg->val.str.lenmb) == 0 ++ && runp->name[arg->val.str.lenmb] == '\0') ++ { ++ runp->is_undefined = 1; ++ SYNTAX_ERROR (_("%s: syntax error"), "LC_COLLATE"); ++ } ++ else ++ runp = runp->last; ++ } ++ ++ lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 1); ++ do ++ { ++ now = lr_token (ldfile, charmap, result, NULL, verbose); ++ nowtok = now->tok; ++ } ++ while (nowtok == tok_eol); ++ } ++ + if (nowtok == tok_copy) + { + now = lr_token (ldfile, charmap, result, NULL, verbose); +@@ -3679,6 +3828,125 @@ + repertoire, result, nowtok); + break; + ++ case tok_ifdef: ++ /* Ignore the rest of the line if we don't need the input of ++ this line. */ ++ if (ignore_content) ++ { ++ lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 0); ++ break; ++ } ++ ++ arg = lr_token (ldfile, charmap, result, NULL, verbose); ++ if (arg->tok != tok_ident) ++ goto err_label; ++ else ++ { ++ struct toggle_list_t *runp = defined_keywords; ++ struct toggle_list_t *flow = (struct toggle_list_t *) xcalloc (1, sizeof (*runp)); ++ flow->name = "ifdef"; ++ flow->file = ldfile->fname; ++ flow->line = ldfile->lineno; ++ flow->last = collate->flow_control; ++ collate->flow_control = flow; ++ ++ while (runp != NULL) ++ if (strncmp (runp->name, arg->val.str.startmb, ++ arg->val.str.lenmb) == 0 ++ && runp->name[arg->val.str.lenmb] == '\0') ++ break; ++ else ++ runp = runp->last; ++ ++ if (runp == NULL) ++ { ++ now = flow_skip(ldfile, charmap, collate); ++ if (now->tok == tok_eof) ++ WITH_CUR_LOCALE (error (0, 0, _("\ ++%s: unterminated `%s' flow control"), "LC_COLLATE", collate->flow_control->name)); ++ } ++ } ++ lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 1); ++ break; ++ ++ case tok_ifndef: ++ /* Ignore the rest of the line if we don't need the input of ++ this line. */ ++ if (ignore_content) ++ { ++ lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 0); ++ break; ++ } ++ ++ arg = lr_token (ldfile, charmap, result, NULL, verbose); ++ if (arg->tok != tok_ident) ++ goto err_label; ++ else ++ { ++ struct toggle_list_t *runp = defined_keywords; ++ struct toggle_list_t *flow = (struct toggle_list_t *) xcalloc (1, sizeof (*runp)); ++ flow->name = "ifndef"; ++ flow->file = ldfile->fname; ++ flow->line = ldfile->lineno; ++ flow->last = collate->flow_control; ++ collate->flow_control = flow; ++ ++ while (runp != NULL) ++ if (strncmp (runp->name, arg->val.str.startmb, ++ arg->val.str.lenmb) == 0 ++ && runp->name[arg->val.str.lenmb] == '\0') ++ break; ++ else ++ runp = runp->last; ++ ++ if (runp != NULL) ++ { ++ now = flow_skip(ldfile, charmap, collate); ++ if (now->tok == tok_eof) ++ WITH_CUR_LOCALE (error (0, 0, _("\ ++%s: unterminated `%s' flow control"), "LC_COLLATE", collate->flow_control->name)); ++ } ++ } ++ lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 1); ++ break; ++ ++ case tok_else: ++ /* Ignore the rest of the line if we don't need the input of ++ this line. */ ++ if (ignore_content) ++ { ++ lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 0); ++ break; ++ } ++ ++ if (strcmp (collate->flow_control->name, "else") == 0) ++ lr_error (ldfile, ++ _("%s: `else' statement at `%s:%Zu' cannot be followed by another `else' statement"), ++ "LC_COLLATE", collate->flow_control->name, collate->flow_control->line); ++ collate->flow_control->name = "else"; ++ collate->flow_control->file = ldfile->fname; ++ collate->flow_control->line = ldfile->lineno; ++ now = flow_skip(ldfile, charmap, collate); ++ if (now->tok == tok_eof) ++ WITH_CUR_LOCALE (error (0, 0, _("\ ++%s: unterminated `%s' flow control"), "LC_COLLATE", collate->flow_control->name)); ++ break; ++ ++ case tok_endif: ++ /* Ignore the rest of the line if we don't need the input of ++ this line. */ ++ if (ignore_content) ++ { ++ lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 0); ++ break; ++ } ++ ++ if (collate->flow_control == NULL) ++ goto err_label; ++ else ++ collate->flow_control = collate->flow_control->last; ++ break; ++ + case tok_end: + /* Next we assume `LC_COLLATE'. */ + if (!ignore_content) +@@ -3708,6 +3976,13 @@ + else if (state == 5) + WITH_CUR_LOCALE (error (0, 0, _("\ + %s: missing `reorder-sections-end' keyword"), "LC_COLLATE")); ++ if (collate->flow_control != NULL ++ && strcmp(collate->flow_control->file, ldfile->fname) == 0) ++ WITH_CUR_LOCALE (error (0, 0, _("\ ++%s: unterminated `%s' flow control beginning at %s:%Zu"), ++ "LC_COLLATE", collate->flow_control->name, ++ collate->flow_control->file, ++ collate->flow_control->line)); + } + arg = lr_token (ldfile, charmap, result, NULL, verbose); + if (arg->tok == tok_eof) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/locale/LC_COLLATE-keywords-ordering.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/locale/LC_COLLATE-keywords-ordering.diff @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +Be less strict about keywords ordering in LC_COLLATE section, to +ease definition of new scripts. + +Submitted upstream: BZ690 + +# DP: Dpatch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Patch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Upstream status: BZ690 +# DP: Date: 2006-01-08 + +--- + locale/programs/ld-collate.c | 32 ++++++++++++++++++-------------- + 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) + +--- a/locale/programs/ld-collate.c ++++ b/locale/programs/ld-collate.c +@@ -2750,14 +2750,23 @@ + switch (nowtok) + { + case tok_copy: +- /* Allow copying other locales. */ ++ /* Ignore the rest of the line if we don't need the input of ++ this line. */ ++ if (ignore_content) ++ { ++ lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 0); ++ break; ++ } ++ + now = lr_token (ldfile, charmap, result, NULL, verbose); + if (now->tok != tok_string) + goto err_label; + +- if (! ignore_content) +- load_locale (LC_COLLATE, now->val.str.startmb, repertoire_name, +- charmap, result); ++ if (state == 1 || state == 3 || state == 5) ++ goto err_label; ++ ++ load_locale (LC_COLLATE, now->val.str.startmb, repertoire_name, ++ charmap, result); + + lr_ignore_rest (ldfile, 1); + break; +@@ -2771,9 +2780,6 @@ + break; + } + +- if (state != 0) +- goto err_label; +- + arg = lr_token (ldfile, charmap, result, NULL, verbose); + if (arg->tok != tok_number) + goto err_label; +@@ -2794,7 +2800,7 @@ + break; + } + +- if (state != 0) ++ if (state == 1 || state == 3 || state == 5) + goto err_label; + + arg = lr_token (ldfile, charmap, result, repertoire, verbose); +@@ -2841,7 +2847,7 @@ + break; + } + +- if (state != 0 && state != 2) ++ if (state == 1 || state == 3 || state == 5) + goto err_label; + + arg = lr_token (ldfile, charmap, result, repertoire, verbose); +@@ -2907,7 +2913,7 @@ + break; + } + +- if (state != 0 && state != 2) ++ if (state == 1 || state == 3 || state == 5) + goto err_label; + + arg = lr_token (ldfile, charmap, result, repertoire, verbose); +@@ -3053,7 +3059,7 @@ + break; + } + +- if (state != 0) ++ if (state == 1 || state == 3 || state == 5) + goto err_label; + + arg = lr_token (ldfile, charmap, result, repertoire, verbose); +@@ -3174,7 +3180,7 @@ + break; + } + +- if (state != 0 && state != 1 && state != 2) ++ if (state == 3 || state == 5) + goto err_label; + state = 1; + +@@ -3484,8 +3490,6 @@ + %s: missing `reorder-end' keyword"), "LC_COLLATE")); + state = 4; + } +- else if (state != 2 && state != 4) +- goto err_label; + state = 5; + + /* Get the name of the sections we are adding after. */ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/locale/check-unknown-symbols.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/locale/check-unknown-symbols.diff @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Check for unknown symbols in collation rules. This is useful to detect +broken locales since unknown symbols are always wrong. + +This request has not been submitted upstream yet. + +# DP: Dpatch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Patch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Upstream status: not submitted +# DP: Date: 2006-01-08 + +--- + locale/programs/ld-collate.c | 12 ++++++++++++ + 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+) + +--- a/locale/programs/ld-collate.c ++++ b/locale/programs/ld-collate.c +@@ -3498,8 +3498,20 @@ + } + else if (arg != NULL) + { ++ void *ptr = NULL; + symstr = arg->val.str.startmb; + symlen = arg->val.str.lenmb; ++ if (state != 5 ++ && find_entry (&charmap->char_table, symstr, symlen, &ptr) != 0 ++ && (repertoire == NULL || ++ find_entry (&repertoire->char_table, symstr, symlen, &ptr) != 0) ++ && find_entry (&collate->elem_table, symstr, symlen, &ptr) != 0 ++ && find_entry (&collate->sym_table, symstr, symlen, &ptr) != 0) ++ { ++ if (verbose) ++ lr_error (ldfile, _("%s: symbol `%.*s' not known"), ++ "LC_COLLATE", (int) symlen, symstr); ++ } + } + else + { --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/ia64/submitted-sysconf.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/ia64/submitted-sysconf.diff @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +2009-05-16 Aurelien Jarno + + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/ia64/sysconf.c (__sysconf): use + _POSIX_VERSION instead of 200112L. + +--- + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/ia64/sysconf.c | 2 +- + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/ia64/sysconf.c ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/ia64/sysconf.c +@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ + __sysconf (int name) + { + if (name == _SC_CPUTIME || name == _SC_THREAD_CPUTIME) +- return has_cpuclock () ? 200112L : -1; ++ return has_cpuclock () ? _POSIX_VERSION : -1; + + /* Everything else is handled by the more general code. */ + return linux_sysconf (name); --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/ia64/submitted-siginfo.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/ia64/submitted-siginfo.diff @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +2009-07-25 Aurelien Jarno + + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/ia64/bits/siginfo.h (struct sigevent): + Add _tid slot to maintain consistency with kernel. + +--- + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/ia64/bits/siginfo.h | 4 ++++ + 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+) + +--- a/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/ia64/bits/siginfo.h ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/ia64/bits/siginfo.h +@@ -310,6 +310,10 @@ + { + int _pad[__SIGEV_PAD_SIZE]; + ++ /* When SIGEV_SIGNAL and SIGEV_THREAD_ID set, LWP ID of the ++ thread to receive the signal. */ ++ __pid_t _tid; ++ + struct + { + void (*_function) (sigval_t); /* Function to start. */ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/ia64/submitted-libm.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/ia64/submitted-libm.diff @@ -0,0 +1,746 @@ +2009-08-01 Aurelien Jarno + + * sysdeps/ia64/fpu/libm_error_codes.h: Add error codes for + fmodl_infinity, fmod_infinity, fmodf_infinity, cosl_infinity, + cos_infinity, cosf_infinity, sinl_infinity, sin_infinity, + sinf_infinity, tanl_infinity, tan_infinity, and tanf_infinity. + * sysdeps/ia64/fpu/libm_error.c(__libm_error_support): Pole errors + for lgamma and pow should set errno to ERANGE, not EDOM. Add code + to handle fmodl_infinity, fmod_infinity, fmodf_infinity, + cosl_infinity, cos_infinity, cosf_infinity, sinl_infinity, + sin_infinity,sinf_infinity, tanl_infinity, tan_infinity, and + tanf_infinity. + * sysdeps/ia64/fpu/e_fmod.S: check for fmod(inf, y). + * sysdeps/ia64/fpu/e_fmodf.S: check for fmodf(inf, y). + * sysdeps/ia64/fpu/e_fmodl.S: check for fmodl(inf, y). + * sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_fcos.S: check for fcos(inf) and fsin(inf). + * sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_fcosf.S: check for fcosf(inf) and fsinf(inf). + * sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_fcosl.S: check for fcosl(inf) and fsinl(inf). + * sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_tan.S: check for ftan(inf). + * sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_tanf.S: check for ftanf(inf). + * sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_tanl.S: check for ftanl(inf). + +diff --git a/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/e_fmod.S b/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/e_fmod.S +index dbd0a29..87b6a48 100644 +--- a/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/e_fmod.S ++++ b/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/e_fmod.S +@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ + // + // Special cases + //==================================================================== +-// b=+/-0: return NaN, call libm_error_support +-// a=+/-Inf, a=NaN or b=NaN: return NaN ++// a=+/-Inf or b=+/-0: return NaN, call libm_error_support ++// a=NaN or b=NaN: return NaN + // + // Registers used + //==================================================================== +@@ -407,13 +407,13 @@ FMOD_X_NAN_INF: + nop.m 999 + // also set Denormal flag if necessary + (p8) fma.s0 f9=f9,f1,f0 +- nop.i 999 ;; ++(p8) mov GR_Parameter_TAG=274 ;; + } + + { .mfb + nop.m 999 + (p8) fma.d.s0 f8=f8,f1,f0 +- nop.b 999 ;; ++(p8) br.spnt __libm_error_region;; + } + + { .mfb +diff --git a/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/e_fmodf.S b/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/e_fmodf.S +index 36e5807..9f8cbbd 100644 +--- a/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/e_fmodf.S ++++ b/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/e_fmodf.S +@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ + + // Special cases + //==================================================================== +-// b=+/-0: return NaN, call libm_error_support +-// a=+/-Inf, a=NaN or b=NaN: return NaN ++// a=+/-Inf or b=+/-0: return NaN, call libm_error_support ++// a=NaN or b=NaN: return NaN + + // Registers used + //==================================================================== +@@ -413,13 +413,13 @@ FMOD_X_NAN_INF: + nop.m 999 + // also set Denormal flag if necessary + (p8) fma.s0 f9=f9,f1,f0 +- nop.i 999 ;; ++(p8) mov GR_Parameter_TAG=275 ;; + } + + { .mfb + nop.m 999 + (p8) fma.s.s0 f8=f8,f1,f0 +- nop.b 999 ;; ++(p8) br.spnt __libm_error_region;; + } + + { .mfb +diff --git a/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/e_fmodl.S b/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/e_fmodl.S +index 3e87eb0..3c38654 100644 +--- a/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/e_fmodl.S ++++ b/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/e_fmodl.S +@@ -484,6 +484,11 @@ FMOD_A_NAN_INF: + (p8) cmp.ne p7, p0 = GR_SIG_B, r0 + nop.i 0 + } ++{ .mfi ++ nop.m 0 ++ fmerge.s FR_X = f8, f8 ++ nop.i 0 ++} + ;; + + { .mfi +@@ -509,7 +514,12 @@ FMOD_A_NAN_INF: + { .mfb + nop.m 0 + (p9) frcpa.s0 f8, p7 = f8, f9 +- br.ret.sptk b0 ++ (p9) br.ret.sptk b0 ++} ++{ .mmb ++ alloc GR_ARPFS = ar.pfs, 1, 4, 4, 0 ++ mov GR_Parameter_TAG = 273 ++ br.sptk __libm_error_region + } + ;; + +diff --git a/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/libm_error.c b/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/libm_error.c +index 8ef4bb5..cf004fc 100644 +--- a/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/libm_error.c ++++ b/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/libm_error.c +@@ -708,15 +708,18 @@ switch(input_tag) + case gammal_negative: + case gamma_negative: + case gammaf_negative: +- case lgammal_negative: +- case lgamma_negative: +- case lgammaf_negative: + case tgammal_negative: + case tgamma_negative: + case tgammaf_negative: + { + ERRNO_DOMAIN; break; + } ++ case lgammal_negative: ++ case lgamma_negative: ++ case lgammaf_negative: ++ { ++ ERRNO_RANGE; break; ++ } + case ldexpl_overflow: + case ldexpl_underflow: + case ldexp_overflow: +@@ -1081,17 +1084,17 @@ switch(input_tag) + case powl_zero_to_negative: + /* 0**neg */ + { +- ERRNO_DOMAIN; break; ++ ERRNO_RANGE; break; + } + case pow_zero_to_negative: + /* 0**neg */ + { +- ERRNO_DOMAIN; break; ++ ERRNO_RANGE; break; + } + case powf_zero_to_negative: + /* 0**neg */ + { +- ERRNO_DOMAIN; break; ++ ERRNO_RANGE; break; + } + case powl_neg_to_non_integer: + /* neg**non_integral */ +@@ -1307,6 +1310,21 @@ switch(input_tag) + { + ERRNO_DOMAIN; break; + } ++ case fmodl_infinity: ++ /* fmodl(inf,y) */ ++ { ++ ERRNO_DOMAIN; break; ++ } ++ case fmod_infinity: ++ /* fmod(inf,y) */ ++ { ++ ERRNO_DOMAIN; break; ++ } ++ case fmodf_infinity: ++ /* fmodf(inf,y) */ ++ { ++ ERRNO_DOMAIN; break; ++ } + case coshl_overflow: + /* coshl overflows */ + { +@@ -1373,6 +1391,51 @@ switch(input_tag) + { + ERRNO_RANGE; break; + } ++ case cosl_infinity: ++ /* cosl(inf) */ ++ { ++ ERRNO_DOMAIN; break; ++ } ++ case cos_infinity: ++ /* cos(inf) */ ++ { ++ ERRNO_DOMAIN; break; ++ } ++ case cosf_infinity: ++ /* cosf(inf) */ ++ { ++ ERRNO_DOMAIN; break; ++ } ++ case sinl_infinity: ++ /* sinl(inf) */ ++ { ++ ERRNO_DOMAIN; break; ++ } ++ case sin_infinity: ++ /* sin(inf) */ ++ { ++ ERRNO_DOMAIN; break; ++ } ++ case sinf_infinity: ++ /* sinf(inf) */ ++ { ++ ERRNO_DOMAIN; break; ++ } ++ case tanl_infinity: ++ /* tanl(inf) */ ++ { ++ ERRNO_DOMAIN; break; ++ } ++ case tan_infinity: ++ /* tan(inf) */ ++ { ++ ERRNO_DOMAIN; break; ++ } ++ case tanf_infinity: ++ /* tanf(inf) */ ++ { ++ ERRNO_DOMAIN; break; ++ } + default: + break; + } +diff --git a/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/libm_error_codes.h b/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/libm_error_codes.h +index 4f0945e..96e67c0 100644 +--- a/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/libm_error_codes.h ++++ b/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/libm_error_codes.h +@@ -195,7 +195,11 @@ typedef enum + nextafterl_underflow, nextafter_underflow, + nextafterf_underflow, /* 267, 268, 269 */ + nexttowardl_underflow, nexttoward_underflow, +- nexttowardf_underflow /* 270, 271, 272 */ ++ nexttowardf_underflow, /* 270, 271, 272 */ ++ fmodl_infinity, fmod_infinity, fmodf_infinity, /* 273, 274, 275 */ ++ cosl_infinity, cos_infinity, cosf_infinity, /* 276, 277, 278 */ ++ sinl_infinity, sin_infinity, sinf_infinity, /* 279, 280, 281 */ ++ tanl_infinity, tan_infinity, tanf_infinity, /* 282, 283, 284 */ + } error_types; + + #define LIBM_ERROR __libm_error_support +diff --git a/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_cos.S b/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_cos.S +index fc121fc..24c258c 100644 +--- a/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_cos.S ++++ b/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_cos.S +@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ + //============================================================== + // general input registers: + // r14 -> r26 +-// r32 -> r35 ++// r32 -> r36 + + // predicate registers used: + // p6 -> p11 +@@ -260,6 +260,10 @@ GR_SAVE_B0 = r34 + GR_SAVE_GP = r35 + GR_SAVE_r_sincos = r36 + ++GR_Parameter_X = r37 ++GR_Parameter_Y = r38 ++GR_Parameter_RESULT = r39 ++GR_Parameter_TAG = r40 + + RODATA + +@@ -474,7 +478,7 @@ _SINCOS_COMMON: + // 0x1001a is register_bias + 27. + // So if f8 >= 2^27, go to large argument routines + { .mfi +- alloc r32 = ar.pfs, 1, 4, 0, 0 ++ alloc r32 = ar.pfs, 1, 4, 4, 0 + fclass.m p11,p0 = f8, 0x0b // Test for x=unorm + mov sincos_GR_all_ones = -1 // For "inexect" constant create + } +@@ -681,20 +685,39 @@ _SINCOS_COMMON2: + ////////// x = 0/Inf/NaN path ////////////////// + _SINCOS_SPECIAL_ARGS: + .pred.rel "mutex",p8,p9 ++ ++{ .mfi ++ nop.m 999 ++ fclass.m.unc p7,p0 = f8, 0x23 // is x +/- inf? ++ nop.i 999;; ++} ++ ++{ .mfi ++ nop.m 999 ++(p7) fmerge.s f9 = f8,f8 ++ nop.i 999 ++} ++ + // sin(+/-0) = +/-0 + // sin(Inf) = NaN + // sin(NaN) = NaN + { .mfi + nop.m 999 + (p8) fma.d.s0 f8 = f8, f0, f0 // sin(+/-0,NaN,Inf) +- nop.i 999 ++(p8) mov GR_Parameter_TAG = 280 + } + // cos(+/-0) = 1.0 + // cos(Inf) = NaN + // cos(NaN) = NaN +-{ .mfb ++{ .mfi + nop.m 999 + (p9) fma.d.s0 f8 = f8, f0, f1 // cos(+/-0,NaN,Inf) ++(p9) mov GR_Parameter_TAG = 277 ++} ++ ++{ .mbb ++ nop.m 999 ++(p7) br.cond.spnt __libm_error_region + br.ret.sptk b0 // Exit for x = 0/Inf/NaN path + };; + +@@ -766,3 +789,54 @@ LOCAL_LIBM_END(__libm_callout_sincos) + .type __libm_cos_large#,@function + .global __libm_cos_large# + ++LOCAL_LIBM_ENTRY(__libm_error_region) ++.prologue ++{ .mfi ++ add GR_Parameter_Y=-32,sp // Parameter 2 value ++ nop.f 0 ++.save ar.pfs,GR_SAVE_PFS ++ mov GR_SAVE_PFS=ar.pfs // Save ar.pfs ++} ++{ .mfi ++.fframe 64 ++ add sp=-64,sp // Create new stack ++ nop.f 0 ++ mov GR_SAVE_GP=gp // Save gp ++};; ++{ .mmi ++ stfd [GR_Parameter_Y] = f1,16 // STORE Parameter 2 on stack ++ add GR_Parameter_X = 16,sp // Parameter 1 address ++.save b0, GR_SAVE_B0 ++ mov GR_SAVE_B0=b0 // Save b0 ++};; ++.body ++{ .mib ++ stfd [GR_Parameter_X] = f9 // STORE Parameter 1 on stack ++ add GR_Parameter_RESULT = 0,GR_Parameter_Y // Parameter 3 address ++ nop.b 0 ++} ++{ .mib ++ stfd [GR_Parameter_Y] = f8 // STORE Parameter 3 on stack ++ add GR_Parameter_Y = -16,GR_Parameter_Y ++ br.call.sptk b0=__libm_error_support# // Call error handling function ++};; ++{ .mmi ++ add GR_Parameter_RESULT = 48,sp ++ nop.m 0 ++ nop.i 0 ++};; ++{ .mmi ++ ldfd f8 = [GR_Parameter_RESULT] // Get return result off stack ++.restore sp ++ add sp = 64,sp // Restore stack pointer ++ mov b0 = GR_SAVE_B0 // Restore return address ++};; ++{ .mib ++ mov gp = GR_SAVE_GP // Restore gp ++ mov ar.pfs = GR_SAVE_PFS // Restore ar.pfs ++ br.ret.sptk b0 // Return ++};; ++ ++LOCAL_LIBM_END(__libm_error_region) ++.type __libm_error_support#,@function ++.global __libm_error_support# +diff --git a/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_cosf.S b/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_cosf.S +index bcdf1b0..f0bc9a8 100644 +--- a/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_cosf.S ++++ b/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_cosf.S +@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ + //============================================================== + // general input registers: + // r14 -> r19 +-// r32 -> r45 ++// r32 -> r43 + + // predicate registers used: + // p6 -> p14 +@@ -260,6 +260,11 @@ GR_SAVE_PFS = r41 + GR_SAVE_B0 = r42 + GR_SAVE_GP = r43 + ++GR_Parameter_X = r44 ++GR_Parameter_Y = r45 ++GR_Parameter_RESULT = r46 ++GR_Parameter_TAG = r47 ++ + RODATA + .align 16 + +@@ -389,7 +394,7 @@ LOCAL_OBJECT_END(double_sin_cos_beta_k4) + GLOBAL_IEEE754_ENTRY(sinf) + + { .mlx +- alloc r32 = ar.pfs,1,13,0,0 ++ alloc r32 = ar.pfs,1,11,4,0 + movl sincosf_GR_sig_inv_pi_by_16 = 0xA2F9836E4E44152A //signd of 16/pi + } + { .mlx +@@ -413,7 +418,7 @@ GLOBAL_IEEE754_END(sinf) + GLOBAL_IEEE754_ENTRY(cosf) + + { .mlx +- alloc r32 = ar.pfs,1,13,0,0 ++ alloc r32 = ar.pfs,1,11,4,0 + movl sincosf_GR_sig_inv_pi_by_16 = 0xA2F9836E4E44152A //signd of 16/pi + } + { .mlx +@@ -641,20 +646,39 @@ _SINCOSF_COMMON: + ////////// x = 0/Inf/NaN path ////////////////// + _SINCOSF_SPECIAL_ARGS: + .pred.rel "mutex",p8,p9 ++ ++{ .mfi ++ nop.m 999 ++ fclass.m.unc p7,p0 = f8, 0x23 // is x +/- inf? ++ nop.i 999;; ++} ++ ++{ .mfi ++ nop.m 999 ++(p7) fmerge.s f9 = f8,f8 ++ nop.i 999 ++} ++ + // sinf(+/-0) = +/-0 + // sinf(Inf) = NaN + // sinf(NaN) = NaN + { .mfi + nop.m 999 + (p8) fma.s.s0 f8 = f8, f0, f0 // sinf(+/-0,NaN,Inf) +- nop.i 999 ++(p8) mov GR_Parameter_TAG = 281 + } + // cosf(+/-0) = 1.0 + // cosf(Inf) = NaN + // cosf(NaN) = NaN +-{ .mfb ++{ .mfi + nop.m 999 + (p9) fma.s.s0 f8 = f8, f0, f1 // cosf(+/-0,NaN,Inf) ++(p9) mov GR_Parameter_TAG = 278 ++};; ++ ++{ .mbb ++ nop.m 999 ++(p7) br.cond.spnt __libm_error_region + br.ret.sptk b0 // Exit for x = 0/Inf/NaN path + };; + +@@ -715,3 +739,54 @@ LOCAL_LIBM_END(__libm_callout_sincosf) + .type __libm_cos_large#, @function + .global __libm_cos_large# + ++LOCAL_LIBM_ENTRY(__libm_error_region) ++.prologue ++{ .mfi ++ add GR_Parameter_Y=-32,sp // Parameter 2 value ++ nop.f 0 ++.save ar.pfs,GR_SAVE_PFS ++ mov GR_SAVE_PFS=ar.pfs // Save ar.pfs ++} ++{ .mfi ++.fframe 64 ++ add sp=-64,sp // Create new stack ++ nop.f 0 ++ mov GR_SAVE_GP=gp // Save gp ++};; ++{ .mmi ++ stfd [GR_Parameter_Y] = f1,16 // STORE Parameter 2 on stack ++ add GR_Parameter_X = 16,sp // Parameter 1 address ++.save b0, GR_SAVE_B0 ++ mov GR_SAVE_B0=b0 // Save b0 ++};; ++.body ++{ .mib ++ stfd [GR_Parameter_X] = f9 // STORE Parameter 1 on stack ++ add GR_Parameter_RESULT = 0,GR_Parameter_Y // Parameter 3 address ++ nop.b 0 ++} ++{ .mib ++ stfd [GR_Parameter_Y] = f8 // STORE Parameter 3 on stack ++ add GR_Parameter_Y = -16,GR_Parameter_Y ++ br.call.sptk b0=__libm_error_support# // Call error handling function ++};; ++{ .mmi ++ add GR_Parameter_RESULT = 48,sp ++ nop.m 0 ++ nop.i 0 ++};; ++{ .mmi ++ ldfd f8 = [GR_Parameter_RESULT] // Get return result off stack ++.restore sp ++ add sp = 64,sp // Restore stack pointer ++ mov b0 = GR_SAVE_B0 // Restore return address ++};; ++{ .mib ++ mov gp = GR_SAVE_GP // Restore gp ++ mov ar.pfs = GR_SAVE_PFS // Restore ar.pfs ++ br.ret.sptk b0 // Return ++};; ++ ++LOCAL_LIBM_END(__libm_error_region) ++.type __libm_error_support#,@function ++.global __libm_error_support# +diff --git a/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_cosl.S b/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_cosl.S +index 8d71e50..8bb330e 100644 +--- a/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_cosl.S ++++ b/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_cosl.S +@@ -747,12 +747,16 @@ GR_SAVE_B0 = r39 + GR_SAVE_GP = r40 + GR_SAVE_PFS = r41 + ++GR_Parameter_X = r59 ++GR_Parameter_Y = r60 ++GR_Parameter_RESULT = r61 ++GR_Parameter_TAG = r62 + + .section .text + + GLOBAL_IEEE754_ENTRY(sinl) + { .mlx +- alloc r32 = ar.pfs,0,27,2,0 ++ alloc r32 = ar.pfs,1,26,4,0 + movl GR_sig_inv_pi = 0xa2f9836e4e44152a // significand of 1/pi + } + { .mlx +@@ -777,7 +781,7 @@ GLOBAL_IEEE754_END(sinl) + + GLOBAL_IEEE754_ENTRY(cosl) + { .mlx +- alloc r32 = ar.pfs,0,27,2,0 ++ alloc r32 = ar.pfs,1,26,4,0 + movl GR_sig_inv_pi = 0xa2f9836e4e44152a // significand of 1/pi + } + { .mlx +@@ -2278,13 +2282,31 @@ SINCOSL_DENORMAL: + SINCOSL_SPECIAL: + { .mfb + nop.m 999 ++ fclass.m.unc p6,p0 = f8, 0x23 // is x +/- inf? ++ nop.b 999;; ++} ++ ++{ .mfi ++ nop.m 999 ++(p6) fmerge.s f9 = f8,f8 ++(p6) cmp.eq.unc p7, p8 = 0x1, GR_Sin_or_Cos;; ++} ++ ++{ .mmf ++(p7) mov GR_Parameter_TAG = 276 // (cosl) ++(p8) mov GR_Parameter_TAG = 279 // (sinl) + // + // Path for Arg = +/- QNaN, SNaN, Inf + // Invalid can be raised. SNaNs + // become QNaNs + // + fmpy.s0 FR_Result = FR_Input_X, f0 +- br.ret.sptk b0 ;; ++} ++ ++{ .mbb ++ nop.m 999 ++(p6) br.cond.spnt __libm_error_region ++ br.ret.sptk b0 ;; + } + + GLOBAL_IEEE754_END(cosl) +@@ -2363,3 +2385,55 @@ SINCOSL_ARG_TOO_LARGE: + LOCAL_LIBM_END(__libm_callout) + .type __libm_pi_by_2_reduce#,@function + .global __libm_pi_by_2_reduce# ++ ++LOCAL_LIBM_ENTRY(__libm_error_region) ++.prologue ++{ .mfi ++ add GR_Parameter_Y=-32,sp // Parameter 2 value ++ nop.f 0 ++.save ar.pfs,GR_SAVE_PFS ++ mov GR_SAVE_PFS=ar.pfs // Save ar.pfs ++} ++{ .mfi ++.fframe 64 ++ add sp=-64,sp // Create new stack ++ nop.f 0 ++ mov GR_SAVE_GP=gp // Save gp ++};; ++{ .mmi ++ stfd [GR_Parameter_Y] = f1,16 // STORE Parameter 2 on stack ++ add GR_Parameter_X = 16,sp // Parameter 1 address ++.save b0, GR_SAVE_B0 ++ mov GR_SAVE_B0=b0 // Save b0 ++};; ++.body ++{ .mib ++ stfd [GR_Parameter_X] = f9 // STORE Parameter 1 on stack ++ add GR_Parameter_RESULT = 0,GR_Parameter_Y // Parameter 3 address ++ nop.b 0 ++} ++{ .mib ++ stfd [GR_Parameter_Y] = f8 // STORE Parameter 3 on stack ++ add GR_Parameter_Y = -16,GR_Parameter_Y ++ br.call.sptk b0=__libm_error_support# // Call error handling function ++};; ++{ .mmi ++ add GR_Parameter_RESULT = 48,sp ++ nop.m 0 ++ nop.i 0 ++};; ++{ .mmi ++ ldfd f8 = [GR_Parameter_RESULT] // Get return result off stack ++.restore sp ++ add sp = 64,sp // Restore stack pointer ++ mov b0 = GR_SAVE_B0 // Restore return address ++};; ++{ .mib ++ mov gp = GR_SAVE_GP // Restore gp ++ mov ar.pfs = GR_SAVE_PFS // Restore ar.pfs ++ br.ret.sptk b0 // Return ++};; ++ ++LOCAL_LIBM_END(__libm_error_region) ++.type __libm_error_support#,@function ++.global __libm_error_support# +diff --git a/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_tan.S b/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_tan.S +index a2f80c8..a4b42c9 100644 +--- a/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_tan.S ++++ b/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_tan.S +@@ -348,15 +348,10 @@ COMMON_PATH: + (p6) br.ret.spnt b0 ;; // Exit for x=0 (tan only) + } + +-{ .mfi ++{ .mmi + ldfpd tan_P14,tan_P15 = [tan_AD],16 +-(p7) frcpa.s0 f8,p9=f0,f0 // Set qnan indef if x=inf +- mov tan_GR_10009 = 0x10009 +-} +-{ .mib + ldfpd tan_Q8,tan_Q9 = [tan_ADQ],16 +- nop.i 999 +-(p7) br.ret.spnt b0 ;; // Exit for x=inf ++ mov tan_GR_10009 = 0x10009;; + } + + { .mfi +@@ -384,6 +379,12 @@ COMMON_PATH: + fma.s1 TAN_W_2TO64_RSH = tan_NORM_f8,TAN_INV_PI_BY_2_2TO64,TAN_RSHF_2TO64 + };; + ++{ .mfb ++(p7) mov GR_Parameter_Tag = 283 // (tan) ++(p7) frcpa.s0 f8,p9=f0,f0 // Set qnan indef if x=inf ++(p7) br.cond.spnt __libm_error_region ;; // call error support if tan(+-inf) ++} ++ + { .mmf + ldfpd tan_P10,tan_P11 = [tan_AD],16 + and tan_exp = tan_GR_17_ones, tan_signexp +diff --git a/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_tanf.S b/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_tanf.S +index 193d756..cd0febb 100644 +--- a/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_tanf.S ++++ b/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_tanf.S +@@ -301,11 +301,11 @@ Common_Path: + { .mfi + cmp.ge p6, p0 = rSignMask, rExpCut // p6 = (E => 0x10009) + (p8) frcpa.s0 f8, p0 = f0, f0 // Set qnan indef if x=inf +- mov GR_Parameter_Tag = 227 // (cotf) ++ mov GR_Parameter_Tag = 284 // (tanf) + } + { .mbb + ldfe fPiby2 = [rCoeffB], 16 +-(p8) br.ret.spnt b0 // Exit for x=inf ++(p8) br.cond.spnt __libm_error_region // call error support if tanf(+-0) + (p6) br.cond.spnt Huge_Argument // Branch if |x|>=2^10 + } + ;; +@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ Common_Path: + { .mfi + nop.m 0 + (p11) fclass.m.unc p6, p0 = f8, 0x07 // Test for x=0 (for cotf) +- nop.i 0 ++ mov GR_Parameter_Tag = 227 // (cotf) + } + { .mfb + nop.m 0 +diff --git a/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_tanl.S b/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_tanl.S +index 607a271..95d5145 100644 +--- a/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_tanl.S ++++ b/sysdeps/ia64/fpu/s_tanl.S +@@ -3072,21 +3072,32 @@ TANL_UNSUPPORTED: + + { .mfi + nop.m 999 +-(p6) fclass.m p6, p7 = f8, 0x7 // Test for zero (cotl only) ++(p6) fclass.m.unc p6, p0 = f8, 0x7 // Test for zero (cotl only) ++ nop.i 999 ++} ++;; ++{ .mfi ++ nop.m 999 ++(p7) fclass.m.unc p7, p0 = f8, 0x23 // Test for inf (tanl only) + nop.i 999 + } + ;; + + .pred.rel "mutex", p6, p7 +-{ .mfi ++{ .mfb + (p6) mov GR_Parameter_Tag = 225 // (cotl) + (p6) frcpa.s0 f8, p0 = f1, f8 // cotl(+-0) = +-Inf +- nop.i 999 ++(p6) br.cond.spnt __libm_error_region;; ++} ++{ .mfb ++(p7) mov GR_Parameter_Tag = 282 // (tanl) ++ fmpy.s0 f8 = f8, f0 ++(p7) br.cond.spnt __libm_error_region;; + } + { .mfb + nop.m 999 +-(p7) fmpy.s0 f8 = f8, f0 +-(p7) br.ret.sptk b0 ++ nop.f 999 ++ br.ret.sptk b0 + } + ;; + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/arm/local-no-hwcap.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/arm/local-no-hwcap.diff @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +# DP: Restricted hardware caps for ARM + +--- + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/arm/dl-procinfo.h | 2 +- + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/arm/dl-procinfo.h ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/arm/dl-procinfo.h +@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ + return GLRO(dl_arm_cap_flags)[idx]; + }; + +-#define HWCAP_IMPORTANT (HWCAP_ARM_HALF | HWCAP_ARM_FAST_MULT) ++#define HWCAP_IMPORTANT (HWCAP_ARM_VFP | HWCAP_ARM_NEON) + + static inline int + __attribute__ ((unused)) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/arm/local-eabi-wchar.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/arm/local-eabi-wchar.diff @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- + ports/sysdeps/arm/eabi/bits/wchar.h | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+) + +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/arm/eabi/bits/wchar.h +@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ ++/* wchar_t type related definitions. ++ Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _BITS_WCHAR_H ++#define _BITS_WCHAR_H 1 ++ ++#define __WCHAR_MIN ( 0 ) ++#define __WCHAR_MAX ( (wchar_t) - 1 ) ++ ++#endif /* bits/wchar.h */ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/arm/local-hwcap-updates.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/arm/local-hwcap-updates.diff @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +Add support for some recent ARM hwcaps additions. +--- + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/arm/dl-procinfo.c | 4 ++-- + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/arm/dl-procinfo.h | 2 +- + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/arm/sysdep.h | 3 +++ + 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/arm/dl-procinfo.c ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/arm/dl-procinfo.c +@@ -47,12 +47,12 @@ + #if !defined PROCINFO_DECL && defined SHARED + ._dl_arm_cap_flags + #else +-PROCINFO_CLASS const char _dl_arm_cap_flags[10][10] ++PROCINFO_CLASS const char _dl_arm_cap_flags[13][10] + #endif + #ifndef PROCINFO_DECL + = { + "swp", "half", "thumb", "26bit", "fast-mult", "fpa", "vfp", "edsp", +- "java", "iwmmxt", ++ "java", "iwmmxt", "crunch", "thumbee", "neon", + } + #endif + #if !defined SHARED || defined PROCINFO_DECL +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/arm/dl-procinfo.h ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/arm/dl-procinfo.h +@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ + #include + #include + +-#define _DL_HWCAP_COUNT 10 ++#define _DL_HWCAP_COUNT 13 + + /* The kernel provides platform data but it is not interesting. */ + #define _DL_HWCAP_PLATFORM 0 +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/arm/sysdep.h ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/arm/sysdep.h +@@ -48,6 +48,9 @@ + #define HWCAP_ARM_EDSP 128 + #define HWCAP_ARM_JAVA 256 + #define HWCAP_ARM_IWMMXT 512 ++#define HWCAP_ARM_CRUNCH 1024 ++#define HWCAP_ARM_THUMBEE 2048 ++#define HWCAP_ARM_NEON 4096 + + #ifdef __ASSEMBLER__ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/arm/local-ioperm.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/arm/local-ioperm.diff @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +# DP: Description: fix ioperm build error on arm + +--- + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/arm/ioperm.c | 10 ++-------- + 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/arm/ioperm.c ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/arm/ioperm.c +@@ -95,19 +95,13 @@ + * values. + */ + +-/* The Linux kernel headers renamed this constant between 2.5.26 and +- 2.5.27. It was backported to 2.4 between 2.4.22 and 2.4.23. */ +-#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2,4,23) +-# define BUS_ISA CTL_BUS_ISA +-#endif +- + static int + init_iosys (void) + { + char systype[256]; + int i, n; +- static int iobase_name[] = { CTL_BUS, BUS_ISA, BUS_ISA_PORT_BASE }; +- static int ioshift_name[] = { CTL_BUS, BUS_ISA, BUS_ISA_PORT_SHIFT }; ++ static int iobase_name[] = { CTL_BUS, CTL_BUS_ISA, BUS_ISA_PORT_BASE }; ++ static int ioshift_name[] = { CTL_BUS, CTL_BUS_ISA, BUS_ISA_PORT_SHIFT }; + size_t len = sizeof(io.base); + + if (! __sysctl (iobase_name, 3, &io.io_base, &len, NULL, 0) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/arm/local-lowlevellock.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/arm/local-lowlevellock.diff @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/arm/nptl/lowlevellock.h | 1 + + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/arm/nptl/lowlevellock.h ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/arm/nptl/lowlevellock.h +@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ + #include + #include + #include ++#include /* Need THREAD_*, and header.*. */ + + #define FUTEX_WAIT 0 + #define FUTEX_WAKE 1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/mips/local-r10k.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/mips/local-r10k.diff @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +the R10000 needs an LL/SC Workaround. If not applied all R10k before +rev 3.0 misbehave on atomic ops and rev 2.6 and lower (e.g. SGI IP28) +die after very few seconds with a deadlock due to even more erratas. + +--- + ports/sysdeps/mips/bits/atomic.h | 12 ++++++------ + 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/mips/bits/atomic.h ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/mips/bits/atomic.h +@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ + "bne %0,%2,2f\n\t" \ + "move %1,%3\n\t" \ + "sc %1,%4\n\t" \ +- "beqz %1,1b\n" \ ++ "beqzl %1,1b\n" \ + acq "\n\t" \ + ".set pop\n" \ + "2:\n\t" \ +@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ + "bne %0,%2,2f\n\t" \ + "move %1,%3\n\t" \ + "scd %1,%4\n\t" \ +- "beqz %1,1b\n" \ ++ "beqzl %1,1b\n" \ + acq "\n\t" \ + ".set pop\n" \ + "2:\n\t" \ +@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ + "ll %0,%3\n\t" \ + "move %1,%2\n\t" \ + "sc %1,%3\n\t" \ +- "beqz %1,1b\n" \ ++ "beqzl %1,1b\n" \ + acq "\n\t" \ + ".set pop\n" \ + "2:\n\t" \ +@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ + "lld %0,%3\n\t" \ + "move %1,%2\n\t" \ + "scd %1,%3\n\t" \ +- "beqz %1,1b\n" \ ++ "beqzl %1,1b\n" \ + acq "\n\t" \ + ".set pop\n" \ + "2:\n\t" \ +@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ + "ll %0,%3\n\t" \ + "addu %1,%0,%2\n\t" \ + "sc %1,%3\n\t" \ +- "beqz %1,1b\n" \ ++ "beqzl %1,1b\n" \ + acq "\n\t" \ + ".set pop\n" \ + "2:\n\t" \ +@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ + "lld %0,%3\n\t" \ + "daddu %1,%0,%2\n\t" \ + "scd %1,%3\n\t" \ +- "beqz %1,1b\n" \ ++ "beqzl %1,1b\n" \ + acq "\n\t" \ + ".set pop\n" \ + "2:\n\t" \ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/mips/local-lazy-eval.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/mips/local-lazy-eval.diff @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +# All lines beginning with `# DP:' are a description of the patch. +# DP: Description: Workaround invalid resolving of lazy evaluation stubs +# DP: Related bugs: #265678 +# DP: Dpatch author: Thiemo Seufer +# DP: Patch author: Thiemo Seufer +# DP: Upstream status: Debian-Specific +# DP: Status Details: The correct fix will be done to modify toolchains in etch. +# DP: Date: 2005-04-11, 2005-04-16 updated by gotom + +2005-04-16 GOTO Masanori + + * sysdeps/mips/dl-machine.h: Drop due to _dl_lookup_versioned_symbol + and _dl_lookup_symbol are changed into _dl_lookup_symbol_x. + +2005-04-11 Thiemo Seufer + + * first version. + +--- + elf/do-lookup.h | 7 +++++++ + 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+) + +--- a/elf/do-lookup.h ++++ b/elf/do-lookup.h +@@ -248,6 +248,13 @@ + } + /* FALLTHROUGH */ + case STB_GLOBAL: ++#ifdef __mips__ ++ /* HACK: MIPS marks its lazy evaluation stubs with SHN_UNDEF ++ symbols, we skip them. */ ++ if (sym->st_shndx == SHN_UNDEF) ++ break; ++#endif ++ + /* Global definition. Just what we need. */ + result->s = sym; + result->m = (struct link_map *) map; --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/i386/local-biarch.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/i386/local-biarch.diff @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +# DP: Description: Allow ldconfig to work on i386/x86-64 biarch systems +# DP: Related bugs: +# DP: Dpatch author: Daniel Jacobowitz +# DP: Patch author: Daniel Jacobowitz +# DP: Upstream status: Debian-Specific +# DP: Status Details: based on Ubuntu change by Jeff Bailey +# DP: Date: 2005-10-13 + +--- + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/i386/dl-cache.h | 1 + + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) + +--- /dev/null ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/i386/dl-cache.h +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/i386/local-cmov.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/i386/local-cmov.diff @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +# All lines beginning with `# DP:' are a description of the patch. +# DP: Description: Add CMOV to hwcap, for VIA C3 which is i686 class processor, +# DP: but does not have 686 optional instruction CMOV. +# DP: Author: GOTO Masanori +# DP: Upstream status: Not submitted +# DP: Status Details: Not submitted +# DP: Date: 2003-02-21 +# DP: Updated 2003-10-12 by dan@debian.org for TLS +# DP: Updated 2004-01-02 to fix building with newer patches by jb. +# DP: Updated 2005-01-02 to fix building with newer patches by gotom. + +2005-01-02 GOTO Masanori + + * sysdeps/i386/dl-procinfo.h: Update to add CMOV for VIA C3 chip. + +--- + sysdeps/i386/dl-procinfo.h | 2 +- + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/i386/dl-procinfo.h ++++ b/sysdeps/i386/dl-procinfo.h +@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ + HWCAP_I386_AMD3D = 1 << 31, + + /* XXX Which others to add here? */ +- HWCAP_IMPORTANT = (HWCAP_I386_XMM2) ++ HWCAP_IMPORTANT = (HWCAP_I386_CMOV | HWCAP_I386_XMM2) + + }; + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/i386/local-linuxthreads-gscope.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/i386/local-linuxthreads-gscope.diff @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- + linuxthreads/sysdeps/i386/tls.h | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++++ + 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+) + +--- a/linuxthreads/sysdeps/i386/tls.h ++++ b/linuxthreads/sysdeps/i386/tls.h +@@ -50,6 +50,11 @@ + uintptr_t sysinfo; + uintptr_t stack_guard; + uintptr_t pointer_guard; ++#ifdef __FreeBSD_kernel__ ++ long gscope_flag; ++# else ++ int gscope_flag; ++# endif + } tcbhead_t; + + #else /* __ASSEMBLER__ */ +@@ -240,6 +245,25 @@ + ((descr)->p_header.data.pointer_guard \ + = THREAD_GETMEM (THREAD_SELF, p_header.data.pointer_guard)) + ++/* Get and set the global scope generation counter in the TCB head. */ ++#define THREAD_GSCOPE_FLAG_UNUSED 0 ++#define THREAD_GSCOPE_FLAG_USED 1 ++#define THREAD_GSCOPE_FLAG_WAIT 2 ++#define THREAD_GSCOPE_RESET_FLAG() \ ++ do \ ++ { int __res; \ ++ asm volatile ("xchgl %0, %%gs:%P1" \ ++ : "=r" (__res) \ ++ : "i" (offsetof (struct _pthread_descr_struct, p_gscope_flag)), \ ++ "0" (THREAD_GSCOPE_FLAG_UNUSED)); \ ++ if (__res == THREAD_GSCOPE_FLAG_WAIT) \ ++ lll_futex_wake (&THREAD_SELF->p_gscope_flag, 1); \ ++ } \ ++ while (0) ++#define THREAD_GSCOPE_SET_FLAG() \ ++ THREAD_SETMEM (THREAD_SELF, p_gscope_flag, THREAD_GSCOPE_FLAG_USED) ++#define THREAD_GSCOPE_WAIT() \ ++ do { /* GL(dl_wait_lookup_done) () */ } while (0) + + # endif /* HAVE_TLS_SUPPORT && (FLOATING_STACKS || !IS_IN_libpthread) */ + #endif /* __ASSEMBLER__ */ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/i386/local-clone.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/i386/local-clone.diff @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +2006-11-30 Jan Kratochvil + + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/i386/clone.S: Provide CFI for the outermost + `clone' function to ensure proper unwinding stop of gdb. + +--- + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/i386/clone.S | 4 ---- + 1 file changed, 4 deletions(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/i386/clone.S ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/i386/clone.S +@@ -120,9 +120,6 @@ + ret + + L(thread_start): +- cfi_startproc; +- /* Clearing frame pointer is insufficient, use CFI. */ +- cfi_undefined (eip); + /* Note: %esi is zero. */ + movl %esi,%ebp /* terminate the stack frame */ + #ifdef RESET_PID +@@ -155,7 +152,6 @@ + jmp L(haspid) + .previous + #endif +- cfi_endproc; + + cfi_startproc + PSEUDO_END (BP_SYM (__clone)) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/i386/submitted-i686-timing.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/i386/submitted-i686-timing.diff @@ -0,0 +1,158 @@ +# DP: Description: i386 ld.so gets sigsegv when i686 optimized library is used, +# because the structure size of rtld_global and rtld_global_ro +# are different due to HP_TIMING_AVAIL availability. +# This patch aligns those sizes for using i686 optimized library. +# DP: Author: Daniel Jacobowitz +# DP: Upstream status: Pending +# DP: Status Details: +# DP: Date: 2003-10-03 (Updated 2003-10-12), (Updated 2005-01-02, 2005-03-03 gotom) + +2005-03-03 GOTO Masanori + + * sysdeps/generic/ldsodefs.h (struct rtld_global, rtld_global_ro): + Include timing members if HP_TIMING_PAD is defined. + +2005-01-02 GOTO Masanori + + * elf/Makefile: Regenerate. + +2003-10-12 Daniel Jacobowitz + + * sysdeps/generic/ldsodefs.h (struct rtld_global): Include timing + members if HP_TIMING_PAD is defined. + * sysdeps/i386/hp-timing.h: New file. + * elf/Makefile: Add dl-altinit to routines, shared-only-routines. + * elf/dl-altinit.c: New file. + +--- + elf/Makefile | 6 +++++- + elf/dl-altinit.c | 43 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + sysdeps/generic/ldsodefs.h | 4 ++-- + sysdeps/i386/hp-timing.h | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + 4 files changed, 84 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/generic/ldsodefs.h ++++ b/sysdeps/generic/ldsodefs.h +@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ + /* The object to be initialized first. */ + EXTERN struct link_map *_dl_initfirst; + +-#if HP_TIMING_AVAIL || HP_SMALL_TIMING_AVAIL ++#if HP_TIMING_AVAIL || HP_SMALL_TIMING_AVAIL || HP_TIMING_PAD + /* Start time on CPU clock. */ + EXTERN hp_timing_t _dl_cpuclock_offset; + #endif +@@ -610,7 +610,7 @@ + /* All search directories defined at startup. */ + EXTERN struct r_search_path_elem *_dl_init_all_dirs; + +-#if HP_TIMING_AVAIL || HP_SMALL_TIMING_AVAIL ++#if HP_TIMING_AVAIL || HP_SMALL_TIMING_AVAIL || HP_TIMING_PAD + /* Overhead of a high-precision timing measurement. */ + EXTERN hp_timing_t _dl_hp_timing_overhead; + #endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/sysdeps/i386/hp-timing.h +@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ ++/* High precision, low overhead timing functions. i386 version. ++ Copyright (C) 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _i386_HP_TIMING_H ++#define _i386_HP_TIMING_H 1 ++ ++#define hp_timing_t hp_timing_t__ ++#include ++#undef hp_timing_t ++ ++/* We don't use high-precision timers, but we might load an i686 libpthread ++ which does. */ ++#define HP_TIMING_PAD 1 ++ ++/* i686 uses 64bit values for the times. */ ++typedef unsigned long long int hp_timing_t; ++ ++#endif /* hp-timing.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/elf/dl-altinit.c +@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ ++/* Extra initializers for shared libc. ++ Copyright (C) 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* This file is used from the shared libc, to initialize anything which ++ ld.so should have initialized but didn't - for instance, if ld.so ++ is built for a machine without HP_TIMING but libc.so is built for ++ a machine with HP_TIMING, clock_gettime will expect dl_cpuclock_offset ++ to be initialized. */ ++ ++static void ++dlinit_hptiming (void) ++{ ++#if HP_TIMING_AVAIL || HP_SMALL_TIMING_AVAIL ++ if (GL(dl_cpuclock_offset) == 0) ++ HP_TIMING_NOW (GL(dl_cpuclock_offset)); ++#endif ++} ++ ++static void dlinit_alt (void) __attribute__((constructor)); ++static void ++dlinit_alt (void) ++{ ++ dlinit_hptiming (); ++} +--- a/elf/Makefile ++++ b/elf/Makefile +@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ + headers = elf.h bits/elfclass.h link.h bits/link.h + routines = $(dl-routines) dl-support dl-iteratephdr \ + dl-addr enbl-secure dl-profstub \ +- dl-origin dl-libc dl-sym dl-tsd dl-sysdep ++ dl-origin dl-libc dl-sym dl-tsd dl-sysdep dl-altinit + + # The core dynamic linking functions are in libc for the static and + # profiled libraries. +@@ -42,6 +42,10 @@ + rtld-routines := rtld $(dl-routines) dl-sysdep dl-environ dl-minimal + all-rtld-routines = $(rtld-routines) $(sysdep-rtld-routines) + ++# We only need to re-run initializers if ld.so and libc.so might be built ++# for different machines, so only shared libraries need dl-altinit. ++shared-only-routines = dl-altinit ++ + distribute := rtld-Rules \ + $(rtld-routines:=.c) dynamic-link.h do-rel.h dl-machine.h \ + dl-cache.h dl-hash.h soinit.c sofini.c ldd.bash.in \ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/sh4/local-fpscr_values.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/sh4/local-fpscr_values.diff @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/sh/Versions | 1 + + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/sh/sysdep.S | 11 +++++++++++ + 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+) + +--- a/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/sh/Versions ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/sh/Versions +@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ + GLIBC_2.2 { + # functions used in other libraries + __xstat64; __fxstat64; __lxstat64; ++ __fpscr_values; + + # a* + alphasort64; +--- a/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/sh/sysdep.S ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/sh/sysdep.S +@@ -32,3 +32,14 @@ + + #define __syscall_error __syscall_error_1 + #include ++ ++ .data ++ .align 3 ++ .globl ___fpscr_values ++ .type ___fpscr_values, @object ++ .size ___fpscr_values, 8 ++___fpscr_values: ++ .long 0 ++ .long 0x80000 ++weak_alias (___fpscr_values, __fpscr_values) ++ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-fhs-nscd.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-fhs-nscd.diff @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- + nscd/nscd.h | 8 ++++---- + 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) + +--- a/nscd/nscd.h ++++ b/nscd/nscd.h +@@ -103,10 +103,10 @@ + + + /* Paths of the file for the persistent storage. */ +-#define _PATH_NSCD_PASSWD_DB "/var/db/nscd/passwd" +-#define _PATH_NSCD_GROUP_DB "/var/db/nscd/group" +-#define _PATH_NSCD_HOSTS_DB "/var/db/nscd/hosts" +-#define _PATH_NSCD_SERVICES_DB "/var/db/nscd/services" ++#define _PATH_NSCD_PASSWD_DB "/var/cache/nscd/passwd" ++#define _PATH_NSCD_GROUP_DB "/var/cache/nscd/group" ++#define _PATH_NSCD_HOSTS_DB "/var/cache/nscd/hosts" ++#define _PATH_NSCD_SERVICES_DB "/var/cache/nscd/services" + + /* Path used when not using persistent storage. */ + #define _PATH_NSCD_XYZ_DB_TMP "/var/run/nscd/dbXXXXXX" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/submitted-autotools.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/submitted-autotools.diff @@ -0,0 +1,671 @@ +2009-05-10 Aurelien Jarno + + * scripts/config.guess: update to version 2009-04-27. + * scripts/config.sub: ditto. + +--- + scripts/config.guess | 117 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------- + scripts/config.sub | 159 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------- + 2 files changed, 208 insertions(+), 68 deletions(-) + +--- a/scripts/config.guess ++++ b/scripts/config.guess +@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ + #! /bin/sh + # Attempt to guess a canonical system name. + # Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, +-# 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, +-# Inc. ++# 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 ++# Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +-timestamp='2006-02-27' ++timestamp='2009-04-27' + + # This file is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it + # under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@ + GNU config.guess ($timestamp) + + Originally written by Per Bothner. +-Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 +-Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, ++2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO + warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE." +@@ -161,6 +161,7 @@ + arm*) machine=arm-unknown ;; + sh3el) machine=shl-unknown ;; + sh3eb) machine=sh-unknown ;; ++ sh5el) machine=sh5le-unknown ;; + *) machine=${UNAME_MACHINE_ARCH}-unknown ;; + esac + # The Operating System including object format, if it has switched +@@ -211,7 +212,7 @@ + echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-solidbsd${UNAME_RELEASE} + exit ;; + macppc:MirBSD:*:*) +- echo powerppc-unknown-mirbsd${UNAME_RELEASE} ++ echo powerpc-unknown-mirbsd${UNAME_RELEASE} + exit ;; + *:MirBSD:*:*) + echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-mirbsd${UNAME_RELEASE} +@@ -323,14 +324,30 @@ + case `/usr/bin/uname -p` in + sparc) echo sparc-icl-nx7; exit ;; + esac ;; ++ s390x:SunOS:*:*) ++ echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-ibm-solaris2`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[^.]*//'` ++ exit ;; + sun4H:SunOS:5.*:*) + echo sparc-hal-solaris2`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[^.]*//'` + exit ;; + sun4*:SunOS:5.*:* | tadpole*:SunOS:5.*:*) + echo sparc-sun-solaris2`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[^.]*//'` + exit ;; +- i86pc:SunOS:5.*:*) +- echo i386-pc-solaris2`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[^.]*//'` ++ i86pc:SunOS:5.*:* | i86xen:SunOS:5.*:*) ++ eval $set_cc_for_build ++ SUN_ARCH="i386" ++ # If there is a compiler, see if it is configured for 64-bit objects. ++ # Note that the Sun cc does not turn __LP64__ into 1 like gcc does. ++ # This test works for both compilers. ++ if [ "$CC_FOR_BUILD" != 'no_compiler_found' ]; then ++ if (echo '#ifdef __amd64'; echo IS_64BIT_ARCH; echo '#endif') | \ ++ (CCOPTS= $CC_FOR_BUILD -E - 2>/dev/null) | \ ++ grep IS_64BIT_ARCH >/dev/null ++ then ++ SUN_ARCH="x86_64" ++ fi ++ fi ++ echo ${SUN_ARCH}-pc-solaris2`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[^.]*//'` + exit ;; + sun4*:SunOS:6*:*) + # According to config.sub, this is the proper way to canonicalize +@@ -531,7 +548,7 @@ + echo rs6000-ibm-aix3.2 + fi + exit ;; +- *:AIX:*:[45]) ++ *:AIX:*:[456]) + IBM_CPU_ID=`/usr/sbin/lsdev -C -c processor -S available | sed 1q | awk '{ print $1 }'` + if /usr/sbin/lsattr -El ${IBM_CPU_ID} | grep ' POWER' >/dev/null 2>&1; then + IBM_ARCH=rs6000 +@@ -771,6 +788,8 @@ + case ${UNAME_MACHINE} in + pc98) + echo i386-unknown-freebsd`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[-(].*//'` ;; ++ amd64) ++ echo x86_64-unknown-freebsd`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[-(].*//'` ;; + *) + echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-freebsd`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[-(].*//'` ;; + esac +@@ -778,10 +797,7 @@ + i*:CYGWIN*:*) + echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-cygwin + exit ;; +- i*:MINGW*:*) +- echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-mingw32 +- exit ;; +- i*:MSYS_NT-*:*:*) ++ *:MINGW*:*) + echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-mingw32 + exit ;; + i*:windows32*:*) +@@ -791,12 +807,18 @@ + i*:PW*:*) + echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-pw32 + exit ;; +- x86:Interix*:[345]*) +- echo i586-pc-interix${UNAME_RELEASE} +- exit ;; +- EM64T:Interix*:[345]*) +- echo x86_64-unknown-interix${UNAME_RELEASE} +- exit ;; ++ *:Interix*:[3456]*) ++ case ${UNAME_MACHINE} in ++ x86) ++ echo i586-pc-interix${UNAME_RELEASE} ++ exit ;; ++ EM64T | authenticamd | genuineintel) ++ echo x86_64-unknown-interix${UNAME_RELEASE} ++ exit ;; ++ IA64) ++ echo ia64-unknown-interix${UNAME_RELEASE} ++ exit ;; ++ esac ;; + [345]86:Windows_95:* | [345]86:Windows_98:* | [345]86:Windows_NT:*) + echo i${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-mks + exit ;; +@@ -830,6 +852,16 @@ + echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-minix + exit ;; + arm*:Linux:*:*) ++ eval $set_cc_for_build ++ if echo __ARM_EABI__ | $CC_FOR_BUILD -E - 2>/dev/null \ ++ | grep -q __ARM_EABI__ ++ then ++ echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-gnu ++ else ++ echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-gnueabi ++ fi ++ exit ;; ++ avr32*:Linux:*:*) + echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-gnu + exit ;; + cris:Linux:*:*) +@@ -919,6 +951,9 @@ + if test "$?" = 0 ; then LIBC="libc1" ; else LIBC="" ; fi + echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-gnu${LIBC} + exit ;; ++ padre:Linux:*:*) ++ echo sparc-unknown-linux-gnu ++ exit ;; + parisc:Linux:*:* | hppa:Linux:*:*) + # Look for CPU level + case `grep '^cpu[^a-z]*:' /proc/cpuinfo 2>/dev/null | cut -d' ' -f2` in +@@ -948,6 +983,9 @@ + x86_64:Linux:*:*) + echo x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu + exit ;; ++ xtensa*:Linux:*:*) ++ echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-gnu ++ exit ;; + i*86:Linux:*:*) + # The BFD linker knows what the default object file format is, so + # first see if it will tell us. cd to the root directory to prevent +@@ -966,9 +1004,6 @@ + a.out-i386-linux) + echo "${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-linux-gnuaout" + exit ;; +- coff-i386) +- echo "${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-linux-gnucoff" +- exit ;; + "") + # Either a pre-BFD a.out linker (linux-gnuoldld) or + # one that does not give us useful --help. +@@ -990,7 +1025,7 @@ + LIBC=gnulibc1 + # endif + #else +- #if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) || defined(__PGI) || defined(__sun) ++ #if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) || defined(__PGI) || defined(__SUNPRO_C) || defined(__SUNPRO_CC) + LIBC=gnu + #else + LIBC=gnuaout +@@ -1083,8 +1118,11 @@ + pc:*:*:*) + # Left here for compatibility: + # uname -m prints for DJGPP always 'pc', but it prints nothing about +- # the processor, so we play safe by assuming i386. +- echo i386-pc-msdosdjgpp ++ # the processor, so we play safe by assuming i586. ++ # Note: whatever this is, it MUST be the same as what config.sub ++ # prints for the "djgpp" host, or else GDB configury will decide that ++ # this is a cross-build. ++ echo i586-pc-msdosdjgpp + exit ;; + Intel:Mach:3*:*) + echo i386-pc-mach3 +@@ -1122,6 +1160,16 @@ + 3[34]??:*:4.0:* | 3[34]??,*:*:4.0:*) + /bin/uname -p 2>/dev/null | grep 86 >/dev/null \ + && { echo i486-ncr-sysv4; exit; } ;; ++ NCR*:*:4.2:* | MPRAS*:*:4.2:*) ++ OS_REL='.3' ++ test -r /etc/.relid \ ++ && OS_REL=.`sed -n 's/[^ ]* [^ ]* \([0-9][0-9]\).*/\1/p' < /etc/.relid` ++ /bin/uname -p 2>/dev/null | grep 86 >/dev/null \ ++ && { echo i486-ncr-sysv4.3${OS_REL}; exit; } ++ /bin/uname -p 2>/dev/null | /bin/grep entium >/dev/null \ ++ && { echo i586-ncr-sysv4.3${OS_REL}; exit; } ++ /bin/uname -p 2>/dev/null | /bin/grep pteron >/dev/null \ ++ && { echo i586-ncr-sysv4.3${OS_REL}; exit; } ;; + m68*:LynxOS:2.*:* | m68*:LynxOS:3.0*:*) + echo m68k-unknown-lynxos${UNAME_RELEASE} + exit ;; +@@ -1197,6 +1245,9 @@ + BePC:BeOS:*:*) # BeOS running on Intel PC compatible. + echo i586-pc-beos + exit ;; ++ BePC:Haiku:*:*) # Haiku running on Intel PC compatible. ++ echo i586-pc-haiku ++ exit ;; + SX-4:SUPER-UX:*:*) + echo sx4-nec-superux${UNAME_RELEASE} + exit ;; +@@ -1206,6 +1257,15 @@ + SX-6:SUPER-UX:*:*) + echo sx6-nec-superux${UNAME_RELEASE} + exit ;; ++ SX-7:SUPER-UX:*:*) ++ echo sx7-nec-superux${UNAME_RELEASE} ++ exit ;; ++ SX-8:SUPER-UX:*:*) ++ echo sx8-nec-superux${UNAME_RELEASE} ++ exit ;; ++ SX-8R:SUPER-UX:*:*) ++ echo sx8r-nec-superux${UNAME_RELEASE} ++ exit ;; + Power*:Rhapsody:*:*) + echo powerpc-apple-rhapsody${UNAME_RELEASE} + exit ;; +@@ -1296,6 +1356,9 @@ + i*86:rdos:*:*) + echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-rdos + exit ;; ++ i*86:AROS:*:*) ++ echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-aros ++ exit ;; + esac + + #echo '(No uname command or uname output not recognized.)' 1>&2 +@@ -1456,9 +1519,9 @@ + the operating system you are using. It is advised that you + download the most up to date version of the config scripts from + +- http://savannah.gnu.org/cgi-bin/viewcvs/*checkout*/config/config/config.guess ++ http://git.savannah.gnu.org/gitweb/?p=config.git;a=blob_plain;f=config.guess;hb=HEAD + and +- http://savannah.gnu.org/cgi-bin/viewcvs/*checkout*/config/config/config.sub ++ http://git.savannah.gnu.org/gitweb/?p=config.git;a=blob_plain;f=config.sub;hb=HEAD + + If the version you run ($0) is already up to date, please + send the following data and any information you think might be +--- a/scripts/config.sub ++++ b/scripts/config.sub +@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ + #! /bin/sh + # Configuration validation subroutine script. + # Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, +-# 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, +-# Inc. ++# 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 ++# Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +-timestamp='2006-02-27' ++timestamp='2009-04-17' + + # This file is (in principle) common to ALL GNU software. + # The presence of a machine in this file suggests that SOME GNU software +@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ + version="\ + GNU config.sub ($timestamp) + +-Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 +-Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, ++2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO + warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE." +@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ + case $maybe_os in + nto-qnx* | linux-gnu* | linux-dietlibc | linux-newlib* | linux-uclibc* | \ + uclinux-uclibc* | uclinux-gnu* | kfreebsd*-gnu* | knetbsd*-gnu* | netbsd*-gnu* | \ ++ kopensolaris*-gnu* | \ + storm-chaos* | os2-emx* | rtmk-nova*) + os=-$maybe_os + basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed 's/^\(.*\)-\([^-]*-[^-]*\)$/\1/'` +@@ -241,20 +242,24 @@ + | alpha | alphaev[4-8] | alphaev56 | alphaev6[78] | alphapca5[67] \ + | alpha64 | alpha64ev[4-8] | alpha64ev56 | alpha64ev6[78] | alpha64pca5[67] \ + | am33_2.0 \ +- | arc | arm | arm[bl]e | arme[lb] | armv[2345] | armv[345][lb] | avr \ ++ | arc | arm | arm[bl]e | arme[lb] | armv[2345] | armv[345][lb] | avr | avr32 \ + | bfin \ + | c4x | clipper \ + | d10v | d30v | dlx | dsp16xx \ +- | fr30 | frv \ ++ | fido | fr30 | frv \ + | h8300 | h8500 | hppa | hppa1.[01] | hppa2.0 | hppa2.0[nw] | hppa64 \ + | i370 | i860 | i960 | ia64 \ + | ip2k | iq2000 \ +- | m32r | m32rle | m68000 | m68k | m88k | maxq | mb | microblaze | mcore \ ++ | lm32 \ ++ | m32c | m32r | m32rle | m68000 | m68k | m88k \ ++ | maxq | mb | microblaze | mcore | mep | metag \ + | mips | mipsbe | mipseb | mipsel | mipsle \ + | mips16 \ + | mips64 | mips64el \ +- | mips64vr | mips64vrel \ ++ | mips64octeon | mips64octeonel \ + | mips64orion | mips64orionel \ ++ | mips64r5900 | mips64r5900el \ ++ | mips64vr | mips64vrel \ + | mips64vr4100 | mips64vr4100el \ + | mips64vr4300 | mips64vr4300el \ + | mips64vr5000 | mips64vr5000el \ +@@ -267,6 +272,7 @@ + | mipsisa64sr71k | mipsisa64sr71kel \ + | mipstx39 | mipstx39el \ + | mn10200 | mn10300 \ ++ | moxie \ + | mt \ + | msp430 \ + | nios | nios2 \ +@@ -275,19 +281,17 @@ + | pdp10 | pdp11 | pj | pjl \ + | powerpc | powerpc64 | powerpc64le | powerpcle | ppcbe \ + | pyramid \ +- | sh | sh[1234] | sh[24]a | sh[23]e | sh[34]eb | shbe | shle | sh[1234]le | sh3ele \ ++ | score \ ++ | sh | sh[1234] | sh[24]a | sh[24]aeb | sh[23]e | sh[34]eb | sheb | shbe | shle | sh[1234]le | sh3ele \ + | sh64 | sh64le \ +- | sparc | sparc64 | sparc64b | sparc64v | sparc64v2 | sparc86x | sparclet | sparclite \ +- | sparcv8 | sparcv9 | sparcv9b | sparcv9v | sparcv9v2 \ +- | strongarm \ ++ | sparc | sparc64 | sparc64b | sparc64v | sparc86x | sparclet | sparclite \ ++ | sparcv8 | sparcv9 | sparcv9b | sparcv9v \ ++ | spu | strongarm \ + | tahoe | thumb | tic4x | tic80 | tron \ + | v850 | v850e \ + | we32k \ +- | x86 | xscale | xscalee[bl] | xstormy16 | xtensa \ +- | z8k) +- basic_machine=$basic_machine-unknown +- ;; +- m32c) ++ | x86 | xc16x | xscale | xscalee[bl] | xstormy16 | xtensa \ ++ | z8k | z80) + basic_machine=$basic_machine-unknown + ;; + m6811 | m68hc11 | m6812 | m68hc12) +@@ -319,25 +323,28 @@ + | alpha64-* | alpha64ev[4-8]-* | alpha64ev56-* | alpha64ev6[78]-* \ + | alphapca5[67]-* | alpha64pca5[67]-* | arc-* \ + | arm-* | armbe-* | armle-* | armeb-* | armv*-* \ +- | avr-* \ ++ | avr-* | avr32-* \ + | bfin-* | bs2000-* \ + | c[123]* | c30-* | [cjt]90-* | c4x-* | c54x-* | c55x-* | c6x-* \ + | clipper-* | craynv-* | cydra-* \ + | d10v-* | d30v-* | dlx-* \ + | elxsi-* \ +- | f30[01]-* | f700-* | fr30-* | frv-* | fx80-* \ ++ | f30[01]-* | f700-* | fido-* | fr30-* | frv-* | fx80-* \ + | h8300-* | h8500-* \ + | hppa-* | hppa1.[01]-* | hppa2.0-* | hppa2.0[nw]-* | hppa64-* \ + | i*86-* | i860-* | i960-* | ia64-* \ + | ip2k-* | iq2000-* \ +- | m32r-* | m32rle-* \ ++ | lm32-* \ ++ | m32c-* | m32r-* | m32rle-* \ + | m68000-* | m680[012346]0-* | m68360-* | m683?2-* | m68k-* \ +- | m88110-* | m88k-* | maxq-* | mcore-* \ ++ | m88110-* | m88k-* | maxq-* | mcore-* | metag-* \ + | mips-* | mipsbe-* | mipseb-* | mipsel-* | mipsle-* \ + | mips16-* \ + | mips64-* | mips64el-* \ +- | mips64vr-* | mips64vrel-* \ ++ | mips64octeon-* | mips64octeonel-* \ + | mips64orion-* | mips64orionel-* \ ++ | mips64r5900-* | mips64r5900el-* \ ++ | mips64vr-* | mips64vrel-* \ + | mips64vr4100-* | mips64vr4100el-* \ + | mips64vr4300-* | mips64vr4300el-* \ + | mips64vr5000-* | mips64vr5000el-* \ +@@ -359,22 +366,24 @@ + | powerpc-* | powerpc64-* | powerpc64le-* | powerpcle-* | ppcbe-* \ + | pyramid-* \ + | romp-* | rs6000-* \ +- | sh-* | sh[1234]-* | sh[24]a-* | sh[23]e-* | sh[34]eb-* | shbe-* \ ++ | sh-* | sh[1234]-* | sh[24]a-* | sh[24]aeb-* | sh[23]e-* | sh[34]eb-* | sheb-* | shbe-* \ + | shle-* | sh[1234]le-* | sh3ele-* | sh64-* | sh64le-* \ +- | sparc-* | sparc64-* | sparc64b-* | sparc64v-* | sparc64v2-* | sparc86x-* | sparclet-* \ ++ | sparc-* | sparc64-* | sparc64b-* | sparc64v-* | sparc86x-* | sparclet-* \ + | sparclite-* \ +- | sparcv8-* | sparcv9-* | sparcv9b-* | sparcv9v-* | sparcv9v2-* | strongarm-* | sv1-* | sx?-* \ ++ | sparcv8-* | sparcv9-* | sparcv9b-* | sparcv9v-* | strongarm-* | sv1-* | sx?-* \ + | tahoe-* | thumb-* \ +- | tic30-* | tic4x-* | tic54x-* | tic55x-* | tic6x-* | tic80-* \ ++ | tic30-* | tic4x-* | tic54x-* | tic55x-* | tic6x-* | tic80-* | tile-* \ + | tron-* \ + | v850-* | v850e-* | vax-* \ + | we32k-* \ +- | x86-* | x86_64-* | xps100-* | xscale-* | xscalee[bl]-* \ +- | xstormy16-* | xtensa-* \ ++ | x86-* | x86_64-* | xc16x-* | xps100-* | xscale-* | xscalee[bl]-* \ ++ | xstormy16-* | xtensa*-* \ + | ymp-* \ +- | z8k-*) ++ | z8k-* | z80-*) + ;; +- m32c-*) ++ # Recognize the basic CPU types without company name, with glob match. ++ xtensa*) ++ basic_machine=$basic_machine-unknown + ;; + # Recognize the various machine names and aliases which stand + # for a CPU type and a company and sometimes even an OS. +@@ -438,6 +447,10 @@ + basic_machine=m68k-apollo + os=-bsd + ;; ++ aros) ++ basic_machine=i386-pc ++ os=-aros ++ ;; + aux) + basic_machine=m68k-apple + os=-aux +@@ -446,10 +459,22 @@ + basic_machine=ns32k-sequent + os=-dynix + ;; ++ blackfin) ++ basic_machine=bfin-unknown ++ os=-linux ++ ;; ++ blackfin-*) ++ basic_machine=bfin-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'` ++ os=-linux ++ ;; + c90) + basic_machine=c90-cray + os=-unicos + ;; ++ cegcc) ++ basic_machine=arm-unknown ++ os=-cegcc ++ ;; + convex-c1) + basic_machine=c1-convex + os=-bsd +@@ -478,8 +503,8 @@ + basic_machine=craynv-cray + os=-unicosmp + ;; +- cr16c) +- basic_machine=cr16c-unknown ++ cr16) ++ basic_machine=cr16-unknown + os=-elf + ;; + crds | unos) +@@ -517,6 +542,10 @@ + basic_machine=m88k-motorola + os=-sysv3 + ;; ++ dicos) ++ basic_machine=i686-pc ++ os=-dicos ++ ;; + djgpp) + basic_machine=i586-pc + os=-msdosdjgpp +@@ -671,6 +700,14 @@ + basic_machine=m68k-isi + os=-sysv + ;; ++ m68knommu) ++ basic_machine=m68k-unknown ++ os=-linux ++ ;; ++ m68knommu-*) ++ basic_machine=m68k-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'` ++ os=-linux ++ ;; + m88k-omron*) + basic_machine=m88k-omron + ;; +@@ -686,6 +723,10 @@ + basic_machine=i386-pc + os=-mingw32 + ;; ++ mingw32ce) ++ basic_machine=arm-unknown ++ os=-mingw32ce ++ ;; + miniframe) + basic_machine=m68000-convergent + ;; +@@ -812,6 +853,14 @@ + basic_machine=i860-intel + os=-osf + ;; ++ parisc) ++ basic_machine=hppa-unknown ++ os=-linux ++ ;; ++ parisc-*) ++ basic_machine=hppa-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'` ++ os=-linux ++ ;; + pbd) + basic_machine=sparc-tti + ;; +@@ -913,6 +962,10 @@ + sb1el) + basic_machine=mipsisa64sb1el-unknown + ;; ++ sde) ++ basic_machine=mipsisa32-sde ++ os=-elf ++ ;; + sei) + basic_machine=mips-sei + os=-seiux +@@ -924,6 +977,9 @@ + basic_machine=sh-hitachi + os=-hms + ;; ++ sh5el) ++ basic_machine=sh5le-unknown ++ ;; + sh64) + basic_machine=sh64-unknown + ;; +@@ -1013,6 +1069,10 @@ + basic_machine=tic6x-unknown + os=-coff + ;; ++ tile*) ++ basic_machine=tile-unknown ++ os=-linux-gnu ++ ;; + tx39) + basic_machine=mipstx39-unknown + ;; +@@ -1088,6 +1148,10 @@ + basic_machine=z8k-unknown + os=-sim + ;; ++ z80-*-coff) ++ basic_machine=z80-unknown ++ os=-sim ++ ;; + none) + basic_machine=none-none + os=-none +@@ -1126,10 +1190,10 @@ + we32k) + basic_machine=we32k-att + ;; +- sh[1234] | sh[24]a | sh[34]eb | sh[1234]le | sh[23]ele) ++ sh[1234] | sh[24]a | sh[24]aeb | sh[34]eb | sh[1234]le | sh[23]ele) + basic_machine=sh-unknown + ;; +- sparc | sparcv8 | sparcv9 | sparcv9b | sparcv9v | sparcv9v2) ++ sparc | sparcv8 | sparcv9 | sparcv9b | sparcv9v) + basic_machine=sparc-sun + ;; + cydra) +@@ -1198,8 +1262,9 @@ + -gnu* | -bsd* | -mach* | -minix* | -genix* | -ultrix* | -irix* \ + | -*vms* | -sco* | -esix* | -isc* | -aix* | -sunos | -sunos[34]*\ + | -hpux* | -unos* | -osf* | -luna* | -dgux* | -solaris* | -sym* \ ++ | -kopensolaris* \ + | -amigaos* | -amigados* | -msdos* | -newsos* | -unicos* | -aof* \ +- | -aos* \ ++ | -aos* | -aros* \ + | -nindy* | -vxsim* | -vxworks* | -ebmon* | -hms* | -mvs* \ + | -clix* | -riscos* | -uniplus* | -iris* | -rtu* | -xenix* \ + | -hiux* | -386bsd* | -knetbsd* | -mirbsd* | -netbsd* \ +@@ -1208,7 +1273,7 @@ + | -bosx* | -nextstep* | -cxux* | -aout* | -elf* | -oabi* \ + | -ptx* | -coff* | -ecoff* | -winnt* | -domain* | -vsta* \ + | -udi* | -eabi* | -lites* | -ieee* | -go32* | -aux* \ +- | -chorusos* | -chorusrdb* \ ++ | -chorusos* | -chorusrdb* | -cegcc* \ + | -cygwin* | -pe* | -psos* | -moss* | -proelf* | -rtems* \ + | -mingw32* | -linux-gnu* | -linux-newlib* | -linux-uclibc* \ + | -uxpv* | -beos* | -mpeix* | -udk* \ +@@ -1218,7 +1283,7 @@ + | -os2* | -vos* | -palmos* | -uclinux* | -nucleus* \ + | -morphos* | -superux* | -rtmk* | -rtmk-nova* | -windiss* \ + | -powermax* | -dnix* | -nx6 | -nx7 | -sei* | -dragonfly* \ +- | -skyos* | -haiku* | -rdos*) ++ | -skyos* | -haiku* | -rdos* | -toppers* | -drops*) + # Remember, each alternative MUST END IN *, to match a version number. + ;; + -qnx*) +@@ -1348,6 +1413,9 @@ + -zvmoe) + os=-zvmoe + ;; ++ -dicos*) ++ os=-dicos ++ ;; + -none) + ;; + *) +@@ -1370,6 +1438,12 @@ + # system, and we'll never get to this point. + + case $basic_machine in ++ score-*) ++ os=-elf ++ ;; ++ spu-*) ++ os=-elf ++ ;; + *-acorn) + os=-riscix1.2 + ;; +@@ -1379,9 +1453,9 @@ + arm*-semi) + os=-aout + ;; +- c4x-* | tic4x-*) +- os=-coff +- ;; ++ c4x-* | tic4x-*) ++ os=-coff ++ ;; + # This must come before the *-dec entry. + pdp10-*) + os=-tops20 +@@ -1407,6 +1481,9 @@ + m68*-cisco) + os=-aout + ;; ++ mep-*) ++ os=-elf ++ ;; + mips*-cisco) + os=-elf + ;; --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-no-pagesize.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-no-pagesize.diff @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +--- + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/sys/user.h | 4 ++-- + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/mips/sys/user.h | 4 ++-- + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/ia64/sys/user.h | 3 ++- + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/x86_64/sys/user.h | 4 ++-- + 4 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/sys/user.h ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/alpha/sys/user.h +@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ + only. Don't read too much into it. Don't use it for anything other + than gdb/strace unless you know what you are doing. */ + +-#include ++#include + #include + + struct user +@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ + char u_comm[32]; /* user command name */ + }; + +-#define NBPG PAGE_SIZE ++#define NBPG (sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)) + #define UPAGES 1 + #define HOST_TEXT_START_ADDR (u.start_code) + #define HOST_DATA_START_ADDR (u.start_data) +--- a/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/ia64/sys/user.h ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/ia64/sys/user.h +@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ + + #include + #include ++#include + + /* This definition comes directly from the kernel headers. If + anything changes in them this header has to be changed, too. */ +@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ + char u_comm[32]; /* User command name. */ + }; + +-#define NBPG PAGE_SIZE ++#define NBPG (sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)) + #define UPAGES 1 + #define HOST_TEXT_START_ADDR (u.start_code) + #define HOST_DATA_START_ADDR (u.start_data) +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/mips/sys/user.h ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/mips/sys/user.h +@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ + #define _SYS_USER_H 1 + + #include ++#include + + /* The whole purpose of this file is for GDB and GDB only. Don't read + too much into it. Don't use it for anything other than GDB unless +@@ -207,8 +208,7 @@ + + #endif + +-#define PAGE_SHIFT 12 +-#define PAGE_SIZE (1UL << PAGE_SHIFT) ++#define PAGE_SIZE (sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)) + #define PAGE_MASK (~(PAGE_SIZE-1)) + #define NBPG PAGE_SIZE + #define UPAGES 1 +--- a/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/x86_64/sys/user.h ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/x86_64/sys/user.h +@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ + you know what you are doing. */ + + #include ++#include + + #if __WORDSIZE == 64 + +@@ -164,8 +165,7 @@ + }; + #endif /* __WORDSIZE */ + +-#define PAGE_SHIFT 12 +-#define PAGE_SIZE (1UL << PAGE_SHIFT) ++#define PAGE_SIZE (sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)) + #define PAGE_MASK (~(PAGE_SIZE-1)) + #define NBPG PAGE_SIZE + #define UPAGES 1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-o_cloexec.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-o_cloexec.diff @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- + sysdeps/unix/opendir.c | 2 ++ + 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) + +--- a/sysdeps/unix/opendir.c ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/opendir.c +@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@ + #ifdef __ASSUME_O_CLOEXEC + # define check_have_o_cloexec(fd) 1 + #else ++#ifdef O_CLOEXEC + static int + check_have_o_cloexec (int fd) + { +@@ -154,6 +155,7 @@ + return __have_o_cloexec > 0; + } + #endif ++#endif + + + DIR * --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-ldconfig-fsync.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-ldconfig-fsync.diff @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- + elf/cache.c | 1 + + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) + +--- a/elf/cache.c ++++ b/elf/cache.c +@@ -426,6 +426,7 @@ + } + + if (write (fd, strings, total_strlen) != (ssize_t) total_strlen ++ || fsync (fd) + || close (fd)) + error (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("Writing of cache data failed")); + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-linuxthreads-semaphore_h.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-linuxthreads-semaphore_h.diff @@ -0,0 +1,186 @@ +--- + linuxthreads/semaphore.h | 87 ------------------------------ + linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/semaphore.h | 88 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++- + 2 files changed, 87 insertions(+), 88 deletions(-) + +--- a/linuxthreads/semaphore.h ++++ /dev/null +@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@ +-/* Linuxthreads - a simple clone()-based implementation of Posix */ +-/* threads for Linux. */ +-/* Copyright (C) 1996 Xavier Leroy (Xavier.Leroy@inria.fr) */ +-/* */ +-/* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or */ +-/* modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License */ +-/* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 */ +-/* of the License, or (at your option) any later version. */ +-/* */ +-/* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, */ +-/* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of */ +-/* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the */ +-/* GNU Library General Public License for more details. */ +- +-#ifndef _SEMAPHORE_H +-#define _SEMAPHORE_H 1 +- +-#include +-#include +-#ifdef __USE_XOPEN2K +-# define __need_timespec +-# include +-#endif +- +-#ifndef _PTHREAD_DESCR_DEFINED +-/* Thread descriptors. Needed for `sem_t' definition. */ +-typedef struct _pthread_descr_struct *_pthread_descr; +-# define _PTHREAD_DESCR_DEFINED +-#endif +- +-/* System specific semaphore definition. */ +-typedef struct +-{ +- struct _pthread_fastlock __sem_lock; +- int __sem_value; +- _pthread_descr __sem_waiting; +-} sem_t; +- +- +- +-/* Value returned if `sem_open' failed. */ +-#define SEM_FAILED ((sem_t *) 0) +- +-/* Maximum value the semaphore can have. */ +-#define SEM_VALUE_MAX (2147483647) +- +- +-__BEGIN_DECLS +- +-/* Initialize semaphore object SEM to VALUE. If PSHARED then share it +- with other processes. */ +-extern int sem_init (sem_t *__sem, int __pshared, unsigned int __value) __THROW; +- +-/* Free resources associated with semaphore object SEM. */ +-extern int sem_destroy (sem_t *__sem) __THROW; +- +-/* Open a named semaphore NAME with open flaot OFLAG. */ +-extern sem_t *sem_open (__const char *__name, int __oflag, ...) __THROW; +- +-/* Close descriptor for named semaphore SEM. */ +-extern int sem_close (sem_t *__sem) __THROW; +- +-/* Remove named semaphore NAME. */ +-extern int sem_unlink (__const char *__name) __THROW; +- +-/* Wait for SEM being posted. */ +-extern int sem_wait (sem_t *__sem); +- +-#ifdef __USE_XOPEN2K +-/* Similar to `sem_wait' but wait only until ABSTIME. */ +-extern int sem_timedwait (sem_t *__restrict __sem, +- __const struct timespec *__restrict __abstime); +-#endif +- +-/* Test whether SEM is posted. */ +-extern int sem_trywait (sem_t *__sem) __THROW; +- +-/* Post SEM. */ +-extern int sem_post (sem_t *__sem) __THROW; +- +-/* Get current value of SEM and store it in *SVAL. */ +-extern int sem_getvalue (sem_t *__restrict __sem, int *__restrict __sval) +- __THROW; +- +-__END_DECLS +- +-#endif /* semaphore.h */ +--- a/linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/semaphore.h ++++ b/linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/semaphore.h +@@ -1 +1,87 @@ +-#include ++/* Linuxthreads - a simple clone()-based implementation of Posix */ ++/* threads for Linux. */ ++/* Copyright (C) 1996 Xavier Leroy (Xavier.Leroy@inria.fr) */ ++/* */ ++/* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or */ ++/* modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License */ ++/* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 */ ++/* of the License, or (at your option) any later version. */ ++/* */ ++/* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, */ ++/* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of */ ++/* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the */ ++/* GNU Library General Public License for more details. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SEMAPHORE_H ++#define _SEMAPHORE_H 1 ++ ++#include ++#include ++#ifdef __USE_XOPEN2K ++# define __need_timespec ++# include ++#endif ++ ++#ifndef _PTHREAD_DESCR_DEFINED ++/* Thread descriptors. Needed for `sem_t' definition. */ ++typedef struct _pthread_descr_struct *_pthread_descr; ++# define _PTHREAD_DESCR_DEFINED ++#endif ++ ++/* System specific semaphore definition. */ ++typedef struct ++{ ++ struct _pthread_fastlock __sem_lock; ++ int __sem_value; ++ _pthread_descr __sem_waiting; ++} sem_t; ++ ++ ++ ++/* Value returned if `sem_open' failed. */ ++#define SEM_FAILED ((sem_t *) 0) ++ ++/* Maximum value the semaphore can have. */ ++#define SEM_VALUE_MAX (2147483647) ++ ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++/* Initialize semaphore object SEM to VALUE. If PSHARED then share it ++ with other processes. */ ++extern int sem_init (sem_t *__sem, int __pshared, unsigned int __value) __THROW; ++ ++/* Free resources associated with semaphore object SEM. */ ++extern int sem_destroy (sem_t *__sem) __THROW; ++ ++/* Open a named semaphore NAME with open flaot OFLAG. */ ++extern sem_t *sem_open (__const char *__name, int __oflag, ...) __THROW; ++ ++/* Close descriptor for named semaphore SEM. */ ++extern int sem_close (sem_t *__sem) __THROW; ++ ++/* Remove named semaphore NAME. */ ++extern int sem_unlink (__const char *__name) __THROW; ++ ++/* Wait for SEM being posted. */ ++extern int sem_wait (sem_t *__sem); ++ ++#ifdef __USE_XOPEN2K ++/* Similar to `sem_wait' but wait only until ABSTIME. */ ++extern int sem_timedwait (sem_t *__restrict __sem, ++ __const struct timespec *__restrict __abstime); ++#endif ++ ++/* Test whether SEM is posted. */ ++extern int sem_trywait (sem_t *__sem) __THROW; ++ ++/* Post SEM. */ ++extern int sem_post (sem_t *__sem) __THROW; ++ ++/* Get current value of SEM and store it in *SVAL. */ ++extern int sem_getvalue (sem_t *__restrict __sem, int *__restrict __sval) ++ __THROW; ++ ++__END_DECLS ++ ++#endif /* semaphore.h */ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-getaddrinfo-interface.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-getaddrinfo-interface.diff @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +2009-04-26 Aurelien Jarno + + * sysdeps/posix/getaddrinfo.c (rfc3484_sort): don't assign native + result if the result has no associated interface. + +--- + sysdeps/posix/getaddrinfo.c | 4 ++-- + 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/posix/getaddrinfo.c ++++ b/sysdeps/posix/getaddrinfo.c +@@ -1455,13 +1455,13 @@ + + /* Fill in the results in all the records. */ + for (int i = 0; i < src->nresults; ++i) +- if (src->results[i].index == a1_index) ++ if (a1_index != -1 && src->results[i].index == a1_index) + { + assert (src->results[i].native == -1 + || src->results[i].native == a1_native); + src->results[i].native = a1_native; + } +- else if (src->results[i].index == a2_index) ++ else if (a2_index != -1 && src->results[i].index == a2_index) + { + assert (src->results[i].native == -1 + || src->results[i].native == a2_native); --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-disable-nscd-host-caching.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-disable-nscd-host-caching.diff @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- + nscd/nscd.conf | 4 +++- + 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/nscd/nscd.conf ++++ b/nscd/nscd.conf +@@ -60,7 +60,9 @@ + max-db-size group 33554432 + auto-propagate group yes + +- enable-cache hosts yes ++# hosts caching is broken with gethostby* calls, hence is now disabled ++# per default. See /usr/share/doc/nscd/NEWS.Debian. ++ enable-cache hosts no + positive-time-to-live hosts 3600 + negative-time-to-live hosts 20 + suggested-size hosts 211 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-stubs_h.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-stubs_h.diff @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- + include/stubs-prologue.h | 2 +- + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/include/stubs-prologue.h ++++ b/include/stubs-prologue.h +@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ + every time called, usually setting errno to ENOSYS. */ + + #ifdef _LIBC +- #error Applications may not define the macro _LIBC ++# error Applications may not define the macro _LIBC + #endif + + @ Placeholder line so we remember to keep the preceding blank line here. --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-bindresvport_blacklist.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-bindresvport_blacklist.diff @@ -0,0 +1,156 @@ +Patch from the OpenSUSE glibc + +--- + sunrpc/bindrsvprt.c | 107 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---- + 1 file changed, 99 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) + +--- a/sunrpc/bindrsvprt.c ++++ b/sunrpc/bindrsvprt.c +@@ -30,28 +30,108 @@ + * Copyright (c) 1987 by Sun Microsystems, Inc. + */ + ++#include ++#include + #include ++#include + #include + #include + #include + #include + #include + ++#define STARTPORT 600 ++#define LOWPORT 512 ++#define ENDPORT (IPPORT_RESERVED - 1) ++#define NPORTS (ENDPORT - STARTPORT + 1) ++ ++/* ++ * Read the file /etc/rpc.blacklisted, so that we don't bind ++ * to this ports. ++ */ ++ ++static int blacklist_read; ++static int *list; ++static int list_size = 0; ++ ++static void ++load_blacklist (void) ++{ ++ FILE *fp; ++ char *buf = NULL; ++ size_t buflen = 0; ++ int size = 0, ptr = 0; ++ ++ blacklist_read = 1; ++ ++ fp = fopen ("/etc/bindresvport.blacklist", "r"); ++ if (NULL == fp) ++ return; ++ ++ while (!feof (fp)) ++ { ++ unsigned long port; ++ char *tmp, *cp; ++ ssize_t n = __getline (&buf, &buflen, fp); ++ if (n < 1) ++ break; ++ ++ cp = buf; ++ tmp = strchr (cp, '#'); /* remove comments */ ++ if (tmp) ++ *tmp = '\0'; ++ while (isspace ((int)*cp)) /* remove spaces and tabs */ ++ ++cp; ++ if (*cp == '\0') /* ignore empty lines */ ++ continue; ++ if (cp[strlen (cp) - 1] == '\n') ++ cp[strlen (cp) - 1] = '\0'; ++ ++ port = strtoul (cp, &tmp, 0); ++ while (isspace(*tmp)) ++ ++tmp; ++ if (*tmp != '\0' || (port == ULONG_MAX && errno == ERANGE)) ++ continue; ++ ++ /* Don't bother with out-of-range ports */ ++ if (port < LOWPORT || port > ENDPORT) ++ continue; ++ ++ if (ptr >= size) ++ { ++ size += 10; ++ list = realloc (list, size * sizeof (int)); ++ if (list == NULL) ++ { ++ free (buf); ++ return; ++ } ++ } ++ ++ list[ptr++] = port; ++ } ++ ++ fclose (fp); ++ ++ if (buf) ++ free (buf); ++ ++ list_size = ptr; ++} ++ + /* + * Bind a socket to a privileged IP port + */ + int + bindresvport (int sd, struct sockaddr_in *sin) + { ++ static short startport = STARTPORT; + static short port; + struct sockaddr_in myaddr; + int i; + +-#define STARTPORT 600 +-#define LOWPORT 512 +-#define ENDPORT (IPPORT_RESERVED - 1) +-#define NPORTS (ENDPORT - STARTPORT + 1) +- static short startport = STARTPORT; ++ if (!blacklist_read) ++ load_blacklist (); + + if (sin == (struct sockaddr_in *) 0) + { +@@ -70,6 +150,7 @@ + port = (__getpid () % NPORTS) + STARTPORT; + } + ++ __set_errno (EADDRINUSE); + /* Initialize to make gcc happy. */ + int res = -1; + +@@ -78,12 +159,22 @@ + again: + for (i = 0; i < nports; ++i) + { +- sin->sin_port = htons (port++); +- if (port > endport) +- port = startport; ++ int j; ++ ++ sin->sin_port = htons (port); ++ ++ /* Check, if this port is not blacklisted. */ ++ for (j = 0; j < list_size; j++) ++ if (port == list[j]) ++ goto try_next_port; ++ + res = __bind (sd, sin, sizeof (struct sockaddr_in)); + if (res >= 0 || errno != EADDRINUSE) + break; ++ ++try_next_port: ++ if (++port > endport) ++ port = startport; + } + + if (i == nports && startport != LOWPORT) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-linuxthreads-ptw.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-linuxthreads-ptw.diff @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- + linuxthreads/Makeconfig | 5 +++++ + 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+) + +--- a/linuxthreads/Makeconfig ++++ b/linuxthreads/Makeconfig +@@ -9,3 +9,8 @@ + bounded-thread-library = $(common-objpfx)linuxthreads/libpthread_b.a + + rpath-dirs += linuxthreads ++ ++# This makes for ptw-*.? object rules in sysd-rules. ++ptw-CPPFLAGS := -DPTW ++sysd-rules-patterns += ptw-%:% ++ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-tcsetaddr.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-tcsetaddr.diff @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +# All lines beginning with `# DP:' are a description of the patch. +# DP: Description: tcsetattr sanity check on PARENB/CREAD/CSIZE for ptys +# DP: Related bugs: 218131 +# DP: Author: Jeff Licquia +# DP: Upstream status: [In CVS | Debian-Specific | Pending | Not submitted ] +# DP: Status Details: +# DP: Date: 2003-10-29 + +--- + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/tcsetattr.c | 55 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++- + 1 file changed, 54 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/tcsetattr.c ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/tcsetattr.c +@@ -48,7 +48,12 @@ + const struct termios *termios_p; + { + struct __kernel_termios k_termios; ++ struct __kernel_termios k_termios_old; + unsigned long int cmd; ++ int retval, old_retval; ++ ++ /* Preserve the previous termios state if we can. */ ++ old_retval = INLINE_SYSCALL (ioctl, 3, fd, TCGETS, &k_termios_old); + + switch (optional_actions) + { +@@ -80,6 +85,54 @@ + memcpy (&k_termios.c_cc[0], &termios_p->c_cc[0], + __KERNEL_NCCS * sizeof (cc_t)); + +- return INLINE_SYSCALL (ioctl, 3, fd, cmd, &k_termios); ++ retval = INLINE_SYSCALL (ioctl, 3, fd, cmd, &k_termios); ++ ++ /* The Linux kernel silently ignores the invalid c_cflag on pty. ++ We have to check it here, and return an error. But if some other ++ setting was successfully changed, POSIX requires us to report ++ success. */ ++ if ((retval == 0) && (old_retval == 0)) ++ { ++ int save = errno; ++ retval = INLINE_SYSCALL (ioctl, 3, fd, TCGETS, &k_termios); ++ if (retval) ++ { ++ /* We cannot verify if the setting is ok. We don't return ++ an error (?). */ ++ __set_errno (save); ++ retval = 0; ++ } ++ else if ((k_termios_old.c_oflag != k_termios.c_oflag) || ++ (k_termios_old.c_lflag != k_termios.c_lflag) || ++ (k_termios_old.c_line != k_termios.c_line) || ++ ((k_termios_old.c_iflag | IBAUD0) != (k_termios.c_iflag | IBAUD0))) ++ { ++ /* Some other setting was successfully changed, which ++ means we should not return an error. */ ++ __set_errno (save); ++ retval = 0; ++ } ++ else if ((k_termios_old.c_cflag | (PARENB & CREAD & CSIZE)) != ++ (k_termios.c_cflag | (PARENB & CREAD & CSIZE))) ++ { ++ /* Some other c_cflag setting was successfully changed, which ++ means we should not return an error. */ ++ __set_errno (save); ++ retval = 0; ++ } ++ else if ((termios_p->c_cflag & (PARENB | CREAD)) ++ != (k_termios.c_cflag & (PARENB | CREAD)) ++ || ((termios_p->c_cflag & CSIZE) ++ && (termios_p->c_cflag & CSIZE) ++ != (k_termios.c_cflag & CSIZE))) ++ { ++ /* It looks like the Linux kernel silently changed the ++ PARENB/CREAD/CSIZE bits in c_cflag. Report it as an ++ error. */ ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ retval = -1; ++ } ++ } ++ return retval; + } + libc_hidden_def (tcsetattr) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/submitted-getaddrinfo-lo.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/submitted-getaddrinfo-lo.diff @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +2009-03-15 Aurelien Jarno + + * sysdeps/posix/getaddrinfo.c (getaddrinfo): correctly detect + interface for all 127.X.Y.Z addresses. + +--- + sysdeps/posix/getaddrinfo.c | 9 ++++++++- + 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/posix/getaddrinfo.c ++++ b/sysdeps/posix/getaddrinfo.c +@@ -2264,7 +2264,14 @@ + tmp.addr[0] = 0; + tmp.addr[1] = 0; + tmp.addr[2] = htonl (0xffff); +- tmp.addr[3] = sinp->sin_addr.s_addr; ++ /* Special case for lo interface, the source address ++ being possibly different than the interface ++ address. */ ++ if ((ntohl(sinp->sin_addr.s_addr) & 0xff000000) ++ == 0x7f000000) ++ tmp.addr[3] = htonl(0x7f000001); ++ else ++ tmp.addr[3] = sinp->sin_addr.s_addr; + } + else + { --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-ipv6-lookup.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-ipv6-lookup.diff @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- sysdeps/posix/getaddrinfo.c~ 2008-07-30 19:14:22.000000000 +0000 ++++ sysdeps/posix/getaddrinfo.c 2008-11-29 09:01:04.000000000 +0000 +@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ + static int + gaih_inet (const char *name, const struct gaih_service *service, + const struct addrinfo *req, struct addrinfo **pai, +- unsigned int *naddrs) ++ unsigned int *naddrs, bool usable_ipv6) + { + const struct gaih_typeproto *tp = gaih_inet_typeproto; + struct gaih_servtuple *st = (struct gaih_servtuple *) &nullserv; +@@ -762,7 +762,7 @@ + if (fct != NULL) + { + if (req->ai_family == AF_INET6 +- || req->ai_family == AF_UNSPEC) ++ || (req->ai_family == AF_UNSPEC && usable_ipv6)) + { + gethosts (AF_INET6, struct in6_addr); + no_inet6_data = no_data; +@@ -2151,7 +2151,7 @@ + if (hints->ai_family == AF_UNSPEC || hints->ai_family == AF_INET + || hints->ai_family == AF_INET6) + { +- last_i = gaih_inet (name, pservice, hints, end, &naddrs); ++ last_i = gaih_inet (name, pservice, hints, end, &naddrs, seen_ipv6); + if (last_i != 0) + { + freeaddrinfo (p); +--- sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/check_pf.c~ 2008-03-06 16:51:24.073172073 +0100 ++++ sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/check_pf.c 2008-03-06 17:08:00.978210159 +0100 +@@ -178,7 +178,8 @@ + } + else + { +- if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_LOOPBACK (address)) ++ if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_LOOPBACK (address ?: local) && ++ ifam->ifa_scope < RT_SCOPE_LINK) + *seen_ipv6 = true; + } + } --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/submitted-sched_h.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/submitted-sched_h.diff @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +2007-11-02 Aurelien Jarno + + * bits/sched.h (__CPU_ALLOC_SIZE): Define. + +--- + bits/sched.h | 3 +++ + 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+) + +--- a/bits/sched.h ++++ b/bits/sched.h +@@ -69,6 +69,9 @@ + # define __CPU_ISSET(cpu, cpusetp) \ + (((cpusetp)->__bits[__CPUELT (cpu)] & __CPUMASK (cpu)) != 0) + ++# define __CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(count) \ ++ ((((count) + __NCPUBITS - 1) / __NCPUBITS) * 8) ++ + __BEGIN_DECLS + + extern int __sched_cpucount (size_t __setsize, const cpu_set_t *__setp) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/cvs-nptl-init.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/cvs-nptl-init.diff @@ -0,0 +1,944 @@ +2009-05-16 Ulrich Drepper + + [BZ #9924] + * nptl-init.c: Renamed from init.c. + * Makefile: Change all occurences of init.c to nptl-init.c. + +--- + nptl/Makefile | 6 + nptl/init.c | 452 ------------------------------------------------------- + nptl/nptl-init.c | 452 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + 3 files changed, 455 insertions(+), 455 deletions(-) + +--- a/nptl/Makefile ++++ b/nptl/Makefile +@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ + routines = alloca_cutoff forward libc-lowlevellock libc-cancellation + shared-only-routines = forward + +-libpthread-routines = init vars events version \ ++libpthread-routines = nptl-init vars events version \ + pthread_create pthread_exit pthread_detach \ + pthread_join pthread_tryjoin pthread_timedjoin \ + pthread_self pthread_equal pthread_yield \ +@@ -143,8 +143,8 @@ + # we have to compile some files with exception handling enabled, some + # even with asynchronous unwind tables. + +-# init.c contains sigcancel_handler(). +-CFLAGS-init.c = -fexceptions -fasynchronous-unwind-tables ++# nptl-init.c contains sigcancel_handler(). ++CFLAGS-nptl-init.c = -fexceptions -fasynchronous-unwind-tables + # The unwind code itself, + CFLAGS-unwind.c = -fexceptions + CFLAGS-unwind-forcedunwind.c = -fexceptions -fasynchronous-unwind-tables +--- a/nptl/init.c ++++ /dev/null +@@ -1,452 +0,0 @@ +-/* Copyright (C) 2002-2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +- This file is part of the GNU C Library. +- Contributed by Ulrich Drepper , 2002. +- +- The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or +- modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public +- License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either +- version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. +- +- The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +- Lesser General Public License for more details. +- +- You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public +- License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free +- Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA +- 02111-1307 USA. */ +- +-#include +-#include +-#include +-#include +-#include +-#include +-#include +-#include +-#include +-#include +-#include +-#include +-#include +-#include +-#include +-#include +-#include +-#include +- +- +-/* Size and alignment of static TLS block. */ +-size_t __static_tls_size; +-size_t __static_tls_align_m1; +- +-#ifndef __ASSUME_SET_ROBUST_LIST +-/* Negative if we do not have the system call and we can use it. */ +-int __set_robust_list_avail; +-# define set_robust_list_not_avail() \ +- __set_robust_list_avail = -1 +-#else +-# define set_robust_list_not_avail() do { } while (0) +-#endif +- +-#ifndef __ASSUME_FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME +-/* Nonzero if we do not have FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME. */ +-int __have_futex_clock_realtime; +-# define __set_futex_clock_realtime() \ +- __have_futex_clock_realtime = 1 +-#else +-#define __set_futex_clock_realtime() do { } while (0) +-#endif +- +-/* Version of the library, used in libthread_db to detect mismatches. */ +-static const char nptl_version[] __attribute_used__ = VERSION; +- +- +-#ifndef SHARED +-extern void __libc_setup_tls (size_t tcbsize, size_t tcbalign); +-#endif +- +-#ifdef SHARED +-static void nptl_freeres (void); +- +- +-static const struct pthread_functions pthread_functions = +- { +- .ptr_pthread_attr_destroy = __pthread_attr_destroy, +-# if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_1) +- .ptr___pthread_attr_init_2_0 = __pthread_attr_init_2_0, +-# endif +- .ptr___pthread_attr_init_2_1 = __pthread_attr_init_2_1, +- .ptr_pthread_attr_getdetachstate = __pthread_attr_getdetachstate, +- .ptr_pthread_attr_setdetachstate = __pthread_attr_setdetachstate, +- .ptr_pthread_attr_getinheritsched = __pthread_attr_getinheritsched, +- .ptr_pthread_attr_setinheritsched = __pthread_attr_setinheritsched, +- .ptr_pthread_attr_getschedparam = __pthread_attr_getschedparam, +- .ptr_pthread_attr_setschedparam = __pthread_attr_setschedparam, +- .ptr_pthread_attr_getschedpolicy = __pthread_attr_getschedpolicy, +- .ptr_pthread_attr_setschedpolicy = __pthread_attr_setschedpolicy, +- .ptr_pthread_attr_getscope = __pthread_attr_getscope, +- .ptr_pthread_attr_setscope = __pthread_attr_setscope, +- .ptr_pthread_condattr_destroy = __pthread_condattr_destroy, +- .ptr_pthread_condattr_init = __pthread_condattr_init, +- .ptr___pthread_cond_broadcast = __pthread_cond_broadcast, +- .ptr___pthread_cond_destroy = __pthread_cond_destroy, +- .ptr___pthread_cond_init = __pthread_cond_init, +- .ptr___pthread_cond_signal = __pthread_cond_signal, +- .ptr___pthread_cond_wait = __pthread_cond_wait, +- .ptr___pthread_cond_timedwait = __pthread_cond_timedwait, +-# if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_3_2) +- .ptr___pthread_cond_broadcast_2_0 = __pthread_cond_broadcast_2_0, +- .ptr___pthread_cond_destroy_2_0 = __pthread_cond_destroy_2_0, +- .ptr___pthread_cond_init_2_0 = __pthread_cond_init_2_0, +- .ptr___pthread_cond_signal_2_0 = __pthread_cond_signal_2_0, +- .ptr___pthread_cond_wait_2_0 = __pthread_cond_wait_2_0, +- .ptr___pthread_cond_timedwait_2_0 = __pthread_cond_timedwait_2_0, +-# endif +- .ptr_pthread_equal = __pthread_equal, +- .ptr___pthread_exit = __pthread_exit, +- .ptr_pthread_getschedparam = __pthread_getschedparam, +- .ptr_pthread_setschedparam = __pthread_setschedparam, +- .ptr_pthread_mutex_destroy = INTUSE(__pthread_mutex_destroy), +- .ptr_pthread_mutex_init = INTUSE(__pthread_mutex_init), +- .ptr_pthread_mutex_lock = INTUSE(__pthread_mutex_lock), +- .ptr_pthread_mutex_unlock = INTUSE(__pthread_mutex_unlock), +- .ptr_pthread_self = __pthread_self, +- .ptr_pthread_setcancelstate = __pthread_setcancelstate, +- .ptr_pthread_setcanceltype = __pthread_setcanceltype, +- .ptr___pthread_cleanup_upto = __pthread_cleanup_upto, +- .ptr___pthread_once = __pthread_once_internal, +- .ptr___pthread_rwlock_rdlock = __pthread_rwlock_rdlock_internal, +- .ptr___pthread_rwlock_wrlock = __pthread_rwlock_wrlock_internal, +- .ptr___pthread_rwlock_unlock = __pthread_rwlock_unlock_internal, +- .ptr___pthread_key_create = __pthread_key_create_internal, +- .ptr___pthread_getspecific = __pthread_getspecific_internal, +- .ptr___pthread_setspecific = __pthread_setspecific_internal, +- .ptr__pthread_cleanup_push_defer = __pthread_cleanup_push_defer, +- .ptr__pthread_cleanup_pop_restore = __pthread_cleanup_pop_restore, +- .ptr_nthreads = &__nptl_nthreads, +- .ptr___pthread_unwind = &__pthread_unwind, +- .ptr__nptl_deallocate_tsd = __nptl_deallocate_tsd, +- .ptr__nptl_setxid = __nptl_setxid, +- /* For now only the stack cache needs to be freed. */ +- .ptr_freeres = nptl_freeres +- }; +-# define ptr_pthread_functions &pthread_functions +-#else +-# define ptr_pthread_functions NULL +-#endif +- +- +-#ifdef SHARED +-/* This function is called indirectly from the freeres code in libc. */ +-static void +-__libc_freeres_fn_section +-nptl_freeres (void) +-{ +- __unwind_freeres (); +- __free_stacks (0); +-} +-#endif +- +- +-/* For asynchronous cancellation we use a signal. This is the handler. */ +-static void +-sigcancel_handler (int sig, siginfo_t *si, void *ctx) +-{ +-#ifdef __ASSUME_CORRECT_SI_PID +- /* Determine the process ID. It might be negative if the thread is +- in the middle of a fork() call. */ +- pid_t pid = THREAD_GETMEM (THREAD_SELF, pid); +- if (__builtin_expect (pid < 0, 0)) +- pid = -pid; +-#endif +- +- /* Safety check. It would be possible to call this function for +- other signals and send a signal from another process. This is not +- correct and might even be a security problem. Try to catch as +- many incorrect invocations as possible. */ +- if (sig != SIGCANCEL +-#ifdef __ASSUME_CORRECT_SI_PID +- /* Kernels before 2.5.75 stored the thread ID and not the process +- ID in si_pid so we skip this test. */ +- || si->si_pid != pid +-#endif +- || si->si_code != SI_TKILL) +- return; +- +- struct pthread *self = THREAD_SELF; +- +- int oldval = THREAD_GETMEM (self, cancelhandling); +- while (1) +- { +- /* We are canceled now. When canceled by another thread this flag +- is already set but if the signal is directly send (internally or +- from another process) is has to be done here. */ +- int newval = oldval | CANCELING_BITMASK | CANCELED_BITMASK; +- +- if (oldval == newval || (oldval & EXITING_BITMASK) != 0) +- /* Already canceled or exiting. */ +- break; +- +- int curval = THREAD_ATOMIC_CMPXCHG_VAL (self, cancelhandling, newval, +- oldval); +- if (curval == oldval) +- { +- /* Set the return value. */ +- THREAD_SETMEM (self, result, PTHREAD_CANCELED); +- +- /* Make sure asynchronous cancellation is still enabled. */ +- if ((newval & CANCELTYPE_BITMASK) != 0) +- /* Run the registered destructors and terminate the thread. */ +- __do_cancel (); +- +- break; +- } +- +- oldval = curval; +- } +-} +- +- +-struct xid_command *__xidcmd attribute_hidden; +- +-/* For asynchronous cancellation we use a signal. This is the handler. */ +-static void +-sighandler_setxid (int sig, siginfo_t *si, void *ctx) +-{ +-#ifdef __ASSUME_CORRECT_SI_PID +- /* Determine the process ID. It might be negative if the thread is +- in the middle of a fork() call. */ +- pid_t pid = THREAD_GETMEM (THREAD_SELF, pid); +- if (__builtin_expect (pid < 0, 0)) +- pid = -pid; +-#endif +- +- /* Safety check. It would be possible to call this function for +- other signals and send a signal from another process. This is not +- correct and might even be a security problem. Try to catch as +- many incorrect invocations as possible. */ +- if (sig != SIGSETXID +-#ifdef __ASSUME_CORRECT_SI_PID +- /* Kernels before 2.5.75 stored the thread ID and not the process +- ID in si_pid so we skip this test. */ +- || si->si_pid != pid +-#endif +- || si->si_code != SI_TKILL) +- return; +- +- INTERNAL_SYSCALL_DECL (err); +- INTERNAL_SYSCALL_NCS (__xidcmd->syscall_no, err, 3, __xidcmd->id[0], +- __xidcmd->id[1], __xidcmd->id[2]); +- +- /* Reset the SETXID flag. */ +- struct pthread *self = THREAD_SELF; +- int flags, newval; +- do +- { +- flags = THREAD_GETMEM (self, cancelhandling); +- newval = THREAD_ATOMIC_CMPXCHG_VAL (self, cancelhandling, +- flags & ~SETXID_BITMASK, flags); +- } +- while (flags != newval); +- +- /* And release the futex. */ +- self->setxid_futex = 1; +- lll_futex_wake (&self->setxid_futex, 1, LLL_PRIVATE); +- +- if (atomic_decrement_val (&__xidcmd->cntr) == 0) +- lll_futex_wake (&__xidcmd->cntr, 1, LLL_PRIVATE); +-} +- +- +-/* When using __thread for this, we do it in libc so as not +- to give libpthread its own TLS segment just for this. */ +-extern void **__libc_dl_error_tsd (void) __attribute__ ((const)); +- +- +-/* This can be set by the debugger before initialization is complete. */ +-static bool __nptl_initial_report_events __attribute_used__; +- +-void +-__pthread_initialize_minimal_internal (void) +-{ +-#ifndef SHARED +- /* Unlike in the dynamically linked case the dynamic linker has not +- taken care of initializing the TLS data structures. */ +- __libc_setup_tls (TLS_TCB_SIZE, TLS_TCB_ALIGN); +- +- /* We must prevent gcc from being clever and move any of the +- following code ahead of the __libc_setup_tls call. This function +- will initialize the thread register which is subsequently +- used. */ +- __asm __volatile (""); +-#endif +- +- /* Minimal initialization of the thread descriptor. */ +- struct pthread *pd = THREAD_SELF; +- INTERNAL_SYSCALL_DECL (err); +- pd->pid = pd->tid = INTERNAL_SYSCALL (set_tid_address, err, 1, &pd->tid); +- THREAD_SETMEM (pd, specific[0], &pd->specific_1stblock[0]); +- THREAD_SETMEM (pd, user_stack, true); +- if (LLL_LOCK_INITIALIZER != 0) +- THREAD_SETMEM (pd, lock, LLL_LOCK_INITIALIZER); +-#if HP_TIMING_AVAIL +- THREAD_SETMEM (pd, cpuclock_offset, GL(dl_cpuclock_offset)); +-#endif +- +- /* Initialize the robust mutex data. */ +-#ifdef __PTHREAD_MUTEX_HAVE_PREV +- pd->robust_prev = &pd->robust_head; +-#endif +- pd->robust_head.list = &pd->robust_head; +-#ifdef __NR_set_robust_list +- pd->robust_head.futex_offset = (offsetof (pthread_mutex_t, __data.__lock) +- - offsetof (pthread_mutex_t, +- __data.__list.__next)); +- int res = INTERNAL_SYSCALL (set_robust_list, err, 2, &pd->robust_head, +- sizeof (struct robust_list_head)); +- if (INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERROR_P (res, err)) +-#endif +- set_robust_list_not_avail (); +- +-#ifndef __ASSUME_PRIVATE_FUTEX +- /* Private futexes are always used (at least internally) so that +- doing the test once this early is beneficial. */ +- { +- int word = 0; +- word = INTERNAL_SYSCALL (futex, err, 3, &word, +- FUTEX_WAKE | FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG, 1); +- if (!INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERROR_P (word, err)) +- THREAD_SETMEM (pd, header.private_futex, FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG); +- } +- +- /* Private futexes have been introduced earlier than the +- FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME flag. We don't have to run the test if we +- know the former are not supported. This also means we know the +- kernel will return ENOSYS for unknown operations. */ +- if (THREAD_GETMEM (pd, header.private_futex) != 0) +-#endif +-#ifndef __ASSUME_FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME +- { +- int word = 0; +- /* NB: the syscall actually takes six parameters. The last is the +- bit mask. But since we will not actually wait at all the value +- is irrelevant. Given that passing six parameters is difficult +- on some architectures we just pass whatever random value the +- calling convention calls for to the kernel. It causes no harm. */ +- word = INTERNAL_SYSCALL (futex, err, 5, &word, +- FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET | FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME +- | FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG, 1, NULL, 0); +- assert (INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERROR_P (word, err)); +- if (INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERRNO (word, err) != ENOSYS) +- __set_futex_clock_realtime (); +- } +-#endif +- +- /* Set initial thread's stack block from 0 up to __libc_stack_end. +- It will be bigger than it actually is, but for unwind.c/pt-longjmp.c +- purposes this is good enough. */ +- THREAD_SETMEM (pd, stackblock_size, (size_t) __libc_stack_end); +- +- /* Initialize the list of all running threads with the main thread. */ +- INIT_LIST_HEAD (&__stack_user); +- list_add (&pd->list, &__stack_user); +- +- /* Before initializing __stack_user, the debugger could not find us and +- had to set __nptl_initial_report_events. Propagate its setting. */ +- THREAD_SETMEM (pd, report_events, __nptl_initial_report_events); +- +- /* Install the cancellation signal handler. If for some reason we +- cannot install the handler we do not abort. Maybe we should, but +- it is only asynchronous cancellation which is affected. */ +- struct sigaction sa; +- sa.sa_sigaction = sigcancel_handler; +- sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO; +- __sigemptyset (&sa.sa_mask); +- +- (void) __libc_sigaction (SIGCANCEL, &sa, NULL); +- +- /* Install the handle to change the threads' uid/gid. */ +- sa.sa_sigaction = sighandler_setxid; +- sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO | SA_RESTART; +- +- (void) __libc_sigaction (SIGSETXID, &sa, NULL); +- +- /* The parent process might have left the signals blocked. Just in +- case, unblock it. We reuse the signal mask in the sigaction +- structure. It is already cleared. */ +- __sigaddset (&sa.sa_mask, SIGCANCEL); +- __sigaddset (&sa.sa_mask, SIGSETXID); +- (void) INTERNAL_SYSCALL (rt_sigprocmask, err, 4, SIG_UNBLOCK, &sa.sa_mask, +- NULL, _NSIG / 8); +- +- /* Get the size of the static and alignment requirements for the TLS +- block. */ +- size_t static_tls_align; +- _dl_get_tls_static_info (&__static_tls_size, &static_tls_align); +- +- /* Make sure the size takes all the alignments into account. */ +- if (STACK_ALIGN > static_tls_align) +- static_tls_align = STACK_ALIGN; +- __static_tls_align_m1 = static_tls_align - 1; +- +- __static_tls_size = roundup (__static_tls_size, static_tls_align); +- +- /* Determine the default allowed stack size. This is the size used +- in case the user does not specify one. */ +- struct rlimit limit; +- if (getrlimit (RLIMIT_STACK, &limit) != 0 +- || limit.rlim_cur == RLIM_INFINITY) +- /* The system limit is not usable. Use an architecture-specific +- default. */ +- limit.rlim_cur = ARCH_STACK_DEFAULT_SIZE; +- else if (limit.rlim_cur < PTHREAD_STACK_MIN) +- /* The system limit is unusably small. +- Use the minimal size acceptable. */ +- limit.rlim_cur = PTHREAD_STACK_MIN; +- +- /* Make sure it meets the minimum size that allocate_stack +- (allocatestack.c) will demand, which depends on the page size. */ +- const uintptr_t pagesz = __sysconf (_SC_PAGESIZE); +- const size_t minstack = pagesz + __static_tls_size + MINIMAL_REST_STACK; +- if (limit.rlim_cur < minstack) +- limit.rlim_cur = minstack; +- +- /* Round the resource limit up to page size. */ +- limit.rlim_cur = (limit.rlim_cur + pagesz - 1) & -pagesz; +- __default_stacksize = limit.rlim_cur; +- +-#ifdef SHARED +- /* Transfer the old value from the dynamic linker's internal location. */ +- *__libc_dl_error_tsd () = *(*GL(dl_error_catch_tsd)) (); +- GL(dl_error_catch_tsd) = &__libc_dl_error_tsd; +- +- /* Make __rtld_lock_{,un}lock_recursive use pthread_mutex_{,un}lock, +- keep the lock count from the ld.so implementation. */ +- GL(dl_rtld_lock_recursive) = (void *) INTUSE (__pthread_mutex_lock); +- GL(dl_rtld_unlock_recursive) = (void *) INTUSE (__pthread_mutex_unlock); +- unsigned int rtld_lock_count = GL(dl_load_lock).mutex.__data.__count; +- GL(dl_load_lock).mutex.__data.__count = 0; +- while (rtld_lock_count-- > 0) +- INTUSE (__pthread_mutex_lock) (&GL(dl_load_lock).mutex); +- +- GL(dl_make_stack_executable_hook) = &__make_stacks_executable; +-#endif +- +- GL(dl_init_static_tls) = &__pthread_init_static_tls; +- +- GL(dl_wait_lookup_done) = &__wait_lookup_done; +- +- /* Register the fork generation counter with the libc. */ +-#ifndef TLS_MULTIPLE_THREADS_IN_TCB +- __libc_multiple_threads_ptr = +-#endif +- __libc_pthread_init (&__fork_generation, __reclaim_stacks, +- ptr_pthread_functions); +- +- /* Determine whether the machine is SMP or not. */ +- __is_smp = is_smp_system (); +-} +-strong_alias (__pthread_initialize_minimal_internal, +- __pthread_initialize_minimal) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/nptl/nptl-init.c +@@ -0,0 +1,452 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002-2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Ulrich Drepper , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++ ++/* Size and alignment of static TLS block. */ ++size_t __static_tls_size; ++size_t __static_tls_align_m1; ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_SET_ROBUST_LIST ++/* Negative if we do not have the system call and we can use it. */ ++int __set_robust_list_avail; ++# define set_robust_list_not_avail() \ ++ __set_robust_list_avail = -1 ++#else ++# define set_robust_list_not_avail() do { } while (0) ++#endif ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME ++/* Nonzero if we do not have FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME. */ ++int __have_futex_clock_realtime; ++# define __set_futex_clock_realtime() \ ++ __have_futex_clock_realtime = 1 ++#else ++#define __set_futex_clock_realtime() do { } while (0) ++#endif ++ ++/* Version of the library, used in libthread_db to detect mismatches. */ ++static const char nptl_version[] __attribute_used__ = VERSION; ++ ++ ++#ifndef SHARED ++extern void __libc_setup_tls (size_t tcbsize, size_t tcbalign); ++#endif ++ ++#ifdef SHARED ++static void nptl_freeres (void); ++ ++ ++static const struct pthread_functions pthread_functions = ++ { ++ .ptr_pthread_attr_destroy = __pthread_attr_destroy, ++# if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_1) ++ .ptr___pthread_attr_init_2_0 = __pthread_attr_init_2_0, ++# endif ++ .ptr___pthread_attr_init_2_1 = __pthread_attr_init_2_1, ++ .ptr_pthread_attr_getdetachstate = __pthread_attr_getdetachstate, ++ .ptr_pthread_attr_setdetachstate = __pthread_attr_setdetachstate, ++ .ptr_pthread_attr_getinheritsched = __pthread_attr_getinheritsched, ++ .ptr_pthread_attr_setinheritsched = __pthread_attr_setinheritsched, ++ .ptr_pthread_attr_getschedparam = __pthread_attr_getschedparam, ++ .ptr_pthread_attr_setschedparam = __pthread_attr_setschedparam, ++ .ptr_pthread_attr_getschedpolicy = __pthread_attr_getschedpolicy, ++ .ptr_pthread_attr_setschedpolicy = __pthread_attr_setschedpolicy, ++ .ptr_pthread_attr_getscope = __pthread_attr_getscope, ++ .ptr_pthread_attr_setscope = __pthread_attr_setscope, ++ .ptr_pthread_condattr_destroy = __pthread_condattr_destroy, ++ .ptr_pthread_condattr_init = __pthread_condattr_init, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_broadcast = __pthread_cond_broadcast, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_destroy = __pthread_cond_destroy, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_init = __pthread_cond_init, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_signal = __pthread_cond_signal, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_wait = __pthread_cond_wait, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_timedwait = __pthread_cond_timedwait, ++# if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_3_2) ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_broadcast_2_0 = __pthread_cond_broadcast_2_0, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_destroy_2_0 = __pthread_cond_destroy_2_0, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_init_2_0 = __pthread_cond_init_2_0, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_signal_2_0 = __pthread_cond_signal_2_0, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_wait_2_0 = __pthread_cond_wait_2_0, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_timedwait_2_0 = __pthread_cond_timedwait_2_0, ++# endif ++ .ptr_pthread_equal = __pthread_equal, ++ .ptr___pthread_exit = __pthread_exit, ++ .ptr_pthread_getschedparam = __pthread_getschedparam, ++ .ptr_pthread_setschedparam = __pthread_setschedparam, ++ .ptr_pthread_mutex_destroy = INTUSE(__pthread_mutex_destroy), ++ .ptr_pthread_mutex_init = INTUSE(__pthread_mutex_init), ++ .ptr_pthread_mutex_lock = INTUSE(__pthread_mutex_lock), ++ .ptr_pthread_mutex_unlock = INTUSE(__pthread_mutex_unlock), ++ .ptr_pthread_self = __pthread_self, ++ .ptr_pthread_setcancelstate = __pthread_setcancelstate, ++ .ptr_pthread_setcanceltype = __pthread_setcanceltype, ++ .ptr___pthread_cleanup_upto = __pthread_cleanup_upto, ++ .ptr___pthread_once = __pthread_once_internal, ++ .ptr___pthread_rwlock_rdlock = __pthread_rwlock_rdlock_internal, ++ .ptr___pthread_rwlock_wrlock = __pthread_rwlock_wrlock_internal, ++ .ptr___pthread_rwlock_unlock = __pthread_rwlock_unlock_internal, ++ .ptr___pthread_key_create = __pthread_key_create_internal, ++ .ptr___pthread_getspecific = __pthread_getspecific_internal, ++ .ptr___pthread_setspecific = __pthread_setspecific_internal, ++ .ptr__pthread_cleanup_push_defer = __pthread_cleanup_push_defer, ++ .ptr__pthread_cleanup_pop_restore = __pthread_cleanup_pop_restore, ++ .ptr_nthreads = &__nptl_nthreads, ++ .ptr___pthread_unwind = &__pthread_unwind, ++ .ptr__nptl_deallocate_tsd = __nptl_deallocate_tsd, ++ .ptr__nptl_setxid = __nptl_setxid, ++ /* For now only the stack cache needs to be freed. */ ++ .ptr_freeres = nptl_freeres ++ }; ++# define ptr_pthread_functions &pthread_functions ++#else ++# define ptr_pthread_functions NULL ++#endif ++ ++ ++#ifdef SHARED ++/* This function is called indirectly from the freeres code in libc. */ ++static void ++__libc_freeres_fn_section ++nptl_freeres (void) ++{ ++ __unwind_freeres (); ++ __free_stacks (0); ++} ++#endif ++ ++ ++/* For asynchronous cancellation we use a signal. This is the handler. */ ++static void ++sigcancel_handler (int sig, siginfo_t *si, void *ctx) ++{ ++#ifdef __ASSUME_CORRECT_SI_PID ++ /* Determine the process ID. It might be negative if the thread is ++ in the middle of a fork() call. */ ++ pid_t pid = THREAD_GETMEM (THREAD_SELF, pid); ++ if (__builtin_expect (pid < 0, 0)) ++ pid = -pid; ++#endif ++ ++ /* Safety check. It would be possible to call this function for ++ other signals and send a signal from another process. This is not ++ correct and might even be a security problem. Try to catch as ++ many incorrect invocations as possible. */ ++ if (sig != SIGCANCEL ++#ifdef __ASSUME_CORRECT_SI_PID ++ /* Kernels before 2.5.75 stored the thread ID and not the process ++ ID in si_pid so we skip this test. */ ++ || si->si_pid != pid ++#endif ++ || si->si_code != SI_TKILL) ++ return; ++ ++ struct pthread *self = THREAD_SELF; ++ ++ int oldval = THREAD_GETMEM (self, cancelhandling); ++ while (1) ++ { ++ /* We are canceled now. When canceled by another thread this flag ++ is already set but if the signal is directly send (internally or ++ from another process) is has to be done here. */ ++ int newval = oldval | CANCELING_BITMASK | CANCELED_BITMASK; ++ ++ if (oldval == newval || (oldval & EXITING_BITMASK) != 0) ++ /* Already canceled or exiting. */ ++ break; ++ ++ int curval = THREAD_ATOMIC_CMPXCHG_VAL (self, cancelhandling, newval, ++ oldval); ++ if (curval == oldval) ++ { ++ /* Set the return value. */ ++ THREAD_SETMEM (self, result, PTHREAD_CANCELED); ++ ++ /* Make sure asynchronous cancellation is still enabled. */ ++ if ((newval & CANCELTYPE_BITMASK) != 0) ++ /* Run the registered destructors and terminate the thread. */ ++ __do_cancel (); ++ ++ break; ++ } ++ ++ oldval = curval; ++ } ++} ++ ++ ++struct xid_command *__xidcmd attribute_hidden; ++ ++/* For asynchronous cancellation we use a signal. This is the handler. */ ++static void ++sighandler_setxid (int sig, siginfo_t *si, void *ctx) ++{ ++#ifdef __ASSUME_CORRECT_SI_PID ++ /* Determine the process ID. It might be negative if the thread is ++ in the middle of a fork() call. */ ++ pid_t pid = THREAD_GETMEM (THREAD_SELF, pid); ++ if (__builtin_expect (pid < 0, 0)) ++ pid = -pid; ++#endif ++ ++ /* Safety check. It would be possible to call this function for ++ other signals and send a signal from another process. This is not ++ correct and might even be a security problem. Try to catch as ++ many incorrect invocations as possible. */ ++ if (sig != SIGSETXID ++#ifdef __ASSUME_CORRECT_SI_PID ++ /* Kernels before 2.5.75 stored the thread ID and not the process ++ ID in si_pid so we skip this test. */ ++ || si->si_pid != pid ++#endif ++ || si->si_code != SI_TKILL) ++ return; ++ ++ INTERNAL_SYSCALL_DECL (err); ++ INTERNAL_SYSCALL_NCS (__xidcmd->syscall_no, err, 3, __xidcmd->id[0], ++ __xidcmd->id[1], __xidcmd->id[2]); ++ ++ /* Reset the SETXID flag. */ ++ struct pthread *self = THREAD_SELF; ++ int flags, newval; ++ do ++ { ++ flags = THREAD_GETMEM (self, cancelhandling); ++ newval = THREAD_ATOMIC_CMPXCHG_VAL (self, cancelhandling, ++ flags & ~SETXID_BITMASK, flags); ++ } ++ while (flags != newval); ++ ++ /* And release the futex. */ ++ self->setxid_futex = 1; ++ lll_futex_wake (&self->setxid_futex, 1, LLL_PRIVATE); ++ ++ if (atomic_decrement_val (&__xidcmd->cntr) == 0) ++ lll_futex_wake (&__xidcmd->cntr, 1, LLL_PRIVATE); ++} ++ ++ ++/* When using __thread for this, we do it in libc so as not ++ to give libpthread its own TLS segment just for this. */ ++extern void **__libc_dl_error_tsd (void) __attribute__ ((const)); ++ ++ ++/* This can be set by the debugger before initialization is complete. */ ++static bool __nptl_initial_report_events __attribute_used__; ++ ++void ++__pthread_initialize_minimal_internal (void) ++{ ++#ifndef SHARED ++ /* Unlike in the dynamically linked case the dynamic linker has not ++ taken care of initializing the TLS data structures. */ ++ __libc_setup_tls (TLS_TCB_SIZE, TLS_TCB_ALIGN); ++ ++ /* We must prevent gcc from being clever and move any of the ++ following code ahead of the __libc_setup_tls call. This function ++ will initialize the thread register which is subsequently ++ used. */ ++ __asm __volatile (""); ++#endif ++ ++ /* Minimal initialization of the thread descriptor. */ ++ struct pthread *pd = THREAD_SELF; ++ INTERNAL_SYSCALL_DECL (err); ++ pd->pid = pd->tid = INTERNAL_SYSCALL (set_tid_address, err, 1, &pd->tid); ++ THREAD_SETMEM (pd, specific[0], &pd->specific_1stblock[0]); ++ THREAD_SETMEM (pd, user_stack, true); ++ if (LLL_LOCK_INITIALIZER != 0) ++ THREAD_SETMEM (pd, lock, LLL_LOCK_INITIALIZER); ++#if HP_TIMING_AVAIL ++ THREAD_SETMEM (pd, cpuclock_offset, GL(dl_cpuclock_offset)); ++#endif ++ ++ /* Initialize the robust mutex data. */ ++#ifdef __PTHREAD_MUTEX_HAVE_PREV ++ pd->robust_prev = &pd->robust_head; ++#endif ++ pd->robust_head.list = &pd->robust_head; ++#ifdef __NR_set_robust_list ++ pd->robust_head.futex_offset = (offsetof (pthread_mutex_t, __data.__lock) ++ - offsetof (pthread_mutex_t, ++ __data.__list.__next)); ++ int res = INTERNAL_SYSCALL (set_robust_list, err, 2, &pd->robust_head, ++ sizeof (struct robust_list_head)); ++ if (INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERROR_P (res, err)) ++#endif ++ set_robust_list_not_avail (); ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_PRIVATE_FUTEX ++ /* Private futexes are always used (at least internally) so that ++ doing the test once this early is beneficial. */ ++ { ++ int word = 0; ++ word = INTERNAL_SYSCALL (futex, err, 3, &word, ++ FUTEX_WAKE | FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG, 1); ++ if (!INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERROR_P (word, err)) ++ THREAD_SETMEM (pd, header.private_futex, FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG); ++ } ++ ++ /* Private futexes have been introduced earlier than the ++ FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME flag. We don't have to run the test if we ++ know the former are not supported. This also means we know the ++ kernel will return ENOSYS for unknown operations. */ ++ if (THREAD_GETMEM (pd, header.private_futex) != 0) ++#endif ++#ifndef __ASSUME_FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME ++ { ++ int word = 0; ++ /* NB: the syscall actually takes six parameters. The last is the ++ bit mask. But since we will not actually wait at all the value ++ is irrelevant. Given that passing six parameters is difficult ++ on some architectures we just pass whatever random value the ++ calling convention calls for to the kernel. It causes no harm. */ ++ word = INTERNAL_SYSCALL (futex, err, 5, &word, ++ FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET | FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME ++ | FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG, 1, NULL, 0); ++ assert (INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERROR_P (word, err)); ++ if (INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERRNO (word, err) != ENOSYS) ++ __set_futex_clock_realtime (); ++ } ++#endif ++ ++ /* Set initial thread's stack block from 0 up to __libc_stack_end. ++ It will be bigger than it actually is, but for unwind.c/pt-longjmp.c ++ purposes this is good enough. */ ++ THREAD_SETMEM (pd, stackblock_size, (size_t) __libc_stack_end); ++ ++ /* Initialize the list of all running threads with the main thread. */ ++ INIT_LIST_HEAD (&__stack_user); ++ list_add (&pd->list, &__stack_user); ++ ++ /* Before initializing __stack_user, the debugger could not find us and ++ had to set __nptl_initial_report_events. Propagate its setting. */ ++ THREAD_SETMEM (pd, report_events, __nptl_initial_report_events); ++ ++ /* Install the cancellation signal handler. If for some reason we ++ cannot install the handler we do not abort. Maybe we should, but ++ it is only asynchronous cancellation which is affected. */ ++ struct sigaction sa; ++ sa.sa_sigaction = sigcancel_handler; ++ sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO; ++ __sigemptyset (&sa.sa_mask); ++ ++ (void) __libc_sigaction (SIGCANCEL, &sa, NULL); ++ ++ /* Install the handle to change the threads' uid/gid. */ ++ sa.sa_sigaction = sighandler_setxid; ++ sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO | SA_RESTART; ++ ++ (void) __libc_sigaction (SIGSETXID, &sa, NULL); ++ ++ /* The parent process might have left the signals blocked. Just in ++ case, unblock it. We reuse the signal mask in the sigaction ++ structure. It is already cleared. */ ++ __sigaddset (&sa.sa_mask, SIGCANCEL); ++ __sigaddset (&sa.sa_mask, SIGSETXID); ++ (void) INTERNAL_SYSCALL (rt_sigprocmask, err, 4, SIG_UNBLOCK, &sa.sa_mask, ++ NULL, _NSIG / 8); ++ ++ /* Get the size of the static and alignment requirements for the TLS ++ block. */ ++ size_t static_tls_align; ++ _dl_get_tls_static_info (&__static_tls_size, &static_tls_align); ++ ++ /* Make sure the size takes all the alignments into account. */ ++ if (STACK_ALIGN > static_tls_align) ++ static_tls_align = STACK_ALIGN; ++ __static_tls_align_m1 = static_tls_align - 1; ++ ++ __static_tls_size = roundup (__static_tls_size, static_tls_align); ++ ++ /* Determine the default allowed stack size. This is the size used ++ in case the user does not specify one. */ ++ struct rlimit limit; ++ if (getrlimit (RLIMIT_STACK, &limit) != 0 ++ || limit.rlim_cur == RLIM_INFINITY) ++ /* The system limit is not usable. Use an architecture-specific ++ default. */ ++ limit.rlim_cur = ARCH_STACK_DEFAULT_SIZE; ++ else if (limit.rlim_cur < PTHREAD_STACK_MIN) ++ /* The system limit is unusably small. ++ Use the minimal size acceptable. */ ++ limit.rlim_cur = PTHREAD_STACK_MIN; ++ ++ /* Make sure it meets the minimum size that allocate_stack ++ (allocatestack.c) will demand, which depends on the page size. */ ++ const uintptr_t pagesz = __sysconf (_SC_PAGESIZE); ++ const size_t minstack = pagesz + __static_tls_size + MINIMAL_REST_STACK; ++ if (limit.rlim_cur < minstack) ++ limit.rlim_cur = minstack; ++ ++ /* Round the resource limit up to page size. */ ++ limit.rlim_cur = (limit.rlim_cur + pagesz - 1) & -pagesz; ++ __default_stacksize = limit.rlim_cur; ++ ++#ifdef SHARED ++ /* Transfer the old value from the dynamic linker's internal location. */ ++ *__libc_dl_error_tsd () = *(*GL(dl_error_catch_tsd)) (); ++ GL(dl_error_catch_tsd) = &__libc_dl_error_tsd; ++ ++ /* Make __rtld_lock_{,un}lock_recursive use pthread_mutex_{,un}lock, ++ keep the lock count from the ld.so implementation. */ ++ GL(dl_rtld_lock_recursive) = (void *) INTUSE (__pthread_mutex_lock); ++ GL(dl_rtld_unlock_recursive) = (void *) INTUSE (__pthread_mutex_unlock); ++ unsigned int rtld_lock_count = GL(dl_load_lock).mutex.__data.__count; ++ GL(dl_load_lock).mutex.__data.__count = 0; ++ while (rtld_lock_count-- > 0) ++ INTUSE (__pthread_mutex_lock) (&GL(dl_load_lock).mutex); ++ ++ GL(dl_make_stack_executable_hook) = &__make_stacks_executable; ++#endif ++ ++ GL(dl_init_static_tls) = &__pthread_init_static_tls; ++ ++ GL(dl_wait_lookup_done) = &__wait_lookup_done; ++ ++ /* Register the fork generation counter with the libc. */ ++#ifndef TLS_MULTIPLE_THREADS_IN_TCB ++ __libc_multiple_threads_ptr = ++#endif ++ __libc_pthread_init (&__fork_generation, __reclaim_stacks, ++ ptr_pthread_functions); ++ ++ /* Determine whether the machine is SMP or not. */ ++ __is_smp = is_smp_system (); ++} ++strong_alias (__pthread_initialize_minimal_internal, ++ __pthread_initialize_minimal) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-nss-overflow.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-nss-overflow.diff @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +2009-01-12 Arthur Loiret + + nss/nss_files/files-parse.c: Include . + (INT_FIELD): Convert field to uintmax_t and check for 32-bit overflow. + (INT_FIELD_MAYBE_NULL): Likewise. + +--- + nss/nss_files/files-parse.c | 15 +++++++++++++-- + 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) + +--- a/nss/nss_files/files-parse.c ++++ b/nss/nss_files/files-parse.c +@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ + #include + #include + #include ++#include + + /* These symbols are defined by the including source file: + +@@ -160,7 +161,12 @@ + # define INT_FIELD(variable, terminator_p, swallow, base, convert) \ + { \ + char *endp; \ +- variable = convert (strtou32 (line, &endp, base)); \ ++ unsigned long long tmp; \ ++ /* Prevent from 32-bit overflow. */ \ ++ tmp = __strtoull_internal (line, &endp, base, 0); \ ++ if (tmp > UINT_MAX) \ ++ return 0; \ ++ variable = convert ((unsigned long int)tmp); \ + if (endp == line) \ + return 0; \ + else if (terminator_p (*endp)) \ +@@ -175,10 +181,15 @@ + # define INT_FIELD_MAYBE_NULL(variable, terminator_p, swallow, base, convert, default) \ + { \ + char *endp; \ ++ unsigned long long tmp; \ + if (*line == '\0') \ + /* We expect some more input, so don't allow the string to end here. */ \ + return 0; \ +- variable = convert (strtou32 (line, &endp, base)); \ ++ /* Prevent from 32-bit overflow. */ \ ++ tmp = __strtoull_internal (line, &endp, base, 0); \ ++ if (tmp > UINT_MAX) \ ++ return 0; \ ++ variable = convert ((unsigned long int)tmp); \ + if (endp == line) \ + variable = default; \ + if (terminator_p (*endp)) \ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-linuxthreads-unwind.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-linuxthreads-unwind.diff @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +--- + linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/Makefile | 6 ++ + linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/unwind-resume.c | 64 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + 2 files changed, 70 insertions(+) + +--- /dev/null ++++ b/linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/unwind-resume.c +@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Jakub Jelinek . ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++static void (*libgcc_s_resume) (struct _Unwind_Exception *exc); ++static _Unwind_Reason_Code (*libgcc_s_personality) ++ (int, _Unwind_Action, _Unwind_Exception_Class, struct _Unwind_Exception *, ++ struct _Unwind_Context *); ++ ++static void ++init (void) ++{ ++ void *resume, *personality; ++ void *handle; ++ ++ handle = __libc_dlopen ("libgcc_s.so.1"); ++ ++ if (handle == NULL ++ || (resume = __libc_dlsym (handle, "_Unwind_Resume")) == NULL ++ || (personality = __libc_dlsym (handle, "__gcc_personality_v0")) == NULL) ++ __libc_fatal ("libgcc_s.so.1 must be installed for pthread_cancel to work\n"); ++ ++ libgcc_s_resume = resume; ++ libgcc_s_personality = personality; ++} ++ ++void ++_Unwind_Resume (struct _Unwind_Exception *exc) ++{ ++ if (__builtin_expect (libgcc_s_resume == NULL, 0)) ++ init (); ++ libgcc_s_resume (exc); ++} ++ ++_Unwind_Reason_Code ++__gcc_personality_v0 (int version, _Unwind_Action actions, ++ _Unwind_Exception_Class exception_class, ++ struct _Unwind_Exception *ue_header, ++ struct _Unwind_Context *context) ++{ ++ if (__builtin_expect (libgcc_s_personality == NULL, 0)) ++ init (); ++ return libgcc_s_personality (version, actions, exception_class, ++ ue_header, context); ++} +--- a/linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/Makefile ++++ b/linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/Makefile +@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@ ++ifeq ($(subdir),csu) ++routines += unwind-resume ++shared-only-routines += unwind-resume ++CFLAGS-unwind-resume.c += -fexceptions -fasynchronous-unwind-tables ++endif ++ + ifeq ($(subdir),rt) + librt-sysdep_routines += timer_routines + CPPFLAGS += -DBROKEN_THREAD_SIGNALS --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-linuxthreads-gscope.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-linuxthreads-gscope.diff @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- + linuxthreads/descr.h | 12 ++++++++++++ + 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+) + +--- a/linuxthreads/descr.h ++++ b/linuxthreads/descr.h +@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ + #include + #include + #include ++#include + #include + + /* Fast thread-specific data internal to libc. */ +@@ -123,12 +124,23 @@ + uintptr_t sysinfo; + uintptr_t stack_guard; + uintptr_t pointer_guard; ++# ifdef __FreeBSD_kernel__ ++ long gscope_flag; ++# else ++ int gscope_flag; ++# endif + } data; + void *__padding[16]; + } p_header; + # define p_multiple_threads p_header.data.multiple_threads ++# define p_gscope_flag p_header.data.gscope_flag + #elif TLS_MULTIPLE_THREADS_IN_TCB + int p_multiple_threads; ++# ifdef __FreeBSD_kernel__ ++ long p_gscope_flag; ++# else ++ int p_gscope_flag; ++# endif + #endif + + pthread_descr p_nextlive, p_prevlive; --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-rtld.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-rtld.diff @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +2006-01-21 Aurelien Jarno + + * Makeconfig: new configuration variable rtlddir to change the + dynamic linker in the ELF binaries, which defaults to slibdir + +2005-08-30 Andreas Jochen + * Makeconfig: use rtlddir instead of slibdir + * elf/Makefile: likewise + +--- + Makeconfig | 7 ++++++- + elf/Makefile | 2 +- + 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) + +--- a/Makeconfig ++++ b/Makeconfig +@@ -202,6 +202,11 @@ + endif + inst_slibdir = $(install_root)$(slibdir) + ++# Directory of the dynamic linker in the ELF binaries ++ifndef rtlddir ++rtlddir := $(slibdir) ++endif ++ + # Prefix to put on files installed in $(libdir). For libraries `libNAME.a', + # the prefix is spliced between `lib' and the name, so the linker switch + # `-l$(libprefix)NAME' finds the library; for other files the prefix is +@@ -465,7 +470,7 @@ + endif + ifndef config-LDFLAGS + ifeq (yesyes,$(build-shared)$(elf)) +-config-LDFLAGS = -Wl,-dynamic-linker=$(slibdir)/$(rtld-installed-name) ++config-LDFLAGS = -Wl,-dynamic-linker=$(rtlddir)/$(rtld-installed-name) + endif + endif + ifndef link-libc +--- a/elf/Makefile ++++ b/elf/Makefile +@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ + | $(AWK) '($$7 ~ /^UND(|EF)$$/ && $$1 != "0:" && $$4 != "REGISTER") { print; p=1 } END { exit p != 0 }' + + # interp.c exists just to get this string into the libraries. +-CFLAGS-interp.c = -D'RUNTIME_LINKER="$(slibdir)/$(rtld-installed-name)"' \ ++CFLAGS-interp.c = -D'RUNTIME_LINKER="$(rtlddir)/$(rtld-installed-name)"' \ + -DNOT_IN_libc=1 + $(objpfx)interp.os: $(common-objpfx)config.make + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/submitted-popen.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/submitted-popen.diff @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +http://bugs.gentoo.org/250342 +http://sources.redhat.com/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=9685 + +we cant assume sock_cloexec and pipe2 are bound together as the former defines +are found in glibc only while the latter are a combo of kernel headers and +glibc. so if we do a runtime detection of SOCK_CLOEXEC, but pipe2() is a stub +inside of glibc, we hit a problem. for example: + +#include +#include +main() +{ + getgrnam("portage"); + if (!popen("ls", "r")) + perror("popen()"); +} + +getgrnam() will detect that the kernel supports SOCK_CLOEXEC and then set both +__have_sock_cloexec and __have_pipe2 to true. but if glibc was built against +older kernel headers where __NR_pipe2 does not exist, glibc will have a ENOSYS +stub for it. so popen() will always fail as glibc assumes pipe2() works. + +--- + include/unistd.h | 5 +---- + socket/have_sock_cloexec.c | 5 +++++ + 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) + +--- a/include/unistd.h ++++ b/include/unistd.h +@@ -167,9 +167,6 @@ + extern int __pause_nocancel (void) attribute_hidden; + + extern int __have_sock_cloexec; +-/* At lot of other functionality became available at the same time as +- SOCK_CLOEXEC. Avoid defining separate variables for all of them +- unless it is really necessary. */ +-#define __have_pipe2 __have_sock_cloexec ++extern int __have_pipe2; + + #endif +--- a/socket/have_sock_cloexec.c ++++ b/socket/have_sock_cloexec.c +@@ -16,9 +16,14 @@ + Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA + 02111-1307 USA. */ + ++#include + #include + #include + + #if defined SOCK_CLOEXEC && !defined __ASSUME_SOCK_CLOEXEC + int __have_sock_cloexec; + #endif ++ ++#if defined O_CLOEXEC && !defined __ASSUME_PIPE2 ++int __have_pipe2; ++#endif --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-ldconfig.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-ldconfig.diff @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +# DP: Make it so that a missing /etc/ld.so.conf does not cause an error +# DP: message, unless --verbose is enabled. This keeps the debian +# DP: installer from barfing during bootstrap of the system. +# DP: +# DP: Updated by gotom, the previous one seems being wrong because it supresses +# DP: _all_ warnings about "can't open configuration file". otoh, I introduce +# DP: newer patches. it should be checked using chroot and should be contacted +# DP: to the upstream. +# DP: Date: (Updated 2005-01-02 gotom) + +# previous patch. +#--- elf/ldconfig.c 2003-07-08 23:26:27.000000000 +0900 +#+++ elf/ldconfig.c.debian 2003-07-08 23:29:43.000000000 +0900 +#@@ -920,26 +920,24 @@ +# { +# FILE *file = NULL; +# char *line = NULL; +#- const char *canon; +#+ const char *canon = filename; +# size_t len = 0; +#+ int file_fd; +# +# if (opt_chroot) +# { +# canon = chroot_canon (opt_chroot, filename); +#- if (canon) +#- file = fopen (canon, "r"); +#- else +#+ if (!canon) +# canon = filename; +# } +#- else +#- { +#- canon = filename; +#- file = fopen (filename, "r"); +#- } +#+ +#+ if ((file_fd = open(canon, O_RDONLY | O_EXCL, 0022)) != -1) +#+ file = fdopen (file_fd, "r"); +# +# if (file == NULL) +# { +#- error (0, errno, _("Can't open configuration file %s"), canon); +#+ if (opt_verbose) +#+ error (0, errno, _("Can't open configuration file %s"), canon); +# if (canon != filename) +# free ((char *) canon); +# return; + +2004-10-25 GOTO Masanori + + * elf/ldconfig.c: Don't print error when default ld.so.conf + is not existed. + +--- + elf/ldconfig.c | 3 ++- + 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/elf/ldconfig.c ++++ b/elf/ldconfig.c +@@ -1055,7 +1055,8 @@ + + if (file == NULL) + { +- error (0, errno, _("Can't open configuration file %s"), canon); ++ if (strcmp(canon, LD_SO_CONF) != 0 || opt_verbose) ++ error (0, errno, _("Can't open configuration file %s"), canon); + if (canon != filename) + free ((char *) canon); + return; --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-tst-mktime2.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-tst-mktime2.diff @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- + time/tst-mktime2.c | 1 + + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) + +--- a/time/tst-mktime2.c ++++ b/time/tst-mktime2.c +@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ + #include + #include + #include ++#include + + static time_t time_t_max; + static time_t time_t_min; --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-missing-linux_types.h.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-missing-linux_types.h.diff @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/netinet/if_fddi.h | 1 + + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) + +--- a/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/netinet/if_fddi.h ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/netinet/if_fddi.h +@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ + #include + #include + ++#include + #include + + #ifdef __USE_BSD --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/submitted-getent-gshadow.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/submitted-getent-gshadow.diff @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +2009-05-27 Aurelien Jarno + + * nss/getent.c (print_gshadow): New function. (gshadow_keys): + Likewise. + +--- + nss/getent.c | 67 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + 1 file changed, 67 insertions(+) + +--- a/nss/getent.c ++++ b/nss/getent.c +@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ + #include + #include + #include ++#include + #include + #include + #include +@@ -752,6 +753,71 @@ + return result; + } + ++/* This is for shadow */ ++static void ++print_gshadow (struct sgrp *sg) ++{ ++ unsigned int i = 0; ++ ++ printf ("%s:%s:", ++ sg->sg_namp ? sg->sg_namp : "", ++ sg->sg_passwd ? sg->sg_passwd : ""); ++ ++ while (sg->sg_adm[i] != NULL) ++ { ++ fputs_unlocked (sg->sg_adm[i], stdout); ++ ++i; ++ if (sg->sg_adm[i] != NULL) ++ putchar_unlocked (','); ++ } ++ ++ putchar_unlocked (':'); ++ ++ i = 0; ++ while (sg->sg_mem[i] != NULL) ++ { ++ fputs_unlocked (sg->sg_mem[i], stdout); ++ ++i; ++ if (sg->sg_mem[i] != NULL) ++ putchar_unlocked (','); ++ } ++ ++ putchar_unlocked ('\n'); ++} ++ ++static int ++gshadow_keys (int number, char *key[]) ++{ ++ int result = 0; ++ int i; ++ ++ if (number == 0) ++ { ++ struct sgrp *sg; ++ ++ setsgent (); ++ while ((sg = getsgent ()) != NULL) ++ print_gshadow (sg); ++ endsgent (); ++ return result; ++ } ++ ++ for (i = 0; i < number; ++i) ++ { ++ struct sgrp *sg; ++ ++ sg = getsgnam (key[i]); ++ ++ if (sg == NULL) ++ result = 2; ++ else ++ print_gshadow (sg); ++ } ++ ++ return result; ++} ++ ++ + struct + { + const char *name; +@@ -786,6 +852,7 @@ + DN(rpc) + DN(services) + D(shadow) ++D(gshadow) + #undef D + { NULL, NULL } + }; --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-linuxthreads-thread_self.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-linuxthreads-thread_self.diff @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +2009-01-21 Aurelien Jarno + + * linuxthreads/descr.h (thread_self): Remove static to prevent + warning. + +--- + linuxthreads/descr.h | 4 ++-- + 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) + +--- a/linuxthreads/descr.h ++++ b/linuxthreads/descr.h +@@ -260,8 +260,8 @@ + + extern pthread_descr __pthread_find_self (void) __attribute__ ((pure)); + +-static inline pthread_descr thread_self (void) __attribute__ ((pure)); +-static inline pthread_descr thread_self (void) ++extern inline pthread_descr thread_self (void) __attribute__ ((pure)); ++extern inline pthread_descr thread_self (void) + { + #ifdef THREAD_SELF + return THREAD_SELF; --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-ldd.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-ldd.diff @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +# All lines beginning with `# DP:' are a description of the patch. +# DP: Make ldd handle non-executable shared objects. Discard the error +# DP: message if the kernel does not support one of the dynamic loaders. +# DP: Updated by gotom, it's nice to merge to the upstream after my review. +# Date: (Updated 2007-04-22 aurel32) + +--- + elf/ldd.bash.in | 16 ++++++++++++---- + 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) + +--- a/elf/ldd.bash.in ++++ b/elf/ldd.bash.in +@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ + warn= + bind_now= + verbose= ++filename_magic_regex="((^|/)lib|.so$)" + + while test $# -gt 0; do + case "$1" in +@@ -153,13 +154,16 @@ + echo "ldd: ${file}:" $"not regular file" >&2 + result=1 + elif test -r "$file"; then +- test -x "$file" || echo 'ldd:' $"\ +-warning: you do not have execution permission for" "\`$file'" >&2 ++ if test ! -x "$file" && eval echo "$file" \ ++ | egrep -v "$filename_magic_regex" > /dev/null; then ++ echo 'ldd:' $"warning: you do not have execution permission for"\ ++ "\`$file'" >&2 ++ fi + RTLD= + ret=1 + for rtld in ${RTLDLIST}; do + if test -x $rtld; then +- verify_out=`${rtld} --verify "$file"` ++ verify_out=`${rtld} --verify "$file" 2>/dev/null` + ret=$? + case $ret in + [02]) RTLD=${rtld}; break;; +@@ -171,7 +175,11 @@ + # If the program exits with exit code 5, it means the process has been + # invoked with __libc_enable_secure. Fall back to running it through + # the dynamic linker. +- try_trace "$file" ++ if test -x "$file"; then ++ try_trace "$file" ++ else ++ try_trace "${RTLD}" "$file" ++ fi + rc=$? + if [ $rc = 5 ]; then + try_trace "$RTLD" "$file" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/cvs-broken-dns.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/cvs-broken-dns.diff @@ -0,0 +1,156 @@ +2009-06-26 Ulrich Drepper + + * resolv/resolv.h: Define RES_SNGLKUPREOP. + * resolv/res_init.c (res_setoptions): Recognize single-request-reopen + option. + * resolv/res_send.c (reopen): New function. Broken out of... + (send_dg): ... here. Recognize RES_SNGLKUPREOP. Implement second + fallback mechanism. If single-request fails switch to + single-request-reopen mode which opens a new socket for the second + request. + +--- + resolv/res_init.c | 3 ++ + resolv/res_send.c | 75 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------ + resolv/resolv.h | 2 + + 3 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-) + +--- a/resolv/res_send.c ++++ b/resolv/res_send.c +@@ -908,24 +908,11 @@ + } + + static int +-send_dg(res_state statp, +- const u_char *buf, int buflen, const u_char *buf2, int buflen2, +- u_char **ansp, int *anssizp, +- int *terrno, int ns, int *v_circuit, int *gotsomewhere, u_char **anscp, +- u_char **ansp2, int *anssizp2, int *resplen2) ++reopen (res_state statp, int *terrno, int ns) + { +- const HEADER *hp = (HEADER *) buf; +- const HEADER *hp2 = (HEADER *) buf2; +- u_char *ans = *ansp; +- int orig_anssizp = *anssizp; +- struct sockaddr_in6 *nsap = EXT(statp).nsaddrs[ns]; +- struct timespec now, timeout, finish; +- struct pollfd pfd[1]; +- int ptimeout; +- struct sockaddr_in6 from; +- int resplen, n; +- + if (EXT(statp).nssocks[ns] == -1) { ++ struct sockaddr_in6 *nsap = EXT(statp).nsaddrs[ns]; ++ + /* only try IPv6 if IPv6 NS and if not failed before */ + if ((EXT(statp).nscount6 > 0) && !statp->ipv6_unavail) { + if (__builtin_expect (__have_o_nonblock >= 0, 1)) { +@@ -1000,6 +987,26 @@ + } + } + ++ return 1; ++} ++ ++static int ++send_dg(res_state statp, ++ const u_char *buf, int buflen, const u_char *buf2, int buflen2, ++ u_char **ansp, int *anssizp, ++ int *terrno, int ns, int *v_circuit, int *gotsomewhere, u_char **anscp, ++ u_char **ansp2, int *anssizp2, int *resplen2) ++{ ++ const HEADER *hp = (HEADER *) buf; ++ const HEADER *hp2 = (HEADER *) buf2; ++ u_char *ans = *ansp; ++ int orig_anssizp = *anssizp; ++ struct timespec now, timeout, finish; ++ struct pollfd pfd[1]; ++ int ptimeout; ++ struct sockaddr_in6 from; ++ int resplen, n; ++ + /* + * Compute time for the total operation. + */ +@@ -1008,8 +1015,15 @@ + seconds /= statp->nscount; + if (seconds <= 0) + seconds = 1; +- bool single_request = (statp->options & RES_SNGLKUP) != 0;// XXX ++ bool single_request = (statp->options & RES_SNGLKUP) != 0; ++ bool single_request_reopen = (statp->options & RES_SNGLKUPREOP) != 0; + int save_gotsomewhere = *gotsomewhere; ++ ++ int retval; ++ retry_reopen: ++ retval = reopen (statp, terrno, ns); ++ if (retval <= 0) ++ return retval; + retry: + evNowTime(&now); + evConsTime(&timeout, seconds, 0); +@@ -1059,6 +1073,14 @@ + *gotsomewhere = save_gotsomewhere; + goto retry; + } ++ else if (!single_request_reopen) ++ { ++ statp->options |= RES_SNGLKUPREOP; ++ single_request_reopen = true; ++ *gotsomewhere = save_gotsomewhere; ++ __res_iclose (statp, false); ++ goto retry_reopen; ++ } + + *resplen2 = 1; + return resplen; +@@ -1091,7 +1114,8 @@ + Perror(statp, stderr, "send", errno); + goto err_out; + } +- if (nwritten != 0 || buf2 == NULL || single_request) ++ if (nwritten != 0 || buf2 == NULL ++ || single_request || single_request_reopen) + pfd[0].events = POLLIN; + else + pfd[0].events = POLLIN | POLLOUT; +@@ -1305,8 +1325,15 @@ + recvresp2 = 1; + /* Repeat waiting if we have a second answer to arrive. */ + if ((recvresp1 & recvresp2) == 0) { +- if (single_request) ++ if (single_request || single_request_reopen) { + pfd[0].events = POLLOUT; ++ if (single_request_reopen) { ++ __res_iclose (statp, false); ++ retval = reopen (statp, terrno, ns); ++ if (retval <= 0) ++ return retval; ++ } ++ } + goto wait; + } + /* +--- a/resolv/res_init.c ++++ b/resolv/res_init.c +@@ -540,6 +540,9 @@ + statp->options |= RES_NOCHECKNAME; + } else if (!strncmp(cp, "edns0", sizeof("edns0") - 1)) { + statp->options |= RES_USE_EDNS0; ++ } else if (!strncmp(cp, "single-request-reopen", ++ sizeof("single-request-reopen") - 1)) { ++ statp->options |= RES_SNGLKUPREOP; + } else if (!strncmp(cp, "single-request", + sizeof("single-request") - 1)) { + statp->options |= RES_SNGLKUP; +--- a/resolv/resolv.h ++++ b/resolv/resolv.h +@@ -216,6 +216,8 @@ + reverse lookup */ + #define RES_USE_EDNS0 0x00100000 /* Use EDNS0. */ + #define RES_SNGLKUP 0x00200000 /* one outstanding request at a time */ ++#define RES_SNGLKUPREOP 0x00400000 /* -"-, but open new socket for each ++ request */ + + #define RES_DEFAULT (RES_RECURSE|RES_DEFNAMES|RES_DNSRCH|RES_NOIP6DOTINT) + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-linuxthreads-weak.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-linuxthreads-weak.diff @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- + linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/bits/libc-lock.h | 8 ++++++++ + 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+) + +--- a/linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/bits/libc-lock.h ++++ b/linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/bits/libc-lock.h +@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@ + + #if defined _LIBC && !defined NOT_IN_libc + #include ++#else ++/* This function is called to initialize the pthread library. */ ++/* We need a prototype before it is bellow marked as weak */ ++extern void __pthread_initialize (void); + #endif + + /* Mutex type. */ +@@ -379,8 +383,10 @@ + weak_extern (__pthread_atfork) + weak_extern (BP_SYM (_pthread_cleanup_push)) + weak_extern (BP_SYM (_pthread_cleanup_pop)) ++#ifdef __USE_GNU + weak_extern (BP_SYM (_pthread_cleanup_push_defer)) + weak_extern (BP_SYM (_pthread_cleanup_pop_restore)) ++#endif + # else + # pragma weak __pthread_mutex_init + # pragma weak __pthread_mutex_destroy +@@ -402,8 +408,10 @@ + # pragma weak __pthread_once + # pragma weak __pthread_initialize + # pragma weak __pthread_atfork ++#ifdef __USE_GNU + # pragma weak _pthread_cleanup_push_defer + # pragma weak _pthread_cleanup_pop_restore ++#endif + # pragma weak _pthread_cleanup_push + # pragma weak _pthread_cleanup_pop + # endif --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-linuxthreads-tst-sighandler.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-linuxthreads-tst-sighandler.diff @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- + linuxthreads/Makefile | 2 +- + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/linuxthreads/Makefile ++++ b/linuxthreads/Makefile +@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ + ex17 ex18 tst-cancel tst-context bug-sleep \ + tst-cancel1 tst-cancel2 tst-cancel3 tst-cancel4 tst-cancel5 \ + tst-cancel6 tst-cancel7 tst-cancel8 tst-popen tst-popen2 tst-attr1 \ +- tst-stack1 tst-align tst-tsd1 tst-sighandler1 tst-sighandler2 ++ tst-stack1 tst-align tst-tsd1 + test-srcs = tst-signal + # These tests are linked with libc before libpthread + tests-reverse += tst-cancel5 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/submitted-clock-settime.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/submitted-clock-settime.diff @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=4026 + +--- + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/clock_settime.c | 1 + + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) + +--- a/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/clock_settime.c ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/clock_settime.c +@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ + + #include + #include ++#include + + #include "kernel-posix-cpu-timers.h" + #include --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/submitted-longdouble.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/submitted-longdouble.diff @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +--- + math/Makefile | 20 ++++++++++++++------ + 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) + +--- a/math/Makefile ++++ b/math/Makefile +@@ -93,13 +93,17 @@ + tests = test-matherr test-fenv atest-exp atest-sincos atest-exp2 basic-test \ + test-misc test-fpucw tst-definitions test-tgmath test-tgmath-ret \ + bug-nextafter bug-nexttoward bug-tgmath1 test-tgmath-int +-# We do the `long double' tests only if this data type is available and +-# distinct from `double'. ++# We do the `long double' tests only if this data type is available. + test-longdouble-yes = test-ldouble test-ildoubl + distribute += $(test-longdouble-yes:=.c) + ++ifeq ($(long-double-fcts),yes) ++# If we have distinct types then enable testing. ++test-long-double-fcts = yes ++endif ++ + ifneq (no,$(PERL)) +-libm-tests = test-float test-double $(test-longdouble-$(long-double-fcts)) \ ++libm-tests = test-float test-double $(test-longdouble-$(test-long-double-fcts)) \ + test-ifloat test-idouble + libm-tests.o = $(addsuffix .o,$(libm-tests)) + +@@ -173,11 +177,15 @@ + ifneq ($(long-double-fcts),yes) + # The `double' and `long double' types are the same on this machine. + # We won't compile the `long double' code at all. Tell the `double' code +-# to define aliases for the `FUNCl' names. To avoid type conflicts in +-# defining those aliases, tell to declare the `FUNCl' names with +-# `double' instead of `long double'. ++# to define aliases for the `FUNCl' names. ++ifeq ($(header-long-double-fcts),yes) ++math-CPPFLAGS += -DNO_LONG_DOUBLE ++else ++# To avoid type conflicts in defining those aliases, tell to ++# declare the `FUNCl' names with `double' instead of `long double'. + math-CPPFLAGS += -DNO_LONG_DOUBLE -D_Mlong_double_=double + endif ++endif + + # The fdlibm code generates a lot of these warnings but is otherwise clean. + override CFLAGS += -Wno-uninitialized --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-stdio-lock.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-stdio-lock.diff @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- + bits/stdio-lock.h | 17 +++++++++++++---- + 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) + +--- a/bits/stdio-lock.h ++++ b/bits/stdio-lock.h +@@ -47,12 +47,21 @@ + + #if defined _LIBC && !defined NOT_IN_libc + # define _IO_acquire_lock(_fp) \ +- _IO_cleanup_region_start ((void (*) (void *)) _IO_funlockfile, (_fp)); \ +- _IO_flockfile (_fp) ++ { \ ++ _IO_FILE *_IO_acquire_lock_file = _fp; \ ++ __libc_cleanup_region_start (1, (void (*) (void *)) _IO_acquire_lock_fct, &_IO_acquire_lock_file); \ ++ _IO_flockfile (_IO_acquire_lock_file) ++ ++# define _IO_acquire_lock_clear_flags2(_fp) \ ++ { \ ++ _IO_FILE *_IO_acquire_lock_file = _fp; \ ++ __libc_cleanup_region_start (1, (void (*) (void *)) _IO_acquire_lock_clear_flags2_fct, &_IO_acquire_lock_file); \ ++ _IO_flockfile (_IO_acquire_lock_file) + + # define _IO_release_lock(_fp) \ +- _IO_funlockfile (_fp); \ +- _IO_cleanup_region_end (0) ++ __libc_cleanup_region_end (1); \ ++ } ++ + #endif + + #endif /* bits/stdio-lock.h */ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-nss-upgrade.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-nss-upgrade.diff @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +# DP: This patch makes future upgrades easier. It resolves problems with +# DP: running daemons having NSS modules upgraded out from under them. + +--- + nss/nsswitch.c | 17 ++++++++++++++--- + 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) + +--- a/nss/nsswitch.c ++++ b/nss/nsswitch.c +@@ -405,9 +405,20 @@ + ni->library->lib_handle = __libc_dlopen (shlib_name); + if (ni->library->lib_handle == NULL) + { +- /* Failed to load the library. */ +- ni->library->lib_handle = (void *) -1l; +- __set_errno (saved_errno); ++ /* Failed to load the library. Try a fallback. */ ++ int n = __snprintf(shlib_name, shlen, "libnss_%s.so.%d.%d", ++ ni->library->name, __GLIBC__, __GLIBC_MINOR__); ++ if (n >= shlen) ++ ni->library->lib_handle = NULL; ++ else ++ ni->library->lib_handle = __libc_dlopen (shlib_name); ++ ++ if (ni->library->lib_handle == NULL) ++ { ++ /* Ok, really fail now. */ ++ ni->library->lib_handle = (void *) -1l; ++ __set_errno (saved_errno); ++ } + } + } + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-base.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-base.diff @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +# All lines beginning with `# DP:' are a description of the patch. +# DP: Description: hjl libc-base patch + +2003-05-15 + + * elf/do-lookup.h (FCT): Try the base version, the first + version and then the default version, in that order, for + the old unversioned reference. + +--- elf/do-lookup.h.base 2003-05-15 09:29:25.000000000 -0700 ++++ elf/do-lookup.h 2003-05-15 09:24:24.000000000 -0700 +@@ -52,7 +52,8 @@ FCT (const char *undef_name, unsigned lo + const ElfW(Sym) *sym; + #if ! VERSIONED + int num_versions = 0; +- const ElfW(Sym) *versioned_sym = NULL; ++ const ElfW(Sym) *default_version = NULL; ++ const ElfW(Sym) *first_version = NULL; + #endif + + map = list[i]; +@@ -155,16 +156,29 @@ FCT (const char *undef_name, unsigned lo + public interface should be returned. */ + if (verstab != NULL) + { +- if ((verstab[symidx] & 0x7fff) +- >= ((flags & DL_LOOKUP_RETURN_NEWEST) ? 2 : 3)) ++ ElfW(Half) ndx = verstab[symidx] & 0x7fff; ++ if (ndx >= ((flags & DL_LOOKUP_RETURN_NEWEST) ? 2 : 3)) + { + /* Don't accept hidden symbols. */ + if ((verstab[symidx] & 0x8000) == 0 && num_versions++ == 0) + /* No version so far. */ +- versioned_sym = sym; ++ default_version = sym; + + continue; + } ++ if ((flags & DL_LOOKUP_RETURN_NEWEST) == 0 && ndx != 0) ++ { ++ /* ndx == 1 is the base version. We will use it for ++ old unversioned application. */ ++ if (ndx != 1) ++ { ++ /* We remember the first version and keep looking ++ for the base version. */ ++ if (ndx == 2) ++ first_version = sym; ++ continue; ++ } ++ } + } + #endif + +@@ -179,7 +193,8 @@ FCT (const char *undef_name, unsigned lo + #if VERSIONED + sym = NULL; + #else +- sym = num_versions == 1 ? versioned_sym : NULL; ++ sym = first_version ?: (num_versions == 1 ++ ? default_version : NULL); + #endif + + if (sym != NULL) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-sysctl.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-sysctl.diff @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +--- linuxthreads/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/smp.h.orig ++++ linuxthreads/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/smp.h +@@ -25,24 +25,6 @@ + static inline int + is_smp_system (void) + { +- static const int sysctl_args[] = { CTL_KERN, KERN_VERSION }; +- char buf[512]; +- size_t reslen = sizeof (buf); +- +- /* Try reading the number using `sysctl' first. */ +- if (__sysctl ((int *) sysctl_args, +- sizeof (sysctl_args) / sizeof (sysctl_args[0]), +- buf, &reslen, NULL, 0) < 0) +- { +- /* This was not successful. Now try reading the /proc filesystem. */ +- int fd = __open ("/proc/sys/kernel/version", O_RDONLY); +- if (__builtin_expect (fd, 0) == -1 +- || (reslen = __read (fd, buf, sizeof (buf))) <= 0) +- /* This also didn't work. We give up and say it's a UP machine. */ +- buf[0] = '\0'; +- +- __close (fd); +- } +- +- return strstr (buf, "SMP") != NULL; ++ /* Assume all machines are SMP and/or CMT and/or SMT. */ ++ return 1; + } +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/arm/ioperm.c.orig ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/arm/ioperm.c +@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ + + #define PATH_ARM_SYSTYPE "/etc/arm_systype" + #define PATH_CPUINFO "/proc/cpuinfo" ++#define PATH_PORTBASE "/proc/bus/isa/portbase" ++#define PATH_PORTSHIFT "/proc/bus/isa/portshift" + + #define MAX_PORT 0x10000 + +@@ -100,15 +102,25 @@ + { + char systype[256]; + int i, n; +- static int iobase_name[] = { CTL_BUS, CTL_BUS_ISA, BUS_ISA_PORT_BASE }; +- static int ioshift_name[] = { CTL_BUS, CTL_BUS_ISA, BUS_ISA_PORT_SHIFT }; ++ FILE * fp; ++ + size_t len = sizeof(io.base); + +- if (! sysctl (iobase_name, 3, &io.io_base, &len, NULL, 0) +- && ! sysctl (ioshift_name, 3, &io.shift, &len, NULL, 0)) ++ if ((fp = fopen (PATH_PORTBASE, "r"))) + { +- io.initdone = 1; +- return 0; ++ n = fscanf (fp, "%li", &io.io_base); ++ fclose(fp); ++ ++ if (n == 1 && (fp = fopen(PATH_PORTSHIFT, "r"))) ++ { ++ n = fscanf (fp, "%i", &io.shift); ++ fclose(fp); ++ if (n == 1) ++ { ++ io.initdone = 1; ++ return 0; ++ } ++ } + } + + n = readlink (PATH_ARM_SYSTYPE, systype, sizeof (systype) - 1); +@@ -127,8 +139,6 @@ + } + else + { +- FILE * fp; +- + fp = fopen (PATH_CPUINFO, "r"); + if (! fp) + return -1; --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-allocalim-header.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-allocalim-header.diff @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/check_pf.c | 2 ++ + 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) + +--- a/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/check_pf.c ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/check_pf.c +@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ + #include + #include + #include ++#include ++#include + #include + + #include --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-globfree-clear.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-globfree-clear.diff @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +# DP: Description: Workaround patch to make globfree() clear pglob->gl_pathc +# DP: Related bugs: #264884 +# DP: Dpatch author: Jeff Licquia +# DP: Patch author: Jeff Licquia +# DP: Upstream status: Not submitted +# DP: Status Details: (gotom) I think it's harmless, but I doubt it's sanity. +# It's applied for sarge LFS conformance. +# However my test does not show any problems. Moreover, +# if gl_pathv is not cleared after GLOB_ABORTED under +# gl_pathc == 0, it's glob() bug. +# This patch should be reconsidered to apply after sarge. +# DP: Date: 2004-07-22 + +--- glibc-2.3.2-old/sysdeps/generic/glob.c 2004-07-26 17:49:07.000000000 -0400 ++++ glibc-2.3.2/sysdeps/generic/glob.c 2004-07-26 17:51:14.000000000 -0400 +@@ -1105,6 +1105,8 @@ + if (pglob->gl_pathv[pglob->gl_offs + i] != NULL) + free ((__ptr_t) pglob->gl_pathv[pglob->gl_offs + i]); + free ((__ptr_t) pglob->gl_pathv); ++ pglob->gl_pathc = 0; ++ pglob->gl_pathv = NULL; + } + } + #if defined _LIBC && !defined globfree --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-libgcc-compat-ports.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-libgcc-compat-ports.diff @@ -0,0 +1,153 @@ +# DP: Description: libgcc-compat symbols for mips, arm, m68k +# DP: Author: Guido Guenther, GOTO Masanori +# DP: Upstream status: Not submitted +# DP: Date: 2002-10-13, updated 2006-08-27 + +--- + ports/sysdeps/arm/Makefile | 7 + + ports/sysdeps/arm/Versions | 16 ++++ + ports/sysdeps/arm/libgcc-compat.c | 111 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/arm/Makefile +@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ ++ifeq ($(subdir),csu) ++ifeq (yes,$(build-shared)) ++# Compatibility ++sysdep_routines += libgcc-compat ++shared-only-routines += libgcc-compat ++endif ++endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/arm/Versions +@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ ++libc { ++ GLIBC_2.0 { ++ # Functions from libgcc. ++ __ashldi3; __ashrdi3; ++ __cmpdi2; ++ __divsi3; ++ __fixdfdi; ++ __floatdidf; ++ __floatdisf; ++ __modsi3; ++ __muldi3; ++ __ucmpdi2; ++ __udivsi3; ++ __umodsi3; ++ } ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/arm/libgcc-compat.c +@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ ++/* pre-.hidden libgcc compatibility ++ Copyright (C) 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by GOTO Masanori ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libc, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_2_6) ++ ++extern int64_t __ashldi3 (int64_t, int32_t); ++int64_t __ashldi3_internal (int64_t u, int32_t b) ++{ ++ return __ashldi3 (u, b); ++} ++symbol_version (__ashldi3_internal, __ashldi3, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++extern int64_t __ashrdi3 (int64_t, int32_t); ++int32_t __ashrdi3_internal (int64_t u, int32_t b) ++{ ++ return __ashrdi3 (u, b); ++} ++symbol_version (__ashrdi3_internal, __ashrdi3, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++extern int32_t __cmpdi2 (int64_t, int64_t); ++int32_t __cmpdi2_internal (int64_t u, int64_t v) ++{ ++ return __cmpdi2 (u, v); ++} ++symbol_version (__cmpdi2_internal, __cmpdi2, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++extern int32_t __divsi3 (int32_t, int32_t); ++int32_t __divsi3_internal (int32_t u, int32_t v) ++{ ++ return __divsi3 (u, v); ++} ++symbol_version (__divsi3_internal, __divsi3, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++extern int64_t __fixdfdi (double); ++int64_t __fixdfdi_internal (double d) ++{ ++ return __fixdfdi (d); ++} ++symbol_version (__fixdfdi_internal, __fixdfdi, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++extern double __floatdidf (int64_t); ++double __floatdidf_internal (int64_t u) ++{ ++ return __floatdidf (u); ++} ++symbol_version (__floatdidf_internal, __floatdidf, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++extern float __floatdisf (int64_t); ++float __floatdisf_internal (int64_t u) ++{ ++ return __floatdisf (u); ++} ++symbol_version (__floatdisf_internal, __floatdisf, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++extern int32_t __modsi3 (int32_t, int32_t); ++int32_t __modsi3_internal (int32_t u, int32_t v) ++{ ++ return __modsi3 (u, v); ++} ++symbol_version (__modsi3_internal, __modsi3, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++extern int64_t __muldi3 (int64_t, int64_t); ++int64_t __muldi3_internal (int64_t u, int64_t v) ++{ ++ return __muldi3 (u, v); ++} ++symbol_version (__muldi3_internal, __muldi3, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++extern int32_t __ucmpdi2 (int64_t, int64_t); ++int32_t __ucmpdi2_internal (int64_t u, int64_t v) ++{ ++ return __ucmpdi2 (u, v); ++} ++symbol_version (__ucmpdi2_internal, __ucmpdi2, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++extern int32_t __udivsi3 (int32_t, int32_t); ++int32_t __udivsi3_internal (int32_t u, int32_t v) ++{ ++ return __udivsi3 (u, v); ++} ++symbol_version (__udivsi3_internal, __udivsi3, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++extern int32_t __umodsi3 (int32_t, int32_t); ++int32_t __umodsi3_internal (int32_t u, int32_t v) ++{ ++ return __umodsi3 (u, v); ++} ++symbol_version (__umodsi3_internal, __umodsi3, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++#endif --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-asserth-decls.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-asserth-decls.diff @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +# DP: Description: /usr/include/assert.h +# DP: One must be allowed to include multiple times with different +# DP: values for NDEBUG, so the file is not protected against multiple +# DP: inclusions. Unfortunately this means that the declarations for +# DP: __assert_fail() and the like may occur multiple times in a compilation +# DP: unit, causing gcc to issue a batch of warnings. +# DP: I believe this can be fixed by protecting the declarations (but only +# DP: those declarations) against repetition. +# DP: Author: Jeroen T. Vermeulen +# DP: Upstream status: Not submitted +# DP: Status Details: Plan to submit +# DP: Date: 2003-01-01 + +--- + assert/assert.h | 3 +++ + 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+) + +--- a/assert/assert.h ++++ b/assert/assert.h +@@ -63,6 +63,8 @@ + + #else /* Not NDEBUG. */ + ++#ifndef _ASSERT_H_DECLS ++#define _ASSERT_H_DECLS + __BEGIN_DECLS + + /* This prints an "Assertion failed" message and aborts. */ +@@ -84,6 +86,7 @@ + + + __END_DECLS ++#endif /* Not _ASSERT_H_DECLS */ + + # define assert(expr) \ + ((expr) \ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/submitted-futex_robust_pi.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/submitted-futex_robust_pi.diff @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ +2009-09-27 Aurelien Jarno + + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/kernel-features.h + (__ASSUME_SET_ROBUST_LIST): Update per-arch conditions when + each feature was introduced. (__ASSUME_FUTEX_LOCK_PI): Ditto. + +--- + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/arm/kernel-features.h | 10 +++++++ + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/kernel-features.h | 10 +++++++ + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/mips/kernel-features.h | 11 ++++++++ + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/kernel-features.h | 26 +++++++++++++------ + 4 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/kernel-features.h ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/kernel-features.h +@@ -454,11 +454,16 @@ + # define __ASSUME_ATFCTS 1 + #endif + +-/* Support for inter-process robust mutexes was added in 2.6.17. */ +-#if __LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x020611 \ +- && ((!defined __sh__ && !defined __alpha__) \ +- || (__LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x020613 && defined __sh__) \ +- || (__LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x020617 && defined __alpha__)) ++/* Support for inter-process robust mutexes was added in 2.6.17 on i386, ++ powerpc and s390. It was added in 2.6.18 on s390 and sparc64, 2.6.19 on ++ ia64 and 2.6.23 on sh. */ ++#if (__LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x020611 && defined __i386__) \ ++ || (__LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x020611 && defined __powerpc__) \ ++ || (__LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x020612 && defined __s390__) \ ++ || (__LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x020612 && defined __sparc__ && __arch64__) \ ++ || (__LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x020611 && defined __x86_64__) \ ++ || (__LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x020613 && defined __ia64__) \ ++ || (__LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x020617 && defined __sh__) + # define __ASSUME_SET_ROBUST_LIST 1 + #endif + +@@ -469,8 +474,15 @@ + # define __ASSUME_COMPLETE_READV_WRITEV 1 + #endif + +-/* Support for PI futexes was added in 2.6.18. */ +-#if __LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x020612 ++/* Support for PI futexes was added in 2.6.18 on i386, powerpc, s390, sparc64 ++ x86_64. It was added in 2.6.19 on ia64 and in 2.6.23 on sh. */ ++#if (__LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x020612 && defined __i386__) \ ++ || (__LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x020612 && defined __powerpc__) \ ++ || (__LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x020612 && defined __s390__) \ ++ || (__LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x020612 && defined __sparc__ && __arch64__) \ ++ || (__LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x020612 && defined __x86_64__) \ ++ || (__LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x020613 && defined __ia64__) \ ++ || (__LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x020617 && defined __sh__) + # define __ASSUME_FUTEX_LOCK_PI 1 + #endif + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/arm/kernel-features.h ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/arm/kernel-features.h +@@ -51,6 +51,16 @@ + # define __ASSUME_SIGFRAME_V2 1 + #endif + ++/* Support for inter-process robust mutexes was added in 2.6.28. */ ++#if __LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 132636 ++ # define __ASSUME_SET_ROBUST_LIST 1 ++#endif ++ ++/* Support for PI futexes was added in 2.6.28. */ ++#if __LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 132636 ++ # define __ASSUME_FUTEX_LOCK_PI 1 ++#endif ++ + #include_next + + /* These syscalls are not implemented yet for ARM. */ +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/kernel-features.h ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/kernel-features.h +@@ -36,4 +36,14 @@ + # define __ASSUME_LWS_CAS 1 + #endif + ++/* Support for inter-process robust mutexes was added in 2.6.19 */ ++#if __LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x020613 ++ # define __ASSUME_SET_ROBUST_LIST 1 ++#endif ++ ++/* Support for PI futexes was added in 2.6.19 */ ++#if __LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x020613 ++ # define __ASSUME_FUTEX_LOCK_PI 1 ++#endif ++ + #include_next +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/mips/kernel-features.h ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/mips/kernel-features.h +@@ -31,4 +31,15 @@ + # define __ASSUME_FCNTL64 1 + #endif + ++/* Support for inter-process robust mutexes was added in 2.6.18. */ ++#if __LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 132626 ++ # define __ASSUME_SET_ROBUST_LIST 1 ++#endif ++ ++ ++/* Support for PI futexes was added in 2.6.18. */ ++#if __LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION >= 132626 ++ # define __ASSUME_FUTEX_LOCK_PI 1 ++#endif ++ + #include_next --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/cvs-getaddrinfo-nss-notfound.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/cvs-getaddrinfo-nss-notfound.diff @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + 2009-07-25 Ulrich Drepper + + [BZ #10448] + * sysdeps/posix/getaddrinfo.c (gaih_inet): If NSS module contains no + callback we must touch the status to avoid using stale value. + +--- + sysdeps/posix/getaddrinfo.c | 2 ++ + 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) + +--- a/sysdeps/posix/getaddrinfo.c ++++ b/sysdeps/posix/getaddrinfo.c +@@ -833,6 +833,8 @@ + && inet6_status != NSS_STATUS_UNAVAIL) + status = inet6_status; + } ++ else ++ status = NSS_STATUS_UNAVAIL; + } + + if (nss_next_action (nip, status) == NSS_ACTION_RETURN) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-csu-init.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-csu-init.diff @@ -0,0 +1,132 @@ +2009-04-01 Carlos O'Donell + + * csu/init.c: Rename to ... + * csu/csu-init.c: ... here. + * csu/Makefile: Use csu-init. + * Version.def: Add GLIBC_2.9. + +Index: Versions.def +=================================================================== +RCS file: /cvs/glibc/libc/Versions.def,v +retrieving revision 1.74 +diff -u -p -r1.74 Versions.def +--- a/Versions.def 3 Dec 2008 04:19:06 -0000 1.74 ++++ b/Versions.def 2 Apr 2009 02:36:54 -0000 +@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ libpthread { + GLIBC_2.3.4 + GLIBC_2.4 + GLIBC_2.6 ++ GLIBC_2.9 + GLIBC_PRIVATE + } + libresolv { +Index: csu/init.c +=================================================================== +RCS file: csu/init.c +diff -N csu/init.c +--- a/csu/init.c 6 Jul 2001 04:54:45 -0000 1.4 ++++ /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000 +@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@ +-/* Special startup support. +- Copyright (C) 1997, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +- This file is part of the GNU C Library. +- +- The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or +- modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public +- License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either +- version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. +- +- The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +- Lesser General Public License for more details. +- +- You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public +- License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free +- Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA +- 02111-1307 USA. */ +- +-#if defined USE_IN_LIBIO && defined __GNUC__ && __GNUC__ >= 2 +- +-#include <_G_config.h> +- +-/* This records which stdio is linked against in the application. */ +-const int _IO_stdin_used = _G_IO_IO_FILE_VERSION; +- +-#endif +Index: csu/csu-init.c +=================================================================== +RCS file: csu/csu-init.c +diff -N csu/csu-init.c +--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000 ++++ b/csu/csu-init.c 2 Apr 2009 02:36:55 -0000 +@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ ++/* Special startup support. ++ Copyright (C) 1997, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#if defined USE_IN_LIBIO && defined __GNUC__ && __GNUC__ >= 2 ++ ++#include <_G_config.h> ++ ++/* This records which stdio is linked against in the application. */ ++const int _IO_stdin_used = _G_IO_IO_FILE_VERSION; ++ ++#endif +Index: csu/Makefile +=================================================================== +RCS file: /cvs/glibc/libc/csu/Makefile,v +retrieving revision 1.79 +diff -u -p -r1.79 Makefile +--- a/csu/Makefile 1 Mar 2006 10:35:47 -0000 1.79 ++++ b/csu/Makefile 2 Apr 2009 02:36:55 -0000 +@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ omit-deps = $(patsubst %.o,%,$(start-ins + S$(start-installed-name)) + install-lib = $(start-installed-name) g$(start-installed-name) $(csu-dummies) + distribute = initfini.c gmon-start.c start.c defs.awk \ +- abi-note.S init.c c not-cancel.h ++ abi-note.S csu-init.c c not-cancel.h + generated = version-info.h + before-compile = $(objpfx)version-info.h + +@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ $(objpfx)defs.h: $(objpfx)initfini.s + endif + + ifeq (yes,$(elf)) +-extra-objs += abi-note.o init.o ++extra-objs += abi-note.o csu-init.o + asm-CPPFLAGS += -I$(objpfx). + endif + +@@ -143,13 +143,13 @@ ifeq (yes,$(elf)) + # We link the ELF startfile along with a SHT_NOTE section indicating + # the kernel ABI the binaries linked with this library will require. + $(objpfx)$(start-installed-name): $(objpfx)start.o $(objpfx)abi-note.o \ +- $(objpfx)init.o ++ $(objpfx)csu-init.o + $(link-relocatable) + $(objpfx)S$(start-installed-name): $(objpfx)start.os $(objpfx)abi-note.o \ +- $(objpfx)init.o ++ $(objpfx)csu-init.o + $(link-relocatable) + $(objpfx)b$(start-installed-name): $(objpfx)start.ob $(objpfx)abi-note.ob \ +- $(objpfx)init.ob ++ $(objpfx)csu-init.ob + $(link-relocatable) + else + # The startfile is installed under different names, so we just call our --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-fhs-linux-paths.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-fhs-linux-paths.diff @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +# DP: Description: Correct linux paths for FHS +# DP: Author: Unknown +# DP: Upstream status: Debian-Specific +# DP: Status Details: GNU doesn't follow the FHS. +# DP: Date: Unknown + +--- + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/paths.h | 2 +- + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/paths.h ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/paths.h +@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ + /* Provide trailing slash, since mostly used for building pathnames. */ + #define _PATH_DEV "/dev/" + #define _PATH_TMP "/tmp/" +-#define _PATH_VARDB "/var/db/" ++#define _PATH_VARDB "/var/lib/misc/" + #define _PATH_VARRUN "/var/run/" + #define _PATH_VARTMP "/var/tmp/" + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-ldso-disable-hwcap.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-ldso-disable-hwcap.diff @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +# DP: Allow hwcap's to be disabled with the existence of a file. This +# DP: makes it easier to do upgrades with optimized (hwcap) library +# DP: packages. +# DP: Author: Rewritten by Daniel Jacobowitz +# DP: Upstream status: Debian-Specific +# DP: Status Details: This isn't going to be acceptable upstream, we +# DP: only need it because we support in-place upgrades. +# DP: Date: 2003-10-28, (Updated 2005-01-02 gotom, 2007-05-20 aurel32) + +--- + elf/dl-cache.c | 6 ++++++ + elf/dl-sysdep.c | 21 +++++++++++++++++++-- + 2 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) + +--- a/elf/dl-sysdep.c ++++ b/elf/dl-sysdep.c +@@ -416,6 +416,20 @@ + /* For TLS enabled builds always add 'tls'. */ + ++cnt; + ++ if (__access ("/etc/ld.so.nohwcap", F_OK) == 0) ++ { ++ /* If hwcap is disabled, we only have the base directory to search. */ ++ result = (struct r_strlenpair *) malloc (sizeof (*result)); ++ if (result == NULL) ++ goto no_memory; ++ ++ result[0].str = (char *) result; /* Does not really matter. */ ++ result[0].len = 0; ++ ++ *sz = 1; ++ return result; ++ } ++ + /* Create temporary data structure to generate result table. */ + temp = (struct r_strlenpair *) alloca (cnt * sizeof (*temp)); + m = 0; +@@ -490,8 +504,11 @@ + *sz = 1 << cnt; + result = (struct r_strlenpair *) malloc (*sz * sizeof (*result) + total); + if (result == NULL) +- _dl_signal_error (ENOMEM, NULL, NULL, +- N_("cannot create capability list")); ++ { ++ no_memory: ++ _dl_signal_error (ENOMEM, NULL, NULL, ++ N_("cannot create capability list")); ++ } + + if (cnt == 1) + { +--- a/elf/dl-cache.c ++++ b/elf/dl-cache.c +@@ -244,6 +244,7 @@ + if (cache_new != (void *) -1) + { + uint64_t platform; ++ int disable_hwcap = 0; + + /* This is where the strings start. */ + cache_data = (const char *) cache_new; +@@ -255,11 +256,16 @@ + if (platform != (uint64_t) -1) + platform = 1ULL << platform; + ++ if (__access ("/etc/ld.so.nohwcap", F_OK) == 0) ++ disable_hwcap = 1; ++ + /* Only accept hwcap if it's for the right platform. */ + #define _DL_HWCAP_TLS_MASK (1LL << 63) + #define HWCAP_CHECK \ + if (GLRO(dl_osversion) && lib->osversion > GLRO(dl_osversion)) \ + continue; \ ++ if (disable_hwcap && lib->hwcap != 0) \ ++ continue; \ + if (_DL_PLATFORMS_COUNT \ + && (lib->hwcap & _DL_HWCAP_PLATFORM) != 0 \ + && (lib->hwcap & _DL_HWCAP_PLATFORM) != platform) \ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/submitted-libgcc_s.so.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/submitted-libgcc_s.so.diff @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- + sysdeps/generic/framestate.c | 6 +++++- + 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/generic/framestate.c ++++ b/sysdeps/generic/framestate.c +@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@ + #include + #undef __frame_state_for + ++#ifndef LIBGCC_S_SO ++#define LIBGCC_S_SO "libgcc_s.so.1" ++#endif ++ + typedef struct frame_state * (*framesf)(void *pc, struct frame_state *); + struct frame_state *__frame_state_for (void *pc, + struct frame_state *frame_state); +@@ -36,7 +40,7 @@ + + if (frame_state_for == NULL) + { +- void *handle = __libc_dlopen ("libgcc_s.so.1"); ++ void *handle = __libc_dlopen (LIBGCC_S_SO); + + if (handle == NULL + || (frame_state_for --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-linuxthreads-fd.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-linuxthreads-fd.diff @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- + linuxthreads/pthread.c | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++ + 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+) + +--- a/linuxthreads/pthread.c ++++ b/linuxthreads/pthread.c +@@ -662,6 +662,29 @@ + free(__pthread_manager_thread_bos); + return -1; + } ++ /* Make sure the file descriptors of the pipe doesn't collide ++ with stdin, stdout or stderr if they have been closed. */ ++ if (manager_pipe[0] < 3) { ++ int new_fd; ++ new_fd = fcntl(manager_pipe[0], F_DUPFD, 3); ++ close(manager_pipe[0]); ++ if (new_fd == -1) { ++ free(__pthread_manager_thread_bos); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ manager_pipe[0] = new_fd; ++ } ++ if (manager_pipe[1] < 3) { ++ int new_fd; ++ new_fd = fcntl(manager_pipe[1], F_DUPFD, 3); ++ close(manager_pipe[1]); ++ if (new_fd == -1) { ++ close(manager_pipe[0]); ++ free(__pthread_manager_thread_bos); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ manager_pipe[1] = new_fd; ++ } + + #ifdef USE_TLS + /* Allocate memory for the thread descriptor and the dtv. */ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-linuxthreads-defines.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-linuxthreads-defines.diff @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + + linuxthreads still uses these defines + apply only for glibc 2.6 and above + +--- + config.make.in | 5 +++++ + 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+) + +--- a/config.make.in ++++ b/config.make.in +@@ -40,6 +40,11 @@ + all-warnings = @all_warnings@ + + elf = @elf@ ++have-protected = yes ++have-z-nodelete = yes ++have-z-nodlopen = yes ++have-z-initfirst = yes ++have-z-relro = yes + have-z-combreloc = @libc_cv_z_combreloc@ + have-z-execstack = @libc_cv_z_execstack@ + have-initfini = @libc_cv_have_initfini@ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/submitted-nis-netgrp.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/submitted-nis-netgrp.diff @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +This assertion breaks applications if they redefine malloc/free functions, +malloc_usable_size may then report wrong values. This is true for instance +with bash, whereas bash-static works fine because it does not use its own +wrapper functions. See #322011 and merged bugs. + +# DP: Dpatch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Patch author: Denis Barbier +# DP: Upstream status: BZ692 +# DP: Date: 2006-01-12 + + +--- + nis/nss_nis/nis-netgrp.c | 5 ++++- + 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/nis/nss_nis/nis-netgrp.c ++++ b/nis/nss_nis/nis-netgrp.c +@@ -72,7 +72,10 @@ + and the last byte is filled with NUL. So we can simply + use that buffer. */ + assert (len >= 0); +- assert (malloc_usable_size (netgrp->data) >= len + 1); ++ /* Call to malloc_usable_size disabled, this breaks if applications ++ redefine malloc/free with a different implementation. ++ This assert is always true, see yp_match. */ ++ /* assert (malloc_usable_size (netgrp->data) >= len + 1); */ + assert (netgrp->data[len] == '\0'); + + netgrp->data_size = len; --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-mktemp.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-mktemp.diff @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- + misc/mktemp.c | 2 +- + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/misc/mktemp.c ++++ b/misc/mktemp.c +@@ -33,4 +33,4 @@ + return template; + } + +-link_warning (mktemp, "the use of `mktemp' is dangerous, better use `mkstemp'") ++link_warning (mktemp, "the use of `mktemp' is dangerous, better use `mkstemp' or `mkdtemp'") --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-localedef-fix-trampoline.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-localedef-fix-trampoline.diff @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +# DP: Description: Fix localedef segfault when run under exec-shield, +# PaX or similar. (#231438, #198099) +# DP: Dpatch Author: James Troup +# DP: Patch Author: (probably) Jakub Jelinek +# DP: Upstream status: Unknown +# DP: Status Details: Unknown +# DP: Date: 2004-03-16 + +--- + locale/programs/3level.h | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+) + +--- a/locale/programs/3level.h ++++ b/locale/programs/3level.h +@@ -201,6 +201,42 @@ + } + } + } ++ ++/* GCC ATM seems to do a poor job with pointers to nested functions passed ++ to inlined functions. Help it a little bit with this hack. */ ++#define wchead_table_iterate(tp, fn) \ ++do \ ++ { \ ++ struct wchead_table *t = (tp); \ ++ uint32_t index1; \ ++ for (index1 = 0; index1 < t->level1_size; index1++) \ ++ { \ ++ uint32_t lookup1 = t->level1[index1]; \ ++ if (lookup1 != ((uint32_t) ~0)) \ ++ { \ ++ uint32_t lookup1_shifted = lookup1 << t->q; \ ++ uint32_t index2; \ ++ for (index2 = 0; index2 < (1 << t->q); index2++) \ ++ { \ ++ uint32_t lookup2 = t->level2[index2 + lookup1_shifted]; \ ++ if (lookup2 != ((uint32_t) ~0)) \ ++ { \ ++ uint32_t lookup2_shifted = lookup2 << t->p; \ ++ uint32_t index3; \ ++ for (index3 = 0; index3 < (1 << t->p); index3++) \ ++ { \ ++ struct element_t *lookup3 \ ++ = t->level3[index3 + lookup2_shifted]; \ ++ if (lookup3 != NULL) \ ++ fn ((((index1 << t->q) + index2) << t->p) + index3, \ ++ lookup3); \ ++ } \ ++ } \ ++ } \ ++ } \ ++ } \ ++ } while (0) ++ + #endif + + #ifndef NO_FINALIZE --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-dynamic-resolvconf.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-dynamic-resolvconf.diff @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +# All lines beginning with `# DP:' are a description of the patch. +# DP: Description: allow dynamic long-running processes to +# DP: re-read a dynamically updated resolv.conf on the fly +# DP: Dpatch author: Adam Conrad +# DP: Patch author: Thorsten Kukuk +# DP: Upstream status: Ubuntu-Specific +# DP: Date: 2006-01-13 08:14:21 UTC + +--- + resolv/res_libc.c | 11 +++++++++-- + 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) + +--- a/resolv/res_libc.c ++++ b/resolv/res_libc.c +@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ + #include + #include + #include +- ++#include + + /* The following bit is copied from res_data.c (where it is #ifdef'ed + out) since res_init() should go into libc.so but the rest of that +@@ -94,8 +94,15 @@ + int + __res_maybe_init (res_state resp, int preinit) + { ++ static time_t last_mtime; ++ struct stat statbuf; ++ int ret; ++ + if (resp->options & RES_INIT) { +- if (__res_initstamp != resp->_u._ext.initstamp) { ++ ret = stat (_PATH_RESCONF, &statbuf); ++ if ((__res_initstamp != resp->_u._ext.initstamp) ++ || ((ret == 0) && (last_mtime != statbuf.st_mtime))) { ++ last_mtime = statbuf.st_mtime; + if (resp->nscount > 0) + __res_iclose (resp, true); + return __res_vinit (resp, 1); --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-linuxthreads-signals.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-linuxthreads-signals.diff @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- + linuxthreads/signals.c | 2 ++ + 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) + +--- a/linuxthreads/signals.c ++++ b/linuxthreads/signals.c +@@ -99,9 +99,11 @@ + if (act->sa_handler != SIG_IGN && act->sa_handler != SIG_DFL + && sig > 0 && sig < NSIG) + { ++#if !defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__) + if (act->sa_flags & SA_SIGINFO) + newact.sa_handler = (__sighandler_t) __pthread_sighandler_rt; + else ++#endif + newact.sa_handler = (__sighandler_t) __pthread_sighandler; + if (old == SIG_IGN || old == SIG_DFL || old == SIG_ERR) + __sighandler[sig].old = (arch_sighandler_t) act->sa_handler; --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/submitted-fileops-and-signals.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/submitted-fileops-and-signals.diff @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +Index: glibc-2.7/libio/fileops.c +=================================================================== +--- glibc-2.7.orig/libio/fileops.c 2007-10-23 08:46:13.000000000 -0400 ++++ glibc-2.7/libio/fileops.c 2007-10-23 08:50:51.000000000 -0400 +@@ -522,10 +522,19 @@ + fp->_cur_column = INTUSE(_IO_adjust_column) (fp->_cur_column - 1, data, + count) + 1; + _IO_setg (fp, fp->_IO_buf_base, fp->_IO_buf_base, fp->_IO_buf_base); +- fp->_IO_write_base = fp->_IO_write_ptr = fp->_IO_buf_base; +- fp->_IO_write_end = (fp->_mode <= 0 ++ if (__builtin_expect (count == to_do, 1)) ++ { ++ fp->_IO_write_base = fp->_IO_write_ptr = fp->_IO_buf_base; ++ fp->_IO_write_end = (fp->_mode <= 0 + && (fp->_flags & (_IO_LINE_BUF+_IO_UNBUFFERED)) + ? fp->_IO_buf_base : fp->_IO_buf_end); ++ } ++ else if (count > 0 && fp->_IO_write_base == data) ++ { ++ memmove (data, data+count, ++ fp->_IO_write_ptr - fp->_IO_write_base - count); ++ fp->_IO_write_ptr -= count; ++ } + return count; + } + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-linuxthreads-lowlevellock.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-linuxthreads-lowlevellock.diff @@ -0,0 +1,160 @@ +--- + linuxthreads/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/rtld-lowlevel.h | 153 +++++++++++++++++++ + 1 file changed, 153 insertions(+) + +--- /dev/null ++++ b/linuxthreads/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/rtld-lowlevel.h +@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@ ++/* Defintions for lowlevel handling in ld.so. ++ Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _RTLD_LOWLEVEL_H ++#define _RTLD_LOWLEVEL_H 1 ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++ ++/* Special multi-reader lock used in ld.so. */ ++#define __RTLD_MRLOCK_WRITER 1 ++#define __RTLD_MRLOCK_RWAIT 2 ++#define __RTLD_MRLOCK_WWAIT 4 ++#define __RTLD_MRLOCK_RBITS \ ++ ~(__RTLD_MRLOCK_WRITER | __RTLD_MRLOCK_RWAIT | __RTLD_MRLOCK_WWAIT) ++#define __RTLD_MRLOCK_INC 8 ++#define __RTLD_MRLOCK_TRIES 5 ++ ++ ++typedef int __rtld_mrlock_t; ++ ++ ++#define __rtld_mrlock_define(CLASS,NAME) \ ++ CLASS __rtld_mrlock_t NAME; ++ ++ ++#define _RTLD_MRLOCK_INITIALIZER 0 ++#define __rtld_mrlock_initialize(NAME) \ ++ (void) ((NAME) = 0) ++ ++ ++#define __rtld_mrlock_lock(lock) \ ++ do { \ ++ __label__ out; \ ++ while (1) \ ++ { \ ++ int oldval; \ ++ for (int tries = 0; tries < __RTLD_MRLOCK_TRIES; ++tries) \ ++ { \ ++ oldval = lock; \ ++ while (__builtin_expect ((oldval \ ++ & (__RTLD_MRLOCK_WRITER \ ++ | __RTLD_MRLOCK_WWAIT)) \ ++ == 0, 1)) \ ++ { \ ++ int newval = ((oldval & __RTLD_MRLOCK_RBITS) \ ++ + __RTLD_MRLOCK_INC); \ ++ int ret = atomic_compare_and_exchange_val_acq (&(lock), \ ++ newval, \ ++ oldval); \ ++ if (__builtin_expect (ret == oldval, 1)) \ ++ goto out; \ ++ oldval = ret; \ ++ } \ ++ atomic_delay (); \ ++ } \ ++ if ((oldval & __RTLD_MRLOCK_RWAIT) == 0) \ ++ { \ ++ atomic_or (&(lock), __RTLD_MRLOCK_RWAIT); \ ++ oldval |= __RTLD_MRLOCK_RWAIT; \ ++ } \ ++ lll_futex_wait (lock, oldval); \ ++ } \ ++ out:; \ ++ } while (0) ++ ++ ++#define __rtld_mrlock_unlock(lock) \ ++ do { \ ++ int oldval = atomic_exchange_and_add (&(lock), -__RTLD_MRLOCK_INC); \ ++ if (__builtin_expect ((oldval \ ++ & (__RTLD_MRLOCK_RBITS | __RTLD_MRLOCK_WWAIT)) \ ++ == (__RTLD_MRLOCK_INC | __RTLD_MRLOCK_WWAIT), 0)) \ ++ /* We have to wake all threads since there might be some queued \ ++ readers already. */ \ ++ lll_futex_wake (&(lock), 0x7fffffff); \ ++ } while (0) ++ ++ ++/* There can only ever be one thread trying to get the exclusive lock. */ ++#define __rtld_mrlock_change(lock) \ ++ do { \ ++ __label__ out; \ ++ while (1) \ ++ { \ ++ int oldval; \ ++ for (int tries = 0; tries < __RTLD_MRLOCK_TRIES; ++tries) \ ++ { \ ++ oldval = lock; \ ++ while (__builtin_expect ((oldval & __RTLD_MRLOCK_RBITS) == 0, 1)) \ ++ { \ ++ int newval = ((oldval & __RTLD_MRLOCK_RWAIT) \ ++ + __RTLD_MRLOCK_WRITER); \ ++ int ret = atomic_compare_and_exchange_val_acq (&(lock), \ ++ newval, \ ++ oldval); \ ++ if (__builtin_expect (ret == oldval, 1)) \ ++ goto out; \ ++ oldval = ret; \ ++ } \ ++ atomic_delay (); \ ++ } \ ++ atomic_or (&(lock), __RTLD_MRLOCK_WWAIT); \ ++ oldval |= __RTLD_MRLOCK_WWAIT; \ ++ lll_futex_wait (lock, oldval); \ ++ } \ ++ out:; \ ++ } while (0) ++ ++ ++#define __rtld_mrlock_done(lock) \ ++ do { \ ++ int oldval = atomic_exchange_and_add (&(lock), -__RTLD_MRLOCK_WRITER); \ ++ if (__builtin_expect ((oldval & __RTLD_MRLOCK_RWAIT) != 0, 0)) \ ++ lll_futex_wake (&(lock), 0x7fffffff); \ ++ } while (0) ++ ++ ++/* Function to wait for variable become zero. Used in ld.so for ++ reference counters. */ ++#define __rtld_waitzero(word) \ ++ do { \ ++ while (1) \ ++ { \ ++ int val = word; \ ++ if (val == 0) \ ++ break; \ ++ lll_futex_wait (&(word), val); \ ++ } \ ++ } while (0) ++ ++ ++#define __rtld_notify(word) \ ++ lll_futex_wake (&(word), 1) ++ ++#endif --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-disable-test-tgmath2.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-disable-test-tgmath2.diff @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- + math/Makefile | 2 +- + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/math/Makefile ++++ b/math/Makefile +@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ + # Rules for the test suite. + tests = test-matherr test-fenv atest-exp atest-sincos atest-exp2 basic-test \ + test-misc test-fpucw tst-definitions test-tgmath test-tgmath-ret \ +- bug-nextafter bug-nexttoward bug-tgmath1 test-tgmath-int test-tgmath2 ++ bug-nextafter bug-nexttoward bug-tgmath1 test-tgmath-int + # We do the `long double' tests only if this data type is available and + # distinct from `double'. + test-longdouble-yes = test-ldouble test-ildoubl --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-disable-gethostbyname4.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-disable-gethostbyname4.diff @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=459756 + +--- a/resolv/Versions ++++ b/resolv/Versions +@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ + _nss_dns_gethostbyname_r; _nss_dns_getnetbyaddr_r; + _nss_dns_getnetbyname_r; _nss_dns_getcanonname_r; + _nss_dns_gethostbyaddr2_r; +- _nss_dns_gethostbyname4_r; ++# _nss_dns_gethostbyname4_r; + } + } + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-ld-multiarch.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-ld-multiarch.diff @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +2005-01-20 Tollef Fog Heen + + * Makeconfig: add multiarch support + +--- + Makeconfig | 9 +++++++++ + 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+) + +--- a/Makeconfig ++++ b/Makeconfig +@@ -191,6 +191,11 @@ + endif + inst_libdir = $(install_root)$(libdir) + ++# Extra places to look for libraries ++ifndef extra_libdir ++extra_libdir = /lib/$(config-machine)-$(config-os):$(exec_prefix)/lib/$(config-machine)-$(config-os) ++endif ++ + # Where to install the shared library and dynamic linker. + ifndef slibdir + slibdir = $(exec_prefix)/lib +@@ -501,6 +506,10 @@ + default-rpath = $(libdir) + endif + ++ifdef extra_libdir ++default-rpath += :$(extra_libdir) ++endif ++ + ifndef link-extra-libs + link-extra-libs = $(LDLIBS-$(@F)) + link-extra-libs-static = $(link-extra-libs) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/submitted-accept4-hidden.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/submitted-accept4-hidden.diff @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +2009-05-23 Aurelien Jarno + + * socket/accept4.c (accept4): Remove libc_hidden_def. + +--- + socket/accept4.c | 2 -- + 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) + +--- a/socket/accept4.c ++++ b/socket/accept4.c +@@ -35,8 +35,6 @@ + __set_errno (ENOSYS); + return -1; + } +-libc_hidden_def (accept4) +- + + stub_warning (accept4) + #include --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-libgcc-compat-main.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-libgcc-compat-main.diff @@ -0,0 +1,889 @@ +# DP: Description: libgcc-compat symbols for i386, sparc, +# alpha, ia64 (derived from RedHat's), s390 +# DP: Author: Guido Guenther, GOTO Masanori +# DP: Upstream status: Not submitted +# DP: Date: 2002-10-13, updated 2006-05-28 + +--- + sysdeps/i386/Makefile | 5 + sysdeps/i386/Versions | 3 + sysdeps/i386/libgcc-compat.c | 75 +++++++ + sysdeps/ia64/Makefile | 4 + sysdeps/ia64/Versions | 4 + sysdeps/ia64/ia64libgcc.S | 350 ---------------------------------- + sysdeps/ia64/libgcc-compat.c | 112 ++++++++++ + sysdeps/s390/s390-32/Makefile | 8 + sysdeps/s390/s390-32/Versions | 8 + sysdeps/s390/s390-32/libgcc-compat.c | 83 ++++++++ + sysdeps/sparc/sparc32/Makefile | 8 + sysdeps/sparc/sparc32/Versions | 4 + sysdeps/sparc/sparc32/libgcc-compat.c | 121 +++++++++++ + 13 files changed, 433 insertions(+), 352 deletions(-) + +--- /dev/null ++++ b/sysdeps/i386/libgcc-compat.c +@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ ++/* pre-.hidden libgcc compatibility ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Guido Guenther ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libc, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_2_6) ++ ++extern int32_t __cmpdi2 (int64_t, int64_t); ++int32_t __cmpdi2_internal (int64_t u, int64_t v) ++{ ++ return __cmpdi2 (u, v); ++} ++symbol_version (__cmpdi2_internal, __cmpdi2, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++ ++extern int32_t __ucmpdi2 (int64_t, int64_t); ++int32_t __ucmpdi2_internal (int64_t u, int64_t v) ++{ ++ return __ucmpdi2 (u, v); ++} ++symbol_version (__ucmpdi2_internal, __ucmpdi2, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++ ++extern int64_t __fixunsdfdi (double); ++int64_t __fixunsdfdi_internal (double d) ++{ ++ return __fixunsdfdi (d); ++} ++symbol_version (__fixunsdfdi_internal, __fixunsdfdi, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++extern int64_t __fixunssfdi (float); ++int64_t __fixunssfdi_internal (float d) ++{ ++ return __fixunssfdi (d); ++} ++ ++symbol_version (__fixunsfdi_internal, __fixunsfdi, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++typedef float XFtype __attribute__ ((mode (XF))); ++ ++extern int64_t __fixunsxfdi (XFtype); ++int64_t __fixunsxfdi_internal (XFtype d) ++{ ++ return __fixunsxfdi (d); ++} ++ ++symbol_version (__fixunsxfdi_internal, __fixunsxfdi, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++extern double __floatdidf (int64_t); ++double __floatdidf_internal (int64_t u) ++{ ++ return __floatdidf (u); ++} ++symbol_version (__floatdidf_internal, __floatdidf, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++#endif +--- a/sysdeps/i386/Makefile ++++ b/sysdeps/i386/Makefile +@@ -9,6 +9,11 @@ + # On i686 we must avoid generating the trampoline functions generated + # to get the GOT pointer. + CFLAGS-initfini.s += -march=i386 -mtune=i386 ++ifeq (yes,$(build-shared)) ++# Compatibility ++sysdep_routines += libgcc-compat ++shared-only-routines += libgcc-compat ++endif + endif + + ifeq ($(subdir),gmon) +--- a/sysdeps/i386/Versions ++++ b/sysdeps/i386/Versions +@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@ + GLIBC_2.0 { + # Functions from libgcc. + __divdi3; __moddi3; __udivdi3; __umoddi3; ++ __cmpdi2; __ucmpdi2; ++ __fixunsdfdi; __fixunssfdi; __fixunsxfdi; ++ __floatdidf; + } + GLIBC_2.1 { + # global variable +--- /dev/null ++++ b/sysdeps/sparc/sparc32/libgcc-compat.c +@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@ ++/* pre-.hidden libgcc compatibility ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Guido Guenther ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libc, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_2_6) ++ ++extern int64_t __ashldi3 (int64_t, int32_t); ++int64_t __ashldi3_internal (int64_t u, int32_t b) ++{ ++ return __ashldi3 (u, b); ++} ++symbol_version (__ashldi3_internal, __ashldi3, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++ ++extern int64_t __ashrdi3 (int64_t, int32_t); ++int64_t __ashrdi3_internal (int64_t u, int32_t b) ++{ ++ return __ashrdi3 (u, b); ++} ++symbol_version (__ashrdi3_internal, __ashrdi3, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++ ++extern int64_t __lshrdi3 (int64_t, int32_t); ++int64_t __lshrdi3_internal (int64_t u, int32_t b) ++{ ++ return __lshrdi3 (u, b); ++} ++symbol_version (__lshrdi3_internal, __lshrdi3, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++extern int32_t __cmpdi2 (int64_t, int64_t); ++int32_t __cmpdi2_internal (int64_t u, int64_t v) ++{ ++ return __cmpdi2 (u, v); ++} ++symbol_version (__cmpdi2_internal, __cmpdi2, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++ ++extern int32_t __ucmpdi2 (int64_t, int64_t); ++int32_t __ucmpdi2_internal (int64_t u, int64_t v) ++{ ++ return __ucmpdi2 (u, v); ++} ++symbol_version (__ucmpdi2_internal, __ucmpdi2, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++ ++extern int64_t __fixdfdi (double); ++int64_t __fixdfdi_internal (double d) ++{ ++ return __fixdfdi (d); ++} ++symbol_version (__fixdfdi_internal, __fixdfdi, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++ ++extern int64_t __fixsfdi (float); ++int64_t __fixsfdi_internal (float d) ++{ ++ return __fixsfdi (d); ++} ++symbol_version (__fixsfdi_internal, __fixsfdi, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++ ++extern int64_t __fixunsdfdi (double); ++int64_t __fixunsdfdi_internal (double d) ++{ ++ return __fixunsdfdi (d); ++} ++symbol_version (__fixunsdfdi_internal, __fixunsdfdi, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++extern int64_t __fixunssfdi (float); ++int64_t __fixunssfdi_internal (float d) ++{ ++ return __fixunssfdi (d); ++} ++ ++symbol_version (__fixunssfdi_internal, __fixunssfdi, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++ ++extern double __floatdidf (int64_t); ++double __floatdidf_internal (int64_t u) ++{ ++ return __floatdidf (u); ++} ++symbol_version (__floatdidf_internal, __floatdidf, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++ ++extern float floatdisf (int64_t); ++float __floatdisf_internal (int64_t u) ++{ ++ return __floatdisf (u); ++} ++symbol_version (__floatdisf_internal, __floatdisf, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++ ++extern int64_t __muldi3 (int64_t, int64_t); ++int64_t __muldi3_internal (int64_t u, int64_t v) ++{ ++ return __muldi3 (u, v); ++} ++symbol_version (__muldi3_internal, __muldi3, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++#endif +--- a/sysdeps/sparc/sparc32/Makefile ++++ b/sysdeps/sparc/sparc32/Makefile +@@ -24,6 +24,14 @@ + CFLAGS-initfini.s += -mcpu=v7 + endif + ++ifeq ($(subdir),csu) ++ifeq (yes,$(build-shared)) ++# Compatibility ++sysdep_routines += libgcc-compat ++shared-only-routines += libgcc-compat ++endif ++endif ++ + # We distribute these files, even though they are generated, + # so as to avoid the need for a functioning m4 to build the library. + divrem := sdiv udiv rem urem +--- a/sysdeps/sparc/sparc32/Versions ++++ b/sysdeps/sparc/sparc32/Versions +@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@ + libc { + GLIBC_2.0 { + .div; .mul; .rem; .udiv; .umul; .urem; ++ __divdi3; __moddi3; __udivdi3; __umoddi3; __muldi3; ++ __ashldi3; __ashrdi3; __lshrdi3; __cmpdi2; __ucmpdi2; ++ __fixdfdi; __fixsfdi; __fixunsdfdi; __fixunssfdi; ++ __floatdidf; __floatdisf; + } + } +--- a/sysdeps/ia64/Makefile ++++ b/sysdeps/ia64/Makefile +@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ + + ifeq (yes,$(build-shared)) + # Compatibility +-sysdep_routines += ia64libgcc +-shared-only-routines += ia64libgcc ++sysdep_routines += libgcc-compat ++shared-only-routines += libgcc-compat + endif + endif + +--- a/sysdeps/ia64/Versions ++++ b/sysdeps/ia64/Versions +@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@ + # Functions from libgcc. + __divtf3; __divdf3; __divsf3; __divdi3; __moddi3; __udivdi3; __umoddi3; + __multi3; ++ __divsi3; ++ __modsi3; ++ __udivsi3; ++ __umodsi3; + } + } + libm { +--- a/sysdeps/ia64/ia64libgcc.S ++++ /dev/null +@@ -1,350 +0,0 @@ +-/* From the Intel IA-64 Optimization Guide, choose the minimum latency +- alternative. */ +- +-#include +-#undef ret +- +-#include +- +-#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libc, GLIBC_2_2, GLIBC_2_2_6) +- +-/* __divtf3 +- Compute a 80-bit IEEE double-extended quotient. +- farg0 holds the dividend. farg1 holds the divisor. */ +- +-ENTRY(___divtf3) +- cmp.eq p7, p0 = r0, r0 +- frcpa.s0 f10, p6 = farg0, farg1 +- ;; +-(p6) cmp.ne p7, p0 = r0, r0 +- .pred.rel.mutex p6, p7 +-(p6) fnma.s1 f11 = farg1, f10, f1 +-(p6) fma.s1 f12 = farg0, f10, f0 +- ;; +-(p6) fma.s1 f13 = f11, f11, f0 +-(p6) fma.s1 f14 = f11, f11, f11 +- ;; +-(p6) fma.s1 f11 = f13, f13, f11 +-(p6) fma.s1 f13 = f14, f10, f10 +- ;; +-(p6) fma.s1 f10 = f13, f11, f10 +-(p6) fnma.s1 f11 = farg1, f12, farg0 +- ;; +-(p6) fma.s1 f11 = f11, f10, f12 +-(p6) fnma.s1 f12 = farg1, f10, f1 +- ;; +-(p6) fma.s1 f10 = f12, f10, f10 +-(p6) fnma.s1 f12 = farg1, f11, farg0 +- ;; +-(p6) fma.s0 fret0 = f12, f10, f11 +-(p7) mov fret0 = f10 +- br.ret.sptk rp +-END(___divtf3) +- .symver ___divtf3, __divtf3@GLIBC_2.2 +- +-/* __divdf3 +- Compute a 64-bit IEEE double quotient. +- farg0 holds the dividend. farg1 holds the divisor. */ +- +-ENTRY(___divdf3) +- cmp.eq p7, p0 = r0, r0 +- frcpa.s0 f10, p6 = farg0, farg1 +- ;; +-(p6) cmp.ne p7, p0 = r0, r0 +- .pred.rel.mutex p6, p7 +-(p6) fmpy.s1 f11 = farg0, f10 +-(p6) fnma.s1 f12 = farg1, f10, f1 +- ;; +-(p6) fma.s1 f11 = f12, f11, f11 +-(p6) fmpy.s1 f13 = f12, f12 +- ;; +-(p6) fma.s1 f10 = f12, f10, f10 +-(p6) fma.s1 f11 = f13, f11, f11 +- ;; +-(p6) fmpy.s1 f12 = f13, f13 +-(p6) fma.s1 f10 = f13, f10, f10 +- ;; +-(p6) fma.d.s1 f11 = f12, f11, f11 +-(p6) fma.s1 f10 = f12, f10, f10 +- ;; +-(p6) fnma.d.s1 f8 = farg1, f11, farg0 +- ;; +-(p6) fma.d fret0 = f8, f10, f11 +-(p7) mov fret0 = f10 +- br.ret.sptk rp +- ;; +-END(___divdf3) +- .symver ___divdf3, __divdf3@GLIBC_2.2 +- +-/* __divsf3 +- Compute a 32-bit IEEE float quotient. +- farg0 holds the dividend. farg1 holds the divisor. */ +- +-ENTRY(___divsf3) +- cmp.eq p7, p0 = r0, r0 +- frcpa.s0 f10, p6 = farg0, farg1 +- ;; +-(p6) cmp.ne p7, p0 = r0, r0 +- .pred.rel.mutex p6, p7 +-(p6) fmpy.s1 f8 = farg0, f10 +-(p6) fnma.s1 f9 = farg1, f10, f1 +- ;; +-(p6) fma.s1 f8 = f9, f8, f8 +-(p6) fmpy.s1 f9 = f9, f9 +- ;; +-(p6) fma.s1 f8 = f9, f8, f8 +-(p6) fmpy.s1 f9 = f9, f9 +- ;; +-(p6) fma.d.s1 f10 = f9, f8, f8 +- ;; +-(p6) fnorm.s.s0 fret0 = f10 +-(p7) mov fret0 = f10 +- br.ret.sptk rp +- ;; +-END(___divsf3) +- .symver ___divsf3, __divsf3@GLIBC_2.2 +- +-/* __divdi3 +- Compute a 64-bit integer quotient. +- in0 holds the dividend. in1 holds the divisor. */ +- +-ENTRY(___divdi3) +- .regstk 2,0,0,0 +- /* Transfer inputs to FP registers. */ +- setf.sig f8 = in0 +- setf.sig f9 = in1 +- ;; +- /* Convert the inputs to FP, so that they won't be treated as +- unsigned. */ +- fcvt.xf f8 = f8 +- fcvt.xf f9 = f9 +- ;; +- /* Compute the reciprocal approximation. */ +- frcpa.s1 f10, p6 = f8, f9 +- ;; +- /* 3 Newton-Raphson iterations. */ +-(p6) fnma.s1 f11 = f9, f10, f1 +-(p6) fmpy.s1 f12 = f8, f10 +- ;; +-(p6) fmpy.s1 f13 = f11, f11 +-(p6) fma.s1 f12 = f11, f12, f12 +- ;; +-(p6) fma.s1 f10 = f11, f10, f10 +-(p6) fma.s1 f11 = f13, f12, f12 +- ;; +-(p6) fma.s1 f10 = f13, f10, f10 +-(p6) fnma.s1 f12 = f9, f11, f8 +- ;; +-(p6) fma.s1 f10 = f12, f10, f11 +- ;; +- /* Round quotient to an integer. */ +- fcvt.fx.trunc.s1 f10 = f10 +- ;; +- /* Transfer result to GP registers. */ +- getf.sig ret0 = f10 +- br.ret.sptk rp +- ;; +-END(___divdi3) +- .symver ___divdi3, __divdi3@GLIBC_2.2 +- +-/* __moddi3 +- Compute a 64-bit integer modulus. +- in0 holds the dividend (a). in1 holds the divisor (b). */ +- +-ENTRY(___moddi3) +- .regstk 2,0,0,0 +- /* Transfer inputs to FP registers. */ +- setf.sig f14 = in0 +- setf.sig f9 = in1 +- ;; +- /* Convert the inputs to FP, so that they won't be treated as +- unsigned. */ +- fcvt.xf f8 = f14 +- fcvt.xf f9 = f9 +- ;; +- /* Compute the reciprocal approximation. */ +- frcpa.s1 f10, p6 = f8, f9 +- ;; +- /* 3 Newton-Raphson iterations. */ +-(p6) fmpy.s1 f12 = f8, f10 +-(p6) fnma.s1 f11 = f9, f10, f1 +- ;; +-(p6) fma.s1 f12 = f11, f12, f12 +-(p6) fmpy.s1 f13 = f11, f11 +- ;; +-(p6) fma.s1 f10 = f11, f10, f10 +-(p6) fma.s1 f11 = f13, f12, f12 +- ;; +- sub in1 = r0, in1 +-(p6) fma.s1 f10 = f13, f10, f10 +-(p6) fnma.s1 f12 = f9, f11, f8 +- ;; +- setf.sig f9 = in1 +-(p6) fma.s1 f10 = f12, f10, f11 +- ;; +- fcvt.fx.trunc.s1 f10 = f10 +- ;; +- /* r = q * (-b) + a */ +- xma.l f10 = f10, f9, f14 +- ;; +- /* Transfer result to GP registers. */ +- getf.sig ret0 = f10 +- br.ret.sptk rp +- ;; +-END(___moddi3) +- .symver ___moddi3, __moddi3@GLIBC_2.2 +- +-/* __udivdi3 +- Compute a 64-bit unsigned integer quotient. +- in0 holds the dividend. in1 holds the divisor. */ +- +-ENTRY(___udivdi3) +- .regstk 2,0,0,0 +- /* Transfer inputs to FP registers. */ +- setf.sig f8 = in0 +- setf.sig f9 = in1 +- ;; +- /* Convert the inputs to FP, to avoid FP software-assist faults. */ +- fcvt.xuf.s1 f8 = f8 +- fcvt.xuf.s1 f9 = f9 +- ;; +- /* Compute the reciprocal approximation. */ +- frcpa.s1 f10, p6 = f8, f9 +- ;; +- /* 3 Newton-Raphson iterations. */ +-(p6) fnma.s1 f11 = f9, f10, f1 +-(p6) fmpy.s1 f12 = f8, f10 +- ;; +-(p6) fmpy.s1 f13 = f11, f11 +-(p6) fma.s1 f12 = f11, f12, f12 +- ;; +-(p6) fma.s1 f10 = f11, f10, f10 +-(p6) fma.s1 f11 = f13, f12, f12 +- ;; +-(p6) fma.s1 f10 = f13, f10, f10 +-(p6) fnma.s1 f12 = f9, f11, f8 +- ;; +-(p6) fma.s1 f10 = f12, f10, f11 +- ;; +- /* Round quotient to an unsigned integer. */ +- fcvt.fxu.trunc.s1 f10 = f10 +- ;; +- /* Transfer result to GP registers. */ +- getf.sig ret0 = f10 +- br.ret.sptk rp +- ;; +-END(___udivdi3) +- .symver ___udivdi3, __udivdi3@GLIBC_2.2 +- +-/* __umoddi3 +- Compute a 64-bit unsigned integer modulus. +- in0 holds the dividend (a). in1 holds the divisor (b). */ +- +-ENTRY(___umoddi3) +- .regstk 2,0,0,0 +- /* Transfer inputs to FP registers. */ +- setf.sig f14 = in0 +- setf.sig f9 = in1 +- ;; +- /* Convert the inputs to FP, to avoid FP software assist faults. */ +- fcvt.xuf.s1 f8 = f14 +- fcvt.xuf.s1 f9 = f9 +- ;; +- /* Compute the reciprocal approximation. */ +- frcpa.s1 f10, p6 = f8, f9 +- ;; +- /* 3 Newton-Raphson iterations. */ +-(p6) fmpy.s1 f12 = f8, f10 +-(p6) fnma.s1 f11 = f9, f10, f1 +- ;; +-(p6) fma.s1 f12 = f11, f12, f12 +-(p6) fmpy.s1 f13 = f11, f11 +- ;; +-(p6) fma.s1 f10 = f11, f10, f10 +-(p6) fma.s1 f11 = f13, f12, f12 +- ;; +- sub in1 = r0, in1 +-(p6) fma.s1 f10 = f13, f10, f10 +-(p6) fnma.s1 f12 = f9, f11, f8 +- ;; +- setf.sig f9 = in1 +-(p6) fma.s1 f10 = f12, f10, f11 +- ;; +- /* Round quotient to an unsigned integer. */ +- fcvt.fxu.trunc.s1 f10 = f10 +- ;; +- /* r = q * (-b) + a */ +- xma.l f10 = f10, f9, f14 +- ;; +- /* Transfer result to GP registers. */ +- getf.sig ret0 = f10 +- br.ret.sptk rp +- ;; +-END(___umoddi3) +- .symver ___umoddi3, __umoddi3@GLIBC_2.2 +- +-/* __multi3 +- Compute a 128-bit multiply of 128-bit multiplicands. +- in0/in1 holds one multiplicand (a), in2/in3 holds the other one (b). */ +- +-ENTRY(___multi3) +- .regstk 4,0,0,0 +- setf.sig f6 = in1 +- movl r19 = 0xffffffff +- setf.sig f7 = in2 +- ;; +- and r14 = r19, in0 +- ;; +- setf.sig f10 = r14 +- and r14 = r19, in2 +- xmpy.l f9 = f6, f7 +- ;; +- setf.sig f6 = r14 +- shr.u r14 = in0, 32 +- ;; +- setf.sig f7 = r14 +- shr.u r14 = in2, 32 +- ;; +- setf.sig f8 = r14 +- xmpy.l f11 = f10, f6 +- xmpy.l f6 = f7, f6 +- ;; +- getf.sig r16 = f11 +- xmpy.l f7 = f7, f8 +- ;; +- shr.u r14 = r16, 32 +- and r16 = r19, r16 +- getf.sig r17 = f6 +- setf.sig f6 = in0 +- ;; +- setf.sig f11 = r14 +- getf.sig r21 = f7 +- setf.sig f7 = in3 +- ;; +- xma.l f11 = f10, f8, f11 +- xma.l f6 = f6, f7, f9 +- ;; +- getf.sig r18 = f11 +- ;; +- add r18 = r18, r17 +- ;; +- and r15 = r19, r18 +- cmp.ltu p7, p6 = r18, r17 +- ;; +- getf.sig r22 = f6 +-(p7) adds r14 = 1, r19 +- ;; +-(p7) add r21 = r21, r14 +- shr.u r14 = r18, 32 +- shl r15 = r15, 32 +- ;; +- add r20 = r21, r14 +- ;; +- add ret0 = r15, r16 +- add ret1 = r22, r20 +- br.ret.sptk rp +- ;; +-END(___multi3) +- .symver ___multi3, __multi3@GLIBC_2.2 +- +-#endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/sysdeps/ia64/libgcc-compat.c +@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ ++/* pre-.hidden libgcc compatibility ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libc, GLIBC_2_2, GLIBC_2_2_6) ++ ++typedef int int128_t __attribute__((__mode__(TI))); ++ ++extern long double __divtf3 (long double, long double) attribute_hidden; ++long double INTUSE (__divtf3) (long double x, long double y) ++{ ++ return __divtf3 (x, y); ++} ++symbol_version (INTUSE (__divtf3), __divtf3, GLIBC_2.2); ++ ++extern double __divdf3 (double, double) attribute_hidden; ++double INTUSE (__divdf3) (double x, double y) ++{ ++ return __divdf3 (x, y); ++} ++symbol_version (INTUSE (__divdf3), __divdf3, GLIBC_2.2); ++ ++extern float __divsf3 (float, float) attribute_hidden; ++float INTUSE (__divsf3) (float x, float y) ++{ ++ return __divsf3 (x, y); ++} ++symbol_version (INTUSE (__divsf3), __divsf3, GLIBC_2.2); ++ ++extern int64_t __divdi3 (int64_t, int64_t) attribute_hidden; ++int64_t INTUSE (__divdi3) (int64_t x, int64_t y) ++{ ++ return __divdi3 (x, y); ++} ++symbol_version (INTUSE (__divdi3), __divdi3, GLIBC_2.2); ++ ++extern int64_t __moddi3 (int64_t, int64_t) attribute_hidden; ++int64_t INTUSE (__moddi3) (int64_t x, int64_t y) ++{ ++ return __moddi3 (x, y); ++} ++symbol_version (INTUSE (__moddi3), __moddi3, GLIBC_2.2); ++ ++extern uint64_t __udivdi3 (uint64_t, uint64_t) attribute_hidden; ++uint64_t INTUSE (__udivdi3) (uint64_t x, uint64_t y) ++{ ++ return __udivdi3 (x, y); ++} ++symbol_version (INTUSE (__udivdi3), __udivdi3, GLIBC_2.2); ++ ++extern uint64_t __umoddi3 (uint64_t, uint64_t) attribute_hidden; ++uint64_t INTUSE (__umoddi3) (uint64_t x, uint64_t y) ++{ ++ return __umoddi3 (x, y); ++} ++symbol_version (INTUSE (__umoddi3), __umoddi3, GLIBC_2.2); ++ ++extern int128_t __multi3 (int128_t, int128_t) attribute_hidden; ++int128_t INTUSE (__multi3) (int128_t x, int128_t y) ++{ ++ return __multi3 (x, y); ++} ++symbol_version (INTUSE (__multi3), __multi3, GLIBC_2.2); ++ ++extern int64_t __divsi3 (int64_t, int64_t) attribute_hidden; ++int64_t INTUSE (__divsi3) (int64_t x, int64_t y) ++{ ++ return __divsi3 (x, y); ++} ++symbol_version (INTUSE (__divsi3), __divsi3, GLIBC_2.2); ++ ++extern int64_t __modsi3 (int64_t, int64_t) attribute_hidden; ++int64_t INTUSE (__modsi3) (int64_t x, int64_t y) ++{ ++ return __modsi3 (x, y); ++} ++symbol_version (INTUSE (__modsi3), __modsi3, GLIBC_2.2); ++ ++extern uint64_t __udivsi3 (uint64_t, uint64_t) attribute_hidden; ++uint64_t INTUSE (__udivsi3) (uint64_t x, uint64_t y) ++{ ++ return __udivsi3 (x, y); ++} ++symbol_version (INTUSE (__udivsi3), __udivsi3, GLIBC_2.2); ++ ++extern uint64_t __umodsi3 (uint64_t, uint64_t) attribute_hidden; ++uint64_t INTUSE (__umodsi3) (uint64_t x, uint64_t y) ++{ ++ return __umodsi3 (x, y); ++} ++symbol_version (INTUSE (__umodsi3), __umodsi3, GLIBC_2.2); ++ ++#endif +--- a/sysdeps/s390/s390-32/Makefile ++++ b/sysdeps/s390/s390-32/Makefile +@@ -9,3 +9,11 @@ + CFLAGS-dl-load.c += -Wno-unused + CFLAGS-dl-reloc.c += -Wno-unused + endif ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),csu) ++ifeq (yes,$(build-shared)) ++# Compatibility ++sysdep_routines += libgcc-compat ++shared-only-routines += libgcc-compat ++endif ++endif +--- a/sysdeps/s390/s390-32/Versions ++++ b/sysdeps/s390/s390-32/Versions +@@ -2,5 +2,13 @@ + GLIBC_2.0 { + # Functions from libgcc. + __divdi3; __moddi3; __udivdi3; __umoddi3; ++ __cmpdi2; ++ __fixdfdi; ++ __fixsfdi; ++ __fixunsdfdi; ++ __fixunssfdi; ++ __floatdidf; ++ __floatdisf; ++ __ucmpdi2; + } + } +--- /dev/null ++++ b/sysdeps/s390/s390-32/libgcc-compat.c +@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ ++/* pre-.hidden libgcc compatibility ++ Copyright (C) 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by GOTO Masanori ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libc, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_2_6) ++ ++extern int32_t __cmpdi2 (int64_t, int64_t); ++int32_t __cmpdi2_internal (int64_t u, int64_t v) ++{ ++ return __cmpdi2 (u, v); ++} ++symbol_version (__cmpdi2_internal, __cmpdi2, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++extern int64_t __fixdfdi (double); ++int64_t __fixdfdi_internal (double d) ++{ ++ return __fixdfdi (d); ++} ++symbol_version (__fixdfdi_internal, __fixdfdi, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++extern int64_t __fixsfdi (float); ++int64_t __fixsfdi_internal (float d) ++{ ++ return __fixsfdi (d); ++} ++symbol_version (__fixsfdi_internal, __fixsfdi, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++extern int64_t __fixunsdfdi (double); ++int64_t __fixunsdfdi_internal (double d) ++{ ++ return __fixunsdfdi (d); ++} ++symbol_version (__fixunsdfdi_internal, __fixunsdfdi, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++extern int64_t __fixunssfdi (float); ++int64_t __fixunssfdi_internal (float d) ++{ ++ return __fixunssfdi (d); ++} ++symbol_version (__fixunssfdi_internal, __fixunssfdi, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++extern double __floatdidf (int64_t); ++double __floatdidf_internal (int64_t u) ++{ ++ return __floatdidf (u); ++} ++symbol_version (__floatdidf_internal, __floatdidf, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++extern float __floatdisf (int64_t); ++float __floatdisf_internal (int64_t u) ++{ ++ return __floatdisf (u); ++} ++symbol_version (__floatdisf_internal, __floatdisf, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++extern int32_t __ucmpdi2 (int64_t, int64_t); ++int32_t __ucmpdi2_internal (int64_t u, int64_t v) ++{ ++ return __ucmpdi2 (u, v); ++} ++symbol_version (__ucmpdi2_internal, __ucmpdi2, GLIBC_2.0); ++ ++#endif --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/any/local-linuxthreads-fatalprepare.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/any/local-linuxthreads-fatalprepare.diff @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +--- + linuxthreads/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/fatal-prepare.h | 39 +++++++++++++++++++ + 1 file changed, 39 insertions(+) + +--- /dev/null ++++ b/linuxthreads/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/fatal-prepare.h +@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++/* We have to completely disable cancellation. assert() must not be a ++ cancellation point but the implementation uses write() etc. */ ++#ifdef SHARED ++# include ++# define FATAL_PREPARE \ ++ { \ ++ int (*fp) (int, int *); \ ++ fp = __libc_pthread_functions.ptr_pthread_setcancelstate; \ ++ if (fp != NULL) \ ++ fp (PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE, NULL); \ ++ } ++#else ++# pragma weak pthread_setcancelstate ++# define FATAL_PREPARE \ ++ { \ ++ if (pthread_setcancelstate != NULL) \ ++ pthread_setcancelstate (PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE, NULL); \ ++ } ++#endif --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hppa/local-ports-hppa-nptl.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hppa/local-ports-hppa-nptl.diff @@ -0,0 +1,3573 @@ +2009-04-01 Carlos O'Donell + + * sysdeps/hppa/nptl/Makefile: Add compat routines + when building nptl. + + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/ + * Versions: New file. + * forward.c: New file. + * init.c: New file. + * old_hppa_pthread_cond_broadcast.c: New file. + * old_hppa_pthread_cond_destroy.c: New file. + * old_hppa_pthread_cond_init.c: New file. + * old_hppa_pthread_cond_signal.c: New file. + * old_hppa_pthread_cond_timedwait.c: New file. + * old_hppa_pthread_cond_wait.c: New file. + * old_hppa_pthread_mutex_destroy.c: New file. + * old_hppa_pthread_mutex_init.c: New file. + * old_hppa_pthread_mutex_lock.c: New file. + * old_hppa_pthread_mutex_timedlock.c: New file. + * old_hppa_pthread_mutex_trylock.c: New file. + * old_hppa_pthread_mutex_unlock.c: New file. + * old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_destroy.c: New file. + * old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_init.c: New file. + * old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_rdlock.c: New file. + * old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock.c: New file. + * old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock.c: New file. + * old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock.c: New file. + * old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_trywrlock.c: New file. + * old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_unlock.c: New file. + * old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_wrlock.c: New file. + * pthread-functions.h: New file. + * pthreadP.h: New file. + * pthread_cond_broadcast.c: New file. + * pthread_cond_destroy.c: New file. + * pthread_cond_init.c: New file. + * pthread_cond_signal.c: New file. + * pthread_cond_timedwait.c: New file. + * pthread_cond_wait.c: New file. + * pthread_mutex_cond_lock.c: New file. + * pthread_mutex_destroy.c: New file. + * pthread_mutex_init.c: New file. + * pthread_mutex_lock.c: New file. + * pthread_mutex_timedlock.c: New file. + * pthread_mutex_trylock.c: New file. + * pthread_mutex_unlock.c: New file. + * pthread_rwlock_destroy.c: New file. + * pthread_rwlock_init.c: New file. + * pthread_rwlock_rdlock.c: New file. + * pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock.c: New file. + * pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock.c: New file. + * pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock.c: New file. + * pthread_rwlock_trywrlock.c: New file. + * pthread_rwlock_unlock.c: New file. + * pthread_rwlock_wrlock.c: New file. + +--- + ports/sysdeps/hppa/nptl/Makefile | 25 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/internaltypes.h | 184 ++ + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/Versions | 65 + + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/forward.c | 275 ++++ + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/nptl-init.c | 460 +++++++ + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_cond_broadcast.c | 36 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_cond_destroy.c | 40 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_cond_init.c | 37 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_cond_signal.c | 36 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_cond_timedwait.c | 44 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_cond_wait.c | 41 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_mutex_destroy.c | 40 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_mutex_init.c | 37 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_mutex_lock.c | 37 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_mutex_timedlock.c | 40 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_mutex_trylock.c | 37 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_mutex_unlock.c | 37 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_destroy.c | 40 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_init.c | 37 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_rdlock.c | 37 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock.c | 40 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock.c | 40 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock.c | 37 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_trywrlock.c | 37 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_unlock.c | 37 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_wrlock.c | 37 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread-functions.h | 133 ++ + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthreadP.h | 621 ++++++++++ + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_cond_broadcast.c | 29 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_cond_destroy.c | 29 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_cond_init.c | 29 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_cond_signal.c | 29 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_cond_timedwait.c | 29 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_cond_wait.c | 29 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_mutex_cond_lock.c | 14 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_mutex_destroy.c | 36 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_mutex_init.c | 36 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_mutex_lock.c | 40 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_mutex_timedlock.c | 38 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_mutex_trylock.c | 35 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_mutex_unlock.c | 36 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_rwlock_destroy.c | 35 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_rwlock_init.c | 35 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_rwlock_rdlock.c | 40 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock.c | 38 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock.c | 38 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock.c | 35 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_rwlock_trywrlock.c | 35 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_rwlock_unlock.c | 40 + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_rwlock_wrlock.c | 40 + 50 files changed, 3312 insertions(+) + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/hppa/nptl/Makefile ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/hppa/nptl/Makefile +@@ -25,3 +25,28 @@ + # this because the default is too small to run with. + tst-oddstacklimit-ENV = ; ulimit -s 8193; + ++ifeq ($(subdir),nptl) ++# Add compat routines for all versioned functions. ++libpthread-routines += \ ++ old_hppa_pthread_cond_broadcast \ ++ old_hppa_pthread_cond_destroy \ ++ old_hppa_pthread_cond_init \ ++ old_hppa_pthread_cond_signal \ ++ old_hppa_pthread_cond_timedwait \ ++ old_hppa_pthread_cond_wait \ ++ old_hppa_pthread_mutex_destroy \ ++ old_hppa_pthread_mutex_init \ ++ old_hppa_pthread_mutex_lock \ ++ old_hppa_pthread_mutex_timedlock \ ++ old_hppa_pthread_mutex_trylock \ ++ old_hppa_pthread_mutex_unlock \ ++ old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_destroy \ ++ old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_init \ ++ old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_rdlock \ ++ old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock \ ++ old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock \ ++ old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock \ ++ old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_trywrlock \ ++ old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_unlock \ ++ old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_wrlock ++endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/internaltypes.h +@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@ ++#include_next ++#ifndef _INTERNAL_TYPES_H_HPPA_ ++#define _INTERNAL_TYPES_H_HPPA_ 1 ++ ++/* Compatibility __atomic_lock_t ++ and _pthread_fastlock. */ ++typedef volatile struct { ++ int lock[4]; ++} __attribute__ ((aligned(16))) compat_atomic_lock_t; ++ ++struct compat_pthread_fastlock ++{ ++ compat_atomic_lock_t compat_spinlock; ++ long int compat_status; ++}; ++ ++/* The hppa only has one atomic read and modify memory operation, ++ load and clear, so hppa spinlocks must use zero to signify that ++ someone is holding the lock. The address used for the ldcw ++ semaphore must be 16-byte aligned. */ ++#define __ldcw(a) \ ++({ \ ++ unsigned int __ret; \ ++ __asm__ __volatile__("ldcw 0(%1),%0" \ ++ : "=r" (__ret) : "r" (a) : "memory"); \ ++ __ret; \ ++}) ++ ++/* Strongly ordered lock reset */ ++#define __lock_reset(lock_addr, tmp) \ ++({ \ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("stw,ma %1,0(%0)" \ ++ : : "r" (lock_addr), "r" (tmp) : "memory"); \ ++}) ++ ++/* Because malloc only guarantees 8-byte alignment for malloc'd data, ++ and GCC only guarantees 8-byte alignment for stack locals, we can't ++ be assured of 16-byte alignment for atomic lock data even if we ++ specify "__attribute ((aligned(16)))" in the type declaration. So, ++ we use a struct containing an array of four ints for the atomic lock ++ type and dynamically select the 16-byte aligned int from the array ++ for the semaphore. */ ++#define __PA_LDCW_ALIGNMENT 16 ++#define __ldcw_align(a) ({ \ ++ volatile unsigned int __ret = (unsigned int) a; \ ++ if ((__ret & ~(__PA_LDCW_ALIGNMENT - 1)) < (unsigned int) a) \ ++ __ret = (__ret & ~(__PA_LDCW_ALIGNMENT - 1)) + __PA_LDCW_ALIGNMENT; \ ++ (unsigned int *) __ret; \ ++}) ++ ++/* If the compat funciton might be called by two or more threads ++ then the compat lock must be taken before modifying the ++ compat structure. This avoids a race condition in the allocation ++ of the new structure. */ ++#define compat_lock(var) \ ++({ \ ++ volatile unsigned int *a = __ldcw_align (&var->compat_lock); \ ++ volatile unsigned int tmp; \ ++ /* Atomically lock the initialized lock. */ \ ++ /* printf ("%s:%d\n", __FILE__, __LINE__); */ \ ++ while ((tmp = __ldcw(a)) == 0) \ ++ sched_yield(); ++ ++/* Allocate the new structure. ++ Notes: Must be called with lock held. */ ++#define compat_malloc(var) \ ++ /* Allocate the new compat variable. */ \ ++ if (var->compat == NULL) \ ++ { \ ++ var->compat = (__typeof(var->compat)) \ ++ calloc(1, sizeof(__typeof(*var->compat))); \ ++ if (var->compat == NULL) \ ++ { \ ++ __lock_reset(a, tmp = 1); \ ++ return ENOMEM; \ ++ } \ ++ } \ ++ ++/* Allocate the new structure. ++ Notes: Does not unlock any lock on error. */ ++#define compat_malloc_nolock(var) \ ++ /* Allocate the new compat variable. */ \ ++ if (var->compat == NULL) \ ++ { \ ++ var->compat = (__typeof(var->compat)) \ ++ calloc(1, sizeof(__typeof(*var->compat))); \ ++ if (var->compat == NULL) \ ++ { \ ++ return ENOMEM; \ ++ } \ ++ } \ ++ ++/* Copy initialization data from the compat mutex. ++ Notes: Must be called with lock held. */ ++#define compat_mutex_copy(var) \ ++ /* Copy the mutex kind initializer. */ \ ++ var->compat->__data.__kind = var->__kind; ++ ++/* Copy initialization data from the compat rwlock. ++ Notes: Must be called with lock held. */ ++#define compat_rwlock_copy(var) \ ++ /* Copy the rwlock flags initializers. */ \ ++ var->compat->__data.__flags = var->__flags; ++ ++/* Release the lock. */ ++#define compat_unlock(var) \ ++ __lock_reset(a, tmp = 1); \ ++}) ++ ++ ++/* Was the compat variable initialized? A read or write of a ++ pointer sized quantity is atomic, therefore we should see ++ either an initalized or uninitialized compat pointer and ++ act accordingly. This is currently used by the destroy ++ functions to check if any work needs to be done. If a user ++ is in the middle of initialization, and calls destroy, ++ the destroy function should see a consistent ++ view of var->compat and do nothing if initialization ++ is not complete. */ ++#define compat_present(var) \ ++ (var->compat != NULL) ++ ++/* Free the compat variable. Must only be called from ++ pthread_mutex_destory, pthread_cond_destroy, and ++ pthread_rwlock_destroy. Assumes only one thread is calling the ++ destroy function. POSIX says that calling destroy twice is ++ undefined, therefore we can safely assume only one thread calls ++ this function. If two threads call this function then malloc ++ double-free checking should allow users to correct their code. */ ++#define compat_free(var) \ ++({ \ ++ free (var->compat); \ ++ var->compat = NULL; \ ++}) ++ ++/* Inintialize the compat lock for use with ldcw. This function ++ must only be called from pthread_mutex_init, pthread_cond_init ++ or pthread_rwlock_init. POSIX says that "Attempting to initialise ++ an already initialised mutex results in undefined behaviour." ++ therefore we assume only one thread is calling the initialization ++ function at any given point, and therefore initialization need ++ not be guarded by locking the compat lock. */ ++#define compat_init(var) \ ++({ \ ++ var->compat_lock = ((struct compat_pthread_fastlock) { { {1, 1, 1, 1 } }, 0xDEADBEEF }); \ ++}) ++ ++/* The following are the compat interpretations of the ++ the old pthread structures. */ ++ ++typedef struct { ++ struct compat_pthread_fastlock compat_lock; ++ /* Overwrites _pthread_descr __c_waiting. */ ++ pthread_cond_t *compat; ++} pthread_cond_hppa_2_3_2_t; ++ ++typedef struct { ++ int pad1; ++ int pad2; ++ /* Overwrites _pthread_descr __m_owner. */ ++ pthread_mutex_t *compat; ++ /* KIND must stay at this position to maintain binary ++ compatibility with Linuxthreads. */ ++ int __kind; ++ struct compat_pthread_fastlock compat_lock; ++} pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t; ++ ++typedef struct { ++ struct compat_pthread_fastlock compat_lock; ++ /* Overwrites int __rw_readers. */ ++ pthread_rwlock_t *compat; ++ int pad1; ++ int pad2; ++ int pad3; ++ /* FLAGS and PSHARED stay at this position to ++ maintain binary compatibility with Linuxthreads. */ ++ unsigned char __flags; ++ unsigned char __shared; ++ unsigned char __pad1; ++ unsigned char __pad2; ++} pthread_rwlock_hppa_2_0_t; ++ ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/Versions +@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ ++libc { ++ GLIBC_2.10 { ++ # Changed lock implemenation, breaking the ABI for ++ # all structures that can contain statically initialized ++ # locks. Added compat functions and structures for the ++ # following functions: ++ pthread_cond_broadcast; ++ pthread_cond_destroy; ++ pthread_cond_init; ++ pthread_cond_signal; ++ pthread_cond_timedwait; ++ pthread_cond_wait; ++ pthread_mutex_destroy; ++ pthread_mutex_init; ++ pthread_mutex_lock; ++ pthread_mutex_timedlock; ++ pthread_mutex_trylock; ++ pthread_mutex_unlock; ++ pthread_rwlock_destroy; ++ pthread_rwlock_init; ++ pthread_rwlock_rdlock; ++ pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock; ++ pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock; ++ pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock; ++ pthread_rwlock_trywrlock; ++ pthread_rwlock_unlock; ++ pthread_rwlock_wrlock; ++ } ++} ++ ++libpthread { ++ GLIBC_2.10 { ++ # Changed lock implemenation, breaking the ABI for ++ # all structures that can contain statically initialized ++ # locks. Added compat functions and structures for the ++ # following functions: ++ pthread_cond_broadcast; ++ pthread_cond_destroy; ++ pthread_cond_init; ++ pthread_cond_signal; ++ pthread_cond_timedwait; ++ pthread_cond_wait; ++ pthread_mutex_destroy; ++ pthread_mutex_init; ++ pthread_mutex_lock; ++ pthread_mutex_timedlock; ++ pthread_mutex_trylock; ++ pthread_mutex_unlock; ++ pthread_rwlock_destroy; ++ pthread_rwlock_init; ++ pthread_rwlock_rdlock; ++ pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock; ++ pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock; ++ pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock; ++ pthread_rwlock_trywrlock; ++ pthread_rwlock_unlock; ++ pthread_rwlock_wrlock; ++ # Protected names for functions used in other shared objects. ++ __pthread_mutex_init; ++ __pthread_mutex_destroy; ++ __pthread_mutex_lock; ++ __pthread_mutex_trylock; ++ __pthread_mutex_unlock; ++ } ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/forward.c +@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Ulrich Drepper , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++ ++/* Pointers to the libc functions. */ ++struct pthread_functions __libc_pthread_functions attribute_hidden; ++int __libc_pthread_functions_init attribute_hidden; ++ ++ ++#define FORWARD2(name, rettype, decl, params, defaction) \ ++rettype \ ++name decl \ ++{ \ ++ if (!__libc_pthread_functions_init) \ ++ defaction; \ ++ \ ++ return PTHFCT_CALL (ptr_##name, params); \ ++} ++ ++#define FORWARD(name, decl, params, defretval) \ ++ FORWARD2 (name, int, decl, params, return defretval) ++ ++ ++FORWARD (pthread_attr_destroy, (pthread_attr_t *attr), (attr), 0) ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libc, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_1) ++FORWARD (__pthread_attr_init_2_0, (pthread_attr_t *attr), (attr), 0) ++compat_symbol (libc, __pthread_attr_init_2_0, pthread_attr_init, GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++ ++FORWARD (__pthread_attr_init_2_1, (pthread_attr_t *attr), (attr), 0) ++versioned_symbol (libc, __pthread_attr_init_2_1, pthread_attr_init, GLIBC_2_1); ++ ++FORWARD (pthread_attr_getdetachstate, ++ (const pthread_attr_t *attr, int *detachstate), (attr, detachstate), ++ 0) ++FORWARD (pthread_attr_setdetachstate, (pthread_attr_t *attr, int detachstate), ++ (attr, detachstate), 0) ++ ++FORWARD (pthread_attr_getinheritsched, ++ (const pthread_attr_t *attr, int *inherit), (attr, inherit), 0) ++FORWARD (pthread_attr_setinheritsched, (pthread_attr_t *attr, int inherit), ++ (attr, inherit), 0) ++ ++FORWARD (pthread_attr_getschedparam, ++ (const pthread_attr_t *attr, struct sched_param *param), ++ (attr, param), 0) ++FORWARD (pthread_attr_setschedparam, ++ (pthread_attr_t *attr, const struct sched_param *param), ++ (attr, param), 0) ++ ++FORWARD (pthread_attr_getschedpolicy, ++ (const pthread_attr_t *attr, int *policy), (attr, policy), 0) ++FORWARD (pthread_attr_setschedpolicy, (pthread_attr_t *attr, int policy), ++ (attr, policy), 0) ++ ++FORWARD (pthread_attr_getscope, ++ (const pthread_attr_t *attr, int *scope), (attr, scope), 0) ++FORWARD (pthread_attr_setscope, (pthread_attr_t *attr, int scope), ++ (attr, scope), 0) ++ ++ ++FORWARD (pthread_condattr_destroy, (pthread_condattr_t *attr), (attr), 0) ++FORWARD (pthread_condattr_init, (pthread_condattr_t *attr), (attr), 0) ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libc, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_3_2) ++FORWARD2 (__pthread_cond_broadcast_2_0, int attribute_compat_text_section, ++ (pthread_cond_2_0_t *cond), (cond), return 0) ++compat_symbol (libc, __pthread_cond_broadcast_2_0, pthread_cond_broadcast, ++ GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libc, GLIBC_2_3_2, GLIBC_2_10) ++FORWARD2 (__pthread_cond_broadcast_hppa_2_3_2, int attribute_compat_text_section, ++ (pthread_cond_hppa_2_3_2_t *cond), (cond), return 0) ++compat_symbol (libc, __pthread_cond_broadcast_hppa_2_3_2, pthread_cond_broadcast, ++ GLIBC_2_3_2); ++#endif ++FORWARD (__pthread_cond_broadcast, (pthread_cond_t *cond), (cond), 0) ++versioned_symbol (libc, __pthread_cond_broadcast, pthread_cond_broadcast, ++ GLIBC_2_10); ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libc, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_3_2) ++FORWARD2 (__pthread_cond_destroy_2_0, int attribute_compat_text_section, ++ (pthread_cond_2_0_t *cond), (cond), return 0) ++compat_symbol (libc, __pthread_cond_destroy_2_0, pthread_cond_destroy, ++ GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libc, GLIBC_2_3_2, GLIBC_2_10) ++FORWARD2 (__pthread_cond_destroy_hppa_2_3_2, int attribute_compat_text_section, ++ (pthread_cond_hppa_2_3_2_t *cond), (cond), return 0) ++compat_symbol (libc, __pthread_cond_destroy_hppa_2_3_2, pthread_cond_destroy, ++ GLIBC_2_3_2); ++#endif ++FORWARD (__pthread_cond_destroy, (pthread_cond_t *cond), (cond), 0) ++versioned_symbol (libc, __pthread_cond_destroy, pthread_cond_destroy, ++ GLIBC_2_10); ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libc, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_3_2) ++FORWARD2 (__pthread_cond_init_2_0, int attribute_compat_text_section, ++ (pthread_cond_2_0_t *cond, const pthread_condattr_t *cond_attr), ++ (cond, cond_attr), return 0) ++compat_symbol (libc, __pthread_cond_init_2_0, pthread_cond_init, GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libc, GLIBC_2_3_2, GLIBC_2_10) ++FORWARD2 (__pthread_cond_init_hppa_2_3_2, int attribute_compat_text_section, ++ (pthread_cond_hppa_2_3_2_t *cond, const pthread_condattr_t *cond_attr), ++ (cond, cond_attr), return 0) ++compat_symbol (libc, __pthread_cond_init_hppa_2_3_2, pthread_cond_init, GLIBC_2_3_2); ++#endif ++FORWARD (__pthread_cond_init, ++ (pthread_cond_t *cond, const pthread_condattr_t *cond_attr), ++ (cond, cond_attr), 0) ++versioned_symbol (libc, __pthread_cond_init, pthread_cond_init, GLIBC_2_10); ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libc, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_3_2) ++FORWARD2 (__pthread_cond_signal_2_0, int attribute_compat_text_section, ++ (pthread_cond_2_0_t *cond), (cond), return 0) ++compat_symbol (libc, __pthread_cond_signal_2_0, pthread_cond_signal, ++ GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libc, GLIBC_2_3_2, GLIBC_2_10) ++FORWARD2 (__pthread_cond_signal_hppa_2_3_2, int attribute_compat_text_section, ++ (pthread_cond_hppa_2_3_2_t *cond), (cond), return 0) ++compat_symbol (libc, __pthread_cond_signal_hppa_2_3_2, pthread_cond_signal, ++ GLIBC_2_3_2); ++#endif ++FORWARD (__pthread_cond_signal, (pthread_cond_t *cond), (cond), 0) ++versioned_symbol (libc, __pthread_cond_signal, pthread_cond_signal, ++ GLIBC_2_10); ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libc, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_3_2) ++FORWARD2 (__pthread_cond_wait_2_0, int attribute_compat_text_section, ++ (pthread_cond_2_0_t *cond, pthread_mutex_t *mutex), (cond, mutex), ++ return 0) ++compat_symbol (libc, __pthread_cond_wait_2_0, pthread_cond_wait, ++ GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libc, GLIBC_2_3_2, GLIBC_2_10) ++FORWARD2 (__pthread_cond_wait_hppa_2_3_2, int attribute_compat_text_section, ++ (pthread_cond_hppa_2_3_2_t *cond, pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *mutex), (cond, mutex), ++ return 0) ++compat_symbol (libc, __pthread_cond_wait_hppa_2_3_2, pthread_cond_wait, ++ GLIBC_2_3_2); ++#endif ++FORWARD (__pthread_cond_wait, (pthread_cond_t *cond, pthread_mutex_t *mutex), ++ (cond, mutex), 0) ++versioned_symbol (libc, __pthread_cond_wait, pthread_cond_wait, ++ GLIBC_2_10); ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libc, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_3_2) ++FORWARD2 (__pthread_cond_timedwait_2_0, int attribute_compat_text_section, ++ (pthread_cond_2_0_t *cond, pthread_mutex_t *mutex, ++ const struct timespec *abstime), (cond, mutex, abstime), ++ return 0) ++compat_symbol (libc, __pthread_cond_timedwait_2_0, pthread_cond_timedwait, ++ GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libc, GLIBC_2_3_2, GLIBC_2_10) ++FORWARD2 (__pthread_cond_timedwait_hppa_2_3_2, int attribute_compat_text_section, ++ (pthread_cond_hppa_2_3_2_t *cond, pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *mutex, ++ const struct timespec *abstime), (cond, mutex, abstime), ++ return 0) ++compat_symbol (libc, __pthread_cond_timedwait_hppa_2_3_2, pthread_cond_timedwait, ++ GLIBC_2_3_2); ++#endif ++FORWARD (__pthread_cond_timedwait, ++ (pthread_cond_t *cond, pthread_mutex_t *mutex, ++ const struct timespec *abstime), (cond, mutex, abstime), 0) ++versioned_symbol (libc, __pthread_cond_timedwait, pthread_cond_timedwait, ++ GLIBC_2_10); ++ ++ ++FORWARD (pthread_equal, (pthread_t thread1, pthread_t thread2), ++ (thread1, thread2), 1) ++ ++ ++/* Use an alias to avoid warning, as pthread_exit is declared noreturn. */ ++FORWARD2 (__pthread_exit, void, (void *retval), (retval), exit (EXIT_SUCCESS)) ++strong_alias (__pthread_exit, pthread_exit); ++ ++ ++FORWARD (pthread_getschedparam, ++ (pthread_t target_thread, int *policy, struct sched_param *param), ++ (target_thread, policy, param), 0) ++FORWARD (pthread_setschedparam, ++ (pthread_t target_thread, int policy, ++ const struct sched_param *param), (target_thread, policy, param), 0) ++ ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libc, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_10) ++FORWARD2 (__pthread_mutex_destroy_hppa_2_0, int attribute_compat_text_section, ++ (pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *mutex), (mutex), return 0) ++compat_symbol (libc, __pthread_mutex_destroy_hppa_2_0, pthread_mutex_destroy, ++ GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++FORWARD (pthread_mutex_destroy, (pthread_mutex_t *mutex), (mutex), 0) ++versioned_symbol (libc, __pthread_mutex_destroy, pthread_mutex_destroy, ++ GLIBC_2_10); ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libc, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_10) ++FORWARD2 (__pthread_mutex_init_hppa_2_0, int attribute_compat_text_section, ++ (pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *mutex, const pthread_mutexattr_t *mutexattr), ++ (mutex, mutexattr), return 0) ++compat_symbol (libc, __pthread_mutex_init_hppa_2_0, pthread_mutex_init, ++ GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++FORWARD (pthread_mutex_init, ++ (pthread_mutex_t *mutex, const pthread_mutexattr_t *mutexattr), ++ (mutex, mutexattr), 0) ++versioned_symbol (libc, __pthread_mutex_init, pthread_mutex_init, ++ GLIBC_2_10); ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libc, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_10) ++FORWARD2 (__pthread_mutex_lock_hppa_2_0, int attribute_compat_text_section, ++ (pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *mutex), (mutex), return 0) ++compat_symbol (libc, __pthread_mutex_lock_hppa_2_0, pthread_mutex_lock, ++ GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++FORWARD (pthread_mutex_lock, (pthread_mutex_t *mutex), (mutex), 0) ++versioned_symbol (libc, __pthread_mutex_lock, pthread_mutex_lock, ++ GLIBC_2_10); ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libc, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_10) ++FORWARD2 (__pthread_mutex_unlock_hppa_2_0, int attribute_compat_text_section, ++ (pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *mutex), (mutex), return 0) ++compat_symbol (libc, __pthread_mutex_unlock_hppa_2_0, pthread_mutex_unlock, ++ GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++FORWARD (pthread_mutex_unlock, (pthread_mutex_t *mutex), (mutex), 0) ++versioned_symbol (libc, __pthread_mutex_init, pthread_mutex_init, ++ GLIBC_2_10); ++ ++FORWARD2 (pthread_self, pthread_t, (void), (), return 0) ++ ++ ++FORWARD (pthread_setcancelstate, (int state, int *oldstate), (state, oldstate), ++ 0) ++ ++FORWARD (pthread_setcanceltype, (int type, int *oldtype), (type, oldtype), 0) ++ ++#define return /* value is void */ ++FORWARD2(__pthread_unwind, ++ void attribute_hidden __attribute ((noreturn)) __cleanup_fct_attribute ++ attribute_compat_text_section, ++ (__pthread_unwind_buf_t *buf), (buf), { ++ /* We cannot call abort() here. */ ++ INTERNAL_SYSCALL_DECL (err); ++ INTERNAL_SYSCALL (kill, err, 1, SIGKILL); ++ }) ++#undef return +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/nptl-init.c +@@ -0,0 +1,460 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002-2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Ulrich Drepper , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++ ++/* Size and alignment of static TLS block. */ ++size_t __static_tls_size; ++size_t __static_tls_align_m1; ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_SET_ROBUST_LIST ++/* Negative if we do not have the system call and we can use it. */ ++int __set_robust_list_avail; ++# define set_robust_list_not_avail() \ ++ __set_robust_list_avail = -1 ++#else ++# define set_robust_list_not_avail() do { } while (0) ++#endif ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME ++/* Nonzero if we do not have FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME. */ ++int __have_futex_clock_realtime; ++# define __set_futex_clock_realtime() \ ++ __have_futex_clock_realtime = 1 ++#else ++#define __set_futex_clock_realtime() do { } while (0) ++#endif ++ ++/* Version of the library, used in libthread_db to detect mismatches. */ ++static const char nptl_version[] __attribute_used__ = VERSION; ++ ++ ++#ifndef SHARED ++extern void __libc_setup_tls (size_t tcbsize, size_t tcbalign); ++#endif ++ ++static void nptl_freeres (void); ++ ++ ++#ifdef SHARED ++static const struct pthread_functions pthread_functions = ++ { ++ .ptr_pthread_attr_destroy = __pthread_attr_destroy, ++# if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_1) ++ .ptr___pthread_attr_init_2_0 = __pthread_attr_init_2_0, ++# endif ++ .ptr___pthread_attr_init_2_1 = __pthread_attr_init_2_1, ++ .ptr_pthread_attr_getdetachstate = __pthread_attr_getdetachstate, ++ .ptr_pthread_attr_setdetachstate = __pthread_attr_setdetachstate, ++ .ptr_pthread_attr_getinheritsched = __pthread_attr_getinheritsched, ++ .ptr_pthread_attr_setinheritsched = __pthread_attr_setinheritsched, ++ .ptr_pthread_attr_getschedparam = __pthread_attr_getschedparam, ++ .ptr_pthread_attr_setschedparam = __pthread_attr_setschedparam, ++ .ptr_pthread_attr_getschedpolicy = __pthread_attr_getschedpolicy, ++ .ptr_pthread_attr_setschedpolicy = __pthread_attr_setschedpolicy, ++ .ptr_pthread_attr_getscope = __pthread_attr_getscope, ++ .ptr_pthread_attr_setscope = __pthread_attr_setscope, ++ .ptr_pthread_condattr_destroy = __pthread_condattr_destroy, ++ .ptr_pthread_condattr_init = __pthread_condattr_init, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_broadcast = __pthread_cond_broadcast, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_destroy = __pthread_cond_destroy, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_init = __pthread_cond_init, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_signal = __pthread_cond_signal, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_wait = __pthread_cond_wait, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_timedwait = __pthread_cond_timedwait, ++# if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_3_2) ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_broadcast_2_0 = __pthread_cond_broadcast_2_0, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_destroy_2_0 = __pthread_cond_destroy_2_0, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_init_2_0 = __pthread_cond_init_2_0, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_signal_2_0 = __pthread_cond_signal_2_0, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_wait_2_0 = __pthread_cond_wait_2_0, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_timedwait_2_0 = __pthread_cond_timedwait_2_0, ++# endif ++# if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_3_2, GLIBC_2_10) ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_broadcast_hppa_2_3_2 = __pthread_cond_broadcast_hppa_2_3_2, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_destroy_hppa_2_3_2 = __pthread_cond_destroy_hppa_2_3_2, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_init_hppa_2_3_2 = __pthread_cond_init_hppa_2_3_2, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_signal_hppa_2_3_2 = __pthread_cond_signal_hppa_2_3_2, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_wait_hppa_2_3_2 = __pthread_cond_wait_hppa_2_3_2, ++ .ptr___pthread_cond_timedwait_hppa_2_3_2 = __pthread_cond_timedwait_hppa_2_3_2, ++# endif ++ .ptr_pthread_equal = __pthread_equal, ++ .ptr___pthread_exit = __pthread_exit, ++ .ptr_pthread_getschedparam = __pthread_getschedparam, ++ .ptr_pthread_setschedparam = __pthread_setschedparam, ++ .ptr_pthread_mutex_destroy = INTUSE(__pthread_mutex_destroy), ++ .ptr_pthread_mutex_init = INTUSE(__pthread_mutex_init), ++ .ptr_pthread_mutex_lock = INTUSE(__pthread_mutex_lock), ++ .ptr_pthread_mutex_unlock = INTUSE(__pthread_mutex_unlock), ++# if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_10) ++ .ptr___pthread_mutex_destroy_hppa_2_0 = __pthread_mutex_destroy_hppa_2_0, ++ .ptr___pthread_mutex_init_hppa_2_0 = __pthread_mutex_init_hppa_2_0, ++ .ptr___pthread_mutex_lock_hppa_2_0 = __pthread_mutex_lock_hppa_2_0, ++ .ptr___pthread_mutex_unlock_hppa_2_0 = __pthread_mutex_unlock_hppa_2_0, ++# endif ++ .ptr_pthread_self = __pthread_self, ++ .ptr_pthread_setcancelstate = __pthread_setcancelstate, ++ .ptr_pthread_setcanceltype = __pthread_setcanceltype, ++ .ptr___pthread_cleanup_upto = __pthread_cleanup_upto, ++ .ptr___pthread_once = __pthread_once_internal, ++ .ptr___pthread_rwlock_rdlock = __pthread_rwlock_rdlock_internal, ++ .ptr___pthread_rwlock_wrlock = __pthread_rwlock_wrlock_internal, ++ .ptr___pthread_rwlock_unlock = __pthread_rwlock_unlock_internal, ++ .ptr___pthread_key_create = __pthread_key_create_internal, ++ .ptr___pthread_getspecific = __pthread_getspecific_internal, ++ .ptr___pthread_setspecific = __pthread_setspecific_internal, ++ .ptr__pthread_cleanup_push_defer = __pthread_cleanup_push_defer, ++ .ptr__pthread_cleanup_pop_restore = __pthread_cleanup_pop_restore, ++ .ptr_nthreads = &__nptl_nthreads, ++ .ptr___pthread_unwind = &__pthread_unwind, ++ .ptr__nptl_deallocate_tsd = __nptl_deallocate_tsd, ++ .ptr__nptl_setxid = __nptl_setxid, ++ /* For now only the stack cache needs to be freed. */ ++ .ptr_freeres = nptl_freeres ++ }; ++# define ptr_pthread_functions &pthread_functions ++#else ++# define ptr_pthread_functions NULL ++#endif ++ ++ ++/* This function is called indirectly from the freeres code in libc. */ ++static void ++__libc_freeres_fn_section ++nptl_freeres (void) ++{ ++#ifdef SHARED ++ __unwind_freeres (); ++#endif ++ __free_stacks (0); ++} ++ ++ ++/* For asynchronous cancellation we use a signal. This is the handler. */ ++static void ++sigcancel_handler (int sig, siginfo_t *si, void *ctx) ++{ ++#ifdef __ASSUME_CORRECT_SI_PID ++ /* Determine the process ID. It might be negative if the thread is ++ in the middle of a fork() call. */ ++ pid_t pid = THREAD_GETMEM (THREAD_SELF, pid); ++ if (__builtin_expect (pid < 0, 0)) ++ pid = -pid; ++#endif ++ ++ /* Safety check. It would be possible to call this function for ++ other signals and send a signal from another process. This is not ++ correct and might even be a security problem. Try to catch as ++ many incorrect invocations as possible. */ ++ if (sig != SIGCANCEL ++#ifdef __ASSUME_CORRECT_SI_PID ++ /* Kernels before 2.5.75 stored the thread ID and not the process ++ ID in si_pid so we skip this test. */ ++ || si->si_pid != pid ++#endif ++ || si->si_code != SI_TKILL) ++ return; ++ ++ struct pthread *self = THREAD_SELF; ++ ++ int oldval = THREAD_GETMEM (self, cancelhandling); ++ while (1) ++ { ++ /* We are canceled now. When canceled by another thread this flag ++ is already set but if the signal is directly send (internally or ++ from another process) is has to be done here. */ ++ int newval = oldval | CANCELING_BITMASK | CANCELED_BITMASK; ++ ++ if (oldval == newval || (oldval & EXITING_BITMASK) != 0) ++ /* Already canceled or exiting. */ ++ break; ++ ++ int curval = THREAD_ATOMIC_CMPXCHG_VAL (self, cancelhandling, newval, ++ oldval); ++ if (curval == oldval) ++ { ++ /* Set the return value. */ ++ THREAD_SETMEM (self, result, PTHREAD_CANCELED); ++ ++ /* Make sure asynchronous cancellation is still enabled. */ ++ if ((newval & CANCELTYPE_BITMASK) != 0) ++ /* Run the registered destructors and terminate the thread. */ ++ __do_cancel (); ++ ++ break; ++ } ++ ++ oldval = curval; ++ } ++} ++ ++ ++struct xid_command *__xidcmd attribute_hidden; ++ ++/* For asynchronous cancellation we use a signal. This is the handler. */ ++static void ++sighandler_setxid (int sig, siginfo_t *si, void *ctx) ++{ ++#ifdef __ASSUME_CORRECT_SI_PID ++ /* Determine the process ID. It might be negative if the thread is ++ in the middle of a fork() call. */ ++ pid_t pid = THREAD_GETMEM (THREAD_SELF, pid); ++ if (__builtin_expect (pid < 0, 0)) ++ pid = -pid; ++#endif ++ ++ /* Safety check. It would be possible to call this function for ++ other signals and send a signal from another process. This is not ++ correct and might even be a security problem. Try to catch as ++ many incorrect invocations as possible. */ ++ if (sig != SIGSETXID ++#ifdef __ASSUME_CORRECT_SI_PID ++ /* Kernels before 2.5.75 stored the thread ID and not the process ++ ID in si_pid so we skip this test. */ ++ || si->si_pid != pid ++#endif ++ || si->si_code != SI_TKILL) ++ return; ++ ++ INTERNAL_SYSCALL_DECL (err); ++ INTERNAL_SYSCALL_NCS (__xidcmd->syscall_no, err, 3, __xidcmd->id[0], ++ __xidcmd->id[1], __xidcmd->id[2]); ++ ++ if (atomic_decrement_val (&__xidcmd->cntr) == 0) ++ lll_futex_wake (&__xidcmd->cntr, 1, LLL_PRIVATE); ++ ++ /* Reset the SETXID flag. */ ++ struct pthread *self = THREAD_SELF; ++ int flags = THREAD_GETMEM (self, cancelhandling); ++ THREAD_SETMEM (self, cancelhandling, flags & ~SETXID_BITMASK); ++ ++ /* And release the futex. */ ++ self->setxid_futex = 1; ++ lll_futex_wake (&self->setxid_futex, 1, LLL_PRIVATE); ++} ++ ++ ++/* When using __thread for this, we do it in libc so as not ++ to give libpthread its own TLS segment just for this. */ ++extern void **__libc_dl_error_tsd (void) __attribute__ ((const)); ++ ++ ++/* This can be set by the debugger before initialization is complete. */ ++static bool __nptl_initial_report_events; ++ ++void ++__pthread_initialize_minimal_internal (void) ++{ ++#ifndef SHARED ++ /* Unlike in the dynamically linked case the dynamic linker has not ++ taken care of initializing the TLS data structures. */ ++ __libc_setup_tls (TLS_TCB_SIZE, TLS_TCB_ALIGN); ++ ++ /* We must prevent gcc from being clever and move any of the ++ following code ahead of the __libc_setup_tls call. This function ++ will initialize the thread register which is subsequently ++ used. */ ++ __asm __volatile (""); ++#endif ++ ++ /* Minimal initialization of the thread descriptor. */ ++ struct pthread *pd = THREAD_SELF; ++ INTERNAL_SYSCALL_DECL (err); ++ pd->pid = pd->tid = INTERNAL_SYSCALL (set_tid_address, err, 1, &pd->tid); ++ THREAD_SETMEM (pd, specific[0], &pd->specific_1stblock[0]); ++ THREAD_SETMEM (pd, user_stack, true); ++ if (LLL_LOCK_INITIALIZER != 0) ++ THREAD_SETMEM (pd, lock, LLL_LOCK_INITIALIZER); ++#if HP_TIMING_AVAIL ++ THREAD_SETMEM (pd, cpuclock_offset, GL(dl_cpuclock_offset)); ++#endif ++ ++ /* Initialize the robust mutex data. */ ++#ifdef __PTHREAD_MUTEX_HAVE_PREV ++ pd->robust_prev = &pd->robust_head; ++#endif ++ pd->robust_head.list = &pd->robust_head; ++#ifdef __NR_set_robust_list ++ pd->robust_head.futex_offset = (offsetof (pthread_mutex_t, __data.__lock) ++ - offsetof (pthread_mutex_t, ++ __data.__list.__next)); ++ int res = INTERNAL_SYSCALL (set_robust_list, err, 2, &pd->robust_head, ++ sizeof (struct robust_list_head)); ++ if (INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERROR_P (res, err)) ++#endif ++ set_robust_list_not_avail (); ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_PRIVATE_FUTEX ++ /* Private futexes are always used (at least internally) so that ++ doing the test once this early is beneficial. */ ++ { ++ int word = 0; ++ word = INTERNAL_SYSCALL (futex, err, 3, &word, ++ FUTEX_WAKE | FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG, 1); ++ if (!INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERROR_P (word, err)) ++ THREAD_SETMEM (pd, header.private_futex, FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG); ++ } ++ ++ /* Private futexes have been introduced earlier than the ++ FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME flag. We don't have to run the test if we ++ know the former are not supported. This also means we know the ++ kernel will return ENOSYS for unknown operations. */ ++ if (THREAD_GETMEM (pd, header.private_futex) != 0) ++#endif ++#ifndef __ASSUME_FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME ++ { ++ int word = 0; ++ /* NB: the syscall actually takes six parameters. The last is the ++ bit mask. But since we will not actually wait at all the value ++ is irrelevant. Given that passing six parameters is difficult ++ on some architectures we just pass whatever random value the ++ calling convention calls for to the kernel. It causes no harm. */ ++ word = INTERNAL_SYSCALL (futex, err, 5, &word, ++ FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET | FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME ++ | FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG, 1, NULL, 0); ++ assert (INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERROR_P (word, err)); ++ if (INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERRNO (word, err) != ENOSYS) ++ __set_futex_clock_realtime (); ++ } ++#endif ++ ++ /* Set initial thread's stack block from 0 up to __libc_stack_end. ++ It will be bigger than it actually is, but for unwind.c/pt-longjmp.c ++ purposes this is good enough. */ ++ THREAD_SETMEM (pd, stackblock_size, (size_t) __libc_stack_end); ++ ++ /* Initialize the list of all running threads with the main thread. */ ++ INIT_LIST_HEAD (&__stack_user); ++ list_add (&pd->list, &__stack_user); ++ ++ /* Before initializing __stack_user, the debugger could not find us and ++ had to set __nptl_initial_report_events. Propagate its setting. */ ++ THREAD_SETMEM (pd, report_events, __nptl_initial_report_events); ++ ++ /* Install the cancellation signal handler. If for some reason we ++ cannot install the handler we do not abort. Maybe we should, but ++ it is only asynchronous cancellation which is affected. */ ++ struct sigaction sa; ++ sa.sa_sigaction = sigcancel_handler; ++ sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO; ++ __sigemptyset (&sa.sa_mask); ++ ++ (void) __libc_sigaction (SIGCANCEL, &sa, NULL); ++ ++ /* Install the handle to change the threads' uid/gid. */ ++ sa.sa_sigaction = sighandler_setxid; ++ sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO | SA_RESTART; ++ ++ (void) __libc_sigaction (SIGSETXID, &sa, NULL); ++ ++ /* The parent process might have left the signals blocked. Just in ++ case, unblock it. We reuse the signal mask in the sigaction ++ structure. It is already cleared. */ ++ __sigaddset (&sa.sa_mask, SIGCANCEL); ++ __sigaddset (&sa.sa_mask, SIGSETXID); ++ (void) INTERNAL_SYSCALL (rt_sigprocmask, err, 4, SIG_UNBLOCK, &sa.sa_mask, ++ NULL, _NSIG / 8); ++ ++ /* Get the size of the static and alignment requirements for the TLS ++ block. */ ++ size_t static_tls_align; ++ _dl_get_tls_static_info (&__static_tls_size, &static_tls_align); ++ ++ /* Make sure the size takes all the alignments into account. */ ++ if (STACK_ALIGN > static_tls_align) ++ static_tls_align = STACK_ALIGN; ++ __static_tls_align_m1 = static_tls_align - 1; ++ ++ __static_tls_size = roundup (__static_tls_size, static_tls_align); ++ ++ /* Determine the default allowed stack size. This is the size used ++ in case the user does not specify one. */ ++ struct rlimit limit; ++ if (getrlimit (RLIMIT_STACK, &limit) != 0 ++ || limit.rlim_cur == RLIM_INFINITY) ++ /* The system limit is not usable. Use an architecture-specific ++ default. */ ++ limit.rlim_cur = ARCH_STACK_DEFAULT_SIZE; ++ else if (limit.rlim_cur < PTHREAD_STACK_MIN) ++ /* The system limit is unusably small. ++ Use the minimal size acceptable. */ ++ limit.rlim_cur = PTHREAD_STACK_MIN; ++ ++ /* Make sure it meets the minimum size that allocate_stack ++ (allocatestack.c) will demand, which depends on the page size. */ ++ const uintptr_t pagesz = __sysconf (_SC_PAGESIZE); ++ const size_t minstack = pagesz + __static_tls_size + MINIMAL_REST_STACK; ++ if (limit.rlim_cur < minstack) ++ limit.rlim_cur = minstack; ++ ++ /* Round the resource limit up to page size. */ ++ limit.rlim_cur = (limit.rlim_cur + pagesz - 1) & -pagesz; ++ __default_stacksize = limit.rlim_cur; ++ ++#ifdef SHARED ++ /* Transfer the old value from the dynamic linker's internal location. */ ++ *__libc_dl_error_tsd () = *(*GL(dl_error_catch_tsd)) (); ++ GL(dl_error_catch_tsd) = &__libc_dl_error_tsd; ++ ++ /* Make __rtld_lock_{,un}lock_recursive use pthread_mutex_{,un}lock, ++ keep the lock count from the ld.so implementation. */ ++ GL(dl_rtld_lock_recursive) = (void *) INTUSE (__pthread_mutex_lock); ++ GL(dl_rtld_unlock_recursive) = (void *) INTUSE (__pthread_mutex_unlock); ++ unsigned int rtld_lock_count = GL(dl_load_lock).mutex.__data.__count; ++ GL(dl_load_lock).mutex.__data.__count = 0; ++ while (rtld_lock_count-- > 0) ++ INTUSE (__pthread_mutex_lock) (&GL(dl_load_lock).mutex); ++ ++ GL(dl_make_stack_executable_hook) = &__make_stacks_executable; ++#endif ++ ++ GL(dl_init_static_tls) = &__pthread_init_static_tls; ++ ++ GL(dl_wait_lookup_done) = &__wait_lookup_done; ++ ++ /* Register the fork generation counter with the libc. */ ++#ifndef TLS_MULTIPLE_THREADS_IN_TCB ++ __libc_multiple_threads_ptr = ++#endif ++ __libc_pthread_init (&__fork_generation, __reclaim_stacks, ++ ptr_pthread_functions); ++ ++ /* Determine whether the machine is SMP or not. */ ++ __is_smp = is_smp_system (); ++} ++strong_alias (__pthread_initialize_minimal_internal, ++ __pthread_initialize_minimal) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_cond_broadcast.c +@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include "pthreadP.h" ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_3_2, GLIBC_2_10) ++int ++__pthread_cond_broadcast_hppa_2_3_2 (pthread_cond_hppa_2_3_2_t *var) ++{ ++ compat_lock (var); ++ compat_malloc (var); ++ compat_unlock (var); ++ return __pthread_cond_broadcast(var->compat); ++} ++compat_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_cond_broadcast_hppa_2_3_2, ++ pthread_cond_broadcast, GLIBC_2_3_2); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_cond_destroy.c +@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include "pthreadP.h" ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_3_2, GLIBC_2_10) ++int ++__pthread_cond_destroy_hppa_2_3_2 (pthread_cond_hppa_2_3_2_t *var) ++{ ++ int ret; ++ if (compat_present (var)) ++ { ++ ret = __pthread_cond_destroy(var->compat); ++ compat_free (var); ++ return ret; ++ } ++ return 0; ++} ++compat_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_cond_destroy_hppa_2_3_2, ++ pthread_cond_destroy, GLIBC_2_3_2); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_cond_init.c +@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include "pthreadP.h" ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_3_2, GLIBC_2_10) ++int ++__pthread_cond_init_hppa_2_3_2 (pthread_cond_hppa_2_3_2_t *var, ++ const pthread_condattr_t *attr) ++{ ++ /* All other compat functions expect an initialized lock. */ ++ compat_init (var); ++ compat_malloc_nolock (var); ++ return __pthread_cond_init (var->compat, attr); ++} ++compat_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_cond_init_hppa_2_3_2, pthread_cond_init, ++ GLIBC_2_3_2); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_cond_signal.c +@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include "pthreadP.h" ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_3_2, GLIBC_2_10) ++int ++__pthread_cond_signal_hppa_2_3_2 (pthread_cond_hppa_2_3_2_t *var) ++{ ++ compat_lock (var); ++ compat_malloc (var); ++ compat_unlock (var); ++ return __pthread_cond_signal(var->compat); ++} ++compat_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_cond_signal_hppa_2_3_2, ++ pthread_cond_signal, GLIBC_2_3_2); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_cond_timedwait.c +@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include "pthreadP.h" ++ ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_3_2, GLIBC_2_10) ++int ++__pthread_cond_timedwait_hppa_2_3_2 (pthread_cond_hppa_2_3_2_t *var, ++ pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *mutex, ++ const struct timespec *abstime) ++{ ++ compat_lock (var); ++ compat_lock (mutex); ++ compat_malloc (var); ++ compat_malloc (mutex); ++ compat_mutex_copy (mutex); ++ compat_unlock (mutex); ++ compat_unlock (var); ++ return __pthread_cond_timedwait (var->compat, mutex->compat, abstime); ++} ++compat_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_cond_timedwait_hppa_2_3_2, ++ pthread_cond_timedwait, GLIBC_2_3_2); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_cond_wait.c +@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include "pthreadP.h" ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_3_2, GLIBC_2_10) ++int ++__pthread_cond_wait_hppa_2_3_2 (pthread_cond_hppa_2_3_2_t *var, ++ pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *mutex) ++{ ++ compat_lock (var); ++ compat_lock (mutex); ++ compat_malloc (var); ++ compat_malloc (mutex); ++ compat_mutex_copy (mutex); ++ compat_unlock (mutex); ++ compat_unlock (var); ++ return __pthread_cond_wait (var->compat, mutex->compat); ++} ++compat_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_cond_wait_hppa_2_3_2, ++ pthread_cond_wait, GLIBC_2_3_2); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_mutex_destroy.c +@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include "pthreadP.h" ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_10) ++int ++__pthread_mutex_destroy_hppa_2_0 (pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *var) ++{ ++ int ret; ++ if (compat_present (var)) ++ { ++ ret = __pthread_mutex_destroy(var->compat); ++ compat_free (var); ++ return ret; ++ } ++ return 0; ++} ++compat_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_mutex_destroy_hppa_2_0, ++ pthread_mutex_destroy, GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_mutex_init.c +@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include "pthreadP.h" ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_10) ++int ++__pthread_mutex_init_hppa_2_0 (pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *var, ++ const pthread_mutexattr_t *attr) ++{ ++ /* All other compat functions expect an initialized lock. */ ++ compat_init (var); ++ compat_malloc_nolock (var); ++ return __pthread_mutex_init (var->compat, attr); ++} ++compat_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_mutex_init_hppa_2_0, pthread_mutex_init, ++ GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_mutex_lock.c +@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include "pthreadP.h" ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_10) ++int ++__pthread_mutex_lock_hppa_2_0 (pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *var) ++{ ++ compat_lock (var); ++ compat_malloc (var); ++ compat_mutex_copy (var); ++ compat_unlock (var); ++ return __pthread_mutex_lock (var->compat); ++} ++compat_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_mutex_lock_hppa_2_0, pthread_mutex_lock, ++ GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_mutex_timedlock.c +@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include "pthreadP.h" ++ ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_10) ++int ++__pthread_mutex_timedlock_hppa_2_0 (pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *var, ++ const struct timespec abs_timeout) ++{ ++ compat_lock (var); ++ compat_malloc (var); ++ compat_mutex_copy (var); ++ compat_unlock (var); ++ return __pthread_mutex_timedlock (var->compat, abs_timeout); ++} ++compat_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_mutex_timedlock_hppa_2_0, pthread_mutex_timedlock, ++ GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_mutex_trylock.c +@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include "pthreadP.h" ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_10) ++int ++__pthread_mutex_trylock_hppa_2_0 (pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *var) ++{ ++ compat_lock (var); ++ compat_malloc (var); ++ compat_mutex_copy (var); ++ compat_unlock (var); ++ return __pthread_mutex_trylock (var->compat); ++} ++compat_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_mutex_trylock_hppa_2_0, pthread_mutex_trylock, ++ GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_mutex_unlock.c +@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include "pthreadP.h" ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_10) ++int ++__pthread_mutex_unlock_hppa_2_0 (pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *var) ++{ ++ compat_lock (var); ++ compat_malloc (var); ++ compat_mutex_copy (var); ++ compat_unlock (var); ++ return __pthread_mutex_unlock(var->compat); ++} ++compat_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_mutex_unlock_hppa_2_0, pthread_mutex_unlock, ++ GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_destroy.c +@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include "pthreadP.h" ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_10) ++int ++__pthread_rwlock_destroy_hppa_2_0 (pthread_rwlock_hppa_2_0_t *var) ++{ ++ int ret; ++ if (compat_present (var)) ++ { ++ ret = __pthread_rwlock_destroy(var->compat); ++ compat_free (var); ++ return ret; ++ } ++ return 0; ++} ++compat_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_rwlock_destroy_hppa_2_0, ++ pthread_rwlock_destroy, GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_init.c +@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include "pthreadP.h" ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_10) ++int ++__pthread_rwlock_init_hppa_2_0 (pthread_rwlock_hppa_2_0_t *var, ++ const pthread_rwlockattr_t *attr) ++{ ++ /* All other compat functions expect an initialized lock. */ ++ compat_init (var); ++ compat_malloc_nolock (var); ++ return __pthread_rwlock_init (var->compat, attr); ++} ++compat_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_rwlock_init_hppa_2_0, pthread_rwlock_init, ++ GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_rdlock.c +@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include "pthreadP.h" ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_10) ++int ++__pthread_rwlock_rdlock_hppa_2_0 (pthread_rwlock_hppa_2_0_t *var) ++{ ++ compat_lock (var); ++ compat_malloc (var); ++ compat_rwlock_copy (var); ++ compat_unlock (var); ++ return __pthread_rwlock_rdlock (var->compat); ++} ++compat_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_rwlock_rdlock_hppa_2_0, pthread_rwlock_rdlock, ++ GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock.c +@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include "pthreadP.h" ++ ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_10) ++int ++__pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock_hppa_2_0 (pthread_rwlock_hppa_2_0_t *var, ++ const struct timespec *abs_timeout) ++{ ++ compat_lock (var); ++ compat_malloc (var); ++ compat_rwlock_copy (var); ++ compat_unlock (var); ++ return __pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock (var->compat, abs_timeout); ++} ++compat_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock_hppa_2_0, pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock, ++ GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock.c +@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include "pthreadP.h" ++ ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_10) ++int ++__pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock_hppa_2_0 (pthread_rwlock_hppa_2_0_t *var, ++ const struct timespec *abs_timeout) ++{ ++ compat_lock (var); ++ compat_malloc (var); ++ compat_rwlock_copy (var); ++ compat_unlock (var); ++ return __pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock (var->compat, abs_timeout); ++} ++compat_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock_hppa_2_0, pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock, ++ GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock.c +@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include "pthreadP.h" ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_10) ++int ++__pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock_hppa_2_0 (pthread_rwlock_hppa_2_0_t *var) ++{ ++ compat_lock (var); ++ compat_malloc (var); ++ compat_rwlock_copy (var); ++ compat_unlock (var); ++ return __pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock (var->compat); ++} ++compat_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock_hppa_2_0, pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock, ++ GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_trywrlock.c +@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include "pthreadP.h" ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_10) ++int ++__pthread_rwlock_trywrlock_hppa_2_0 (pthread_rwlock_hppa_2_0_t *var) ++{ ++ compat_lock (var); ++ compat_malloc (var); ++ compat_rwlock_copy (var); ++ compat_unlock (var); ++ return __pthread_rwlock_trywrlock (var->compat); ++} ++compat_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_rwlock_trywrlock_hppa_2_0, pthread_rwlock_trywrlock, ++ GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_unlock.c +@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include "pthreadP.h" ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_10) ++int ++__pthread_rwlock_unlock_hppa_2_0 (pthread_rwlock_hppa_2_0_t *var) ++{ ++ compat_lock (var); ++ compat_malloc (var); ++ compat_rwlock_copy (var); ++ compat_unlock (var); ++ return __pthread_rwlock_unlock (var->compat); ++} ++compat_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_rwlock_unlock_hppa_2_0, pthread_rwlock_unlock, ++ GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/old_hppa_pthread_rwlock_wrlock.c +@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include "pthreadP.h" ++#include ++ ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT(libpthread, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_10) ++int ++__pthread_rwlock_wrlock_hppa_2_0 (pthread_rwlock_hppa_2_0_t *var) ++{ ++ compat_lock (var); ++ compat_malloc (var); ++ compat_rwlock_copy (var); ++ compat_unlock (var); ++ return __pthread_rwlock_wrlock (var->compat); ++} ++compat_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_rwlock_wrlock_hppa_2_0, pthread_rwlock_wrlock, ++ GLIBC_2_0); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread-functions.h +@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Ulrich Drepper , 2003. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _PTHREAD_FUNCTIONS_H ++#define _PTHREAD_FUNCTIONS_H 1 ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++struct xid_command; ++ ++/* Data type shared with libc. The libc uses it to pass on calls to ++ the thread functions. */ ++struct pthread_functions ++{ ++ int (*ptr_pthread_attr_destroy) (pthread_attr_t *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_attr_init_2_0) (pthread_attr_t *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_attr_init_2_1) (pthread_attr_t *); ++ int (*ptr_pthread_attr_getdetachstate) (const pthread_attr_t *, int *); ++ int (*ptr_pthread_attr_setdetachstate) (pthread_attr_t *, int); ++ int (*ptr_pthread_attr_getinheritsched) (const pthread_attr_t *, int *); ++ int (*ptr_pthread_attr_setinheritsched) (pthread_attr_t *, int); ++ int (*ptr_pthread_attr_getschedparam) (const pthread_attr_t *, ++ struct sched_param *); ++ int (*ptr_pthread_attr_setschedparam) (pthread_attr_t *, ++ const struct sched_param *); ++ int (*ptr_pthread_attr_getschedpolicy) (const pthread_attr_t *, int *); ++ int (*ptr_pthread_attr_setschedpolicy) (pthread_attr_t *, int); ++ int (*ptr_pthread_attr_getscope) (const pthread_attr_t *, int *); ++ int (*ptr_pthread_attr_setscope) (pthread_attr_t *, int); ++ int (*ptr_pthread_condattr_destroy) (pthread_condattr_t *); ++ int (*ptr_pthread_condattr_init) (pthread_condattr_t *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_cond_broadcast) (pthread_cond_t *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_cond_destroy) (pthread_cond_t *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_cond_init) (pthread_cond_t *, ++ const pthread_condattr_t *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_cond_signal) (pthread_cond_t *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_cond_wait) (pthread_cond_t *, pthread_mutex_t *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_cond_timedwait) (pthread_cond_t *, pthread_mutex_t *, ++ const struct timespec *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_cond_broadcast_2_0) (pthread_cond_2_0_t *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_cond_destroy_2_0) (pthread_cond_2_0_t *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_cond_init_2_0) (pthread_cond_2_0_t *, ++ const pthread_condattr_t *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_cond_signal_2_0) (pthread_cond_2_0_t *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_cond_wait_2_0) (pthread_cond_2_0_t *, pthread_mutex_t *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_cond_timedwait_2_0) (pthread_cond_2_0_t *, ++ pthread_mutex_t *, ++ const struct timespec *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_cond_broadcast_hppa_2_3_2) (pthread_cond_hppa_2_3_2_t *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_cond_destroy_hppa_2_3_2) (pthread_cond_hppa_2_3_2_t *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_cond_init_hppa_2_3_2) (pthread_cond_hppa_2_3_2_t *, ++ const pthread_condattr_t *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_cond_signal_hppa_2_3_2) (pthread_cond_hppa_2_3_2_t *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_cond_wait_hppa_2_3_2) (pthread_cond_hppa_2_3_2_t *, pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_cond_timedwait_hppa_2_3_2) (pthread_cond_hppa_2_3_2_t *, ++ pthread_mutex_t *, ++ const struct timespec *); ++ int (*ptr_pthread_equal) (pthread_t, pthread_t); ++ void (*ptr___pthread_exit) (void *); ++ int (*ptr_pthread_getschedparam) (pthread_t, int *, struct sched_param *); ++ int (*ptr_pthread_setschedparam) (pthread_t, int, ++ const struct sched_param *); ++ int (*ptr_pthread_mutex_destroy) (pthread_mutex_t *); ++ int (*ptr_pthread_mutex_init) (pthread_mutex_t *, ++ const pthread_mutexattr_t *); ++ int (*ptr_pthread_mutex_lock) (pthread_mutex_t *); ++ int (*ptr_pthread_mutex_unlock) (pthread_mutex_t *); ++ ++ int (*ptr___pthread_mutex_destroy_hppa_2_0) (pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_mutex_init_hppa_2_0) (pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *, ++ const pthread_mutexattr_t *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_mutex_lock_hppa_2_0) (pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_mutex_unlock_hppa_2_0) (pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *); ++ ++ pthread_t (*ptr_pthread_self) (void); ++ int (*ptr_pthread_setcancelstate) (int, int *); ++ int (*ptr_pthread_setcanceltype) (int, int *); ++ void (*ptr___pthread_cleanup_upto) (__jmp_buf, char *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_once) (pthread_once_t *, void (*) (void)); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_rwlock_rdlock) (pthread_rwlock_t *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_rwlock_wrlock) (pthread_rwlock_t *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_rwlock_unlock) (pthread_rwlock_t *); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_key_create) (pthread_key_t *, void (*) (void *)); ++ void *(*ptr___pthread_getspecific) (pthread_key_t); ++ int (*ptr___pthread_setspecific) (pthread_key_t, const void *); ++ void (*ptr__pthread_cleanup_push_defer) (struct _pthread_cleanup_buffer *, ++ void (*) (void *), void *); ++ void (*ptr__pthread_cleanup_pop_restore) (struct _pthread_cleanup_buffer *, ++ int); ++#define HAVE_PTR_NTHREADS ++ unsigned int *ptr_nthreads; ++ void (*ptr___pthread_unwind) (__pthread_unwind_buf_t *) ++ __attribute ((noreturn)) __cleanup_fct_attribute; ++ void (*ptr__nptl_deallocate_tsd) (void); ++ int (*ptr__nptl_setxid) (struct xid_command *); ++ void (*ptr_freeres) (void); ++}; ++ ++/* Variable in libc.so. */ ++extern struct pthread_functions __libc_pthread_functions attribute_hidden; ++extern int __libc_pthread_functions_init attribute_hidden; ++ ++#ifdef PTR_DEMANGLE ++# define PTHFCT_CALL(fct, params) \ ++ ({ __typeof (__libc_pthread_functions.fct) __p; \ ++ __p = __libc_pthread_functions.fct; \ ++ PTR_DEMANGLE (__p); \ ++ __p params; }) ++#else ++# define PTHFCT_CALL(fct, params) \ ++ __libc_pthread_functions.fct params ++#endif ++ ++#endif /* pthread-functions.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthreadP.h +@@ -0,0 +1,621 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002-2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Ulrich Drepper , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _PTHREADP_H ++#define _PTHREADP_H 1 ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include "descr.h" ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++ ++/* Atomic operations on TLS memory. */ ++#ifndef THREAD_ATOMIC_CMPXCHG_VAL ++# define THREAD_ATOMIC_CMPXCHG_VAL(descr, member, new, old) \ ++ atomic_compare_and_exchange_val_acq (&(descr)->member, new, old) ++#endif ++ ++#ifndef THREAD_ATOMIC_BIT_SET ++# define THREAD_ATOMIC_BIT_SET(descr, member, bit) \ ++ atomic_bit_set (&(descr)->member, bit) ++#endif ++ ++ ++/* Adaptive mutex definitions. */ ++#ifndef MAX_ADAPTIVE_COUNT ++# define MAX_ADAPTIVE_COUNT 100 ++#endif ++ ++ ++/* Magic cookie representing robust mutex with dead owner. */ ++#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_INCONSISTENT INT_MAX ++/* Magic cookie representing not recoverable robust mutex. */ ++#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_NOTRECOVERABLE (INT_MAX - 1) ++ ++ ++/* Internal mutex type value. */ ++enum ++{ ++ PTHREAD_MUTEX_KIND_MASK_NP = 3, ++ PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST_NORMAL_NP = 16, ++ PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST_RECURSIVE_NP ++ = PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST_NORMAL_NP | PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE_NP, ++ PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST_ERRORCHECK_NP ++ = PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST_NORMAL_NP | PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK_NP, ++ PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST_ADAPTIVE_NP ++ = PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST_NORMAL_NP | PTHREAD_MUTEX_ADAPTIVE_NP, ++ PTHREAD_MUTEX_PRIO_INHERIT_NP = 32, ++ PTHREAD_MUTEX_PI_NORMAL_NP ++ = PTHREAD_MUTEX_PRIO_INHERIT_NP | PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL, ++ PTHREAD_MUTEX_PI_RECURSIVE_NP ++ = PTHREAD_MUTEX_PRIO_INHERIT_NP | PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE_NP, ++ PTHREAD_MUTEX_PI_ERRORCHECK_NP ++ = PTHREAD_MUTEX_PRIO_INHERIT_NP | PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK_NP, ++ PTHREAD_MUTEX_PI_ADAPTIVE_NP ++ = PTHREAD_MUTEX_PRIO_INHERIT_NP | PTHREAD_MUTEX_ADAPTIVE_NP, ++ PTHREAD_MUTEX_PI_ROBUST_NORMAL_NP ++ = PTHREAD_MUTEX_PRIO_INHERIT_NP | PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST_NORMAL_NP, ++ PTHREAD_MUTEX_PI_ROBUST_RECURSIVE_NP ++ = PTHREAD_MUTEX_PRIO_INHERIT_NP | PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST_RECURSIVE_NP, ++ PTHREAD_MUTEX_PI_ROBUST_ERRORCHECK_NP ++ = PTHREAD_MUTEX_PRIO_INHERIT_NP | PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST_ERRORCHECK_NP, ++ PTHREAD_MUTEX_PI_ROBUST_ADAPTIVE_NP ++ = PTHREAD_MUTEX_PRIO_INHERIT_NP | PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST_ADAPTIVE_NP, ++ PTHREAD_MUTEX_PRIO_PROTECT_NP = 64, ++ PTHREAD_MUTEX_PP_NORMAL_NP ++ = PTHREAD_MUTEX_PRIO_PROTECT_NP | PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL, ++ PTHREAD_MUTEX_PP_RECURSIVE_NP ++ = PTHREAD_MUTEX_PRIO_PROTECT_NP | PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE_NP, ++ PTHREAD_MUTEX_PP_ERRORCHECK_NP ++ = PTHREAD_MUTEX_PRIO_PROTECT_NP | PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK_NP, ++ PTHREAD_MUTEX_PP_ADAPTIVE_NP ++ = PTHREAD_MUTEX_PRIO_PROTECT_NP | PTHREAD_MUTEX_ADAPTIVE_NP ++}; ++#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_PSHARED_BIT 128 ++ ++#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_TYPE(m) \ ++ ((m)->__data.__kind & 127) ++ ++#if LLL_PRIVATE == 0 && LLL_SHARED == 128 ++# define PTHREAD_MUTEX_PSHARED(m) \ ++ ((m)->__data.__kind & 128) ++#else ++# define PTHREAD_MUTEX_PSHARED(m) \ ++ (((m)->__data.__kind & 128) ? LLL_SHARED : LLL_PRIVATE) ++#endif ++ ++/* The kernel when waking robust mutexes on exit never uses ++ FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG FUTEX_WAKE. */ ++#define PTHREAD_ROBUST_MUTEX_PSHARED(m) LLL_SHARED ++ ++/* Ceiling in __data.__lock. __data.__lock is signed, so don't ++ use the MSB bit in there, but in the mask also include that bit, ++ so that the compiler can optimize & PTHREAD_MUTEX_PRIO_CEILING_MASK ++ masking if the value is then shifted down by ++ PTHREAD_MUTEX_PRIO_CEILING_SHIFT. */ ++#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_PRIO_CEILING_SHIFT 19 ++#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_PRIO_CEILING_MASK 0xfff80000 ++ ++ ++/* Flags in mutex attr. */ ++#define PTHREAD_MUTEXATTR_PROTOCOL_SHIFT 28 ++#define PTHREAD_MUTEXATTR_PROTOCOL_MASK 0x30000000 ++#define PTHREAD_MUTEXATTR_PRIO_CEILING_SHIFT 12 ++#define PTHREAD_MUTEXATTR_PRIO_CEILING_MASK 0x00fff000 ++#define PTHREAD_MUTEXATTR_FLAG_ROBUST 0x40000000 ++#define PTHREAD_MUTEXATTR_FLAG_PSHARED 0x80000000 ++#define PTHREAD_MUTEXATTR_FLAG_BITS \ ++ (PTHREAD_MUTEXATTR_FLAG_ROBUST | PTHREAD_MUTEXATTR_FLAG_PSHARED \ ++ | PTHREAD_MUTEXATTR_PROTOCOL_MASK | PTHREAD_MUTEXATTR_PRIO_CEILING_MASK) ++ ++ ++/* Check whether rwlock prefers readers. */ ++#define PTHREAD_RWLOCK_PREFER_READER_P(rwlock) \ ++ ((rwlock)->__data.__flags == 0) ++ ++ ++/* Bits used in robust mutex implementation. */ ++#define FUTEX_WAITERS 0x80000000 ++#define FUTEX_OWNER_DIED 0x40000000 ++#define FUTEX_TID_MASK 0x3fffffff ++ ++ ++/* Internal variables. */ ++ ++ ++/* Default stack size. */ ++extern size_t __default_stacksize attribute_hidden; ++ ++/* Size and alignment of static TLS block. */ ++extern size_t __static_tls_size attribute_hidden; ++extern size_t __static_tls_align_m1 attribute_hidden; ++ ++/* Flag whether the machine is SMP or not. */ ++extern int __is_smp attribute_hidden; ++ ++/* Thread descriptor handling. */ ++extern list_t __stack_user; ++hidden_proto (__stack_user) ++ ++/* Attribute handling. */ ++extern struct pthread_attr *__attr_list attribute_hidden; ++extern int __attr_list_lock attribute_hidden; ++ ++/* First available RT signal. */ ++extern int __current_sigrtmin attribute_hidden; ++/* Last available RT signal. */ ++extern int __current_sigrtmax attribute_hidden; ++ ++/* Concurrency handling. */ ++extern int __concurrency_level attribute_hidden; ++ ++/* Thread-local data key handling. */ ++extern struct pthread_key_struct __pthread_keys[PTHREAD_KEYS_MAX]; ++hidden_proto (__pthread_keys) ++ ++/* Number of threads running. */ ++extern unsigned int __nptl_nthreads attribute_hidden; ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_SET_ROBUST_LIST ++/* Negative if we do not have the system call and we can use it. */ ++extern int __set_robust_list_avail attribute_hidden; ++#endif ++ ++/* Thread Priority Protection. */ ++extern int __sched_fifo_min_prio attribute_hidden; ++extern int __sched_fifo_max_prio attribute_hidden; ++extern void __init_sched_fifo_prio (void) attribute_hidden; ++extern int __pthread_tpp_change_priority (int prev_prio, int new_prio) ++ attribute_hidden; ++extern int __pthread_current_priority (void) attribute_hidden; ++ ++/* The library can run in debugging mode where it performs a lot more ++ tests. */ ++extern int __pthread_debug attribute_hidden; ++/** For now disable debugging support. */ ++#if 0 ++# define DEBUGGING_P __builtin_expect (__pthread_debug, 0) ++# define INVALID_TD_P(pd) (DEBUGGING_P && __find_in_stack_list (pd) == NULL) ++# define INVALID_NOT_TERMINATED_TD_P(pd) INVALID_TD_P (pd) ++#else ++# define DEBUGGING_P 0 ++/* Simplified test. This will not catch all invalid descriptors but ++ is better than nothing. And if the test triggers the thread ++ descriptor is guaranteed to be invalid. */ ++# define INVALID_TD_P(pd) __builtin_expect ((pd)->tid <= 0, 0) ++# define INVALID_NOT_TERMINATED_TD_P(pd) __builtin_expect ((pd)->tid < 0, 0) ++#endif ++ ++ ++/* Cancellation test. */ ++#define CANCELLATION_P(self) \ ++ do { \ ++ int cancelhandling = THREAD_GETMEM (self, cancelhandling); \ ++ if (CANCEL_ENABLED_AND_CANCELED (cancelhandling)) \ ++ { \ ++ THREAD_SETMEM (self, result, PTHREAD_CANCELED); \ ++ __do_cancel (); \ ++ } \ ++ } while (0) ++ ++ ++extern void __pthread_unwind (__pthread_unwind_buf_t *__buf) ++ __cleanup_fct_attribute __attribute ((__noreturn__)) ++#if !defined SHARED && !defined IS_IN_libpthread ++ weak_function ++#endif ++ ; ++extern void __pthread_unwind_next (__pthread_unwind_buf_t *__buf) ++ __cleanup_fct_attribute __attribute ((__noreturn__)) ++#ifndef SHARED ++ weak_function ++#endif ++ ; ++extern void __pthread_register_cancel (__pthread_unwind_buf_t *__buf) ++ __cleanup_fct_attribute; ++extern void __pthread_unregister_cancel (__pthread_unwind_buf_t *__buf) ++ __cleanup_fct_attribute; ++#if defined NOT_IN_libc && defined IS_IN_libpthread ++hidden_proto (__pthread_unwind) ++hidden_proto (__pthread_unwind_next) ++hidden_proto (__pthread_register_cancel) ++hidden_proto (__pthread_unregister_cancel) ++# ifdef SHARED ++extern void attribute_hidden pthread_cancel_init (void); ++extern void __unwind_freeres (void); ++# endif ++#endif ++ ++ ++/* Called when a thread reacts on a cancellation request. */ ++static inline void ++__attribute ((noreturn, always_inline)) ++__do_cancel (void) ++{ ++ struct pthread *self = THREAD_SELF; ++ ++ /* Make sure we get no more cancellations. */ ++ THREAD_ATOMIC_BIT_SET (self, cancelhandling, EXITING_BIT); ++ ++ __pthread_unwind ((__pthread_unwind_buf_t *) ++ THREAD_GETMEM (self, cleanup_jmp_buf)); ++} ++ ++ ++/* Set cancellation mode to asynchronous. */ ++#define CANCEL_ASYNC() \ ++ __pthread_enable_asynccancel () ++/* Reset to previous cancellation mode. */ ++#define CANCEL_RESET(oldtype) \ ++ __pthread_disable_asynccancel (oldtype) ++ ++#if !defined NOT_IN_libc ++/* Same as CANCEL_ASYNC, but for use in libc.so. */ ++# define LIBC_CANCEL_ASYNC() \ ++ __libc_enable_asynccancel () ++/* Same as CANCEL_RESET, but for use in libc.so. */ ++# define LIBC_CANCEL_RESET(oldtype) \ ++ __libc_disable_asynccancel (oldtype) ++# define LIBC_CANCEL_HANDLED() \ ++ __asm (".globl " __SYMBOL_PREFIX "__libc_enable_asynccancel"); \ ++ __asm (".globl " __SYMBOL_PREFIX "__libc_disable_asynccancel") ++#elif defined NOT_IN_libc && defined IS_IN_libpthread ++# define LIBC_CANCEL_ASYNC() CANCEL_ASYNC () ++# define LIBC_CANCEL_RESET(val) CANCEL_RESET (val) ++# define LIBC_CANCEL_HANDLED() \ ++ __asm (".globl " __SYMBOL_PREFIX "__pthread_enable_asynccancel"); \ ++ __asm (".globl " __SYMBOL_PREFIX "__pthread_disable_asynccancel") ++#elif defined NOT_IN_libc && defined IS_IN_librt ++# define LIBC_CANCEL_ASYNC() \ ++ __librt_enable_asynccancel () ++# define LIBC_CANCEL_RESET(val) \ ++ __librt_disable_asynccancel (val) ++# define LIBC_CANCEL_HANDLED() \ ++ __asm (".globl " __SYMBOL_PREFIX "__librt_enable_asynccancel"); \ ++ __asm (".globl " __SYMBOL_PREFIX "__librt_disable_asynccancel") ++#else ++# define LIBC_CANCEL_ASYNC() 0 /* Just a dummy value. */ ++# define LIBC_CANCEL_RESET(val) ((void)(val)) /* Nothing, but evaluate it. */ ++# define LIBC_CANCEL_HANDLED() /* Nothing. */ ++#endif ++ ++/* The signal used for asynchronous cancelation. */ ++#define SIGCANCEL __SIGRTMIN ++ ++ ++/* Signal needed for the kernel-supported POSIX timer implementation. ++ We can reuse the cancellation signal since we can distinguish ++ cancellation from timer expirations. */ ++#define SIGTIMER SIGCANCEL ++ ++ ++/* Signal used to implement the setuid et.al. functions. */ ++#define SIGSETXID (__SIGRTMIN + 1) ++ ++/* Used to communicate with signal handler. */ ++extern struct xid_command *__xidcmd attribute_hidden; ++ ++ ++/* Internal prototypes. */ ++ ++/* Thread list handling. */ ++extern struct pthread *__find_in_stack_list (struct pthread *pd) ++ attribute_hidden internal_function; ++ ++/* Deallocate a thread's stack after optionally making sure the thread ++ descriptor is still valid. */ ++extern void __free_tcb (struct pthread *pd) attribute_hidden internal_function; ++ ++/* Free allocated stack. */ ++extern void __deallocate_stack (struct pthread *pd) ++ attribute_hidden internal_function; ++ ++/* Mark all the stacks except for the current one as available. This ++ function also re-initializes the lock for the stack cache. */ ++extern void __reclaim_stacks (void) attribute_hidden; ++ ++/* Make all threads's stacks executable. */ ++extern int __make_stacks_executable (void **stack_endp) ++ internal_function attribute_hidden; ++ ++/* longjmp handling. */ ++extern void __pthread_cleanup_upto (__jmp_buf target, char *targetframe); ++#if defined NOT_IN_libc && defined IS_IN_libpthread ++hidden_proto (__pthread_cleanup_upto) ++#endif ++ ++ ++/* Functions with versioned interfaces. */ ++extern int __pthread_create_2_1 (pthread_t *newthread, ++ const pthread_attr_t *attr, ++ void *(*start_routine) (void *), void *arg); ++extern int __pthread_create_2_0 (pthread_t *newthread, ++ const pthread_attr_t *attr, ++ void *(*start_routine) (void *), void *arg); ++extern int __pthread_attr_init_2_1 (pthread_attr_t *attr); ++extern int __pthread_attr_init_2_0 (pthread_attr_t *attr); ++ ++ ++/* Event handlers for libthread_db interface. */ ++extern void __nptl_create_event (void); ++extern void __nptl_death_event (void); ++hidden_proto (__nptl_create_event) ++hidden_proto (__nptl_death_event) ++ ++/* Register the generation counter in the libpthread with the libc. */ ++#ifdef TLS_MULTIPLE_THREADS_IN_TCB ++extern void __libc_pthread_init (unsigned long int *ptr, ++ void (*reclaim) (void), ++ const struct pthread_functions *functions) ++ internal_function; ++#else ++extern int *__libc_pthread_init (unsigned long int *ptr, ++ void (*reclaim) (void), ++ const struct pthread_functions *functions) ++ internal_function; ++ ++/* Variable set to a nonzero value if more than one thread runs or ran. */ ++extern int __pthread_multiple_threads attribute_hidden; ++/* Pointer to the corresponding variable in libc. */ ++extern int *__libc_multiple_threads_ptr attribute_hidden; ++#endif ++ ++/* Find a thread given its TID. */ ++extern struct pthread *__find_thread_by_id (pid_t tid) attribute_hidden ++#ifdef SHARED ++; ++#else ++weak_function; ++#define __find_thread_by_id(tid) \ ++ (__find_thread_by_id ? (__find_thread_by_id) (tid) : (struct pthread *) NULL) ++#endif ++ ++extern void __pthread_init_static_tls (struct link_map *) attribute_hidden; ++ ++ ++/* Namespace save aliases. */ ++extern int __pthread_getschedparam (pthread_t thread_id, int *policy, ++ struct sched_param *param); ++extern int __pthread_setschedparam (pthread_t thread_id, int policy, ++ const struct sched_param *param); ++extern int __pthread_setcancelstate (int state, int *oldstate); ++extern int __pthread_mutex_init (pthread_mutex_t *__mutex, ++ __const pthread_mutexattr_t *__mutexattr); ++extern int __pthread_mutex_init_internal (pthread_mutex_t *__mutex, ++ __const pthread_mutexattr_t *__mutexattr) ++ attribute_hidden; ++extern int __pthread_mutex_destroy (pthread_mutex_t *__mutex); ++extern int __pthread_mutex_destroy_internal (pthread_mutex_t *__mutex) ++ attribute_hidden; ++extern int __pthread_mutex_trylock (pthread_mutex_t *_mutex); ++extern int __pthread_mutex_lock (pthread_mutex_t *__mutex); ++extern int __pthread_mutex_lock_internal (pthread_mutex_t *__mutex) ++ attribute_hidden; ++extern int __pthread_mutex_cond_lock (pthread_mutex_t *__mutex) ++ attribute_hidden internal_function; ++extern int __pthread_mutex_unlock (pthread_mutex_t *__mutex); ++extern int __pthread_mutex_unlock_internal (pthread_mutex_t *__mutex) ++ attribute_hidden; ++extern int __pthread_mutex_unlock_usercnt (pthread_mutex_t *__mutex, ++ int __decr) ++ attribute_hidden internal_function; ++ ++extern int __pthread_mutex_init_hppa_2_0 (pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *__mutex, ++ __const pthread_mutexattr_t *__mutexattr); ++extern int __pthread_mutex_destroy_hppa_2_0 (pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *__mutex); ++extern int __pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_trylock_hppa_2_0 (pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *_mutex); ++extern int __pthread_mutex_lock_hppa_2_0 (pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *__mutex); ++extern int __pthread_mutex_unlock_hppa_2_0 (pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *__mutex); ++ ++extern int __pthread_mutexattr_init (pthread_mutexattr_t *attr); ++extern int __pthread_mutexattr_destroy (pthread_mutexattr_t *attr); ++extern int __pthread_mutexattr_settype (pthread_mutexattr_t *attr, int kind); ++extern int __pthread_attr_destroy (pthread_attr_t *attr); ++extern int __pthread_attr_getdetachstate (const pthread_attr_t *attr, ++ int *detachstate); ++extern int __pthread_attr_setdetachstate (pthread_attr_t *attr, ++ int detachstate); ++extern int __pthread_attr_getinheritsched (const pthread_attr_t *attr, ++ int *inherit); ++extern int __pthread_attr_setinheritsched (pthread_attr_t *attr, int inherit); ++extern int __pthread_attr_getschedparam (const pthread_attr_t *attr, ++ struct sched_param *param); ++extern int __pthread_attr_setschedparam (pthread_attr_t *attr, ++ const struct sched_param *param); ++extern int __pthread_attr_getschedpolicy (const pthread_attr_t *attr, ++ int *policy); ++extern int __pthread_attr_setschedpolicy (pthread_attr_t *attr, int policy); ++extern int __pthread_attr_getscope (const pthread_attr_t *attr, int *scope); ++extern int __pthread_attr_setscope (pthread_attr_t *attr, int scope); ++extern int __pthread_attr_getstackaddr (__const pthread_attr_t *__restrict ++ __attr, void **__restrict __stackaddr); ++extern int __pthread_attr_setstackaddr (pthread_attr_t *__attr, ++ void *__stackaddr); ++extern int __pthread_attr_getstacksize (__const pthread_attr_t *__restrict ++ __attr, ++ size_t *__restrict __stacksize); ++extern int __pthread_attr_setstacksize (pthread_attr_t *__attr, ++ size_t __stacksize); ++extern int __pthread_attr_getstack (__const pthread_attr_t *__restrict __attr, ++ void **__restrict __stackaddr, ++ size_t *__restrict __stacksize); ++extern int __pthread_attr_setstack (pthread_attr_t *__attr, void *__stackaddr, ++ size_t __stacksize); ++extern int __pthread_rwlock_init (pthread_rwlock_t *__restrict __rwlock, ++ __const pthread_rwlockattr_t *__restrict ++ __attr); ++extern int __pthread_rwlock_destroy (pthread_rwlock_t *__rwlock); ++extern int __pthread_rwlock_rdlock (pthread_rwlock_t *__rwlock); ++extern int __pthread_rwlock_rdlock_internal (pthread_rwlock_t *__rwlock); ++extern int __pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock (pthread_rwlock_t *__rwlock); ++extern int __pthread_rwlock_wrlock (pthread_rwlock_t *__rwlock); ++extern int __pthread_rwlock_wrlock_internal (pthread_rwlock_t *__rwlock); ++extern int __pthread_rwlock_trywrlock (pthread_rwlock_t *__rwlock); ++extern int __pthread_rwlock_unlock (pthread_rwlock_t *__rwlock); ++extern int __pthread_rwlock_unlock_internal (pthread_rwlock_t *__rwlock); ++ ++extern int __pthread_rwlock_init_hppa_2_0 (pthread_rwlock_hppa_2_0_t *__restrict __rwlock, ++ __const pthread_rwlockattr_t *__restrict ++ __attr); ++extern int __pthread_rwlock_destroy_hppa_2_0 (pthread_rwlock_hppa_2_0_t *__rwlock); ++extern int __pthread_rwlock_rdlock_hppa_2_0 (pthread_rwlock_hppa_2_0_t *__rwlock); ++extern int __pthread_rwlock_rdlock_internal_hppa_2_0 (pthread_rwlock_hppa_2_0_t *__rwlock); ++extern int __pthread_rwlock_hppa_2_0_tryrdlock_hppa_2_0 (pthread_rwlock_hppa_2_0_t *__rwlock); ++extern int __pthread_rwlock_wrlock_hppa_2_0 (pthread_rwlock_hppa_2_0_t *__rwlock); ++extern int __pthread_rwlock_wrlock_internal_hppa_2_0 (pthread_rwlock_hppa_2_0_t *__rwlock); ++extern int __pthread_rwlock_hppa_2_0_trywrlock_hppa_2_0 (pthread_rwlock_hppa_2_0_t *__rwlock); ++extern int __pthread_rwlock_unlock_hppa_2_0 (pthread_rwlock_hppa_2_0_t *__rwlock); ++ ++extern int __pthread_cond_broadcast (pthread_cond_t *cond); ++extern int __pthread_cond_destroy (pthread_cond_t *cond); ++extern int __pthread_cond_init (pthread_cond_t *cond, ++ const pthread_condattr_t *cond_attr); ++extern int __pthread_cond_signal (pthread_cond_t *cond); ++extern int __pthread_cond_wait (pthread_cond_t *cond, pthread_mutex_t *mutex); ++extern int __pthread_cond_timedwait (pthread_cond_t *cond, ++ pthread_mutex_t *mutex, ++ const struct timespec *abstime); ++extern int __pthread_condattr_destroy (pthread_condattr_t *attr); ++extern int __pthread_condattr_init (pthread_condattr_t *attr); ++extern int __pthread_key_create (pthread_key_t *key, void (*destr) (void *)); ++extern int __pthread_key_create_internal (pthread_key_t *key, ++ void (*destr) (void *)); ++extern void *__pthread_getspecific (pthread_key_t key); ++extern void *__pthread_getspecific_internal (pthread_key_t key); ++extern int __pthread_setspecific (pthread_key_t key, const void *value); ++extern int __pthread_setspecific_internal (pthread_key_t key, ++ const void *value); ++extern int __pthread_once (pthread_once_t *once_control, ++ void (*init_routine) (void)); ++extern int __pthread_once_internal (pthread_once_t *once_control, ++ void (*init_routine) (void)); ++extern int __pthread_atfork (void (*prepare) (void), void (*parent) (void), ++ void (*child) (void)); ++extern pthread_t __pthread_self (void); ++extern int __pthread_equal (pthread_t thread1, pthread_t thread2); ++extern int __pthread_kill (pthread_t threadid, int signo); ++extern void __pthread_exit (void *value); ++extern int __pthread_setcanceltype (int type, int *oldtype); ++extern int __pthread_enable_asynccancel (void) attribute_hidden; ++extern void __pthread_disable_asynccancel (int oldtype) ++ internal_function attribute_hidden; ++ ++extern int __pthread_cond_broadcast_2_0 (pthread_cond_2_0_t *cond); ++extern int __pthread_cond_destroy_2_0 (pthread_cond_2_0_t *cond); ++extern int __pthread_cond_init_2_0 (pthread_cond_2_0_t *cond, ++ const pthread_condattr_t *cond_attr); ++extern int __pthread_cond_signal_2_0 (pthread_cond_2_0_t *cond); ++extern int __pthread_cond_timedwait_2_0 (pthread_cond_2_0_t *cond, ++ pthread_mutex_t *mutex, ++ const struct timespec *abstime); ++extern int __pthread_cond_wait_2_0 (pthread_cond_2_0_t *cond, ++ pthread_mutex_t *mutex); ++ ++extern int __pthread_cond_broadcast_hppa_2_3_2 (pthread_cond_hppa_2_3_2_t *cond); ++extern int __pthread_cond_destroy_hppa_2_3_2 (pthread_cond_hppa_2_3_2_t *cond); ++extern int __pthread_cond_init_hppa_2_3_2 (pthread_cond_hppa_2_3_2_t *cond, ++ const pthread_condattr_t *cond_attr); ++extern int __pthread_cond_signal_hppa_2_3_2 (pthread_cond_hppa_2_3_2_t *cond); ++extern int __pthread_cond_timedwait_hppa_2_3_2 (pthread_cond_hppa_2_3_2_t *cond, ++ pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *mutex, ++ const struct timespec *abstime); ++extern int __pthread_cond_wait_hppa_2_3_2 (pthread_cond_hppa_2_3_2_t *cond, ++ pthread_mutex_hppa_2_0_t *mutex); ++ ++extern int __pthread_getaffinity_np (pthread_t th, size_t cpusetsize, ++ cpu_set_t *cpuset); ++ ++/* The two functions are in libc.so and not exported. */ ++extern int __libc_enable_asynccancel (void) attribute_hidden; ++extern void __libc_disable_asynccancel (int oldtype) ++ internal_function attribute_hidden; ++ ++ ++/* The two functions are in librt.so and not exported. */ ++extern int __librt_enable_asynccancel (void) attribute_hidden; ++extern void __librt_disable_asynccancel (int oldtype) ++ internal_function attribute_hidden; ++ ++#ifdef IS_IN_libpthread ++/* Special versions which use non-exported functions. */ ++extern void __pthread_cleanup_push (struct _pthread_cleanup_buffer *buffer, ++ void (*routine) (void *), void *arg) ++ attribute_hidden; ++# undef pthread_cleanup_push ++# define pthread_cleanup_push(routine,arg) \ ++ { struct _pthread_cleanup_buffer _buffer; \ ++ __pthread_cleanup_push (&_buffer, (routine), (arg)); ++ ++extern void __pthread_cleanup_pop (struct _pthread_cleanup_buffer *buffer, ++ int execute) attribute_hidden; ++# undef pthread_cleanup_pop ++# define pthread_cleanup_pop(execute) \ ++ __pthread_cleanup_pop (&_buffer, (execute)); } ++#endif ++ ++extern void __pthread_cleanup_push_defer (struct _pthread_cleanup_buffer *buffer, ++ void (*routine) (void *), void *arg); ++extern void __pthread_cleanup_pop_restore (struct _pthread_cleanup_buffer *buffer, ++ int execute); ++ ++/* Old cleanup interfaces, still used in libc.so. */ ++extern void _pthread_cleanup_push (struct _pthread_cleanup_buffer *buffer, ++ void (*routine) (void *), void *arg); ++extern void _pthread_cleanup_pop (struct _pthread_cleanup_buffer *buffer, ++ int execute); ++extern void _pthread_cleanup_push_defer (struct _pthread_cleanup_buffer *buffer, ++ void (*routine) (void *), void *arg); ++extern void _pthread_cleanup_pop_restore (struct _pthread_cleanup_buffer *buffer, ++ int execute); ++ ++extern void __nptl_deallocate_tsd (void) attribute_hidden; ++ ++extern int __nptl_setxid (struct xid_command *cmdp) attribute_hidden; ++ ++extern void __free_stacks (size_t limit) attribute_hidden; ++ ++extern void __wait_lookup_done (void) attribute_hidden; ++ ++#ifdef SHARED ++# define PTHREAD_STATIC_FN_REQUIRE(name) ++#else ++# define PTHREAD_STATIC_FN_REQUIRE(name) __asm (".globl " #name); ++#endif ++ ++ ++#ifndef __NR_set_robust_list ++/* XXX For the time being... Once we can rely on the kernel headers ++ having the definition remove these lines. */ ++# if defined __i386__ ++# define __NR_set_robust_list 311 ++# elif defined __x86_64__ ++# define __NR_set_robust_list 273 ++# endif ++#endif ++ ++#endif /* pthreadP.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_cond_broadcast.c +@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef INCLUDED_SELF ++# define INCLUDED_SELF ++# include ++#else ++# include ++# undef GLIBC_2_3_2 ++# define GLIBC_2_3_2 GLIBC_2_10 ++# include_next ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_cond_destroy.c +@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef INCLUDED_SELF ++# define INCLUDED_SELF ++# include ++#else ++# include ++# undef GLIBC_2_3_2 ++# define GLIBC_2_3_2 GLIBC_2_10 ++# include_next ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_cond_init.c +@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef INCLUDED_SELF ++# define INCLUDED_SELF ++# include ++#else ++# include ++# undef GLIBC_2_3_2 ++# define GLIBC_2_3_2 GLIBC_2_10 ++# include_next ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_cond_signal.c +@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef INCLUDED_SELF ++# define INCLUDED_SELF ++# include ++#else ++# include ++# undef GLIBC_2_3_2 ++# define GLIBC_2_3_2 GLIBC_2_10 ++# include_next ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_cond_timedwait.c +@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef INCLUDED_SELF ++# define INCLUDED_SELF ++# include ++#else ++# include ++# undef GLIBC_2_3_2 ++# define GLIBC_2_3_2 GLIBC_2_10 ++# include_next ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_cond_wait.c +@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef INCLUDED_SELF ++# define INCLUDED_SELF ++# include ++#else ++# include ++# undef GLIBC_2_3_2 ++# define GLIBC_2_3_2 GLIBC_2_10 ++# include_next ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_mutex_cond_lock.c +@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ ++#include ++ ++#define LLL_MUTEX_LOCK(mutex) \ ++ lll_cond_lock ((mutex)->__data.__lock, PTHREAD_MUTEX_PSHARED (mutex)) ++#define LLL_MUTEX_TRYLOCK(mutex) \ ++ lll_cond_trylock ((mutex)->__data.__lock) ++#define LLL_ROBUST_MUTEX_LOCK(mutex, id) \ ++ lll_robust_cond_lock ((mutex)->__data.__lock, id, \ ++ PTHREAD_ROBUST_MUTEX_PSHARED (mutex)) ++#define __pthread_mutex_lock __pthread_mutex_cond_lock ++#define __pthread_mutex_lock_full __pthread_mutex_cond_lock_full ++#define NO_INCR ++ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_mutex_destroy.c +@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef INCLUDED_SELF ++# define INCLUDED_SELF ++# include ++#else ++# include ++# include ++# include "pthreadP.h" ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++# include_next ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) _strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++versioned_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_mutex_destroy, ++ pthread_mutex_destroy, GLIBC_2_10); ++INTDEF(__pthread_mutex_destroy) ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_mutex_init.c +@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef INCLUDED_SELF ++# define INCLUDED_SELF ++# include ++#else ++# include ++# include ++# include "pthreadP.h" ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++# include_next ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) _strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++versioned_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_mutex_init, ++ pthread_mutex_init, GLIBC_2_10); ++INTDEF(__pthread_mutex_init) ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_mutex_lock.c +@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef INCLUDED_SELF ++# define INCLUDED_SELF ++# include ++#else ++# include ++# include ++# include "pthreadP.h" ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++# include_next ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) _strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++/* The file pthread_mutex_cond_lock.c includes this ++ file and we do not want to version that interface. */ ++# ifndef __pthread_mutex_lock ++versioned_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_mutex_lock, ++ pthread_mutex_lock, GLIBC_2_10); ++strong_alias (__pthread_mutex_lock, __pthread_mutex_lock_internal) ++# endif ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_mutex_timedlock.c +@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef INCLUDED_SELF ++# define INCLUDED_SELF ++# include ++#else ++# include ++# include ++# include "pthreadP.h" ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++# undef pthread_mutex_timedlock ++# define pthread_mutex_timedlock __pthread_mutex_timedlock ++# include_next ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) _strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++# undef pthread_mutex_timedlock ++versioned_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_mutex_timedlock, ++ pthread_mutex_timedlock, GLIBC_2_10); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_mutex_trylock.c +@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef INCLUDED_SELF ++# define INCLUDED_SELF ++# include ++#else ++# include ++# include ++# include "pthreadP.h" ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++# include_next ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) _strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++versioned_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_mutex_trylock, ++ pthread_mutex_trylock, GLIBC_2_10); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_mutex_unlock.c +@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef INCLUDED_SELF ++# define INCLUDED_SELF ++# include ++#else ++# include ++# include ++# include "pthreadP.h" ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++# include_next ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) _strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++versioned_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_mutex_unlock, ++ pthread_mutex_unlock, GLIBC_2_10); ++strong_alias (__pthread_mutex_unlock, __pthread_mutex_unlock_internal) ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_rwlock_destroy.c +@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef INCLUDED_SELF ++# define INCLUDED_SELF ++# include ++#else ++# include ++# include ++# include "pthreadP.h" ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++# include_next ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) _strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++versioned_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_rwlock_destroy, ++ pthread_rwlock_destroy, GLIBC_2_10); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_rwlock_init.c +@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef INCLUDED_SELF ++# define INCLUDED_SELF ++# include ++#else ++# include ++# include ++# include "pthreadP.h" ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++# include_next ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) _strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++versioned_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_rwlock_init, ++ pthread_rwlock_init, GLIBC_2_10); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_rwlock_rdlock.c +@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef INCLUDED_SELF ++# define INCLUDED_SELF ++# include ++#else ++# include ++# include ++# include "pthreadP.h" ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++# undef weak_alias ++# define weak_alias(name, aliasname) ++# include_next ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) _strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++# undef weak_alias ++# define weak_alias(name, aliasname) _weak_alias(name, aliasname) ++versioned_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_rwlock_rdlock, ++ pthread_rwlock_rdlock, GLIBC_2_10); ++strong_alias (__pthread_rwlock_rdlock, __pthread_rwlock_rdlock_internal) ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock.c +@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef INCLUDED_SELF ++# define INCLUDED_SELF ++# include ++#else ++# include ++# include ++# include "pthreadP.h" ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++# undef pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock ++# define pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock __pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock ++# include_next ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) _strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++# undef pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock ++versioned_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock, ++ pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock, GLIBC_2_10); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock.c +@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef INCLUDED_SELF ++# define INCLUDED_SELF ++# include ++#else ++# include ++# include ++# include "pthreadP.h" ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++# undef pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock ++# define pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock __pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock ++# include_next ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) _strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++# undef pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock ++versioned_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock, ++ pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock, GLIBC_2_10); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock.c +@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef INCLUDED_SELF ++# define INCLUDED_SELF ++# include ++#else ++# include ++# include ++# include "pthreadP.h" ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++# include_next ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) _strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++versioned_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock, ++ pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock, GLIBC_2_10); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_rwlock_trywrlock.c +@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef INCLUDED_SELF ++# define INCLUDED_SELF ++# include ++#else ++# include ++# include ++# include "pthreadP.h" ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++# include_next ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) _strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++versioned_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_rwlock_trywrlock, ++ pthread_rwlock_trywrlock, GLIBC_2_10); ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_rwlock_unlock.c +@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef INCLUDED_SELF ++# define INCLUDED_SELF ++# include ++#else ++# include ++# include ++# include "pthreadP.h" ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++# undef weak_alias ++# define weak_alias(name, aliasname) ++# include_next ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) _strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++# undef weak_alias ++# define weak_alias(name, aliasname) _weak_alias(name, aliasname) ++versioned_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_rwlock_unlock, ++ pthread_rwlock_unlock, GLIBC_2_10); ++strong_alias (__pthread_rwlock_unlock, __pthread_rwlock_unlock_internal) ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/nptl/pthread_rwlock_wrlock.c +@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Carlos O'Donell , 2009. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef INCLUDED_SELF ++# define INCLUDED_SELF ++# include ++#else ++# include ++# include ++# include "pthreadP.h" ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++# undef weak_alias ++# define weak_alias(name, aliasname) ++# include_next ++# undef strong_alias ++# define strong_alias(name, aliasname) _strong_alias(name, aliasname) ++# undef weak_alias ++# define weak_alias(name, aliasname) _weak_alias(name, aliasname) ++versioned_symbol (libpthread, __pthread_rwlock_wrlock, ++ pthread_rwlock_wrlock, GLIBC_2_10); ++strong_alias (__pthread_rwlock_wrlock, __pthread_rwlock_wrlock_internal) ++#endif ++ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hppa/submitted-fadvise64_64.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hppa/submitted-fadvise64_64.diff @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/posix_fadvise.c | 13 +++++++++++++ + 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+) + +--- a/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/posix_fadvise.c ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/posix_fadvise.c +@@ -35,6 +35,19 @@ + return INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERRNO (ret, err); + return 0; + #else ++# ifdef __NR_fadvise64_64 ++ INTERNAL_SYSCALL_DECL (err); ++ int ret = INTERNAL_SYSCALL (fadvise64_64, err, 6, fd, ++ __LONG_LONG_PAIR ((long) (offset >> 31), ++ (long) offset), ++ __LONG_LONG_PAIR ((long) (len >> 31), ++ (long) len), ++ advise); ++ if (INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERROR_P (ret, err)) ++ return INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERRNO (ret, err); ++ return 0; ++# else + return ENOSYS; ++# endif + #endif + } --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hppa/local-hppa-nptl.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hppa/local-hppa-nptl.diff @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +2009-06-20 Carlos O'Donell + + * Versions.def: Add GLIBC_2.10 for libpthread. + +--- + Versions.def | 1 + + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) + +--- a/Versions.def ++++ b/Versions.def +@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ + GLIBC_2.3.4 + GLIBC_2.4 + GLIBC_2.6 ++ GLIBC_2.10 + GLIBC_PRIVATE + } + libresolv { --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hppa/local-inlining.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hppa/local-inlining.diff @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +Increase the maximal overall growth of the compilation unit caused +by inlining for dl-reloc.c on hppa. This remove some warnings and +strangely it reduces the size of the final binary. + +--- + ports/sysdeps/hppa/Makefile | 1 + + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/hppa/Makefile ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/hppa/Makefile +@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ + + ifeq ($(subdir),elf) + CFLAGS-rtld.c += -mdisable-fpregs ++CFLAGS-dl-reloc.c += --param inline-unit-growth=100 + sysdep-dl-routines += dl-symaddr dl-fptr + sysdep_routines += $(sysdep-dl-routines) + sysdep-rtld-routines += $(sysdep-dl-routines) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hppa/local-linuxthreads.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hppa/local-linuxthreads.diff @@ -0,0 +1,319 @@ +--- + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/linuxthreads/lowlevellock.h | 298 ++++++++++ + ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/linuxthreads/sysdep-cancel.h | 7 + 2 files changed, 305 insertions(+) + +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/linuxthreads/lowlevellock.h +@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _LOWLEVELLOCK_H ++#define _LOWLEVELLOCK_H 1 ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* The hppa only has one atomic read and modify memory operation, ++ load and clear, so hppa uses a kernel helper routine to implement ++ compare_and_exchange. See atomic.h for the userspace calling ++ sequence. */ ++ ++#define FUTEX_WAIT 0 ++#define FUTEX_WAKE 1 ++#define FUTEX_REQUEUE 3 ++#define FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE 4 ++#define FUTEX_WAKE_OP 5 ++#define FUTEX_OP_CLEAR_WAKE_IF_GT_ONE ((4 << 24) | 1) ++#define FUTEX_LOCK_PI 6 ++#define FUTEX_UNLOCK_PI 7 ++#define FUTEX_TRYLOCK_PI 8 ++ ++/* Initialize locks to zero. */ ++#define LLL_MUTEX_LOCK_INITIALIZER (0) ++ ++ ++/* Type for lock object. */ ++typedef int lll_lock_t; ++ ++ ++#define lll_futex_wait(futexp, val) \ ++ ({ \ ++ INTERNAL_SYSCALL_DECL (__err); \ ++ long int __ret; \ ++ __ret = INTERNAL_SYSCALL (futex, __err, 4, \ ++ (futexp), FUTEX_WAIT, (val), 0); \ ++ __ret; \ ++ }) ++ ++#define lll_futex_timed_wait(futexp, val, timespec) \ ++ ({ \ ++ INTERNAL_SYSCALL_DECL (__err); \ ++ long int __ret; \ ++ __ret = INTERNAL_SYSCALL (futex, __err, 4, \ ++ (futexp), FUTEX_WAIT, (val), (timespec)); \ ++ __ret; \ ++ }) ++ ++#define lll_futex_wake(futexp, nr) \ ++ ({ \ ++ INTERNAL_SYSCALL_DECL (__err); \ ++ long int __ret; \ ++ __ret = INTERNAL_SYSCALL (futex, __err, 4, \ ++ (futexp), FUTEX_WAKE, (nr), 0); \ ++ __ret; \ ++ }) ++ ++#define lll_robust_mutex_dead(futexv) \ ++ do \ ++ { \ ++ int *__futexp = &(futexv); \ ++ atomic_or (__futexp, FUTEX_OWNER_DIED); \ ++ lll_futex_wake (__futexp, 1); \ ++ } \ ++ while (0) ++ ++/* Returns non-zero if error happened, zero if success. */ ++#define lll_futex_requeue(futexp, nr_wake, nr_move, mutex, val) \ ++ ({ \ ++ INTERNAL_SYSCALL_DECL (__err); \ ++ long int __ret; \ ++ __ret = INTERNAL_SYSCALL (futex, __err, 6, \ ++ (futexp), FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE, (nr_wake), \ ++ (nr_move), (mutex), (val)); \ ++ __ret; \ ++ }) ++ ++/* Returns non-zero if error happened, zero if success. */ ++#define lll_futex_wake_unlock(futexp, nr_wake, nr_wake2, futexp2) \ ++ ({ \ ++ INTERNAL_SYSCALL_DECL (__err); \ ++ long int __ret; \ ++ __ret = INTERNAL_SYSCALL (futex, __err, 6, \ ++ (futexp), FUTEX_WAKE_OP, (nr_wake), \ ++ (nr_wake2), (futexp2), \ ++ FUTEX_OP_CLEAR_WAKE_IF_GT_ONE); \ ++ __ret; \ ++ }) ++ ++static inline int __attribute__((always_inline)) ++__lll_mutex_trylock(lll_lock_t *futex) ++{ ++ return atomic_compare_and_exchange_val_acq (futex, 1, 0) != 0; ++} ++#define lll_mutex_trylock(lock) __lll_mutex_trylock (&(lock)) ++ ++static inline int __attribute__((always_inline)) ++__lll_robust_mutex_trylock(int *futex, int id) ++{ ++ return atomic_compare_and_exchange_val_acq (futex, id, 0) != 0; ++} ++#define lll_robust_mutex_trylock(lock, id) \ ++ __lll_robust_mutex_trylock (&(lock), id) ++ ++ ++static inline int __attribute__((always_inline)) ++__lll_mutex_cond_trylock(lll_lock_t *futex) ++{ ++ return atomic_compare_and_exchange_val_acq (futex, 2, 0) != 0; ++} ++#define lll_mutex_cond_trylock(lock) __lll_mutex_cond_trylock (&(lock)) ++ ++ ++extern void __lll_lock_wait (lll_lock_t *futex) attribute_hidden; ++ ++static inline void __attribute__((always_inline)) ++__lll_mutex_lock(lll_lock_t *futex) ++{ ++ if (atomic_compare_and_exchange_bool_acq (futex, 1, 0) != 0) ++ __lll_lock_wait (futex); ++} ++#define lll_mutex_lock(futex) __lll_mutex_lock (&(futex)) ++ ++extern int __lll_robust_lock_wait (int *futex) attribute_hidden; ++ ++static inline int __attribute__ ((always_inline)) ++__lll_robust_mutex_lock (int *futex, int id) ++{ ++ int result = 0; ++ if (atomic_compare_and_exchange_bool_acq (futex, id, 0) != 0) ++ result = __lll_robust_lock_wait (futex); ++ return result; ++} ++#define lll_robust_mutex_lock(futex, id) \ ++ __lll_robust_mutex_lock (&(futex), id) ++ ++static inline void __attribute__ ((always_inline)) ++__lll_mutex_cond_lock (lll_lock_t *futex) ++{ ++ if (atomic_compare_and_exchange_bool_acq (futex, 2, 0) != 0) ++ __lll_lock_wait (futex); ++} ++#define lll_mutex_cond_lock(futex) __lll_mutex_cond_lock (&(futex)) ++ ++ ++#define lll_robust_mutex_cond_lock(futex, id) \ ++ __lll_robust_mutex_lock (&(futex), (id) | FUTEX_WAITERS) ++ ++ ++extern int __lll_timedlock_wait (lll_lock_t *futex, const struct timespec *) ++ attribute_hidden; ++extern int __lll_robust_timedlock_wait (int *futex, const struct timespec *) ++ attribute_hidden; ++ ++static inline int __attribute__ ((always_inline)) ++__lll_mutex_timedlock (lll_lock_t *futex, const struct timespec *abstime) ++{ ++ int result = 0; ++ if (atomic_compare_and_exchange_bool_acq (futex, 1, 0) != 0) ++ result = __lll_timedlock_wait (futex, abstime); ++ return result; ++} ++#define lll_mutex_timedlock(futex, abstime) \ ++ __lll_mutex_timedlock (&(futex), abstime) ++ ++static inline int __attribute__ ((always_inline)) ++__lll_robust_mutex_timedlock (int *futex, const struct timespec *abstime, ++ int id) ++{ ++ int result = 0; ++ if (atomic_compare_and_exchange_bool_acq (futex, id, 0) != 0) ++ result = __lll_robust_timedlock_wait (futex, abstime); ++ return result; ++} ++#define lll_robust_mutex_timedlock(futex, abstime, id) \ ++ __lll_robust_mutex_timedlock (&(futex), abstime, id) ++ ++ ++static inline void __attribute__ ((always_inline)) ++__lll_mutex_unlock (lll_lock_t *futex) ++{ ++ int val = atomic_exchange_rel (futex, 0); ++ if (__builtin_expect (val > 1, 0)) ++ lll_futex_wake (futex, 1); ++} ++#define lll_mutex_unlock(futex) __lll_mutex_unlock(&(futex)) ++ ++ ++static inline void __attribute__ ((always_inline)) ++__lll_robust_mutex_unlock (int *futex, int mask) ++{ ++ int val = atomic_exchange_rel (futex, 0); ++ if (__builtin_expect (val & mask, 0)) ++ lll_futex_wake (futex, 1); ++} ++#define lll_robust_mutex_unlock(futex) \ ++ __lll_robust_mutex_unlock(&(futex), FUTEX_WAITERS) ++ ++ ++static inline void __attribute__ ((always_inline)) ++__lll_mutex_unlock_force (lll_lock_t *futex) ++{ ++ (void) atomic_exchange_rel (futex, 0); ++ lll_futex_wake (futex, 1); ++} ++#define lll_mutex_unlock_force(futex) __lll_mutex_unlock_force(&(futex)) ++ ++#define lll_mutex_islocked(futex) \ ++ (futex != 0) ++ ++/* Our internal lock implementation is identical to the binary-compatible ++ mutex implementation. */ ++ ++#define LLL_LOCK_INITIALIZER (0) ++#define LLL_LOCK_INITIALIZER_CONST (0) ++#define LLL_LOCK_INITIALIZER_LOCKED (1) ++ ++ ++#define THREAD_INIT_LOCK(PD, LOCK) \ ++ (PD)->LOCK = LLL_LOCK_INITIALIZER ++ ++extern int lll_unlock_wake_cb (lll_lock_t *__futex) attribute_hidden; ++ ++/* The states of a lock are: ++ 0 - untaken ++ 1 - taken by one user ++ >1 - taken by more users */ ++ ++#define lll_trylock(lock) lll_mutex_trylock (lock) ++#define lll_lock(lock) lll_mutex_lock (lock) ++#define lll_unlock(lock) lll_mutex_unlock (lock) ++#define lll_islocked(lock) lll_mutex_islocked (lock) ++ ++/* The kernel notifies a process which uses CLONE_CLEARTID via futex ++ wakeup when the clone terminates. The memory location contains the ++ thread ID while the clone is running and is reset to zero ++ afterwards. */ ++#define lll_wait_tid(tid) \ ++ do { \ ++ __typeof (tid) __tid; \ ++ while ((__tid = (tid)) != 0) \ ++ lll_futex_wait (&(tid), __tid); \ ++ } while (0) ++ ++extern int __lll_timedwait_tid (int *, const struct timespec *) ++ attribute_hidden; ++ ++#define lll_timedwait_tid(tid, abstime) \ ++ ({ \ ++ int __res = 0; \ ++ if ((tid) != 0) \ ++ __res = __lll_timedwait_tid (&(tid), (abstime)); \ ++ __res; \ ++ }) ++ ++ ++/* Conditional variable handling. */ ++ ++extern void __lll_cond_wait (pthread_cond_t *cond) ++ attribute_hidden; ++extern int __lll_cond_timedwait (pthread_cond_t *cond, ++ const struct timespec *abstime) ++ attribute_hidden; ++extern void __lll_cond_wake (pthread_cond_t *cond) ++ attribute_hidden; ++extern void __lll_cond_broadcast (pthread_cond_t *cond) ++ attribute_hidden; ++ ++#define lll_cond_wait(cond) \ ++ __lll_cond_wait (cond) ++#define lll_cond_timedwait(cond, abstime) \ ++ __lll_cond_timedwait (cond, abstime) ++#define lll_cond_wake(cond) \ ++ __lll_cond_wake (cond) ++#define lll_cond_broadcast(cond) \ ++ __lll_cond_broadcast (cond) ++ ++#endif /* lowlevellock.h */ +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/linuxthreads/sysdep-cancel.h ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/hppa/linuxthreads/sysdep-cancel.h +@@ -240,3 +240,10 @@ + + #endif + /* !defined NOT_IN_libc || defined IS_IN_libpthread */ ++ ++#ifndef __ASSEMBLER__ ++# define RTLD_SINGLE_THREAD_P \ ++ __builtin_expect (THREAD_GETMEM (THREAD_SELF, \ ++ p_multiple_threads) == 0, 1) ++#endif ++ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hppa/local-linuxthreads-gscope.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hppa/local-linuxthreads-gscope.diff @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- + ports/sysdeps/hppa/linuxthreads/tls.h | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++ + 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+) + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/hppa/linuxthreads/tls.h ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/hppa/linuxthreads/tls.h +@@ -100,6 +100,29 @@ + #define THREAD_SETMEM_NC(descr, member, value) \ + ((void) sizeof (descr), THREAD_SELF->member = (value)) + ++/* Get and set the global scope generation counter in struct pthread. */ ++#define THREAD_GSCOPE_FLAG_UNUSED 0 ++#define THREAD_GSCOPE_FLAG_USED 1 ++#define THREAD_GSCOPE_FLAG_WAIT 2 ++#define THREAD_GSCOPE_RESET_FLAG() \ ++ do \ ++ { int __res \ ++ = atomic_exchange_rel (&THREAD_SELF->p_gscope_flag, \ ++ THREAD_GSCOPE_FLAG_UNUSED); \ ++ if (__res == THREAD_GSCOPE_FLAG_WAIT) \ ++ lll_futex_wake (&THREAD_SELF->p_gscope_flag, 1); \ ++ } \ ++ while (0) ++#define THREAD_GSCOPE_SET_FLAG() \ ++ do \ ++ { \ ++ THREAD_SELF->p_gscope_flag = THREAD_GSCOPE_FLAG_USED; \ ++ atomic_write_barrier (); \ ++ } \ ++ while (0) ++#define THREAD_GSCOPE_WAIT() \ ++ do { /* GL(dl_wait_lookup_done) () */ } while (0) ++ + /* Install the dtv pointer. The pointer passed is to the element with + index -1 which contain the length. */ + # define INSTALL_DTV(tcbp, dtvp) \ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hppa/submitted-pie.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hppa/submitted-pie.diff @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- + ports/sysdeps/hppa/elf/start.S | 12 ++++++------ + 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/hppa/elf/start.S ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/hppa/elf/start.S +@@ -96,16 +96,16 @@ + + #if SHARED + /* load main (1st argument) */ +- addil LR'.Lpmain, %r19 +- ldw RR'.Lpmain(%r1), %r26 ++ addil LT'.Lpmain, %r19 ++ ldw RT'.Lpmain(%r1), %r26 + ldw 0(%r26),%r26 + /* void (*init) (void) (4th argument) */ +- addil LR'.Lp__libc_csu_init, %r19 +- ldw RR'.Lp__libc_csu_init(%r1), %r23 ++ addil LT'.Lp__libc_csu_init, %r19 ++ ldw RT'.Lp__libc_csu_init(%r1), %r23 + ldw 0(%r23), %r23 + /* void (*fini) (void) (5th argument) */ +- addil LR'.Lp__libc_csu_fini, %r19 +- ldw RR'.Lp__libc_csu_fini(%r1), %r22 ++ addil LT'.Lp__libc_csu_fini, %r19 ++ ldw RT'.Lp__libc_csu_fini(%r1), %r22 + ldw 0(%r22), %r22 + #else + /* load main (1st argument) */ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hppa/submitted-nptl-carlos.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hppa/submitted-nptl-carlos.diff @@ -0,0 +1,247 @@ +--- + elf/rtld.c | 10 +++++----- + include/atomic.h | 26 +++++++++++++------------- + nptl/Makefile | 35 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--- + nptl/pthread_barrier_wait.c | 2 +- + nptl/sysdeps/pthread/Makefile | 2 ++ + stdio-common/Makefile | 2 +- + sunrpc/clnt_udp.c | 2 +- + 7 files changed, 55 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-) + +--- a/elf/rtld.c ++++ b/elf/rtld.c +@@ -384,14 +384,14 @@ + know it is available. We do not have to clear the memory if we + do not have to use the temporary bootstrap_map. Global variables + are initialized to zero by default. */ +-#ifndef DONT_USE_BOOTSTRAP_MAP ++#if !defined DONT_USE_BOOTSTRAP_MAP + # ifdef HAVE_BUILTIN_MEMSET + __builtin_memset (bootstrap_map.l_info, '\0', sizeof (bootstrap_map.l_info)); + # else +- for (size_t cnt = 0; +- cnt < sizeof (bootstrap_map.l_info) / sizeof (bootstrap_map.l_info[0]); +- ++cnt) +- bootstrap_map.l_info[cnt] = 0; ++ /* Clear the whole bootstrap_map structure */ ++ for (char *cnt = (char *)&(bootstrap_map); ++ cnt < ((char *)&(bootstrap_map) + sizeof (bootstrap_map)); ++ *cnt++ = '\0'); + # endif + # if USE___THREAD + bootstrap_map.l_tls_modid = 0; +--- a/include/atomic.h ++++ b/include/atomic.h +@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ + __typeof (*(mem)) __atg5_value = (newvalue); \ + \ + do \ +- __atg5_oldval = *__atg5_memp; \ ++ __atg5_oldval = *(volatile __typeof (mem))__atg5_memp; \ + while (__builtin_expect \ + (atomic_compare_and_exchange_bool_acq (__atg5_memp, __atg5_value, \ + __atg5_oldval), 0)); \ +@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ + __typeof (*(mem)) __atg6_value = (value); \ + \ + do \ +- __atg6_oldval = *__atg6_memp; \ ++ __atg6_oldval = *(volatile __typeof (mem))__atg6_memp; \ + while (__builtin_expect \ + (atomic_compare_and_exchange_bool_acq (__atg6_memp, \ + __atg6_oldval \ +@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ + __typeof (*(mem)) __atg7_value = (value); \ + \ + do \ +- __atg7_oldv = *__atg7_memp; \ ++ __atg7_oldv = *(volatile __typeof (mem))__atg7_memp; \ + while (__builtin_expect \ + (catomic_compare_and_exchange_bool_acq (__atg7_memp, \ + __atg7_oldv \ +@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ + __typeof (mem) __atg8_memp = (mem); \ + __typeof (*(mem)) __atg8_value = (value); \ + do { \ +- __atg8_oldval = *__atg8_memp; \ ++ __atg8_oldval = *(volatile __typeof (mem))__atg8_memp; \ + if (__atg8_oldval >= __atg8_value) \ + break; \ + } while (__builtin_expect \ +@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ + __typeof (mem) __atg9_memp = (mem); \ + __typeof (*(mem)) __atg9_value = (value); \ + do { \ +- __atg9_oldv = *__atg9_memp; \ ++ __atg9_oldv = *(volatile __typeof (mem))__atg9_memp; \ + if (__atg9_oldv >= __atg9_value) \ + break; \ + } while (__builtin_expect \ +@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ + __typeof (mem) __atg10_memp = (mem); \ + __typeof (*(mem)) __atg10_value = (value); \ + do { \ +- __atg10_oldval = *__atg10_memp; \ ++ __atg10_oldval = *(volatile __typeof (mem))__atg10_memp; \ + if (__atg10_oldval <= __atg10_value) \ + break; \ + } while (__builtin_expect \ +@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ + \ + do \ + { \ +- __atg11_oldval = *__atg11_memp; \ ++ __atg11_oldval = *(volatile __typeof (mem))__atg11_memp; \ + if (__builtin_expect (__atg11_oldval <= 0, 0)) \ + break; \ + } \ +@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ + __typeof (*(mem)) __atg14_mask = ((__typeof (*(mem))) 1 << (bit)); \ + \ + do \ +- __atg14_old = (*__atg14_memp); \ ++ __atg14_old = (*(volatile __typeof (mem))__atg14_memp); \ + while (__builtin_expect \ + (atomic_compare_and_exchange_bool_acq (__atg14_memp, \ + __atg14_old | __atg14_mask,\ +@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ + __typeof (*(mem)) __atg15_mask = (mask); \ + \ + do \ +- __atg15_old = (*__atg15_memp); \ ++ __atg15_old = (*(volatile __typeof (mem))__atg15_memp); \ + while (__builtin_expect \ + (atomic_compare_and_exchange_bool_acq (__atg15_memp, \ + __atg15_old & __atg15_mask, \ +@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ + __typeof (*(mem)) __atg16_mask = (mask); \ + \ + do \ +- __atg16_old = (*__atg16_memp); \ ++ __atg16_old = (*(volatile __typeof (mem))__atg16_memp); \ + while (__builtin_expect \ + (atomic_compare_and_exchange_bool_acq (__atg16_memp, \ + __atg16_old & __atg16_mask,\ +@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ + __typeof (*(mem)) __atg17_mask = (mask); \ + \ + do \ +- __atg17_old = (*__atg17_memp); \ ++ __atg17_old = (*(volatile __typeof (mem))__atg17_memp); \ + while (__builtin_expect \ + (atomic_compare_and_exchange_bool_acq (__atg17_memp, \ + __atg17_old | __atg17_mask, \ +@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ + __typeof (*(mem)) __atg18_mask = (mask); \ + \ + do \ +- __atg18_old = (*__atg18_memp); \ ++ __atg18_old = (*(volatile __typeof (mem))__atg18_memp); \ + while (__builtin_expect \ + (catomic_compare_and_exchange_bool_acq (__atg18_memp, \ + __atg18_old | __atg18_mask,\ +@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ + __typeof (*(mem)) __atg19_mask = (mask); \ + \ + do \ +- __atg19_old = (*__atg19_memp); \ ++ __atg19_old = (*(volatile __typeof (mem))__atg19_memp); \ + while (__builtin_expect \ + (atomic_compare_and_exchange_bool_acq (__atg19_memp, \ + __atg19_old | __atg19_mask,\ +--- a/nptl/Makefile ++++ b/nptl/Makefile +@@ -276,9 +276,9 @@ + # Files which must not be linked with libpthread. + tests-nolibpthread = tst-unload + +-# This sets the stack resource limit to 1023kb, which is not a multiple +-# of the page size since every architecture's page size is > 1k. +-tst-oddstacklimit-ENV = ; ulimit -s 1023; ++# This sets the stack resource limit to 8193kb, which is not a multiple ++# of the page size since every architecture's page size is 4096 bytes. ++tst-oddstacklimit-ENV = ; ulimit -s 8193; + + distribute = eintr.c tst-cleanup4aux.c + +@@ -437,6 +437,35 @@ + CFLAGS-tst-cleanupx4.c += -fexceptions + CFLAGS-tst-oncex3.c += -fexceptions + CFLAGS-tst-oncex4.c += -fexceptions ++ ++ldflags-libgcc_s = --as-needed -lgcc_s --no-as-needed ++LDFLAGS-tst-cancelx2 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++LDFLAGS-tst-cancelx3 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++LDFLAGS-tst-cancelx4 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++LDFLAGS-tst-cancelx5 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++LDFLAGS-tst-cancelx6 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++LDFLAGS-tst-cancelx7 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++LDFLAGS-tst-cancelx8 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++LDFLAGS-tst-cancelx9 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++LDFLAGS-tst-cancelx10 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++LDFLAGS-tst-cancelx11 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++LDFLAGS-tst-cancelx12 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++LDFLAGS-tst-cancelx13 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++LDFLAGS-tst-cancelx14 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++LDFLAGS-tst-cancelx15 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++LDFLAGS-tst-cancelx16 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++LDFLAGS-tst-cancelx17 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++LDFLAGS-tst-cancelx18 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++LDFLAGS-tst-cancelx20 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++LDFLAGS-tst-cancelx21 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++LDFLAGS-tst-cleanupx0 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++LDFLAGS-tst-cleanupx1 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++LDFLAGS-tst-cleanupx2 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++LDFLAGS-tst-cleanupx3 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++LDFLAGS-tst-cleanupx4 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++LDFLAGS-tst-oncex3 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++LDFLAGS-tst-oncex4 += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) ++ + CFLAGS-tst-align.c += $(stack-align-test-flags) + CFLAGS-tst-align3.c += $(stack-align-test-flags) + CFLAGS-tst-initializers1.c = -W -Wall -Werror +--- a/nptl/pthread_barrier_wait.c ++++ b/nptl/pthread_barrier_wait.c +@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ + do + lll_futex_wait (&ibarrier->curr_event, event, + ibarrier->private ^ FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG); +- while (event == ibarrier->curr_event); ++ while (event == *(volatile unsigned int *)&ibarrier->curr_event); + } + + /* Make sure the init_count is stored locally or in a register. */ +--- a/nptl/sysdeps/pthread/Makefile ++++ b/nptl/sysdeps/pthread/Makefile +@@ -41,7 +41,9 @@ + + ifeq ($(have-forced-unwind),yes) + tests += tst-mqueue8x ++ldflags-libgcc_s = --as-needed -lgcc_s --no-as-needed + CFLAGS-tst-mqueue8x.c += -fexceptions ++LDFLAGS-tst-mqueue8x += $(ldflags-libgcc_s) + endif + endif + +--- a/stdio-common/Makefile ++++ b/stdio-common/Makefile +@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ + $(SHELL) -e tst-printf.sh $(common-objpfx) '$(run-program-prefix)' + # eglibc: endif + +-CFLAGS-vfprintf.c = -Wno-uninitialized ++CFLAGS-vfprintf.c = -Wno-uninitialized -fno-delayed-branch + CFLAGS-vfwprintf.c = -Wno-uninitialized + CFLAGS-tst-printf.c = -Wno-format + CFLAGS-tstdiomisc.c = -Wno-format +--- a/sunrpc/clnt_udp.c ++++ b/sunrpc/clnt_udp.c +@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ + while (inlen < 0 && errno == EINTR); + if (inlen < 0) + { +- if (errno == EWOULDBLOCK) ++ if (errno == EWOULDBLOCK || errno == EAGAIN) + continue; + cu->cu_error.re_errno = errno; + return (cu->cu_error.re_status = RPC_CANTRECV); --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/hppa/submitted-lt.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/hppa/submitted-lt.diff @@ -0,0 +1,337 @@ +# DP: Description: Make glibc-2.3.5 compile to enable hppa linuxthreads +# correctly again. +# DP: Related bugs: +# DP: Dpatch author: Jeff Bailey +# DP: Patch author: Carlos O'Donell +# DP: Upstream status: Pending +# DP: Status Details: +# DP: Date: 2005-07-17 + +--- + linuxthreads/descr.h | 2 - + linuxthreads/oldsemaphore.c | 2 - + linuxthreads/pt-machine.c | 4 ++- + linuxthreads/pthread.c | 10 ++++---- + linuxthreads/spinlock.c | 22 +++++++++---------- + linuxthreads/spinlock.h | 26 +++++++++++++++++------ + linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/bits/initspin.h | 3 +- + linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/bits/libc-lock.h | 6 ++--- + linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/bits/pthreadtypes.h | 8 ++++--- + linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/pthread.h | 14 ++++++------ + 10 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-) + +--- a/linuxthreads/descr.h ++++ b/linuxthreads/descr.h +@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ + /* Atomic counter made possible by compare_and_swap */ + struct pthread_atomic { + long p_count; +- int p_spinlock; ++ __atomic_lock_t p_spinlock; + }; + + +--- a/linuxthreads/oldsemaphore.c ++++ b/linuxthreads/oldsemaphore.c +@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ + + typedef struct { + long int sem_status; +- int sem_spinlock; ++ __atomic_lock_t sem_spinlock; + } old_sem_t; + + extern int __old_sem_init (old_sem_t *__sem, int __pshared, unsigned int __value); +--- a/linuxthreads/pt-machine.c ++++ b/linuxthreads/pt-machine.c +@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ + + #define PT_EI + +-extern long int testandset (int *spinlock); ++#include ++ ++extern long int testandset (__atomic_lock_t *spinlock); + extern int __compare_and_swap (long int *p, long int oldval, long int newval); + + #include +--- a/linuxthreads/pthread.c ++++ b/linuxthreads/pthread.c +@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ + pthread_descr self; + + /* First of all init __pthread_handles[0] and [1] if needed. */ +-# if __LT_SPINLOCK_INIT != 0 ++# ifdef __LT_INITIALIZER_NOT_ZERO + __pthread_handles[0].h_lock = __LOCK_INITIALIZER; + __pthread_handles[1].h_lock = __LOCK_INITIALIZER; + # endif +@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ + # endif + /* self->p_start_args need not be initialized, it's all zero. */ + self->p_userstack = 1; +-# if __LT_SPINLOCK_INIT != 0 ++# ifdef __LT_INITIALIZER_NOT_ZERO + self->p_resume_count = (struct pthread_atomic) __ATOMIC_INITIALIZER; + # endif + self->p_alloca_cutoff = __MAX_ALLOCA_CUTOFF; +@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ + #else /* USE_TLS */ + + /* First of all init __pthread_handles[0] and [1]. */ +-# if __LT_SPINLOCK_INIT != 0 ++# ifdef __LT_INITIALIZER_NOT_ZERO + __pthread_handles[0].h_lock = __LOCK_INITIALIZER; + __pthread_handles[1].h_lock = __LOCK_INITIALIZER; + # endif +@@ -696,8 +696,8 @@ + # endif + mgr->p_start_args = (struct pthread_start_args) PTHREAD_START_ARGS_INITIALIZER(__pthread_manager); + mgr->p_nr = 1; +-# if __LT_SPINLOCK_INIT != 0 +- self->p_resume_count = (struct pthread_atomic) __ATOMIC_INITIALIZER; ++# ifdef __LT_INITIALIZER_NOT_ZERO ++ mgr->p_resume_count = (struct pthread_atomic) __ATOMIC_INITIALIZER; + # endif + mgr->p_alloca_cutoff = PTHREAD_STACK_MIN / 4; + #else +--- a/linuxthreads/spinlock.c ++++ b/linuxthreads/spinlock.c +@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ + #include "spinlock.h" + #include "restart.h" + +-static void __pthread_acquire(int * spinlock); ++static void __pthread_acquire(__atomic_lock_t * spinlock); + +-static inline void __pthread_release(int * spinlock) ++static inline void __pthread_release(__atomic_lock_t * spinlock) + { + WRITE_MEMORY_BARRIER(); + *spinlock = __LT_SPINLOCK_INIT; +@@ -269,11 +269,11 @@ + struct wait_node { + struct wait_node *next; /* Next node in null terminated linked list */ + pthread_descr thr; /* The thread waiting with this node */ +- int abandoned; /* Atomic flag */ ++ __atomic_lock_t abandoned; /* Atomic flag */ + }; + + static long wait_node_free_list; +-static int wait_node_free_list_spinlock; ++__pthread_lock_define_initialized(static, wait_node_free_list_spinlock); + + /* Allocate a new node from the head of the free list using an atomic + operation, or else using malloc if that list is empty. A fundamental +@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ + if (self == NULL) + self = thread_self(); + +- wait_node.abandoned = 0; ++ wait_node.abandoned = __LT_SPINLOCK_INIT; + wait_node.next = (struct wait_node *) lock->__status; + wait_node.thr = self; + lock->__status = (long) &wait_node; +@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ + wait_node.thr = self; + newstatus = (long) &wait_node; + } +- wait_node.abandoned = 0; ++ wait_node.abandoned = __LT_SPINLOCK_INIT; + wait_node.next = (struct wait_node *) oldstatus; + /* Make sure the store in wait_node.next completes before performing + the compare-and-swap */ +@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ + if (self == NULL) + self = thread_self(); + +- p_wait_node->abandoned = 0; ++ p_wait_node->abandoned = __LT_SPINLOCK_INIT; + p_wait_node->next = (struct wait_node *) lock->__status; + p_wait_node->thr = self; + lock->__status = (long) p_wait_node; +@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ + p_wait_node->thr = self; + newstatus = (long) p_wait_node; + } +- p_wait_node->abandoned = 0; ++ p_wait_node->abandoned = __LT_SPINLOCK_INIT; + p_wait_node->next = (struct wait_node *) oldstatus; + /* Make sure the store in wait_node.next completes before performing + the compare-and-swap */ +@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ + while (p_node != (struct wait_node *) 1) { + int prio; + +- if (p_node->abandoned) { ++ if (lock_held(&p_node->abandoned)) { + /* Remove abandoned node. */ + #if defined TEST_FOR_COMPARE_AND_SWAP + if (!__pthread_has_cas) +@@ -674,7 +674,7 @@ + #if !defined HAS_COMPARE_AND_SWAP || defined TEST_FOR_COMPARE_AND_SWAP + + int __pthread_compare_and_swap(long * ptr, long oldval, long newval, +- int * spinlock) ++ __atomic_lock_t * spinlock) + { + int res; + +@@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ + - When nanosleep() returns, we try again, doing MAX_SPIN_COUNT + sched_yield(), then sleeping again if needed. */ + +-static void __pthread_acquire(int * spinlock) ++static void __pthread_acquire(__atomic_lock_t * spinlock) + { + int cnt = 0; + struct timespec tm; +--- a/linuxthreads/spinlock.h ++++ b/linuxthreads/spinlock.h +@@ -33,14 +33,28 @@ + #endif + #endif + ++/* Define lock_held for all arches that don't need a modified copy. */ ++#ifndef __LT_INITIALIZER_NOT_ZERO ++# define lock_held(p) *(p) ++#endif ++ ++/* Initliazers for possibly complex structures */ ++#ifdef __LT_INITIALIZER_NOT_ZERO ++# define __pthread_lock_define_initialized(CLASS,NAME) \ ++ CLASS __atomic_lock_t NAME = __LT_SPINLOCK_ALT_INIT ++#else ++# define __pthread_lock_define_initialized(CLASS,NAME) \ ++ CLASS __atomic_lock_t NAME ++#endif ++ + #if defined(TEST_FOR_COMPARE_AND_SWAP) + + extern int __pthread_has_cas; + extern int __pthread_compare_and_swap(long * ptr, long oldval, long newval, +- int * spinlock); ++ __atomic_lock_t * spinlock); + + static inline int compare_and_swap(long * ptr, long oldval, long newval, +- int * spinlock) ++ __atomic_lock_t * spinlock) + { + if (__builtin_expect (__pthread_has_cas, 1)) + return __compare_and_swap(ptr, oldval, newval); +@@ -58,7 +72,7 @@ + + static inline int + compare_and_swap_with_release_semantics (long * ptr, long oldval, +- long newval, int * spinlock) ++ long newval, __atomic_lock_t * spinlock) + { + return __compare_and_swap_with_release_semantics (ptr, oldval, + newval); +@@ -67,7 +81,7 @@ + #endif + + static inline int compare_and_swap(long * ptr, long oldval, long newval, +- int * spinlock) ++ __atomic_lock_t * spinlock) + { + return __compare_and_swap(ptr, oldval, newval); + } +@@ -75,10 +89,10 @@ + #else + + extern int __pthread_compare_and_swap(long * ptr, long oldval, long newval, +- int * spinlock); ++ __atomic_lock_t * spinlock); + + static inline int compare_and_swap(long * ptr, long oldval, long newval, +- int * spinlock) ++ __atomic_lock_t * spinlock) + { + return __pthread_compare_and_swap(ptr, oldval, newval, spinlock); + } +--- a/linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/bits/initspin.h ++++ b/linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/bits/initspin.h +@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ + #define __LT_SPINLOCK_INIT 0 + + /* Macros for lock initializers, using the above definition. */ +-#define __LOCK_INITIALIZER { 0, __LT_SPINLOCK_INIT } ++#define __LOCK_INITIALIZER ((struct _pthread_fastlock){ 0, __LT_SPINLOCK_INIT }) ++#define __LOCK_ALT_INITIALIZER { 0, __LT_SPINLOCK_INIT } + #define __ALT_LOCK_INITIALIZER { 0, __LT_SPINLOCK_INIT } + #define __ATOMIC_INITIALIZER { 0, __LT_SPINLOCK_INIT } +--- a/linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/bits/libc-lock.h ++++ b/linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/bits/libc-lock.h +@@ -71,12 +71,12 @@ + initialized locks must be set to one due to the lack of normal + atomic operations.) */ + +-#if __LT_SPINLOCK_INIT == 0 ++#ifdef __LT_INITIALIZER_NOT_ZERO + # define __libc_lock_define_initialized(CLASS,NAME) \ +- CLASS __libc_lock_t NAME; ++ CLASS __libc_lock_t NAME = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER; + #else + # define __libc_lock_define_initialized(CLASS,NAME) \ +- CLASS __libc_lock_t NAME = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER; ++ CLASS __libc_lock_t NAME; + #endif + + #define __libc_rwlock_define_initialized(CLASS,NAME) \ +--- a/linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/bits/pthreadtypes.h ++++ b/linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/bits/pthreadtypes.h +@@ -22,12 +22,14 @@ + #define __need_schedparam + #include + ++typedef int __atomic_lock_t; ++ + /* Fast locks (not abstract because mutexes and conditions aren't abstract). */ + struct _pthread_fastlock + { +- long int __status; /* "Free" or "taken" or head of waiting list */ +- int __spinlock; /* Used by compare_and_swap emulation. Also, +- adaptive SMP lock stores spin count here. */ ++ long int __status; /* "Free" or "taken" or head of waiting list */ ++ __atomic_lock_t __spinlock; /* Used by compare_and_swap emulation. Also, ++ adaptive SMP lock stores spin count here. */ + }; + + #ifndef _PTHREAD_DESCR_DEFINED +--- a/linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/pthread.h ++++ b/linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/pthread.h +@@ -31,26 +31,26 @@ + /* Initializers. */ + + #define PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER \ +- {0, 0, 0, PTHREAD_MUTEX_TIMED_NP, __LOCK_INITIALIZER} ++ {0, 0, 0, PTHREAD_MUTEX_TIMED_NP, __LOCK_ALT_INITIALIZER} + #ifdef __USE_GNU + # define PTHREAD_RECURSIVE_MUTEX_INITIALIZER_NP \ +- {0, 0, 0, PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE_NP, __LOCK_INITIALIZER} ++ {0, 0, 0, PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE_NP, __LOCK_ALT_INITIALIZER} + # define PTHREAD_ERRORCHECK_MUTEX_INITIALIZER_NP \ +- {0, 0, 0, PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK_NP, __LOCK_INITIALIZER} ++ {0, 0, 0, PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK_NP, __LOCK_ALT_INITIALIZER} + # define PTHREAD_ADAPTIVE_MUTEX_INITIALIZER_NP \ +- {0, 0, 0, PTHREAD_MUTEX_ADAPTIVE_NP, __LOCK_INITIALIZER} ++ {0, 0, 0, PTHREAD_MUTEX_ADAPTIVE_NP, __LOCK_ALT_INITIALIZER} + #endif + +-#define PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER {__LOCK_INITIALIZER, 0, "", 0} ++#define PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER {__LOCK_ALT_INITIALIZER, 0, "", 0} + + #if defined __USE_UNIX98 || defined __USE_XOPEN2K + # define PTHREAD_RWLOCK_INITIALIZER \ +- { __LOCK_INITIALIZER, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, \ ++ { __LOCK_ALT_INITIALIZER, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, \ + PTHREAD_RWLOCK_DEFAULT_NP, PTHREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE } + #endif + #ifdef __USE_GNU + # define PTHREAD_RWLOCK_WRITER_NONRECURSIVE_INITIALIZER_NP \ +- { __LOCK_INITIALIZER, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, \ ++ { __LOCK_ALT_INITIALIZER, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, \ + PTHREAD_RWLOCK_PREFER_WRITER_NONRECURSIVE_NP, PTHREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE } + #endif + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/amd64/local-biarch.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/amd64/local-biarch.diff @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +# All lines beginning with `# DP:' are a description of the patch. +# DP: Description: Allow ldconfig to work on x86-64/i386 biarch systems + +--- + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/x86_64/dl-cache.h | 21 ++++++++++++++++++++- + 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/x86_64/dl-cache.h ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/x86_64/dl-cache.h +@@ -22,4 +22,23 @@ + #define _dl_cache_check_flags(flags) \ + ((flags) == _DL_CACHE_DEFAULT_ID) + +-#include ++#define add_system_dir(dir) \ ++ do \ ++ { \ ++ size_t len = strlen (dir); \ ++ char path[len + 3]; \ ++ memcpy (path, dir, len + 1); \ ++ if (len >= 6 && ! memcmp (path + len - 6, "/lib32", 6)) \ ++ { \ ++ len -= 2; \ ++ path[len] = '\0'; \ ++ } \ ++ add_dir (path); \ ++ if (len >= 4 && ! memcmp (path + len - 4, "/lib", 4)) \ ++ { \ ++ memcpy (path + len, "32", 3); \ ++ add_dir (path); \ ++ } \ ++ } while (0) ++ ++#include --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/amd64/local-linuxthreads-gscope.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/amd64/local-linuxthreads-gscope.diff @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +--- + linuxthreads/sysdeps/x86_64/tls.h | 42 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+) + +--- a/linuxthreads/sysdeps/x86_64/tls.h ++++ b/linuxthreads/sysdeps/x86_64/tls.h +@@ -49,6 +49,11 @@ + uintptr_t sysinfo; + uintptr_t stack_guard; + uintptr_t pointer_guard; ++# ifdef __FreeBSD_kernel__ ++ long gscope_flag; ++# else ++ int gscope_flag; ++# endif + } tcbhead_t; + + #else /* __ASSEMBLER__ */ +@@ -147,6 +152,43 @@ + ((descr)->p_header.data.pointer_guard \ + = THREAD_GETMEM (THREAD_SELF, p_header.data.pointer_guard)) + ++/* Get and set the global scope generation counter in the TCB head. */ ++#define THREAD_GSCOPE_FLAG_UNUSED 0 ++#define THREAD_GSCOPE_FLAG_USED 1 ++#define THREAD_GSCOPE_FLAG_WAIT 2 ++#ifdef __FreeBSD_kernel__ ++# define THREAD_GSCOPE_RESET_FLAG() \ ++ do \ ++ { int __res; \ ++ asm volatile ("xchgl %0, %%fs:%P1" \ ++ : "=r" (__res) \ ++ : "i" (offsetof (struct _pthread_descr_struct, p_gscope_flag)), \ ++ "0" (THREAD_GSCOPE_FLAG_UNUSED)); \ ++ if (__res == THREAD_GSCOPE_FLAG_WAIT) \ ++ lll_futex_wake (&THREAD_SELF->p_gscope_flag, 1); \ ++ } \ ++ while (0) ++#else ++/* As the FreeBSD kernel defines futex as long (compared to int with ++ a Linux kernel), we need to use xchgq instead of xchgl to handle ++ the gscope_flag variable. */ ++# define THREAD_GSCOPE_RESET_FLAG() \ ++ do \ ++ { long __res; \ ++ asm volatile ("xchgq %0, %%fs:%P1" \ ++ : "=r" (__res) \ ++ : "i" (offsetof (struct _pthread_descr_struct, p_gscope_flag)), \ ++ "0" (THREAD_GSCOPE_FLAG_UNUSED)); \ ++ if (__res == THREAD_GSCOPE_FLAG_WAIT) \ ++ lll_futex_wake (&THREAD_SELF->p_gscope_flag, 1); \ ++ } \ ++ while (0) ++#endif /* __FreeBSD_kernel__ */ ++#define THREAD_GSCOPE_SET_FLAG() \ ++ THREAD_SETMEM (THREAD_SELF, p_gscope_flag, THREAD_GSCOPE_FLAG_USED) ++#define THREAD_GSCOPE_WAIT() \ ++ do { /* GL(dl_wait_lookup_done) () */ } while (0) ++ + # endif /* HAVE_TLS_SUPPORT */ + #endif /* __ASSEMBLER__ */ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/amd64/local-clone.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/amd64/local-clone.diff @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +2006-11-30 Jan Kratochvil + + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/x86_64/clone.S: Provide CFI for the outermost + `clone' function to ensure proper unwinding stop of gdb. + +--- + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/x86_64/clone.S | 4 ---- + 1 file changed, 4 deletions(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/x86_64/clone.S ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/x86_64/clone.S +@@ -89,9 +89,6 @@ + ret + + L(thread_start): +- cfi_startproc; +- /* Clearing frame pointer is insufficient, use CFI. */ +- cfi_undefined (rip); + /* Clear the frame pointer. The ABI suggests this be done, to mark + the outermost frame obviously. */ + xorl %ebp, %ebp +@@ -116,7 +113,6 @@ + /* Call exit with return value from function call. */ + movq %rax, %rdi + call HIDDEN_JUMPTARGET (_exit) +- cfi_endproc; + + cfi_startproc; + PSEUDO_END (BP_SYM (__clone)) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/s390/submitted-siginfo.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/s390/submitted-siginfo.diff @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +2009-07-25 Aurelien Jarno + + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/s390/bits/siginfo.h (struct sigevent): + Add _tid slot to maintain consistency with kernel. + +--- + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/s390/bits/siginfo.h | 4 ++++ + 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+) + +--- a/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/s390/bits/siginfo.h ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/s390/bits/siginfo.h +@@ -282,6 +282,10 @@ + { + int _pad[__SIGEV_PAD_SIZE]; + ++ /* When SIGEV_SIGNAL and SIGEV_THREAD_ID set, LWP ID of the ++ thread to receive the signal. */ ++ __pid_t _tid; ++ + struct + { + void (*_function) (sigval_t); /* Function to start. */ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/s390/submitted-nexttowardf.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/s390/submitted-nexttowardf.diff @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +2008-05-05 Aurelien Jarno + + * sysdeps/ieee754/ldbl-128/s_nexttowardf.c: Include float.h. + (__nexttowardf): Use math_opt_barrier and + math_force_eval macros. If FLT_EVAL_METHOD is not 0, force + x to float using asm. + +--- + sysdeps/ieee754/ldbl-128/s_nexttowardf.c | 26 ++++++++++++++++---------- + 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/ieee754/ldbl-128/s_nexttowardf.c ++++ b/sysdeps/ieee754/ldbl-128/s_nexttowardf.c +@@ -19,7 +19,8 @@ + #endif + + #include "math.h" +-#include "math_private.h" ++#include ++#include + + #ifdef __STDC__ + float __nexttowardf(float x, long double y) +@@ -44,10 +45,12 @@ + return x+y; + if((long double) x==y) return y; /* x=y, return y */ + if(ix==0) { /* x == 0 */ +- float x2; ++ float u; + SET_FLOAT_WORD(x,(u_int32_t)((hy>>32)&0x80000000)|1);/* return +-minsub*/ +- x2 = x*x; +- if(x2==x) return x2; else return x; /* raise underflow flag */ ++ u = math_opt_barrier (x); ++ u = u * u; ++ math_force_eval (u); /* raise underflow flag */ ++ return x; + } + if(hx>=0) { /* x > 0 */ + if(hy<0||(ix>>23)>(iy>>48)-0x3f80 +@@ -67,13 +70,16 @@ + } + } + hy = hx&0x7f800000; +- if(hy>=0x7f800000) return x+x; /* overflow */ ++ if(hy>=0x7f800000) { ++ x = x+x; /* overflow */ ++ if (FLT_EVAL_METHOD != 0) ++ /* Force conversion to float. */ ++ asm ("" : "+m"(x)); ++ return x; ++ } + if(hy<0x00800000) { /* underflow */ +- float x2 = x*x; +- if(x2!=x) { /* raise underflow flag */ +- SET_FLOAT_WORD(x2,hx); +- return x2; +- } ++ float u = x*x; ++ math_force_eval (u); /* raise underflow flag */ + } + SET_FLOAT_WORD(x,hx); + return x; --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-undef-glibc.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-undef-glibc.diff @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +Description: #undef __GLIBC__ before defining it +Author: rmh +Upstream status: REJECTED. DO NOT SUBMIT. (send to debian instead) + +--- + include/features.h | 1 + + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) + +--- a/include/features.h ++++ b/include/features.h +@@ -310,6 +310,7 @@ + + /* Major and minor version number of the GNU C library package. Use + these macros to test for features in specific releases. */ ++#undef __GLIBC__ + #define __GLIBC__ 2 + #define __GLIBC_MINOR__ 8 + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-sysdeps-2.10.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-sysdeps-2.10.diff @@ -0,0 +1,419 @@ +To be applied for glibc 2.10 + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/dl-osinfo.h ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/dl-osinfo.h +@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ + } while (0) + + static inline uintptr_t __attribute__ ((always_inline)) +-_dl_setup_stack_chk_guard (void) ++_dl_setup_stack_chk_guard (void *dl_random) + { + uintptr_t ret; + #ifdef ENABLE_STACKGUARD_RANDOMIZE +@@ -81,3 +81,18 @@ + p[sizeof (ret) - 2] = '\n'; + return ret; + } ++ ++static inline uintptr_t __attribute__ ((always_inline)) ++_dl_setup_pointer_guard (void *dl_random, uintptr_t stack_chk_guard) ++{ ++ uintptr_t ret; ++ ++ ret = stack_chk_guard; ++# ifndef HP_TIMING_NONAVAIL ++ hp_timing_t now; ++ HP_TIMING_NOW (now); ++ ret ^= now; ++# endif ++ return ret; ++} ++ +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/linuxthreads/bits/posix_opt.h +--- b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/linuxthreads/bits/posix_opt.h +@@ -31,25 +31,25 @@ + #define _POSIX_SAVED_IDS 1 + + /* Priority scheduling is supported. */ +-#define _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING 200112L ++#define _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING 200809L + + /* Synchronizing file data is supported. */ +-#define _POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO 200112L ++#define _POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO 200809L + + /* The fsync function is present. */ +-#define _POSIX_FSYNC 200112L ++#define _POSIX_FSYNC 200809L + + /* Mapping of files to memory is supported. */ +-#define _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES 200112L ++#define _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES 200809L + + /* Locking of all memory is supported. */ +-#define _POSIX_MEMLOCK 200112L ++#define _POSIX_MEMLOCK 200809L + + /* Locking of ranges of memory is supported. */ +-#define _POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE 200112L ++#define _POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE 200809L + + /* Setting of memory protections is supported. */ +-#define _POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION 200112L ++#define _POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION 200809L + + /* Only root can change owner of file. */ + #define _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED 1 +@@ -76,29 +76,29 @@ + #define _XOPEN_SHM 1 + + /* Tell we have POSIX threads. */ +-#define _POSIX_THREADS 200112L ++#define _POSIX_THREADS 200809L + + /* We have the reentrant functions described in POSIX. */ + #define _POSIX_REENTRANT_FUNCTIONS 1 +-#define _POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS 200112L ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS 200809L + + /* We provide priority scheduling for threads. */ +-#define _POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING 200112L ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING 200809L + + /* We support user-defined stack sizes. */ +-#define _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE 200112L ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE 200809L + + /* We support user-defined stacks. */ +-#define _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR 200112L ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR 200809L + + /* We support POSIX.1b semaphores, but only the non-shared form for now. */ +-#define _POSIX_SEMAPHORES 200112L ++#define _POSIX_SEMAPHORES 200809L + + /* Real-time signals are not available. */ + #define _POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS -1 + + /* We support asynchronous I/O. */ +-#define _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO 200112L ++#define _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO 200809L + #define _POSIX_ASYNC_IO 1 + /* Alternative name for Unix98. */ + #define _LFS_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO 1 +@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ + #define _LFS64_STDIO 1 + + /* POSIX shared memory objects are implemented. */ +-#define _POSIX_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS 200112L ++#define _POSIX_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS 200809L + + /* CPU-time clocks somewhere supported. */ + #define _POSIX_CPUTIME 0 +@@ -126,25 +126,25 @@ + #define _POSIX_REGEXP 1 + + /* Reader/Writer locks are available. */ +-#define _POSIX_READER_WRITER_LOCKS 200112L ++#define _POSIX_READER_WRITER_LOCKS 200809L + + /* We have a POSIX shell. */ + #define _POSIX_SHELL 1 + + /* We support the Timeouts option. */ +-#define _POSIX_TIMEOUTS 200112L ++#define _POSIX_TIMEOUTS 200809L + + /* We support spinlocks. */ +-#define _POSIX_SPIN_LOCKS 200112L ++#define _POSIX_SPIN_LOCKS 200809L + + /* The `spawn' function family is supported. */ +-#define _POSIX_SPAWN 200112L ++#define _POSIX_SPAWN 200809L + + /* We have POSIX timers. */ +-#define _POSIX_TIMERS 200112L ++#define _POSIX_TIMERS 200809L + + /* The barrier functions are available. */ +-#define _POSIX_BARRIERS 200112L ++#define _POSIX_BARRIERS 200809L + + /* POSIX message queues are not available. */ + #define _POSIX_MESSAGE_PASSING -1 +@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ + #define _POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED -1 + + /* The monotonic clock is available. */ +-#define _POSIX_MONOTONIC_CLOCK 200112L ++#define _POSIX_MONOTONIC_CLOCK 200809L + + /* The clock selection interfaces are not available. */ + #define _POSIX_CLOCK_SELECTION -1 +@@ -162,13 +162,13 @@ + #define _POSIX_ADVISORY_INFO -1 + + /* IPv6 support is available. */ +-#define _POSIX_IPV6 200112L ++#define _POSIX_IPV6 200809L + + /* Raw socket support is available. */ +-#define _POSIX_RAW_SOCKETS 200112L ++#define _POSIX_RAW_SOCKETS 200809L + + /* We have at least one terminal. */ +-#define _POSIX2_CHAR_TERM 200112L ++#define _POSIX2_CHAR_TERM 200809L + + /* Neither process nor thread sporadic server interfaces is available. */ + #define _POSIX_SPORADIC_SERVER -1 +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/nptl/bits/posix_opt.h +--- b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/nptl/bits/posix_opt.h +@@ -31,25 +31,25 @@ + #define _POSIX_SAVED_IDS 1 + + /* Priority scheduling is supported. */ +-#define _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING 200112L ++#define _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING 200809L + + /* Synchronizing file data is supported. */ +-#define _POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO 200112L ++#define _POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO 200809L + + /* The fsync function is present. */ +-#define _POSIX_FSYNC 200112L ++#define _POSIX_FSYNC 200809L + + /* Mapping of files to memory is supported. */ +-#define _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES 200112L ++#define _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES 200809L + + /* Locking of all memory is supported. */ +-#define _POSIX_MEMLOCK 200112L ++#define _POSIX_MEMLOCK 200809L + + /* Locking of ranges of memory is supported. */ +-#define _POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE 200112L ++#define _POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE 200809L + + /* Setting of memory protections is supported. */ +-#define _POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION 200112L ++#define _POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION 200809L + + /* Only root can change owner of file. */ + #define _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED 1 +@@ -76,29 +76,29 @@ + #define _XOPEN_SHM 1 + + /* Tell we have POSIX threads. */ +-#define _POSIX_THREADS 200112L ++#define _POSIX_THREADS 200809L + + /* We have the reentrant functions described in POSIX. */ + #define _POSIX_REENTRANT_FUNCTIONS 1 +-#define _POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS 200112L ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS 200809L + + /* We provide priority scheduling for threads. */ +-#define _POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING 200112L ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING 200809L + + /* We support user-defined stack sizes. */ +-#define _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE 200112L ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE 200809L + + /* We support user-defined stacks. */ +-#define _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR 200112L ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR 200809L + + /* We support POSIX.1b semaphores, but only the non-shared form for now. */ +-#define _POSIX_SEMAPHORES 200112L ++#define _POSIX_SEMAPHORES 200809L + + /* Real-time signals are not available. */ + #define _POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS -1 + + /* We support asynchronous I/O. */ +-#define _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO 200112L ++#define _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO 200809L + #define _POSIX_ASYNC_IO 1 + /* Alternative name for Unix98. */ + #define _LFS_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO 1 +@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ + #define _LFS64_STDIO 1 + + /* POSIX shared memory objects are implemented. */ +-#define _POSIX_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS 200112L ++#define _POSIX_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS 200809L + + /* CPU-time clocks somewhere supported. */ + #define _POSIX_CPUTIME 0 +@@ -126,25 +126,25 @@ + #define _POSIX_REGEXP 1 + + /* Reader/Writer locks are available. */ +-#define _POSIX_READER_WRITER_LOCKS 200112L ++#define _POSIX_READER_WRITER_LOCKS 200809L + + /* We have a POSIX shell. */ + #define _POSIX_SHELL 1 + + /* We support the Timeouts option. */ +-#define _POSIX_TIMEOUTS 200112L ++#define _POSIX_TIMEOUTS 200809L + + /* We support spinlocks. */ +-#define _POSIX_SPIN_LOCKS 200112L ++#define _POSIX_SPIN_LOCKS 200809L + + /* The `spawn' function family is supported. */ +-#define _POSIX_SPAWN 200112L ++#define _POSIX_SPAWN 200809L + + /* We have POSIX timers. */ +-#define _POSIX_TIMERS 200112L ++#define _POSIX_TIMERS 200809L + + /* The barrier functions are available. */ +-#define _POSIX_BARRIERS 200112L ++#define _POSIX_BARRIERS 200809L + + /* POSIX message queues are not available. */ + #define _POSIX_MESSAGE_PASSING -1 +@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ + #define _POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED -1 + + /* The monotonic clock is available. */ +-#define _POSIX_MONOTONIC_CLOCK 200112L ++#define _POSIX_MONOTONIC_CLOCK 200809L + + /* The clock selection interfaces are not available. */ + #define _POSIX_CLOCK_SELECTION -1 +@@ -162,13 +162,13 @@ + #define _POSIX_ADVISORY_INFO -1 + + /* IPv6 support is available. */ +-#define _POSIX_IPV6 200112L ++#define _POSIX_IPV6 200809L + + /* Raw socket support is available. */ +-#define _POSIX_RAW_SOCKETS 200112L ++#define _POSIX_RAW_SOCKETS 200809L + + /* We have at least one terminal. */ +-#define _POSIX2_CHAR_TERM 200112L ++#define _POSIX2_CHAR_TERM 200809L + + /* Neither process nor thread sporadic server interfaces is available. */ + #define _POSIX_SPORADIC_SERVER -1 +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sysconf.c ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sysconf.c +@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ + #if HP_TIMING_AVAIL + // XXX We can add here test for machines which cannot support a + // XXX usable TSC. +- return 200112L; ++ return 200809L; + #else + return -1; + #endif +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/Makefile ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/Makefile +@@ -13,5 +13,5 @@ + + ifeq ($(subdir),misc) + # For and . +-sysdep_routines += iopl ++sysdep_routines += iopl ioperm + endif +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/Versions ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/Versions +@@ -2,4 +2,7 @@ + GLIBC_2.3.4 { + iopl; + } ++ GLIBC_2.10 { ++ ioperm; ++ } + } +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/ioperm.c ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/ioperm.c +@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++int ++ioperm (unsigned long int from, unsigned long int num, int turn_on) ++{ ++ struct i386_ioperm_args args; ++ ++ args.start = from; ++ args.length = num; ++ args.enable = turn_on; ++ ++ return __sysarch (I386_SET_IOPERM, &args); ++} +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/sys/perm.h ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/sys/perm.h +@@ -23,6 +23,11 @@ + + __BEGIN_DECLS + ++/* Set port input/output permissions. */ ++extern int ioperm (unsigned long int __from, unsigned long int __num, ++ int __turn_on) __THROW; ++ ++ + /* Change I/O privilege level. */ + extern int iopl (int __level) __THROW; + +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/sys/io.h ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/sys/io.h +@@ -23,6 +23,15 @@ + + __BEGIN_DECLS + ++/* If TURN_ON is TRUE, request for permission to do direct i/o on the ++ port numbers in the range [FROM,FROM+NUM-1]. Otherwise, turn I/O ++ permission off for that range. This call requires root privileges. ++ ++ Portability note: not all kFreeBSD platforms support this call. Most ++ platforms based on the PC I/O architecture probably will, however. */ ++extern int ioperm (unsigned long int __from, unsigned long int __num, ++ int __turn_on) __THROW; ++ + /* Set the I/O privilege level to LEVEL. If LEVEL>3, permission to + access any I/O port is granted. This call requires root + privileges. */ +--- a/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/Versions +--- b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/Versions +@@ -81,6 +81,9 @@ + # functions used in inline functions or macros + __libc_sa_len; + } ++ GLIBC_2.10 { ++ sysctlnametomib; ++ } + GLIBC_PRIVATE { + # needed by libpthread. + __clone; __libc_fork; __libc_sigaction; --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-config_h_in.patch +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-config_h_in.patch @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +2009-05-23 Aurelien Jarno + + * config.h.in (__KFREEBSD_KERNEL_VERSION): Add. + +--- a/config.h.in ++++ b/config.h.in +@@ -150,6 +150,9 @@ + /* Linux specific: minimum supported kernel version. */ + #undef __LINUX_KERNEL_VERSION + ++/* kFreeBSD specific: minimum supported kernel version. */ ++#undef __KFREEBSD_KERNEL_VERSION ++ + /* Override abi-tags ABI version if necessary. */ + #undef __ABI_TAG_VERSION + + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-sys_queue_h.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-sys_queue_h.diff @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +--- + misc/sys/queue.h | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+) + +--- a/misc/sys/queue.h ++++ b/misc/sys/queue.h +@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ + #ifndef _SYS_QUEUE_H_ + #define _SYS_QUEUE_H_ + ++#include ++ + /* + * This file defines five types of data structures: singly-linked lists, + * lists, simple queues, tail queues, and circular queues. +@@ -136,6 +138,11 @@ + (var); \ + (var) = ((var)->field.le_next)) + ++#define LIST_FOREACH_SAFE(var, head, field, tvar) \ ++ for ((var) = ((head)->lh_first); \ ++ (var) && ((tvar) = ((var)->field.le_next), 1); \ ++ (var) = (tvar)) ++ + /* + * List access methods. + */ +@@ -197,6 +204,16 @@ + #define SLIST_FOREACH(var, head, field) \ + for((var) = (head)->slh_first; (var); (var) = (var)->field.sle_next) + ++#define SLIST_FOREACH_SAFE(var, head, field, tvar) \ ++ for ((var) = SLIST_FIRST((head)); \ ++ (var) && ((tvar) = SLIST_NEXT((var), field), 1); \ ++ (var) = (tvar)) ++ ++#define SLIST_FOREACH_PREVPTR(var, varp, head, field) \ ++ for ((varp) = &SLIST_FIRST((head)); \ ++ ((var) = *(varp)) != NULL; \ ++ (varp) = &SLIST_NEXT((var), field)) ++ + /* + * Singly-linked List access methods. + */ +@@ -253,6 +270,11 @@ + (head)->stqh_last = &(head)->stqh_first; \ + } while (/*CONSTCOND*/0) + ++#define STAILQ_REMOVE_HEAD_UNTIL(head, elm, field) do { \ ++ if (((head)->stqh_first = ((elm)->field.stqe_next)) == NULL) \ ++ (head)->stqh_last = &((head)->stqh_first); \ ++} while (/*CONSTCOND*/0) ++ + #define STAILQ_REMOVE(head, elm, type, field) do { \ + if ((head)->stqh_first == (elm)) { \ + STAILQ_REMOVE_HEAD((head), field); \ +@@ -271,6 +293,11 @@ + (var); \ + (var) = ((var)->field.stqe_next)) + ++#define STAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(var, head, field, tvar) \ ++ for ((var) = ((elm)->field.stqe_next); \ ++ (var) && ((tvar) = ((var)->field.stqe_next), 1); \ ++ (var) = (tvar)) ++ + #define STAILQ_CONCAT(head1, head2) do { \ + if (!STAILQ_EMPTY((head2))) { \ + *(head1)->stqh_last = (head2)->stqh_first; \ +@@ -437,11 +464,21 @@ + (var); \ + (var) = ((var)->field.tqe_next)) + ++#define TAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(var, head, field, tvar) \ ++ for ((var) = ((head)->tqh_first); \ ++ (var) && ((tvar) = ((var)->field.tqe_next), 1); \ ++ (var) = (tvar)) ++ + #define TAILQ_FOREACH_REVERSE(var, head, headname, field) \ + for ((var) = (*(((struct headname *)((head)->tqh_last))->tqh_last)); \ + (var); \ + (var) = (*(((struct headname *)((var)->field.tqe_prev))->tqh_last))) + ++#define TAILQ_FOREACH_REVERSE_SAFE(var, head, headname, field, tvar) \ ++ for ((var) = (*(((struct headname *)((head)->tqh_last))->tqh_last)); \ ++ (var) && ((tvar) = (*(((struct headname *)((elm)->field.tqe_prev))->tqh_last)), 1); \ ++ (var) = (tvar)) ++ + #define TAILQ_CONCAT(head1, head2, field) do { \ + if (!TAILQ_EMPTY(head2)) { \ + *(head1)->tqh_last = (head2)->tqh_first; \ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-sysdeps.diff @@ -0,0 +1,26643 @@ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/Dist +@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ ++bits/mcontext.h ++bits/stat16.h ++fpu.h ++machine/pal.h ++net/ethernet.h ++net/if_arp.h ++net/if_ether.h ++net/if_dl.h ++net/route.h ++nfs/nfs.h ++regdef.h ++sa_len.c ++stat16conv.c ++statconv.c ++statfsconv.c ++sys/acl.h ++sys/extattr.h ++sys/io.h ++sys/jail.h ++sys/linker.h ++sys/mount.h ++sys/perm.h ++sys/rfork.h ++sys/rtprio.h ++sys/syslimits.h ++sys/timex.h ++sys/vm86.h ++sys_lseek.S ++sysarch.h ++ucontext_i.h +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/Implies +@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ ++# The kernel include files come from the 'kernel-include' add-on. ++# This is actually added by configure.in. ++#/usr/src/sys/ ++ ++# One of two possible utmp file formats. ++# This is actually added by configure.in. ++#unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/utmp-xyz ++ ++# The gnu subdirectory exists for things common to Linux-based, Hurd-based ++# and kFreeBSD-based GNU systems. ++gnu +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/Makefile +@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@ ++# Use bash, not /bin/sh, for executing scripts, because the native ++# FreeBSD /bin/sh does not interpret the IFS="" read ... command ++# in localedata/tst-fmon.sh correctly. ++SHELL = bash ++ ++# Additional header files to be installed in $prefix/include: ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),misc) ++sysdep_headers += \ ++ sys/mount.h \ ++ sys/kd.h \ ++ sys/rfork.h ++endif ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),stdlib) ++sysdep_headers += \ ++ bits/mcontext.h ++endif ++ ++# Additional functions, and particular system calls: ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),csu) ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += errno-loc ++endif ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),assert) ++CFLAGS-assert.c += -DFATAL_PREPARE_INCLUDE='' ++CFLAGS-assert-perr.c += -DFATAL_PREPARE_INCLUDE='' ++endif ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),io) ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += sys_access sys_faccessat sys_fchownat sys_fexecve sys_getcwd sys_linkat sys_lseek sys_freebsd6_lseek sys_readlinkat sys_symlinkat sys_unlinkat ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += sys_open sys_openat open_2 ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += sys_fchmodat sys_fstat sys_fstatat sys_lstat sys_mkdirat sys_mkfifoat sys_mknod sys_mknodat sys_nfstat sys_nlstat sys_nstat sys_stat ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += fstatfs64 statfs64 sys_fstatfs sys_statfs ++# For ++sysdep_routines += sys_renameat ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += sys_futimesat ++# Other. ++sysdep_routines += lchmod ++endif ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),dirent) ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += sys_getdents sys_getdirentries getdirentries getdirentries64 ++endif ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),misc) ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += clone start_thread ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += sys_ftruncate sys_freebsd6_ftruncate sys_truncate sys_freebsd6_truncate ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += acl_aclcheck_fd acl_aclcheck_file acl_delete_fd acl_delete_file acl_get_fd acl_get_file acl_set_fd acl_set_file ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += extattrctl extattr_delete_file extattr_get_file extattr_set_file ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += jail ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += ktrace utrace ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += kldfind kldfirstmod kldload kldnext kldstat kldsym kldunload kldunloadf ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += minherit sys_mmap sys_freebsd6_mmap sys_munmap ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += fhopen sys_fhstat sys_fhstatfs fhstat fhstat64 fhstatfs fhstatfs64 getfh getfsstat getfsstat64 sys_getfsstat getmntinfo getmntinfo64 mount nmount unmount ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += sys_ptrace ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += rfork ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += rtprio ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += bsd_sendfile ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += sysctl sysctlbyname sysctlnametomib ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += sys_readv sys_writev ++# Other. ++sysdep_routines += swapon swapoff sys_aio_cancel sys_aio_error sys_aio_read sys_aio_return sys_aio_suspend sys_aio_waitcomplete sys_aio_write sys_lio_listio issetugid modfind modfnext modnext modstat obreak quotactl rfork sysarch undelete yield ++# for INLINE_SYSCALL ++sysdep_routines += sys_fork sys_execve sys_sigaction sys_close sys_fcntl ++sysdep_routines += sys_clock_getres sys_clock_gettime sys_clock_settime ++sysdep_routines += sys_shm_open sys_shm_unlink ++endif ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),posix) ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += sys_getlogin sys_pread sys_freebsd6_pread sys_pwrite sys_freebsd6_pwrite sys_setlogin sys_read sys_write ++# for ++sysdep_routines += sys_cpuset_getaffinity sys_cpuset_setaffinity ++endif ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),inet) ++sysdep_headers += net/ethernet.h net/if_ether.h ++endif ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),time) ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += ntp_adjtime ntp_gettime ++endif ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),socket) ++sysdep_routines += sa_len sys_bind sys_connect sys_sendto ++endif ++ ++# Linuxthreads dependencies. ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),posix) ++sysdep_headers += bits/initspin.h ++endif ++ ++# Don't compile the ctype glue code, since we have a much better ++# than the old non-GNU C library. ++inhibit-glue = yes ++ ++# Special ELF hacks. ++ifeq ($(subdir),elf) ++sysdep-rtld-routines += dl-brk dl-sbrk ++sysdep_routines += sys_umtx ++endif ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),sunrpc) ++sysdep_headers += nfs/nfs.h ++endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/Versions +@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ ++libc { ++ # The comment lines with "#errlist-compat" are magic; see errlist-compat.awk. ++ # When you get an error from errlist-compat.awk, you need to add a new ++ # version here. Don't do this blindly, since this means changing the ABI ++ # for all GNU/kFreeBSD configurations. ++ ++ GLIBC_2.2.6 { ++ # c* ++ clone; ++ ++ # e* ++ extattrctl; extattr_delete_file; extattr_get_file; extattr_set_file; ++ ++ # f* ++ fhopen; fhstat; fhstatfs; futimes; ++ ++ # g* ++ getdents; getfh; getfsstat; getfsstat64; getmntinfo; getmntinfo64; ++ getresgid; getresuid; ++ ++ # i* ++ issetugid; ++ ++ # j* ++ jail; ++ ++ # k* ++ kldfind; kldfirstmod; kldload; kldnext; kldstat; kldsym; kldunload; kldunloadf; ++ ktrace; ++ ++ # l* ++ lchmod; lutimes; ++ ++ # m* ++ minherit; modfind; modfnext; modnext; modstat; mount; ++ ++ # n* ++ nmount; ntp_adjtime; ntp_gettime; ++ ++ # q* ++ quotactl; ++ ++ # r* ++ rfork; rtprio; ++ ++ # s* ++ sendfile; setresgid; setresuid; swapoff; swapon; sysarch; sysctl; sysctlbyname; ++ ++ # u* ++ undelete; unmount; utrace; ++ ++ # see . ++ __acl_aclcheck_fd; __acl_aclcheck_file; __acl_delete_fd; __acl_delete_file; ++ __acl_get_fd; __acl_get_file; __acl_set_fd; __acl_set_file; ++ ++ # see . ++ __errno_location; ++ ++ # see . ++ __sysctl; ++ ++ # Questionable system calls. These functions may be removed at any moment. ++ __syscall_aio_cancel; __syscall_aio_error; __syscall_aio_read; ++ __syscall_aio_return; __syscall_aio_suspend; __syscall_aio_waitcomplete; ++ __syscall_aio_write; __syscall_lio_listio; ++ __syscall_obreak; ++ __syscall_yield; ++ } ++ GLIBC_2.3 { ++ #errlist-compat 87 ++ _sys_errlist; sys_errlist; _sys_nerr; sys_nerr; ++ } ++ GLIBC_2.3.4 { ++ # f* ++ fhstat64; fhstatfs64; ++ kqueue; kevent; ++ ++ #errlist-compat 93 ++ _sys_errlist; sys_errlist; _sys_nerr; sys_nerr; ++ ++ # functions used in inline functions or macros ++ __libc_sa_len; ++ } ++ GLIBC_PRIVATE { ++ # needed by libpthread. ++ __clone; __libc_fork; __libc_sigaction; ++ # needed by libpthread as INLINE_SYSCALL: ++ __syscall_fork; ++ __syscall_open; __syscall_close; ++ __syscall_read; __syscall_write; ++ __syscall_wait4; __syscall_fcntl; ++ # needed by librt as INLINE_SYSCALL: ++ __syscall_clock_getres; __syscall_clock_gettime; __syscall_clock_settime; ++ __syscall_shm_open; __syscall_shm_unlink; ++ # misc fixes for FreeBSD: ++ __syscall_freebsd6_lseek; __syscall_freebsd6_pread; __syscall_freebsd6_pwrite; ++ __syscall_lseek; __syscall_pread; __syscall_pwrite; ++ __syscall_connect; __syscall_sendto; ++ __syscall_cpuset_getaffinity ; __syscall_cpuset_setaffinity; ++ # global variable used in brk() ++ _end; ++ } ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/_G_config.h +@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ ++/* This file is needed by libio to define various configuration parameters. ++ These are always the same in the GNU C library. */ ++ ++#ifndef _G_config_h ++#define _G_config_h 1 ++ ++/* Define types for libio in terms of the standard internal type names. */ ++ ++#include ++#define __need_size_t ++#if defined _LIBC || defined _GLIBCPP_USE_WCHAR_T ++# define __need_wchar_t ++#endif ++#define __need_NULL ++#include ++#define __need_mbstate_t ++#if defined _LIBC || defined _GLIBCPP_USE_WCHAR_T ++# define __need_wint_t ++#endif ++#include ++#define _G_size_t size_t ++typedef struct ++{ ++ __off_t __pos; ++ __mbstate_t __state; ++} _G_fpos_t; ++typedef struct ++{ ++ __off64_t __pos; ++ __mbstate_t __state; ++} _G_fpos64_t; ++#define _G_ssize_t __ssize_t ++#define _G_off_t __off_t ++#define _G_off64_t __off64_t ++#define _G_pid_t __pid_t ++#define _G_uid_t __uid_t ++#define _G_wchar_t wchar_t ++#define _G_wint_t wint_t ++#define _G_stat64 stat64 ++#if defined _LIBC || defined _GLIBCPP_USE_WCHAR_T ++# include ++typedef union ++{ ++ struct __gconv_info __cd; ++ struct ++ { ++ struct __gconv_info __cd; ++ struct __gconv_step_data __data; ++ } __combined; ++} _G_iconv_t; ++#endif ++ ++typedef int _G_int16_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__HI__))); ++typedef int _G_int32_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__SI__))); ++typedef unsigned int _G_uint16_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__HI__))); ++typedef unsigned int _G_uint32_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__SI__))); ++ ++#define _G_HAVE_BOOL 1 ++ ++ ++/* These library features are always available in the GNU C library. */ ++#define _G_HAVE_ATEXIT 1 ++#define _G_HAVE_SYS_CDEFS 1 ++#define _G_HAVE_SYS_WAIT 1 ++#define _G_NEED_STDARG_H 1 ++#define _G_va_list __gnuc_va_list ++ ++#define _G_HAVE_PRINTF_FP 1 ++#define _G_HAVE_MMAP 1 ++#define _G_HAVE_LONG_DOUBLE_IO 1 ++#define _G_HAVE_IO_FILE_OPEN 1 ++#define _G_HAVE_IO_GETLINE_INFO 1 ++ ++#define _G_IO_IO_FILE_VERSION 0x20001 ++ ++#define _G_OPEN64 __open64 ++#define _G_LSEEK64 __lseek64 ++#define _G_MMAP64 __mmap64 ++#define _G_FSTAT64(fd,buf) __fxstat64 (_STAT_VER, fd, buf) ++ ++/* This is defined by if `st_blksize' exists. */ ++#define _G_HAVE_ST_BLKSIZE defined (_STATBUF_ST_BLKSIZE) ++ ++#define _G_BUFSIZ 8192 ++ ++/* These are the vtbl details for ELF. */ ++#define _G_NAMES_HAVE_UNDERSCORE 0 ++#define _G_VTABLE_LABEL_HAS_LENGTH 1 ++#define _G_USING_THUNKS 1 ++#define _G_VTABLE_LABEL_PREFIX "__vt_" ++#define _G_VTABLE_LABEL_PREFIX_ID __vt_ ++ ++ ++#if defined __cplusplus || defined __STDC__ ++# define _G_ARGS(ARGLIST) ARGLIST ++#else ++# define _G_ARGS(ARGLIST) () ++#endif ++ ++#endif /* _G_config.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/a.out.h +@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ ++#ifndef __A_OUT_GNU_H__ ++#define __A_OUT_GNU_H__ ++ ++#define __GNU_EXEC_MACROS__ ++ ++struct exec ++{ ++ unsigned long a_info; /* Use macros N_MAGIC, etc for access. */ ++ unsigned int a_text; /* Length of text, in bytes. */ ++ unsigned int a_data; /* Length of data, in bytes. */ ++ unsigned int a_bss; /* Length of uninitialized data area for file, in bytes. */ ++ unsigned int a_syms; /* Length of symbol table data in file, in bytes. */ ++ unsigned int a_entry; /* Start address. */ ++ unsigned int a_trsize;/* Length of relocation info for text, in bytes. */ ++ unsigned int a_drsize;/* Length of relocation info for data, in bytes. */ ++}; ++ ++enum machine_type ++{ ++ M_OLDSUN2 = 0, ++ M_68010 = 1, ++ M_68020 = 2, ++ M_SPARC = 3, ++ M_386 = 100, ++ M_MIPS1 = 151, ++ M_MIPS2 = 152 ++}; ++ ++#define N_MAGIC(exec) ((exec).a_info & 0xffff) ++#define N_MACHTYPE(exec) ((enum machine_type)(((exec).a_info >> 16) & 0xff)) ++#define N_FLAGS(exec) (((exec).a_info >> 24) & 0xff) ++#define N_SET_INFO(exec, magic, type, flags) \ ++ ((exec).a_info = ((magic) & 0xffff) \ ++ | (((int)(type) & 0xff) << 16) \ ++ | (((flags) & 0xff) << 24)) ++#define N_SET_MAGIC(exec, magic) \ ++ ((exec).a_info = ((exec).a_info & 0xffff0000) | ((magic) & 0xffff)) ++#define N_SET_MACHTYPE(exec, machtype) \ ++ ((exec).a_info = \ ++ ((exec).a_info&0xff00ffff) | ((((int)(machtype))&0xff) << 16)) ++#define N_SET_FLAGS(exec, flags) \ ++ ((exec).a_info = \ ++ ((exec).a_info&0x00ffffff) | (((flags) & 0xff) << 24)) ++ ++/* Code indicating object file or impure executable. */ ++#define OMAGIC 0407 ++/* Code indicating pure executable. */ ++#define NMAGIC 0410 ++/* Code indicating demand-paged executable. */ ++#define ZMAGIC 0413 ++/* This indicates a demand-paged executable with the header in the text. ++ The first page is unmapped to help trap NULL pointer references. */ ++#define QMAGIC 0314 ++/* Code indicating core file. */ ++#define CMAGIC 0421 ++ ++#define N_TRSIZE(a) ((a).a_trsize) ++#define N_DRSIZE(a) ((a).a_drsize) ++#define N_SYMSIZE(a) ((a).a_syms) ++#define N_BADMAG(x) \ ++ (N_MAGIC(x) != OMAGIC && N_MAGIC(x) != NMAGIC \ ++ && N_MAGIC(x) != ZMAGIC && N_MAGIC(x) != QMAGIC) ++#define _N_HDROFF(x) (1024 - sizeof (struct exec)) ++#define N_TXTOFF(x) \ ++ (N_MAGIC(x) == ZMAGIC ? _N_HDROFF((x)) + sizeof (struct exec) : \ ++ (N_MAGIC(x) == QMAGIC ? 0 : sizeof (struct exec))) ++#define N_DATOFF(x) (N_TXTOFF(x) + (x).a_text) ++#define N_TRELOFF(x) (N_DATOFF(x) + (x).a_data) ++#define N_DRELOFF(x) (N_TRELOFF(x) + N_TRSIZE(x)) ++#define N_SYMOFF(x) (N_DRELOFF(x) + N_DRSIZE(x)) ++#define N_STROFF(x) (N_SYMOFF(x) + N_SYMSIZE(x)) ++ ++/* Address of text segment in memory after it is loaded. */ ++#define N_TXTADDR(x) (N_MAGIC(x) == QMAGIC ? 4096 : 0) ++ ++/* Address of data segment in memory after it is loaded. */ ++#define SEGMENT_SIZE 1024 ++ ++#define _N_SEGMENT_ROUND(x) (((x) + SEGMENT_SIZE - 1) & ~(SEGMENT_SIZE - 1)) ++#define _N_TXTENDADDR(x) (N_TXTADDR(x)+(x).a_text) ++ ++#define N_DATADDR(x) \ ++ (N_MAGIC(x)==OMAGIC? (_N_TXTENDADDR(x)) \ ++ : (_N_SEGMENT_ROUND (_N_TXTENDADDR(x)))) ++#define N_BSSADDR(x) (N_DATADDR(x) + (x).a_data) ++ ++#if !defined (N_NLIST_DECLARED) ++struct nlist ++{ ++ union ++ { ++ char *n_name; ++ union ++ { ++ char *n_name; ++ struct nlist *n_next; ++ long n_strx; ++ } n_un; ++ } __attribute__ ((__transparent_union__)); ++ unsigned char n_type; ++ char n_other; ++ short n_desc; ++ unsigned long n_value; ++}; ++#endif /* no N_NLIST_DECLARED. */ ++ ++#define N_UNDF 0 ++#define N_ABS 2 ++#define N_TEXT 4 ++#define N_DATA 6 ++#define N_BSS 8 ++#define N_FN 15 ++#define N_EXT 1 ++#define N_TYPE 036 ++#define N_STAB 0340 ++#define N_INDR 0xa ++#define N_SETA 0x14 /* Absolute set element symbol. */ ++#define N_SETT 0x16 /* Text set element symbol. */ ++#define N_SETD 0x18 /* Data set element symbol. */ ++#define N_SETB 0x1A /* Bss set element symbol. */ ++#define N_SETV 0x1C /* Pointer to set vector in data area. */ ++ ++#if !defined (N_RELOCATION_INFO_DECLARED) ++/* This structure describes a single relocation to be performed. ++ The text-relocation section of the file is a vector of these structures, ++ all of which apply to the text section. ++ Likewise, the data-relocation section applies to the data section. */ ++ ++struct relocation_info ++{ ++ int r_address; ++ unsigned int r_symbolnum:24; ++ unsigned int r_pcrel:1; ++ unsigned int r_length:2; ++ unsigned int r_extern:1; ++ unsigned int r_pad:4; ++}; ++#endif /* no N_RELOCATION_INFO_DECLARED. */ ++ ++#endif /* __A_OUT_GNU_H__ */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/access.c +@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* ++ The FreeBSD kernel do not test file access correctly when the ++ process' real user ID is superuser. In particular, they always return ++ zero when testing execute permissions without regard to whether the ++ file is executable. ++ ++ While this behaviour conforms to POSIX.1-2008, it is explicitely ++ discouraged. This wrapper implements the recommended behaviour. ++ */ ++ ++extern int __syscall_access (const char *path, int mode); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_access) ++ ++int ++__access (const char *path, int mode) ++{ ++ struct stat64 stats; ++ ++ if ((__getuid() != 0) || !(mode & X_OK)) ++ return __syscall_access (path, mode); ++ ++ /* Althought the super-user can read and write any file, ++ the file-system might be i.e. read-only. Do the check. */ ++ ++ if (__syscall_access (path, mode)) ++ return -1; ++ ++ if (stat64 (path, &stats)) ++ return -1; ++ ++ /* The super-user can execute any file that anyone can execute. */ ++ if (stats.st_mode & (S_IXUSR | S_IXGRP | S_IXOTH)) ++ return 0; ++ ++ __set_errno (EACCES); ++ return -1; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__access, access) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/Makefile +@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ ++# Additional header files to be installed in $prefix/include: ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),misc) ++sysdep_headers += machine/pal.h ++sysdep_routines += sys_select sys_utimes sys_lutimes sys_futimes ++endif ++ ++# Additional functions, and particular system calls: ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),io) ++sysdep_routines += sys_poll ++endif ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),math) ++sysdep_routines += ieee_get_fp_control ieee_set_fp_control ++endif ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),posix) ++sysdep_routines += sys_nanosleep sys_sched_rr_gi ++endif ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),time) ++sysdep_routines += sys_adjtime sys_gettimeofday sys_settimeofday sys_getitimer sys_setitimer ++endif ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),resource) ++sysdep_routines += sys_getrusage ++endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/README +@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ ++Note that even on 64-bit platforms, because __ino64_t != __ino_t, we have ++stat64 != stat, fstat64 != fstat, lstat64 != lstat, fhstat64 != fhstat, ++glob64 != glob. ++ ++Note that on alpha glue code is used in order to use a 64-bit __time_t with a ++32-bit __kernel_time_t type. All system calls taking arguments with ++'time_t', 'struct timeval', 'struct timespec', 'struct itimerval', ++'struct rusage', 'struct msqid_ds', 'struct shmid_ds', 'struct semid_ds' need ++some special handling. The benefit is that user programs will not need to switch ++from a 32-bit time_t to a 64-bit time_t in 2038. ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/adjtime.c +@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_adjtime (const struct __kernel_timeval *delta, ++ struct __kernel_timeval *olddelta); ++ ++int ++__adjtime (const struct timeval *delta, struct timeval *olddelta) ++{ ++ struct __kernel_timeval kdelta; ++ int retval; ++ ++ kdelta.tv_sec = delta->tv_sec; ++ kdelta.tv_usec = delta->tv_usec; ++ if (olddelta != NULL) ++ { ++ struct __kernel_timeval kolddelta; ++ ++ retval = __syscall_adjtime (&kdelta, &kolddelta); ++ if (retval >= 0) ++ { ++ olddelta->tv_sec = kolddelta.tv_sec; ++ olddelta->tv_usec = kolddelta.tv_usec; ++ } ++ } ++ else ++ retval = __syscall_adjtime (&kdelta, NULL); ++ return retval; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__adjtime, adjtime) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/bits/kernel_time_t.h +@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Aurelien Jarno , 2006. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++ ++/* This header files describe the way that structures using time_t ++ are represented in the kernel */ ++ ++#ifndef _BITS_KERNEL_TIME_T_H ++#define _BITS_TIME_H 1 ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* This structure corresponds to the newer FreeBSD 'struct timespec' */ ++struct __kernel_timespec ++ { ++ int tv_sec; /* Seconds. */ ++ long int tv_nsec; /* Nanoseconds. */ ++ }; ++ ++/* This structure corresponds to the newer FreeBSD 'struct timeval' */ ++struct __kernel_timeval ++ { ++ int tv_sec; /* Seconds. */ ++ __suseconds_t tv_usec; /* Microseconds. */ ++ }; ++ ++/* This structure corresponds to the newer FreeBSD 'struct itimerval' */ ++struct __kernel_itimerval ++ { ++ /* Value to put into `it_value' when the timer expires. */ ++ struct __kernel_timeval it_interval; ++ /* Time to the next timer expiration. */ ++ struct __kernel_timeval it_value; ++ }; ++ ++/* This structure corresponds to the newer FreeBSD 'struct rusage' */ ++struct __kernel_rusage ++ { ++ /* Total amount of user time used. */ ++ struct __kernel_timeval ru_utime; ++ /* Total amount of system time used. */ ++ struct __kernel_timeval ru_stime; ++ /* Maximum resident set size (in kilobytes). */ ++ long int ru_maxrss; ++ /* Amount of sharing of text segment memory ++ with other processes (kilobyte-seconds). */ ++ long int ru_ixrss; ++ /* Amount of data segment memory used (kilobyte-seconds). */ ++ long int ru_idrss; ++ /* Amount of stack memory used (kilobyte-seconds). */ ++ long int ru_isrss; ++ /* Number of soft page faults (i.e. those serviced by reclaiming ++ a page from the list of pages awaiting reallocation. */ ++ long int ru_minflt; ++ /* Number of hard page faults (i.e. those that required I/O). */ ++ long int ru_majflt; ++ /* Number of times a process was swapped out of physical memory. */ ++ long int ru_nswap; ++ /* Number of input operations via the file system. Note: This ++ and `ru_oublock' do not include operations with the cache. */ ++ long int ru_inblock; ++ /* Number of output operations via the file system. */ ++ long int ru_oublock; ++ /* Number of IPC messages sent. */ ++ long int ru_msgsnd; ++ /* Number of IPC messages received. */ ++ long int ru_msgrcv; ++ /* Number of signals delivered. */ ++ long int ru_nsignals; ++ /* Number of voluntary context switches, i.e. because the process ++ gave up the process before it had to (usually to wait for some ++ resource to be available). */ ++ long int ru_nvcsw; ++ /* Number of involuntary context switches, i.e. a higher priority process ++ became runnable or the current process used up its time slice. */ ++ long int ru_nivcsw; ++ }; ++ ++/* This structure corresponds to the newer FreeBSD 'struct msqid_ds' */ ++struct __kernel_msqid_ds ++{ ++ struct ipc_perm msg_perm; /* structure describing operation permission */ ++ void *__msg_first; ++ void *__msg_last; ++ msglen_t __msg_cbytes; /* current number of bytes on queue */ ++ msgqnum_t msg_qnum; /* number of messages currently on queue */ ++ msglen_t msg_qbytes; /* max number of bytes allowed on queue */ ++ __pid_t msg_lspid; /* pid of last msgsnd() */ ++ __pid_t msg_lrpid; /* pid of last msgrcv() */ ++ int msg_stime; /* time of last msgsnd command */ ++ long __unused1; ++ int msg_rtime; /* time of last msgrcv command */ ++ long __unused2; ++ int msg_ctime; /* time of last change */ ++ long __unused3; ++ long __unused4[4]; ++}; ++ ++/* This structure corresponds to the newer FreeBSD 'struct shmid_ds' */ ++struct __kernel_shmid_ds ++ { ++ struct ipc_perm shm_perm; /* operation permission struct */ ++ int shm_segsz; /* size of segment in bytes */ ++ __pid_t shm_lpid; /* pid of last shmop */ ++ __pid_t shm_cpid; /* pid of creator */ ++ shmatt_t shm_nattch; /* number of current attaches */ ++ int shm_atime; /* time of last shmat() */ ++ int shm_dtime; /* time of last shmdt() */ ++ int shm_ctime; /* time of last change by shmctl() */ ++ void *__shm_internal; ++ }; ++ ++/* This structure corresponds to the newer FreeBSD 'struct semid_ds' */ ++struct semid_ds ++{ ++ struct ipc_perm sem_perm; /* operation permission struct */ ++ void *__sem_base; ++ unsigned short int sem_nsems; /* number of semaphores in set */ ++ int sem_otime; /* last semop() time */ ++ long __unused1; ++ int sem_ctime; /* last time changed by semctl() */ ++ long __unused2; ++ long __unused3[4]; ++}; ++ ++#endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/bits/mcontext.h +@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ ++/* Machine-dependent processor state structure for FreeBSD. alpha version. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#if !defined _SYS_UCONTEXT_H ++# error "Never use directly; include instead." ++#endif ++ ++/* Whole processor state. */ ++typedef struct ++ { ++ long mc_onstack; /* Nonzero if running on sigstack. */ ++ ++ /* General registers. */ ++ unsigned long mc_regs[32]; ++ long mc_ps; ++ long mc_pc; /* Process counter. */ ++ ++ /* Trap arguments. */ ++ unsigned long mc_traparg_a0; ++ unsigned long mc_traparg_a1; ++ unsigned long mc_traparg_a2; ++ ++ /* Floating-point registers. */ ++ unsigned long mc_fpregs[32]; ++ unsigned long mc_fpcr; ++ unsigned long mc_fp_control; ++#define _MC_FPOWNED_NONE 0 /* FP state not used */ ++#define _MC_FPOWNED_FPU 1 /* FP state came from FPU */ ++#define _MC_FPOWNED_PCB 2 /* FP state came from PCB */ ++ long mc_ownedfp; ++#define _MC_REV0_SIGFRAME 1 /* context is a signal frame */ ++#define _MC_REV0_TRAPFRAME 2 /* context is a trap frame */ ++ long mc_format; ++ long mc_thrptr; /* Thread pointer */ ++ long mc_spare[5]; ++ } mcontext_t; +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/bits/sigcontext.h +@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ ++/* Machine-dependent signal context structure for FreeBSD. alpha version. ++ Copyright (C) 1991-1992,1994,1997,2001-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#if !defined _SIGNAL_H && !defined _SYS_UCONTEXT_H ++# error "Never use directly; include instead." ++#endif ++ ++#ifndef _BITS_SIGCONTEXT_H ++#define _BITS_SIGCONTEXT_H 1 ++ ++/* State of this thread when the signal was taken. */ ++struct sigcontext ++ { ++ __sigset_t sc_mask; /* Blocked signals to restore. */ ++ long sc_onstack; /* Nonzero if running on sigstack. */ ++ ++ /* General registers. */ ++ unsigned long sc_regs[32]; ++ long sc_ps; ++ long sc_pc; /* Process counter. */ ++ ++ /* Trap arguments. */ ++ unsigned long sc_traparg_a0; ++ unsigned long sc_traparg_a1; ++ unsigned long sc_traparg_a2; ++ ++ /* Floating-point registers. */ ++ unsigned long sc_fpregs[32]; ++ unsigned long sc_fpcr; ++ unsigned long sc_fp_control; ++ long sc_ownedfp; ++ long sc_format; /* see mcontext_t */ ++ long sc_spare[6]; /* XXX */ ++ }; ++ ++/* Traditional BSD names for some members. */ ++#define sc_sp sc_regs[30] /* Stack pointer. */ ++#define sc_fp sc_regs[15] /* Frame pointer. */ ++ ++ ++#if 0 /* XXX These need verification. */ ++ ++/* Codes for SIGFPE. */ ++#define FPE_INTDIV 1 /* integer divide by zero */ ++#define FPE_INTOVF 2 /* integer overflow */ ++#define FPE_FLTDIV 3 /* floating divide by zero */ ++#define FPE_FLTOVF 4 /* floating overflow */ ++#define FPE_FLTUND 5 /* floating underflow */ ++#define FPE_FLTINX 6 /* floating loss of precision */ ++#define FPE_SUBRNG_FAULT 0x7 /* BOUNDS instruction failed */ ++#define FPE_FLTDNR_FAULT 0x8 /* denormalized operand */ ++#define FPE_EMERR_FAULT 0xa /* mysterious emulation error 33 */ ++#define FPE_EMBND_FAULT 0xb /* emulation BOUNDS instruction failed */ ++ ++/* Codes for SIGILL. */ ++#define ILL_PRIVIN_FAULT 1 ++#define ILL_ALIGN_FAULT 14 ++#define ILL_FPOP_FAULT 24 ++ ++/* Codes for SIGBUS. */ ++#define BUS_PAGE_FAULT 12 ++#define BUS_SEGNP_FAULT 26 ++#define BUS_STK_FAULT 27 ++#define BUS_SEGM_FAULT 29 ++ ++#endif ++ ++#endif /* _BITS_SIGCONTEXT_H */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/bits/stat16.h +@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* This structure corresponds to the original FreeBSD 'struct stat' ++ (i.e. _STAT_VER_stat), and is used by the fhstat() system call. */ ++struct stat16 ++ { ++ __dev_t st_dev; /* Device containing the file. */ ++ __ino_t st_ino; /* File serial number. */ ++ ++ __uint16_t st_mode; /* File mode. */ ++ __uint16_t st_nlink; /* Link count. */ ++ ++ __uid_t st_uid; /* User ID of the file's owner. */ ++ __gid_t st_gid; /* Group ID of the file's group. */ ++ ++ __dev_t st_rdev; /* Device number, if device. */ ++ ++ int st_atime; /* Time of last access. */ ++ long int st_atimensec; /* Nanoseconds of last access. */ ++ int st_mtime; /* Time of last modification. */ ++ long int st_mtimensec; /* Nanoseconds of last modification. */ ++ int st_ctime; /* Time of last status change. */ ++ long int st_ctimensec; /* Nanoseconds of last status change. */ ++ ++ __off_t st_size; /* Size of file, in bytes. */ ++ ++ __blkcnt_t st_blocks; /* Number of 512-byte blocks allocated. */ ++ ++ __blksize_t st_blksize; /* Optimal block size for I/O. */ ++ ++ __uint32_t st_flags; /* User defined flags. */ ++ ++ __uint32_t st_gen; /* Generation number. */ ++ ++ __uint32_t __unused1; ++ __quad_t __unused2[2]; ++ }; +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/bits/stat32.h +@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* This structure corresponds to the newer FreeBSD 'struct nstat' ++ (i.e. _STAT_VER_nstat). */ ++struct stat32 ++ { ++ __dev_t st_dev; /* Device containing the file. */ ++ __ino_t st_ino; /* File serial number. */ ++ ++ __uint32_t st_mode; /* File mode. */ ++ __uint32_t st_nlink; /* Link count. */ ++ ++ __uid_t st_uid; /* User ID of the file's owner. */ ++ __gid_t st_gid; /* Group ID of the file's group. */ ++ ++ __dev_t st_rdev; /* Device number, if device. */ ++ ++ int st_atime; /* Time of last access. */ ++ long int st_atimensec; /* Nanoseconds of last access. */ ++ int st_mtime; /* Time of last modification. */ ++ long int st_mtimensec; /* Nanoseconds of last modification. */ ++ int st_ctime; /* Time of last status change. */ ++ long int st_ctimensec; /* Nanoseconds of last status change. */ ++ ++ __off_t st_size; /* Size of file, in bytes. */ ++ ++ __blkcnt_t st_blocks; /* Number of 512-byte blocks allocated. */ ++ ++ __blksize_t st_blksize; /* Optimal block size for I/O. */ ++ ++ __uint32_t st_flags; /* User defined flags. */ ++ ++ __uint32_t st_gen; /* Generation number. */ ++ ++ __quad_t __unused1[2]; ++ }; +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/bits/time.h +@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ ++/* System-dependent timing definitions. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 1996-1997, 1999, 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* ++ * Never include this file directly; use instead. ++ */ ++ ++#ifndef __need_timeval ++# ifndef _BITS_TIME_H ++# define _BITS_TIME_H 1 ++ ++/* ISO/IEC 9899:1990 7.12.1: ++ The macro `CLOCKS_PER_SEC' is the number per second of the value ++ returned by the `clock' function. */ ++/* CAE XSH, Issue 4, Version 2: ++ The value of CLOCKS_PER_SEC is required to be 1 million on all ++ XSI-conformant systems. */ ++# define CLOCKS_PER_SEC 1000000l ++ ++# if !defined __STRICT_ANSI__ && !defined __USE_XOPEN2K ++/* Even though CLOCKS_PER_SEC has such a strange value CLK_TCK ++ presents the real value for clock ticks per second for the system. */ ++# define CLK_TCK 100 ++# endif ++ ++# ifdef __USE_POSIX199309 ++/* Identifier for system-wide realtime clock. */ ++# define CLOCK_REALTIME 0 ++/* High-resolution timer from the CPU. */ ++# define CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID 2 ++/* Thread-specific CPU-time clock. */ ++# define CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID 3 ++/* Monotonic system-wide clock. */ ++# define CLOCK_MONOTONIC 4 ++/* These are BSD specific clocks. */ ++# ifdef __USE_BSD ++# define CLOCK_VIRTUAL 1 ++# define CLOCK_PROF 2 ++# endif ++ ++/* Flag to indicate time is absolute. */ ++# define TIMER_ABSTIME 1 ++# endif ++ ++ ++/* Getkerninfo clock information structure */ ++struct clockinfo ++ { ++ int hz; /* clock frequency */ ++ int tick; /* micro-seconds per hz tick */ ++ int spare; ++ int stathz; /* statistics clock frequency */ ++ int profhz; /* profiling clock frequency */ ++ }; ++ ++# endif /* bits/time.h */ ++#endif ++ ++#ifdef __need_timeval ++# undef __need_timeval ++# ifndef _STRUCT_TIMEVAL ++# define _STRUCT_TIMEVAL 1 ++# include ++ ++/* A time value that is accurate to the nearest ++ microsecond but also has a range of years. */ ++struct timeval ++ { ++ __time_t tv_sec; /* Seconds. */ ++ __suseconds_t tv_usec; /* Microseconds. */ ++ }; ++# endif /* struct timeval */ ++#endif /* need timeval */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/brk.S +@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1993, 1995-1997, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* Traditional name for the 'brk' system call. */ ++#define SYS_brk SYS_obreak ++ ++#include ++ ++#ifdef PIC ++.section .bss ++ .align 3 ++ .globl __curbrk ++__curbrk: .skip 8 ++ .type __curbrk,@object ++ .size __curbrk,8 ++#else ++.comm __curbrk, 8 ++#endif ++ ++ .text ++LEAF(__brk, 8) ++ ldgp gp, 0(t12) ++ subq sp, 8, sp ++#ifdef PROF ++ .set noat ++ lda AT, _mcount ++ jsr AT, (AT), _mcount ++ .set at ++#endif ++ .prologue 1 ++ ++ /* Save the requested brk across the system call. */ ++ stq a0, 0(sp) ++ ++ ldiq v0, SYS_brk ++ call_pal PAL_callsys ++ ++ ldq a0, 0(sp) ++ ++ /* Test for error. */ ++ bne a3, $error ++ ++ /* Don't need to handle brk(0) specially, because the kernel doesn't ++ support this way of calling brk anyway. */ ++ ++ /* Update __curbrk and return cleanly. */ ++ stq a0, __curbrk ++ mov zero, v0 ++ addq sp, 8, sp ++ ret ++ ++ /* What a horrible way to die. */ ++$error: addq sp, 8, sp ++ jmp zero, __syscall_error ++ ++ END(__brk) ++ ++weak_alias (__brk, brk) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/dl-brk.S +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/dl-machine.h +@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ ++/* Dynamic linker magic for glibc on FreeBSD. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* FreeBSD on alpha can emulate two ABIs (= sets of system calls): ++ The native FreeBSD ABI and OSF/1. Without additional kernel ++ modules, only the FreeBSD ABI is supported. For this reason, we use ++ this ABI, and we have to label every executable as using this ABI, ++ by writing the string "FreeBSD" at byte offset 8 (= EI_ABIVERSION) ++ of every executable. Strictly speaking, only ld.so and the ++ executables would need this labelling. But it's easiest to mark ++ every executable and every shared object the same way. */ ++#define VALID_ELF_HEADER(e_ident, expected, size) \ ++ (memcmp (e_ident, expected, EI_ABIVERSION) == 0 \ ++ && memcmp ((const char *) (e_ident) + EI_ABIVERSION, "FreeBSD", 8) == 0) ++#define VALID_ELF_ABIVERSION(abi) (memcmp (&(abi), "FreeBSD", 8) == 0) ++ ++#include_next +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/fhstatfs64.c +@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ ++/* 'fhstatfs64' is the same as 'fhstatfs', because ++ __fsblkcnt64_t == __fsblkcnt_t and __fsfilcnt64_t == __fsfilcnt_t. */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/fork.S +@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1993, 1995, 1997, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++PSEUDO (__libc_fork, fork, 0) ++ /* In the parent process, a4 == 0, v0 == child pid. */ ++ /* In the child process, a4 == 1, v0 == parent pid. */ ++ cmovne a4, zero, v0 ++ ret ++ ++PSEUDO_END (__libc_fork) ++ ++weak_alias (__libc_fork, __fork) ++weak_alias (__fork, fork) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/fpu.h +@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _FPU_H ++#define _FPU_H 1 ++ ++ ++/* Usage of the fpcr register. ++ The rounding mode bits (in FPCR_DYN_MASK) can be modified in user mode ++ and will be preserved by the kernel when a software assisted floating- ++ point operation or an exception occurs. All other bits will be set by ++ the kernel when a software assisted floating-point operation or an ++ exception occurs. */ ++ ++#if 0 /* Only Linux, not FreeBSD */ ++#define FPCR_DNOD (1UL<<47) /* denorm INV trap disable */ ++#define FPCR_DNZ (1UL<<48) /* denorms to zero */ ++#endif ++#define FPCR_INVD (1UL<<49) /* invalid op disable (opt.) */ ++#define FPCR_DZED (1UL<<50) /* division by zero disable (opt.) */ ++#define FPCR_OVFD (1UL<<51) /* overflow disable (optional) */ ++#define FPCR_INV (1UL<<52) /* invalid operation */ ++#define FPCR_DZE (1UL<<53) /* division by zero */ ++#define FPCR_OVF (1UL<<54) /* overflow */ ++#define FPCR_UNF (1UL<<55) /* underflow */ ++#define FPCR_INE (1UL<<56) /* inexact */ ++#define FPCR_IOV (1UL<<57) /* integer overflow */ ++#define FPCR_UNDZ (1UL<<60) /* underflow to zero (opt.) */ ++#define FPCR_UNFD (1UL<<61) /* underflow disable (opt.) */ ++#define FPCR_INED (1UL<<62) /* inexact disable (opt.) */ ++#define FPCR_SUM (1UL<<63) /* summary bit, an OR of bits 52..56 */ ++ ++#define FPCR_DYN_SHIFT 58 /* first dynamic rounding mode bit */ ++#define FPCR_DYN_CHOPPED (0x0UL << FPCR_DYN_SHIFT) /* towards 0 */ ++#define FPCR_DYN_MINUS (0x1UL << FPCR_DYN_SHIFT) /* towards -INF */ ++#define FPCR_DYN_NORMAL (0x2UL << FPCR_DYN_SHIFT) /* towards nearest */ ++#define FPCR_DYN_PLUS (0x3UL << FPCR_DYN_SHIFT) /* towards +INF */ ++#define FPCR_DYN_MASK (0x3UL << FPCR_DYN_SHIFT) ++ ++#define FPCR_MASK 0xffff800000000000 ++ ++ ++/* IEEE traps are enabled depending on a control word (not to be confused ++ with fpcr!) which can be read using __ieee_get_fp_control() and written ++ using __ieee_set_fp_control(). The bits in these control word are ++ as follows (compatible with Linux and OSF/1). */ ++ ++/* Trap enable bits. Get copied (inverted) to bits 49,50,51,61,62,47 ++ of fpcr in the kernel. */ ++#define IEEE_TRAP_ENABLE_INV (1UL<<1) /* invalid op */ ++#define IEEE_TRAP_ENABLE_DZE (1UL<<2) /* division by zero */ ++#define IEEE_TRAP_ENABLE_OVF (1UL<<3) /* overflow */ ++#define IEEE_TRAP_ENABLE_UNF (1UL<<4) /* underflow */ ++#define IEEE_TRAP_ENABLE_INE (1UL<<5) /* inexact */ ++#if 0 /* Only Linux, not FreeBSD */ ++#define IEEE_TRAP_ENABLE_DNO (1UL<<6) /* denorm */ ++#endif ++#define IEEE_TRAP_ENABLE_MASK (IEEE_TRAP_ENABLE_INV | IEEE_TRAP_ENABLE_DZE |\ ++ IEEE_TRAP_ENABLE_OVF | IEEE_TRAP_ENABLE_UNF |\ ++ IEEE_TRAP_ENABLE_INE/*| IEEE_TRAP_ENABLE_DNO*/) ++ ++#if 0 /* Only Linux, not FreeBSD */ ++ ++/* Denorm and Underflow flushing. */ ++/* Get copied to bits 48,60 of fpcr in the kernel. */ ++#define IEEE_MAP_DMZ (1UL<<12) /* Map denorm inputs to zero */ ++#define IEEE_MAP_UMZ (1UL<<13) /* Map underflowed outputs to zero */ ++ ++#define IEEE_MAP_MASK (IEEE_MAP_DMZ | IEEE_MAP_UMZ) ++ ++#endif ++ ++/* Status bits. Get copied to bits 52,53,54,55,56 of fpcr in the kernel. */ ++#define IEEE_STATUS_INV (1UL<<17) /* invalid op */ ++#define IEEE_STATUS_DZE (1UL<<18) /* division by zero */ ++#define IEEE_STATUS_OVF (1UL<<19) /* overflow */ ++#define IEEE_STATUS_UNF (1UL<<20) /* underflow */ ++#define IEEE_STATUS_INE (1UL<<21) /* inexact */ ++#if 0 /* Only Linux, not FreeBSD */ ++#define IEEE_STATUS_DNO (1UL<<22) /* denorm */ ++#endif ++ ++#define IEEE_STATUS_MASK (IEEE_STATUS_INV | IEEE_STATUS_DZE | \ ++ IEEE_STATUS_OVF | IEEE_STATUS_UNF | \ ++ IEEE_STATUS_INE /* | IEEE_STATUS_DNO */) ++ ++#define IEEE_SW_MASK (IEEE_TRAP_ENABLE_MASK | \ ++ IEEE_STATUS_MASK /* | IEEE_MAP_MASK */) ++ ++#if 0 /* Only Linux, not FreeBSD */ ++ ++#define IEEE_CURRENT_RM_SHIFT 32 ++#define IEEE_CURRENT_RM_MASK (3UL<, 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_futimes (int fd, const struct __kernel_timeval tvp[2]); ++ ++int ++__futimes (int fd, const struct timeval tvp[2]) ++{ ++ if (tvp != NULL) ++ { ++ struct __kernel_timeval ktv[2]; ++ ++ ktv[0].tv_sec = tvp[0].tv_sec; ++ ktv[0].tv_usec = tvp[0].tv_usec; ++ ktv[1].tv_sec = tvp[1].tv_sec; ++ ktv[1].tv_usec = tvp[1].tv_usec; ++ return __syscall_futimes (fd, ktv); ++ } ++ else ++ return __syscall_futimes (fd, NULL); ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__futimes, futimes) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/getfsstat64.c +@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ ++/* 'getfsstat64' is the same as 'getfsstat', because ++ __fsblkcnt64_t == __fsblkcnt_t and __fsfilcnt64_t == __fsfilcnt_t. */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/getitimer.c +@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_getitimer (int which, struct __kernel_itimerval *value); ++ ++int ++__getitimer (enum __itimer_which which, struct itimerval *value) ++{ ++ struct __kernel_itimerval kvalue; ++ int retval; ++ ++ if (value == NULL) ++ { ++ errno = EFAULT; ++ return -1; ++ } ++ retval = __syscall_getitimer (which, &kvalue); ++ if (retval >= 0) ++ { ++ value->it_interval.tv_sec = kvalue.it_interval.tv_sec; ++ value->it_interval.tv_usec = kvalue.it_interval.tv_usec; ++ value->it_value.tv_sec = kvalue.it_value.tv_sec; ++ value->it_value.tv_usec = kvalue.it_value.tv_usec; ++ } ++ return retval; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__getitimer, getitimer) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/getmntinfo.c +@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ ++/* 'getmntinfo64' is the same as 'getmntinfo', because ++ __fsblkcnt64_t == __fsblkcnt_t and __fsfilcnt64_t == __fsfilcnt_t. */ ++ ++#define getmntinfo64 __no_getmntinfo64_decl ++#include ++#undef getmntinfo64 ++ ++weak_alias (__getmntinfo, getmntinfo64) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/getmntinfo64.c +@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ ++/* 'getmntinfo64' is the same as 'getmntinfo', because ++ __fsblkcnt64_t == __fsblkcnt_t and __fsfilcnt64_t == __fsfilcnt_t. */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/getrusage.c +@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_getrusage (int who, struct __kernel_rusage *usage); ++ ++int ++__getrusage (enum __rusage_who who, struct rusage *usage) ++{ ++ struct __kernel_rusage kusage; ++ int retval; ++ ++ if (usage == NULL) ++ { ++ errno = EFAULT; ++ return -1; ++ } ++ retval = __syscall_getrusage (who, &kusage); ++ if (retval >= 0) ++ { ++ usage->ru_utime.tv_sec = kusage.ru_utime.tv_sec; ++ usage->ru_utime.tv_usec = kusage.ru_utime.tv_usec; ++ usage->ru_stime.tv_sec = kusage.ru_stime.tv_sec; ++ usage->ru_stime.tv_usec = kusage.ru_stime.tv_usec; ++ usage->ru_maxrss = kusage.ru_maxrss; ++ usage->ru_ixrss = kusage.ru_ixrss; ++ usage->ru_idrss = kusage.ru_idrss; ++ usage->ru_isrss = kusage.ru_isrss; ++ usage->ru_minflt = kusage.ru_minflt; ++ usage->ru_majflt = kusage.ru_majflt; ++ usage->ru_nswap = kusage.ru_nswap; ++ usage->ru_inblock = kusage.ru_inblock; ++ usage->ru_oublock = kusage.ru_oublock; ++ usage->ru_msgsnd = kusage.ru_msgsnd; ++ usage->ru_msgrcv = kusage.ru_msgrcv; ++ usage->ru_nsignals = kusage.ru_nsignals; ++ usage->ru_nvcsw = kusage.ru_nvcsw; ++ usage->ru_nivcsw = kusage.ru_nivcsw; ++ } ++ return retval; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__getrusage, getrusage) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/gettimeofday.c +@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_gettimeofday (struct __kernel_timeval *tv, ++ struct timezone *tz); ++ ++#undef __gettimeofday ++ ++int ++__gettimeofday (struct timeval *tv, struct timezone *tz) ++{ ++ struct __kernel_timeval ktv; ++ int retval; ++ ++ if (tv == NULL) ++ { ++ errno = EFAULT; ++ return -1; ++ } ++ retval = __syscall_gettimeofday (&ktv, tz); ++ if (retval >= 0) ++ { ++ tv->tv_sec = ktv.tv_sec; ++ tv->tv_usec = ktv.tv_usec; ++ } ++ return retval; ++} ++ ++INTDEF(__gettimeofday) ++ ++weak_alias (__gettimeofday, gettimeofday) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/ieee_get_fp_control.c +@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++unsigned long ++__ieee_get_fp_control (void) ++{ ++ /* The Alpha hardware requires this to be a system call. */ ++ unsigned long word; ++ ++ if (__sysarch (ALPHA_GET_FPMASK, &word) < 0) ++ abort (); ++ ++ return word; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__ieee_get_fp_control, ieee_get_fp_control) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/ieee_set_fp_control.c +@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++void ++__ieee_set_fp_control (unsigned long trap_enable_mask) ++{ ++ /* The Alpha hardware requires this to be a system call. */ ++ unsigned long word = trap_enable_mask; ++ ++ if (__sysarch (ALPHA_SET_FPMASK, &word) < 0) ++ abort (); ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__ieee_set_fp_control, ieee_set_fp_control) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/lutimes.c +@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_lutimes (const char *file, ++ const struct __kernel_timeval tvp[2]); ++ ++int ++__lutimes (const char *file, const struct timeval tvp[2]) ++{ ++ if (tvp != NULL) ++ { ++ struct __kernel_timeval ktv[2]; ++ ++ ktv[0].tv_sec = tvp[0].tv_sec; ++ ktv[0].tv_usec = tvp[0].tv_usec; ++ ktv[1].tv_sec = tvp[1].tv_sec; ++ ktv[1].tv_usec = tvp[1].tv_usec; ++ return __syscall_lutimes (file, ktv); ++ } ++ else ++ return __syscall_lutimes (file, NULL); ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__lutimes, lutimes) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/machine/pal.h +@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* Unprivileged PAL function codes. (The PAL codes which require ++ privileges are useful in the kernel only.) */ ++ ++/* Common PAL codes. */ ++#define PAL_bpt 128 ++#define PAL_bugchk 129 ++#define PAL_callsys 131 ++#define PAL_imb 134 ++#define PAL_rduniq 158 ++#define PAL_wruniq 159 ++#define PAL_gentrap 170 ++#define PAL_nphalt 190 ++ ++/* gentrap causes. */ ++#define GEN_INTOVF -1 /* integer overflow */ ++#define GEN_INTDIV -2 /* integer division by zero */ ++#define GEN_FLTOVF -3 /* fp overflow */ ++#define GEN_FLTDIV -4 /* fp division by zero */ ++#define GEN_FLTUND -5 /* fp underflow */ ++#define GEN_FLTINV -6 /* invalid fp operand */ ++#define GEN_FLTINE -7 /* inexact fp operand */ ++#define GEN_DECOVF -8 /* decimal overflow (for COBOL??) */ ++#define GEN_DECDIV -9 /* decimal division by zero */ ++#define GEN_DECINV -10 /* invalid decimal operand */ ++#define GEN_ROPRAND -11 /* reserved operand */ ++#define GEN_ASSERTERR -12 /* assertion error */ ++#define GEN_NULPTRERR -13 /* null pointer error */ ++#define GEN_STKOVF -14 /* stack overflow */ ++#define GEN_STRLENERR -15 /* string length error */ ++#define GEN_SUBSTRERR -16 /* substring error */ ++#define GEN_RANGERR -17 /* range error */ ++#define GEN_SUBRNG -18 ++#define GEN_SUBRNG1 -19 ++#define GEN_SUBRNG2 -20 ++#define GEN_SUBRNG3 -21 /* these report range errors for */ ++#define GEN_SUBRNG4 -22 /* subscripting (indexing) at levels 0..7 */ ++#define GEN_SUBRNG5 -23 ++#define GEN_SUBRNG6 -24 ++#define GEN_SUBRNG7 -25 +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/msgctl.c +@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Aurelien Jarno , 2006. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_msgctl (int msqid, int cmd, struct __kernel_msqid_ds *buf); ++ ++int ++__msgctl (int msqid, int cmd, struct msqid_ds *buf) ++{ ++ struct __kernel_msqid_ds kmsqid_ds; ++ int retval; ++ ++ kmsqid_ds.msg_perm = msqid_ds->msg_perm; ++ kmsqid_ds.__msg_first = msqid_ds->__msg_first; ++ kmsqid_ds.__msg_last = msqid_ds->__msg_last; ++ kmsqid_ds.__msg_cbytes = msqid_ds->__msg_cbytes; ++ kmsqid_ds.msg_qnum = msqid_ds->msg_qnum; ++ kmsqid_ds.msg_qbytes = msqid_ds->msg_qbytes; ++ kmsqid_ds.msg_lspid = msqid_ds->msg_lspid; ++ kmsqid_ds.msg_lrpid = msqid_ds->msg_lrpid; ++ kmsqid_ds.msg_stime = msqid_ds->msg_stime; ++ kmsqid_ds.msg_rtime = msqid_ds->msg_rtime; ++ kmsqid_ds.msg_ctime = msqid_ds->msg_ctime; ++ ++ retval = __syscall_msgctl (msqid, cmd, &kmsqid_ds); ++ ++ msqid_ds->msg_perm = kmsqid_ds.msg_perm; ++ msqid_ds->__msg_first = kmsqid_ds.__msg_first; ++ msqid_ds->__msg_last = kmsqid_ds.__msg_last; ++ msqid_ds->__msg_cbytes = kmsqid_ds.__msg_cbytes; ++ msqid_ds->msg_qnum = kmsqid_ds.msg_qnum; ++ msqid_ds->msg_qbytes = kmsqid_ds.msg_qbytes; ++ msqid_ds->msg_lspid = kmsqid_ds.msg_lspid; ++ msqid_ds->msg_lrpid = kmsqid_ds.msg_lrpid; ++ msqid_ds->msg_stime = kmsqid_ds.msg_stime; ++ msqid_ds->msg_rtime = kmsqid_ds.msg_rtime; ++ msqid_ds->msg_ctime = kmsqid_ds.msg_ctime; ++ ++ return retval; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__msgctl, msgctl) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/nanosleep.c +@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_nanosleep (const struct __kernel_timespec *requested_time, ++ struct __kernel_timespec *remaining); ++ ++int ++__libc_nanosleep (const struct timespec *requested_time, ++ struct timespec *remaining) ++{ ++ struct __kernel_timespec krequested_time; ++ int retval; ++ ++ krequested_time.tv_sec = requested_time->tv_sec; ++ krequested_time.tv_nsec = requested_time->tv_nsec; ++ if (remaining != NULL) ++ { ++ struct __kernel_timespec kremaining; ++ ++ retval = __syscall_nanosleep (&krequested_time, &kremaining); ++ if (retval >= 0 || errno == EINTR) ++ { ++ remaining->tv_sec = kremaining.tv_sec; ++ remaining->tv_nsec = kremaining.tv_nsec; ++ } ++ } ++ else ++ retval = __syscall_nanosleep (&krequested_time, NULL); ++ return retval; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__libc_nanosleep, __nanosleep) ++weak_alias (__libc_nanosleep, nanosleep) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/poll.c +@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* nfds_t is defined as 'unsigned long int' in , but the poll ++ system call expects an 'unsigned int' as second argument. */ ++ ++extern int __syscall_poll (struct pollfd *fds, unsigned int nfds, int timeout); ++ ++int ++__poll (struct pollfd *fds, nfds_t nfds, int timeout) ++{ ++ unsigned int infds = nfds; ++ ++ if (infds == nfds) ++ return INLINE_SYSCALL (poll, 3, fds, infds, timeout); ++ else ++ { ++ /* NFDS doesn't fit into an unsigned int. FDS cannot point to such ++ a big chunk of valid memory. */ ++ __set_errno (EFAULT); ++ return -1; ++ } ++} ++libc_hidden_def (__poll) ++ ++weak_alias (__poll, poll) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/regdef.h +@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _REGDEF_H ++#define _REGDEF_H ++ ++/* Common symbolic names for Alpha registers. ++ Names taken from binutils/opcodes/alpha-dis.c. ++ Register usage info taken from gcc-3.1/gcc/config/alpha/alpha.h. ++ NB: "saved" = "call-saved", "nonsaved" = "call-used". */ ++ ++#define v0 $0 /* nonsaved, first return value */ ++#define t0 $1 /* nonsaved, second return value, lexical closure reg */ ++#define t1 $2 /* nonsaved */ ++#define t2 $3 /* nonsaved */ ++#define t3 $4 /* nonsaved */ ++#define t4 $5 /* nonsaved */ ++#define t5 $6 /* nonsaved */ ++#define t6 $7 /* nonsaved */ ++#define t7 $8 /* nonsaved */ ++#define s0 $9 /* saved */ ++#define s1 $10 /* saved */ ++#define s2 $11 /* saved */ ++#define s3 $12 /* saved */ ++#define s4 $13 /* saved */ ++#define s5 $14 /* saved */ ++#define s6 $15 /* use only in leaf functions without frame pointer */ ++#define fp $15 /* frame pointer */ ++#define a0 $16 /* nonsaved, argument 1 */ ++#define a1 $17 /* nonsaved, argument 2 */ ++#define a2 $18 /* nonsaved, argument 3 */ ++#define a3 $19 /* nonsaved, argument 4 */ ++#define a4 $20 /* nonsaved, argument 5 */ ++#define a5 $21 /* nonsaved, argument 6 */ ++#define t8 $22 /* nonsaved */ ++#define t9 $23 /* nonsaved */ ++#define t10 $24 /* nonsaved */ ++#define t11 $25 /* nonsaved */ ++#define ra $26 /* return address */ ++#define t12 $27 /* current function's address */ ++#define pv $27 /* current function's address */ ++#define AT $28 /* nonsaved, assembler temporary */ ++#define gp $29 /* global pointer */ ++#define sp $30 /* stack pointer */ ++#define zero $31 /* reads as zero, writes go to /dev/null */ ++ ++#endif /* _REGDEF_H */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/rfork.S +@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1993, 1995, 1997, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++SYSCALL__ (rfork, 0) ++ /* In the parent process, a4 == 0, v0 == child pid. */ ++ /* In the child process, a4 == 1, v0 == parent pid. */ ++ cmovne a4, zero, v0 ++ ret ++ ++PSEUDO_END (__rfork) ++ ++weak_alias (__rfork, rfork) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/sched_rr_gi.c +@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_sched_rr_get_interval (pid_t pid, ++ struct __kernel_timespec *t); ++ ++int ++__sched_rr_get_interval (pid_t pid, struct timespec *t) ++{ ++ struct __kernel_timespec kt; ++ int retval; ++ ++ if (t == NULL) ++ { ++ errno = EFAULT; ++ return -1; ++ } ++ retval = __syscall_sched_rr_get_interval (pid, &kt); ++ if (retval >= 0) ++ { ++ t->tv_sec = kt.tv_sec; ++ t->tv_nsec = kt.tv_nsec; ++ } ++ return retval; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__sched_rr_get_interval, sched_rr_get_interval) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/select.c +@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_select (int nfds, ++ fd_set *readfds, ++ fd_set *writefds, ++ fd_set *exceptfds, ++ struct __kernel_timeval *timeout); ++ ++int ++__select (int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds, fd_set *exceptfds, ++ struct timeval *timeout) ++{ ++ int retval; ++ ++ if (timeout != NULL) ++ { ++ struct __kernel_timeval ktimeout; ++ ++ ktimeout.tv_sec = timeout->tv_sec; ++ ktimeout.tv_usec = timeout->tv_usec; ++ retval = __syscall_select (nfds, readfds, writefds, exceptfds, &ktimeout); ++ timeout->tv_sec = ktimeout.tv_sec; ++ timeout->tv_usec = ktimeout.tv_usec; ++ } ++ else ++ retval = __syscall_select (nfds, readfds, writefds, exceptfds, NULL); ++ return retval; ++} ++libc_hidden_def (__select) ++ ++weak_alias (__select, select) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/semctl.c +@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1995,1997,1998,2000,2003,2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Ulrich Drepper , August 1995. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include /* va_list */ ++#include /* NULL */ ++#include ++ ++/* union semun from FreeBSD */ ++/* ++ * semctl's arg parameter structure ++ */ ++union __kernel_semun ++{ ++ int val; /* value for SETVAL */ ++ struct __kernel_semid_ds *buf; /* buffer for IPC_STAT & IPC_SET */ ++ unsigned short *array; /* array for GETALL & SETALL */ ++}; ++ ++int ++semctl (int semid, int semnum, int cmd, ...) ++{ ++ int result; ++ va_list ap; ++ ++ union semun semun; ++ union semun semun_ptr; ++ ++ union __kernel_semun ksemun; ++ struct __kernel_semid_ds ksemid_ds; ++ ++ va_start (ap, cmd); ++ if (cmd == GETALL || cmd == SETVAL || cmd == SETALL) ++ { ++ semun = va_arg (ap, union semun); ++ semun_ptr = &semun; ++ } ++ else if (cmd == IPC_SET || cmd == IPC_STAT) ++ { ++ semun = va_arg (ap, union semun); ++ ++ ksemid_ds.sem_perm = semun.buf->sem_perm; ++ ksemid_ds.sem_base = semun.buf->sem_base; ++ ksemid_ds.sem_nsems = semun.buf->sem_nsems; ++ ksemid_ds.sem_otime = semun.buf->sem_otime; ++ ksemid_ds.sem_ctime = semun.buf->sem_ctime; ++ ++ ksemun.buf = &ksemid_ds ++ semun_ptr = (semun_ptr *) &ksemun; ++ } ++ else ++ { ++ semun_ptr = NULL; ++ } ++ va_end (ap); ++ ++ result = syscall (SYS_semctl, semid, semnum, cmd, semun_ptr); ++ ++ if (cmd == IPC_SET || cmd == IPC_STAT) ++ { ++ semun.buf->sem_perm = ksemid_ds.sem_perm; ++ semun.buf->sem_base = ksemid_ds.sem_base; ++ semun.buf->sem_nsems = ksemid_ds.sem_nsems; ++ semun.buf->sem_otime = ksemid_ds.sem_otime; ++ semun.buf->sem_ctime = ksemid_ds.sem_ctime; ++ } ++ ++ return result; ++} ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/setfpucw.c +@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ ++/* Set FP exception mask and rounding mode. ++ Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern unsigned long __ieee_get_fp_control (void); ++extern void __ieee_set_fp_control (unsigned long); ++ ++ ++static inline unsigned long ++rdfpcr (void) ++{ ++ unsigned long fpcr; ++ asm ("excb; mf_fpcr %0" : "=f"(fpcr)); ++ return fpcr; ++} ++ ++static inline void ++wrfpcr (unsigned long fpcr) ++{ ++ asm volatile ("mt_fpcr %0; excb" : : "f"(fpcr)); ++} ++ ++ ++void ++__setfpucw (fpu_control_t fpu_control) ++{ ++ if (!fpu_control) ++ fpu_control = _FPU_DEFAULT; ++ ++ /* Note that the fpu_control argument, as defined in , ++ consists of bits that are not directly related to the bits of the ++ fpcr and fp_control registers. In particular, the precision control ++ (_FPU_EXTENDED, _FPU_DOUBLE, _FPU_SINGLE) and the interrupt mask ++ _FPU_MASK_UM are without effect. */ ++ ++ /* First, set dynamic rounding mode: */ ++ { ++ unsigned long fpcr; ++ ++ fpcr = rdfpcr(); ++ fpcr &= ~FPCR_DYN_MASK; ++ switch (fpu_control & 0xc00) ++ { ++ case _FPU_RC_NEAREST: fpcr |= FPCR_DYN_NORMAL; break; ++ case _FPU_RC_DOWN: fpcr |= FPCR_DYN_MINUS; break; ++ case _FPU_RC_UP: fpcr |= FPCR_DYN_PLUS; break; ++ case _FPU_RC_ZERO: fpcr |= FPCR_DYN_CHOPPED; break; ++ } ++ wrfpcr(fpcr); ++ } ++ ++ /* Now tell kernel about traps that we like to hear about: */ ++ { ++ unsigned long old_fpcw, fpcw; ++ ++ old_fpcw = fpcw = __ieee_get_fp_control (); ++ fpcw &= ~IEEE_TRAP_ENABLE_MASK; ++ ++ if (!(fpu_control & _FPU_MASK_IM)) fpcw |= IEEE_TRAP_ENABLE_INV; ++ if (!(fpu_control & _FPU_MASK_DM)) fpcw |= IEEE_TRAP_ENABLE_UNF; ++ if (!(fpu_control & _FPU_MASK_ZM)) fpcw |= IEEE_TRAP_ENABLE_DZE; ++ if (!(fpu_control & _FPU_MASK_OM)) fpcw |= IEEE_TRAP_ENABLE_OVF; ++ if (!(fpu_control & _FPU_MASK_PM)) fpcw |= IEEE_TRAP_ENABLE_INE; ++ ++ if (fpcw != old_fpcw) ++ __ieee_set_fp_control (fpcw); ++ } ++ ++ __fpu_control = fpu_control; /* update global copy */ ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/setitimer.c +@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_setitimer (int which, ++ const struct __kernel_itimerval *new, ++ struct __kernel_itimerval *old); ++ ++int ++__setitimer (enum __itimer_which which, ++ const struct itimerval *new, struct itimerval *old) ++{ ++ int retval; ++ struct __kernel_itimerval knew; ++ ++ if (new == NULL) ++ { ++ errno = EFAULT; ++ return -1; ++ } ++ knew.it_interval.tv_sec = new->it_interval.tv_sec; ++ knew.it_interval.tv_usec = new->it_interval.tv_usec; ++ knew.it_value.tv_sec = new->it_value.tv_sec; ++ knew.it_value.tv_usec = new->it_value.tv_usec; ++ if (old != NULL) ++ { ++ struct __kernel_itimerval kold; ++ ++ retval = __syscall_setitimer (which, &knew, &kold); ++ if (retval >= 0) ++ { ++ old->it_interval.tv_sec = kold.it_interval.tv_sec; ++ old->it_interval.tv_usec = kold.it_interval.tv_usec; ++ old->it_value.tv_sec = kold.it_value.tv_sec; ++ old->it_value.tv_usec = kold.it_value.tv_usec; ++ } ++ } ++ else ++ retval = __syscall_setitimer (which, &knew, NULL); ++ return retval; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__setitimer, setitimer) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/settimeofday.c +@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_settimeofday (const struct __kernel_timeval *tv, ++ const struct timezone *tz); ++ ++int ++__settimeofday (const struct timeval *tv, const struct timezone *tz) ++{ ++ struct __kernel_timeval ktv; ++ ++ if (tv == NULL) ++ { ++ errno = EFAULT; ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ktv.tv_sec = tv->tv_sec; ++ ktv.tv_usec = tv->tv_usec; ++ return __syscall_settimeofday (&ktv, tz); ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__settimeofday, settimeofday) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/shmctl.c +@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Aurelien Jarno , 2006. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_msgctl (int shmid, int cmd, struct __kernel_shmid_ds *buf); ++ ++int ++__msgctl (int shmid, int cmd, struct shmid_ds *buf) ++{ ++ struct __kernel_shmid_ds kshmid_ds; ++ int retval; ++ ++ kshmid_ds.shm_perm = shmid_ds->shm_perm; ++ kshmid_ds.shm_segsz = shmid_ds->shm_segsz; ++ kshmid_ds.shm_lpid = shmid_ds->shm_lpid; ++ kshmid_ds.shm_cpid = shmid_ds->shm_cpid; ++ kshmid_ds.shm_nattch = shmid_ds->shm_nattch; ++ kshmid_ds.shm_atime = shmid_ds->shm_atime; ++ kshmid_ds.shm_dtime = shmid_ds->shm_dtime; ++ kshmid_ds.shm_ctime = shmid_ds->shm_ctime; ++ kshmid_ds.__shm_internal = shmid_ds->__shm_internal; ++ ++ retval = __syscall_shmctl (shmid, cmd, &kshmid_ds); ++ ++ shmid_ds->shm_perm = kshmid_ds.shm_perm; ++ shmid_ds->shm_segsz = kshmid_ds.shm_segsz; ++ shmid_ds->shm_lpid = kshmid_ds.shm_lpid; ++ shmid_ds->shm_cpid = kshmid_ds.shm_cpid; ++ shmid_ds->shm_nattch = kshmid_ds.shm_nattch; ++ shmid_ds->shm_atime = kshmid_ds.shm_atime; ++ shmid_ds->shm_dtime = kshmid_ds.shm_dtime; ++ shmid_ds->shm_ctime = kshmid_ds.shm_ctime; ++ shmid_ds->__shm_internal = kshmid_ds.__shm_internal; ++ ++ return retval; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__shmctl, shmctl) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/sigcontextinfo.h +@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#define SIGCONTEXT int _code, struct sigcontext * ++#define SIGCONTEXT_EXTRA_ARGS _code, ++#define GET_PC(ctx) ((void *) (ctx)->sc_pc) ++#define GET_FRAME(ctx) ((void *) (ctx)->sc_regs[15]) ++#define GET_STACK(ctx) ((void *) (ctx)->sc_regs[30]) ++#define CALL_SIGHANDLER(handler, signo, ctx) \ ++ (handler)((signo), SIGCONTEXT_EXTRA_ARGS (ctx)) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/start_thread.S +@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* __start_thread (flags, stack, func, arg) ++ calls __rfork (flags), and in the child sets the stack pointer and then ++ calls _exit (func (arg)). ++ It cannot be done in portable C. */ ++ ++#include ++#define SIG_SETMASK 3 ++ ++ .text ++ENTRY (__start_thread) ++ /* There is a window of a few instructions, right after the rfork ++ system call, where the handling of a signal would write garbage ++ into the stack shared by the parent and the child (assuming ++ RFMEM is set in flags). To solve this: 1. We block all signals ++ around the rfork system call and unblock them afterwards in ++ the parent and in the child (but only after changing the stack ++ pointer). 2. The child accesses only values passed in registers ++ and on its own stack. This way, if the parent is scheduled to ++ run first, and handles a signal, it will not affect the child; ++ and if the child runs first, and handles a signal, it will use ++ the child's stack and not affect the parent. ++ We need to pass 7 words of info to the child: stack, func, arg, ++ and the signal mask to restore. Since we have only 4 call-saved ++ registers available (%ebx, %esi, %edi, %ebp), we pass only the ++ stack pointer in a register, and the rest through the child's ++ stack. */ ++ lda sp,-56(sp) ++ stq ra,0(sp) ++ stq s0,8(sp) ++ stq s1,16(sp) ++ stq s2,24(sp) ++ stq s3,32(sp) ++ .prologue 1 ++ ++ /* Save arguments. */ ++ mov a0,s1 /* flags */ ++ mov a1,s0 /* stack */ ++ mov a2,s2 /* func */ ++ mov a3,s3 /* arg */ ++ ++ and a0,32,t0 /* flags & RFMEM */ ++ beq t0,$simple ++ ++ /* Block all signals. */ ++ lda t0,-1 ++ stq t0,40(sp) ++ stq t0,48(sp) ++ lda a0,SIG_SETMASK ++ lda a1,40(sp) ++ mov a1,a2 ++ lda v0,SYS_sigprocmask ++ call_pal PAL_callsys ++ bne a3,$error ++ ++ /* Copy all info to the child's stack. */ ++ lda s0,-32(s0) /* room for func, arg, sigset_t */ ++ andnot s0,7,s0 /* make it 8-bytes aligned */ ++ stq s2,8(s0) /* func */ ++ stq s3,0(s0) /* arg */ ++ ldq t0,40(sp) /* sigset_t word 0 */ ++ ldq t1,48(sp) /* sigset_t word 1 */ ++ stq t0,16(s0) ++ stq t1,24(s0) ++ ++ /* Perform the rfork system call. */ ++ mov s1,a0 /* flags */ ++ lda v0,SYS_rfork ++ call_pal PAL_callsys ++ bne a3,$error ++ ++ /* a4 is now 0 for the parent and 1 for the child. */ ++ bne a4,$child ++ ++ /* Save the child pid, currently in v0. */ ++ mov v0,s1 ++ ++ /* Restore the previous signal mask. */ ++ lda a0,SIG_SETMASK ++ lda a1,40(sp) ++ mov zero,a2 ++ lda v0,SYS_sigprocmask ++ call_pal PAL_callsys ++ ++ /* Return the child pid, currently in s1. */ ++ mov s1,v0 ++$retv0: ldq ra,0(sp) ++ ldq s0,8(sp) ++ ldq s1,16(sp) ++ ldq s2,24(sp) ++ ldq s3,32(sp) ++ lda sp,56(sp) ++ ret zero,(ra),1 ++ ++$child: /* Here we are in the child thread. */ ++ ++ /* Set the stack pointer. */ ++ mov s0,sp ++ ++ /* Restore the previous signal mask. */ ++ lda a0,SIG_SETMASK ++ lda a1,16(sp) ++ mov zero,a2 ++ lda v0,SYS_sigprocmask ++ call_pal PAL_callsys ++ ++$child1: ++ /* Call func (arg). */ ++ ldq a0,0(sp) ++ ldq pv,8(sp) ++ jsr ra,(pv),0 ++ ++ /* Tail-call _exit. */ ++ br gp,$here ++$here: ldgp gp,0(gp) ++ mov v0,a0 ++ jmp zero,_exit ++ ++$simple:/* Simple case without signal mask handling. */ ++ ++ /* Copy all info to the child's stack. */ ++ lda s0,-16(s0) /* room for func, arg */ ++ andnot s0,7,s0 /* make it 8-bytes aligned */ ++ stq s2,8(s0) /* func */ ++ stq s3,0(s0) /* arg */ ++ ++ /* Perform the rfork system call. */ ++ mov s1,a0 /* flags */ ++ lda v0,SYS_rfork ++ call_pal PAL_callsys ++ bne a3,$error ++ ++ /* a4 is now 0 for the parent and 1 for the child. */ ++ /* If in the parent, return the child pid, currently in v0. */ ++ beq a4,$retv0 ++ ++$simple_child:/* Here we are in the child thread. */ ++ ++ /* Set the stack pointer. */ ++ mov s0,sp ++ ++ br zero,$child1 ++ ++$error: ldq ra,0(sp) ++ ldq s0,8(sp) ++ ldq s1,16(sp) ++ ldq s2,24(sp) ++ ldq s3,32(sp) ++ lda sp,56(sp) ++#if 0 /* Not needed: The PSEUDO_END expansion starts with this label. */ ++ br zero,1996f ++#endif ++ ++PSEUDO_END (__start_thread) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/statfs64.c +@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ ++/* 'statfs64' is the same as 'statfs', because ++ __fsblkcnt64_t == __fsblkcnt_t and __fsfilcnt64_t == __fsfilcnt_t. */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/sysarch.h +@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ ++/* Parameters for the architecture specific system call. alpha version. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYSARCH_H ++#define _SYSARCH_H 1 ++ ++#include ++ ++/* Function that can be used as first argument to 'sysarch'. */ ++enum ++ { ++ ALPHA_SETHAE = 0, ++#define ALPHA_SETHAE ALPHA_SETHAE ++ /* Arg is 'unsigned long *'. Returns the current pcb_fp_control. */ ++ ALPHA_GET_FPMASK = 1, ++#define ALPHA_GET_FPMASK ALPHA_GET_FPMASK ++ /* Arg is 'unsigned long *'. Sets the pcb_fp_control and returns its ++ old value in the same memory location. */ ++ ALPHA_SET_FPMASK = 2, ++#define ALPHA_SET_FPMASK ALPHA_SET_FPMASK ++ ALPHA_GET_UAC = 3, ++#define ALPHA_GET_UAC ALPHA_GET_UAC ++ ALPHA_SET_UAC = 4 ++#define ALPHA_SET_UAC ALPHA_SET_UAC ++ }; ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++extern int sysarch (int __cmd, void *__arg); ++ ++#ifdef _LIBC ++extern int __sysarch (int __cmd, void *__arg); ++#endif ++ ++__END_DECLS ++ ++#endif /* _SYSARCH_H */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/syscall.S +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/syscalls.list +@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ ++# File name Caller Syscall name # args Strong name Weak names ++ ++fhstatfs - fhstatfs i:pp __fhstatfs fhstatfs fhstatfs64 ++fstatfs - fstatfs i:ip __fstatfs fstatfs __fstatfs64 fstatfs64 ++getfsstat - getfsstat i:pii __getfsstat getfsstat __getfsstat64 getfsstat64 ++sys_poll - poll i:pii __syscall_poll ++statfs - statfs i:sp __statfs statfs statfs64 ++sys_adjtime - adjtime i:pp __syscall_adjtime ++sys_futimes - futimes i:ip __syscall_futimes ++sys_getitimer - getitimer i:ip __syscall_getitimer ++sys_getrusage - getrusage i:ip __syscall_getrusage ++sys_gettimeofday - gettimeofday i:PP __syscall_gettimeofday ++sys_lutimes - lutimes i:sp __syscall_lutimes ++sys_msgctl - msgctl i:iip __syscall_msgctl ++sys_nanosleep - nanosleep i:pp __syscall_nanosleep ++sys_sched_rr_gi - sched_rr_get_interval i:ip __syscall_sched_rr_get_interval ++sys_shmctl - shmctl i:iip __syscall_shmctl ++sys_select - select i:iPPPP __syscall_select ++sys_setitimer - setitimer i:ipp __syscall_setitimer ++sys_settimeofday - settimeofday i:PP __syscall_settimeofday ++sys_utimes - utimes i:sp __syscall_utimes +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/sysdep.h +@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1993, 1995, 1997, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _FREEBSD_ALPHA_SYSDEP_H ++#define _FREEBSD_ALPHA_SYSDEP_H 1 ++ ++#ifdef __ASSEMBLER__ ++#include /* get PAL_callsys */ ++#else ++#include ++#endif ++ ++#include ++ ++/* FIXME: Is this necessary? */ ++#undef INLINE_SYSCALL ++#define INLINE_SYSCALL(name, nr, args...) __syscall_##name(args) ++ ++#endif /* freebsd/alpha/sysdep.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/utimes.c +@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_utimes (const char *file, ++ const struct __kernel_timeval tvp[2]); ++ ++int ++__utimes (const char *file, const struct timeval tvp[2]) ++{ ++ if (tvp != NULL) ++ { ++ struct __kernel_timeval ktv[2]; ++ ++ ktv[0].tv_sec = tvp[0].tv_sec; ++ ktv[0].tv_usec = tvp[0].tv_usec; ++ ktv[1].tv_sec = tvp[1].tv_sec; ++ ktv[1].tv_usec = tvp[1].tv_usec; ++ return __syscall_utimes (file, ktv); ++ } ++ else ++ return __syscall_utimes (file, NULL); ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__utimes, utimes) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/alpha/vfork.S +@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1993, 1995, 1997, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++SYSCALL__ (vfork, 0) ++ /* In the parent process, a4 == 0, v0 == child pid. */ ++ /* In the child process, a4 == 1, v0 == parent pid. */ ++ cmovne a4, zero, v0 ++ ret ++ ++PSEUDO_END (__vfork) ++ ++weak_alias (__vfork, vfork) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bind.c +@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Aurelien Jarno , 2005. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* According to POSIX.1-2004 the len argument specifies the length of ++ the sockaddr structure pointed to by the addrarg argument. However ++ the FreeBSD kernel waits the actual length of the address stored ++ there. The code below emulate this behaviour. */ ++ ++extern int __libc_sa_len (sa_family_t __af); ++extern int __libc_sa_len_internal (sa_family_t __af); ++ ++extern int __syscall_bind (int fd, __CONST_SOCKADDR_ARG addr, ++ socklen_t addrlen) __THROW; ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_bind) ++ ++/* Open a connection on socket FD to peer at ADDR (which LEN bytes long). ++ For connectionless socket types, just set the default address to send to ++ and the only address from which to accept transmissions. ++ Return 0 on success, -1 for errors. */ ++ ++int ++__bind (int fd, __CONST_SOCKADDR_ARG addr, socklen_t addrlen) ++{ ++ socklen_t new_addrlen; ++ ++#ifndef NOT_IN_libc ++ new_addrlen = INTUSE(__libc_sa_len) ((addr.__sockaddr__)->sa_family); ++#else ++ new_addrlen = __libc_sa_len ((addr.__sockaddr__)->sa_family); ++#endif ++ ++ /* Only allow a smaller size, otherwise it could lead to ++ stack corruption */ ++ if (new_addrlen < addrlen) ++ addrlen = new_addrlen; ++ ++ /* We pass 3 arguments. */ ++ return INLINE_SYSCALL (bind, 3, fd, addr, addrlen); ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__bind, bind) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/dirent.h +@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ ++/* Directory entry structure `struct dirent'. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 1996-1998,2001-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _DIRENT_H ++# error "Never use directly; include instead." ++#endif ++ ++struct dirent ++ { ++ unsigned int d_ino; /* File serial number. */ ++ unsigned short int d_reclen; /* Length of the whole `struct dirent'. */ ++ unsigned char d_type; /* File type, possibly unknown. */ ++ unsigned char d_namlen; /* Length of the file name. */ ++ ++ /* Only this member is in the POSIX standard. */ ++ char d_name[256]; /* File name (actually longer). */ ++ }; ++ ++#ifdef __USE_LARGEFILE64 ++struct dirent64 ++ { ++ unsigned int d_ino; /* File serial number. */ ++ unsigned short int d_reclen; /* Length of the whole `struct dirent'. */ ++ unsigned char d_type; /* File type, possibly unknown. */ ++ unsigned char d_namlen; /* Length of the file name. */ ++ ++ /* Only this member is in the POSIX standard. */ ++ char d_name[256]; /* File name (actually longer). */ ++ }; ++#endif ++ ++#define d_fileno d_ino /* Backwards compatibility. */ ++ ++#define _DIRENT_HAVE_D_RECLEN 1 ++#define _DIRENT_HAVE_D_NAMLEN 1 ++#define _DIRENT_HAVE_D_TYPE 1 +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/errno.h +@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@ ++/*- ++ * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1993 ++ * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. ++ * (c) UNIX System Laboratories, Inc. ++ * All or some portions of this file are derived from material licensed ++ * to the University of California by American Telephone and Telegraph ++ * Co. or Unix System Laboratories, Inc. and are reproduced herein with ++ * the permission of UNIX System Laboratories, Inc. ++ * ++ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without ++ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions ++ * are met: ++ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. ++ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the ++ * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. ++ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors ++ * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software ++ * without specific prior written permission. ++ * ++ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ++ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE ++ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ++ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE ++ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL ++ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS ++ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) ++ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT ++ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY ++ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF ++ * SUCH DAMAGE. ++ * ++ * @(#)errno.h 8.5 (Berkeley) 1/21/94 ++ * based on $FreeBSD: src/sys/sys/errno.h,v 1.28 2005/04/02 12:33:28 das Exp $ ++ */ ++ ++#ifdef _ERRNO_H ++ ++# undef EDOM ++# undef EILSEQ ++# undef ERANGE ++ ++#define EPERM 1 /* Operation not permitted */ ++#define ENOENT 2 /* No such file or directory */ ++#define ESRCH 3 /* No such process */ ++#define EINTR 4 /* Interrupted system call */ ++#define EIO 5 /* Input/output error */ ++#define ENXIO 6 /* Device not configured */ ++#define E2BIG 7 /* Argument list too long */ ++#define ENOEXEC 8 /* Exec format error */ ++#define EBADF 9 /* Bad file descriptor */ ++#define ECHILD 10 /* No child processes */ ++#define EDEADLK 11 /* Resource deadlock avoided */ ++ /* 11 was EAGAIN */ ++#define ENOMEM 12 /* Cannot allocate memory */ ++#define EACCES 13 /* Permission denied */ ++#define EFAULT 14 /* Bad address */ ++#define ENOTBLK 15 /* Block device required */ ++#define EBUSY 16 /* Device busy */ ++#define EEXIST 17 /* File exists */ ++#define EXDEV 18 /* Cross-device link */ ++#define ENODEV 19 /* Operation not supported by device */ ++#define ENOTDIR 20 /* Not a directory */ ++#define EISDIR 21 /* Is a directory */ ++#define EINVAL 22 /* Invalid argument */ ++#define ENFILE 23 /* Too many open files in system */ ++#define EMFILE 24 /* Too many open files */ ++#define ENOTTY 25 /* Inappropriate ioctl for device */ ++#define ETXTBSY 26 /* Text file busy */ ++#define EFBIG 27 /* File too large */ ++#define ENOSPC 28 /* No space left on device */ ++#define ESPIPE 29 /* Illegal seek */ ++#define EROFS 30 /* Read-only filesystem */ ++#define EMLINK 31 /* Too many links */ ++#define EPIPE 32 /* Broken pipe */ ++ ++/* math software */ ++#define EDOM 33 /* Numerical argument out of domain */ ++#define ERANGE 34 /* Result too large */ ++ ++/* non-blocking and interrupt i/o */ ++#define EAGAIN 35 /* Resource temporarily unavailable */ ++#define EWOULDBLOCK EAGAIN /* Operation would block */ ++#define EINPROGRESS 36 /* Operation now in progress */ ++#define EALREADY 37 /* Operation already in progress */ ++ ++/* ipc/network software -- argument errors */ ++#define ENOTSOCK 38 /* Socket operation on non-socket */ ++#define EDESTADDRREQ 39 /* Destination address required */ ++#define EMSGSIZE 40 /* Message too long */ ++#define EPROTOTYPE 41 /* Protocol wrong type for socket */ ++#define ENOPROTOOPT 42 /* Protocol not available */ ++#define EPROTONOSUPPORT 43 /* Protocol not supported */ ++#define ESOCKTNOSUPPORT 44 /* Socket type not supported */ ++#define EOPNOTSUPP 45 /* Operation not supported */ ++#define ENOTSUP EOPNOTSUPP /* Operation not supported */ ++#define EPFNOSUPPORT 46 /* Protocol family not supported */ ++#define EAFNOSUPPORT 47 /* Address family not supported by protocol family */ ++#define EADDRINUSE 48 /* Address already in use */ ++#define EADDRNOTAVAIL 49 /* Can't assign requested address */ ++ ++/* ipc/network software -- operational errors */ ++#define ENETDOWN 50 /* Network is down */ ++#define ENETUNREACH 51 /* Network is unreachable */ ++#define ENETRESET 52 /* Network dropped connection on reset */ ++#define ECONNABORTED 53 /* Software caused connection abort */ ++#define ECONNRESET 54 /* Connection reset by peer */ ++#define ENOBUFS 55 /* No buffer space available */ ++#define EISCONN 56 /* Socket is already connected */ ++#define ENOTCONN 57 /* Socket is not connected */ ++#define ESHUTDOWN 58 /* Can't send after socket shutdown */ ++#define ETOOMANYREFS 59 /* Too many references: can't splice */ ++#define ETIMEDOUT 60 /* Operation timed out */ ++#define ECONNREFUSED 61 /* Connection refused */ ++ ++#define ELOOP 62 /* Too many levels of symbolic links */ ++#define ENAMETOOLONG 63 /* File name too long */ ++ ++/* should be rearranged */ ++#define EHOSTDOWN 64 /* Host is down */ ++#define EHOSTUNREACH 65 /* No route to host */ ++#define ENOTEMPTY 66 /* Directory not empty */ ++ ++/* quotas & mush */ ++#define EPROCLIM 67 /* Too many processes */ ++#define EUSERS 68 /* Too many users */ ++#define EDQUOT 69 /* Disc quota exceeded */ ++ ++/* Network File System */ ++#define ESTALE 70 /* Stale NFS file handle */ ++#define EREMOTE 71 /* Too many levels of remote in path */ ++#define EBADRPC 72 /* RPC struct is bad */ ++#define ERPCMISMATCH 73 /* RPC version wrong */ ++#define EPROGUNAVAIL 74 /* RPC prog. not avail */ ++#define EPROGMISMATCH 75 /* Program version wrong */ ++#define EPROCUNAVAIL 76 /* Bad procedure for program */ ++ ++#define ENOLCK 77 /* No locks available */ ++#define ENOSYS 78 /* Function not implemented */ ++ ++#define EFTYPE 79 /* Inappropriate file type or format */ ++#define EAUTH 80 /* Authentication error */ ++#define ENEEDAUTH 81 /* Need authenticator */ ++#define EIDRM 82 /* Identifier removed */ ++#define ENOMSG 83 /* No message of desired type */ ++#define EOVERFLOW 84 /* Value too large to be stored in data type */ ++#define ECANCELED 85 /* Operation canceled */ ++#define EILSEQ 86 /* Illegal byte sequence */ ++#define ENOATTR 87 /* Attribute not found */ ++ ++#define EDOOFUS 88 /* Programming error */ ++ ++#define EBADMSG 89 /* Bad message */ ++#define EMULTIHOP 90 /* Multihop attempted */ ++#define ENOLINK 91 /* Link has been severed */ ++#define EPROTO 92 /* Protocol error */ ++ ++#define ELAST 92 /* Must be equal largest errno */ ++ ++# ifndef __ASSEMBLER__ ++/* Function to get address of global `errno' variable. */ ++extern int *__errno_location (void) __THROW __attribute__ ((__const__)); ++ ++# if !defined _LIBC || defined _LIBC_REENTRANT ++/* When using threads, errno is a per-thread value. */ ++# define errno (*__errno_location ()) ++# endif ++# endif /* !__ASSEMBLER__ */ ++#endif /* _ERRNO_H */ ++ ++#if !defined _ERRNO_H && defined __need_Emath ++/* This is ugly but the kernel header is not clean enough. We must ++ define only the values EDOM, EILSEQ and ERANGE in case __need_Emath is ++ defined. */ ++ ++#define EDOM 33 /* Numerical argument out of domain */ ++#define ERANGE 34 /* Result too large */ ++#define EILSEQ 86 /* Illegal byte sequence */ ++ ++#endif /* !_ERRNO_H && __need_Emath */ ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/fcntl.h +@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ ++/* O_*, F_*, FD_* bit values for FreeBSD. ++ Copyright (C) 1991-1992, 1997, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _FCNTL_H ++# error "Never use directly; include instead." ++#endif ++ ++#include ++#include ++#ifdef __USE_GNU ++# include ++#endif ++ ++ ++/* open/fcntl - O_SYNC is only implemented on blocks devices and on files ++ located on an ext2 file system */ ++#define O_ACCMODE 0003 ++#define O_RDONLY 00 ++#define O_WRONLY 01 ++#define O_RDWR 02 ++#define O_CREAT 01000 /* not fcntl */ ++#define O_EXCL 04000 /* not fcntl */ ++#define O_NOCTTY 0100000 /* not fcntl */ ++#define O_TRUNC 02000 /* not fcntl */ ++#define O_APPEND 010 ++#define O_NONBLOCK 04 ++#define O_NDELAY O_NONBLOCK ++#define O_SYNC 0200 ++#define O_FSYNC O_SYNC ++#define O_ASYNC 0100 ++ ++#ifdef __USE_GNU ++# define O_DIRECT 0200000 /* Direct disk access. */ ++enum { O_DIRECTORY = 0 }; /* Must be a directory. */ ++enum { O_NOATIME = 0}; /* Do not set atime. */ ++# define O_NOFOLLOW 0400 /* Do not follow links. */ ++#endif ++ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++#define O_SHLOCK 020 /* Open with shared file lock. */ ++#define O_EXLOCK 040 /* Open with shared exclusive lock. */ ++#endif ++ ++/* For now FreeBSD has synchronisity options for data and read operations. ++ We define the symbols here but let them do the same as O_SYNC since ++ this is a superset. */ ++#if defined __USE_POSIX199309 || defined __USE_UNIX98 ++# define O_DSYNC O_SYNC /* Synchronize data. */ ++# define O_RSYNC O_SYNC /* Synchronize read operations. */ ++#endif ++ ++/* Since 'off_t' is 64-bit, O_LARGEFILE is a no-op. */ ++#define O_LARGEFILE 0 ++ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++/* Bits in the file status flags returned by F_GETFL. ++ These are all the O_* flags, plus FREAD and FWRITE, which are ++ independent bits set by which of O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY, and O_RDWR, was ++ given to `open'. */ ++#define FREAD 1 ++#define FWRITE 2 ++#endif ++ ++/* ++ * We are out of bits in f_flag (which is a short). However, ++ * the flag bits not set in FMASK are only meaningful in the ++ * initial open syscall. Those bits can thus be given a ++ * different meaning for fcntl(2). ++ */ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++/* ++ * Set by shm_open(3) to get automatic MAP_ASYNC behavior ++ * for POSIX shared memory objects (which are otherwise ++ * implemented as plain files). ++ */ ++#define FPOSIXSHM O_NOFOLLOW ++#endif ++ ++/* Values for the second argument to `fcntl'. */ ++#define F_DUPFD 0 /* Duplicate file descriptor. */ ++#define F_GETFD 1 /* Get file descriptor flags. */ ++#define F_SETFD 2 /* Set file descriptor flags. */ ++#define F_GETFL 3 /* Get file status flags. */ ++#define F_SETFL 4 /* Set file status flags. */ ++#define F_GETLK 7 /* Get record locking info. */ ++#define F_SETLK 8 /* Set record locking info (non-blocking). */ ++#define F_SETLKW 9 /* Set record locking info (blocking). */ ++/* Not necessary, we always have 64-bit offsets. */ ++#define F_GETLK64 7 /* Get record locking info. */ ++#define F_SETLK64 8 /* Set record locking info (non-blocking). */ ++#define F_SETLKW64 9 /* Set record locking info (blocking). */ ++ ++#if defined __USE_BSD || defined __USE_UNIX98 ++# define F_SETOWN 5 /* Get owner of socket (receiver of SIGIO). */ ++# define F_GETOWN 6 /* Set owner of socket (receiver of SIGIO). */ ++#endif ++ ++/* For F_[GET|SET]FD. */ ++#define FD_CLOEXEC 1 /* actually anything with low bit set goes */ ++ ++/* For posix fcntl() and `l_type' field of a `struct flock' for lockf(). */ ++#define F_RDLCK 1 /* Read lock. */ ++#define F_WRLCK 3 /* Write lock. */ ++#define F_UNLCK 2 /* Remove lock. */ ++ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++/* Operations for bsd flock(), also used by the kernel implementation. */ ++# define LOCK_SH 1 /* shared lock */ ++# define LOCK_EX 2 /* exclusive lock */ ++# define LOCK_NB 4 /* or'd with one of the above to prevent ++ blocking */ ++# define LOCK_UN 8 /* remove lock */ ++#endif ++ ++struct flock ++ { ++ __off_t l_start; /* Offset where the lock begins. */ ++ __off_t l_len; /* Size of the locked area; zero means until EOF. */ ++ __pid_t l_pid; /* Process holding the lock. */ ++ short int l_type; /* Type of lock: F_RDLCK, F_WRLCK, or F_UNLCK. */ ++ short int l_whence; /* Where `l_start' is relative to (like `lseek'). */ ++ int __l_sysid; /* remote system id or zero for local */ ++ }; ++ ++#ifdef __USE_LARGEFILE64 ++struct flock64 ++ { ++ __off64_t l_start; /* Offset where the lock begins. */ ++ __off64_t l_len; /* Size of the locked area; zero means until EOF. */ ++ __pid_t l_pid; /* Process holding the lock. */ ++ short int l_type; /* Type of lock: F_RDLCK, F_WRLCK, or F_UNLCK. */ ++ short int l_whence; /* Where `l_start' is relative to (like `lseek'). */ ++ int __l_sysid; /* remote system id or zero for local */ ++ }; ++#endif ++ ++/* Define some more compatibility macros to be backward compatible with ++ BSD systems which did not managed to hide these kernel macros. */ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++# define FAPPEND O_APPEND ++# define FFSYNC O_FSYNC ++# define FASYNC O_ASYNC ++# define FNONBLOCK O_NONBLOCK ++# define FNDELAY O_NDELAY ++ ++#define FCREAT O_CREAT ++#define FEXCL O_EXCL ++#define FTRUNC O_TRUNC ++#define FNOCTTY O_NOCTTY ++#define FSYNC O_SYNC ++#endif /* Use BSD. */ ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/in.h +@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1997, 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* FreeBSD version. */ ++ ++#ifndef _NETINET_IN_H ++# error "Never use directly; include instead." ++#endif ++ ++ ++/* Link numbers. */ ++#define IMPLINK_IP 155 ++#define IMPLINK_LOWEXPER 156 ++#define IMPLINK_HIGHEXPER 158 ++ ++ ++/* To select the IP level. */ ++#define SOL_IP 0 ++ ++/* ++ * Options for use with [gs]etsockopt at the IP level. ++ * First word of comment is data type; bool is stored in int. ++ */ ++#define IP_OPTIONS 1 /* buf/ip_opts; set/get IP options */ ++#define IP_HDRINCL 2 /* int; header is included with data */ ++#define IP_TOS 3 /* int; IP type of service and preced. */ ++#define IP_TTL 4 /* int; IP time to live */ ++#define IP_RECVOPTS 5 /* bool; receive all IP opts w/dgram */ ++#define IP_RECVRETOPTS 6 /* bool; receive IP opts for response */ ++#define IP_RECVDSTADDR 7 /* bool; receive IP dst addr w/dgram */ ++#define IP_SENDSRCADDR IP_RECVDSTADDR /* cmsg_type to set src addr */ ++#define IP_RETOPTS 8 /* ip_opts; set/get IP options */ ++#define IP_MULTICAST_IF 9 /* struct in_addr *or* struct ip_mreqn; ++ * set/get IP multicast i/f */ ++#define IP_MULTICAST_TTL 10 /* u_char; set/get IP multicast ttl */ ++#define IP_MULTICAST_LOOP 11 /* u_char; set/get IP multicast loopback */ ++#define IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP 12 /* ip_mreq; add an IP group membership */ ++#define IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP 13 /* ip_mreq; drop an IP group membership */ ++#define IP_MULTICAST_VIF 14 /* set/get IP mcast virt. iface */ ++#define IP_RSVP_ON 15 /* enable RSVP in kernel */ ++#define IP_RSVP_OFF 16 /* disable RSVP in kernel */ ++#define IP_RSVP_VIF_ON 17 /* set RSVP per-vif socket */ ++#define IP_RSVP_VIF_OFF 18 /* unset RSVP per-vif socket */ ++#define IP_PORTRANGE 19 /* int; range to choose for unspec port */ ++#define IP_RECVIF 20 /* bool; receive reception if w/dgram */ ++/* for IPSEC */ ++#define IP_IPSEC_POLICY 21 /* int; set/get security policy */ ++#define IP_FAITH 22 /* bool; accept FAITH'ed connections */ ++ ++#define IP_ONESBCAST 23 /* bool: send all-ones broadcast */ ++#define IP_NONLOCALOK 24 /* bool: allow bind to spoof non-local addresses; ++ requires kernel compile option IP_NONLOCALBIND */ ++ ++#define IP_FW_TABLE_ADD 40 /* add entry */ ++#define IP_FW_TABLE_DEL 41 /* delete entry */ ++#define IP_FW_TABLE_FLUSH 42 /* flush table */ ++#define IP_FW_TABLE_GETSIZE 43 /* get table size */ ++#define IP_FW_TABLE_LIST 44 /* list table contents */ ++ ++#define IP_FW_ADD 50 /* add a firewall rule to chain */ ++#define IP_FW_DEL 51 /* delete a firewall rule from chain */ ++#define IP_FW_FLUSH 52 /* flush firewall rule chain */ ++#define IP_FW_ZERO 53 /* clear single/all firewall counter(s) */ ++#define IP_FW_GET 54 /* get entire firewall rule chain */ ++#define IP_FW_RESETLOG 55 /* reset logging counters */ ++ ++#define IP_FW_NAT_CFG 56 /* add/config a nat rule */ ++#define IP_FW_NAT_DEL 57 /* delete a nat rule */ ++#define IP_FW_NAT_GET_CONFIG 58 /* get configuration of a nat rule */ ++#define IP_FW_NAT_GET_LOG 59 /* get log of a nat rule */ ++ ++#define IP_DUMMYNET_CONFIGURE 60 /* add/configure a dummynet pipe */ ++#define IP_DUMMYNET_DEL 61 /* delete a dummynet pipe from chain */ ++#define IP_DUMMYNET_FLUSH 62 /* flush dummynet */ ++#define IP_DUMMYNET_GET 64 /* get entire dummynet pipes */ ++ ++#define IP_RECVTTL 65 /* bool; receive IP TTL w/dgram */ ++#define IP_MINTTL 66 /* minimum TTL for packet or drop */ ++#define IP_DONTFRAG 67 /* don't fragment packet */ ++ ++/* IPv4 Source Filter Multicast API [RFC3678] */ ++#define IP_ADD_SOURCE_MEMBERSHIP 70 /* join a source-specific group */ ++#define IP_DROP_SOURCE_MEMBERSHIP 71 /* drop a single source */ ++#define IP_BLOCK_SOURCE 72 /* block a source */ ++#define IP_UNBLOCK_SOURCE 73 /* unblock a source */ ++ ++/* The following option is private; do not use it from user applications. */ ++#define IP_MSFILTER 74 /* set/get filter list */ ++ ++/* Protocol Independent Multicast API [RFC3678] */ ++#define MCAST_JOIN_GROUP 80 /* join an any-source group */ ++#define MCAST_LEAVE_GROUP 81 /* leave all sources for group */ ++#define MCAST_JOIN_SOURCE_GROUP 82 /* join a source-specific group */ ++#define MCAST_LEAVE_SOURCE_GROUP 83 /* leave a single source */ ++#define MCAST_BLOCK_SOURCE 84 /* block a source */ ++#define MCAST_UNBLOCK_SOURCE 85 /* unblock a source */ ++ ++/* ++ * Defaults and limits for options ++ */ ++#define IP_DEFAULT_MULTICAST_TTL 1 /* normally limit m'casts to 1 hop */ ++#define IP_DEFAULT_MULTICAST_LOOP 1 /* normally hear sends if a member */ ++ ++/* ++ * The imo_membership vector for each socket is now dynamically allocated at ++ * run-time, bounded by USHRT_MAX, and is reallocated when needed, sized ++ * according to a power-of-two increment. ++ */ ++#define IP_MIN_MEMBERSHIPS 31 ++#define IP_MAX_MEMBERSHIPS 4095 ++#define IP_MAX_SOURCE_FILTER 1024 /* # of filters per socket, per group */ ++ ++/* ++ * Filter modes; also used to represent per-socket filter mode internally. ++ */ ++#define MCAST_INCLUDE 1 /* fmode: include these source(s) */ ++#define MCAST_EXCLUDE 2 /* fmode: exclude these source(s) */ ++ ++/* ++ * Argument for IP_PORTRANGE: ++ * - which range to search when port is unspecified at bind() or connect() ++ */ ++#define IP_PORTRANGE_DEFAULT 0 /* default range */ ++#define IP_PORTRANGE_HIGH 1 /* "high" - request firewall bypass */ ++#define IP_PORTRANGE_LOW 2 /* "low" - vouchsafe security */ ++ ++/* ++ * Names for IP sysctl objects ++ */ ++#define IPCTL_FORWARDING 1 /* act as router */ ++#define IPCTL_SENDREDIRECTS 2 /* may send redirects when forwarding */ ++#define IPCTL_DEFTTL 3 /* default TTL */ ++#ifdef notyet ++#define IPCTL_DEFMTU 4 /* default MTU */ ++#endif ++#define IPCTL_RTEXPIRE 5 /* cloned route expiration time */ ++#define IPCTL_RTMINEXPIRE 6 /* min value for expiration time */ ++#define IPCTL_RTMAXCACHE 7 /* trigger level for dynamic expire */ ++#define IPCTL_SOURCEROUTE 8 /* may perform source routes */ ++#define IPCTL_DIRECTEDBROADCAST 9 /* may re-broadcast received packets */ ++#define IPCTL_INTRQMAXLEN 10 /* max length of netisr queue */ ++#define IPCTL_INTRQDROPS 11 /* number of netisr q drops */ ++#define IPCTL_STATS 12 /* ipstat structure */ ++#define IPCTL_ACCEPTSOURCEROUTE 13 /* may accept source routed packets */ ++#define IPCTL_FASTFORWARDING 14 /* use fast IP forwarding code */ ++#define IPCTL_KEEPFAITH 15 /* FAITH IPv4->IPv6 translater ctl */ ++#define IPCTL_GIF_TTL 16 /* default TTL for gif encap packet */ ++#define IPCTL_MAXID 17 ++ ++/* Structure used to describe IP options for IP_OPTIONS and IP_RETOPTS. ++ The `ip_dst' field is used for the first-hop gateway when using a ++ source route (this gets put into the header proper). */ ++struct ip_opts ++ { ++ struct in_addr ip_dst; /* First hop; zero without source route. */ ++ char ip_opts[40]; /* Actually variable in size. */ ++ }; ++ ++/* Options for use with `getsockopt' and `setsockopt' at the IPv6 level. ++ The first word in the comment at the right is the data type used; ++ "bool" means a boolean value stored in an `int'. */ ++#define IPV6_SOCKOPT_RESERVED1 3 /* reserved for future use */ ++#define IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS 4 /* int; IP6 hops */ ++#define IPV6_MULTICAST_IF 9 /* u_int; set/get IP6 multicast i/f */ ++#define IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS 10 /* int; set/get IP6 multicast hops */ ++#define IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP 11 /* u_int; set/get IP6 multicast loopback */ ++#define IPV6_JOIN_GROUP 12 /* ip6_mreq; join a group membership */ ++#define IPV6_LEAVE_GROUP 13 /* ip6_mreq; leave a group membership */ ++#define IPV6_PORTRANGE 14 /* int; range to choose for unspec port */ ++#define ICMP6_FILTER 18 /* icmp6_filter; icmp6 filter */ ++ ++#define IPV6_CHECKSUM 26 /* int; checksum offset for raw socket */ ++#define IPV6_V6ONLY 27 /* bool; make AF_INET6 sockets v6 only */ ++ ++#define IPV6_IPSEC_POLICY 28 /* struct; get/set security policy */ ++#define IPV6_FAITH 29 /* bool; accept FAITH'ed connections */ ++ ++#define IPV6_FW_ADD 30 /* add a firewall rule to chain */ ++#define IPV6_FW_DEL 31 /* delete a firewall rule from chain */ ++#define IPV6_FW_FLUSH 32 /* flush firewall rule chain */ ++#define IPV6_FW_ZERO 33 /* clear single/all firewall counter(s) */ ++#define IPV6_FW_GET 34 /* get entire firewall rule chain */ ++#define IPV6_RTHDRDSTOPTS 35 /* ip6_dest; send dst option before rthdr */ ++ ++#define IPV6_RECVPKTINFO 36 /* bool; recv if, dst addr */ ++#define IPV6_RECVHOPLIMIT 37 /* bool; recv hop limit */ ++#define IPV6_RECVRTHDR 38 /* bool; recv routing header */ ++#define IPV6_RECVHOPOPTS 39 /* bool; recv hop-by-hop option */ ++#define IPV6_RECVDSTOPTS 40 /* bool; recv dst option after rthdr */ ++ ++#define IPV6_USE_MIN_MTU 42 /* bool; send packets at the minimum MTU */ ++#define IPV6_RECVPATHMTU 43 /* bool; notify an according MTU */ ++#define IPV6_PATHMTU 44 /* mtuinfo; get the current path MTU (sopt), ++ 4 bytes int; MTU notification (cmsg) */ ++ ++#define IPV6_PKTINFO 46 /* in6_pktinfo; send if, src addr */ ++#define IPV6_HOPLIMIT 47 /* int; send hop limit */ ++#define IPV6_NEXTHOP 48 /* sockaddr; next hop addr */ ++#define IPV6_HOPOPTS 49 /* ip6_hbh; send hop-by-hop option */ ++#define IPV6_DSTOPTS 50 /* ip6_dest; send dst option befor rthdr */ ++#define IPV6_RTHDR 51 /* ip6_rthdr; send routing header */ ++ ++#define IPV6_RECVTCLASS 57 /* bool; recv traffic class values */ ++ ++#define IPV6_AUTOFLOWLABEL 59 /* bool; attach flowlabel automagically */ ++ ++#define IPV6_TCLASS 61 /* int; send traffic class value */ ++#define IPV6_DONTFRAG 62 /* bool; disable IPv6 fragmentation */ ++ ++#define IPV6_PREFER_TEMPADDR 63 /* int; prefer temporary addresses as ++ * the source address. ++ */ ++ ++/* Obsolete synonyms for the above. */ ++#define IPV6_ADD_MEMBERSHIP IPV6_JOIN_GROUP ++#define IPV6_DROP_MEMBERSHIP IPV6_LEAVE_GROUP ++#define IPV6_RXHOPOPTS IPV6_HOPOPTS ++#define IPV6_RXDSTOPTS IPV6_DSTOPTS ++ ++/* Socket level values for IPv6. */ ++#define SOL_IPV6 41 ++#define SOL_ICMPV6 58 ++ ++/* ++ * Defaults and limits for options ++ */ ++#define IPV6_DEFAULT_MULTICAST_HOPS 1 /* normally limit m'casts to 1 hop */ ++#define IPV6_DEFAULT_MULTICAST_LOOP 1 /* normally hear sends if a member */ ++ ++/* ++ * Argument for IPV6_PORTRANGE: ++ * - which range to search when port is unspecified at bind() or connect() ++ */ ++#define IPV6_PORTRANGE_DEFAULT 0 /* default range */ ++#define IPV6_PORTRANGE_HIGH 1 /* "high" - request firewall bypass */ ++#define IPV6_PORTRANGE_LOW 2 /* "low" - vouchsafe security */ ++ ++/* Routing header options for IPv6. */ ++#define IPV6_RTHDR_LOOSE 0 /* Hop doesn't need to be neighbour. */ ++#define IPV6_RTHDR_STRICT 1 /* Hop must be a neighbour. */ ++ ++#define IPV6_RTHDR_TYPE_0 0 /* IPv6 Routing header type 0. */ ++ ++/* ++ * Names for IP sysctl objects ++ */ ++#define IPV6CTL_FORWARDING 1 /* act as router */ ++#define IPV6CTL_SENDREDIRECTS 2 /* may send redirects when forwarding*/ ++#define IPV6CTL_DEFHLIM 3 /* default Hop-Limit */ ++#define IPV6CTL_FORWSRCRT 5 /* forward source-routed dgrams */ ++#define IPV6CTL_STATS 6 /* stats */ ++#define IPV6CTL_MRTSTATS 7 /* multicast forwarding stats */ ++#define IPV6CTL_MRTPROTO 8 /* multicast routing protocol */ ++#define IPV6CTL_MAXFRAGPACKETS 9 /* max packets reassembly queue */ ++#define IPV6CTL_SOURCECHECK 10 /* verify source route and intf */ ++#define IPV6CTL_SOURCECHECK_LOGINT 11 /* minimume logging interval */ ++#define IPV6CTL_ACCEPT_RTADV 12 ++#define IPV6CTL_KEEPFAITH 13 ++#define IPV6CTL_LOG_INTERVAL 14 ++#define IPV6CTL_HDRNESTLIMIT 15 ++#define IPV6CTL_DAD_COUNT 16 ++#define IPV6CTL_AUTO_FLOWLABEL 17 ++#define IPV6CTL_DEFMCASTHLIM 18 ++#define IPV6CTL_GIF_HLIM 19 /* default HLIM for gif encap packet */ ++#define IPV6CTL_KAME_VERSION 20 ++#define IPV6CTL_USE_DEPRECATED 21 /* use deprecated addr (RFC2462 5.5.4) */ ++#define IPV6CTL_RR_PRUNE 22 /* walk timer for router renumbering */ ++#define IPV6CTL_V6ONLY 24 ++#define IPV6CTL_RTEXPIRE 25 /* cloned route expiration time */ ++#define IPV6CTL_RTMINEXPIRE 26 /* min value for expiration time */ ++#define IPV6CTL_RTMAXCACHE 27 /* trigger level for dynamic expire */ ++ ++#define IPV6CTL_USETEMPADDR 32 /* use temporary addresses (RFC3041) */ ++#define IPV6CTL_TEMPPLTIME 33 /* preferred lifetime for tmpaddrs */ ++#define IPV6CTL_TEMPVLTIME 34 /* valid lifetime for tmpaddrs */ ++#define IPV6CTL_AUTO_LINKLOCAL 35 /* automatic link-local addr assign */ ++#define IPV6CTL_RIP6STATS 36 /* raw_ip6 stats */ ++#define IPV6CTL_PREFER_TEMPADDR 37 /* prefer temporary addr as src */ ++#define IPV6CTL_ADDRCTLPOLICY 38 /* get/set address selection policy */ ++#define IPV6CTL_USE_DEFAULTZONE 39 /* use default scope zone */ ++ ++#define IPV6CTL_MAXFRAGS 41 /* max fragments */ ++#define IPV6CTL_MCAST_PMTU 44 /* enable pMTU discovery for multicast? */ ++ ++/* New entries should be added here from current IPV6CTL_MAXID value. */ ++/* to define items, should talk with KAME guys first, for *BSD compatibility */ ++/* 42-44 is already used in KAME */ ++#define IPV6CTL_STEALTH 45 ++#define ICMPV6CTL_ND6_ONLINKNSRFC4861 47 ++#define IPV6CTL_MAXID 48 +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/ioctl-types.h +@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ ++/* Structure types for pre-termios terminal ioctls. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_IOCTL_H ++# error "Never use directly; include instead." ++#endif ++ ++/* Many systems that have TIOCGWINSZ define TIOCGSIZE for source ++ compatibility with Sun; they define `struct ttysize' to have identical ++ layout as `struct winsize' and #define TIOCGSIZE to be TIOCGWINSZ ++ (likewise TIOCSSIZE and TIOCSWINSZ). */ ++/* struct ttysize is in FreeBSD originally defined in , ++ which is replaced by GLIBC version -> define here */ ++struct ttysize ++{ ++ unsigned short int ts_lines; ++ unsigned short int ts_cols; ++ unsigned short int ts_xxx; ++ unsigned short int ts_yyy; ++}; ++#define _IOT_ttysize _IOT_winsize +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/ioctls.h +@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ ++/*- ++ * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1990 The Regents of the University of California. ++ * All rights reserved. ++ * ++ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without ++ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions ++ * are met: ++ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. ++ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the ++ * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. ++ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors ++ * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software ++ * without specific prior written permission. ++ * ++ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ++ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE ++ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ++ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE ++ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL ++ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS ++ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) ++ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT ++ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY ++ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF ++ * SUCH DAMAGE. ++ * ++ * @(#)ioctl.h 8.6 (Berkeley) 3/28/94 ++ */ ++ ++#ifndef _IOCTLS_H_ ++#define _IOCTLS_H_ ++ ++#include ++ ++#include ++ ++/* ++ * @(#)ioctl.h 8.6 (Berkeley) 3/28/94 ++ */ ++ ++#define TIOCGSIZE TIOCGWINSZ ++#define TIOCSSIZE TIOCSWINSZ ++ ++#include ++ ++#include ++ ++#endif /* !_IOCTLS_H_ */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/ipc.h +@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1995-1997, 1999, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_IPC_H ++# error "Never use directly; include instead." ++#endif ++ ++#include ++ ++/* Mode bits for `msgget', `semget', and `shmget'. */ ++#define IPC_CREAT 01000 /* create key if key does not exist */ ++#define IPC_EXCL 02000 /* fail if key exists */ ++#define IPC_NOWAIT 04000 /* return error on wait */ ++ ++/* Control commands for `msgctl', `semctl', and `shmctl'. */ ++#define IPC_RMID 0 /* remove identifier */ ++#define IPC_SET 1 /* set `ipc_perm' options */ ++#define IPC_STAT 2 /* get `ipc_perm' options */ ++ ++/* Special key values. */ ++#define IPC_PRIVATE ((key_t) 0) /* private key */ ++ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++/* Common mode bits. */ ++# define IPC_R 0400 /* read permission, same as S_IRUSR */ ++# define IPC_W 0200 /* write permission, same as S_IWUSR */ ++# define IPC_M 0x1000 /* control permission */ ++#endif ++ ++ ++/* Data structure used to pass permission information to IPC operations. */ ++struct ipc_perm ++ { ++ __uint16_t /* yuck! */ cuid; /* creator's user ID */ ++ __uint16_t /* yuck! */ cgid; /* creator's group ID */ ++ __uint16_t /* yuck! */ uid; /* owner's user ID */ ++ __uint16_t /* yuck! */ gid; /* owner's group ID */ ++ __mode_t mode; /* read/write permission */ ++ __uint16_t __seq; ++ __key_t __key; ++ }; +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/local_lim.h +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/mman.h +@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@ ++/* Definitions for POSIX memory map interface. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 1994-1998, 2000-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_MMAN_H ++# error "Never use directly; include instead." ++#endif ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* Protections are chosen from these bits, OR'd together. The ++ implementation does not necessarily support PROT_EXEC or PROT_WRITE ++ without PROT_READ. The only guarantees are that no writing will be ++ allowed without PROT_WRITE and no access will be allowed for PROT_NONE. */ ++ ++#define PROT_NONE 0x00 /* No access. */ ++#define PROT_READ 0x01 /* Pages can be read. */ ++#define PROT_WRITE 0x02 /* Pages can be written. */ ++#define PROT_EXEC 0x04 /* Pages can be executed. */ ++ ++/* Flags contain mapping type, sharing type and options. */ ++ ++/* Mapping type (must choose one and only one of these). */ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++# define MAP_FILE 0x0000 /* Mapped from a file or device. */ ++# define MAP_ANON 0x1000 /* Allocated from anonymous virtual memory. */ ++# define MAP_TYPE 0x1000 /* Mask for type field. */ ++# ifdef __USE_MISC ++# define MAP_ANONYMOUS MAP_ANON /* Linux name. */ ++# endif ++#endif ++ ++/* Sharing types (must choose one and only one of these). */ ++#define MAP_SHARED 0x0001 /* Share changes. */ ++#define MAP_PRIVATE 0x0002 /* Changes private; copy pages on write. */ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++# define MAP_COPY MAP_PRIVATE /* Virtual copy of region at mapping time. */ ++#endif ++ ++/* Other flags. */ ++#define MAP_FIXED 0x0010 /* Map address must be exactly as requested. */ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++#define MAP_RENAME 0x0020 /* Sun: rename private pages to file */ ++#define MAP_NORESERVE 0x0040 /* Sun: don't reserve needed swap area */ ++#define MAP_RESERVED0080 0x0080 /* previously misimplemented MAP_INHERIT */ ++#define MAP_RESERVED0100 0x0100 /* previously unimplemented MAP_NOEXTEND */ ++# define MAP_HASSEMPHORE 0x0200 /* Region may contain semaphores. */ ++# define MAP_STACK 0x0400 /* Region grows down, like a stack. */ ++# define MAP_NOSYNC 0x0800 /* Try to avoid flushing to the disk. */ ++# define MAP_NOCORE 0x20000 /* Don't include these pages in a core dump. */ ++#endif ++ ++/* Advice to `madvise'. */ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++# define MADV_NORMAL 0 /* No further special treatment. */ ++# define MADV_RANDOM 1 /* Expect random page references. */ ++# define MADV_SEQUENTIAL 2 /* Expect sequential page references. */ ++# define MADV_WILLNEED 3 /* Will need these pages. */ ++# define MADV_DONTNEED 4 /* Don't need these pages. */ ++# define MADV_FREE 5 /* Don't need these pages, they contain junk. */ ++# define MADV_NOSYNC 6 /* Try to avoid flushing to the disk. */ ++# define MADV_AUTOSYNC 7 /* Use the default flushing strategy. */ ++# define MADV_NOCORE 8 /* Don't include these pages in a core dump. */ ++# define MADV_CORE 9 /* Include pages in a core dump (default). */ ++# define MADV_PROTECT 10 /* protect process from pageout kill */ ++#endif ++ ++/* The POSIX people had to invent similar names for the same things. */ ++#ifdef __USE_XOPEN2K ++# define POSIX_MADV_NORMAL 0 /* No further special treatment. */ ++# define POSIX_MADV_RANDOM 1 /* Expect random page references. */ ++# define POSIX_MADV_SEQUENTIAL 2 /* Expect sequential page references. */ ++# define POSIX_MADV_WILLNEED 3 /* Will need these pages. */ ++# define POSIX_MADV_DONTNEED 4 /* Don't need these pages. */ ++#endif ++ ++/* Flags to `msync'. */ ++#define MS_ASYNC 1 /* Sync memory asynchronously. */ ++#define MS_SYNC 0 /* Synchronous memory sync. */ ++#define MS_INVALIDATE 2 /* Invalidate the caches. */ ++ ++/* Flags for `mlockall' (can be OR'd together). */ ++#define MCL_CURRENT 1 /* Lock all currently mapped pages. */ ++#define MCL_FUTURE 2 /* Lock all additions to address ++ space. */ ++ ++/* Flags for 'minherit'. */ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++# define INHERIT_SHARE 0 ++# define INHERIT_COPY 1 ++# define INHERIT_NONE 2 ++#endif ++ ++ ++/* ++ * Return bits from mincore ++ */ ++#ifdef __USE_MISC ++#define MINCORE_INCORE 0x1 /* Page is incore */ ++#define MINCORE_REFERENCED 0x2 /* Page has been referenced by us */ ++#define MINCORE_MODIFIED 0x4 /* Page has been modified by us */ ++#define MINCORE_REFERENCED_OTHER 0x8 /* Page has been referenced */ ++#define MINCORE_MODIFIED_OTHER 0x10 /* Page has been modified */ ++#endif /* Use MISC */ ++ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++extern int minherit (void *__addr, size_t __len, int __inherit); ++ ++__END_DECLS ++ ++#endif /* Use BSD */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/msq.h +@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1995, 1997, 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_MSG_H ++#error "Never use directly; include instead." ++#endif ++ ++#include ++ ++/* Define options for message queue functions. */ ++#define MSG_NOERROR 010000 /* no error if message is too big */ ++ ++/* Types used in the structure definition. */ ++typedef unsigned long int msgqnum_t; ++typedef unsigned long int msglen_t; ++ ++ ++/* Structure of record for one message inside the kernel. ++ The type `struct __msg' is opaque. */ ++struct msqid_ds ++{ ++ struct ipc_perm msg_perm; /* structure describing operation permission */ ++ void *__msg_first; ++ void *__msg_last; ++ msglen_t __msg_cbytes; /* current number of bytes on queue */ ++ msgqnum_t msg_qnum; /* number of messages currently on queue */ ++ msglen_t msg_qbytes; /* max number of bytes allowed on queue */ ++ __pid_t msg_lspid; /* pid of last msgsnd() */ ++ __pid_t msg_lrpid; /* pid of last msgrcv() */ ++ __time_t msg_stime; /* time of last msgsnd command */ ++ long __unused1; ++ __time_t msg_rtime; /* time of last msgrcv command */ ++ long __unused2; ++ __time_t msg_ctime; /* time of last change */ ++ long __unused3; ++ long __unused4[4]; ++}; ++ ++#ifdef __USE_MISC ++ ++# define msg_cbytes __msg_cbytes ++ ++/* buffer for msgctl calls IPC_INFO, MSG_INFO */ ++struct msginfo ++ { ++ int msgmax; ++ int msgmni; ++ int msgmnb; ++ int msgtql; ++ int msgssz; ++ int msgseg; ++ }; ++ ++#endif /* __USE_MISC */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/poll.h +@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1997, 2001-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_POLL_H ++# error "Never use directly; include instead." ++#endif ++ ++/* Event types that can be polled for. These bits may be set in `events' ++ to indicate the interesting event types; they will appear in `revents' ++ to indicate the status of the file descriptor. */ ++#define POLLIN 0x0001 /* There is data to read. */ ++#define POLLPRI 0x0002 /* There is urgent data to read. */ ++#define POLLOUT 0x0004 /* Writing now will not block. */ ++ ++#ifdef __USE_XOPEN ++/* These values are defined in XPG4.2. */ ++# define POLLRDNORM 0x0040 /* Normal data may be read. */ ++# define POLLRDBAND 0x0080 /* Priority data may be read. */ ++# define POLLWRNORM 0x0004 /* Writing now will not block. */ ++# define POLLWRBAND 0x0100 /* Priority data may be written. */ ++#endif ++ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++/* These are extensions for FreeBSD. */ ++# define POLLEXTEND 0x0200 /* File size may have grown. */ ++# define POLLATTRIB 0x0400 /* File attributes may have changed. */ ++# define POLLNLINK 0x0800 /* File may have been moved/removed. */ ++# define POLLWRITE 0x1000 /* File's contents may have changed. */ ++#endif ++ ++/* Event types always implicitly polled for. These bits need not be set in ++ `events', but they will appear in `revents' to indicate the status of ++ the file descriptor. */ ++#define POLLERR 0x0008 /* Error condition. */ ++#define POLLHUP 0x0010 /* Hung up. */ ++#define POLLNVAL 0x0020 /* Invalid polling request. */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/posix_opt.h +@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ ++/* Define POSIX options for FreeBSD. ++ Copyright (C) 1996-1997, 1999, 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* ++ * Never include this file directly; use instead. ++ */ ++ ++#ifndef _BITS_POSIX_OPT_H ++#define _BITS_POSIX_OPT_H 1 ++ ++/* Job control is supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL 1 ++ ++/* Processes have a saved set-user-ID and a saved set-group-ID. */ ++#define _POSIX_SAVED_IDS 1 ++ ++/* Priority scheduling is supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING 1 ++ ++/* Synchronizing file data is supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO 1 ++ ++/* The fsync function is present. */ ++#define _POSIX_FSYNC 1 ++ ++/* Mapping of files to memory is supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES 1 ++ ++/* Locking of all memory is supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_MEMLOCK 1 ++ ++/* Locking of ranges of memory is supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE 1 ++ ++/* Setting of memory protections is supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION 1 ++ ++/* Implementation supports `poll' function. */ ++#define _POSIX_POLL 1 ++ ++/* Implementation supports `select' and `pselect' functions. */ ++#define _POSIX_SELECT 1 ++ ++/* XPG4.2 shared memory is supported. */ ++#define _XOPEN_SHM 1 ++ ++/* X/Open realtime support is available. */ ++#define _XOPEN_REALTIME 1 ++ ++/* Only root can change owner of file. */ ++#define _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED 1 ++ ++/* `c_cc' member of 'struct termios' structure can be disabled by ++ using the value _POSIX_VDISABLE. */ ++#define _POSIX_VDISABLE ((unsigned char)'\377') ++ ++/* The LFS interface is available, except for the asynchronous I/O. */ ++#define _LFS_LARGEFILE 1 ++#define _LFS64_LARGEFILE 1 ++#define _LFS64_STDIO 1 ++ ++/* POSIX timers are available. */ ++#define _POSIX_TIMERS 1 ++ ++/* GNU libc provides regular expression handling. */ ++#define _POSIX_REGEXP 1 ++ ++/* We have a POSIX shell. */ ++#define _POSIX_SHELL 1 ++ ++/* The `spawn' function family is supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_SPAWN 200912L ++ ++#endif /* bits/posix_opt.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/resource.h +@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@ ++/* Bit values & structures for resource limits. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 1994, 1996-1998, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_RESOURCE_H ++# error "Never use directly; include instead." ++#endif ++ ++#include ++ ++/* Transmute defines to enumerations. The macro re-definitions are ++ necessary because some programs want to test for operating system ++ features with #ifdef RUSAGE_SELF. In ISO C the reflexive ++ definition is a no-op. ++ ++ These are the values for FreeBSD. Earlier BSD systems have a subset of ++ these kinds of resource limit. */ ++ ++/* Kinds of resource limit. */ ++enum __rlimit_resource ++{ ++ /* Per-process CPU limit, in seconds. */ ++ RLIMIT_CPU = 0, ++#define RLIMIT_CPU RLIMIT_CPU ++ ++ /* Largest file that can be created, in bytes. */ ++ RLIMIT_FSIZE = 1, ++#define RLIMIT_FSIZE RLIMIT_FSIZE ++ ++ /* Maximum size of data segment, in bytes. */ ++ RLIMIT_DATA = 2, ++#define RLIMIT_DATA RLIMIT_DATA ++ ++ /* Maximum size of stack segment, in bytes. */ ++ RLIMIT_STACK = 3, ++#define RLIMIT_STACK RLIMIT_STACK ++ ++ /* Largest core file that can be created, in bytes. */ ++ RLIMIT_CORE = 4, ++#define RLIMIT_CORE RLIMIT_CORE ++ ++ /* Largest resident set size, in bytes. ++ This affects swapping; processes that are exceeding their ++ resident set size will be more likely to have physical memory ++ taken from them. */ ++ __RLIMIT_RSS = 5, ++#define RLIMIT_RSS __RLIMIT_RSS ++ ++ /* Locked-in-memory address space. */ ++ __RLIMIT_MEMLOCK = 6, ++#define RLIMIT_MEMLOCK __RLIMIT_MEMLOCK ++ ++ /* Number of processes. */ ++ __RLIMIT_NPROC = 7, ++#define RLIMIT_NPROC __RLIMIT_NPROC ++ ++ /* Number of open files. */ ++ RLIMIT_NOFILE = 8, ++#define RLIMIT_NOFILE RLIMIT_NOFILE ++ ++ /* Maximum size of all socket buffers. */ ++ __RLIMIT_SBSIZE = 9, ++#define RLIMIT_SBSIZE __RLIMIT_SBSIZE ++ ++ /* Address space limit. */ ++ RLIMIT_AS = 10, ++#define RLIMIT_AS RLIMIT_AS ++ ++ __RLIMIT_NLIMITS = 11, ++ __RLIM_NLIMITS = __RLIMIT_NLIMITS ++#define RLIMIT_NLIMITS __RLIMIT_NLIMITS ++#define RLIM_NLIMITS __RLIM_NLIMITS ++}; ++ ++/* Value to indicate that there is no limit. */ ++#define RLIM_INFINITY 0x7fffffffffffffffLL ++#ifdef __USE_LARGEFILE64 ++# define RLIM64_INFINITY 0x7fffffffffffffffLL ++#endif ++ ++ ++/* Type for resource quantity measurement. */ ++typedef __rlim_t rlim_t; ++#ifdef __USE_LARGEFILE64 ++typedef __rlim64_t rlim64_t; ++#endif ++ ++struct rlimit ++ { ++ /* The current (soft) limit. */ ++ rlim_t rlim_cur; ++ /* The hard limit. */ ++ rlim_t rlim_max; ++ }; ++ ++#ifdef __USE_LARGEFILE64 ++struct rlimit64 ++ { ++ /* The current (soft) limit. */ ++ rlim64_t rlim_cur; ++ /* The hard limit. */ ++ rlim64_t rlim_max; ++ }; ++#endif ++ ++#define CP_USER 0 ++#define CP_NICE 1 ++#define CP_SYS 2 ++#define CP_INTR 3 ++#define CP_IDLE 4 ++#define CPUSTATES 5 ++ ++/* Whose usage statistics do you want? */ ++enum __rusage_who ++{ ++ /* The calling process. */ ++ RUSAGE_SELF = 0, ++#define RUSAGE_SELF RUSAGE_SELF ++ ++ /* All of its terminated child processes. */ ++ RUSAGE_CHILDREN = -1 ++#define RUSAGE_CHILDREN RUSAGE_CHILDREN ++}; ++ ++#define __need_timeval ++#include /* For `struct timeval'. */ ++ ++/* Structure which says how much of each resource has been used. */ ++struct rusage ++ { ++ /* Total amount of user time used. */ ++ struct timeval ru_utime; ++ /* Total amount of system time used. */ ++ struct timeval ru_stime; ++ /* Maximum resident set size (in kilobytes). */ ++ long int ru_maxrss; ++ /* Amount of sharing of text segment memory ++ with other processes (kilobyte-seconds). */ ++ long int ru_ixrss; ++ /* Amount of data segment memory used (kilobyte-seconds). */ ++ long int ru_idrss; ++ /* Amount of stack memory used (kilobyte-seconds). */ ++ long int ru_isrss; ++ /* Number of soft page faults (i.e. those serviced by reclaiming ++ a page from the list of pages awaiting reallocation. */ ++ long int ru_minflt; ++ /* Number of hard page faults (i.e. those that required I/O). */ ++ long int ru_majflt; ++ /* Number of times a process was swapped out of physical memory. */ ++ long int ru_nswap; ++ /* Number of input operations via the file system. Note: This ++ and `ru_oublock' do not include operations with the cache. */ ++ long int ru_inblock; ++ /* Number of output operations via the file system. */ ++ long int ru_oublock; ++ /* Number of IPC messages sent. */ ++ long int ru_msgsnd; ++ /* Number of IPC messages received. */ ++ long int ru_msgrcv; ++ /* Number of signals delivered. */ ++ long int ru_nsignals; ++ /* Number of voluntary context switches, i.e. because the process ++ gave up the process before it had to (usually to wait for some ++ resource to be available). */ ++ long int ru_nvcsw; ++ /* Number of involuntary context switches, i.e. a higher priority process ++ became runnable or the current process used up its time slice. */ ++ long int ru_nivcsw; ++ }; ++ ++/* Priority limits. */ ++#define PRIO_MIN -20 /* Minimum priority a process can have. */ ++#define PRIO_MAX 20 /* Maximum priority a process can have. */ ++ ++/* The type of the WHICH argument to `getpriority' and `setpriority', ++ indicating what flavor of entity the WHO argument specifies. */ ++enum __priority_which ++{ ++ PRIO_PROCESS = 0, /* WHO is a process ID. */ ++#define PRIO_PROCESS PRIO_PROCESS ++ PRIO_PGRP = 1, /* WHO is a process group ID. */ ++#define PRIO_PGRP PRIO_PGRP ++ PRIO_USER = 2 /* WHO is a user ID. */ ++#define PRIO_USER PRIO_USER ++}; +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/sched.h +@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@ ++/* Definitions of constants and data structure for POSIX 1003.1b-1993 ++ scheduling interface. ++ Copyright (C) 1996-1999,2001-2003,2005,2006,2007,2008 ++ Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef __need_schedparam ++ ++#ifndef _SCHED_H ++# error "Never include directly; use instead." ++#endif ++ ++ ++/* Scheduling algorithms. */ ++#define SCHED_OTHER 2 ++#define SCHED_FIFO 1 ++#define SCHED_RR 3 ++ ++ ++#ifdef __USE_MISC ++/* Cloning flags. */ ++# define CSIGNAL 0x000000ff /* Signal mask to be sent at exit. */ ++# define CLONE_VM 0x00000100 /* Set if VM shared between processes. */ ++# define CLONE_FS 0x00000200 /* Set if fs info shared between processes. */ ++# define CLONE_FILES 0x00000400 /* Set if open files shared between processes. */ ++# define CLONE_SIGHAND 0x00000800 /* Set if signal handlers shared. */ ++# define CLONE_PTRACE 0x00002000 /* Set if tracing continues on the child. */ ++# define CLONE_VFORK 0x00004000 /* Set if the parent wants the child to ++ wake it up on mm_release. */ ++# define CLONE_SYSVSEM 0x00040000 /* share system V SEM_UNDO semantics */ ++#endif ++ ++/* The official definition. */ ++struct sched_param ++ { ++ int __sched_priority; ++ }; ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++#ifdef __USE_MISC ++/* Clone current process. */ ++extern int clone (int (*__fn) (void *__arg), void *__child_stack, ++ int __flags, void *__arg) __THROW; ++ ++/* Unshare the specified resources. */ ++extern int unshare (int __flags) __THROW; ++ ++/* Get index of currently used CPU. */ ++extern int sched_getcpu (void) __THROW; ++#endif ++ ++__END_DECLS ++ ++#endif /* need schedparam */ ++ ++#if !defined __defined_schedparam \ ++ && (defined __need_schedparam || defined _SCHED_H) ++# define __defined_schedparam 1 ++/* Data structure to describe a process' schedulability. */ ++struct __sched_param ++ { ++ int __sched_priority; ++ }; ++# undef __need_schedparam ++#endif ++ ++ ++#if defined _SCHED_H && !defined __cpu_set_t_defined ++# define __cpu_set_t_defined ++/* Size definition for CPU sets. */ ++# define __CPU_SETSIZE 128 ++# define __NCPUBITS (8 * sizeof (__cpu_mask)) ++ ++/* Type for array elements in 'cpu_set_t'. */ ++typedef unsigned long int __cpu_mask; ++ ++/* Basic access functions. */ ++# define __CPUELT(cpu) ((cpu) / __NCPUBITS) ++# define __CPUMASK(cpu) ((__cpu_mask) 1 << ((cpu) % __NCPUBITS)) ++ ++/* Data structure to describe CPU mask. */ ++typedef struct ++{ ++ __cpu_mask __bits[__CPU_SETSIZE / __NCPUBITS]; ++} cpu_set_t; ++ ++/* Access functions for CPU masks. */ ++# if __GNUC_PREREQ (2, 91) ++# define __CPU_ZERO_S(setsize, cpusetp) \ ++ do __builtin_memset (cpusetp, '\0', setsize); while (0) ++# else ++# define __CPU_ZERO_S(setsize, cpusetp) \ ++ do { \ ++ size_t __i; \ ++ size_t __imax = (setsize) / sizeof (__cpu_mask); \ ++ __cpu_mask *__bits = (cpusetp)->__bits; \ ++ for (__i = 0; __i < __imax; ++__i) \ ++ __bits[__i] = 0; \ ++ } while (0) ++# endif ++# define __CPU_SET_S(cpu, setsize, cpusetp) \ ++ (__extension__ \ ++ ({ size_t __cpu = (cpu); \ ++ __cpu < 8 * (setsize) \ ++ ? (((__cpu_mask *) ((cpusetp)->__bits))[__CPUELT (__cpu)] \ ++ |= __CPUMASK (__cpu)) \ ++ : 0; })) ++# define __CPU_CLR_S(cpu, setsize, cpusetp) \ ++ (__extension__ \ ++ ({ size_t __cpu = (cpu); \ ++ __cpu < 8 * (setsize) \ ++ ? (((__cpu_mask *) ((cpusetp)->__bits))[__CPUELT (__cpu)] \ ++ &= ~__CPUMASK (__cpu)) \ ++ : 0; })) ++# define __CPU_ISSET_S(cpu, setsize, cpusetp) \ ++ (__extension__ \ ++ ({ size_t __cpu = (cpu); \ ++ __cpu < 8 * (setsize) \ ++ ? ((((__cpu_mask *) ((cpusetp)->__bits))[__CPUELT (__cpu)] \ ++ & __CPUMASK (__cpu))) != 0 \ ++ : 0; })) ++ ++# define __CPU_COUNT_S(setsize, cpusetp) \ ++ __sched_cpucount (setsize, cpusetp) ++ ++# if __GNUC_PREREQ (2, 91) ++# define __CPU_EQUAL_S(setsize, cpusetp1, cpusetp2) \ ++ (__builtin_memcmp (cpusetp1, cpusetp2, setsize) == 0) ++# else ++# define __CPU_EQUAL_S(setsize, cpusetp1, cpusetp2) \ ++ (__extension__ \ ++ ({ __cpu_mask *__arr1 = (cpusetp1)->__bits; \ ++ __cpu_mask *__arr2 = (cpusetp2)->__bits; \ ++ size_t __imax = (setsize) / sizeof (__cpu_mask); \ ++ size_t __i; \ ++ for (__i = 0; __i < __imax; ++__i) \ ++ if (__bits[__i] != __bits[__i]) \ ++ break; \ ++ __i == __imax; })) ++# endif ++ ++# define __CPU_OP_S(setsize, destset, srcset1, srcset2, op) \ ++ (__extension__ \ ++ ({ cpu_set_t *__dest = (destset); \ ++ __cpu_mask *__arr1 = (srcset1)->__bits; \ ++ __cpu_mask *__arr2 = (srcset2)->__bits; \ ++ size_t __imax = (setsize) / sizeof (__cpu_mask); \ ++ size_t __i; \ ++ for (__i = 0; __i < __imax; ++__i) \ ++ ((__cpu_mask *) __dest->__bits)[__i] = __arr1[__i] op __arr2[__i]; \ ++ __dest; })) ++ ++# define __CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(count) \ ++ ((((count) + __NCPUBITS - 1) / __NCPUBITS) * sizeof (__cpu_mask)) ++# define __CPU_ALLOC(count) __sched_cpualloc (count) ++# define __CPU_FREE(cpuset) __sched_cpufree (cpuset) ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++extern int __sched_cpucount (size_t __setsize, const cpu_set_t *__setp) ++ __THROW; ++extern cpu_set_t *__sched_cpualloc (size_t __count) __THROW __wur; ++extern void __sched_cpufree (cpu_set_t *__set) __THROW; ++ ++__END_DECLS ++ ++#endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/sem.h +@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1995-1998, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_SEM_H ++# error "Never include directly; use instead." ++#endif ++ ++#include ++ ++/* Flags for `semop'. */ ++#define SEM_UNDO 0x1000 /* undo the operation on exit */ ++ ++/* Commands for `semctl'. */ ++#define GETPID 4 /* get sempid */ ++#define GETVAL 5 /* get semval */ ++#define GETALL 6 /* get all semval's */ ++#define GETNCNT 3 /* get semncnt */ ++#define GETZCNT 7 /* get semzcnt */ ++#define SETVAL 8 /* set semval */ ++#define SETALL 9 /* set all semval's */ ++ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++# define SEM_R IPC_R /* read permission for user */ ++# define SEM_A IPC_W /* alter permission for user */ ++#endif ++ ++ ++/* Data structure describing a set of semaphores. */ ++struct semid_ds ++{ ++ struct ipc_perm sem_perm; /* operation permission struct */ ++ void *__sem_base; ++ unsigned short int sem_nsems; /* number of semaphores in set */ ++ __time_t sem_otime; /* last semop() time */ ++ long __unused1; ++ __time_t sem_ctime; /* last time changed by semctl() */ ++ long __unused2; ++ long __unused3[4]; ++}; ++ ++/* The user should define a union like the following to use it for arguments ++ for `semctl'. ++ ++ union semun ++ { ++ int val; <= value for SETVAL ++ struct semid_ds *buf; <= buffer for IPC_STAT & IPC_SET ++ unsigned short int *array; <= array for GETALL & SETALL ++ struct seminfo *__buf; <= buffer for IPC_INFO ++ }; ++ ++ Previous versions of this file used to define this union but this is ++ incorrect. One can test the macro _SEM_SEMUN_UNDEFINED to see whether ++ one must define the union or not. */ ++#define _SEM_SEMUN_UNDEFINED 1 ++ ++#ifdef __USE_MISC ++ ++/* ipcs ctl cmds */ ++# define SEM_STAT 10 ++# define SEM_INFO 11 ++ ++/* ++ * semaphore info struct ++ */ ++struct seminfo { ++ int semmap, /* # of entries in semaphore map */ ++ semmni, /* # of semaphore identifiers */ ++ semmns, /* # of semaphores in system */ ++ semmnu, /* # of undo structures in system */ ++ semmsl, /* max # of semaphores per id */ ++ semopm, /* max # of operations per semop call */ ++ semume, /* max # of undo entries per process */ ++ semusz, /* size in bytes of undo structure */ ++ semvmx, /* semaphore maximum value */ ++ semaem; /* adjust on exit max value */ ++}; ++ ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/shm.h +@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1995-1997, 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_SHM_H ++# error "Never include directly; use instead." ++#endif ++ ++#include ++ ++/* Permission flag for shmget. */ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++# define SHM_R IPC_R /* read permission for user */ ++# define SHM_W IPC_W /* write permission for user */ ++#endif ++ ++/* Flags for `shmat'. */ ++#define SHM_RDONLY 010000 /* attach read-only else read-write */ ++#define SHM_RND 020000 /* round attach address to SHMLBA */ ++ ++/* Commands for `shmctl'. */ ++#define SHM_LOCK 11 /* lock segment (root only) */ ++#define SHM_UNLOCK 12 /* unlock segment (root only) */ ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++/* Segment low boundary address multiple. */ ++#define SHMLBA (__getpagesize ()) ++extern int __getpagesize (void) __THROW __attribute__ ((__const__)); ++ ++ ++/* Type to count number of attaches. */ ++typedef unsigned short int shmatt_t; ++ ++/* Data structure describing a set of semaphores. */ ++struct shmid_ds ++ { ++ struct ipc_perm shm_perm; /* operation permission struct */ ++ int shm_segsz; /* size of segment in bytes */ ++ __pid_t shm_lpid; /* pid of last shmop */ ++ __pid_t shm_cpid; /* pid of creator */ ++ shmatt_t shm_nattch; /* number of current attaches */ ++ __time_t shm_atime; /* time of last shmat() */ ++ __time_t shm_dtime; /* time of last shmdt() */ ++ __time_t shm_ctime; /* time of last change by shmctl() */ ++ void *__shm_internal; ++ }; ++ ++#ifdef __USE_MISC ++ ++/* ipcs ctl commands */ ++# define SHM_STAT 13 ++# define SHM_INFO 14 ++ ++struct shminfo ++ { ++ int shmmax, /* max shared memory segment size (bytes) */ ++ shmmin, /* min shared memory segment size (bytes) */ ++ shmmni, /* max number of shared memory identifiers */ ++ shmseg, /* max shared memory segments per process */ ++ shmall; /* max amount of shared memory (pages) */ ++ }; ++ ++struct shm_info ++ { ++ int used_ids; ++ unsigned long int shm_tot; /* total allocated shm */ ++ unsigned long int shm_rss; /* total resident shm */ ++ unsigned long int shm_swp; /* total swapped shm */ ++ unsigned long int swap_attempts; ++ unsigned long int swap_successes; ++ }; ++ ++#endif /* __USE_MISC */ ++ ++__END_DECLS +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/sigaction.h +@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1991-1992,1996-1998,2001-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SIGNAL_H ++# error "Never include directly; use instead." ++#endif ++ ++/* These definitions match those used by the FreeBSD kernel. */ ++ ++/* Structure describing the action to be taken when a signal arrives. */ ++struct sigaction ++ { ++ /* Signal handler. */ ++#ifdef __USE_POSIX199309 ++ union ++ { ++ /* Used if SA_SIGINFO is not set. */ ++ __sighandler_t sa_handler; ++ /* Used if SA_SIGINFO is set. */ ++ void (*sa_sigaction) (int, siginfo_t *, void *); ++ } ++ __sigaction_handler; ++# define sa_handler __sigaction_handler.sa_handler ++# define sa_sigaction __sigaction_handler.sa_sigaction ++#else ++ __sighandler_t sa_handler; ++#endif ++ ++ /* Special flags. */ ++ int sa_flags; ++ ++ /* Additional set of signals to be blocked. */ ++ __sigset_t sa_mask; ++ }; ++ ++/* Bits in `sa_flags'. */ ++#if defined __USE_UNIX98 || defined __USE_MISC ++# define SA_ONSTACK 0x0001 /* Take signal on signal stack. */ ++# define SA_RESTART 0x0002 /* Restart syscall on signal return. */ ++# define SA_RESETHAND 0x0004 /* Reset to SIG_DFL on entry to handler. */ ++# define SA_NODEFER 0x0010 /* Don't automatically block the signal when ++ its handler is being executed. */ ++# define SA_NOCLDWAIT 0x0020 /* Don't save zombie processes. */ ++# define SA_SIGINFO 0x0040 /* Provide additional info to the handler. */ ++#endif ++#define SA_NOCLDSTOP 0x0008 /* Don't send SIGCHLD when children stop. */ ++ ++#ifdef __USE_MISC ++# define SA_INTERRUPT 0 /* Historical no-op ("not SA_RESTART"). */ ++ ++/* Some aliases for the SA_ constants. */ ++# define SA_NOMASK SA_NODEFER ++# define SA_ONESHOT SA_RESETHAND ++# define SA_STACK SA_ONSTACK ++#endif ++ ++ ++/* Values for the HOW argument to `sigprocmask'. */ ++#define SIG_BLOCK 1 /* Block signals. */ ++#define SIG_UNBLOCK 2 /* Unblock signals. */ ++#define SIG_SETMASK 3 /* Set the set of blocked signals. */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/siginfo.h +@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@ ++/* siginfo_t, sigevent and constants. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 1997-1998, 2000-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#if !defined _SIGNAL_H && !defined __need_siginfo_t \ ++ && !defined __need_sigevent_t ++# error "Never include this file directly. Use instead" ++#endif ++ ++#if (!defined __have_sigval_t \ ++ && (defined _SIGNAL_H || defined __need_siginfo_t \ ++ || defined __need_sigevent_t)) ++# define __have_sigval_t 1 ++ ++/* Type for data associated with a signal. */ ++typedef union sigval ++ { ++ int sival_int; ++ void *sival_ptr; ++ } sigval_t; ++#endif ++ ++#if (!defined __have_siginfo_t \ ++ && (defined _SIGNAL_H || defined __need_siginfo_t)) ++# define __have_siginfo_t 1 ++ ++typedef struct siginfo ++ { ++ int si_signo; /* Signal number. */ ++ int si_errno; /* If non-zero, an errno value associated with ++ this signal, as defined in . */ ++ int si_code; /* Signal code. */ ++ int si_pid; /* Sending process ID. */ ++ unsigned int si_uid; /* Real user ID of sending process. */ ++ int si_status; /* Exit value or signal. */ ++ void *si_addr; /* Address of faulting instruction. */ ++ union sigval si_value; /* Signal value. */ ++ long int si_band; /* Band event for SIGPOLL. */ ++ int __si_spare[7]; ++ } siginfo_t; ++ ++ ++/* Values for `si_code'. Positive values are reserved for kernel-generated ++ signals. */ ++enum ++{ ++ SI_ASYNCIO = 0x10004, /* Sent by AIO completion. */ ++# define SI_ASYNCIO SI_ASYNCIO ++ SI_MESGQ = 0x10005, /* Sent by real time mesq state change. */ ++# define SI_MESGQ SI_MESGQ ++ SI_TIMER = 0x10003, /* Sent by timer expiration. */ ++# define SI_TIMER SI_TIMER ++ SI_QUEUE = 0x10002, /* Sent by sigqueue. */ ++# define SI_QUEUE SI_QUEUE ++ SI_USER = 0x10001, /* Sent by kill, sigsend, raise. */ ++# define SI_USER SI_USER ++ SI_UNDEFINED = 0 ++# define SI_UNDEFINED SI_UNDEFINED ++}; ++ ++/* `si_code' values for SIGILL signal. */ ++enum ++{ ++ ILL_ILLOPC = 1, /* Illegal opcode. */ ++# define ILL_ILLOPC ILL_ILLOPC ++ ILL_ILLOPN, /* Illegal operand. */ ++# define ILL_ILLOPN ILL_ILLOPN ++ ILL_ILLADR, /* Illegal addressing mode. */ ++# define ILL_ILLADR ILL_ILLADR ++ ILL_ILLTRP, /* Illegal trap. */ ++# define ILL_ILLTRP ILL_ILLTRP ++ ILL_PRVOPC, /* Privileged opcode. */ ++# define ILL_PRVOPC ILL_PRVOPC ++ ILL_PRVREG, /* Privileged register. */ ++# define ILL_PRVREG ILL_PRVREG ++ ILL_COPROC, /* Coprocessor error. */ ++# define ILL_COPROC ILL_COPROC ++ ILL_BADSTK /* Internal stack error. */ ++# define ILL_BADSTK ILL_BADSTK ++}; ++ ++/* `si_code' values for SIGFPE signal. */ ++enum ++{ ++ FPE_INTOVF = 1, /* Integer overflow. */ ++# define FPE_INTOVF FPE_INTOVF ++ FPE_INTDIV, /* Integer divide by zero. */ ++# define FPE_INTDIV FPE_INTDIV ++ FPE_FLTDIV, /* Floating point divide by zero. */ ++# define FPE_FLTDIV FPE_FLTDIV ++ FPE_FLTOVF, /* Floating point overflow. */ ++# define FPE_FLTOVF FPE_FLTOVF ++ FPE_FLTUND, /* Floating point underflow. */ ++# define FPE_FLTUND FPE_FLTUND ++ FPE_FLTRES, /* Floating point inexact result. */ ++# define FPE_FLTRES FPE_FLTRES ++ FPE_FLTINV, /* Floating point invalid operation. */ ++# define FPE_FLTINV FPE_FLTINV ++ FPE_FLTSUB /* Subscript out of range. */ ++# define FPE_FLTSUB FPE_FLTSUB ++}; ++ ++/* `si_code' values for SIGSEGV signal. */ ++enum ++{ ++ SEGV_MAPERR = 1, /* Address not mapped to object. */ ++# define SEGV_MAPERR SEGV_MAPERR ++ SEGV_ACCERR /* Invalid permissions for mapped object. */ ++# define SEGV_ACCERR SEGV_ACCERR ++}; ++ ++/* `si_code' values for SIGBUS signal. */ ++enum ++{ ++ BUS_ADRALN = 1, /* Invalid address alignment. */ ++# define BUS_ADRALN BUS_ADRALN ++ BUS_ADRERR, /* Non-existant physical address. */ ++# define BUS_ADRERR BUS_ADRERR ++ BUS_OBJERR /* Object specific hardware error. */ ++# define BUS_OBJERR BUS_OBJERR ++}; ++ ++/* `si_code' values for SIGTRAP signal. */ ++enum ++{ ++ TRAP_BRKPT = 1, /* Process breakpoint. */ ++# define TRAP_BRKPT TRAP_BRKPT ++ TRAP_TRACE /* Process trace trap. */ ++# define TRAP_TRACE TRAP_TRACE ++}; ++ ++/* `si_code' values for SIGCHLD signal. */ ++/* XXX These are only used by the waitid() function, not by the kernel. */ ++enum ++{ ++ CLD_EXITED = 1, /* Child has exited. */ ++# define CLD_EXITED CLD_EXITED ++ CLD_KILLED, /* Child was killed. */ ++# define CLD_KILLED CLD_KILLED ++ CLD_DUMPED, /* Child terminated abnormally. */ ++# define CLD_DUMPED CLD_DUMPED ++ CLD_TRAPPED, /* Traced child has trapped. */ ++# define CLD_TRAPPED CLD_TRAPPED ++ CLD_STOPPED, /* Child has stopped. */ ++# define CLD_STOPPED CLD_STOPPED ++ CLD_CONTINUED /* Stopped child has continued. */ ++# define CLD_CONTINUED CLD_CONTINUED ++}; ++ ++/* `si_code' values for SIGPOLL signal. */ ++enum ++{ ++ POLL_IN = 1, /* Data input available. */ ++# define POLL_IN POLL_IN ++ POLL_OUT, /* Output buffers available. */ ++# define POLL_OUT POLL_OUT ++ POLL_MSG, /* Input message available. */ ++# define POLL_MSG POLL_MSG ++ POLL_ERR, /* I/O error. */ ++# define POLL_ERR POLL_ERR ++ POLL_PRI, /* High priority input available. */ ++# define POLL_PRI POLL_PRI ++ POLL_HUP /* Device disconnected. */ ++# define POLL_HUP POLL_HUP ++}; ++ ++# undef __need_siginfo_t ++#endif /* !have siginfo_t && (have _SIGNAL_H || need siginfo_t). */ ++ ++ ++#if (defined _SIGNAL_H || defined __need_sigevent_t) \ ++ && !defined __have_sigevent_t ++# define __have_sigevent_t 1 ++ ++/* Structure to transport application-defined values with signals. */ ++ ++typedef struct sigevent ++ { ++ int sigev_notify; ++ int sigev_signo; ++ sigval_t sigev_value; ++ /* Not yet supported by the kernel. */ ++ void (*sigev_notify_function) (sigval_t); /* Function to start. */ ++ void *sigev_notify_attributes; /* Really pthread_attr_t. */ ++ } sigevent_t; ++ ++/* `sigev_notify' values. */ ++enum ++{ ++ SIGEV_SIGNAL = 1, /* Notify via signal. */ ++# define SIGEV_SIGNAL SIGEV_SIGNAL ++ SIGEV_NONE = 0, /* Other notification: meaningless. */ ++# define SIGEV_NONE SIGEV_NONE ++ /* Not yet supported by the kernel. */ ++ SIGEV_THREAD = 2 /* Deliver via thread creation. */ ++# define SIGEV_THREAD SIGEV_THREAD ++}; ++ ++#endif /* have _SIGNAL_H. */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/signum.h +@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ ++/* Signal number definitions. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 1991-1993, 1996, 1998, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifdef _SIGNAL_H ++ ++/* This file defines the fake signal functions and signal ++ number constants for 4.2 or 4.3 BSD-derived Unix system. */ ++ ++/* Fake signal functions. */ ++#define SIG_ERR ((__sighandler_t) -1) /* Error return. */ ++#define SIG_DFL ((__sighandler_t) 0) /* Default action. */ ++#define SIG_IGN ((__sighandler_t) 1) /* Ignore signal. */ ++ ++#define SIG_CATCH ((__sighandler_t) 2) /* FreeBSD specific ? */ ++#define SIG_HOLD ((__sighandler_t) 3) /* Add signal to hold mask. */ ++ ++/* Signals. */ ++#define SIGHUP 1 /* Hangup (POSIX). */ ++#define SIGINT 2 /* Interrupt (ANSI). */ ++#define SIGQUIT 3 /* Quit (POSIX). */ ++#define SIGILL 4 /* Illegal instruction (ANSI). */ ++#define SIGABRT SIGIOT /* Abort (ANSI). */ ++#define SIGTRAP 5 /* Trace trap (POSIX). */ ++#define SIGIOT 6 /* IOT trap (4.2 BSD). */ ++#define SIGEMT 7 /* EMT trap (4.2 BSD). */ ++#define SIGFPE 8 /* Floating-point exception (ANSI). */ ++#define SIGKILL 9 /* Kill, unblockable (POSIX). */ ++#define SIGBUS 10 /* Bus error (4.2 BSD). */ ++#define SIGSEGV 11 /* Segmentation violation (ANSI). */ ++#define SIGSYS 12 /* Bad argument to system call (4.2 BSD). */ ++#define SIGPIPE 13 /* Broken pipe (POSIX). */ ++#define SIGALRM 14 /* Alarm clock (POSIX). */ ++#define SIGTERM 15 /* Termination (ANSI). */ ++#define SIGURG 16 /* Urgent condition on socket (4.2 BSD). */ ++#define SIGSTOP 17 /* Stop, unblockable (POSIX). */ ++#define SIGTSTP 18 /* Keyboard stop (POSIX). */ ++#define SIGCONT 19 /* Continue (POSIX). */ ++#define SIGCHLD 20 /* Child status has changed (POSIX). */ ++#define SIGCLD SIGCHLD /* Same as SIGCHLD (System V). */ ++#define SIGTTIN 21 /* Background read from tty (POSIX). */ ++#define SIGTTOU 22 /* Background write to tty (POSIX). */ ++#define SIGIO 23 /* I/O now possible (4.2 BSD). */ ++#define SIGPOLL SIGIO /* Pollable event occurred (System V). */ ++#define SIGXCPU 24 /* CPU limit exceeded (4.2 BSD). */ ++#define SIGXFSZ 25 /* File size limit exceeded (4.2 BSD). */ ++#define SIGVTALRM 26 /* Virtual alarm clock (4.2 BSD). */ ++#define SIGPROF 27 /* Profiling alarm clock (4.2 BSD). */ ++#define SIGWINCH 28 /* Window size change (4.3 BSD, Sun). */ ++#define SIGINFO 29 /* Information request (4.4 BSD). */ ++#define SIGUSR1 30 /* User-defined signal 1 (POSIX). */ ++#define SIGUSR2 31 /* User-defined signal 2 (POSIX). */ ++ ++#define _NSIG 129 /* Biggest signal number + 1 ++ (including real-time signals). */ ++ ++#define SIGRTMIN (__libc_current_sigrtmin ()) ++#define SIGRTMAX (__libc_current_sigrtmax ()) ++ ++/* These are the hard limits of the kernel. These values should not be ++ used directly at user level. */ ++#define __SIGRTMIN 65 /* be in sync with FreeBSD kernel */ ++#define __SIGRTMAX 126 /* be in sync with FreeBSD kernel */ ++ ++#endif /* included. */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/sigset.h +@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ ++/* __sig_atomic_t, __sigset_t, and related definitions. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 1994-1996, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SIGSET_H_types ++# define _SIGSET_H_types 1 ++ ++typedef int __sig_atomic_t; ++ ++/* A `sigset_t' has a bit for each signal. */ ++__extension__ typedef struct ++ { ++ __extension__ union ++ { ++ unsigned int __sigbits[4]; ++ unsigned int __bits[4]; ++ }; ++ } __sigset_t; ++ ++#endif ++ ++ ++/* We only want to define these functions if was actually ++ included; otherwise we were included just to define the types. Since we ++ are namespace-clean, it wouldn't hurt to define extra macros. But ++ trouble can be caused by functions being defined (e.g., any global ++ register vars declared later will cause compilation errors). */ ++ ++#if !defined _SIGSET_H_fns && defined _SIGNAL_H ++# define _SIGSET_H_fns 1 ++ ++# ifndef _EXTERN_INLINE ++# define _EXTERN_INLINE __extern_inline ++# endif ++ ++/* Return a mask that includes the bit for SIG only. */ ++# define __sigmask(sig) ((unsigned int) 1 << ((sig) - 1) % 32) ++ ++/* Return the word index for SIG. */ ++# define __sigword(sig) (((sig) - 1) >> 5) ++ ++# if defined __GNUC__ && __GNUC__ >= 2 ++# define __sigemptyset(set) \ ++ (__extension__ ({ sigset_t *__set = (set); \ ++ __set->__sigbits[0] = 0; __set->__sigbits[1] = 0; \ ++ __set->__sigbits[2] = 0; __set->__sigbits[3] = 0; \ ++ 0; })) ++# define __sigfillset(set) \ ++ (__extension__ ({ sigset_t *__set = (set); \ ++ __set->__sigbits[0] = ~0; __set->__sigbits[1] = ~0; \ ++ __set->__sigbits[2] = ~0; __set->__sigbits[3] = ~0; \ ++ 0; })) ++ ++# ifdef __USE_GNU ++/* The POSIX does not specify for handling the whole signal set in one ++ command. This is often wanted and so we define three more functions ++ here. */ ++# define __sigisemptyset(set) \ ++ (__extension__ ({ const sigset_t *__set = (set); \ ++ __set->__sigbits[0] == 0 \ ++ && __set->__sigbits[1] == 0 \ ++ && __set->__sigbits[2] == 0 \ ++ && __set->__sigbits[3] == 0; })) ++# define __sigandset(dest, left, right) \ ++ (__extension__ ({ sigset_t *__dest = (dest); \ ++ const sigset_t *__left = (left); \ ++ const sigset_t *__right = (right); \ ++ __dest->__sigbits[0] = \ ++ __left->__sigbits[0] & __right->__sigbits[0]; \ ++ __dest->__sigbits[1] = \ ++ __left->__sigbits[1] & __right->__sigbits[1]; \ ++ __dest->__sigbits[2] = \ ++ __left->__sigbits[2] & __right->__sigbits[2]; \ ++ __dest->__sigbits[3] = \ ++ __left->__sigbits[3] & __right->__sigbits[3]; \ ++ 0; })) ++# define __sigorset(dest, left, right) \ ++ (__extension__ ({ sigset_t *__dest = (dest); \ ++ const sigset_t *__left = (left); \ ++ const sigset_t *__right = (right); \ ++ __dest->__sigbits[0] = \ ++ __left->__sigbits[0] | __right->__sigbits[0]; \ ++ __dest->__sigbits[1] = \ ++ __left->__sigbits[1] | __right->__sigbits[1]; \ ++ __dest->__sigbits[2] = \ ++ __left->__sigbits[2] | __right->__sigbits[2]; \ ++ __dest->__sigbits[3] = \ ++ __left->__sigbits[3] | __right->__sigbits[3]; \ ++ 0; })) ++# endif ++# endif ++ ++/* These functions needn't check for a bogus signal number -- error ++ checking is done in the non __ versions. */ ++ ++extern int __sigismember (__const __sigset_t *, int); ++extern int __sigaddset (__sigset_t *, int); ++extern int __sigdelset (__sigset_t *, int); ++ ++# ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES ++ ++_EXTERN_INLINE int ++__sigismember (__const __sigset_t *__set, int __sig) ++{ ++ return (__set->__sigbits[__sigword (__sig)] & __sigmask (__sig) ? 1 : 0); ++} ++ ++_EXTERN_INLINE int ++__sigaddset (__sigset_t *__set, int __sig) ++{ ++ __set->__sigbits[__sigword (__sig)] |= __sigmask (__sig); ++ return 0; ++} ++ ++_EXTERN_INLINE int ++__sigdelset (__sigset_t *__set, int __sig) ++{ ++ __set->__sigbits[__sigword (__sig)] &= ~__sigmask (__sig); ++ return 0; ++} ++ ++# endif ++ ++ ++#endif /* ! _SIGSET_H_fns. */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/socket.h +@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@ ++/* System-specific socket constants and types. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 1991-1992,1994-1999,2000-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef __BITS_SOCKET_H ++#define __BITS_SOCKET_H 1 ++ ++#if !defined _SYS_SOCKET_H && !defined _NETINET_IN_H ++# error "Never include directly; use instead." ++#endif ++ ++#define __need_size_t ++#define __need_NULL ++#include ++ ++#include /* XXX Is this allowed? */ ++#include ++ ++/* Type for length arguments in socket calls. */ ++#ifndef __socklen_t_defined ++typedef __socklen_t socklen_t; ++# define __socklen_t_defined ++#endif ++ ++ ++/* Types of sockets. */ ++enum __socket_type ++{ ++ SOCK_STREAM = 1, /* Sequenced, reliable, connection-based ++ byte streams. */ ++#define SOCK_STREAM SOCK_STREAM ++ SOCK_DGRAM = 2, /* Connectionless, unreliable datagrams ++ of fixed maximum length. */ ++#define SOCK_DGRAM SOCK_DGRAM ++ SOCK_RAW = 3, /* Raw protocol interface. */ ++#define SOCK_RAW SOCK_RAW ++ SOCK_RDM = 4, /* Reliably-delivered messages. */ ++#define SOCK_RDM SOCK_RDM ++ SOCK_SEQPACKET = 5 /* Sequenced, reliable, connection-based, ++ datagrams of fixed maximum length. */ ++#define SOCK_SEQPACKET SOCK_SEQPACKET ++}; ++ ++/* Protocol families. */ ++#define PF_UNSPEC 0 /* Unspecified. */ ++#define PF_LOCAL 1 /* Local to host (pipes and file-domain). */ ++#define PF_UNIX PF_LOCAL /* Old BSD name for PF_LOCAL. */ ++#define PF_FILE PF_LOCAL /* POSIX name for PF_LOCAL. */ ++#define PF_INET 2 /* IP protocol family. */ ++#define PF_IMPLINK 3 /* ARPAnet IMP protocol. */ ++#define PF_PUP 4 /* PUP protocols. */ ++#define PF_CHAOS 5 /* MIT Chaos protocols. */ ++#define PF_NS 6 /* Xerox NS protocols. */ ++#define PF_ISO 7 /* ISO protocols. */ ++#define PF_OSI PF_ISO ++#define PF_ECMA 8 /* ECMA protocols. */ ++#define PF_DATAKIT 9 /* AT&T Datakit protocols. */ ++#define PF_CCITT 10 /* CCITT protocols (X.25 et al). */ ++#define PF_SNA 11 /* IBM SNA protocol. */ ++#define PF_DECnet 12 /* DECnet protocols. */ ++#define PF_DLI 13 /* Direct data link interface. */ ++#define PF_LAT 14 /* DEC Local Area Transport protocol. */ ++#define PF_HYLINK 15 /* NSC Hyperchannel protocol. */ ++#define PF_APPLETALK 16 /* Don't use this. */ ++#define PF_ROUTE 17 /* Internal Routing Protocol. */ ++#define PF_LINK 18 /* Link layer interface. */ ++#define PF_XTP 19 /* eXpress Transfer Protocol (no AF). */ ++#define PF_COIP 20 /* Connection-oriented IP, aka ST II. */ ++#define PF_CNT 21 /* Computer Network Technology. */ ++#define PF_RTIP 22 /* Help Identify RTIP packets. **/ ++#define PF_IPX 23 /* Novell Internet Protocol. */ ++#define PF_SIP 24 /* Simple Internet Protocol. */ ++#define PF_PIP 25 /* Help Identify PIP packets. */ ++#define PF_ISDN 26 /* Integrated Services Digital Network. */ ++#define PF_KEY 27 /* Internal key-management function. */ ++#define PF_INET6 28 /* IP version 6. */ ++#define PF_NATM 29 /* Native ATM access. */ ++#define PF_ATM 30 /* ATM. */ ++#define PF_HDRCMPLT 31 /* Used by BPF to not rewrite headers in ++ interface output routine. */ ++#define PF_NETGRAPH 32 /* Netgraph sockets. */ ++#define PF_MAX 33 ++ ++/* Address families. */ ++#define AF_UNSPEC PF_UNSPEC ++#define AF_LOCAL PF_LOCAL ++#define AF_UNIX PF_UNIX ++#define AF_FILE PF_FILE ++#define AF_INET PF_INET ++#define AF_IMPLINK PF_IMPLINK ++#define AF_PUP PF_PUP ++#define AF_CHAOS PF_CHAOS ++#define AF_NS PF_NS ++#define AF_ISO PF_ISO ++#define AF_OSI PF_OSI ++#define AF_ECMA PF_ECMA ++#define AF_DATAKIT PF_DATAKIT ++#define AF_CCITT PF_CCITT ++#define AF_SNA PF_SNA ++#define AF_DECnet PF_DECnet ++#define AF_DLI PF_DLI ++#define AF_LAT PF_LAT ++#define AF_HYLINK PF_HYLINK ++#define AF_APPLETALK PF_APPLETALK ++#define AF_ROUTE PF_ROUTE ++#define AF_LINK PF_LINK ++#define pseudo_AF_XTP PF_XTP ++#define AF_COIP PF_COIP ++#define AF_CNT PF_CNT ++#define pseudo_AF_RTIP PF_RTIP ++#define AF_IPX PF_IPX ++#define AF_SIP PF_SIP ++#define pseudo_AF_PIP PF_PIP ++#define AF_ISDN PF_ISDN ++#define AF_E164 AF_ISDN /* CCITT E.164 recommendation. */ ++#define pseudo_AF_KEY PF_KEY ++#define AF_INET6 PF_INET6 ++#define AF_NATM PF_NATM ++#define AF_ATM PF_ATM ++#define pseudo_AF_HDRCMPLT PF_HDRCMPLT ++#define AF_NETGRAPH PF_NETGRAPH ++#define AF_MAX PF_MAX ++ ++/* Maximum queue length specifiable by listen. */ ++#define SOMAXCONN 128 /* 5 on the original 4.4 BSD. */ ++ ++/* Get the definition of the macro to define the common sockaddr members. */ ++#include ++ ++/* Structure describing a generic socket address. */ ++struct sockaddr ++ { ++ __SOCKADDR_COMMON (sa_); /* Common data: address family and length. */ ++ char sa_data[14]; /* Address data. */ ++ }; ++ ++ ++/* Structure large enough to hold any socket address (with the historical ++ exception of AF_UNIX). We reserve 128 bytes. */ ++#if ULONG_MAX > 0xffffffff ++# define __ss_aligntype __uint64_t ++#else ++# define __ss_aligntype __uint32_t ++#endif ++#define _SS_SIZE 128 ++#define _SS_PADSIZE (_SS_SIZE - (2 * sizeof (__ss_aligntype))) ++ ++struct sockaddr_storage ++ { ++ __SOCKADDR_COMMON (ss_); /* Address family, etc. */ ++ __ss_aligntype __ss_align; /* Force desired alignment. */ ++ char __ss_padding[_SS_PADSIZE]; ++ }; ++ ++ ++/* Bits in the FLAGS argument to `send', `recv', et al. */ ++enum ++ { ++ MSG_OOB = 0x01, /* Process out-of-band data. */ ++#define MSG_OOB MSG_OOB ++ MSG_PEEK = 0x02, /* Peek at incoming messages. */ ++#define MSG_PEEK MSG_PEEK ++ MSG_DONTROUTE = 0x04, /* Don't use local routing. */ ++#define MSG_DONTROUTE MSG_DONTROUTE ++ MSG_EOR = 0x08, /* Data completes record. */ ++#define MSG_EOR MSG_EOR ++ MSG_TRUNC = 0x10, /* Data discarded before delivery. */ ++#define MSG_TRUNC MSG_TRUNC ++ MSG_CTRUNC = 0x20, /* Control data lost before delivery. */ ++#define MSG_CTRUNC MSG_CTRUNC ++ MSG_WAITALL = 0x40, /* Wait for full request or error. */ ++#define MSG_WAITALL MSG_WAITALL ++ MSG_DONTWAIT = 0x80, /* This message should be nonblocking. */ ++#define MSG_DONTWAIT MSG_DONTWAIT ++ MSG_EOF = 0x100, /* Data completes connection. */ ++#define MSG_EOF MSG_EOF ++ MSG_NOTIFICATION = 0x2000,/* SCTP notification */ ++#define MSG_NOTIFICATION MSG_NOTIFICATION ++ MSG_NBIO = 0x4000,/*FIONBIO mode, used by fifofs */ ++#define MSG_NBIO MSG_NBIO ++ MSG_COMPAT = 0x8000,/* Used in sendit(). */ ++#define MSG_COMPAT MSG_COMPAT ++ MSG_NOSIGNAL = 0x20000 /* do not generate SIGPIPE on EOF */ ++#define MSG_NOSIGNAL MSG_NOSIGNAL ++ }; ++ ++ ++/* Structure describing messages sent by ++ `sendmsg' and received by `recvmsg'. */ ++struct msghdr ++ { ++ void *msg_name; /* Address to send to/receive from. */ ++ socklen_t msg_namelen; /* Length of address data. */ ++ ++ struct iovec *msg_iov; /* Vector of data to send/receive into. */ ++ int msg_iovlen; /* Number of elements in the vector. */ ++ ++ void *msg_control; /* Ancillary data (eg BSD filedesc passing). */ ++ socklen_t msg_controllen; /* Ancillary data buffer length. */ ++ ++ int msg_flags; /* Flags in received message. */ ++ }; ++ ++/* Structure used for storage of ancillary data object information. */ ++struct cmsghdr ++ { ++ socklen_t cmsg_len; /* Length of data in cmsg_data plus length ++ of cmsghdr structure. */ ++ int cmsg_level; /* Originating protocol. */ ++ int cmsg_type; /* Protocol specific type. */ ++#if (!defined __STRICT_ANSI__ && __GNUC__ >= 2) || __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L ++ __extension__ unsigned char __cmsg_data __flexarr __attribute__ ((aligned (__alignof__(size_t)))); /* Ancillary data. */ ++#endif ++ }; ++ ++#define CMSG_NXTHDR(mhdr, cmsg) __cmsg_nxthdr (mhdr, cmsg) ++ ++#define CMSG_FIRSTHDR(mhdr) \ ++ ((size_t) (mhdr)->msg_controllen >= sizeof (struct cmsghdr) \ ++ ? (struct cmsghdr *) (mhdr)->msg_control : (struct cmsghdr *) NULL) ++ ++#define CMSG_ALIGN(len) (((len) + sizeof (size_t) - 1) \ ++ & (size_t) ~(sizeof (size_t) - 1)) ++#define CMSG_SPACE(len) (CMSG_ALIGN (len) \ ++ + CMSG_ALIGN (sizeof (struct cmsghdr))) ++#define CMSG_LEN(len) (CMSG_ALIGN (sizeof (struct cmsghdr)) + (len)) ++ ++/* Ancillary data object manipulation macros. */ ++#if (!defined __STRICT_ANSI__ && __GNUC__ >= 2) || __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L ++# define CMSG_DATA(cmsg) ((cmsg)->__cmsg_data) ++#else ++# define CMSG_DATA(cmsg) ((unsigned char *) (cmsg) + CMSG_ALIGN(sizeof (struct cmsghdr))) ++#endif ++ ++extern struct cmsghdr *__cmsg_nxthdr (struct msghdr *__mhdr, ++ struct cmsghdr *__cmsg) __THROW; ++#ifdef __USE_EXTERN_INLINES ++# ifndef _EXTERN_INLINE ++# define _EXTERN_INLINE __extern_inline ++# endif ++_EXTERN_INLINE struct cmsghdr * ++__NTH (__cmsg_nxthdr (struct msghdr *__mhdr, struct cmsghdr *__cmsg)) ++{ ++ if ((size_t) __cmsg->cmsg_len < sizeof (struct cmsghdr)) ++ /* The kernel header does this so there may be a reason. */ ++ return 0; ++ ++ __cmsg = (struct cmsghdr *) ((unsigned char *) __cmsg ++ + CMSG_ALIGN (__cmsg->cmsg_len)); ++ if ((unsigned char *) (__cmsg + 1) > ((unsigned char *) __mhdr->msg_control ++ + __mhdr->msg_controllen) ++ || ((unsigned char *) __cmsg + CMSG_ALIGN (__cmsg->cmsg_len) ++ > ((unsigned char *) __mhdr->msg_control + __mhdr->msg_controllen))) ++ /* No more entries. */ ++ return 0; ++ return __cmsg; ++} ++#endif /* Use `extern inline'. */ ++ ++/* Socket level message types. */ ++enum ++ { ++ SCM_RIGHTS = 0x01, /* Access rights (array of int). */ ++#define SCM_RIGHTS SCM_RIGHTS ++ SCM_TIMESTAMP = 0x02, /* Timestamp (struct timeval). */ ++#define SCM_TIMESTAMP SCM_TIMESTAMP ++ SCM_CREDS = 0x03 /* Process creds (struct cmsgcred). */ ++#define SCM_CREDS SCM_CREDS ++ }; ++ ++/* Unfortunately, BSD practice dictates this structure be of fixed size. ++ If there are more than CMGROUP_MAX groups, the list is truncated. ++ (On GNU systems, the `cmcred_euid' field is just the first in the ++ list of effective UIDs.) */ ++#define CMGROUP_MAX 16 ++ ++/* Structure delivered by SCM_CREDS. This describes the identity of the ++ sender of the data simultaneously received on the socket. By BSD ++ convention, this is included only when a sender on a AF_LOCAL socket ++ sends cmsg data of this type and size; the sender's structure is ++ ignored, and the system fills in the various IDs of the sender process. */ ++struct cmsgcred ++ { ++ __pid_t cmcred_pid; ++ __uid_t cmcred_uid; ++ __uid_t cmcred_euid; ++ __gid_t cmcred_gid; ++ short cmcred_ngroups; ++ __gid_t cmcred_groups[CMGROUP_MAX]; ++ }; ++ ++/* Protocol number used to manipulate socket-level options ++ with `getsockopt' and `setsockopt'. */ ++#define SOL_SOCKET 0xffff ++ ++/* Socket-level options for `getsockopt' and `setsockopt'. */ ++enum ++ { ++ SO_DEBUG = 0x0001, /* Record debugging information. */ ++#define SO_DEBUG SO_DEBUG ++ SO_ACCEPTCONN = 0x0002, /* Accept connections on socket. */ ++#define SO_ACCEPTCONN SO_ACCEPTCONN ++ SO_REUSEADDR = 0x0004, /* Allow reuse of local addresses. */ ++#define SO_REUSEADDR SO_REUSEADDR ++ SO_KEEPALIVE = 0x0008, /* Keep connections alive and send ++ SIGPIPE when they die. */ ++#define SO_KEEPALIVE SO_KEEPALIVE ++ SO_DONTROUTE = 0x0010, /* Don't do local routing. */ ++#define SO_DONTROUTE SO_DONTROUTE ++ SO_BROADCAST = 0x0020, /* Allow transmission of ++ broadcast messages. */ ++#define SO_BROADCAST SO_BROADCAST ++ SO_USELOOPBACK = 0x0040, /* Use the software loopback to avoid ++ hardware use when possible. */ ++#define SO_USELOOPBACK SO_USELOOPBACK ++ SO_LINGER = 0x0080, /* Block on close of a reliable ++ socket to transmit pending data. */ ++#define SO_LINGER SO_LINGER ++ SO_OOBINLINE = 0x0100, /* Receive out-of-band data in-band. */ ++#define SO_OOBINLINE SO_OOBINLINE ++ SO_REUSEPORT = 0x0200, /* Allow local address and port reuse. */ ++#define SO_REUSEPORT SO_REUSEPORT ++ SO_TIMESTAMP = 0x0400, /* Timestamp received dgram traffic. */ ++#define SO_TIMESTAMP SO_TIMESTAMP ++ SO_SNDBUF = 0x1001, /* Send buffer size. */ ++#define SO_SNDBUF SO_SNDBUF ++ SO_RCVBUF = 0x1002, /* Receive buffer. */ ++#define SO_RCVBUF SO_RCVBUF ++ SO_SNDLOWAT = 0x1003, /* Send low-water mark. */ ++#define SO_SNDLOWAT SO_SNDLOWAT ++ SO_RCVLOWAT = 0x1004, /* Receive low-water mark. */ ++#define SO_RCVLOWAT SO_RCVLOWAT ++ SO_SNDTIMEO = 0x1005, /* Send timeout. */ ++#define SO_SNDTIMEO SO_SNDTIMEO ++ SO_RCVTIMEO = 0x1006, /* Receive timeout. */ ++#define SO_RCVTIMEO SO_RCVTIMEO ++ SO_ERROR = 0x1007, /* Get and clear error status. */ ++#define SO_ERROR SO_ERROR ++ SO_STYLE = 0x1008, /* Get socket connection style. */ ++#define SO_STYLE SO_STYLE ++ SO_TYPE = SO_STYLE /* Compatible name for SO_STYLE. */ ++#define SO_TYPE SO_TYPE ++ }; ++ ++/* Socket options. */ ++#define LOCAL_PEERCRED 0x001 /* retrieve peer credentials */ ++#define LOCAL_CREDS 0x002 /* pass credentials to receiver */ ++#define LOCAL_CONNWAIT 0x004 /* connects block until accepted */ ++ ++/* Structure used to manipulate the SO_LINGER option. */ ++struct linger ++ { ++ int l_onoff; /* Nonzero to linger on close. */ ++ int l_linger; /* Time to linger. */ ++ }; ++ ++ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++ ++struct sf_hdtr; ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++extern int bsd_sendfile (int __in_fd, int __out_sock, ++ __off_t __in_offset, size_t __nbytes, ++ struct sf_hdtr *__hdtr, __off_t *__sockbytes, ++ int __flags) __THROW; ++ ++__END_DECLS ++ ++#endif /* Use BSD */ ++ ++#endif /* bits/socket.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/stat.h +@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1992, 1996-1997, 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_STAT_H ++# error "Never include directly; use instead." ++#endif ++ ++/* This structure needs to be defined in accordance with the ++ implementation of __stat, __fstat, and __lstat. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++/* Versions of the 'struct stat' data structure. */ ++#define _STAT_VER_ostat 0 /* 'struct ostat' in /usr/src/sys/sys/stat.h */ ++#define _STAT_VER_stat 1 /* 'struct stat' in /usr/src/sys/sys/stat.h */ ++#define _STAT_VER_nstat 2 /* 'struct nstat' in /usr/src/sys/sys/stat.h */ ++#define _STAT_VER_gstat 3 /* glibc's 'struct stat' without LFS */ ++/* By default we use _STAT_VER_gstat, but we support also _STAT_VER_stat */ ++#define _STAT_VER _STAT_VER_gstat ++ ++/* Structure describing file characteristics. */ ++struct stat ++ { ++ __dev_t st_dev; /* Device containing the file. */ ++#ifndef __USE_FILE_OFFSET64 ++ __ino_t st_ino; /* File serial number. */ ++#else ++ __ino64_t st_ino; /* File serial number. */ ++#endif ++ ++ __uint32_t st_mode; /* File mode. */ ++ __uint32_t st_nlink; /* Link count. */ ++ ++ __uid_t st_uid; /* User ID of the file's owner. */ ++ __gid_t st_gid; /* Group ID of the file's group. */ ++ ++ __dev_t st_rdev; /* Device number, if device. */ ++ ++#ifdef __USE_MISC ++ /* Nanosecond resolution timestamps are stored in a format ++ equivalent to 'struct timespec'. This is the type used ++ whenever possible but the Unix namespace rules do not allow the ++ identifier 'timespec' to appear in the header. ++ Therefore we have to handle the use of this header in strictly ++ standard-compliant sources special. */ ++ struct timespec st_atim; /* Time of last access. */ ++ struct timespec st_mtim; /* Time of last modification. */ ++ struct timespec st_ctim; /* Time of last status change. */ ++# define st_atime st_atim.tv_sec /* Backward compatibility. */ ++# define st_mtime st_mtim.tv_sec ++# define st_ctime st_ctim.tv_sec ++#else ++ __time_t st_atime; /* Time of last access. */ ++ long int st_atimensec; /* Nanoseconds of last access. */ ++ __time_t st_mtime; /* Time of last modification. */ ++ long int st_mtimensec; /* Nanoseconds of last modification. */ ++ __time_t st_ctime; /* Time of last status change. */ ++ long int st_ctimensec; /* Nanoseconds of last status change. */ ++#endif ++ ++ __off_t st_size; /* Size of file, in bytes. */ ++ ++ __blkcnt_t st_blocks; /* Number of 512-byte blocks allocated. */ ++ ++ __blksize_t st_blksize; /* Optimal block size for I/O. */ ++#define _STATBUF_ST_BLKSIZE /* Tell code we have this member. */ ++ ++ __uint32_t st_flags; /* User defined flags. */ ++ ++ __uint32_t st_gen; /* Generation number. */ ++ ++ __quad_t __unused1[2]; ++ }; ++ ++#ifdef __USE_LARGEFILE64 ++struct stat64 ++ { ++ __dev_t st_dev; /* Device containing the file. */ ++ __ino64_t st_ino; /* File serial number. */ ++ ++ __uint32_t st_mode; /* File mode. */ ++ __uint32_t st_nlink; /* Link count. */ ++ ++ __uid_t st_uid; /* User ID of the file's owner. */ ++ __gid_t st_gid; /* Group ID of the file's group. */ ++ ++ __dev_t st_rdev; /* Device number, if device. */ ++ ++#ifdef __USE_MISC ++ /* Nanosecond resolution timestamps are stored in a format ++ equivalent to 'struct timespec'. This is the type used ++ whenever possible but the Unix namespace rules do not allow the ++ identifier 'timespec' to appear in the header. ++ Therefore we have to handle the use of this header in strictly ++ standard-compliant sources special. */ ++ struct timespec st_atim; /* Time of last access. */ ++ struct timespec st_mtim; /* Time of last modification. */ ++ struct timespec st_ctim; /* Time of last status change. */ ++# define st_atime st_atim.tv_sec /* Backward compatibility. */ ++# define st_mtime st_mtim.tv_sec ++# define st_ctime st_ctim.tv_sec ++#else ++ __time_t st_atime; /* Time of last access. */ ++ long int st_atimensec; /* Nanoseconds of last access. */ ++ __time_t st_mtime; /* Time of last modification. */ ++ long int st_mtimensec; /* Nanoseconds of last modification. */ ++ __time_t st_ctime; /* Time of last status change. */ ++ long int st_ctimensec; /* Nanoseconds of last status change. */ ++#endif ++ ++ __off_t st_size; /* Size of file, in bytes. */ ++ ++ __blkcnt_t st_blocks; /* Number of 512-byte blocks allocated. */ ++ ++ __blksize_t st_blksize; /* Optimal block size for I/O. */ ++ ++ __uint32_t st_flags; /* User defined flags. */ ++ ++ __uint32_t st_gen; /* Generation number. */ ++ ++ __quad_t __unused1[2]; ++ }; ++#endif ++ ++/* Encoding of the file mode. These are the standard Unix values, ++ but POSIX.1 does not specify what values should be used. */ ++ ++#define __S_IFMT 0170000 /* These bits determine file type. */ ++ ++/* File types. */ ++#define __S_IFDIR 0040000 /* Directory. */ ++#define __S_IFCHR 0020000 /* Character device. */ ++#define __S_IFBLK 0060000 /* Block device. */ ++#define __S_IFREG 0100000 /* Regular file. */ ++#define __S_IFLNK 0120000 /* Symbolic link. */ ++#define __S_IFSOCK 0140000 /* Socket. */ ++#define __S_IFWHT 0160000 /* Whiteout. */ ++#define __S_IFIFO 0010000 /* FIFO. */ ++ ++/* POSIX.1b objects. */ ++#define __S_TYPEISMQ(buf) 0 ++#define __S_TYPEISSEM(buf) 0 ++#define __S_TYPEISSHM(buf) 0 ++ ++/* Protection bits. */ ++ ++#define __S_ISUID 04000 /* Set user ID on execution. */ ++#define __S_ISGID 02000 /* Set group ID on execution. */ ++#define __S_ISVTX 01000 /* Save swapped text after use (sticky). */ ++#define __S_IREAD 0400 /* Read by owner. */ ++#define __S_IWRITE 0200 /* Write by owner. */ ++#define __S_IEXEC 0100 /* Execute by owner. */ ++ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++ ++/* Definitions of flags stored in file flags word. */ ++ ++/* Super-user and owner changeable flags. */ ++# define UF_SETTABLE 0x0000ffff /* mask of owner changeable flags */ ++# define UF_NODUMP 0x00000001 /* do not dump file */ ++# define UF_IMMUTABLE 0x00000002 /* file may not be changed */ ++# define UF_APPEND 0x00000004 /* writes to file may only append */ ++# define UF_OPAQUE 0x00000008 /* directory is opaque wrt. union */ ++# define UF_NOUNLINK 0x00000010 /* file may not be removed or renamed */ ++ ++/* Super-user changeable flags. */ ++# define SF_SETTABLE 0xffff0000 /* mask of superuser changeable flags */ ++# define SF_ARCHIVED 0x00010000 /* file is archived */ ++# define SF_IMMUTABLE 0x00020000 /* file may not be changed */ ++# define SF_APPEND 0x00040000 /* writes to file may only append */ ++# define SF_NOUNLINK 0x00100000 /* file may not be removed or renamed */ ++# define SF_SNAPSHOT 0x00200000 /* snapshot inode */ ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++/* Set file flags for FILE to FLAGS. */ ++extern int chflags (__const char *__file, unsigned long int __flags) __THROW; ++ ++/* Set file flags of the file referred to by FD to FLAGS. */ ++extern int fchflags (int __fd, unsigned long int __flags) __THROW; ++ ++__END_DECLS ++ ++#endif /* __USE_BSD */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/stat16.h +@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* This structure corresponds to the standard FreeBSD 'struct stat' ++ (i.e. _STAT_VER_stat), and is used by the stat() system call family. */ ++ ++struct stat16 ++ { ++ __dev_t st_dev; /* Device containing the file. */ ++ __ino_t st_ino; /* File serial number. */ ++ ++ __uint16_t st_mode; /* File mode. */ ++ __uint16_t st_nlink; /* Link count. */ ++ ++ __uid_t st_uid; /* User ID of the file's owner. */ ++ __gid_t st_gid; /* Group ID of the file's group. */ ++ ++ __dev_t st_rdev; /* Device number, if device. */ ++ ++ struct timespec st_atimespec; /* time of last access */ ++ struct timespec st_mtimespec; /* time of last data modification */ ++ struct timespec st_ctimespec; /* time of last file status change */ ++ ++ __off_t st_size; /* Size of file, in bytes. */ ++ ++ __blkcnt_t st_blocks; /* Number of 512-byte blocks allocated. */ ++ ++ __blksize_t st_blksize; /* Optimal block size for I/O. */ ++ ++ __uint32_t st_flags; /* User defined flags. */ ++ ++ __uint32_t st_gen; /* Generation number. */ ++ ++ __uint32_t __unused1; ++ ++ long int st_birthtime; /* Time of file creation. */ ++ long int st_birthtimensec; /* Nanoseconds of file creation. */ ++ ++#define _BIRTH_PADSIZE (2*(8 - sizeof (long))) ++ char __birth_padding[_BIRTH_PADSIZE]; ++ }; +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/statfs.h +@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ ++/* Definition of `struct statfs', information about a filesystem. ++ Copyright (C) 1996-1997, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _BITS_STATFS_H ++#define _BITS_STATFS_H 1 ++ ++#if !defined _SYS_STATFS_H && !defined _SYS_MOUNT_H ++# error "Never include directly; use instead." ++#endif ++ ++#include ++ ++struct statfs ++ { ++ unsigned long f_version; ++ unsigned long f_bsize; ++ unsigned long f_iosize; ++#ifndef __USE_FILE_OFFSET64 ++ __fsblkcnt_t f_blocks; ++ __fsblkcnt_t f_bfree; ++ __fsblkcnt_t f_bavail; ++ __fsfilcnt_t f_files; ++ __fsfilcnt_t f_ffree; ++#else ++ __fsblkcnt64_t f_blocks; ++ __fsblkcnt64_t f_bfree; ++ __fsblkcnt64_t f_bavail; ++ __fsfilcnt64_t f_files; ++ __fsfilcnt64_t f_ffree; ++#endif ++ __fsid_t f_fsid; ++ __uid_t f_owner; ++ int f_type; ++ int f_flags; ++ unsigned long int f_syncwrites; ++ unsigned long int f_asyncwrites; ++ char f_fstypename[16]; ++ char f_mntonname[80]; ++ unsigned long int f_syncreads; ++ unsigned long int f_asyncreads; ++ unsigned short f_namemax; ++ char f_mntfromname[80]; ++ short __unused3; ++ long __unused4[2]; ++ }; ++ ++#ifdef __USE_LARGEFILE64 ++struct statfs64 ++ { ++ unsigned long f_version; ++ unsigned long f_bsize; ++ unsigned long f_iosize; ++ __fsblkcnt64_t f_blocks; ++ __fsblkcnt64_t f_bfree; ++ __fsblkcnt64_t f_bavail; ++ __fsfilcnt64_t f_files; ++ __fsfilcnt64_t f_ffree; ++ __fsid_t f_fsid; ++ __uid_t f_owner; ++ int f_type; ++ int f_flags; ++ unsigned long int f_syncwrites; ++ unsigned long int f_asyncwrites; ++ char f_fstypename[16]; ++ char f_mntonname[80]; ++ unsigned long int f_syncreads; ++ unsigned long int f_asyncreads; ++ unsigned short f_namemax; ++ char f_mntfromname[80]; ++ short __unused3; ++ long __unused4[2]; ++ }; ++#endif ++ ++#endif /* _BITS_STATFS_H */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/statvfs.h +@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ ++/* Definition of `struct statvfs', information about a filesystem. ++ Copyright (C) 1998, 2000-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_STATVFS_H ++# error "Never include directly; use instead." ++#endif ++ ++#include ++ ++#if __WORDSIZE == 32 ++#define _STATVFSBUF_F_UNUSED ++#endif ++ ++struct statvfs ++ { ++ unsigned long int f_bsize; ++ unsigned long int f_frsize; ++#ifndef __USE_FILE_OFFSET64 ++ __fsblkcnt_t f_blocks; ++ __fsblkcnt_t f_bfree; ++ __fsblkcnt_t f_bavail; ++ __fsfilcnt_t f_files; ++ __fsfilcnt_t f_ffree; ++ __fsfilcnt_t f_favail; ++#else ++ __fsblkcnt64_t f_blocks; ++ __fsblkcnt64_t f_bfree; ++ __fsblkcnt64_t f_bavail; ++ __fsfilcnt64_t f_files; ++ __fsfilcnt64_t f_ffree; ++ __fsfilcnt64_t f_favail; ++#endif ++ unsigned long int f_fsid; ++#ifdef _STATVFSBUF_F_UNUSED ++ int __f_unused; ++#endif ++ unsigned long int f_flag; ++ unsigned long int f_namemax; ++ unsigned int f_spare[6]; ++ }; ++ ++#ifdef __USE_LARGEFILE64 ++struct statvfs64 ++ { ++ unsigned long int f_bsize; ++ unsigned long int f_frsize; ++ __fsblkcnt64_t f_blocks; ++ __fsblkcnt64_t f_bfree; ++ __fsblkcnt64_t f_bavail; ++ __fsfilcnt64_t f_files; ++ __fsfilcnt64_t f_ffree; ++ __fsfilcnt64_t f_favail; ++ unsigned long int f_fsid; ++#ifdef _STATVFSBUF_F_UNUSED ++ int __f_unused; ++#endif ++ unsigned long int f_flag; ++ unsigned long int f_namemax; ++ unsigned int f_spare[6]; ++ }; ++#endif ++ ++/* Definitions for the flag in `f_flag'. */ ++enum ++{ ++ ST_RDONLY = 1, /* Mount read-only. */ ++#define ST_RDONLY ST_RDONLY ++ ST_NOSUID = 2 /* Ignore suid and sgid bits. */ ++#define ST_NOSUID ST_NOSUID ++#ifdef __USE_GNU ++ , ++ ST_NODEV = 4, /* Disallow access to device special files. */ ++# define ST_NODEV ST_NODEV ++ ST_NOEXEC = 8, /* Disallow program execution. */ ++# define ST_NOEXEC ST_NOEXEC ++ ST_SYNCHRONOUS = 16 /* Writes are synced at once. */ ++# define ST_SYNCHRONOUS ST_SYNCHRONOUS ++#endif /* Use GNU. */ ++}; +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/sys_errlist.h +@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ ++/* Declare sys_errlist and sys_nerr, or don't. Compatibility (do) version. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _STDIO_H ++# error "Never include directly; use instead." ++#endif ++ ++/* sys_errlist and sys_nerr are deprecated. Use strerror instead. */ ++ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++extern int sys_nerr; ++extern __const char *__const sys_errlist[]; ++#endif ++#ifdef __USE_GNU ++extern int _sys_nerr; ++extern __const char *__const _sys_errlist[]; ++#endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/syslog-path.h +@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ ++/* -- _PATH_LOG definition ++ Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_SYSLOG_H ++# error "Never include this file directly. Use instead" ++#endif ++ ++#ifndef _BITS_SYSLOG_PATH_H ++#define _BITS_SYSLOG_PATH_H 1 ++ ++/* On kFreeBSD, named pipes are not allowed in /dev (devfs), so we pick this ++ alternate path. */ ++#define _PATH_LOG "/var/run/log" ++ ++#endif /* bits/syslog-path.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/termios.h +@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@ ++/* termios type and macro definitions. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 1993-1994,1996-1997,1999,2001-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _TERMIOS_H ++# error "Never include directly; use instead." ++#endif ++ ++/* These macros are also defined in some files (with ++ numerically identical values), but this serves to shut up cpp's ++ complaining. */ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++ ++# ifdef MDMBUF ++# undef MDMBUF ++# endif ++# ifdef FLUSHO ++# undef FLUSHO ++# endif ++# ifdef PENDIN ++# undef PENDIN ++# endif ++ ++#endif /* __USE_BSD */ ++ ++#ifdef ECHO ++# undef ECHO ++#endif ++#ifdef TOSTOP ++# undef TOSTOP ++#endif ++#ifdef NOFLSH ++# undef NOFLSH ++#endif ++ ++ ++typedef unsigned char cc_t; ++typedef unsigned int speed_t; ++typedef unsigned int tcflag_t; ++ ++#define NCCS 20 ++struct termios ++ { ++ tcflag_t c_iflag; /* input mode flags */ ++ tcflag_t c_oflag; /* output mode flags */ ++ tcflag_t c_cflag; /* control mode flags */ ++ tcflag_t c_lflag; /* local mode flags */ ++ cc_t c_cc[NCCS]; /* control characters */ ++ speed_t c_ispeed; /* input speed */ ++ speed_t c_ospeed; /* output speed */ ++#define __ispeed c_ispeed ++#define __ospeed c_ospeed ++#define _HAVE_STRUCT_TERMIOS_C_ISPEED 1 ++#define _HAVE_STRUCT_TERMIOS_C_OSPEED 1 ++ }; ++ ++/* c_cc characters */ ++#define VEOF 0 ++#define VEOL 1 ++#define VEOL2 2 ++#define VERASE 3 ++#define VWERASE 4 ++#define VKILL 5 ++#define VREPRINT 6 ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++# define VERASE2 7 ++#endif ++#define VINTR 8 ++#define VQUIT 9 ++#define VSUSP 10 ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++# define VDSUSP 11 ++#endif ++#define VSTART 12 ++#define VSTOP 13 ++#define VLNEXT 14 ++#define VDISCARD 15 ++#define VMIN 16 ++#define VTIME 17 ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++# define VSTATUS 18 ++#endif ++ ++/* c_iflag bits */ ++#define IGNBRK 0000001 ++#define BRKINT 0000002 ++#define IGNPAR 0000004 ++#define PARMRK 0000010 ++#define INPCK 0000020 ++#define ISTRIP 0000040 ++#define INLCR 0000100 ++#define IGNCR 0000200 ++#define ICRNL 0000400 ++#define IXON 0001000 ++#define IXOFF 0002000 ++#define IXANY 0004000 ++#define IMAXBEL 0020000 ++ ++/* c_oflag bits */ ++#define OPOST (1 << 0) /* Perform output processing. */ ++#define ONLCR (1 << 1) /* Map NL to CR-NL on output. */ ++#if defined __USE_MISC || defined __USE_XOPEN ++# define TAB0 (0 << 2) /* no tab delay and expansion */ ++# define TAB3 (1 << 2) /* expand tabs to spaces */ ++# define TABDLY TAB3 /* tab delay mask */ ++# define OXTABS TAB3 ++# define XTABS TAB3 ++#endif ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++# define ONOEOT (1 << 3) /* Discard EOT (^D) on output. */ ++#endif ++#define OCRNL (1 << 4) /* map CR to NL on output */ ++#define ONOCR (1 << 5) /* no CR output at column 0 */ ++#define ONLRET (1 << 6) /* NL performs CR function */ ++ ++/* c_cflag bit meaning */ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++# define CIGNORE (1 << 0) /* Ignore these control flags. */ ++#endif ++#define CSIZE (CS5|CS6|CS7|CS8) /* Number of bits per byte (mask). */ ++#define CS5 (0 << 8) /* 5 bits per byte. */ ++#define CS6 (1 << 8) /* 6 bits per byte. */ ++#define CS7 (2 << 8) /* 7 bits per byte. */ ++#define CS8 (3 << 8) /* 8 bits per byte. */ ++#define CSTOPB (1 << 10) /* Two stop bits instead of one. */ ++#define CREAD (1 << 11) /* Enable receiver. */ ++#define PARENB (1 << 12) /* Parity enable. */ ++#define PARODD (1 << 13) /* Odd parity instead of even. */ ++#define HUPCL (1 << 14) /* Hang up on last close. */ ++#define CLOCAL (1 << 15) /* Ignore modem status lines. */ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++# define CCTS_OFLOW (1 << 16) /* CTS flow control of output. */ ++# define CRTS_IFLOW (1 << 17) /* RTS flow control of input. */ ++# define CRTSCTS (CCTS_OFLOW|CRTS_IFLOW) /* CTS/RTS flow control. */ ++# define CDTR_IFLOW (1 << 18) /* DTR flow control of input. */ ++# define CDSR_OFLOW (1 << 19) /* DSR flow control of output. */ ++# define CCAR_OFLOW (1 << 20) /* DCD flow control of output. */ ++# define MDMBUF (1 << 20) /* Carrier flow control of output. */ ++#endif ++ ++/* c_lflag bits */ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++# define ECHOKE (1 << 0) /* Visual erase for KILL. */ ++#endif ++#define _ECHOE (1 << 1) /* Visual erase for ERASE. */ ++#define ECHOE _ECHOE ++#define _ECHOK (1 << 2) /* Echo NL after KILL. */ ++#define ECHOK _ECHOK ++#define _ECHO (1 << 3) /* Enable echo. */ ++#define ECHO _ECHO ++#define _ECHONL (1 << 4) /* Echo NL even if ECHO is off. */ ++#define ECHONL _ECHONL ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++# define ECHOPRT (1 << 5) /* Hardcopy visual erase. */ ++# define ECHOCTL (1 << 6) /* Echo control characters as ^X. */ ++#endif ++#define _ISIG (1 << 7) /* Enable signals. */ ++#define ISIG _ISIG ++#define _ICANON (1 << 8) /* Do erase and kill processing. */ ++#define ICANON _ICANON ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++# define ALTWERASE (1 << 9) /* Alternate WERASE algorithm. */ ++#endif ++#define _IEXTEN (1 << 10) /* Enable DISCARD and LNEXT. */ ++#define IEXTEN _IEXTEN ++#define _EXTPROC (1 << 11) /* External processing. */ ++#define EXTPROC _EXTPROC ++#define _TOSTOP (1 << 22) /* Send SIGTTOU for background output. */ ++#define TOSTOP _TOSTOP ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++# define FLUSHO (1 << 23) /* Output being flushed (state). */ ++# define NOKERNINFO (1 << 25) /* Disable VSTATUS. */ ++# define PENDIN (1 << 29) /* Retype pending input (state). */ ++#endif ++#define _NOFLSH (1 << 31) /* Disable flush after interrupt. */ ++#define NOFLSH _NOFLSH ++ ++ /* Input and output baud rates. */ ++#define B0 0 /* Hang up. */ ++#define B50 50 /* 50 baud. */ ++#define B75 75 /* 75 baud. */ ++#define B110 110 /* 110 baud. */ ++#define B134 134 /* 134.5 baud. */ ++#define B150 150 /* 150 baud. */ ++#define B200 200 /* 200 baud. */ ++#define B300 300 /* 300 baud. */ ++#define B600 600 /* 600 baud. */ ++#define B1200 1200 /* 1200 baud. */ ++#define B1800 1800 /* 1800 baud. */ ++#define B2400 2400 /* 2400 baud. */ ++#define B4800 4800 /* 4800 baud. */ ++#define B9600 9600 /* 9600 baud. */ ++#define B19200 19200 /* 19200 baud. */ ++#define B38400 38400 /* 38400 baud. */ ++#define B76800 76800 ++#ifdef __USE_MISC ++# define EXTA 19200 ++# define EXTB 38400 ++#endif ++#define B7200 7200 ++#define B14400 14400 ++#define B28800 28800 ++#define B57600 57600 ++#define B115200 115200 ++#define B230400 230400 ++#define B460800 460800 ++#define B500000 500000 ++#define B576000 576000 ++#define B921600 921600 ++#define B1000000 1000000 ++#define B1152000 1152000 ++#define B1500000 1500000 ++#define B2000000 2000000 ++#define B2500000 2500000 ++#define B3000000 3000000 ++#define B3500000 3500000 ++#define B4000000 4000000 ++#define __MAX_BAUD B4000000 ++ ++/* tcflow() and TCXONC use these */ ++#define TCOOFF 1 ++#define TCOON 2 ++#define TCIOFF 3 ++#define TCION 4 ++ ++/* tcflush() and TCFLSH use these */ ++#define TCIFLUSH 1 ++#define TCOFLUSH 2 ++#define TCIOFLUSH 3 ++ ++/* tcsetattr uses these */ ++#define TCSANOW 0 ++#define TCSADRAIN 1 ++#define TCSAFLUSH 2 ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++# define TCSASOFT 0x10 /* Flag: Don't alter hardware state. */ ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/typesizes.h +@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ ++/* bits/typesizes.h -- underlying types for *_t. kFreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 2002, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _BITS_TYPES_H ++# error "Never include directly; use instead." ++#endif ++ ++#ifndef _BITS_TYPESIZES_H ++#define _BITS_TYPESIZES_H 1 ++ ++/* See for the meaning of these macros. This file exists so ++ that need not vary across different GNU platforms. */ ++ ++#define __DEV_T_TYPE __U32_TYPE ++#define __UID_T_TYPE __U32_TYPE ++#define __GID_T_TYPE __U32_TYPE ++#define __INO_T_TYPE __U32_TYPE ++#define __INO64_T_TYPE __UQUAD_TYPE ++#define __MODE_T_TYPE __U16_TYPE ++#define __NLINK_T_TYPE __U16_TYPE ++#define __OFF_T_TYPE __SQUAD_TYPE ++#define __OFF64_T_TYPE __SQUAD_TYPE ++#define __PID_T_TYPE __S32_TYPE ++#define __RLIM_T_TYPE __SQUAD_TYPE ++#define __RLIM64_T_TYPE __SQUAD_TYPE ++#define __BLKCNT_T_TYPE __SQUAD_TYPE ++#define __BLKCNT64_T_TYPE __SQUAD_TYPE ++#define __FSBLKCNT_T_TYPE __ULONGWORD_TYPE ++#define __FSBLKCNT64_T_TYPE __UQUAD_TYPE ++#define __FSFILCNT_T_TYPE __ULONGWORD_TYPE ++#define __FSFILCNT64_T_TYPE __UQUAD_TYPE ++#define __ID_T_TYPE __U32_TYPE ++#define __CLOCK_T_TYPE __S32_TYPE ++#define __TIME_T_TYPE __SLONGWORD_TYPE ++#define __USECONDS_T_TYPE __U32_TYPE ++#define __SUSECONDS_T_TYPE __SLONGWORD_TYPE ++#define __DADDR_T_TYPE __S32_TYPE ++#define __SWBLK_T_TYPE __S32_TYPE ++#define __KEY_T_TYPE __SLONGWORD_TYPE ++#define __CLOCKID_T_TYPE __S32_TYPE ++#define __TIMER_T_TYPE __S32_TYPE ++#define __BLKSIZE_T_TYPE __U32_TYPE ++#define __FSID_T_TYPE struct { int __val[2]; } ++#define __SSIZE_T_TYPE __SWORD_TYPE ++ ++/* Number of descriptors that can fit in an `fd_set'. */ ++#define __FD_SETSIZE 1024 ++ ++ ++#endif /* bits/typesizes.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/uio.h +@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1996-1997, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#if !defined _SYS_UIO_H && !defined _FCNTL_H ++# error "Never include directly; use instead." ++#endif ++ ++#ifndef _BITS_UIO_H ++#define _BITS_UIO_H 1 ++ ++#include ++ ++ ++/* `struct iovec' -- Structure describing a section of memory. */ ++ ++struct iovec ++{ ++ /* Starting address. */ ++ __ptr_t iov_base; ++ /* Length in bytes. */ ++ size_t iov_len; ++}; ++ ++/* Maximum number of 'struct iovec's that can be passed to a readv() or ++ writev() system call. For larger arrays of 'struct iovec', the libc ++ uses a single read() or write() call to guarantee atomicity. */ ++#define UIO_MAXIOV 1024 ++ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++enum uio_rw { UIO_READ, UIO_WRITE }; ++ ++/* Segment flag values. */ ++enum uio_seg { ++ UIO_USERSPACE, /* from user data space */ ++ UIO_SYSSPACE, /* from system space */ ++ UIO_NOCOPY /* don't copy, already in object */ ++}; ++#endif ++ ++#endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/utsname.h +@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1997, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_UTSNAME_H ++# error "Never include directly; use instead." ++#endif ++ ++/* Length of the entries in 'struct utsname' is 32. */ ++#define _UTSNAME_LENGTH 32 ++ ++/* But the version entry is longer. */ ++#define _UTSNAME_VERSION_LENGTH 256 +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/waitflags.h +@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ ++/* Definitions of flag bits for `waitpid' et al. ++ Copyright (C) 1992, 1996-1997, 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#if !defined _SYS_WAIT_H && !defined _STDLIB_H ++# error "Never include directly; use instead." ++#endif ++ ++ ++/* Bits in the third argument to `waitpid'. */ ++#define WNOHANG 1 /* Don't block waiting. */ ++#define WUNTRACED 2 /* Report status of stopped children. */ ++ ++/* Bits in the fourth argument to `waitid'. */ ++#define WSTOPPED 2 /* Report stopped child (same as WUNTRACED). */ ++#define WCONTINUED 4 /* Report continued child. */ ++#define WNOWAIT 8 /* Poll only. Don't delete the proc entry. */ ++ ++#define __WCLONE 0x80000000 /* Wait for cloned process. */ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++# define WLINUXCLONE __WCLONE /* FreeBSD name for __WCLONE. */ ++#endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/bits/waitstatus.h +@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ ++/* Definitions of status bits for `wait' et al. ++ Copyright (C) 1992,1994,1996,1997,2000,2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#if !defined _SYS_WAIT_H && !defined _STDLIB_H ++# error "Never include directly; use instead." ++#endif ++ ++ ++/* If WIFEXITED(STATUS), the low-order 8 bits of the status. */ ++#define __WEXITSTATUS(status) (((status) & 0xff00) >> 8) ++ ++/* If WIFSIGNALED(STATUS), the terminating signal. */ ++#define __WTERMSIG(status) ((status) & 0x7f) ++ ++/* If WIFSTOPPED(STATUS), the signal that stopped the child. */ ++#define __WSTOPSIG(status) __WEXITSTATUS(status) ++ ++/* Nonzero if STATUS indicates normal termination. */ ++#define __WIFEXITED(status) (__WTERMSIG(status) == 0) ++ ++/* Nonzero if STATUS indicates termination by a signal. */ ++#define __WIFSIGNALED(status) \ ++ (((signed char) (((status) & 0x7f) + 1) >> 1) > 0) ++ ++/* Nonzero if STATUS indicates the child is stopped. */ ++#define __WIFSTOPPED(status) (((status) & 0x7f) == 0x7f) ++ ++/* Nonzero if STATUS indicates the child continued after a stop. We only ++ define this if provides the WCONTINUED flag bit. */ ++#ifdef WCONTINUED ++# define __WIFCONTINUED(status) ((status) == __W_CONTINUED) ++#endif ++ ++/* Nonzero if STATUS indicates the child dumped core. */ ++#define __WCOREDUMP(status) ((status) & __WCOREFLAG) ++ ++/* Macros for constructing status values. */ ++#define __W_EXITCODE(ret, sig) ((ret) << 8 | (sig)) ++#define __W_STOPCODE(sig) ((sig) << 8 | 0x7f) ++ ++/* Linux uses 0xffff, BSD uses SIGCONT */ ++#define __W_CONTINUED 0x13 ++#define __WCOREFLAG 0x80 ++ ++ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++ ++# include ++ ++union wait ++ { ++ int w_status; ++ struct ++ { ++# if __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN ++ unsigned int __w_termsig:7; /* Terminating signal. */ ++ unsigned int __w_coredump:1; /* Set if dumped core. */ ++ unsigned int __w_retcode:8; /* Return code if exited normally. */ ++ unsigned int:16; ++# endif /* Little endian. */ ++# if __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN ++ unsigned int:16; ++ unsigned int __w_retcode:8; ++ unsigned int __w_coredump:1; ++ unsigned int __w_termsig:7; ++# endif /* Big endian. */ ++ } __wait_terminated; ++ struct ++ { ++# if __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN ++ unsigned int __w_stopval:8; /* W_STOPPED if stopped. */ ++ unsigned int __w_stopsig:8; /* Stopping signal. */ ++ unsigned int:16; ++# endif /* Little endian. */ ++# if __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN ++ unsigned int:16; ++ unsigned int __w_stopsig:8; /* Stopping signal. */ ++ unsigned int __w_stopval:8; /* W_STOPPED if stopped. */ ++# endif /* Big endian. */ ++ } __wait_stopped; ++ }; ++ ++# define w_termsig __wait_terminated.__w_termsig ++# define w_coredump __wait_terminated.__w_coredump ++# define w_retcode __wait_terminated.__w_retcode ++# define w_stopsig __wait_stopped.__w_stopsig ++# define w_stopval __wait_stopped.__w_stopval ++ ++#endif /* Use BSD. */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/brk.c +@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Robert Millan ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#ifndef SYS_break ++#define SYS_break SYS_obreak ++#endif ++ ++int __syscall(int number, ...); ++ ++extern void _end; ++ ++/* sbrk.c expects this. */ ++void *__curbrk = &_end; ++ ++/* Set the end of the process's data space to ADDR. ++ Return 0 if successful, -1 if not. */ ++int ++__brk (addr) ++ void *addr; ++{ ++ if (addr < &_end) ++ return 0; ++ ++ if (__syscall (SYS_break, addr) == -1) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOMEM); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ __curbrk = addr; ++ return 0; ++} ++weak_alias (__brk, brk) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/check_fds.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++void __libc_check_standard_fds (void) {;} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/check_native.c +@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ ++/* Determine whether interfaces use native transport. Dummy version. ++ Copyright (C) 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++ ++ ++void ++__check_native (uint32_t a1_index, int *a1_native, ++ uint32_t a2_index, int *a2_native) ++{ ++ ++#warning __check_native() not yet implemented ++ return; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/check_pf.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/clock_getres.c +@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++int __syscall_clock_getres(clockid_t clock_id, struct timespec *tp); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_clock_getres) ++ ++# define SYSDEP_GETRES \ ++ case CLOCK_REALTIME: \ ++ case CLOCK_MONOTONIC: \ ++ retval = INLINE_SYSCALL (clock_getres, 2, clock_id, res); \ ++ break ++ ++/* We handled the REALTIME clock here. */ ++# define HANDLED_REALTIME 1 ++ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/clock_gettime.c +@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include "kernel-posix-cpu-timers.h" ++ ++int __syscall_clock_gettime(clockid_t clock_id, struct timespec *tp); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_clock_gettime) ++ ++# define SYSDEP_GETTIME \ ++ case CLOCK_REALTIME: \ ++ case CLOCK_MONOTONIC: \ ++ retval = INLINE_SYSCALL (clock_gettime, 2, clock_id, tp); \ ++ break ++ ++/* We handled the REALTIME clock here. */ ++# define HANDLED_REALTIME 1 ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/clock_settime.c +@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include "kernel-posix-cpu-timers.h" ++ ++int __syscall_clock_settime(clockid_t clock_id, const struct timespec *tp); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_clock_settime) ++ ++# define SYSDEP_SETTIME \ ++ case CLOCK_REALTIME: \ ++ retval = INLINE_SYSCALL (clock_settime, 2, clock_id, tp); \ ++ break ++/* We handled the REALTIME clock here. */ ++# define HANDLED_REALTIME 1 ++ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/clone.c +@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ ++/* Create a thread. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#define __clone __no_broken_clone_decl ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#undef __clone ++ ++/* __start_thread (flags, child_stack, fn, arg) ++ is roughly equivalent to ++ ++ int retval = __rfork (flags); ++ if (retval == 0) ++ { ++ // Here we are in the child thread. ++ %stackpointer = child_stack; ++ _exit (fn (arg)); ++ } ++ return retval; ++ ++ but it cannot be done in portable C because it must access fn and arg ++ after having replaced the stack pointer. */ ++ ++extern int __start_thread (int flags, void *child_stack, ++ int (*fn) (void *), void *arg); ++ ++int __clone (int (*fn) (void *), void *child_stack, int flags, void *arg) ++{ ++ int rfork_flags = RFPROC; ++ ++ if (fn == NULL || child_stack == NULL) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ /* This implementation of clone() does not support all Linux flags. */ ++ if (flags & ~(CSIGNAL | CLONE_VM | CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES | CLONE_SIGHAND ++ | CLONE_VFORK | CLONE_SYSVSEM)) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ if ((flags & CSIGNAL) != 0 && (flags & CSIGNAL) != SIGCHLD) ++ { ++ if ((flags & CSIGNAL) & ~RFTHPNMASK) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ rfork_flags |= (RFLINUXTHPN | ((flags & CSIGNAL) << RFTHPNSHIFT)); ++ } ++ ++ if (flags & CLONE_VM) ++ rfork_flags |= RFMEM; ++ ++ if (flags & CLONE_FS) ++ /* Sharing the filesystem related info (umask, cwd, root dir) ++ is not supported by rfork. Ignore this; let's hope programs ++ will set their umask and cwd before spawning threads. */ ++ ; ++ ++ if (flags & CLONE_SYSVSEM) ++ /* Ignore this; it has been introduced into linuxthreads in post 2.4 glibc */ ++ ; ++ ++ if (!(flags & CLONE_FILES)) ++ rfork_flags |= RFFDG; ++ ++ if (flags & CLONE_SIGHAND) ++ { ++ rfork_flags |= RFSIGSHARE; ++ /* Also set the undocumented flag RFTHREAD. It has the effect that when ++ the thread leader exits, all threads belonging to it are killed. */ ++ rfork_flags |= RFTHREAD; ++ } ++ ++ if (flags & CLONE_VFORK) ++ rfork_flags |= RFPPWAIT; ++ ++ return __start_thread (rfork_flags, child_stack, fn, arg); ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__clone, clone) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/configure +@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@ ++# This file is generated from configure.in by Autoconf. DO NOT EDIT! ++ # Local configure fragment for sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd. ++ ++case "$machine" in ++ x86_64*) ++ echo "Adding extra sysnames for kfreebsd/x86_64/elf" ++ sysnames="ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/elf $sysnames" ++ ;; ++esac ++ ++# The kFreeBSD headers can be found in ++# /usr/src/sys/ ++# Check whether this directory is available. ++if test -z "$sysheaders" && ++ test "x$cross_compiling" = xno && ++ test -d /usr/src/sys/ ; then ++ sysheaders="/usr/src/sys/" ++ ccheaders=`$CC -print-file-name=include` ++ SYSINCLUDES="-I $sysheaders" ++fi ++ ++# Don't bother trying to generate any glue code to be compatible with the ++# existing system library, because we are the only system library. ++inhibit_glue=yes ++ ++if test -n "$sysheaders"; then ++ OLD_CPPFLAGS=$CPPFLAGS ++ CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS $SYSINCLUDES" ++fi ++ ++ ++echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for egrep" >&5 ++echo $ECHO_N "checking for egrep... $ECHO_C" >&6 ++if test "${ac_cv_prog_egrep+set}" = set; then ++ echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 ++else ++ if echo a | (grep -E '(a|b)') >/dev/null 2>&1 ++ then ac_cv_prog_egrep='grep -E' ++ else ac_cv_prog_egrep='egrep' ++ fi ++fi ++echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_cv_prog_egrep" >&5 ++echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_cv_prog_egrep" >&6 ++ EGREP=$ac_cv_prog_egrep ++ ++ ++echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking installed kFreeBSD kernel header files" >&5 ++echo $ECHO_N "checking installed kFreeBSD kernel header files... $ECHO_C" >&6 ++if test "${libc_cv_kfreebsd600+set}" = set; then ++ echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 ++else ++ cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF ++/* confdefs.h. */ ++_ACEOF ++cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext ++cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF ++/* end confdefs.h. */ ++#include ++#if !defined(__FreeBSD_kernel_version) && defined(__FreeBSD_version) ++#define __FreeBSD_kernel_version __FreeBSD_version ++#endif ++#if !defined __FreeBSD_kernel_version || __FreeBSD_kernel_version < (6 *100000+ 0 *1000+ 0) /* 6.0.0 */ ++eat flaming death ++#endif ++_ACEOF ++if (eval "$ac_cpp conftest.$ac_ext") 2>&5 | ++ $EGREP "eat flaming death" >/dev/null 2>&1; then ++ libc_cv_kfreebsd600='TOO OLD!' ++else ++ libc_cv_kfreebsd600='6.0.0 or later' ++fi ++rm -f conftest* ++ ++fi ++echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $libc_cv_kfreebsd600" >&5 ++echo "${ECHO_T}$libc_cv_kfreebsd600" >&6 ++if test "$libc_cv_kfreebsd600" != '6.0.0 or later'; then ++ { { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: error: GNU libc requires kernel header files from ++kFreeBSD 6.0.0 or later to be installed before configuring. ++The kernel header files are found usually in /usr/src/sys/; make sure ++these directories use files from kFreeBSD 6.0.0 or later. ++This check uses , so ++make sure that file was built correctly when installing the kernel header ++files. To use kernel headers not from /usr/src/sys/, use the ++configure option --with-headers." >&5 ++echo "$as_me: error: GNU libc requires kernel header files from ++kFreeBSD 6.0.0 or later to be installed before configuring. ++The kernel header files are found usually in /usr/src/sys/; make sure ++these directories use files from kFreeBSD 6.0.0 or later. ++This check uses , so ++make sure that file was built correctly when installing the kernel header ++files. To use kernel headers not from /usr/src/sys/, use the ++configure option --with-headers." >&2;} ++ { (exit 1); exit 1; }; } ++fi ++ ++# Check whether --enable-compatible-utmp or --disable-compatible-utmp was given. ++if test "${enable_compatible_utmp+set}" = set; then ++ enableval="$enable_compatible_utmp" ++ enable_utmp_compat=$enableval ++else ++ enable_utmp_compat=no ++fi; ++if test "$enable_utmp_compat" = no; then ++ utmp_subdir=utmp-utmpx ++else ++ utmp_subdir=utmp-compat ++fi ++sysnames="$sysnames sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/$utmp_subdir" ++ ++# If the user gave a minimal version number test whether the available ++# kernel headers are young enough. Additionally we have minimal ++# kernel versions for some architectures. If a previous configure fragment ++# set arch_minimum_kernel already, let that override our defaults here. ++# Note that we presume such a fragment has set libc_cv_gcc_unwind_find_fde ++# if appropriate too. ++test -n "$arch_minimum_kernel" || ++case "$machine" in ++ i386*) ++ libc_cv_gcc_unwind_find_fde=yes ++ arch_minimum_kernel=6.0.0 ++ ;; ++ x86_64*) ++ arch_minimum_kernel=6.0.0 ++ ;; ++ *) ++ arch_minimum_kernel=6.0.0 ++ ;; ++esac ++if test -n "$minimum_kernel"; then ++ ++ user_version=$((`echo "$minimum_kernel.0.0.0" | sed 's/\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\).*/\1 \* 65536 + \2 \* 256 + \3/'`)) ++ arch_version=$((`echo "$arch_minimum_kernel.0.0.0" | sed 's/\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\).*/\1 \* 65536 + \2 \* 256 + \3/'`)) ++ ++ if test $user_version -lt $arch_version; then ++ { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: minimum kernel version reset to $arch_minimum_kernel" >&5 ++echo "$as_me: WARNING: minimum kernel version reset to $arch_minimum_kernel" >&2;} ++ minimum_kernel=$arch_minimum_kernel ++ fi ++else ++ if test $arch_minimum_kernel != '6.0.0'; then ++ minimum_kernel=$arch_minimum_kernel ++ fi ++fi ++ ++if test -n "$minimum_kernel"; then ++ echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for kernel header at least $minimum_kernel" >&5 ++echo $ECHO_N "checking for kernel header at least $minimum_kernel... $ECHO_C" >&6 ++ hdrnum=`echo "$minimum_kernel.0.0.0" | sed 's/\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\).*/(\1 * 100000 + \2 * 1000 + \3)/'`; ++ decnum=`echo "$minimum_kernel.0.0.0" | sed 's/\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\).*/(\1 * 65536 + \2 * 256 + \3)/'`; ++ abinum=`echo "$minimum_kernel.0.0.0" | sed 's/\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\).*/\1,\2,\3/'`; ++ cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF ++/* confdefs.h. */ ++_ACEOF ++cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext ++cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF ++/* end confdefs.h. */ ++#include ++#if !defined(__FreeBSD_kernel_version) && defined(__FreeBSD_version) ++#define __FreeBSD_kernel_version __FreeBSD_version ++#endif ++#if __FreeBSD_kernel_version < $hdrnum ++eat flaming death ++#endif ++_ACEOF ++if (eval "$ac_cpp conftest.$ac_ext") 2>&5 | ++ $EGREP "eat flaming death" >/dev/null 2>&1; then ++ libc_minimum_kernel='too old!' ++else ++ libc_minimum_kernel=ok ++fi ++rm -f conftest* ++ ++ echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $libc_minimum_kernel" >&5 ++echo "${ECHO_T}$libc_minimum_kernel" >&6 ++ if test "$libc_minimum_kernel" = ok; then ++ cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF ++#define __KFREEBSD_KERNEL_VERSION $decnum ++_ACEOF ++ ++ cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF ++#define __ABI_TAG_VERSION $abinum ++_ACEOF ++ ++ else ++ { { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: error: *** The available kernel headers are older than the requested ++*** compatible kernel version" >&5 ++echo "$as_me: error: *** The available kernel headers are older than the requested ++*** compatible kernel version" >&2;} ++ { (exit 1); exit 1; }; } ++ fi ++fi ++ ++if test -n "$sysheaders"; then ++ CPPFLAGS=$OLD_CPPFLAGS ++fi ++# The Linux filesystem standard prescribes where to place "essential" ++# files. I.e., when the installation prefix is "/usr" we have to place ++# shared library objects and the configuration files on the root partition ++# in /lib and /etc. ++case "$prefix" in ++/usr | /usr/) ++ # 64-bit libraries on bi-arch platforms go in /lib64 instead of /lib ++ case $machine in ++ sparc/sparc64 | x86_64 | powerpc/powerpc64 | s390/s390-64 | \ ++ mips/mips64/n64/* ) ++ libc_cv_slibdir="/lib64" ++ if test "$libdir" = '${exec_prefix}/lib'; then ++ libdir='${exec_prefix}/lib64'; ++ # Locale data can be shared between 32bit and 64bit libraries ++ libc_cv_localedir='${exec_prefix}/lib/locale' ++ fi ++ ;; ++ mips/mips64/n32/* ) ++ libc_cv_slibdir="/lib32" ++ if test "$libdir" = '${exec_prefix}/lib'; then ++ libdir='${exec_prefix}/lib32'; ++ # Locale data can be shared between 32bit and 64bit libraries ++ libc_cv_localedir='${exec_prefix}/lib/locale' ++ fi ++ ;; ++ *) ++ libc_cv_slibdir="/lib" ++ ;; ++ esac ++ # Allow the user to override the path with --sysconfdir ++ if test $sysconfdir = '${prefix}/etc'; then ++ libc_cv_sysconfdir=/etc ++ else ++ libc_cv_sysconfdir=$sysconfdir ++ fi ++ libc_cv_rootsbindir="/sbin" ++ ;; ++esac ++ ++ ++# Put exception handling support into libc, so that not every shared ++# library needs to include it. ++# FIXME: Does not work yet. ++libc_cv_gcc_unwind_find_fde=no ++ ++ ++# Under kFreeBSD the LinuxThreads or (may be later) NPTL add-on should be available. ++case $add_ons in ++ # Only one of the add-ons should be available. ++ *linuxthreads*nptl*|*nptl*linuxthreads*) ++ echo "\ ++*** LinuxThreads and NPTL add-ons are both available. Only one must be used." ++ exit 1 ++ ;; ++ # It is available. Good. ++ *linuxthreads*) ++ linuxthreads_missing= ++ ;; ++ *nptl*) ++ linuxthreads_missing= ++ ;; ++ *) ++ linuxthreads_missing=yes ++ ;; ++esac ++ ++if test "$linuxthreads_missing"; then ++ if test $enable_sanity = yes; then ++ echo "\ ++*** On GNU/kFreeBSD systems it is normal to compile GNU libc with the ++*** \`linuxthreads' add-on. Without that, the library will be ++*** incompatible with normal GNU/kFreeBSD systems. ++*** If you really mean to not use this add-on, run configure again ++*** using the extra parameter \`--disable-sanity-checks'." ++ exit 1 ++ else ++ echo "\ ++*** WARNING: Are you sure you do not want to use the \`linuxthreads' ++*** add-on?" ++ fi ++fi ++ ++if test "$prefix" = "/usr/local" -o "$prefix" = "/usr/local/" -o "$prefix" = "NONE"; then ++ if test $enable_sanity = yes; then ++ echo "\ ++*** On GNU/kFreeBSD systems the GNU C Library should not be installed into ++*** /usr/local since this might make your system totally unusable. ++*** We strongly advise to use a different prefix. For details read the FAQ. ++*** If you really mean to do this, run configure again using the extra ++*** parameter \`--disable-sanity-checks'." ++ exit 1 ++ else ++ echo "\ ++*** WARNING: Do you really want to install the GNU C Library into /usr/local? ++*** This might make your system totally unusable, for details read the FAQ." ++ fi ++fi ++ ++ ++# One kFreeBSD we use ldconfig. ++use_ldconfig=yes ++ ++# We need some extensions to the `ldd' script. ++case "$machine" in ++ x86_64*) ++ ldd_rewrite_script=../ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/ldd-rewrite.sed ++ ;; ++ *) ++ ;; ++esac ++ ++ ++if test $host = $build; then ++ # If $prefix/include/{net,scsi} are symlinks, make install will ++ # clobber what they're linked to (probably a kernel tree). ++ # test -L ought to work on all Linux boxes. ++ if test "x$prefix" != xNONE; then ++ ac_prefix=$prefix ++ else ++ ac_prefix=$ac_default_prefix ++ fi ++ echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for symlinks in ${ac_prefix}/include" >&5 ++echo $ECHO_N "checking for symlinks in ${ac_prefix}/include... $ECHO_C" >&6 ++ ac_message= ++ if test -L ${ac_prefix}/include/net; then ++ ac_message="$ac_message ++ ${ac_prefix}/include/net is a symlink" ++ fi ++ if test -L ${ac_prefix}/include/scsi; then ++ ac_message="$ac_message ++ ${ac_prefix}/include/scsi is a symlink" ++ fi ++ if test -n "$ac_message"; then ++ { { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: error: $ac_message ++\`make install' will destroy the target of the link(s). ++Delete the links and re-run configure, or better still, move the entire ++${ac_prefix}/include directory out of the way." >&5 ++echo "$as_me: error: $ac_message ++\`make install' will destroy the target of the link(s). ++Delete the links and re-run configure, or better still, move the entire ++${ac_prefix}/include directory out of the way." >&2;} ++ { (exit 1); exit 1; }; } ++ else ++ echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: ok" >&5 ++echo "${ECHO_T}ok" >&6 ++ fi ++fi ++ ++# We support internal syscalls. ++# It is advertised as inlined syscalls availability ... ++cat >>confdefs.h <<\_ACEOF ++#define HAVE_INLINED_SYSCALLS 1 ++_ACEOF +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/configure.in +@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@ ++GLIBC_PROVIDES dnl See aclocal.m4 in the top level source directory. ++# Local configure fragment for sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd. ++ ++case "$machine" in ++ x86_64*) ++ echo "Adding extra sysnames for kfreebsd/x86_64/elf" ++ sysnames="ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/elf $sysnames" ++ ;; ++esac ++ ++# The kFreeBSD headers can be found in ++# /usr/src/sys/ ++# Check whether this directory is available. ++if test -z "$sysheaders" && ++ test "x$cross_compiling" = xno && ++ test -d /usr/src/sys/ ; then ++ sysheaders="/usr/src/sys/" ++ ccheaders=`$CC -print-file-name=include` ++ dnl We don't have to use -nostdinc. We just want one more directory ++ dnl to be used. ++ SYSINCLUDES="-I $sysheaders" ++fi ++ ++# Don't bother trying to generate any glue code to be compatible with the ++# existing system library, because we are the only system library. ++inhibit_glue=yes ++ ++define([LIBC_KFREEBSD_VERSION],[6.0.0])dnl ++if test -n "$sysheaders"; then ++ OLD_CPPFLAGS=$CPPFLAGS ++ CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS $SYSINCLUDES" ++fi ++define([libc_cv_kfreebsdVER], [libc_cv_kfreebsd]patsubst(LIBC_KFREEBSD_VERSION,[\.]))dnl ++AC_CACHE_CHECK(installed kFreeBSD kernel header files, libc_cv_kfreebsdVER, [dnl ++AC_EGREP_CPP([eat flaming death], [#include ++#if !defined(__FreeBSD_kernel_version) && defined(__FreeBSD_version) ++#define __FreeBSD_kernel_version __FreeBSD_version ++#endif ++#if !defined __FreeBSD_kernel_version || __FreeBSD_kernel_version < ]dnl ++patsubst(LIBC_KFREEBSD_VERSION,[^\([^.]*\)\.\([^.]*\)\.\([^.]*\)$],dnl ++[ (\1 *100000+ \2 *1000+ \3) /* \1.\2.\3 */])[ ++eat flaming death ++#endif], ++ libc_cv_kfreebsdVER='TOO OLD!', ++ libc_cv_kfreebsdVER='LIBC_KFREEBSD_VERSION or later')]) ++if test "$libc_cv_kfreebsdVER" != 'LIBC_KFREEBSD_VERSION or later'; then ++ AC_MSG_ERROR([GNU libc requires kernel header files from ++kFreeBSD LIBC_KFREEBSD_VERSION or later to be installed before configuring. ++The kernel header files are found usually in /usr/src/sys/; make sure ++these directories use files from kFreeBSD LIBC_KFREEBSD_VERSION or later. ++This check uses , so ++make sure that file was built correctly when installing the kernel header ++files. To use kernel headers not from /usr/src/sys/, use the ++configure option --with-headers.]) ++fi ++ ++AC_ARG_ENABLE(compatible-utmp, dnl ++[ --disable-compatible-utmp use a struct utmp which is the same as struct ++ utmpx, as on kFreeBSD, but incompatible with FreeBSD], ++ enable_utmp_compat=$enableval, enable_utmp_compat=no) ++if test "$enable_utmp_compat" = no; then ++ utmp_subdir=utmp-utmpx ++else ++ utmp_subdir=utmp-compat ++fi ++sysnames="$sysnames sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/$utmp_subdir" ++ ++# If the user gave a minimal version number test whether the available ++# kernel headers are young enough. Additionally we have minimal ++# kernel versions for some architectures. If a previous configure fragment ++# set arch_minimum_kernel already, let that override our defaults here. ++# Note that we presume such a fragment has set libc_cv_gcc_unwind_find_fde ++# if appropriate too. ++test -n "$arch_minimum_kernel" || ++case "$machine" in ++ i386*) ++ libc_cv_gcc_unwind_find_fde=yes ++ arch_minimum_kernel=6.0.0 ++ ;; ++ x86_64*) ++ arch_minimum_kernel=6.0.0 ++ ;; ++ *) ++ arch_minimum_kernel=6.0.0 ++ ;; ++esac ++if test -n "$minimum_kernel"; then ++ changequote(,) ++ user_version=$((`echo "$minimum_kernel.0.0.0" | sed 's/\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\).*/\1 \* 65536 + \2 \* 256 + \3/'`)) ++ arch_version=$((`echo "$arch_minimum_kernel.0.0.0" | sed 's/\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\).*/\1 \* 65536 + \2 \* 256 + \3/'`)) ++ changequote([,]) ++ if test $user_version -lt $arch_version; then ++ AC_MSG_WARN([minimum kernel version reset to $arch_minimum_kernel]) ++ minimum_kernel=$arch_minimum_kernel ++ fi ++else ++ if test $arch_minimum_kernel != '6.0.0'; then ++ minimum_kernel=$arch_minimum_kernel ++ fi ++fi ++ ++if test -n "$minimum_kernel"; then ++ AC_MSG_CHECKING(for kernel header at least $minimum_kernel) ++changequote(,)dnl ++ hdrnum=`echo "$minimum_kernel.0.0.0" | sed 's/\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\).*/(\1 * 100000 + \2 * 1000 + \3)/'`; ++ decnum=`echo "$minimum_kernel.0.0.0" | sed 's/\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\).*/(\1 * 65536 + \2 * 256 + \3)/'`; ++ abinum=`echo "$minimum_kernel.0.0.0" | sed 's/\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\).*/\1,\2,\3/'`; ++changequote([,])dnl ++ AC_EGREP_CPP([eat flaming death], [#include ++#if !defined(__FreeBSD_kernel_version) && defined(__FreeBSD_version) ++#define __FreeBSD_kernel_version __FreeBSD_version ++#endif ++#if __FreeBSD_kernel_version < $hdrnum ++eat flaming death ++#endif], libc_minimum_kernel='too old!', libc_minimum_kernel=ok) ++ AC_MSG_RESULT($libc_minimum_kernel) ++ if test "$libc_minimum_kernel" = ok; then ++ AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(__KFREEBSD_KERNEL_VERSION, $decnum) ++ AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(__ABI_TAG_VERSION, $abinum) ++ else ++ AC_MSG_ERROR([*** The available kernel headers are older than the requested ++*** compatible kernel version]) ++ fi ++fi ++ ++if test -n "$sysheaders"; then ++ CPPFLAGS=$OLD_CPPFLAGS ++fi ++# The Linux filesystem standard prescribes where to place "essential" ++# files. I.e., when the installation prefix is "/usr" we have to place ++# shared library objects and the configuration files on the root partition ++# in /lib and /etc. ++case "$prefix" in ++/usr | /usr/) ++ # 64-bit libraries on bi-arch platforms go in /lib64 instead of /lib ++ case $machine in ++ sparc/sparc64 | x86_64 | powerpc/powerpc64 | s390/s390-64 | \ ++ mips/mips64/n64/* ) ++ libc_cv_slibdir="/lib64" ++ if test "$libdir" = '${exec_prefix}/lib'; then ++ libdir='${exec_prefix}/lib64'; ++ # Locale data can be shared between 32bit and 64bit libraries ++ libc_cv_localedir='${exec_prefix}/lib/locale' ++ fi ++ ;; ++ mips/mips64/n32/* ) ++ libc_cv_slibdir="/lib32" ++ if test "$libdir" = '${exec_prefix}/lib'; then ++ libdir='${exec_prefix}/lib32'; ++ # Locale data can be shared between 32bit and 64bit libraries ++ libc_cv_localedir='${exec_prefix}/lib/locale' ++ fi ++ ;; ++ *) ++ libc_cv_slibdir="/lib" ++ ;; ++ esac ++ # Allow the user to override the path with --sysconfdir ++ if test $sysconfdir = '${prefix}/etc'; then ++ libc_cv_sysconfdir=/etc ++ else ++ libc_cv_sysconfdir=$sysconfdir ++ fi ++ libc_cv_rootsbindir="/sbin" ++ ;; ++esac ++ ++ ++# Put exception handling support into libc, so that not every shared ++# library needs to include it. ++# FIXME: Does not work yet. ++libc_cv_gcc_unwind_find_fde=no ++ ++ ++# Under kFreeBSD the LinuxThreads or (may be later) NPTL add-on should be available. ++case $add_ons in ++ # Only one of the add-ons should be available. ++ *linuxthreads*nptl*|*nptl*linuxthreads*) ++ echo "\ ++*** LinuxThreads and NPTL add-ons are both available. Only one must be used." ++ exit 1 ++ ;; ++ # It is available. Good. ++ *linuxthreads*) ++ linuxthreads_missing= ++ ;; ++ *nptl*) ++ linuxthreads_missing= ++ ;; ++ *) ++ linuxthreads_missing=yes ++ ;; ++esac ++ ++if test "$linuxthreads_missing"; then ++ if test $enable_sanity = yes; then ++ echo "\ ++*** On GNU/kFreeBSD systems it is normal to compile GNU libc with the ++*** \`linuxthreads' add-on. Without that, the library will be ++*** incompatible with normal GNU/kFreeBSD systems. ++*** If you really mean to not use this add-on, run configure again ++*** using the extra parameter \`--disable-sanity-checks'." ++ exit 1 ++ else ++ echo "\ ++*** WARNING: Are you sure you do not want to use the \`linuxthreads' ++*** add-on?" ++ fi ++fi ++ ++if test "$prefix" = "/usr/local" -o "$prefix" = "/usr/local/" -o "$prefix" = "NONE"; then ++ if test $enable_sanity = yes; then ++ echo "\ ++*** On GNU/kFreeBSD systems the GNU C Library should not be installed into ++*** /usr/local since this might make your system totally unusable. ++*** We strongly advise to use a different prefix. For details read the FAQ. ++*** If you really mean to do this, run configure again using the extra ++*** parameter \`--disable-sanity-checks'." ++ exit 1 ++ else ++ echo "\ ++*** WARNING: Do you really want to install the GNU C Library into /usr/local? ++*** This might make your system totally unusable, for details read the FAQ." ++ fi ++fi ++ ++ ++# One kFreeBSD we use ldconfig. ++use_ldconfig=yes ++ ++# We need some extensions to the `ldd' script. ++changequote(,) ++case "$machine" in ++ x86_64*) ++ ldd_rewrite_script=../ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/ldd-rewrite.sed ++ ;; ++ *) ++ ;; ++esac ++changequote([,]) ++ ++if test $host = $build; then ++ # If $prefix/include/{net,scsi} are symlinks, make install will ++ # clobber what they're linked to (probably a kernel tree). ++ # test -L ought to work on all Linux boxes. ++ if test "x$prefix" != xNONE; then ++ ac_prefix=$prefix ++ else ++ ac_prefix=$ac_default_prefix ++ fi ++ AC_MSG_CHECKING([for symlinks in ${ac_prefix}/include]) ++ ac_message= ++ if test -L ${ac_prefix}/include/net; then ++ ac_message="$ac_message ++ ${ac_prefix}/include/net is a symlink" ++ fi ++ if test -L ${ac_prefix}/include/scsi; then ++ ac_message="$ac_message ++ ${ac_prefix}/include/scsi is a symlink" ++ fi ++ if test -n "$ac_message"; then ++ AC_MSG_ERROR([$ac_message ++\`make install' will destroy the target of the link(s). ++Delete the links and re-run configure, or better still, move the entire ++${ac_prefix}/include directory out of the way.]) ++ else ++ AC_MSG_RESULT(ok) ++ fi ++fi ++ ++# We support internal syscalls. ++# It is advertised as inlined syscalls availability ... ++AC_DEFINE(HAVE_INLINED_SYSCALLS) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/connect.c +@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Aurelien Jarno , 2005. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* According to POSIX.1-2004 the len argument specifies the length of ++ the sockaddr structure pointed to by the addrarg argument. However ++ the FreeBSD kernel waits the actual length of the address stored ++ there. The code below emulate this behaviour. */ ++ ++extern int __libc_sa_len (sa_family_t __af); ++extern int __libc_sa_len_internal (sa_family_t __af); ++ ++extern int __syscall_connect (int fd, __CONST_SOCKADDR_ARG addr, ++ socklen_t addrlen); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_connect) ++ ++/* Open a connection on socket FD to peer at ADDR (which LEN bytes long). ++ For connectionless socket types, just set the default address to send to ++ and the only address from which to accept transmissions. ++ Return 0 on success, -1 for errors. */ ++ ++int ++__libc_connect (int fd, __CONST_SOCKADDR_ARG addr, socklen_t addrlen) ++{ ++ socklen_t new_addrlen; ++ ++#ifndef NOT_IN_libc ++ new_addrlen = INTUSE(__libc_sa_len) ((addr.__sockaddr__)->sa_family); ++#else ++ new_addrlen = __libc_sa_len ((addr.__sockaddr__)->sa_family); ++#endif ++ ++ /* Only allow a smaller size, otherwise it could lead to ++ stack corruption */ ++ if (new_addrlen < addrlen) ++ addrlen = new_addrlen; ++ ++ /* We pass 3 arguments. */ ++ if (SINGLE_THREAD_P) ++ return INLINE_SYSCALL (connect, 3, fd, addr, addrlen); ++ ++ int oldtype = LIBC_CANCEL_ASYNC (); ++ int result = INLINE_SYSCALL (connect, 3, fd, addr, addrlen); ++ LIBC_CANCEL_RESET (oldtype); ++ return result; ++} ++ ++strong_alias (__libc_connect, __connect_internal) ++weak_alias (__libc_connect, __connect) ++weak_alias (__libc_connect, connect) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/dl-execstack.c +@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ ++/* Stack executability handling for GNU dynamic linker. Linux version. ++ Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++ ++extern int __stack_prot attribute_relro attribute_hidden; ++ ++ ++int ++internal_function ++_dl_make_stack_executable (void **stack_endp) ++{ ++ /* This gives us the highest/lowest page that needs to be changed. */ ++ uintptr_t page = ((uintptr_t) *stack_endp ++ & -(intptr_t) GLRO(dl_pagesize)); ++ ++ /* Challenge the caller. */ ++ if (__builtin_expect (__check_caller (RETURN_ADDRESS (0), ++ allow_ldso|allow_libpthread) != 0, 0) ++ || __builtin_expect (*stack_endp != __libc_stack_end, 0)) ++ return EPERM; ++ ++ if (__builtin_expect (__mprotect ((void *) page, GLRO(dl_pagesize), ++ __stack_prot) != 0, 0)) ++ return errno; ++ ++ /* Clear the address. */ ++ *stack_endp = NULL; ++ ++ /* Remember that we changed the permission. */ ++ GL(dl_stack_flags) |= PF_X; ++ ++ return 0; ++} ++rtld_hidden_def (_dl_make_stack_executable) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/dl-machine.h +@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ ++/* Dynamic linker magic for glibc on FreeBSD kernel. ++ Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Aurelien Jarno , 2006. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* Contrary to most kernels which use ELFOSABI_SYSV aka ELFOSABI_NONE, ++ FreeBSD uses ELFOSABI_FREEBSD for the OSABI field. */ ++ ++# define VALID_ELF_OSABI(osabi) (osabi == ELFOSABI_FREEBSD) ++# define VALID_ELF_ABIVERSION(ver) (ver == 0) ++# define VALID_ELF_HEADER(hdr,exp,size) \ ++ memcmp (hdr,exp,size-2) == 0 \ ++ && VALID_ELF_OSABI (hdr[EI_OSABI]) \ ++ && VALID_ELF_ABIVERSION (hdr[EI_ABIVERSION]) ++ ++#include_next +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/dl-osinfo.h +@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ ++/* Operating system specific code for generic dynamic loader functions. ++ Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#ifndef MIN ++# define MIN(a,b) (((a)<(b))?(a):(b)) ++#endif ++ ++#ifdef SHARED ++/* This is the function used in the dynamic linker to print the fatal error ++ message. */ ++static inline void ++__attribute__ ((__noreturn__)) ++dl_fatal (const char *str) ++{ ++ _dl_dprintf (2, str); ++ _exit (1); ++} ++#endif ++ ++#define DL_SYSDEP_OSCHECK(FATAL) \ ++ do { \ ++ /* Test whether the kernel is new enough. This test is only performed \ ++ if the library is not compiled to run on all kernels. */ \ ++ \ ++ int version = _dl_discover_osversion (); \ ++ if (__builtin_expect (version >= 0, 1)) \ ++ { \ ++ if (__builtin_expect (GLRO(dl_osversion) == 0, 1) \ ++ || GLRO(dl_osversion) > version) \ ++ GLRO(dl_osversion) = version; \ ++ \ ++ /* Now we can test with the required version. */ \ ++ if (__KFREEBSD_KERNEL_VERSION > 0 && \ ++ version < __KFREEBSD_KERNEL_VERSION) \ ++ /* Not sufficent. */ \ ++ FATAL ("FATAL: kernel too old\n"); \ ++ } \ ++ else if (__KFREEBSD_KERNEL_VERSION > 0) \ ++ FATAL ("FATAL: cannot determine kernel version\n"); \ ++ } while (0) ++ ++static inline uintptr_t __attribute__ ((always_inline)) ++_dl_setup_stack_chk_guard (void) ++{ ++ uintptr_t ret; ++#ifdef ENABLE_STACKGUARD_RANDOMIZE ++ int fd = __open ("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY); ++ if (fd >= 0) ++ { ++ ssize_t reslen = __read (fd, &ret, sizeof (ret)); ++ __close (fd); ++ if (reslen == (ssize_t) sizeof (ret)) ++ return ret; ++ } ++#endif ++ ret = 0; ++ unsigned char *p = (unsigned char *) &ret; ++ p[sizeof (ret) - 1] = 255; ++ p[sizeof (ret) - 2] = '\n'; ++ return ret; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/dl-sysdep.c +@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ ++/* Dynamic linker system dependencies for GNU/kFreeBSD. ++ Copyright (C) 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* For SHARED, use the generic dynamic linker system interface code. */ ++/* otherwise the code is in dl-support.c */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#ifdef SHARED ++# include ++#endif ++ ++int ++attribute_hidden ++_dl_discover_osversion (void) ++{ ++ int request[2] = { CTL_KERN, KERN_OSRELDATE }; ++ size_t len; ++ int version; ++ ++ len = sizeof(version); ++ if (__sysctl (request, 2, &version, &len, NULL, 0) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ ++/* ++ * scheme is: Rxx ++ * 'R' is 0 if release branch or x.0-CURRENT before RELENG_*_0 ++ * is created, otherwise 1. ++ */ ++ ++ /* Convert to the GLIBC versioning system */ ++ return ((version / 100000) << 16) /* major */ ++ | (((version % 100000) / 1000) << 8) /* minor 0 - 99 */ ++ | ((version % 200)); /* subrelease 0 - 199 */ ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/dl-sysdep.h +@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ ++/* System-specific settings for dynamic linker code. Linux version. ++ Copyright (C) 2005, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include_next ++ ++#ifndef __ASSEMBLER__ ++/* Get version of the OS. */ ++extern int _dl_discover_osversion (void) attribute_hidden; ++# define HAVE_DL_DISCOVER_OSVERSION 1 ++#endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/faccessat.c +@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@ ++/* Test for access to file, relative to open directory. Linux version. ++ Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_faccessat (int fd, const char *path, int mode, int flag); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_faccessat) ++ ++int ++faccessat (fd, file, mode, flag) ++ int fd; ++ const char *file; ++ int mode; ++ int flag; ++{ ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (__have_atfcts >= 0) ++# endif ++ { ++ int result = INLINE_SYSCALL (faccessat, 4, fd, file, mode, flag); ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (result == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) ++ __have_atfcts = -1; ++ else ++# endif ++ return result; ++ } ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (flag & ~(AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW | AT_EACCESS)) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ if ((!(flag & AT_EACCESS) || !__libc_enable_secure) ++ && !(flag & AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)) ++ { ++ /* If we are not set-uid or set-gid, access does the same. */ ++ if (fd != AT_FDCWD && file[0] != '/') ++ { ++ int mib[4]; ++ size_t kf_len = 0; ++ char *kf_buf, *kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (fd < 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ mib[0] = CTL_KERN; ++ mib[1] = KERN_PROC; ++ mib[2] = KERN_PROC_FILEDESC; ++ mib[3] = __getpid (); ++ ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, NULL, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_buf = alloca (kf_len + strlen (file)); ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, kf_buf, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_bufp = kf_buf; ++ while (kf_bufp < kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ struct kinfo_file *kf = ++ (struct kinfo_file *) (uintptr_t) kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (kf->kf_fd == fd) ++ { ++ if (kf->kf_type != KF_TYPE_VNODE || ++ kf->kf_vnode_type != KF_VTYPE_VDIR) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOTDIR); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, "/"); ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, file); ++ file = kf->kf_path; ++ break; ++ } ++ kf_bufp += kf->kf_structsize; ++ } ++ ++ if (kf_bufp >= kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ } ++ ++ return __access (file, mode); ++ } ++#endif ++ ++ struct stat64 stats; ++ if (fstatat64 (fd, file, &stats, flag & AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)) ++ return -1; ++ ++ mode &= (X_OK | W_OK | R_OK); /* Clear any bogus bits. */ ++#if R_OK != S_IROTH || W_OK != S_IWOTH || X_OK != S_IXOTH ++# error Oops, portability assumptions incorrect. ++#endif ++ ++ if (mode == F_OK) ++ return 0; /* The file exists. */ ++ ++ uid_t uid = (flag & AT_EACCESS) ? __geteuid () : __getuid (); ++ ++ /* The super-user can read and write any file, and execute any file ++ that anyone can execute. */ ++ if (uid == 0 && ((mode & X_OK) == 0 ++ || (stats.st_mode & (S_IXUSR | S_IXGRP | S_IXOTH)))) ++ return 0; ++ ++ int granted = (uid == stats.st_uid ++ ? (unsigned int) (stats.st_mode & (mode << 6)) >> 6 ++ : (stats.st_gid == ((flag & AT_EACCESS) ++ ? __getegid () : __getgid ()) ++ || __group_member (stats.st_gid)) ++ ? (unsigned int) (stats.st_mode & (mode << 3)) >> 3 ++ : (stats.st_mode & mode)); ++ ++ if (granted == mode) ++ return 0; ++ ++ __set_errno (EACCES); ++ return -1; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/fchmodat.c +@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_fchmodat (int fd, const char *path, ++ mode_t mode, int flag); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_fchmodat) ++ ++/* This is specific to kFreeBSD. */ ++extern int __lchmod (__const char *__file, __mode_t __mode); ++ ++int ++fchmodat (fd, file, mode, flag) ++ int fd; ++ const char *file; ++ mode_t mode; ++ int flag; ++{ ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (__have_atfcts >= 0) ++# endif ++ { ++ int result = INLINE_SYSCALL (fchmodat, 4, fd, file, mode, flag); ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (result == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) ++ __have_atfcts = -1; ++ else ++# endif ++ return result; ++ } ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (flag & ~AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ if (fd != AT_FDCWD && file[0] != '/') ++ { ++ int mib[4]; ++ size_t kf_len = 0; ++ char *kf_buf, *kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (fd < 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ mib[0] = CTL_KERN; ++ mib[1] = KERN_PROC; ++ mib[2] = KERN_PROC_FILEDESC; ++ mib[3] = __getpid (); ++ ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, NULL, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_buf = alloca (kf_len + strlen (file)); ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, kf_buf, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_bufp = kf_buf; ++ while (kf_bufp < kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ struct kinfo_file *kf = (struct kinfo_file *) (uintptr_t) kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (kf->kf_fd == fd) ++ { ++ if (kf->kf_type != KF_TYPE_VNODE || ++ kf->kf_vnode_type != KF_VTYPE_VDIR) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOTDIR); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, "/"); ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, file); ++ file = kf->kf_path; ++ break; ++ } ++ kf_bufp += kf->kf_structsize; ++ } ++ ++ if (kf_bufp >= kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ } ++ ++ if (flag & AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) ++ return __lchmod(file, mode); ++ else ++ return __chmod(file, mode); ++#endif ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/fchownat.c +@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_fchownat (int fd, const char *path, uid_t uid, ++ gid_t gid, int flag); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_fchownat) ++ ++/* Change the owner and group of FILE. */ ++int ++fchownat (fd, file, owner, group, flag) ++ int fd; ++ const char *file; ++ uid_t owner; ++ gid_t group; ++ int flag; ++{ ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (__have_atfcts >= 0) ++# endif ++ { ++ int result = INLINE_SYSCALL (fchownat, 5, fd, file, owner, group, flag); ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (result == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) ++ __have_atfcts = -1; ++ else ++# endif ++ return result; ++ } ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (flag & ~AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ if (fd != AT_FDCWD && file[0] != '/') ++ { ++ int mib[4]; ++ size_t kf_len = 0; ++ char *kf_buf, *kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (fd < 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ mib[0] = CTL_KERN; ++ mib[1] = KERN_PROC; ++ mib[2] = KERN_PROC_FILEDESC; ++ mib[3] = __getpid (); ++ ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, NULL, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_buf = alloca (kf_len + strlen (file)); ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, kf_buf, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_bufp = kf_buf; ++ while (kf_bufp < kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ struct kinfo_file *kf = (struct kinfo_file *) (uintptr_t) kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (kf->kf_fd == fd) ++ { ++ if (kf->kf_type != KF_TYPE_VNODE || ++ kf->kf_vnode_type != KF_VTYPE_VDIR) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOTDIR); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, "/"); ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, file); ++ file = kf->kf_path; ++ break; ++ } ++ kf_bufp += kf->kf_structsize; ++ } ++ ++ if (kf_bufp >= kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ } ++ ++ if (flag & AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) ++ return __lchown(file, owner, group); ++ else ++ return __chown(file, owner, group); ++#endif ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/fcntl.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/fexecve.c +@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_fexecve (int fd, char *const argv[], char *const envp[]); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_fexecve); ++ ++/* Execute the file FD refers to, overlaying the running program image. ++ ARGV and ENVP are passed to the new program, as for `execve'. */ ++int ++fexecve (fd, argv, envp) ++ int fd; ++ char *const argv[]; ++ char *const envp[]; ++{ ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (__have_atfcts >= 0) ++# endif ++ { ++ int result = INLINE_SYSCALL (fexecve, 3, fd, argv, envp); ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (result == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) ++ __have_atfcts = -1; ++ else ++# endif ++ return result; ++ } ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (fd < 0 || argv == NULL || envp == NULL) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ int mib[4]; ++ size_t kf_len = 0; ++ char *kf_buf, *kf_bufp; ++ ++ mib[0] = CTL_KERN; ++ mib[1] = KERN_PROC; ++ mib[2] = KERN_PROC_FILEDESC; ++ mib[3] = __getpid (); ++ ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, NULL, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_buf = alloca (kf_len); ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, kf_buf, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_bufp = kf_buf; ++ while (kf_bufp < kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ struct kinfo_file *kf = (struct kinfo_file *) (uintptr_t) kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (kf->kf_fd == fd) ++ { ++ if (kf->kf_type == KF_TYPE_VNODE && ++ kf->kf_vnode_type == KF_VTYPE_VREG) ++ return __execve (kf->kf_path, argv, envp); ++ break; ++ } ++ kf_bufp += kf->kf_structsize; ++ } ++ ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++#endif ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/fhstat.c +@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "stat16conv.c" ++ ++int ++__fhstat (const fhandle_t *fhp, struct stat *buf) ++{ ++ struct stat16 buf16; ++ ++ if (__syscall_fhstat (fhp, &buf16) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ ++ /* Convert a 'struct stat16' to 'struct stat'. */ ++ stat16_to_stat (&buf16, buf); ++ ++ return 0; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__fhstat, fhstat) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/fhstat64.c +@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "stat16conv.c" ++ ++int ++fhstat64 (const fhandle_t *fhp, struct stat64 *buf) ++{ ++ struct stat16 buf16; ++ ++ if (__syscall_fhstat (fhp, &buf16) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ ++ /* Convert a 'struct stat16' to 'struct stat64'. */ ++ stat16_to_stat64 (&buf16, buf); ++ ++ return 0; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/fhstatfs.c +@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Petr Salinger, 2006. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++#include "statfsconv.c" ++ ++int ++fhstatfs (const fhandle_t *fhp, struct statfs *buf) ++{ ++ struct statfs_fbsd5 kbuf; ++ ++ if (__syscall_fhstatfs (fhp, &kbuf) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ ++ statfs5_to_statfs (&kbuf, buf); ++ ++ return 0; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/fhstatfs64.c +@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++#include "statfsconv.c" ++ ++int ++fhstatfs64 (const fhandle_t *fhp, struct statfs64 *buf) ++{ ++ struct statfs_fbsd5 kbuf; ++ ++ if (__syscall_fhstatfs (fhp, &kbuf) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ ++ /* Convert a 'struct statfs' to 'struct statfs64'. */ ++ statfs5_to_statfs64 (&kbuf, buf); ++ ++ return 0; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/fstatfs.c +@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ ++/* Return information about the filesystem on which FD resides. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Petr Salinger, 2006. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++#include "statfsconv.c" ++ ++/* Return information about the filesystem on which FD resides. */ ++int ++__fstatfs (int fd, struct statfs *buf) ++{ ++ struct statfs_fbsd5 kbuf; ++ ++ if (__syscall_fstatfs (fd, &kbuf) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ ++ statfs5_to_statfs (&kbuf, buf); ++ ++ return 0; ++} ++weak_alias (__fstatfs, fstatfs) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/fstatfs64.c +@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ ++/* Return information about the filesystem on which FD resides. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++#include "statfsconv.c" ++ ++/* Return information about the filesystem on which FD resides. */ ++int ++__fstatfs64 (int fd, struct statfs64 *buf) ++{ ++ struct statfs_fbsd5 kbuf; ++ ++ if (__syscall_fstatfs (fd, &kbuf) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ ++ /* Convert a 'struct statfs' to 'struct statfs64'. */ ++ statfs5_to_statfs64 (&kbuf, buf); ++ ++ return 0; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__fstatfs64, fstatfs64) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/fstatvfs.c +@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ ++/* Return information about the filesystem on which FD resides. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "statfsconv.c" ++ ++/* Return information about the filesystem on which FD resides. */ ++int ++fstatvfs (int fd, struct statvfs *buf) ++{ ++ struct statfs_fbsd5 kbuf; ++ ++ if (__syscall_fstatfs (fd, &kbuf) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ ++ /* Convert a 'struct statfs' to 'struct statvfs'. */ ++ statfs5_to_statvfs (&kbuf, buf); ++ ++ return 0; ++} ++libc_hidden_def (fstatvfs) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/fstatvfs64.c +@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ ++/* Return information about the filesystem on which FD resides. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "statfsconv.c" ++ ++/* Return information about the filesystem on which FD resides. */ ++int ++__fstatvfs64 (int fd, struct statvfs64 *buf) ++{ ++ struct statfs_fbsd5 kbuf; ++ ++ if (__syscall_fstatfs (fd, &kbuf) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ ++ /* Convert a 'struct statfs' to 'struct statvfs64'. */ ++ statfs5_to_statvfs64 (&kbuf, buf); ++ ++ return 0; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__fstatvfs64, fstatvfs64) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/ftruncate.c +@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_ftruncate (int __fd, __off_t __length) __THROW; ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_ftruncate) ++extern int __syscall_freebsd6_ftruncate (int __fd, int __unused1, ++ __off_t __length) __THROW; ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_freebsd6_ftruncate) ++ ++int ++__ftruncate (int fd, __off_t length) ++{ ++ int result; ++ ++ /* First try the new syscall. */ ++ result = INLINE_SYSCALL (ftruncate, 2, fd, length); ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_TRUNCATE_SYSCALL ++ if (result == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) ++ /* New syscall not available, us the old one. */ ++ result = INLINE_SYSCALL (freebsd6_ftruncate, 3, fd, 0, length); ++#endif ++ ++ return result; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__ftruncate, ftruncate) ++ ++/* 'ftruncate64' is the same as 'ftruncate', because __off64_t == __off_t. */ ++strong_alias (__ftruncate, __ftruncate64) ++weak_alias (__ftruncate64, ftruncate64) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/ftruncate64.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++/* 'ftruncate64' is the same as 'ftruncate', because __off64_t == __off_t. */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/futimesat.c +@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_futimesat (int fd, const char *path, ++ const struct timeval *times); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_futimesat) ++ ++/* Change the access time of FILE relative to FD to TVP[0] and ++ the modification time of FILE to TVP[1]. */ ++int ++futimesat (fd, file, tvp) ++ int fd; ++ const char *file; ++ const struct timeval tvp[2]; ++{ ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (__have_atfcts >= 0) ++# endif ++ { ++ int result; ++ ++ if (file == NULL) ++ return __futimes (fd, tvp); ++ ++ result = INLINE_SYSCALL (futimesat, 3, fd, file, tvp); ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (result == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) ++ __have_atfcts = -1; ++ else ++# endif ++ return result; ++ } ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if ((file == NULL) || (fd != AT_FDCWD && file[0] != '/')) ++ { ++ int mib[4]; ++ size_t kf_len = 0; ++ char *kf_buf, *kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (fd < 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ mib[0] = CTL_KERN; ++ mib[1] = KERN_PROC; ++ mib[2] = KERN_PROC_FILEDESC; ++ mib[3] = __getpid (); ++ ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, NULL, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ if (file == NULL) ++ kf_buf = alloca (kf_len); ++ else ++ kf_buf = alloca (kf_len + strlen (file)); ++ ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, kf_buf, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_bufp = kf_buf; ++ while (kf_bufp < kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ struct kinfo_file *kf = (struct kinfo_file *) (uintptr_t) kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (kf->kf_fd == fd) ++ { ++ if (kf->kf_type != KF_TYPE_VNODE || ++ kf->kf_vnode_type != KF_VTYPE_VDIR) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOTDIR); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ if (file != NULL) ++ { ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, "/"); ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, file); ++ } ++ file = kf->kf_path; ++ break; ++ } ++ kf_bufp += kf->kf_structsize; ++ } ++ ++ if (kf_bufp >= kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ } ++ ++ return __utimes(file, tvp); ++#endif ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/fxstat.c +@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ ++/* fxstat using FreeBSD fstat, nfstat system calls. ++ Copyright (C) 1991,1995-1997,2000,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "stat16conv.c" ++ ++int ++__fxstat (int vers, int fd, struct stat *buf) ++{ ++ if (__builtin_expect (vers == _STAT_VER, 1)) ++ { ++ struct stat16 buf16; ++ int result = __syscall_fstat (fd, __ptrvalue (&buf16)); ++ if (result == 0) ++ stat16_to_stat (&buf16, buf); ++ return result; ++ } ++ else if (__builtin_expect (vers == _STAT_VER_stat, 1)) ++ return __syscall_fstat (fd, CHECK_1 ((struct stat16 *) buf)); ++ else ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++} ++hidden_def (__fxstat) ++ ++weak_alias (__fxstat, _fxstat) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/fxstat64.c +@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ ++/* fxstat using FreeBSD fstat, nfstat system calls. ++ Copyright (C) 1991,1995-1997,2000,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "stat16conv.c" ++ ++int ++__fxstat64 (int vers, int fd, struct stat64 *buf) ++{ ++ if (__builtin_expect (vers == _STAT_VER, 1)) ++ { ++ struct stat16 buf16; ++ int result = __syscall_fstat (fd, __ptrvalue (&buf16)); ++ if (result == 0) ++ stat16_to_stat64 (&buf16, buf); ++ return result; ++ } ++ else ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++} ++hidden_def (__fxstat64) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/fxstatat.c +@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "stat16conv.c" ++ ++extern int __syscall_fstatat (int fd, const char *path, ++ struct stat16 *buf, int flag); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_fstatat) ++ ++/* Get information about the file NAME relative to FD in ST. */ ++int ++__fxstatat (int vers, int fd, const char *file, struct stat *st, int flag) ++{ ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (__have_atfcts >= 0) ++# endif ++ { ++ int result; ++ ++ if (__builtin_expect (vers == _STAT_VER, 1)) ++ { ++ struct stat16 buf16; ++ result = ++ INLINE_SYSCALL (fstatat, 4, fd, CHECK_STRING (file), ++ __ptrvalue (&buf16), flag); ++ if (result == 0) ++ stat16_to_stat (&buf16, st); ++ } ++ else if (__builtin_expect (vers == _STAT_VER_stat, 1)) ++ { ++ result = ++ INLINE_SYSCALL (fstatat, 4, fd, CHECK_STRING (file), ++ CHECK_1 ((struct stat16 *) st), flag); ++ } ++ else ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (result == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) ++ __have_atfcts = -1; ++ else ++# endif ++ return result; ++ } ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (flag & ~AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ if (fd != AT_FDCWD && file[0] != '/') ++ { ++ int mib[4]; ++ size_t kf_len = 0; ++ char *kf_buf, *kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (fd < 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ mib[0] = CTL_KERN; ++ mib[1] = KERN_PROC; ++ mib[2] = KERN_PROC_FILEDESC; ++ mib[3] = __getpid (); ++ ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, NULL, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_buf = alloca (kf_len + strlen (file)); ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, kf_buf, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_bufp = kf_buf; ++ while (kf_bufp < kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ struct kinfo_file *kf = (struct kinfo_file *) (uintptr_t) kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (kf->kf_fd == fd) ++ { ++ if (kf->kf_type != KF_TYPE_VNODE || ++ kf->kf_vnode_type != KF_VTYPE_VDIR) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOTDIR); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, "/"); ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, file); ++ file = kf->kf_path; ++ break; ++ } ++ kf_bufp += kf->kf_structsize; ++ } ++ ++ if (kf_bufp >= kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ } ++ ++ if (flag & AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) ++ return __lxstat (vers, file, st); ++ else ++ return __xstat (vers, file, st); ++#endif ++} ++ ++libc_hidden_def (__fxstatat) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/fxstatat64.c +@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "stat16conv.c" ++ ++extern int __syscall_fstatat (int fd, const char *path, ++ struct stat16 *buf, int flag); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_fstatat) ++ ++/* Get information about the file NAME relative to FD in ST. */ ++int ++__fxstatat64 (int vers, int fd, const char *file, struct stat64 *st, int flag) ++{ ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (__have_atfcts >= 0) ++# endif ++ { ++ int result; ++ ++ if (__builtin_expect (vers == _STAT_VER, 1)) ++ { ++ struct stat16 buf16; ++ result = ++ INLINE_SYSCALL (fstatat, 4, fd, CHECK_STRING (file), ++ __ptrvalue (&buf16), flag); ++ if (result == 0) ++ stat16_to_stat64 (&buf16, st); ++ } ++ else ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (result == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) ++ __have_atfcts = -1; ++ else ++# endif ++ return result; ++ } ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (flag & ~AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ if (fd != AT_FDCWD && file[0] != '/') ++ { ++ int mib[4]; ++ size_t kf_len = 0; ++ char *kf_buf, *kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (fd < 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ mib[0] = CTL_KERN; ++ mib[1] = KERN_PROC; ++ mib[2] = KERN_PROC_FILEDESC; ++ mib[3] = __getpid (); ++ ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, NULL, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_buf = alloca (kf_len + strlen (file)); ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, kf_buf, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_bufp = kf_buf; ++ while (kf_bufp < kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ struct kinfo_file *kf = (struct kinfo_file *) (uintptr_t) kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (kf->kf_fd == fd) ++ { ++ if (kf->kf_type != KF_TYPE_VNODE || ++ kf->kf_vnode_type != KF_VTYPE_VDIR) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOTDIR); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, "/"); ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, file); ++ file = kf->kf_path; ++ break; ++ } ++ kf_bufp += kf->kf_structsize; ++ } ++ ++ if (kf_bufp >= kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ } ++ ++ if (flag & AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) ++ return __lxstat64 (vers, file, st); ++ else ++ return __xstat64 (vers, file, st); ++#endif ++} ++ ++libc_hidden_def (__fxstatat64) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/getcwd.c +@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ ++/* Determine current working directory. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* The system calls only makes a lookup in the VFS cache, which can easily ++ fail. Therefore we use the generic version as a fallback. */ ++extern int __syscall_getcwd (char *__unbounded buf, unsigned int size); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_getcwd) ++ ++static char *generic_getcwd (char *buf, size_t size) internal_function; ++ ++char * ++__getcwd (char *buf, size_t size) ++{ ++ char tmpbuf[PATH_MAX]; ++ ++ if (INLINE_SYSCALL (getcwd, 2, tmpbuf, PATH_MAX) >= 0) ++ { ++ size_t len = strlen (tmpbuf) + 1; ++ ++ if (size == 0) ++ { ++ if (__builtin_expect (buf != NULL, 0)) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return NULL; ++ } ++ ++ buf = (char *) malloc (len); ++ if (__builtin_expect (buf == NULL, 0)) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOMEM); ++ return NULL; ++ } ++ } ++ else ++ { ++ if (size < len) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ERANGE); ++ return NULL; ++ } ++ ++ if (buf == NULL) ++ { ++ buf = (char *) malloc (size); ++ if (__builtin_expect (buf == NULL, 0)) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOMEM); ++ return NULL; ++ } ++ } ++ } ++ ++ memcpy (buf, tmpbuf, len); ++ return buf; ++ } ++ return generic_getcwd (buf, size); ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__getcwd, getcwd) ++ ++/* Get the code for the generic version. */ ++#define GETCWD_RETURN_TYPE static char * internal_function ++#define __getcwd generic_getcwd ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/getdents.c +@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ ++/* Read directory entries, 3 argument function. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#if 1 ++ ++/* Use the 3-argument system call. */ ++ ++extern int __syscall_getdents (int fd, char *buf, size_t nbytes); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_getdents) ++ ++/* Read directory entries from FD into BUF, reading at most NBYTES. ++ Returns the number of bytes read; zero when at end of directory; or ++ -1 for errors. */ ++ssize_t ++internal_function ++__getdents (int fd, char *buf, size_t nbytes) ++{ ++ return __syscall_getdents (fd, buf, nbytes); ++} ++ ++/* Export getdents(). Not an internal_function. */ ++ssize_t ++getdents (int fd, char *buf, size_t nbytes) ++{ ++ return __syscall_getdents (fd, buf, nbytes); ++} ++ ++#else ++ ++/* Use the 4-argument system call. */ ++ ++extern int __syscall_getdirentries (int fd, char *buf, unsigned int nbytes, ++ long *basep); ++ ++/* Read directory entries from FD into BUF, reading at most NBYTES. ++ Returns the number of bytes read; zero when at end of directory; or ++ -1 for errors. */ ++ssize_t ++internal_function ++__getdents (int fd, char *buf, size_t nbytes) ++{ ++ /* On 64-bit platforms, the system call differs from this function ++ because it takes an 'unsigned int', not a 'size_t'. */ ++ unsigned int nbytes32; ++ ++ nbytes32 = nbytes; ++ if (nbytes32 == nbytes) ++ return __syscall_getdirentries (fd, buf, nbytes32, NULL); ++ else ++ { ++ /* NBYTES is too large. */ ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++} ++ ++/* Export getdents(). Not an internal_function. */ ++ssize_t ++getdents (int fd, char *buf, size_t nbytes) ++{ ++ return __getdents (fd, buf, nbytes); ++} ++ ++#endif ++ ++/* Since 'struct dirent64' == 'struct dirent', the functions '__getdents64' ++ and '__getdents' are equal. */ ++strong_alias (__getdents, __getdents64) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/getdents64.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++/* We have the function getdirentries64 in file getdirentries64.c. */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/getdirentries.c +@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ ++/* Read directory entries, 4 argument function. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef GETDIRENTRIES ++# define GETDIRENTRIES getdirentries ++# define OFF_T off_t ++#endif ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#if 1 ++ ++/* Use the 4-argument system call. */ ++ ++extern int __syscall_getdirentries (int fd, char *buf, unsigned int nbytes, ++ long *basep); ++ ++/* Read directory entries from FD into BUF, reading at most NBYTES. ++ Reading starts at offset *BASEP, and *BASEP is updated with the new ++ position after reading. Returns the number of bytes read; zero when at ++ end of directory; or -1 for errors. */ ++/* FIXME: This is not what this function does. It starts reading at the ++ current position of FD, not at *BASEP. */ ++ssize_t ++GETDIRENTRIES (int fd, char *buf, size_t nbytes, OFF_T *basep) ++{ ++ /* On 32-bit platforms, the system call differs from this function because ++ it takes a 'long *', not an 'OFF_T *'. On 64-bit platforms, the system ++ call differs from this function because it takes an 'unsigned int', not ++ a 'size_t'. */ ++ unsigned int nbytes32; ++ ++ nbytes32 = nbytes; ++ if (nbytes32 == nbytes) ++ { ++ long base; ++ int result = __syscall_getdirentries (fd, buf, nbytes32, &base); ++ ++ if (result >= 0 && basep != NULL) ++ *basep = base; ++ return result; ++ } ++ else ++ { ++ /* NBYTES is too large. */ ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++} ++ ++#else ++ ++/* Use the 3-argument system call. */ ++ ++extern int __syscall_getdents (int fd, char *buf, size_t nbytes); ++ ++/* Read directory entries from FD into BUF, reading at most NBYTES. ++ Reading starts at offset *BASEP, and *BASEP is updated with the new ++ position after reading. Returns the number of bytes read; zero when at ++ end of directory; or -1 for errors. */ ++/* FIXME: This is not what this function does. It starts reading at the ++ current position of FD, not at *BASEP. */ ++ssize_t ++GETDIRENTRIES (int fd, char *buf, size_t nbytes, OFF_T *basep) ++{ ++ OFF_T base = 0; ++ ssize_t result; ++ ++ if (basep) ++ base = __lseek (fd, (off_t) 0, SEEK_CUR); ++ ++ result = __syscall_getdents (fd, buf, nbytes); ++ ++ if (basep && result >= 0) ++ *basep = base; ++ return result; ++} ++ ++#endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/getdirentries64.c +@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ ++/* Since 'struct dirent64' == 'struct dirent', the functions 'getdirentries64' ++ and 'getdirentries' differ only in the type of the BASEP argument. */ ++#define GETDIRENTRIES getdirentries64 ++#define OFF_T off64_t ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/getdomain.c +@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* Put the name of the current domain in no more than LEN bytes of NAME. ++ The result is null-terminated if LEN is large enough for the full ++ name and the terminator. */ ++ ++int ++getdomainname (char *name, size_t len) ++{ ++ /* Fetch the "kern.domainname" sysctl value. */ ++ int request[2] = { CTL_KERN, KERN_NISDOMAINNAME }; ++ size_t result_len = len; ++ ++ if (__sysctl (request, 2, name, &result_len, NULL, 0) < 0) ++ { ++ if (errno == ENOMEM) ++ __set_errno (ENAMETOOLONG); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ if (result_len >= len) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENAMETOOLONG); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ name[result_len] = '\0'; ++ return 0; ++} ++libc_hidden_def (getdomainname) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/getfsstat.c +@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Petr Salinger, 2006. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "statfsconv.c" ++ ++int ++__getfsstat (struct statfs *buf, long bufsize, int flags) ++{ ++ long bufcount; ++ struct statfs_fbsd5 *tmpbuf; ++ int count, i; ++ ++ if (bufsize < 0) ++ bufsize = 0; ++ bufcount = bufsize / sizeof (struct statfs); ++ ++ if ((bufcount == 0) || (buf == NULL)) ++ tmpbuf = NULL; ++ else ++ tmpbuf = alloca(bufcount * sizeof (struct statfs_fbsd5)); ++ ++ count = __syscall_getfsstat (tmpbuf, bufcount * sizeof (struct statfs_fbsd5), flags); ++ if (tmpbuf && count > 0) ++ for (i = count - 1; i >= 0; i--) ++ statfs5_to_statfs (&tmpbuf[i], &buf[i]); ++ ++ return count; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__getfsstat, getfsstat) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/getfsstat64.c +@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "statfsconv.c" ++ ++int ++__getfsstat64 (struct statfs64 *buf, long bufsize, int flags) ++{ ++ long bufcount; ++ struct statfs_fbsd5 *tmpbuf; ++ int count, i; ++ ++ if (bufsize < 0) ++ bufsize = 0; ++ bufcount = bufsize / sizeof (struct statfs64); ++ ++ if ((bufcount == 0) || (buf == NULL)) ++ tmpbuf = NULL; ++ else ++ tmpbuf = alloca(bufcount * sizeof (struct statfs_fbsd5)); ++ ++ count = __syscall_getfsstat (tmpbuf, bufcount * sizeof (struct statfs_fbsd5), flags); ++ if (tmpbuf && count > 0) ++ for (i = count - 1; i >= 0; i--) ++ statfs5_to_statfs64 (&tmpbuf[i], &buf[i]); ++ ++ return count; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__getfsstat64, getfsstat64) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/gethostid.c +@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* Return the current machine's Internet number. */ ++long int ++gethostid (void) ++{ ++ /* Fetch sysctl value of "kern.hostid". */ ++ int request[2] = { CTL_KERN, KERN_HOSTID }; ++ int result; ++ size_t result_len = sizeof (result); ++ ++ if (__sysctl (request, 2, &result, &result_len, NULL, 0) < 0) ++ /* Dummy result. */ ++ return 0; ++ ++ return result; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/gethostname.c +@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* Put the name of the current host in no more than LEN bytes of NAME. ++ The result is null-terminated if LEN is large enough for the full ++ name and the terminator. */ ++ ++int ++__gethostname (char *name, size_t len) ++{ ++ /* Fetch the "kern.hostname" sysctl value. */ ++ int request[2] = { CTL_KERN, KERN_HOSTNAME }; ++ size_t result_len = len; ++ ++ if (__sysctl (request, 2, name, &result_len, NULL, 0) < 0) ++ { ++ if (errno == ENOMEM) ++ __set_errno (ENAMETOOLONG); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ if (result_len >= len) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENAMETOOLONG); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ name[result_len] = '\0'; ++ return 0; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__gethostname, gethostname) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/getloadavg.c +@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ ++/* Get system load averages. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++struct loadavg ++ { ++ unsigned int ldavg[3]; ++ long fscale; ++ }; ++ ++/* Put the 1 minute, 5 minute and 15 minute load averages into the first ++ NELEM elements of LOADAVG. Return the number written (never more than ++ three, but may be less than NELEM), or -1 if an error occurred. */ ++int ++getloadavg (double loadavg[], int nelem) ++{ ++ if (nelem > 3) ++ nelem = 3; ++ if (nelem > 0) ++ { ++ /* Fetch the "vm.loadavg" sysctl value. */ ++ int request[2] = { CTL_VM, VM_LOADAVG }; ++ struct loadavg result; ++ size_t result_len = sizeof (result); ++ int i; ++ ++ if (__sysctl (request, 2, &result, &result_len, NULL, 0) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ ++ for (i = 0; i < nelem; i++) ++ loadavg[i] = (double) result.ldavg[i] / (double) result.fscale; ++ } ++ return nelem; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/getlogin.c +@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ ++/* Non-reentrant function to return the current login name. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* Defined in getlogin_r.c. */ ++extern char *__getlogin_cache; ++extern char __getlogin_cache_room[MAXLOGNAME]; ++ ++extern int __syscall_getlogin (char *__name, size_t __name_len); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_getlogin) ++ ++/* Return the login name of the user, or NULL if it can't be determined. ++ The returned pointer, if not NULL, is good only until the next call. */ ++ ++char * ++getlogin (void) ++{ ++ if (__getlogin_cache == NULL) ++ { ++ if (INLINE_SYSCALL (getlogin, 2, __getlogin_cache_room, MAXLOGNAME) < 0) ++ return NULL; ++ /* The system call should return a NULL terminated name. */ ++ if (__memchr (__getlogin_cache_room, '\0', MAXLOGNAME) == NULL) ++ abort (); ++ __getlogin_cache = __getlogin_cache_room; ++ } ++ return (__getlogin_cache[0] ? __getlogin_cache : NULL); ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/getlogin_r.c +@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ ++/* Reentrant function to return the current login name. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* Cache the system call's return value. */ ++char *__getlogin_cache; ++/* The kernel never returns more than MAXLOGNAME bytes, therefore we don't ++ need more than that either. */ ++char __getlogin_cache_room[MAXLOGNAME]; ++ ++extern int __syscall_getlogin (char *__name, size_t __name_len); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_getlogin) ++ ++/* Return at most NAME_LEN characters of the login name of the user in NAME. ++ If it cannot be determined or some other error occurred, return the error ++ code. Otherwise return 0. ++ Note that the getlogin_r function in FreeBSD libc returns a 'char *', ++ but SUSV2 wants a return type of 'int'. */ ++ ++int ++getlogin_r (char *name, size_t name_len) ++{ ++ size_t len; ++ ++ if (__getlogin_cache == NULL) ++ { ++ if (INLINE_SYSCALL (getlogin, 2, __getlogin_cache_room, MAXLOGNAME) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ /* The system call should return a NULL terminated name. */ ++ if (__memchr (__getlogin_cache_room, '\0', MAXLOGNAME) == NULL) ++ abort (); ++ __getlogin_cache = __getlogin_cache_room; ++ } ++ ++ len = strlen (__getlogin_cache); ++ if (__builtin_expect (len < name_len, 1)) ++ { ++ memcpy (name, __getlogin_cache, len + 1); ++ return 0; ++ } ++ else ++ { ++ __set_errno (ERANGE); ++ return -1; ++ } ++} ++libc_hidden_def (getlogin_r) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/getmntinfo.c +@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ ++/* Return list of mounted filesystems. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++static int mntbufsize; ++static struct statfs *mntbuf; ++ ++/* Return list of mounted filesystems. ++ Inherently not multithread-safe. */ ++int ++__getmntinfo (struct statfs **mntbufp, int flags) ++{ ++ for (;;) ++ { ++ int count = __getfsstat (NULL, 0, flags); ++ int count2; ++ ++ if (count < 0) ++ return 0; ++ ++ if (count == 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (0); ++ return 0; ++ } ++ ++ if (count > mntbufsize) ++ { ++ if (mntbuf != NULL) ++ free (mntbuf); ++ mntbufsize = 0; ++ mntbuf = (struct statfs *) malloc (count * sizeof (struct statfs)); ++ if (mntbuf == NULL) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOMEM); ++ return 0; ++ } ++ mntbufsize = count; ++ } ++ ++ count2 = __getfsstat (mntbuf, count * sizeof (struct statfs), flags); ++ ++ if (count2 < 0) ++ return 0; ++ ++ if (count2 == 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (0); ++ return 0; ++ } ++ ++ if (count2 <= count) ++ { ++ *mntbufp = mntbuf; ++ return count2; ++ } ++ } ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__getmntinfo, getmntinfo) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/getmntinfo64.c +@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ ++/* Return list of mounted filesystems. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++static int mntbufsize; ++static struct statfs64 *mntbuf; ++ ++/* Return list of mounted filesystems. ++ Inherently not multithread-safe. */ ++int ++getmntinfo64 (struct statfs64 **mntbufp, int flags) ++{ ++ for (;;) ++ { ++ int count = __getfsstat64 (NULL, 0, flags); ++ int count2; ++ ++ if (count < 0) ++ return 0; ++ ++ if (count == 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (0); ++ return 0; ++ } ++ ++ if (count > mntbufsize) ++ { ++ if (mntbuf != NULL) ++ free (mntbuf); ++ mntbufsize = 0; ++ mntbuf = (struct statfs64 *) malloc (count * sizeof (struct statfs64)); ++ if (mntbuf == NULL) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOMEM); ++ return 0; ++ } ++ mntbufsize = count; ++ } ++ ++ count2 = __getfsstat64 (mntbuf, count * sizeof (struct statfs64), flags); ++ ++ if (count2 < 0) ++ return 0; ++ ++ if (count2 == 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (0); ++ return 0; ++ } ++ ++ if (count2 <= count) ++ { ++ *mntbufp = mntbuf; ++ return count2; ++ } ++ } ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/getpagesize.c +@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* Return the system page size. */ ++int ++__getpagesize (void) ++{ ++ static int cached_pagesize /* = 0 */; ++ ++ if (cached_pagesize == 0) ++ { ++ /* Fetch sysctl value of "hw.pagesize". */ ++ int request[2] = { CTL_HW, HW_PAGESIZE }; ++ size_t result_len = sizeof (cached_pagesize); ++ ++ if (__sysctl (request, 2, &cached_pagesize, &result_len, NULL, 0) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ } ++ return cached_pagesize; ++} ++libc_hidden_def (__getpagesize) ++ ++weak_alias (__getpagesize, getpagesize) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/getpt.c +@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1998-1999, 2000-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++ ++/* Prefix for master pseudo terminal nodes. */ ++#define _PATH_PTY "/dev/pty" ++ ++ ++/* Letters indicating a series of pseudo terminals. */ ++#ifndef PTYNAME1 ++#define PTYNAME1 "pqrs" ++#endif ++const char __libc_ptyname1[] attribute_hidden = PTYNAME1; ++ ++/* Letters indicating the position within a series. */ ++#ifndef PTYNAME2 ++#define PTYNAME2 "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuv"; ++#endif ++const char __libc_ptyname2[] attribute_hidden = PTYNAME2; ++ ++ ++/* Open a master pseudo terminal and return its file descriptor. */ ++int ++__posix_openpt (int oflag) ++{ ++ char buf[sizeof (_PATH_PTY) + 2]; ++ const char *p, *q; ++ char *s; ++ ++ s = __mempcpy (buf, _PATH_PTY, sizeof (_PATH_PTY) - 1); ++ /* s[0] and s[1] will be filled in the loop. */ ++ s[2] = '\0'; ++ ++ for (p = __libc_ptyname1; *p != '\0'; ++p) ++ { ++ s[0] = *p; ++ ++ for (q = __libc_ptyname2; *q != '\0'; ++q) ++ { ++ int fd; ++ ++ s[1] = *q; ++ ++ fd = __open (buf, oflag); ++ if (fd >= 0) ++ { ++ if (!(oflag & O_NOCTTY)) ++ __ioctl (fd, TIOCSCTTY, NULL); ++ ++ return fd; ++ } ++ ++ if (errno == ENOENT) ++ return -1; ++ } ++ } ++ ++ __set_errno (ENOENT); ++ return -1; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__posix_openpt, posix_openpt) ++ ++ ++int ++__getpt (void) ++{ ++ return __posix_openpt (O_RDWR); ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__getpt, getpt) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/getrlimit64.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++/* 'getrlimit64' is the same as 'getrlimit', because __rlim64_t == __rlim_t. */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/getsysstats.c +@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++ ++int ++__get_nprocs (void) ++{ ++ /* Fetch sysctl value of "hw.ncpu". */ ++ int request[2] = { CTL_HW, HW_NCPU }; ++ int result; ++ size_t result_len = sizeof (result); ++ ++ if (__sysctl (request, 2, &result, &result_len, NULL, 0) < 0) ++ /* Dummy result. */ ++ return 1; ++ ++ return result; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__get_nprocs, get_nprocs) ++ ++ ++int ++__get_nprocs_conf (void) ++{ ++ /* We don't know how to distinguish between configured and active CPUs. */ ++ return __get_nprocs (); ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__get_nprocs_conf, get_nprocs_conf) ++ ++ ++long int ++__get_phys_pages (void) ++{ ++ /* Fetch sysctl value of "hw.physmem". This is a little smaller than ++ the real installed memory size, but so what. */ ++ int request[2] = { CTL_HW, HW_PHYSMEM }; ++ int result; ++ size_t result_len = sizeof (result); ++ ++ if (__sysctl (request, 2, &result, &result_len, NULL, 0) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ ++ return result; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__get_phys_pages, get_phys_pages) ++ ++ ++long int ++__get_avphys_pages (void) ++{ ++#if 1 ++ int result1; ++ int result2; ++ { ++ /* Fetch sysctl value of "vm.stats.vm.v_inactive_count". */ ++ size_t result_len = sizeof (result1); ++ ++ if (__sysctlbyname ("vm.stats.vm.v_inactive_count", &result1, &result_len, ++ NULL, 0) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ } ++ { ++ /* Fetch sysctl value of "vm.stats.vm.v_free_count". */ ++ size_t result_len = sizeof (result2); ++ ++ if (__sysctlbyname ("vm.stats.vm.v_free_count", &result2, &result_len, ++ NULL, 0) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ return result1 + result2; ++#else ++ /* This does not appear to work. */ ++ /* Fetch v_inactive_count field of sysctl value of "vm.vmmeter". */ ++ int request[2] = { CTL_VM, VM_METER }; ++ struct vmmeter result; ++ size_t result_len = sizeof (result); ++ ++ if (__sysctl (request, 2, &result, &result_len, NULL, 0) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ ++ return result.v_inactive_count; ++#endif ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__get_avphys_pages, get_avphys_pages) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/glob.c +@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ ++/* 'glob64' is different from 'glob', because ++ 'struct stat64' != 'struct stat'. */ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/glob64.c +@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ ++/* 'glob64' is different from 'glob', because ++ 'struct stat64' != 'struct stat'. */ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/gtty.c +@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ ++/* use stub only variant */ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/Makefile +@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ ++# Additional header files to be installed in $prefix/include: ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),misc) ++sysdep_headers += \ ++ sys/io.h \ ++ sys/perm.h \ ++ sys/vm86.h ++endif ++ ++# Additional functions, and particular system calls: ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),misc) ++# For and . ++sysdep_routines += i386_get_ioperm i386_set_ioperm iopl ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += i386_vm86 ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += i386_get_ldt i386_set_ldt ++endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/Versions +@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ ++libc { ++ GLIBC_2.2.6 { ++ i386_get_ioperm; i386_set_ioperm; i386_vm86; ++ ioperm; iopl; ++ i386_get_ldt; i386_set_ldt; ++ } ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/bits/mcontext.h +@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ ++/* Machine-dependent processor state structure for FreeBSD. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. i386 version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#if !defined _SYS_UCONTEXT_H ++# error "Never use directly; include instead." ++#endif ++ ++/*- ++ * Copyright (c) 1999 Marcel Moolenaar ++ * All rights reserved. ++ * ++ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without ++ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions ++ * are met: ++ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer ++ * in this position and unchanged. ++ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the ++ * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. ++ * 3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products ++ * derived from this software without specific prior written permission. ++ * ++ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR ++ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES ++ * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. ++ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, ++ * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT ++ * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, ++ * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY ++ * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT ++ * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF ++ * THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. ++ * ++ * based on $FreeBSD: src/sys/i386/include/ucontext.h,v 1.10 2002/12/02 19:58:55 deischen Exp $ ++ */ ++ ++/* Whole processor state. */ ++typedef struct ++ { ++ /* ++ * The first 20 fields must match the definition of ++ * sigcontext. So that we can support sigcontext ++ * and ucontext_t at the same time. ++ */ ++ ++ int mc_onstack; /* Nonzero if running on sigstack. */ ++ ++ /* Segment registers. */ ++ int mc_gs; ++ int mc_fs; ++ int mc_es; ++ int mc_ds; ++ ++ /* "General" registers. These members are in the order that the i386 ++ `pusha' and `popa' instructions use (`popa' ignores %esp). */ ++ int mc_edi; ++ int mc_esi; ++ int mc_ebp; ++ int mc_isp; /* Not used; sc_esp is used instead. */ ++ int mc_ebx; ++ int mc_edx; ++ int mc_ecx; ++ int mc_eax; ++ ++ int mc_trapno; ++ int mc_err; ++ ++ int mc_eip; /* Instruction pointer. */ ++ int mc_cs; /* Code segment register. */ ++ ++ int mc_efl; /* Processor flags. */ ++ ++ int mc_esp; /* This stack pointer is used. */ ++ int mc_ss; /* Stack segment register. */ ++ ++ int mc_len; /* sizeof(mcontext_t) */ ++#define _MC_FPFMT_NODEV 0x10000 /* device not present or configured */ ++#define _MC_FPFMT_387 0x10001 ++#define _MC_FPFMT_XMM 0x10002 ++ int mc_fpformat; ++#define _MC_FPOWNED_NONE 0x20000 /* FP state not used */ ++#define _MC_FPOWNED_FPU 0x20001 /* FP state came from FPU */ ++#define _MC_FPOWNED_PCB 0x20002 /* FP state came from PCB */ ++ int mc_ownedfp; ++ int mc_spare1[1]; /* align next field to 16 bytes */ ++ /* ++ * See for the internals of mc_fpstate[]. ++ */ ++ int mc_fpstate[128] __attribute__((aligned(16))); ++ int mc_spare2[8]; ++ } mcontext_t; ++ ++/* Traditional BSD names for some members. */ ++#define mc_eflags mc_efl +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/bits/sigcontext.h +@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ ++/* Machine-dependent signal context structure for FreeBSD. i386 version. ++ Copyright (C) 1991-1992,1994,1997,2001-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#if !defined _SIGNAL_H && !defined _SYS_UCONTEXT_H ++# error "Never use directly; include instead." ++#endif ++ ++#ifndef _BITS_SIGCONTEXT_H ++#define _BITS_SIGCONTEXT_H 1 ++ ++/* State of this thread when the signal was taken. ++ The unions below are for compatibility with Linux (whose sigcontext ++ components don't have sc_ prefix) */ ++struct sigcontext ++ { ++ __sigset_t sc_mask; /* Blocked signals to restore. */ ++ int sc_onstack; /* Nonzero if running on sigstack. */ ++ ++ /* Segment registers. */ ++ union { int sc_gs; int gs; }; ++ union { int sc_fs; int fs; }; ++ union { int sc_es; int es; }; ++ union { int sc_ds; int ds; }; ++ ++ /* "General" registers. These members are in the order that the i386 ++ `pusha' and `popa' instructions use (`popa' ignores %esp). */ ++ union { int sc_edi; int edi; }; ++ union { int sc_esi; int esi; }; ++ union { int sc_ebp; int ebp; }; ++ union { int sc_isp; int isp; }; /* Not used; sc_esp is used instead. */ ++ union { int sc_ebx; int ebx; }; ++ union { int sc_edx; int edx; }; ++ union { int sc_ecx; int ecx; }; ++ union { int sc_eax; int eax; }; ++ ++ union { int sc_trapno; int trapno; }; ++ union { int sc_err; int err; }; ++ ++ union { int sc_eip; int eip; }; /* Instruction pointer. */ ++ union { int sc_cs; int cs; }; /* Code segment register. */ ++ ++ union { int sc_efl; int eflags; }; /* Processor flags. */ ++ ++ union { int sc_esp; int esp; }; /* This stack pointer is used. */ ++ union { int sc_ss; int ss; }; /* Stack segment register. */ ++ ++ int sc_len; /* sizeof(mcontext_t) */ ++ /* ++ * XXX - See and for ++ * the following fields. ++ */ ++ int sc_fpformat; ++ int sc_ownedfp; ++ int sc_spare1[1]; ++ int sc_fpstate[128] __attribute__((aligned(16))); ++ int sc_spare2[8]; ++ }; ++ ++/* Traditional BSD names for some members. */ ++#define sc_sp sc_esp /* Stack pointer. */ ++#define sc_fp sc_ebp /* Frame pointer. */ ++#define sc_pc sc_eip /* Process counter. */ ++#define sc_ps sc_efl ++#define sc_eflags sc_efl ++ ++#if 1 /* FIXME: These need verification. */ ++ ++/* Codes for SIGILL. */ ++#define ILL_PRIVIN_FAULT 1 ++#define ILL_ALIGN_FAULT 14 ++#define ILL_FPOP_FAULT 24 ++ ++/* Codes for SIGBUS. */ ++#define BUS_PAGE_FAULT 12 ++#define BUS_SEGNP_FAULT 26 ++#define BUS_STK_FAULT 27 ++#define BUS_SEGM_FAULT 29 ++ ++#endif ++ ++#endif /* _BITS_SIGCONTEXT_H */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/bits/time.h +@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ ++/* System-dependent timing definitions. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 1996-1997, 1999, 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* ++ * Never include this file directly; use instead. ++ */ ++ ++#ifndef __need_timeval ++# ifndef _BITS_TIME_H ++# define _BITS_TIME_H 1 ++ ++/* ISO/IEC 9899:1990 7.12.1: ++ The macro `CLOCKS_PER_SEC' is the number per second of the value ++ returned by the `clock' function. */ ++/* CAE XSH, Issue 4, Version 2: ++ The value of CLOCKS_PER_SEC is required to be 1 million on all ++ XSI-conformant systems. */ ++# define CLOCKS_PER_SEC 1000000l ++ ++# if !defined __STRICT_ANSI__ && !defined __USE_XOPEN2K ++/* Even though CLOCKS_PER_SEC has such a strange value CLK_TCK ++ presents the real value for clock ticks per second for the system. */ ++# define CLK_TCK 128 ++# endif ++ ++# ifdef __USE_POSIX199309 ++/* Identifier for system-wide realtime clock. */ ++# define CLOCK_REALTIME 0 ++/* High-resolution timer from the CPU. */ ++# define CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID 2 ++/* Thread-specific CPU-time clock. */ ++# define CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID 3 ++/* Monotonic system-wide clock. */ ++# define CLOCK_MONOTONIC 4 ++/* These are BSD specific clocks. */ ++# ifdef __USE_BSD ++# define CLOCK_VIRTUAL 1 ++# define CLOCK_PROF 2 ++# endif ++ ++/* Flag to indicate time is absolute. */ ++# define TIMER_ABSTIME 1 ++# endif ++ ++ ++/* Getkerninfo clock information structure */ ++struct clockinfo ++ { ++ int hz; /* clock frequency */ ++ int tick; /* micro-seconds per hz tick */ ++ int spare; ++ int stathz; /* statistics clock frequency */ ++ int profhz; /* profiling clock frequency */ ++ }; ++ ++# endif /* bits/time.h */ ++#endif ++ ++#ifdef __need_timeval ++# undef __need_timeval ++# ifndef _STRUCT_TIMEVAL ++# define _STRUCT_TIMEVAL 1 ++# include ++ ++/* A time value that is accurate to the nearest ++ microsecond but also has a range of years. */ ++struct timeval ++ { ++ __time_t tv_sec; /* Seconds. */ ++ __suseconds_t tv_usec; /* Microseconds. */ ++ }; ++# endif /* struct timeval */ ++#endif /* need timeval */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/dl-machine.h +@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@ ++/* Machine-dependent ELF dynamic relocation inline functions. ++ FreeBSD i386 specific version of dl_platform_init() ++ Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Petr Salinger, 2006. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++ ++/* For FreeBSD we redefine an initialization function. ++ This is called very early in dl_sysdep_start. */ ++ ++#include_next ++ ++#undef DL_PLATFORM_INIT ++#define DL_PLATFORM_INIT dl_platform_kfreebsd_i386_init () ++ ++#ifndef _DL_MACHINE_KFREEBSD ++#define _DL_MACHINE_KFREEBSD ++ ++#define X86_EFLAGS_AC 0x00040000 /* Alignment Check */ ++#define X86_EFLAGS_ID 0x00200000 /* CPUID detection flag */ ++ ++static inline int try_flip_flags(int val) ++{ ++ int ret; ++ __asm__( ++ "pushfl\n\t" ++ "pushfl\n\t" ++ "popl %%ecx\n\t" ++ "xorl %%ecx,%%eax\n\t" ++ "pushl %%eax\n\t" ++ "popfl\n\t" ++ "pushfl\n\t" ++ "popl %%eax\n\t" ++ "xorl %%ecx,%%eax\n\t" ++ "popfl\n\t" ++ : "=a" (ret) ++ : "0" (val) ++ : "cx" ++ ); ++ return ret; ++} ++ ++static inline void cpuid(int op, int *eax, int *edx) ++{ ++ __asm__( ++ "push %%ebx\n\t" ++ "cpuid\n\t" ++ "pop %%ebx\n\t" ++ : "=a" (*eax), ++ "=d" (*edx) ++ : "0" (op) ++ : "cx" ++ ); ++} ++ ++static inline void __attribute__ ((unused)) ++dl_platform_kfreebsd_i386_init (void) ++{ ++ if ((GLRO(dl_platform) == NULL) || (*GLRO(dl_platform) == '\0')) ++ { ++ /* we don't have reasonable AT_PLATFORM from kernel ++ try to use cpuid to get one, also guess AT_HWCAP */ ++ ++ int val, hwcap; ++ ++ val = try_flip_flags(X86_EFLAGS_AC | X86_EFLAGS_ID); ++ ++ if (!(val & X86_EFLAGS_AC)) ++ { ++ /* 386 */ ++ GLRO(dl_platform) = GLRO(dl_x86_platforms)[0]; ++ GLRO(dl_hwcap) = 0; ++ } ++ else if (!(val & X86_EFLAGS_ID)) ++ { ++ /* 486 */ ++ GLRO(dl_platform) = GLRO(dl_x86_platforms)[1]; ++ GLRO(dl_hwcap) = 0; ++ } ++ else ++ { ++ cpuid(0, &val, &hwcap); ++ if (val == 0) ++ { ++ /* 486 */ ++ GLRO(dl_platform) = GLRO(dl_x86_platforms)[1]; ++ GLRO(dl_hwcap) = 0; ++ } ++ else ++ { ++ cpuid(1, &val, &hwcap); ++ GLRO(dl_hwcap) = hwcap; ++ switch (val & 0xf00) ++ { ++ case 0x400: /* 486 */ ++ GLRO(dl_platform) = GLRO(dl_x86_platforms)[1]; ++ break; ++ case 0x500: /* 586 */ ++ GLRO(dl_platform) = GLRO(dl_x86_platforms)[2]; ++ break; ++ default: /* 686 */ ++ GLRO(dl_platform) = GLRO(dl_x86_platforms)[3]; ++ } ++ } ++ } ++ } ++} ++ ++#endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/dl-procinfo.h +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/get_clockfreq.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/getcontext.S +@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ ++/* Save current context. ++ Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++.text ++ENTRY(__getcontext) ++ clc ++ movl 0(%esp), %ecx /* save the return PC value */ ++ ++ DO_CALL (getcontext, 1) ++ jb SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL ++ ++ addl $4, %esp /* remove stale return address */ ++ jmp *%ecx ++ ++L(pseudo_end): ++ ret ++ ++PSEUDO_END(__getcontext) ++ ++weak_alias(__getcontext, getcontext) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/i386_get_ioperm.c +@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++int ++i386_get_ioperm (unsigned long int from, unsigned long int *num, int *turned_on) ++{ ++ struct i386_ioperm_args args; ++ ++ args.start = from; ++ ++ if (__sysarch (I386_GET_IOPERM, &args) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ ++ *num = args.length; ++ *turned_on = args.enable; ++ ++ return 0; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/i386_get_ldt.c +@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ Contributed by Robert Millan ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++int ++i386_get_ldt (int from, union descriptor *descs, int num) ++{ ++ struct i386_ldt_args args; ++ ++ args.start = from; ++ args.descs = descs; ++ args.num = num; ++ ++ if (__sysarch (I386_GET_LDT, &args) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ ++ return 0; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/i386_set_ioperm.c +@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++int ++i386_set_ioperm (unsigned long int from, unsigned long int num, int turn_on) ++{ ++ struct i386_ioperm_args args; ++ ++ args.start = from; ++ args.length = num; ++ args.enable = turn_on; ++ ++ return __sysarch (I386_SET_IOPERM, &args); ++} ++ ++strong_alias (i386_set_ioperm, ioperm) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/i386_set_ldt.c +@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ Contributed by Robert Millan ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++int ++i386_set_ldt (int from, union descriptor *descs, int num) ++{ ++ struct i386_ldt_args args; ++ ++ args.start = from; ++ args.descs = descs; ++ args.num = num; ++ ++ if (__sysarch (I386_SET_LDT, &args) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ ++ return 0; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/i386_vm86.c +@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++int ++i386_vm86 (int cmd, void *arg) ++{ ++ struct i386_vm86_args args; ++ ++ args.sub_op = cmd; ++ args.sub_args = arg; ++ ++ return __sysarch (I386_VM86, &args); ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/i486/linuxthreads/pt-machine.h +@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ ++ ++/* i486+ is almost same as plain i386 version */ ++#include_next ++ ++/* but compare-and-swap is always available */ ++ ++#undef TEST_FOR_COMPARE_AND_SWAP ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/i586/linuxthreads/pt-machine.h +@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ ++ ++/* i486+ is almost same as plain i386 version */ ++#include_next ++ ++/* but compare-and-swap is always available */ ++ ++#undef TEST_FOR_COMPARE_AND_SWAP ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/i686/linuxthreads/pt-machine.h +@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ ++ ++/* i486+ is almost same as plain i386 version */ ++#include_next ++ ++/* but compare-and-swap is always available */ ++ ++#undef TEST_FOR_COMPARE_AND_SWAP ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/iopl.c +@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Robert Millan ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include /* open */ ++#include /* close */ ++ ++static int __iopl_fd = -1; ++ ++int ++iopl (int level) ++ { ++ switch (level) ++ { ++ case 3: ++ if (__iopl_fd != -1) ++ return 0; ++ ++ __iopl_fd = __open ("/dev/io", O_RDWR); ++ if (__iopl_fd == -1) ++ { ++ if (errno == EACCES) ++ __set_errno (EPERM); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ return 0; ++ ++ case 0: ++ if (__iopl_fd != -1) ++ if (__close (__iopl_fd) == -1) ++ return 1; ++ return 0; ++ ++ default: ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ } +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/ldconfig.h +@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++#define SYSDEP_KNOWN_INTERPRETER_NAMES \ ++ { "/lib/ld.so.1", FLAG_ELF_LIBC6 }, \ ++ { "/libexec/ld-elf.so.1", FLAG_ELF_LIBC5 }, ++ ++#define SYSDEP_KNOWN_LIBRARY_NAMES \ ++ { "libc.so.0.1", FLAG_ELF_LIBC6 }, \ ++ { "libm.so.1", FLAG_ELF_LIBC6 }, \ ++ { "libc.so.4", FLAG_ELF_LIBC5 }, \ ++ { "libm.so.4", FLAG_ELF_LIBC5 }, \ ++ { "libc.so.5", FLAG_ELF_LIBC5 }, \ ++ { "libm.so.5", FLAG_ELF_LIBC5 }, \ ++ { "libc.so.6", FLAG_ELF_LIBC5 }, \ ++ { "libm.so.6", FLAG_ELF_LIBC5 }, \ ++ { "libc.so.7", FLAG_ELF_LIBC5 }, \ ++ { "libm.so.7", FLAG_ELF_LIBC5 }, \ ++ { "libc.so.8", FLAG_ELF_LIBC5 }, \ ++ { "libm.so.8", FLAG_ELF_LIBC5 }, +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/linuxthreads/pt-machine.h +@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ ++/* Machine-dependent pthreads configuration and inline functions. ++ ix86 version for FreeBSD. ++ Copyright (C) 1996-2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Petr Salinger, 2005. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _FREEBSD_PT_MACHINE_H ++#define _FREEBSD_PT_MACHINE_H 1 ++ ++/* ++ some parts are common with linux/i386 version ++ ++ linux specific parts should be in ++ linuxthreads/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/i386/ ++ but they are included directly in ++ linuxthreads/sysdeps/i386/ ++ ++ so include them ++ ++ */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* hack them */ ++ ++#ifndef __ASSEMBLER__ ++ ++#undef INIT_THREAD_SELF ++#undef FREE_THREAD ++ ++/* The P4 and above really want some help to prevent overheating. */ ++#define BUSY_WAIT_NOP __asm__ ("rep; nop") ++ ++/* and add few FreeBSD specifics */ ++ ++#include ++ ++/* Initialize the thread-unique value. */ ++ ++#define INIT_THREAD_SELF(descr, nr) \ ++{ \ ++ long tmp; \ ++ tmp = (long) descr; \ ++ if (sysarch(I386_SET_GSBASE, &tmp) != 0) \ ++ { \ ++ abort(); \ ++ } \ ++} ++ ++#define FREE_THREAD(descr, nr) do { } while (0) ++ ++#endif /* __ASSEMBLER__ */ ++ ++/* We want the OS to assign stack addresses. */ ++#define FLOATING_STACKS 1 ++ ++/* Maximum size of the stack if the rlimit is unlimited. */ ++#define ARCH_STACK_MAX_SIZE 8*1024*1024 ++ ++#endif /* _FREEBSD_PT_MACHINE_H */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/linuxthreads/sysdep-cancel.h +@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002, 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Jakub Jelinek , 2002. ++ Modification for FreeBSD by Petr Salinger, 2005. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#ifndef __ASSEMBLER__ ++# include ++#endif ++ ++#if !defined NOT_IN_libc || defined IS_IN_libpthread || defined IS_IN_librt ++ ++# undef PSEUDO ++# define PSEUDO(name, syscall_name, args) \ ++ .text; \ ++ ENTRY (name) \ ++ SINGLE_THREAD_P; \ ++ jne L(pseudo_cancel); \ ++ DO_CALL (syscall_name, args); \ ++ jb SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL; \ ++ ret; \ ++ L(pseudo_cancel): \ ++ CENABLE \ ++ movl %eax, %ecx; \ ++ movl $SYS_ify (syscall_name), %eax; \ ++ int $0x80; \ ++ PUSHRESULT; \ ++ movl %ecx, %eax; \ ++ CDISABLE; \ ++ POPRESULT; \ ++ jb SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL; \ ++ L(pseudo_end): ++ ++/* ++ on FreeBSD some syscalls return result in pair edx+eax, ++ therefore proper way would be ++ ++# define PUSHRESULT pushl %edx; pushl %eax; pushfl ++# define POPRESULT popfl; popl %eax; popl %edx ++ ++ for FreeBSD 5.4 affected syscalls are ++ ++ lseek() ++ fork() ++ vfork() ++ rfork() ++ pipe() ++ ++ none of them is cancelable, therefore ++*/ ++ ++# define PUSHRESULT pushl %eax; cfi_adjust_cfa_offset (4); pushfl; cfi_adjust_cfa_offset (4) ++# define POPRESULT popfl; cfi_adjust_cfa_offset (-4); popl %eax; cfi_adjust_cfa_offset (-4) ++ ++# ifdef IS_IN_libpthread ++# define CENABLE call __pthread_enable_asynccancel; ++# define CDISABLE call __pthread_disable_asynccancel ++# elif defined IS_IN_librt ++# ifdef PIC ++# define CENABLE pushl %ebx; \ ++ cfi_adjust_cfa_offset (4); \ ++ cfi_rel_offset (ebx, 0); \ ++ call __i686.get_pc_thunk.bx; \ ++ addl $_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_, %ebx; \ ++ call __librt_enable_asynccancel@PLT; \ ++ popl %ebx; \ ++ cfi_adjust_cfa_offset (-4); \ ++ cfi_restore (ebx); ++# define CDISABLE pushl %ebx; \ ++ cfi_adjust_cfa_offset (4); \ ++ cfi_rel_offset (ebx, 0); \ ++ call __i686.get_pc_thunk.bx; \ ++ addl $_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_, %ebx; \ ++ call __librt_disable_asynccancel@PLT; \ ++ popl %ebx; \ ++ cfi_adjust_cfa_offset (-4); \ ++ cfi_restore (ebx); ++# else ++# define CENABLE call __librt_enable_asynccancel; ++# define CDISABLE call __librt_disable_asynccancel ++# endif ++# else ++# define CENABLE call __libc_enable_asynccancel; ++# define CDISABLE call __libc_disable_asynccancel ++# endif ++ ++#if !defined NOT_IN_libc ++# define __local_multiple_threads __libc_multiple_threads ++#elif defined IS_IN_libpthread ++# define __local_multiple_threads __pthread_multiple_threads ++#else ++# define __local_multiple_threads __librt_multiple_threads ++#endif ++ ++# ifndef __ASSEMBLER__ ++# if defined FLOATING_STACKS && USE___THREAD && defined PIC ++# define SINGLE_THREAD_P \ ++ __builtin_expect (THREAD_GETMEM (THREAD_SELF, \ ++ p_header.data.multiple_threads) == 0, 1) ++# else ++extern int __local_multiple_threads ++# if !defined NOT_IN_libc || defined IS_IN_libpthread ++ attribute_hidden; ++# else ++ ; ++# endif ++# define SINGLE_THREAD_P __builtin_expect (__local_multiple_threads == 0, 1) ++# endif ++# else ++# if !defined PIC ++# define SINGLE_THREAD_P cmpl $0, __local_multiple_threads ++# elif defined FLOATING_STACKS && USE___THREAD ++# define SINGLE_THREAD_P cmpl $0, %gs:MULTIPLE_THREADS_OFFSET ++# else ++# if !defined NOT_IN_libc || defined IS_IN_libpthread ++# define __SINGLE_THREAD_CMP cmpl $0, __local_multiple_threads@GOTOFF(%ecx) ++# else ++# define __SINGLE_THREAD_CMP \ ++ movl __local_multiple_threads@GOT(%ecx), %ecx;\ ++ cmpl $0, (%ecx) ++# endif ++# if !defined HAVE_HIDDEN || !USE___THREAD ++# define SINGLE_THREAD_P \ ++ SETUP_PIC_REG (cx); \ ++ addl $_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_, %ecx; \ ++ __SINGLE_THREAD_CMP ++# else ++# define SINGLE_THREAD_P \ ++ call __i686.get_pc_thunk.cx; \ ++ addl $_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_, %ecx; \ ++ __SINGLE_THREAD_CMP ++# endif ++# endif ++# endif ++ ++#elif !defined __ASSEMBLER__ ++ ++/* This code should never be used but we define it anyhow. */ ++# define SINGLE_THREAD_P (1) ++# define NO_CANCELLATION 1 ++ ++#endif ++ ++#ifndef __ASSEMBLER__ ++# define RTLD_SINGLE_THREAD_P \ ++ __builtin_expect (THREAD_GETMEM (THREAD_SELF, \ ++ p_header.data.multiple_threads) == 0, 1) ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/linuxthreads/tls.h +@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ ++/* Definition for thread-local data handling. linuxthreads/i386 version. ++ Copyright (C) 2002, 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Modification for FreeBSD by Petr Salinger, 2005. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _FREEBSD_TLS_H ++#define _FREEBSD_TLS_H ++ ++#include ++ ++/* We can support TLS only if the floating-stack support is available. ++ To avoid bothering with the TLS support code at all, ++ use configure --without-tls. ++ ++ We need USE_TLS to be consistently defined, for ldsodefs.h conditionals. ++ But some of the code below can cause problems in building libpthread ++*/ ++ ++#if defined HAVE_TLS_SUPPORT \ ++ && (defined FLOATING_STACKS || !defined IS_IN_libpthread) ++ ++# ifndef __ASSEMBLER__ ++ ++#undef TLS_INIT_TP ++#undef TLS_SETUP_GS_SEGMENT ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++ ++/* Code to initially initialize the thread pointer. This might need ++ special attention since 'errno' is not yet available and if the ++ operation can cause a failure 'errno' must not be touched. */ ++ ++# define TLS_DO_SET_GSBASE(descr) \ ++({ \ ++ long base = (long) descr; \ ++ int result; \ ++ asm volatile ( \ ++ "pushl %3\n\t" \ ++ "pushl %2\n\t" \ ++ "pushl %1\n\t" \ ++ "int $0x80\n\t" \ ++ "popl %3\n\t" \ ++ "popl %3\n\t" \ ++ "popl %3\n\t" \ ++ : "=a" (result) \ ++ : "0" (SYS_sysarch), \ ++ "i" (I386_SET_GSBASE), \ ++ "d" (&base) \ ++ : "memory", "cc" ); \ ++ result; \ ++}) ++ ++# define TLS_SETUP_GS_SEGMENT(descr, secondcall) \ ++ (TLS_DO_SET_GSBASE(descr) \ ++ ? "set_thread_area failed when setting up thread-local storage\n" : NULL) ++ ++/* The value of this macro is null if successful, or an error string. */ ++ ++# define TLS_INIT_TP(descr, secondcall) \ ++ ({ \ ++ void *_descr = (descr); \ ++ tcbhead_t *head = _descr; \ ++ \ ++ head->tcb = _descr; \ ++ /* For now the thread descriptor is at the same address. */ \ ++ head->self = _descr; \ ++ \ ++ INIT_SYSINFO; \ ++ TLS_SETUP_GS_SEGMENT (_descr, secondcall); \ ++ }) ++ ++# endif /* __ASSEMBLER__ */ ++ ++#endif /* HAVE_TLS_SUPPORT && (FLOATING_STACKS || !IS_IN_libpthread) */ ++ ++#endif /* _FREEBSD_TLS_H */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/makecontext.S +@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ ++/* Create new context. ++ Copyright (C) 2001,02 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Ulrich Drepper , 2001. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++#include ++ ++ ++ENTRY(__makecontext) ++ movl 4(%esp), %eax ++ ++ /* Load the address of the function we are supposed to run. */ ++ movl 8(%esp), %ecx ++ ++ /* Compute the address of the stack. The information comes from ++ to us_stack element. */ ++ movl oSS_SP(%eax), %edx ++ movl %ecx, oEIP(%eax) ++ addl oSS_SIZE(%eax), %edx ++ ++ /* Put the next context on the new stack (from the uc_link ++ element). */ ++ movl oLINK(%eax), %ecx ++ movl %ecx, -4(%edx) ++ ++ /* Remember the number of parameters for the exit handler since ++ it has to remove them. We store the number in the EBX register ++ which the function we will call must preserve. */ ++ movl 12(%esp), %ecx ++ movl %ecx, oEBX(%eax) ++ ++ /* Make room on the new stack for the parameters. */ ++ negl %ecx ++ leal -8(%edx,%ecx,4), %edx ++ negl %ecx ++ /* Store the future stack pointer. */ ++ movl %edx, oESP(%eax) ++ ++ /* Copy all the parameters. */ ++ jecxz 2f ++1: movl 12(%esp,%ecx,4), %eax ++ movl %eax, (%edx,%ecx,4) ++ decl %ecx ++ jnz 1b ++2: ++ ++ /* If the function we call returns we must continue with the ++ context which is given in the uc_link element. To do this ++ set the return address for the function the user provides ++ to a little bit of helper code which does the magic (see ++ below). */ ++#ifdef PIC ++ call 1f ++1: popl %ecx ++ addl $L(exitcode)-1b, %ecx ++ movl %ecx, (%edx) ++#else ++ movl $L(exitcode), (%edx) ++#endif ++ /* 'makecontext' returns no value. */ ++ ret ++ ++ /* This is the helper code which gets called if a function which ++ is registered with 'makecontext' returns. In this case we ++ have to install the context listed in the uc_link element of ++ the context 'makecontext' manipulated at the time of the ++ 'makecontext' call. If the pointer is NULL the process must ++ terminate. */ ++L(exitcode): ++ /* This removes the parameters passed to the function given to ++ 'makecontext' from the stack. EBX contains the number of ++ parameters (see above). */ ++ leal (%esp,%ebx,4), %esp ++ ++#ifdef PIC ++ call 1f ++1: popl %ebx ++ addl $_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_+[.-1b], %ebx ++#endif ++ popl %eax /* This is the next context. */ ++ testl %eax, %eax ++ je 2f /* If it is zero exit. */ ++ ++ pushl %eax ++ call JUMPTARGET(__setcontext) ++ /* If this returns (which can happen if the syscall fails) we'll ++ exit the program with the return error value (-1). */ ++ ++2: pushl %eax ++ call HIDDEN_JUMPTARGET(exit) ++ /* The 'exit' call should never return. In case it does cause ++ the process to terminate. */ ++ hlt ++END(__makecontext) ++ ++weak_alias(__makecontext, makecontext) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/rfork.S +@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1991-1992, 1994-1995, 1997, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++.text; ++ENTRY (__rfork) ++ /* save the return PC value into ECX, ++ preserve stack frame with argument */ ++ movl 0(%esp), %ecx; ++ DO_CALL (rfork, 1) ++ jb SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL; ++ /* R1 is now 0 for the parent and 1 for the child. Decrement it to ++ make it -1 (all bits set) for the parent, and 0 (no bits set) ++ for the child. Then AND it with R0, so the parent gets ++ R0&-1==R0, and the child gets R0&0==0. */ ++ decl %edx ++ andl %edx, %eax ++ ++ popl %edx ++ cfi_adjust_cfa_offset(-4) ++ jmp *%ecx ++ ++L(pseudo_end): ++ ret ++PSEUDO_END (__rfork) ++ ++weak_alias (__rfork, rfork) ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/sigcontextinfo.h +@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* ++native FreeBSD: ++ sighandler(int signum, int code, struct sigcontext * sg, void * fault_ip) ++posix like: ++ sighandler(int signum, siginfo_t * si, struct sigcontext * sg, void * fault_ip) ++*/ ++ ++#define SIGCONTEXT long _code, struct sigcontext * _sg, void * ++#define SIGCONTEXT_EXTRA_ARGS _code, _sg, ++ ++/* really, really, rest of glibc expects that struct sigcontext is the last argument */ ++#define GET_PC(ctx) ((void *) (_sg)->sc_eip) ++#define GET_FRAME(ctx) ((void *) (_sg)->sc_ebp) ++#define GET_STACK(ctx) ((void *) (_sg)->sc_esp) ++ ++#define CALL_SIGHANDLER(handler, signo, ctx) \ ++ (handler)((signo), SIGCONTEXT_EXTRA_ARGS (ctx)) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/start_thread.S +@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* __start_thread (flags, stack, func, arg) ++ calls __rfork (flags), and in the child sets the stack pointer and then ++ calls _exit (func (arg)). ++ It cannot be done in portable C. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#define SIG_SETMASK 3 ++ ++ .text ++ENTRY (__start_thread) ++ /* End FDE now, because in the child the unwind info will be ++ wrong. */ ++ cfi_endproc ++ ++ /* There is a window of a few instructions, right after the rfork ++ system call, where the handling of a signal would write garbage ++ into the stack shared by the parent and the child (assuming ++ RFMEM is set in flags). To solve this: 1. We block all signals ++ around the rfork system call and unblock them afterwards in ++ the parent and in the child (but only after changing the stack ++ pointer). 2. The child accesses only values passed in registers ++ and on its own stack. This way, if the parent is scheduled to ++ run first, and handles a signal, it will not affect the child; ++ and if the child runs first, and handles a signal, it will use ++ the child's stack and not affect the parent. ++ We need to pass 7 words of info to the child: stack, func, arg, ++ and the signal mask to restore. Since we have only 4 call-saved ++ registers available (%ebx, %esi, %edi, %ebp), we pass only the ++ stack pointer in a register, and the rest through the child's ++ stack. */ ++ pushl %ebp ++ movl %esp, %ebp ++ subl $36, %esp ++ movl %ebx, 32(%esp) ++ ++ movl 8(%ebp), %eax /* flags */ ++ testl $32, %eax /* flags & RFMEM */ ++ jz L(simple) ++ ++ /* Block all signals. */ ++ movl $-1, %eax ++ movl %eax, 16(%esp) ++ movl %eax, 20(%esp) ++ movl %eax, 24(%esp) ++ movl %eax, 28(%esp) ++ leal 16(%esp), %eax ++ movl $SIG_SETMASK, 4(%esp) ++ movl %eax, 8(%esp) ++ movl %eax, 12(%esp) ++ DO_CALL (sigprocmask, 3) ++ jb L(error) ++ ++ /* Copy all info to the child's stack. */ ++ movl 12(%ebp), %ebx /* stack */ ++ subl $32, %ebx /* room for func, arg, sigset_t */ ++ andl $-16, %ebx /* make it 16-bytes aligned */ ++ movl 16(%ebp), %eax /* func */ ++ movl 20(%ebp), %edx /* arg */ ++ movl %eax, 4(%ebx) ++ movl %edx, (%ebx) ++ movl 16(%esp), %eax /* sigset_t word 0 */ ++ movl 20(%esp), %edx /* sigset_t word 1 */ ++ movl %eax, 16(%ebx) ++ movl %edx, 20(%ebx) ++ movl 24(%esp), %eax /* sigset_t word 2 */ ++ movl 28(%esp), %edx /* sigset_t word 3 */ ++ movl %eax, 24(%ebx) ++ movl %edx, 28(%ebx) ++ ++ /* Perform the rfork system call. */ ++ movl 8(%ebp), %eax /* flags */ ++ movl %eax, 4(%esp) ++ DO_CALL (rfork, 1) ++ jb L(error_unmask) ++ ++ /* %edx is now 0 for the parent and 1 for the child. */ ++ testl %edx, %edx ++ jnz L(child) ++ ++ /* Save the child pid, currently in %eax. */ ++ movl %eax, %ebx ++ ++ /* Restore the previous signal mask. */ ++ leal 16(%esp), %eax ++ movl $SIG_SETMASK, 4(%esp) ++ movl %eax, 8(%esp) ++ movl $0, 12(%esp) ++ DO_CALL (sigprocmask, 3) ++ ++ /* Return the child pid, currently in %ebx. */ ++ movl %ebx, %eax ++ addl $32, %esp ++ popl %ebx ++ popl %ebp ++ ret ++ ++L(child):/* Here we are in the child thread. */ ++ ++ /* Set the stack pointer. */ ++ movl %ebx, %esp ++ /* Terminate the stack frame. */ ++ subl %ebp, %ebp ++ ++ movl 4(%esp), %edi ++ ++ /* Restore the previous signal mask. */ ++ leal 16(%esp), %eax ++ movl $SIG_SETMASK, 4(%esp) ++ movl %eax, 8(%esp) ++ movl $0, 12(%esp) ++ DO_CALL (sigprocmask, 3) ++ ++L(child1): ++ /* Call func (arg). */ ++ call *%edi ++ ++ /* Call _exit. */ ++#ifdef PIC ++ call L(here) ++L(here): ++ popl %ebx ++ addl $_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_+[.-L(here)], %ebx ++#endif ++ pushl %eax ++ call HIDDEN_JUMPTARGET (_exit) ++ ++L(simple):/* Simple case without signal mask handling. */ ++ ++ /* Copy all info to the child's stack. */ ++ movl 12(%ebp), %ebx /* stack */ ++ subl $8, %ebx /* room for func, arg */ ++ andl $-16, %ebx /* make it 16-bytes aligned */ ++ movl 16(%ebp), %eax /* func */ ++ movl 20(%ebp), %edx /* arg */ ++ movl %eax, 4(%ebx) ++ movl %edx, (%ebx) ++ ++ /* Perform the rfork system call. */ ++ movl 8(%ebp), %eax /* flags */ ++ movl %eax, 4(%esp) ++ DO_CALL (rfork, 1) ++ jb L(error) ++ ++ /* %edx is now 0 for the parent and 1 for the child. */ ++ testl %edx, %edx ++ jnz L(simple_child) ++ ++ /* Return the child pid, currently in %eax. */ ++ addl $32, %esp ++ popl %ebx ++ popl %ebp ++L(pseudo_end): ++ ret ++ ++L(simple_child):/* Here we are in the child thread. */ ++ ++ /* Set the stack pointer. */ ++ movl %ebx, %esp ++ /* Terminate the stack frame. */ ++ subl %ebp, %ebp ++ ++ movl 4(%esp), %edi ++ ++ jmp L(child1) ++ ++L(error_unmask): ++ ++ /* Save the error code, currently in %eax. */ ++ movl %eax, %ebx ++ ++ /* Restore the previous signal mask. */ ++ leal 16(%esp), %eax ++ movl $SIG_SETMASK, 4(%esp) ++ movl %eax, 8(%esp) ++ movl $0, 12(%esp) ++ DO_CALL (sigprocmask, 3) ++ ++ /* load saved error code */ ++ movl %ebx, %eax ++ ++L(error): ++ addl $32, %esp ++ popl %ebx ++ popl %ebp ++ jmp SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL ++ cfi_startproc ++PSEUDO_END (__start_thread) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/swapcontext.S +@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ ++/* swap current context. ++ Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++.text ++ENTRY(__swapcontext) ++ clc ++ DO_CALL (swapcontext, 2) ++ jb SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL ++L(pseudo_end): ++ ret ++ ++PSEUDO_END(__swapcontext) ++ ++weak_alias(__swapcontext, swapcontext) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/sys/io.h +@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1996, 2000, 2002, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_IO_H ++#define _SYS_IO_H 1 ++ ++#include ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++/* If TURN_ON is TRUE, request for permission to do direct i/o on the ++ port numbers in the range [FROM,FROM+NUM-1]. Otherwise, turn I/O ++ permission off for that range. This call requires root privileges. ++ ++ Portability note: not all kFreeBSD platforms support this call. Most ++ platforms based on the PC I/O architecture probably will, however. */ ++extern int ioperm (unsigned long int __from, unsigned long int __num, ++ int __turn_on) __THROW; ++ ++/* Set the I/O privilege level to LEVEL. If LEVEL>3, permission to ++ access any I/O port is granted. This call requires root ++ privileges. */ ++extern int iopl (int __level) __THROW; ++ ++#if defined __GNUC__ && __GNUC__ >= 2 ++ ++static __inline unsigned char ++inb (unsigned short int port) ++{ ++ unsigned char _v; ++ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("inb %w1,%0":"=a" (_v):"Nd" (port)); ++ return _v; ++} ++ ++static __inline unsigned char ++inb_p (unsigned short int port) ++{ ++ unsigned char _v; ++ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("inb %w1,%0\noutb %%al,$0x80":"=a" (_v):"Nd" (port)); ++ return _v; ++} ++ ++static __inline unsigned short int ++inw (unsigned short int port) ++{ ++ unsigned short _v; ++ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("inw %w1,%0":"=a" (_v):"Nd" (port)); ++ return _v; ++} ++ ++static __inline unsigned short int ++inw_p (unsigned short int port) ++{ ++ unsigned short int _v; ++ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("inw %w1,%0\noutb %%al,$0x80":"=a" (_v):"Nd" (port)); ++ return _v; ++} ++ ++static __inline unsigned int ++inl (unsigned short int port) ++{ ++ unsigned int _v; ++ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("inl %w1,%0":"=a" (_v):"Nd" (port)); ++ return _v; ++} ++ ++static __inline unsigned int ++inl_p (unsigned short int port) ++{ ++ unsigned int _v; ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("inl %w1,%0\noutb %%al,$0x80":"=a" (_v):"Nd" (port)); ++ return _v; ++} ++ ++static __inline void ++outb (unsigned char value, unsigned short int port) ++{ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("outb %b0,%w1": :"a" (value), "Nd" (port)); ++} ++ ++static __inline void ++outb_p (unsigned char value, unsigned short int port) ++{ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("outb %b0,%w1\noutb %%al,$0x80": :"a" (value), ++ "Nd" (port)); ++} ++ ++static __inline void ++outw (unsigned short int value, unsigned short int port) ++{ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("outw %w0,%w1": :"a" (value), "Nd" (port)); ++ ++} ++ ++static __inline void ++outw_p (unsigned short int value, unsigned short int port) ++{ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("outw %w0,%w1\noutb %%al,$0x80": :"a" (value), ++ "Nd" (port)); ++} ++ ++static __inline void ++outl (unsigned int value, unsigned short int port) ++{ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("outl %0,%w1": :"a" (value), "Nd" (port)); ++} ++ ++static __inline void ++outl_p (unsigned int value, unsigned short int port) ++{ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("outl %0,%w1\noutb %%al,$0x80": :"a" (value), ++ "Nd" (port)); ++} ++ ++static __inline void ++insb (unsigned short int port, void *addr, unsigned long int count) ++{ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("cld ; rep ; insb":"=D" (addr), ++ "=c" (count):"d" (port), "0" (addr), "1" (count)); ++} ++ ++static __inline void ++insw (unsigned short int port, void *addr, unsigned long int count) ++{ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("cld ; rep ; insw":"=D" (addr), ++ "=c" (count):"d" (port), "0" (addr), "1" (count)); ++} ++ ++static __inline void ++insl (unsigned short int port, void *addr, unsigned long int count) ++{ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("cld ; rep ; insl":"=D" (addr), ++ "=c" (count):"d" (port), "0" (addr), "1" (count)); ++} ++ ++static __inline void ++outsb (unsigned short int port, const void *addr, unsigned long int count) ++{ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("cld ; rep ; outsb":"=S" (addr), ++ "=c" (count):"d" (port), "0" (addr), "1" (count)); ++} ++ ++static __inline void ++outsw (unsigned short int port, const void *addr, unsigned long int count) ++{ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("cld ; rep ; outsw":"=S" (addr), ++ "=c" (count):"d" (port), "0" (addr), "1" (count)); ++} ++ ++static __inline void ++outsl (unsigned short int port, const void *addr, unsigned long int count) ++{ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("cld ; rep ; outsl":"=S" (addr), ++ "=c" (count):"d" (port), "0" (addr), "1" (count)); ++} ++ ++#endif /* GNU C */ ++ ++__END_DECLS ++#endif /* _SYS_IO_H */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/sys/perm.h +@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1996, 1999, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_PERM_H ++#define _SYS_PERM_H 1 ++ ++#include ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++/* Set port input/output permissions. */ ++extern int ioperm (unsigned long int __from, unsigned long int __num, ++ int __turn_on) __THROW; ++ ++ ++/* Change I/O privilege level. */ ++extern int iopl (int __level) __THROW; ++ ++extern int i386_set_ioperm (unsigned long int __from, unsigned long int __num, ++ int __turn_on) __THROW; ++ ++/* Retrieve a contiguous range of port input/output permissions. */ ++extern int i386_get_ioperm (unsigned long int __from, unsigned long int *__num, ++ int *__turned_on) __THROW; ++ ++__END_DECLS ++ ++#endif /* _SYS_PERM_H */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/sys/vm86.h +@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_VM86_H ++#define _SYS_VM86_H 1 ++ ++#include ++ ++/* Possible values for the 'cmd' argument to i386_vm86. */ ++enum ++ { ++ VM86_INIT = 1, ++#define VM86_INIT VM86_INIT ++ VM86_GET_VME = 3 ++#define VM86_GET_VME VM86_GET_VME ++ }; ++ ++/* Argument structure for VM86_INIT. */ ++struct vm86_init_args ++ { ++ int debug; ++ int cpu_type; ++ unsigned char int_map[32]; ++ }; ++ ++/* Argument structure for VM86_GET_VME. */ ++struct vm86_vme_args ++ { ++ int state; ++ }; ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++extern int i386_vm86 (int __cmd, void *__arg); ++ ++__END_DECLS ++ ++#endif /* _SYS_VM86_H */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/sys_fork.S +@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1991-1992, 1994-1995, 1997, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++.text; ++ENTRY (__syscall_fork) ++ DO_CALL (fork, 0) ++ jb SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL; ++ /* R1 is now 0 for the parent and 1 for the child. Decrement it to ++ make it -1 (all bits set) for the parent, and 0 (no bits set) ++ for the child. Then AND it with R0, so the parent gets ++ R0&-1==R0, and the child gets R0&0==0. */ ++ decl r1 ++ andl r1, r0 ++L(pseudo_end): ++ ret ++PSEUDO_END (__syscall_fork) ++libc_hidden_def (__syscall_fork) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/sys_freebsd6_lseek.S +@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++/* lseek returns a 64-bit result in %eax, %edx. This means that in the ++ error case we have to set both %eax and %edx to -1. */ ++ ++PSEUDO_NOERRNO(__syscall_freebsd6_lseek, freebsd6_lseek, 4) ++ jnb L(no_error) ++ call SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL; ++ orl $-1, %edx; ++L(pseudo_end): ++L(no_error): ++ ret ++PSEUDO_END(__syscall_freebsd6_lseek) ++libc_hidden_def (__syscall_freebsd6_lseek) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/sys_lseek.S +@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++/* lseek returns a 64-bit result in %eax, %edx. This means that in the ++ error case we have to set both %eax and %edx to -1. */ ++ ++PSEUDO_NOERRNO(__syscall_lseek, lseek, 3) ++ jnb L(no_error) ++ call SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL; ++ orl $-1, %edx; ++L(pseudo_end): ++L(no_error): ++ ret ++PSEUDO_END(__syscall_lseek) ++libc_hidden_def (__syscall_lseek) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/sysarch.h +@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ ++/* Parameters for the architecture specific system call. i386 version. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYSARCH_H ++#define _SYSARCH_H 1 ++ ++#include ++ ++/* Function that can be used as first argument to 'sysarch'. */ ++enum ++ { ++ I386_GET_LDT = 0, ++#define I386_GET_LDT I386_GET_LDT ++ I386_SET_LDT = 1, ++#define I386_SET_LDT I386_SET_LDT ++ I386_GET_IOPERM = 3, ++#define I386_GET_IOPERM I386_GET_IOPERM ++ I386_SET_IOPERM = 4, ++#define I386_SET_IOPERM I386_SET_IOPERM ++ I386_VM86 = 6, ++#define I386_VM86 I386_VM86 ++ I386_GET_FSBASE = 7, ++#define I386_GET_FSBASE I386_GET_FSBASE ++ I386_SET_FSBASE = 8, ++#define I386_SET_FSBASE I386_SET_FSBASE ++ I386_GET_GSBASE = 9, ++#define I386_GET_GSBASE I386_GET_GSBASE ++ I386_SET_GSBASE = 10 ++#define I386_SET_GSBASE I386_SET_GSBASE ++ }; ++ ++/* Argument struct for I386_GET_LDT and I386_SET_LDT. */ ++struct i386_ldt_args ++ { ++ int start; ++ union descriptor *descs; ++ int num; ++ }; ++ ++/* Argument struct for I386_GET_IOPERM and I386_SET_IOPERM. */ ++struct i386_ioperm_args ++ { ++ unsigned int start; ++ unsigned int length; ++ int enable; ++ }; ++ ++/* Argument struct for I386_VM86. */ ++struct i386_vm86_args ++ { ++ int sub_op; ++ void *sub_args; ++ }; ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++extern int sysarch (int __cmd, void *__arg); ++ ++#ifdef _LIBC ++extern int __sysarch (int __cmd, void *__arg); ++#endif ++ ++__END_DECLS ++ ++#endif /* _SYSARCH_H */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/syscall.S +@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1993, 1995-1998, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++ .text; ++ENTRY (__syscall) ++ popl %ecx /* Pop return address into %ecx. */ ++ cfi_adjust_cfa_offset (-4) ++ movl 0(%esp), %eax /* Load syscall number into %eax. */ ++ int $0x80 /* Do the system call. */ ++ pushl %ecx /* Push back return address. */ ++ cfi_adjust_cfa_offset (4) ++ jb SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL; /* Jump to error handler if error. */ ++ ++L(pseudo_end): ++ ret /* Return to caller. */ ++PSEUDO_END (__syscall) ++weak_alias (__syscall, syscall) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/syscalls-internal.h +@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ ++/* generally used "internal syscalls" ++ Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef KFREEBSD_INTERNAL_SYSCALLS_H ++#define KFREEBSD_INTERNAL_SYSCALLS_H ++ ++#include ++ ++/* ++ for now, we do not care whether syscall succeeded, ++ we do not have defined ++ INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERROR_P and INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERRNO ++ we do not store errno at all ++ to be sure, we return void ++*/ ++ ++#undef INTERNAL_SYSCALL_DECL ++#undef INTERNAL_SYSCALL_NCS ++#undef INTERNAL_SYSCALL ++#undef INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERROR_P ++#undef INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERRNO ++ ++#define INTERNAL_SYSCALL_DECL(err) \ ++ do { } while (0) ++ ++#define INTERNAL_SYSCALL(name, err, nr, args...) \ ++ INTERNAL_SYSCALL_##name(name, err, nr, ##args) ++ ++ ++#define INTERNAL_SYSCALL_close(name, err, nr, fd) \ ++(void)({ \ ++ register long int _a1 = (long int) (fd); \ ++ register long int result; \ ++ asm volatile ( \ ++ "pushl %2\n\t" \ ++ "pushl %1\n\t" \ ++ "int $0x80\n\t" \ ++ "popl %2\n\t" \ ++ "popl %2\n\t" \ ++ : "=a" (result) \ ++ : "0" ((long int) SYS_##name), \ ++ "d" (_a1) \ ++ : "memory", "cc" ); \ ++ result; \ ++}) ++ ++#define INTERNAL_SYSCALL_writev(name, err, nr, fd, iov, cnt) \ ++(void)({ \ ++ register long int _a1 = (long int) (fd); \ ++ register long int _a2 = (long int) (iov); \ ++ register long int _a3 = (long int) (cnt); \ ++ register long int result; \ ++ register long int _trash; \ ++ asm volatile ( \ ++ "pushl %5\n\t" \ ++ "pushl %4\n\t" \ ++ "pushl %3\n\t" \ ++ "pushl %2\n\t" \ ++ "int $0x80\n\t" \ ++ "addl $16,%%esp\n\t" \ ++ : "=a" (result), \ ++ "=d" (_trash) \ ++ : "0" ((long int) SYS_##name), \ ++ "ri" (_a1), \ ++ "ri" (_a2), \ ++ "ri" (_a3) \ ++ /* may be even "g" constraint could be used */ \ ++ /* but we have to worry about esp register and esp based address */ \ ++ : "memory", "cc" ); \ ++ result; \ ++}) ++#endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/sysdep.S +@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1995-1998, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++/* The following code is only used in the shared library when we ++ compile the reentrant version. Otherwise each system call defines ++ its own version. */ ++ ++#ifndef PIC ++ ++/* The syscall stubs jump here when they detect an error. ++ The code for FreeBSD is identical to the canonical Unix/i386 code. */ ++ ++#undef CALL_MCOUNT ++#define CALL_MCOUNT /* Don't insert the profiling call, it clobbers %eax. */ ++ ++ .text ++ENTRY (__syscall_error) ++#define __syscall_error __syscall_error_1 ++#include ++ ++#endif /* !PIC */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/sysdep.h +@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1992,1993,1995-2000,2002,2003,2004 ++ Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Ulrich Drepper, , August 1995. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _FREEBSD_I386_SYSDEP_H ++#define _FREEBSD_I386_SYSDEP_H 1 ++ ++/* There is some commonality. */ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++/* Defines RTLD_PRIVATE_ERRNO and USE_DL_SYSINFO. */ ++#include ++#include ++ ++#ifdef __ASSEMBLER__ ++ ++/* We don't want the label for the error handle to be global when we define ++ it here. */ ++#ifdef PIC ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL 0f ++#else ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL syscall_error ++#endif ++ ++#undef PSEUDO ++#define PSEUDO(name, syscall_name, args) \ ++ .text; \ ++ ENTRY (name) \ ++ DO_CALL (syscall_name, args); \ ++ jb SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL; \ ++ L(pseudo_end): ++ ++#undef PSEUDO_END ++#define PSEUDO_END(name) \ ++ SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER \ ++ END (name) ++ ++#undef PSEUDO_NOERRNO ++#define PSEUDO_NOERRNO(name, syscall_name, args) \ ++ .text; \ ++ ENTRY (name) \ ++ DO_CALL (syscall_name, args) ++ ++#undef PSEUDO_END_NOERRNO ++#define PSEUDO_END_NOERRNO(name) \ ++ END (name) ++ ++#define ret_NOERRNO ret ++ ++/* The function has to return the error code. */ ++#undef PSEUDO_ERRVAL ++#define PSEUDO_ERRVAL(name, syscall_name, args) \ ++ .text; \ ++ ENTRY (name) \ ++ DO_CALL (syscall_name, args); \ ++ ++#undef PSEUDO_END_ERRVAL ++#define PSEUDO_END_ERRVAL(name) \ ++ END (name) ++ ++#define ret_ERRVAL ret ++ ++#ifndef PIC ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER /* Nothing here; code in sysdep.S is used. */ ++#else ++ ++# if RTLD_PRIVATE_ERRNO ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER \ ++0:SETUP_PIC_REG(cx); \ ++ addl $_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_, %ecx; \ ++ movl %eax, rtld_errno@GOTOFF(%ecx); \ ++ orl $-1, %eax; \ ++ jmp L(pseudo_end); ++ ++# elif defined _LIBC_REENTRANT ++ ++# if USE___THREAD ++# ifndef NOT_IN_libc ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_ERRNO __libc_errno ++# else ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_ERRNO errno ++# endif ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER \ ++0:SETUP_PIC_REG (cx); \ ++ addl $_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_, %ecx; \ ++ movl SYSCALL_ERROR_ERRNO@GOTNTPOFF(%ecx), %ecx; \ ++ SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER_TLS_STORE (%eax, %ecx); \ ++ orl $-1, %eax; \ ++ jmp L(pseudo_end); ++# ifndef NO_TLS_DIRECT_SEG_REFS ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER_TLS_STORE(src, destoff) \ ++ movl src, %gs:(destoff) ++# else ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER_TLS_STORE(src, destoff) \ ++ addl %gs:0, destoff; \ ++ movl src, (destoff) ++# endif ++# else ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER \ ++0:pushl %ebx; \ ++ cfi_adjust_cfa_offset (4); \ ++ cfi_rel_offset (ebx, 0); \ ++ SETUP_PIC_REG (bx); \ ++ addl $_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_, %ebx; \ ++ pushl %eax; \ ++ cfi_adjust_cfa_offset (4); \ ++ PUSH_ERRNO_LOCATION_RETURN; \ ++ call BP_SYM (__errno_location)@PLT; \ ++ POP_ERRNO_LOCATION_RETURN; \ ++ popl %ecx; \ ++ cfi_adjust_cfa_offset (-4); \ ++ popl %ebx; \ ++ cfi_adjust_cfa_offset (-4); \ ++ cfi_restore (ebx); \ ++ movl %ecx, (%eax); \ ++ orl $-1, %eax; \ ++ jmp L(pseudo_end); ++/* A quick note: it is assumed that the call to `__errno_location' does ++ not modify the stack! */ ++# endif ++# else ++/* Store (%eax) into errno through the GOT. */ ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER \ ++0:SETUP_PIC_REG(cx); \ ++ addl $_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_, %ecx; \ ++ movl errno@GOT(%ecx), %ecx; \ ++ movl %eax, (%ecx); \ ++ orl $-1, %eax; \ ++ jmp L(pseudo_end); ++# endif /* _LIBC_REENTRANT */ ++#endif /* PIC */ ++ ++/* ++ FreeBSD expects the system call arguments on the stack, ++ syscall number is in %eax. ++ return value is in %eax + %edx ++ error is signaled via cflags. ++ all other data registers are preserved ++ ++ syscall number %eax call-clobbered ++ ++ The stack layout upon entering the function is: ++ ++ 20(%esp) Arg# 5 ++ 16(%esp) Arg# 4 ++ 12(%esp) Arg# 3 ++ 8(%esp) Arg# 2 ++ 4(%esp) Arg# 1 ++ (%esp) Return address ++ ++ (Of course a function with say 3 arguments does not have entries for ++ arguments 4 and 5.) ++ ++*/ ++ ++#undef DO_CALL ++#define DO_CALL(syscall_name, args) \ ++ movl $SYS_ify (syscall_name), %eax; \ ++ int $0x80 \ ++ ++#else /* !__ASSEMBLER__ */ ++ ++#include ++ ++/* Consistency check for position-independent code. */ ++#ifdef __PIC__ ++# define check_consistency() \ ++ ({ int __res; \ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ \ ++ ("call __i686.get_pc_thunk.cx;" \ ++ "addl $_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_, %%ecx;" \ ++ "subl %%ebx, %%ecx;" \ ++ "je 1f;" \ ++ "ud2;" \ ++ "1:\n" \ ++ ".section .gnu.linkonce.t.__i686.get_pc_thunk.cx,\"ax\",@progbits;" \ ++ ".globl __i686.get_pc_thunk.cx;" \ ++ ".hidden __i686.get_pc_thunk.cx;" \ ++ ".type __i686.get_pc_thunk.cx,@function;" \ ++ "__i686.get_pc_thunk.cx:" \ ++ "movl (%%esp), %%ecx;" \ ++ "ret;" \ ++ ".previous" \ ++ : "=c" (__res)); \ ++ __res; }) ++#endif ++ ++#endif /* __ASSEMBLER__ */ ++ ++ ++/* Pointer mangling support. */ ++#if defined NOT_IN_libc && defined IS_IN_rtld ++/* We cannot use the thread descriptor because in ld.so we use setjmp ++ earlier than the descriptor is initialized. Using a global variable ++ is too complicated here since we have no PC-relative addressing mode. */ ++#else ++# ifdef __ASSEMBLER__ ++# define PTR_MANGLE(reg) xorl %gs:POINTER_GUARD, reg; \ ++ roll $9, reg ++# define PTR_DEMANGLE(reg) rorl $9, reg; \ ++ xorl %gs:POINTER_GUARD, reg ++# else ++# define PTR_MANGLE(var) asm ("xorl %%gs:%c2, %0\n" \ ++ "roll $9, %0" \ ++ : "=r" (var) \ ++ : "0" (var), \ ++ "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, \ ++ pointer_guard))) ++# define PTR_DEMANGLE(var) asm ("rorl $9, %0\n" \ ++ "xorl %%gs:%c2, %0" \ ++ : "=r" (var) \ ++ : "0" (var), \ ++ "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, \ ++ pointer_guard))) ++# endif ++#endif ++ ++#endif /* _FREEBSD_I386_SYSDEP_H */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/ucontext_i.h +@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ ++/* Offsets and other constants needed in the *context() function ++ implementation. ++ Copyright (C) 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* Offsets of the fields in the ucontext_t structure. */ ++#define oSIGMASK 0 ++#define oGS 20 ++#define oFS 24 ++#define oEDI 36 ++#define oESI 40 ++#define oEBP 44 ++#define oEBX 52 ++#define oEDX 56 ++#define oECX 60 ++#define oEAX 64 ++ ++#define oEIP 76 ++#define oESP 88 ++ ++#define oLINK 656 ++#define oSS_SP 660 ++#define oSS_SIZE 664 +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/i386/vfork.S +@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1999, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++/* Clone the calling process, but without copying the whole address space. ++ The calling process is suspended until the new process exits or is ++ replaced by a call to `execve'. Return -1 for errors, 0 to the new process, ++ and the process ID of the new process to the old process. */ ++ ++ENTRY (__vfork) ++ ++ /* Pop the return PC value into ECX. */ ++ popl %ecx ++ cfi_adjust_cfa_offset(-4) ++ ++ /* Perform the system call. */ ++ DO_CALL (vfork, 0) ++ jb L(error) /* Branch forward if it failed. */ ++ ++ /* In the parent process, %edx == 0, %eax == child pid. */ ++ /* In the child process, %edx == 1, %eax == parent pid. */ ++ ++ /* Change %eax to be 0 in the child process. */ ++ decl %edx ++ andl %edx, %eax ++ ++ /* Jump to the return PC. */ ++ jmp *%ecx ++ ++L(error): ++ /* Push back the return PC. */ ++ pushl %ecx ++ cfi_adjust_cfa_offset(4) ++ ++ /* Branch to the error handler, hidden in PSEUDO_END. */ ++ jmp SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL ++L(pseudo_end): ++ ret ++PSEUDO_END (__vfork) ++libc_hidden_def (__vfork) ++ ++weak_alias (__vfork, vfork) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/if_index.c +@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++ ++typedef int (*if_fn) (void *private, unsigned int index, const char *name); ++ ++/* Iterate through all present interfaces. ++ Call FN once for every interface, returning immediately if FN returns ++ a nonzero value. */ ++static void ++if_iterate (if_fn fn, void *private) ++{ ++ int request[6] = { CTL_NET, PF_ROUTE, 0, 0, NET_RT_IFLIST, 0 }; ++ char *buf; ++ size_t bufsize = 512; ++ char *bufend; ++ char *p; ++ ++ /* Call the kernel function sysctl_iflist() in /usr/src/sys/net/rtsock.c. */ ++ for (;;) ++ { ++ buf = alloca (bufsize); ++ if (__sysctl (request, 6, buf, &bufsize, NULL, 0) >= 0) ++ break; ++ if (errno != ENOMEM) ++ return; ++ bufsize *= 2; ++ } ++ ++ bufend = buf + bufsize; ++ for (p = buf; p < bufend; ) ++ { ++ struct if_msghdr *msg = (struct if_msghdr *) p; ++ ++ if (msg->ifm_version != RTM_VERSION) ++ abort (); ++ ++ switch (msg->ifm_type) ++ { ++ case RTM_IFINFO: ++ if (msg->ifm_addrs & RTA_IFP) ++ { ++ unsigned int index; ++ struct sockaddr_dl *sdl; ++ char namebuf[IFNAMSIZ + 1]; ++ size_t namelen; ++ ++ index = msg->ifm_index; ++ if (index == 0) ++ abort (); ++ ++ /* FIXME: 'struct if_msghdr' contains a 'struct if_data' which in turns ++ contains 'unsigned long' values. Their size therefore depends on ++ the running kernel (32 or 64 bits). This should be fixed in the ++ compat layer of the kernel. Meanwhile just workaround the bug here/ */ ++#if 0 ++ sdl = (struct sockaddr_dl *) (msg + 1); ++#else ++ sdl = (struct sockaddr_dl *) (p + msg->ifm_msglen - sizeof(struct sockaddr_dl) - 2); ++#endif ++ namelen = sdl->sdl_nlen; ++ /* Avoid overflowing namebuf[]. */ ++ if (namelen > IFNAMSIZ) ++ namelen = IFNAMSIZ; ++ memcpy (namebuf, sdl->sdl_data, namelen); ++ namebuf[namelen] = '\0'; ++ ++ /* Call FN now. */ ++ if (fn (private, index, namebuf)) ++ return; ++ } ++ break; ++ ++ case RTM_NEWADDR: ++ break; ++ ++ default: ++ abort (); ++ } ++ ++ p += msg->ifm_msglen; ++ } ++} ++ ++/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ ++ ++struct nametoindex_locals ++ { ++ const char *name; ++ unsigned int index; ++ }; ++ ++static int ++nametoindex_aux (void *private, unsigned int index, const char *name) ++{ ++ struct nametoindex_locals *l = (struct nametoindex_locals *) private; ++ if (strcmp (name, l->name) == 0) ++ { ++ l->index = index; ++ return 1; ++ } ++ return 0; ++} ++ ++/* Return the index of an interface given by name. */ ++unsigned int ++if_nametoindex (const char *ifname) ++{ ++ struct nametoindex_locals l; ++ ++ l.name = ifname; ++ l.index = 0; ++ if_iterate (nametoindex_aux, &l); ++ ++ return l.index; ++} ++libc_hidden_def (if_nametoindex) ++ ++/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ ++ ++struct indextoname_locals ++ { ++ unsigned int index; ++ char *name; ++ char *retval; ++ }; ++ ++static int ++indextoname_aux (void *private, unsigned int index, const char *name) ++{ ++ struct indextoname_locals *l = (struct indextoname_locals *) private; ++ if (index == l->index) ++ { ++ strncpy (l->name, name, IF_NAMESIZE); ++ l->retval = l->name; ++ return 1; ++ } ++ __set_errno (ENXIO); ++ return 0; ++} ++ ++/* Return the name of an interface given by name. */ ++char * ++if_indextoname (unsigned int ifindex, char *ifname) ++{ ++ struct indextoname_locals l; ++ ++ l.index = ifindex; ++ l.name = ifname; ++ l.retval = NULL; ++ if_iterate (indextoname_aux, &l); ++ return l.retval; ++} ++libc_hidden_def (if_indextoname) ++ ++/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ ++ ++struct nameindex_locals ++ { ++ /* Resizable array of 'struct if_nameindex'. */ ++ struct if_nameindex *s_array; ++ size_t s_len; ++ size_t s_allocated; ++ /* Resizable array of char. */ ++ char *c_array; ++ size_t c_len; ++ size_t c_allocated; ++ /* Out-of-memory indicator. */ ++ int oom; ++ }; ++ ++static void ++add_s (struct nameindex_locals *l, unsigned int index, char *name) ++{ ++ if (l->s_len == l->s_allocated) ++ { ++ size_t new_allocated = 2 * l->s_allocated + 1; ++ struct if_nameindex *new_array = ++ (struct if_nameindex *) ++ realloc (l->s_array, new_allocated * sizeof (struct if_nameindex)); ++ if (new_array == NULL) ++ { ++ l->oom = 1; ++ return; ++ } ++ l->s_array = new_array; ++ l->s_allocated = new_allocated; ++ } ++ /* Now l->s_len < l->s_allocated. */ ++ l->s_array[l->s_len].if_index = index; ++ l->s_array[l->s_len].if_name = name; ++ l->s_len++; ++} ++ ++static __inline size_t ++add_c (struct nameindex_locals *l, const char *name) ++{ ++ size_t n = strlen (name) + 1; ++ size_t result_offset; ++ if (l->c_len + n > l->c_allocated) ++ { ++ size_t new_allocated = ++ (l->c_len + n < 2 * l->c_allocated + 1 ++ ? l->c_len + n ++ : 2 * l->c_allocated + 1); ++ char *new_array = (char *) realloc (l->c_array, new_allocated); ++ if (new_array == NULL) ++ { ++ l->oom = 1; ++ return 0; ++ } ++ l->c_array = new_array; ++ l->c_allocated = new_allocated; ++ } ++ /* Now l->c_len + n <= l->c_allocated. */ ++ result_offset = l->c_len; ++ memcpy (l->c_array + l->c_len, name, n); ++ l->c_len += n; ++ return result_offset; ++} ++ ++static int ++nameindex_aux (void *private, unsigned int index, const char *name) ++{ ++ struct nameindex_locals *l = (struct nameindex_locals *) private; ++ ++ size_t name_offset = add_c (l, name); ++ if (!l->oom) ++ { ++ add_s (l, index, (char *) NULL + name_offset); ++ if (!l->oom) ++ return 0; ++ } ++ return 1; ++} ++ ++/* Return an array of 'struct if_nameindex', one for each present ++ interface. */ ++struct if_nameindex * ++if_nameindex (void) ++{ ++ struct nameindex_locals l; ++ ++ l.s_array = NULL; l.s_len = 0; l.s_allocated = 0; ++ l.c_array = NULL; l.c_len = 0; l.c_allocated = 0; ++ l.oom = 0; ++ if_iterate (nameindex_aux, &l); ++ if (!l.oom) ++ { ++ /* Convert all offsets to real pointers. */ ++ struct if_nameindex *p; ++ struct if_nameindex *p_end; ++ ++ for (p = l.s_array, p_end = p + l.s_len; p < p_end; p++) ++ p->if_name = l.c_array + (p->if_name - (char *) NULL); ++ ++ /* Add a terminating entry. */ ++ add_s (&l, 0, NULL); ++ } ++ if (l.oom) ++ { ++ free (l.s_array); ++ free (l.c_array); ++ __set_errno (ENOMEM); ++ return NULL; ++ } ++ return l.s_array; ++} ++libc_hidden_def (if_nameindex) ++ ++/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ ++ ++/* Free an array returned by if_nameindex(). */ ++void ++if_freenameindex (struct if_nameindex *ifn) ++{ ++ if (ifn != NULL) ++ { ++ /* Free c_array. */ ++ free (ifn[0].if_name); ++ /* Free s_array. */ ++ free (ifn); ++ } ++} ++libc_hidden_def (if_freenameindex) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/ifaddrs.c +@@ -0,0 +1,362 @@ ++/* $KAME: getifaddrs.c,v 1.9 2001/08/20 02:31:20 itojun Exp $ */ ++ ++/* ++ * Copyright (c) 1995, 1999 ++ * Berkeley Software Design, Inc. All rights reserved. ++ * ++ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without ++ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions ++ * are met: ++ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. ++ * ++ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY Berkeley Software Design, Inc. ``AS IS'' AND ++ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE ++ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ++ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL Berkeley Software Design, Inc. BE LIABLE ++ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL ++ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS ++ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) ++ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT ++ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY ++ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF ++ * SUCH DAMAGE. ++ * ++ * BSDI getifaddrs.c,v 2.12 2000/02/23 14:51:59 dab Exp ++ */ ++ ++#include ++ ++ /* ++__FBSDID("$FreeBSD: src/lib/libc/net/getifaddrs.c,v 1.6 2002/07/25 08:08:30 ume Exp $"); ++ */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#ifdef NET_RT_IFLIST ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#else ++#error NET_RT_IFLIST is required ++#endif ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#if !defined(AF_LINK) ++#define SA_LEN(sa) sizeof(struct sockaddr) ++#endif ++ ++#if !defined(SA_LEN) ++#define SA_LEN(sa) (sa)->sa_len ++#endif ++ ++#define SALIGN (sizeof(long) - 1) ++#define SA_RLEN(sa) ((sa)->sa_len ? (((sa)->sa_len + SALIGN) & ~SALIGN) : (SALIGN + 1)) ++ ++#ifndef ALIGNBYTES ++/* ++ * On systems with a routing socket, ALIGNBYTES should match the value ++ * that the kernel uses when building the messages. ++ */ ++#define ALIGNBYTES XXX ++#endif ++#ifndef ALIGN ++#define ALIGN(p) (((u_long)(p) + ALIGNBYTES) &~ ALIGNBYTES) ++#endif ++ ++#define HAVE_IFM_DATA ++#define MAX_SYSCTL_TRY 5 ++ ++int ++getifaddrs(struct ifaddrs **pif) ++{ ++ int icnt = 1; ++ int dcnt = 0; ++ int ncnt = 0; ++#ifdef NET_RT_IFLIST ++ int ntry = 0; ++ int mib[6]; ++ size_t needed; ++ char *buf; ++ char *next; ++ struct ifaddrs *cif = 0; ++ char *p, *p0; ++ struct rt_msghdr *rtm; ++ struct if_msghdr *ifm; ++ struct ifa_msghdr *ifam; ++ struct sockaddr_dl *dl; ++ struct sockaddr *sa; ++ struct ifaddrs *ifa, *ift; ++ u_short idx = 0; ++#else /* NET_RT_IFLIST */ ++#endif /* NET_RT_IFLIST */ ++ int i; ++ size_t len, alen; ++ char *data; ++ char *names; ++ ++#ifdef NET_RT_IFLIST ++ mib[0] = CTL_NET; ++ mib[1] = PF_ROUTE; ++ mib[2] = 0; /* protocol */ ++ mib[3] = 0; /* wildcard address family */ ++ mib[4] = NET_RT_IFLIST; ++ mib[5] = 0; /* no flags */ ++ do { ++ /* ++ * We'll try to get addresses several times in case that ++ * the number of addresses is unexpectedly increased during ++ * the two sysctl calls. This should rarely happen, but we'll ++ * try to do our best for applications that assume success of ++ * this library (which should usually be the case). ++ * Portability note: since FreeBSD does not add margin of ++ * memory at the first sysctl, the possibility of failure on ++ * the second sysctl call is a bit higher. ++ */ ++ ++ if (__sysctl(mib, 6, NULL, &needed, NULL, 0) < 0) ++ return (-1); ++ if ((buf = malloc(needed)) == NULL) ++ return (-1); ++ if (__sysctl(mib, 6, buf, &needed, NULL, 0) < 0) { ++ if (errno != ENOMEM || ++ntry >= MAX_SYSCTL_TRY) { ++ free(buf); ++ return (-1); ++ } ++ free(buf); ++ buf = NULL; ++ } ++ } while (buf == NULL); ++ ++ for (next = buf; next < buf + needed; next += rtm->rtm_msglen) { ++ rtm = (struct rt_msghdr *)(void *)next; ++ if (rtm->rtm_version != RTM_VERSION) ++ continue; ++ switch (rtm->rtm_type) { ++ case RTM_IFINFO: ++ ifm = (struct if_msghdr *)(void *)rtm; ++ if (ifm->ifm_addrs & RTA_IFP) { ++ idx = ifm->ifm_index; ++ ++icnt; ++ dl = (struct sockaddr_dl *)(void *)(ifm + 1); ++ dcnt += SA_RLEN((struct sockaddr *)(void*)dl) + ++ ALIGNBYTES; ++#ifdef HAVE_IFM_DATA ++ dcnt += sizeof(ifm->ifm_data); ++#endif /* HAVE_IFM_DATA */ ++ ncnt += dl->sdl_nlen + 1; ++ } else ++ idx = 0; ++ break; ++ ++ case RTM_NEWADDR: ++ ifam = (struct ifa_msghdr *)(void *)rtm; ++ if (idx && ifam->ifam_index != idx) ++ { ++ errno = EINVAL; /* this cannot happen */ ++ return -1; ++ }; ++#define RTA_MASKS (RTA_NETMASK | RTA_IFA | RTA_BRD) ++ if (idx == 0 || (ifam->ifam_addrs & RTA_MASKS) == 0) ++ break; ++ p = (char *)(void *)(ifam + 1); ++ ++icnt; ++#ifdef HAVE_IFAM_DATA ++ dcnt += sizeof(ifam->ifam_data) + ALIGNBYTES; ++#endif /* HAVE_IFAM_DATA */ ++ /* Scan to look for length of address */ ++ alen = 0; ++ for (p0 = p, i = 0; i < RTAX_MAX; i++) { ++ if ((RTA_MASKS & ifam->ifam_addrs & (1 << i)) ++ == 0) ++ continue; ++ sa = (struct sockaddr *)(void *)p; ++ len = SA_RLEN(sa); ++ if (i == RTAX_IFA) { ++ alen = len; ++ break; ++ } ++ p += len; ++ } ++ for (p = p0, i = 0; i < RTAX_MAX; i++) { ++ if ((RTA_MASKS & ifam->ifam_addrs & (1 << i)) ++ == 0) ++ continue; ++ sa = (struct sockaddr *)(void *)p; ++ len = SA_RLEN(sa); ++ if (i == RTAX_NETMASK && SA_LEN(sa) == 0) ++ dcnt += alen; ++ else ++ dcnt += len; ++ p += len; ++ } ++ break; ++ } ++ } ++#else /* NET_RT_IFLIST */ ++#endif /* NET_RT_IFLIST */ ++ ++ if (icnt + dcnt + ncnt == 1) { ++ *pif = NULL; ++ free(buf); ++ return (0); ++ } ++ data = malloc(sizeof(struct ifaddrs) * icnt + dcnt + ncnt); ++ if (data == NULL) { ++ free(buf); ++ return(-1); ++ } ++ ++ ifa = (struct ifaddrs *)(void *)data; ++ data += sizeof(struct ifaddrs) * icnt; ++ names = data + dcnt; ++ ++ memset(ifa, 0, sizeof(struct ifaddrs) * icnt); ++ ift = ifa; ++ ++#ifdef NET_RT_IFLIST ++ idx = 0; ++ for (next = buf; next < buf + needed; next += rtm->rtm_msglen) { ++ rtm = (struct rt_msghdr *)(void *)next; ++ if (rtm->rtm_version != RTM_VERSION) ++ continue; ++ switch (rtm->rtm_type) { ++ case RTM_IFINFO: ++ ifm = (struct if_msghdr *)(void *)rtm; ++ if (ifm->ifm_addrs & RTA_IFP) { ++ idx = ifm->ifm_index; ++ dl = (struct sockaddr_dl *)(void *)(ifm + 1); ++ ++ cif = ift; ++ ift->ifa_name = names; ++ ift->ifa_flags = (int)ifm->ifm_flags; ++ memcpy(names, dl->sdl_data, ++ (size_t)dl->sdl_nlen); ++ names[dl->sdl_nlen] = 0; ++ names += dl->sdl_nlen + 1; ++ ++ ift->ifa_addr = (struct sockaddr *)(void *)data; ++ memcpy(data, dl, ++ (size_t)SA_LEN((struct sockaddr *) ++ (void *)dl)); ++ data += SA_RLEN((struct sockaddr *)(void *)dl); ++ ++#ifdef HAVE_IFM_DATA ++ /* ifm_data needs to be aligned */ ++ ift->ifa_data = data = (void *)ALIGN(data); ++ memcpy(data, &ifm->ifm_data, sizeof(ifm->ifm_data)); ++ data += sizeof(ifm->ifm_data); ++#else /* HAVE_IFM_DATA */ ++ ift->ifa_data = NULL; ++#endif /* HAVE_IFM_DATA */ ++ ++ ift = (ift->ifa_next = ift + 1); ++ } else ++ idx = 0; ++ break; ++ ++ case RTM_NEWADDR: ++ ifam = (struct ifa_msghdr *)(void *)rtm; ++ if (idx && ifam->ifam_index != idx) ++ { ++ errno = EINVAL; /* this cannot happen */ ++ return -1; ++ }; ++ if (idx == 0 || (ifam->ifam_addrs & RTA_MASKS) == 0) ++ break; ++ ift->ifa_name = cif->ifa_name; ++ ift->ifa_flags = cif->ifa_flags; ++ ift->ifa_data = NULL; ++ p = (char *)(void *)(ifam + 1); ++ /* Scan to look for length of address */ ++ alen = 0; ++ for (p0 = p, i = 0; i < RTAX_MAX; i++) { ++ if ((RTA_MASKS & ifam->ifam_addrs & (1 << i)) ++ == 0) ++ continue; ++ sa = (struct sockaddr *)(void *)p; ++ len = SA_RLEN(sa); ++ if (i == RTAX_IFA) { ++ alen = len; ++ break; ++ } ++ p += len; ++ } ++ for (p = p0, i = 0; i < RTAX_MAX; i++) { ++ if ((RTA_MASKS & ifam->ifam_addrs & (1 << i)) ++ == 0) ++ continue; ++ sa = (struct sockaddr *)(void *)p; ++ len = SA_RLEN(sa); ++ switch (i) { ++ case RTAX_IFA: ++ ift->ifa_addr = ++ (struct sockaddr *)(void *)data; ++ memcpy(data, p, len); ++ data += len; ++ break; ++ ++ case RTAX_NETMASK: ++ ift->ifa_netmask = ++ (struct sockaddr *)(void *)data; ++ if (SA_LEN(sa) == 0) { ++ memset(data, 0, alen); ++ data += alen; ++ break; ++ } ++ memcpy(data, p, len); ++ data += len; ++ break; ++ ++ case RTAX_BRD: ++ ift->ifa_broadaddr = ++ (struct sockaddr *)(void *)data; ++ memcpy(data, p, len); ++ data += len; ++ break; ++ } ++ p += len; ++ } ++ ++#ifdef HAVE_IFAM_DATA ++ /* ifam_data needs to be aligned */ ++ ift->ifa_data = data = (void *)ALIGN(data); ++ memcpy(data, &ifam->ifam_data, sizeof(ifam->ifam_data)); ++ data += sizeof(ifam->ifam_data); ++#endif /* HAVE_IFAM_DATA */ ++ ++ ift = (ift->ifa_next = ift + 1); ++ break; ++ } ++ } ++ ++ free(buf); ++#else /* NET_RT_IFLIST */ ++#endif /* NET_RT_IFLIST */ ++ if (--ift >= ifa) { ++ ift->ifa_next = NULL; ++ *pif = ifa; ++ } else { ++ *pif = NULL; ++ free(ifa); ++ } ++ return (0); ++} ++libc_hidden_def (getifaddrs) ++ ++void ++freeifaddrs(struct ifaddrs *ifp) ++{ ++ ++ free(ifp); ++} ++libc_hidden_def (freeifaddrs) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/ifreq.c +@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1999, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++ ++/* The FreeBSD ioctl SIOCGIFCONF returns the list if interfaces as a ++ concatenation of records of different size, each having at least ++ sizeof (struct ifreq) bytes. */ ++ ++ ++void ++__ifreq (struct ifreq **ifreqs, int *num_ifs, int sockfd) ++{ ++ int fd = sockfd; ++ struct ifconf ifc; ++ int rq_len; ++ int nifs; ++ char *ifstart; ++ char *ifend; ++ struct ifreq *ifr; ++ /* FreeBSD has many interfaces, many of them are usually down. */ ++# define RQ_IFS 16 ++ /* We have to assume all records are of limited size, so that we know ++ when we can stop enlarging the buffer. */ ++# define RQ_MAXSIZE 256 ++ ++ if (fd < 0) ++ fd = __opensock (); ++ if (fd < 0) ++ { ++ *num_ifs = 0; ++ *ifreqs = NULL; ++ return; ++ } ++ ++ ifc.ifc_buf = NULL; ++ rq_len = RQ_IFS * sizeof (struct ifreq) + RQ_MAXSIZE; ++ for (;;) ++ { ++ ifc.ifc_len = rq_len; ++ ifc.ifc_buf = realloc (ifc.ifc_buf, ifc.ifc_len); ++ if (ifc.ifc_buf == NULL || __ioctl (fd, SIOCGIFCONF, &ifc) < 0) ++ { ++ if (ifc.ifc_buf) ++ free (ifc.ifc_buf); ++ ++ if (fd != sockfd) ++ __close (fd); ++ *num_ifs = 0; ++ *ifreqs = NULL; ++ return; ++ } ++ if (ifc.ifc_len + RQ_MAXSIZE <= rq_len) ++ break; ++ rq_len *= 2; ++ } ++ ++ nifs = 0; ++ ifstart = (char *) ifc.ifc_buf; ++ ifend = ifstart + ifc.ifc_len; ++ for (ifr = (struct ifreq *) ifstart; ++ (char *) ifr < ifend; ++ ifr = __if_nextreq (ifr)) ++ nifs++; ++ ++ if (fd != sockfd) ++ __close (fd); ++ ++ *num_ifs = nifs; ++ *ifreqs = realloc (ifc.ifc_buf, ifc.ifc_len); ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/init-first.c +@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@ ++/* Initialization code run first thing by the ELF startup code. ++ Copyright (C) 1995-2004, 2005, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_sigaction (int __sig, const struct sigaction *__act, struct sigaction *__oact) __THROW; ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_sigaction) ++ ++/* Set nonzero if we have to be prepared for more then one libc being ++ used in the process. Safe assumption if initializer never runs. */ ++int __libc_multiple_libcs attribute_hidden = 1; ++ ++/* Remember the command line argument and enviroment contents for ++ later calls of initializers for dynamic libraries. */ ++int __libc_argc attribute_hidden; ++char **__libc_argv attribute_hidden; ++ ++ ++void ++__libc_init_first (int argc, char **argv, char **envp) ++{ ++#ifdef SHARED ++ /* For DSOs we do not need __libc_init_first but instead _init. */ ++} ++ ++void ++attribute_hidden ++_init (int argc, char **argv, char **envp) ++{ ++#endif ++#ifdef USE_NONOPTION_FLAGS ++ extern void __getopt_clean_environment (char **); ++#endif ++ ++ __libc_multiple_libcs = &_dl_starting_up && !_dl_starting_up; ++ ++ /* Make sure we don't initialize twice. */ ++ if (!__libc_multiple_libcs) ++ { ++ /* Set the FPU control word to the proper default value if the ++ kernel would use a different value. (In a static program we ++ don't have this information.) */ ++#if 0 ++ /* at least on kFreeBSD set it even if SHARED, ++ fixes "make check" failures like math/test-fpucw.out */ ++#ifdef SHARED ++ if (__fpu_control != GLRO(dl_fpu_control)) ++#endif ++#endif ++ __setfpucw (__fpu_control); ++ } ++ ++ /* By default on kFreeBSD when a call to non existing syscall is ++ made, the program is terminated. As we want to be able to detect ++ missing syscalls and provide a fallback code, we ignore the SIGSYS ++ signal. */ ++ { ++ struct sigaction act; ++ ++ act.sa_handler = SIG_IGN; ++ __sigemptyset (&act.sa_mask); ++ act.sa_flags = 0; ++ ++ INLINE_SYSCALL (sigaction, 3, SIGSYS, &act, NULL); ++ } ++ ++ /* Save the command-line arguments. */ ++ __libc_argc = argc; ++ __libc_argv = argv; ++ __environ = envp; ++ ++#ifndef SHARED ++ __libc_init_secure (); ++ ++ /* First the initialization which normally would be done by the ++ dynamic linker. */ ++ _dl_non_dynamic_init (); ++#endif ++ ++#ifdef VDSO_SETUP ++ VDSO_SETUP (); ++#endif ++ ++ __init_misc (argc, argv, envp); ++ ++#ifdef USE_NONOPTION_FLAGS ++ /* This is a hack to make the special getopt in GNU libc working. */ ++ __getopt_clean_environment (envp); ++#endif ++ ++#ifdef SHARED ++ __libc_global_ctors (); ++#endif ++} ++ ++ ++/* This function is defined here so that if this file ever gets into ++ ld.so we will get a link error. Having this file silently included ++ in ld.so causes disaster, because the _init definition above will ++ cause ld.so to gain an init function, which is not a cool thing. */ ++ ++extern void _dl_start (void) __attribute__ ((noreturn)); ++ ++void ++_dl_start (void) ++{ ++ abort (); ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/kernel-features.h +@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ ++/* Set flags signalling availability of kernel features based on given ++ kernel version number. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef __KFREEBSD_KERNEL_VERSION ++/* We assume the worst; all kernels should be supported. */ ++# define __KFREEBSD_KERNEL_VERSION 0 ++#endif ++ ++/* The encoding for __KFREEBSD_KERNEL_VERSION is defined the following ++ way: the major, minor, and subminor all get a byte with the major ++ number being in the highest byte. This means we can do numeric ++ comparisons. ++ ++ In the following we will define certain symbols depending on ++ whether the describes kernel feature is available in the kernel ++ version given by __KFREEBSD_KERNEL_VERSION. We are not always exactly ++ recording the correct versions in which the features were ++ introduced. If somebody cares these values can afterwards be ++ corrected. */ ++ ++/* ++ The used encoding corresponds to the following in elf/dl-load.c: ++ ++ osversion = (abi_note[5] & 0xff) * 65536 ++ + (abi_note[6] & 0xff) * 256 ++ + (abi_note[7] & 0xff); ++ if (abi_note[4] != __ABI_TAG_OS ++ || (GLRO(dl_osversion) && GLRO(dl_osversion) < osversion)) ++ ++ Therefore, the __KFREEBSD_KERNEL_VERSION have different value compared to ++ __FreeBSD_version/__FreeBSD_kernel__version. ++ The transformation is not just prepend 0x to __FreeBSD_kernel_version. ++ ++ For changes see i.e. ++ http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/books/porters-handbook/freebsd-versions.html ++*/ ++ ++/* Real-time signals introduced in FreeBSD 7.x. */ ++#if __KFREEBSD_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x70032 ++# define __ASSUME_REALTIME_SIGNALS 1 ++#endif ++ ++/* Use signals #32, #33, #34 for internal linuxthreads communication */ ++#define PTHREAD_SIGBASE 32 ++ ++/* The `ftruncate' syscall was introduced in kFreeBSD 7.0. */ ++#if __KFREEBSD_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x70032 ++# define __ASSUME_TRUNCATE_SYSCALL 1 ++#endif ++ ++/* The `lseek' syscall was introduced in kFreeBSD 7.0. */ ++#if __KFREEBSD_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x70032 ++# define __ASSUME_LSEEK_SYSCALL 1 ++#endif ++ ++/* The `mmap' syscall was introduced in kFreeBSD 7.0. */ ++#if __KFREEBSD_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x70032 ++# define __ASSUME_MMAP_SYSCALL 1 ++#endif ++ ++/* The `pread' and `pwrite' syscalls were introduced in kFreeBSD 7.0. */ ++#if __KFREEBSD_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x70032 ++# define __ASSUME_PREAD_PWRITE_SYSCALLS 1 ++#endif ++ ++/* The `shm_*' syscalls were introduced in kFreeBSD 8.0 */ ++#if __KFREEBSD_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x8000C ++# define __ASSUME_SHMFCTS 1 ++#endif ++ ++/* The `*at' syscalls were introduced in kFreeBSD 8.0. */ ++#if __KFREEBSD_KERNEL_VERSION >= 0x8001D ++# define __ASSUME_ATFCTS 1 ++#endif ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/kernel-posix-cpu-timers.h +@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ ++/* Parameters for the FreeBSD kernel ABI for CPU clocks. */ ++ ++#define CPUCLOCK_WHICH(clock) ((clock) & (clockid_t) CPUCLOCK_CLOCK_MASK) ++#define CPUCLOCK_CLOCK_MASK 7 ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/ldsodefs.h +@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ ++/* Run-time dynamic linker data structures for loaded ELF shared objects. ++ Copyright (C) 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _LDSODEFS_H ++ ++/* Get the real definitions. */ ++#include_next ++ ++/* Now define our stuff. */ ++ ++/* FreeBSD puts some extra information into an auxiliary vector when it ++ execs ELF executables. Note that it uses AT_* values of 10 and 11 ++ to denote something different than AT_NOTELF and AT_UID, but this is ++ not a problem since elf/dl-support.c ignores these AT_* values. */ ++#define HAVE_AUX_VECTOR ++ ++/* Used by static binaries to check the auxiliary vector. */ ++extern void _dl_aux_init (ElfW(auxv_t) *av) internal_function; ++ ++/* Initialization which is normally done by the dynamic linker. */ ++extern void _dl_non_dynamic_init (void) internal_function; ++ ++#endif /* ldsodefs.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/linkat.c +@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_linkat (int fd1, const char *path1, int fd2, ++ const char *path2, int flags); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_linkat) ++ ++/* Make a link to FROM named TO but relative paths in TO and FROM are ++ interpreted relative to FROMFD and TOFD respectively. */ ++int ++linkat (fromfd, from, tofd, to, flags) ++ int fromfd; ++ const char *from; ++ int tofd; ++ const char *to; ++ int flags; ++{ ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (__have_atfcts >= 0) ++# endif ++ { ++ int result = INLINE_SYSCALL (linkat, 5, fromfd, from, tofd, to, flags); ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (result == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) ++ __have_atfcts = -1; ++ else ++# endif ++ return result; ++ } ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ /* Without kernel support we cannot handle AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW. */ ++ if (flags != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ if ((fromfd != AT_FDCWD && from[0] != '/') ++ || (tofd != AT_FDCWD && to[0] != '/')) ++ { ++ int mib[4]; ++ size_t kf_len = 0; ++ char *kf_buf, *kf_bufp; ++ ++ if ((fromfd < 0) || (tofd < 0)) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ mib[0] = CTL_KERN; ++ mib[1] = KERN_PROC; ++ mib[2] = KERN_PROC_FILEDESC; ++ mib[3] = __getpid (); ++ ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, NULL, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_buf = alloca (kf_len); ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, kf_buf, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ if (fromfd != AT_FDCWD && from[0] != '/') ++ { ++ kf_bufp = kf_buf; ++ while (kf_bufp < kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ struct kinfo_file *kf = ++ (struct kinfo_file *) (uintptr_t) kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (kf->kf_fd == fromfd) ++ { ++ char *buf; ++ if (kf->kf_type != KF_TYPE_VNODE || ++ kf->kf_vnode_type != KF_VTYPE_VDIR) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOTDIR); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ buf = alloca (strlen (kf->kf_path) + strlen (from) + 2); ++ strcpy(buf, kf->kf_path); ++ strcat (buf, "/"); ++ strcat (buf, from); ++ from = buf; ++ break; ++ } ++ kf_bufp += kf->kf_structsize; ++ } ++ ++ if (kf_bufp >= kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ } ++ ++ if (tofd != AT_FDCWD && to[0] != '/') ++ { ++ kf_bufp = kf_buf; ++ while (kf_bufp < kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ struct kinfo_file *kf = ++ (struct kinfo_file *) (uintptr_t) kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (kf->kf_fd == tofd) ++ { ++ char *buf; ++ if (kf->kf_type != KF_TYPE_VNODE || ++ kf->kf_vnode_type != KF_VTYPE_VDIR) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOTDIR); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ buf = alloca (strlen (kf->kf_path) + strlen (to) + 2); ++ strcpy(buf, kf->kf_path); ++ strcat (buf, "/"); ++ strcat (buf, to); ++ to = buf; ++ break; ++ } ++ kf_bufp += kf->kf_structsize; ++ } ++ ++ if (kf_bufp >= kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ } ++ } ++ ++ return __link (from, to); ++#endif ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/linuxthreads/Implies +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++pthread +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/linuxthreads/Makefile +@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ ++ifeq ($(subdir),linuxthreads) ++sysdep_routines += register-atfork unregister-atfork ++libpthread-routines += ptw-sigprocmask ptw-ioctl ++endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/linuxthreads/Versions +@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ ++libc { ++ GLIBC_2.3.2 { ++ __register_atfork; ++ } ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/linuxthreads/allocrtsig.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/linuxthreads/bits/local_lim.h +@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ ++/* Minimum guaranteed maximum values for system limits. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 1993-1998, 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++/* The number of data keys per process. */ ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_KEYS_MAX 128 ++/* This is the value this implementation supports. */ ++#define PTHREAD_KEYS_MAX 1024 ++ ++/* Controlling the iterations of destructors for thread-specific data. */ ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS 4 ++/* Number of iterations this implementation does. */ ++#define PTHREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS _POSIX_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS ++ ++/* The number of threads per process. */ ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_THREADS_MAX 64 ++/* This is the value this implementation supports. */ ++#define PTHREAD_THREADS_MAX 1024 ++ ++/* Maximum amount by which a process can descrease its asynchronous I/O ++ priority level. */ ++#define AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX 20 ++ ++/* Minimum size for a thread. We are free to choose a reasonable value. */ ++#define PTHREAD_STACK_MIN 16384 ++ ++/* Maximum number of POSIX timers available. */ ++#define TIMER_MAX 256 ++ ++/* Maximum number of timer expiration overruns. */ ++#define DELAYTIMER_MAX 2147483647 +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/linuxthreads/bits/posix_opt.h +@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@ ++/* Define POSIX options for FreeBSD. ++ Copyright (C) 1996-1997, 1999, 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* ++ * Never include this file directly; use instead. ++ */ ++ ++#ifndef _BITS_POSIX_OPT_H ++#define _BITS_POSIX_OPT_H 1 ++ ++/* Job control is supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL 1 ++ ++/* Processes have a saved set-user-ID and a saved set-group-ID. */ ++#define _POSIX_SAVED_IDS 1 ++ ++/* Priority scheduling is supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING 200112L ++ ++/* Synchronizing file data is supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO 200112L ++ ++/* The fsync function is present. */ ++#define _POSIX_FSYNC 200112L ++ ++/* Mapping of files to memory is supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES 200112L ++ ++/* Locking of all memory is supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_MEMLOCK 200112L ++ ++/* Locking of ranges of memory is supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE 200112L ++ ++/* Setting of memory protections is supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION 200112L ++ ++/* Only root can change owner of file. */ ++#define _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED 1 ++ ++/* `c_cc' member of 'struct termios' structure can be disabled by ++ using the value _POSIX_VDISABLE. */ ++#define _POSIX_VDISABLE ((unsigned char)'\377') ++ ++/* Filenames are not silently truncated. */ ++#define _POSIX_NO_TRUNC 1 ++/* X/Open realtime support is only partially available. */ ++#define _XOPEN_REALTIME -1 ++ ++/* X/Open realtime thread support is only partially available. */ ++#define _XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS -1 ++ ++/* Implementation supports `poll' function. */ ++#define _POSIX_POLL 1 ++ ++/* Implementation supports `select' and `pselect' functions. */ ++#define _POSIX_SELECT 1 ++ ++/* XPG4.2 shared memory is supported. */ ++#define _XOPEN_SHM 1 ++ ++/* Tell we have POSIX threads. */ ++#define _POSIX_THREADS 200112L ++ ++/* We have the reentrant functions described in POSIX. */ ++#define _POSIX_REENTRANT_FUNCTIONS 1 ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS 200112L ++ ++/* We provide priority scheduling for threads. */ ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING 200112L ++ ++/* We support user-defined stack sizes. */ ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE 200112L ++ ++/* We support user-defined stacks. */ ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR 200112L ++ ++/* We support POSIX.1b semaphores, but only the non-shared form for now. */ ++#define _POSIX_SEMAPHORES 200112L ++ ++/* Real-time signals are not available. */ ++#define _POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS -1 ++ ++/* We support asynchronous I/O. */ ++#define _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO 200112L ++#define _POSIX_ASYNC_IO 1 ++/* Alternative name for Unix98. */ ++#define _LFS_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO 1 ++/* Support for prioritization is not available. */ ++#define _POSIX_PRIORITIZED_IO -1 ++ ++/* The LFS support in asynchronous I/O is also available. */ ++#define _LFS64_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO 1 ++ ++/* The rest of the LFS is also available. */ ++#define _LFS_LARGEFILE 1 ++#define _LFS64_LARGEFILE 1 ++#define _LFS64_STDIO 1 ++ ++/* POSIX shared memory objects are implemented. */ ++#define _POSIX_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS 200112L ++ ++/* CPU-time clocks somewhere supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_CPUTIME 0 ++ ++/* We support somewhere the clock also in threads. */ ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_CPUTIME 0 ++ ++/* GNU libc provides regular expression handling. */ ++#define _POSIX_REGEXP 1 ++ ++/* Reader/Writer locks are available. */ ++#define _POSIX_READER_WRITER_LOCKS 200112L ++ ++/* We have a POSIX shell. */ ++#define _POSIX_SHELL 1 ++ ++/* We support the Timeouts option. */ ++#define _POSIX_TIMEOUTS 200112L ++ ++/* We support spinlocks. */ ++#define _POSIX_SPIN_LOCKS 200112L ++ ++/* The `spawn' function family is supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_SPAWN 200112L ++ ++/* We have POSIX timers. */ ++#define _POSIX_TIMERS 200112L ++ ++/* The barrier functions are available. */ ++#define _POSIX_BARRIERS 200112L ++ ++/* POSIX message queues are not available. */ ++#define _POSIX_MESSAGE_PASSING -1 ++ ++/* Thread process-shared synchronization is not supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED -1 ++ ++/* The monotonic clock is available. */ ++#define _POSIX_MONOTONIC_CLOCK 200112L ++ ++/* The clock selection interfaces are not available. */ ++#define _POSIX_CLOCK_SELECTION -1 ++ ++/* Advisory information interfaces are not available. */ ++#define _POSIX_ADVISORY_INFO -1 ++ ++/* IPv6 support is available. */ ++#define _POSIX_IPV6 200112L ++ ++/* Raw socket support is available. */ ++#define _POSIX_RAW_SOCKETS 200112L ++ ++/* We have at least one terminal. */ ++#define _POSIX2_CHAR_TERM 200112L ++ ++/* Neither process nor thread sporadic server interfaces is available. */ ++#define _POSIX_SPORADIC_SERVER -1 ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER -1 ++ ++/* trace.h is not available. */ ++#define _POSIX_TRACE -1 ++#define _POSIX_TRACE_EVENT_FILTER -1 ++#define _POSIX_TRACE_INHERIT -1 ++#define _POSIX_TRACE_LOG -1 ++ ++/* Typed memory objects are not available. */ ++#define _POSIX_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECTS -1 ++ ++/* No support for priority inheritance or protection. */ ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT -1 ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT -1 ++ ++#endif /* bits/posix_opt.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/linuxthreads/bits/sigthread.h +@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ ++/* Signal handling function for threaded programs. ++ Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _BITS_SIGTHREAD_H ++#define _BITS_SIGTHREAD_H 1 ++ ++#if !defined _SIGNAL_H && !defined _PTHREAD_H ++# error "Never include this file directly. Use instead" ++#endif ++ ++/* Functions for handling signals. */ ++ ++/* Modify the signal mask for the calling thread. The arguments have ++ the same meaning as for sigprocmask(2). */ ++extern int pthread_sigmask (int __how, ++ __const __sigset_t *__restrict __newmask, ++ __sigset_t *__restrict __oldmask) __THROW; ++ ++/* Send signal SIGNO to the given thread. */ ++extern int pthread_kill (pthread_t __threadid, int __signo) __THROW; ++ ++#endif /* bits/sigthread.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/linuxthreads/bits/typesizes.h +@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ ++/* bits/typesizes.h -- underlying types for *_t. kFreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 2002, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _BITS_TYPES_H ++# error "Never include directly; use instead." ++#endif ++ ++#ifndef _BITS_TYPESIZES_H ++#define _BITS_TYPESIZES_H 1 ++ ++/* See for the meaning of these macros. This file exists so ++ that need not vary across different GNU platforms. */ ++ ++#define __DEV_T_TYPE __U32_TYPE ++#define __UID_T_TYPE __U32_TYPE ++#define __GID_T_TYPE __U32_TYPE ++#define __INO_T_TYPE __U32_TYPE ++#define __INO64_T_TYPE __UQUAD_TYPE ++#define __MODE_T_TYPE __U16_TYPE ++#define __NLINK_T_TYPE __U16_TYPE ++#define __OFF_T_TYPE __SQUAD_TYPE ++#define __OFF64_T_TYPE __SQUAD_TYPE ++#define __PID_T_TYPE __S32_TYPE ++#define __RLIM_T_TYPE __SQUAD_TYPE ++#define __RLIM64_T_TYPE __SQUAD_TYPE ++#define __BLKCNT_T_TYPE __SQUAD_TYPE ++#define __BLKCNT64_T_TYPE __SQUAD_TYPE ++#define __FSBLKCNT_T_TYPE __ULONGWORD_TYPE ++#define __FSBLKCNT64_T_TYPE __UQUAD_TYPE ++#define __FSFILCNT_T_TYPE __ULONGWORD_TYPE ++#define __FSFILCNT64_T_TYPE __UQUAD_TYPE ++#define __ID_T_TYPE __U32_TYPE ++#define __CLOCK_T_TYPE __S32_TYPE ++#define __TIME_T_TYPE __SLONGWORD_TYPE ++#define __USECONDS_T_TYPE __U32_TYPE ++#define __SUSECONDS_T_TYPE __SLONGWORD_TYPE ++#define __DADDR_T_TYPE __S32_TYPE ++#define __SWBLK_T_TYPE __S32_TYPE ++#define __KEY_T_TYPE __SLONGWORD_TYPE ++#define __CLOCKID_T_TYPE __S32_TYPE ++#define __TIMER_T_TYPE __S32_TYPE ++#define __BLKSIZE_T_TYPE __U32_TYPE ++#define __FSID_T_TYPE struct { int __val[2]; } ++#define __SSIZE_T_TYPE __SWORD_TYPE ++ ++/* Number of descriptors that can fit in an `fd_set'. */ ++#define __FD_SETSIZE 1024 ++ ++ ++#endif /* bits/typesizes.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/linuxthreads/execve.c +@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ ++#include ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_execve ) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/linuxthreads/fatal-prepare.h +@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++/* We have to completely disable cancellation. assert() must not be a ++ cancellation point but the implementation uses write() etc. */ ++#ifdef SHARED ++# include ++# define FATAL_PREPARE \ ++ { \ ++ int (*fp) (int, int *); \ ++ fp = __libc_pthread_functions.ptr_pthread_setcancelstate; \ ++ if (fp != NULL) \ ++ fp (PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE, NULL); \ ++ } ++#else ++# pragma weak pthread_setcancelstate ++# define FATAL_PREPARE \ ++ { \ ++ if (pthread_setcancelstate != NULL) \ ++ pthread_setcancelstate (PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE, NULL); \ ++ } ++#endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/linuxthreads/fork.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/linuxthreads/fork.h +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/linuxthreads/jmp-unwind.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/linuxthreads/lowlevellock.h +@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _LOWLEVELLOCK_H ++#define _LOWLEVELLOCK_H 1 ++ ++#include ++ ++typedef union ++{ ++ volatile void * uv; /* in fact struct umtx from */ ++ volatile int iv; ++ volatile long lv; ++ ++} __rtld_mrlock_t; ++ ++#define UMTX_OP_WAIT 2 /* */ ++#define UMTX_OP_WAKE 3 /* */ ++ ++extern int __syscall__umtx_op(void *, int, long, void*, void*); ++ ++static inline void lll_futex_wake(long *umtx, unsigned int nr_wakeup) ++{ ++ __syscall__umtx_op(umtx, UMTX_OP_WAKE, nr_wakeup, NULL, NULL); ++} ++ ++static inline void lll_futex_wait(long *umtx, unsigned int old_val) ++{ ++ __syscall__umtx_op(umtx, UMTX_OP_WAIT, old_val, NULL, NULL); ++} ++ ++#endif /* lowlevellock.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/linuxthreads/pt-sigsuspend.S +@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ ++/* Internal sigsuspend system call for LinuxThreads. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++ ++#include ++ ++PSEUDO_NOERRNO(__pthread_sigsuspend, sigsuspend, 1) ++ ret_NOERRNO ++PSEUDO_END_NOERRNO(__pthread_sigsuspend) ++ ++PSEUDO(__syscall_sigsuspend, sigsuspend, 1) ++ ret ++PSEUDO_END(__syscall_sigsuspend) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/linuxthreads/raise.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/linuxthreads/register-atfork.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/linuxthreads/smp.h +@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ ++/* Determine whether the host has multiple processors. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 1996, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++/* Test whether the machine has more than one processor. */ ++static inline int ++is_smp_system (void) ++{ ++ /* Fetch sysctl value of "hw.ncpu". */ ++ int request[] = { CTL_HW, HW_NCPU }; ++ int result; ++ size_t result_len = sizeof (result); ++ ++ if (__sysctl (request, 2, &result, &result_len, NULL, 0) < 0) ++ /* Dummy result. */ ++ return 0; ++ ++ return (result > 1); ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/linuxthreads/unregister-atfork.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/llseek.c +@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ ++/* We don't need a definition since the lseek64 function is what we need. */ ++/* llseek doesn't have a prototype. Since the second parameter is a ++ 64bit type, this results in wrong behaviour if no prototype is ++ provided. */ ++link_warning (llseek, "\ ++the `llseek' function may be dangerous; use `lseek64' instead.") +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/lseek.c +@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern __off_t __syscall_lseek (int __fd, __off_t __offset, int __whence) __THROW; ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_lseek) ++extern __off_t __syscall_freebsd6_lseek (int __fd, int __unused1, __off_t __offset, ++ int __whence) __THROW; ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_freebsd6_lseek) ++ ++__off_t ++__libc_lseek (int fd, __off_t offset, int whence) ++{ ++ __off_t result; ++ ++ /* First try the new syscall. */ ++ result = INLINE_SYSCALL (lseek, 3, fd, offset, whence); ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_LSEEK_SYSCALL ++ if (result == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) ++ /* New syscall not available, us the old one. */ ++ result = INLINE_SYSCALL (freebsd6_lseek, 4, fd, 0, offset, whence); ++#endif ++ ++ return result; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__libc_lseek, __lseek) ++libc_hidden_def (__lseek) ++weak_alias (__libc_lseek, lseek) ++ ++/* 'lseek64' is the same as 'lseek', because __off64_t == __off_t. */ ++strong_alias (__libc_lseek, __libc_lseek64) ++weak_alias (__libc_lseek64, __lseek64) ++weak_alias (__lseek64, lseek64) ++ ++/* 'llseek' is the same as 'lseek', because __off64_t == __off_t. */ ++strong_alias (__libc_lseek, __llseek) ++weak_alias (__llseek, llseek) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/lseek64.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++/* 'lseek64' is the same as 'lseek', because __off64_t == __off_t. */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/lxstat.c +@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ ++/* lxstat using FreeBSD lstat, nlstat system calls. ++ Copyright (C) 1991,1995-1997,2000,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "stat16conv.c" ++ ++int ++__lxstat (int vers, const char *file, struct stat *buf) ++{ ++ if (__builtin_expect (vers == _STAT_VER, 1)) ++ { ++ struct stat16 buf16; ++ int result = __syscall_lstat (CHECK_STRING (file), __ptrvalue (&buf16)); ++ if (result == 0) ++ stat16_to_stat (&buf16, buf); ++ return result; ++ } ++ else if (__builtin_expect (vers == _STAT_VER_stat, 1)) ++ return __syscall_lstat (CHECK_STRING (file), ++ CHECK_1 ((struct stat16 *) buf)); ++ else ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++} ++hidden_def (__lxstat) ++ ++weak_alias (__lxstat, _lxstat) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/lxstat64.c +@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ ++/* lxstat using FreeBSD lstat, nlstat system calls. ++ Copyright (C) 1991,1995-1997,2000,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "stat16conv.c" ++ ++int ++__lxstat64 (int vers, const char *file, struct stat64 *buf) ++{ ++ if (__builtin_expect (vers == _STAT_VER, 1)) ++ { ++ struct stat16 buf16; ++ int result = __syscall_lstat (CHECK_STRING (file), __ptrvalue (&buf16)); ++ if (result == 0) ++ stat16_to_stat64 (&buf16, buf); ++ return result; ++ } ++ else ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++} ++hidden_def (__lxstat64) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/mkdirat.c +@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write file the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Bosfilen, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_mkdirat (int fd, const char *path, mode_t mode); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_mkdirat) ++ ++/* Create a new direcfilery with permission bits MODE. But interpret ++ relative PATH names relative file the direcfilery associated with FD. */ ++int ++mkdirat (fd, file, mode) ++ int fd; ++ const char *file; ++ mode_t mode; ++{ ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (__have_atfcts >= 0) ++# endif ++ { ++ int result = INLINE_SYSCALL (mkdirat, 3, fd, file, mode); ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (result == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) ++ __have_atfcts = -1; ++ else ++# endif ++ return result; ++ } ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (fd != AT_FDCWD && file[0] != '/') ++ { ++ int mib[4]; ++ size_t kf_len = 0; ++ char *kf_buf, *kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (fd < 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ mib[0] = CTL_KERN; ++ mib[1] = KERN_PROC; ++ mib[2] = KERN_PROC_FILEDESC; ++ mib[3] = __getpid (); ++ ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, NULL, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_buf = alloca (kf_len + strlen (file)); ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, kf_buf, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_bufp = kf_buf; ++ while (kf_bufp < kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ struct kinfo_file *kf = (struct kinfo_file *) (uintptr_t) kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (kf->kf_fd == fd) ++ { ++ if (kf->kf_type != KF_TYPE_VNODE || ++ kf->kf_vnode_type != KF_VTYPE_VDIR) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOTDIR); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, "/"); ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, file); ++ file = kf->kf_path; ++ break; ++ } ++ kf_bufp += kf->kf_structsize; ++ } ++ ++ if (kf_bufp >= kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ } ++ ++ return __mkdir (file, mode); ++#endif ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/mmap.c +@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern void *__syscall_mmap (void *__addr, size_t __len, int __prot, ++ int __flags, int __fd, __off_t __offset) __THROW; ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_mmap) ++extern void *__syscall_freebsd6_mmap (void *__addr, size_t __len, int __prot, ++ int __flags, int __fd, int __unused1, ++ __off_t __offset) __THROW; ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_freebsd6_mmap) ++extern ssize_t __syscall_freebsd6_pread (int __fd, void *__buf, size_t __nbytes, ++ int __unused1, __off_t __offset) __THROW; ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_freebsd6_pread) ++ ++void * ++__mmap (void *addr, size_t len, int prot, int flags, int fd, __off_t offset) ++{ ++ void *result; ++ ++ /* Validity checks not done by the kernel. */ ++ if (offset != 0) ++ { ++ int pagesize = __getpagesize (); ++ if ((__builtin_expect (pagesize & (pagesize - 1), 0) ++ ? offset % pagesize ++ : offset & (pagesize - 1))) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return (void *) (-1); ++ } ++ } ++ ++ /* for ANON mapping we must pass -1 in place of fd */ ++ if (flags & MAP_ANON) ++ fd = -1; ++ ++ /* First try the new syscall. */ ++ result = INLINE_SYSCALL (mmap, 6, addr, len, prot, flags, fd, offset); ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_MMAP_SYSCALL ++ if (result == (void *) (-1) && errno == ENOSYS) ++ { ++ /* New syscall not available, us the old one. */ ++ result = INLINE_SYSCALL (freebsd6_mmap, 7, addr, len, prot, flags, fd, 0, offset); ++ if (result != (void *) (-1) && fd >= 0 && len > 0) ++ { ++ /* Force an update of the atime. POSIX:2001 mandates that this happens ++ at some time between the mmap() call and the first page-in. Since ++ the FreeBSD 6.0 kernel doesn't update the atime upon a page-in, we ++ do it here. */ ++ char dummy; ++ INLINE_SYSCALL (freebsd6_pread, 5, fd, &dummy, 1, 0, offset); ++ } ++ } ++#endif ++ ++ return result; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__mmap, mmap) ++ ++/* 'mmap64' is the same as 'mmap', because __off64_t == __off_t. */ ++strong_alias (__mmap, __mmap64) ++weak_alias (__mmap64, mmap64) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/mmap64.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++/* 'mmap64' is the same as 'mmap', because __off64_t == __off_t. */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/munmap.c +@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Petr Salinger, 2006. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_munmap (void *__addr, size_t __len) __THROW; ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_munmap) ++ ++int ++__munmap (void *addr, size_t len) ++{ ++ int pagesize = __getpagesize (); ++ if ((unsigned long) addr & (pagesize - 1)) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ return INLINE_SYSCALL (munmap, 2, addr, len); ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__munmap, munmap) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/net/ethernet.h +@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1997, 1999, 2001, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* Based on the FreeBSD version of this file. Curiously, that file ++ lacks a copyright in the header. */ ++ ++#ifndef __NET_ETHERNET_H ++#define __NET_ETHERNET_H 1 ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include /* IEEE 802.3 Ethernet constants */ ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++/* This is a name for the 48 bit ethernet address available on many ++ systems. */ ++struct ether_addr ++{ ++ u_int8_t ether_addr_octet[ETH_ALEN]; ++} __attribute__ ((__packed__)); ++ ++/* 10Mb/s ethernet header */ ++struct ether_header ++{ ++ u_int8_t ether_dhost[ETH_ALEN]; /* destination eth addr */ ++ u_int8_t ether_shost[ETH_ALEN]; /* source ether addr */ ++ u_int16_t ether_type; /* packet type ID field */ ++} __attribute__ ((__packed__)); ++ ++/* Ethernet protocol ID's */ ++#define ETHERTYPE_PUP 0x0200 /* Xerox PUP */ ++#define ETHERTYPE_IP 0x0800 /* IP */ ++#define ETHERTYPE_ARP 0x0806 /* Address resolution */ ++#define ETHERTYPE_REVARP 0x8035 /* Reverse ARP */ ++ ++#define ETHER_ADDR_LEN ETH_ALEN /* size of ethernet addr */ ++#define ETHER_TYPE_LEN 2 /* bytes in type field */ ++#define ETHER_CRC_LEN 4 /* bytes in CRC field */ ++#define ETHER_HDR_LEN ETH_HLEN /* total octets in header */ ++#define ETHER_MIN_LEN (ETH_ZLEN + ETHER_CRC_LEN) /* min packet length */ ++#define ETHER_MAX_LEN (ETH_FRAME_LEN + ETHER_CRC_LEN) /* max packet length */ ++ ++/* make sure ethenet length is valid */ ++#define ETHER_IS_VALID_LEN(foo) \ ++ ((foo) >= ETHER_MIN_LEN && (foo) <= ETHER_MAX_LEN) ++ ++/* ++ * The ETHERTYPE_NTRAILER packet types starting at ETHERTYPE_TRAIL have ++ * (type-ETHERTYPE_TRAIL)*512 bytes of data followed ++ * by an ETHER type (as given above) and then the (variable-length) header. ++ */ ++#define ETHERTYPE_TRAIL 0x1000 /* Trailer packet */ ++#define ETHERTYPE_NTRAILER 16 ++ ++#define ETHERMTU ETH_DATA_LEN ++#define ETHERMIN (ETHER_MIN_LEN - ETHER_HDR_LEN - ETHER_CRC_LEN) ++ ++__END_DECLS ++ ++#endif /* net/ethernet.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/net/if.h +@@ -0,0 +1,432 @@ ++/*- ++ * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1993 ++ * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. ++ * ++ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without ++ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions ++ * are met: ++ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. ++ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the ++ * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. ++ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors ++ * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software ++ * without specific prior written permission. ++ * ++ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ++ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE ++ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ++ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE ++ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL ++ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS ++ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) ++ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT ++ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY ++ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF ++ * SUCH DAMAGE. ++ * ++ * @(#)if.h 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/10/93 ++ * $FreeBSD: src/sys/net/if.h,v 1.108 2007/06/11 20:08:11 andre Exp $ ++ */ ++ ++#ifndef _NET_IF_H_ ++#define _NET_IF_H_ ++ ++#include ++ ++#include ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++struct ifnet; ++ ++/* ++ * Length of interface external name, including terminating '\0'. ++ * Note: this is the same size as a generic device's external name. ++ */ ++#define IF_NAMESIZE 16 ++#define IFNAMSIZ IF_NAMESIZE ++#define IF_MAXUNIT 0x7fff /* historical value */ ++ ++/* ++ * Structure used to query names of interface cloners. ++ */ ++ ++struct if_clonereq { ++ int ifcr_total; /* total cloners (out) */ ++ int ifcr_count; /* room for this many in user buffer */ ++ char *ifcr_buffer; /* buffer for cloner names */ ++}; ++ ++/* ++ * Structure describing information about an interface ++ * which may be of interest to management entities. ++ */ ++struct if_data { ++ /* generic interface information */ ++ unsigned char ifi_type; /* ethernet, tokenring, etc */ ++ unsigned char ifi_physical; /* e.g., AUI, Thinnet, 10base-T, etc */ ++ unsigned char ifi_addrlen; /* media address length */ ++ unsigned char ifi_hdrlen; /* media header length */ ++ unsigned char ifi_link_state; /* current link state */ ++ unsigned char ifi_spare_char1; /* spare byte */ ++ unsigned char ifi_spare_char2; /* spare byte */ ++ unsigned char ifi_datalen; /* length of this data struct */ ++ unsigned long ifi_mtu; /* maximum transmission unit */ ++ unsigned long ifi_metric; /* routing metric (external only) */ ++ unsigned long ifi_baudrate; /* linespeed */ ++ /* volatile statistics */ ++ unsigned long ifi_ipackets; /* packets received on interface */ ++ unsigned long ifi_ierrors; /* input errors on interface */ ++ unsigned long ifi_opackets; /* packets sent on interface */ ++ unsigned long ifi_oerrors; /* output errors on interface */ ++ unsigned long ifi_collisions; /* collisions on csma interfaces */ ++ unsigned long ifi_ibytes; /* total number of octets received */ ++ unsigned long ifi_obytes; /* total number of octets sent */ ++ unsigned long ifi_imcasts; /* packets received via multicast */ ++ unsigned long ifi_omcasts; /* packets sent via multicast */ ++ unsigned long ifi_iqdrops; /* dropped on input, this interface */ ++ unsigned long ifi_noproto; /* destined for unsupported protocol */ ++ unsigned long ifi_hwassist; /* HW offload capabilities, see IFCAP */ ++ time_t ifi_epoch; /* uptime at attach or stat reset */ ++ struct timeval ifi_lastchange; /* time of last administrative change */ ++}; ++ ++/*- ++ * Interface flags are of two types: network stack owned flags, and driver ++ * owned flags. Historically, these values were stored in the same ifnet ++ * flags field, but with the advent of fine-grained locking, they have been ++ * broken out such that the network stack is responsible for synchronizing ++ * the stack-owned fields, and the device driver the device-owned fields. ++ * Both halves can perform lockless reads of the other half's field, subject ++ * to accepting the involved races. ++ * ++ * Both sets of flags come from the same number space, and should not be ++ * permitted to conflict, as they are exposed to user space via a single ++ * field. ++ * ++ * The following symbols identify read and write requirements for fields: ++ * ++ * (i) if_flags field set by device driver before attach, read-only there ++ * after. ++ * (n) if_flags field written only by the network stack, read by either the ++ * stack or driver. ++ * (d) if_drv_flags field written only by the device driver, read by either ++ * the stack or driver. ++ */ ++#define IFF_UP 0x1 /* (n) interface is up */ ++#define IFF_BROADCAST 0x2 /* (i) broadcast address valid */ ++#define IFF_DEBUG 0x4 /* (n) turn on debugging */ ++#define IFF_LOOPBACK 0x8 /* (i) is a loopback net */ ++#define IFF_POINTOPOINT 0x10 /* (i) is a point-to-point link */ ++#define IFF_SMART 0x20 /* (i) interface manages own routes */ ++#define IFF_DRV_RUNNING 0x40 /* (d) resources allocated */ ++#define IFF_NOARP 0x80 /* (n) no address resolution protocol */ ++#define IFF_PROMISC 0x100 /* (n) receive all packets */ ++#define IFF_ALLMULTI 0x200 /* (n) receive all multicast packets */ ++#define IFF_DRV_OACTIVE 0x400 /* (d) tx hardware queue is full */ ++#define IFF_SIMPLEX 0x800 /* (i) can't hear own transmissions */ ++#define IFF_LINK0 0x1000 /* per link layer defined bit */ ++#define IFF_LINK1 0x2000 /* per link layer defined bit */ ++#define IFF_LINK2 0x4000 /* per link layer defined bit */ ++#define IFF_ALTPHYS IFF_LINK2 /* use alternate physical connection */ ++#define IFF_MULTICAST 0x8000 /* (i) supports multicast */ ++/* 0x10000 */ ++#define IFF_PPROMISC 0x20000 /* (n) user-requested promisc mode */ ++#define IFF_MONITOR 0x40000 /* (n) user-requested monitor mode */ ++#define IFF_STATICARP 0x80000 /* (n) static ARP */ ++#define IFF_NEEDSGIANT 0x100000 /* (i) hold Giant over if_start calls */ ++ ++/* ++ * Old names for driver flags so that user space tools can continue to use ++ * the old (portable) names. ++ */ ++#ifndef _KERNEL ++#define IFF_RUNNING IFF_DRV_RUNNING ++#define IFF_OACTIVE IFF_DRV_OACTIVE ++#endif ++ ++/* flags set internally only: */ ++#define IFF_CANTCHANGE \ ++ (IFF_BROADCAST|IFF_POINTOPOINT|IFF_DRV_RUNNING|IFF_DRV_OACTIVE|\ ++ IFF_SIMPLEX|IFF_MULTICAST|IFF_ALLMULTI|IFF_SMART|IFF_PROMISC) ++ ++/* ++ * Values for if_link_state. ++ */ ++#define LINK_STATE_UNKNOWN 0 /* link invalid/unknown */ ++#define LINK_STATE_DOWN 1 /* link is down */ ++#define LINK_STATE_UP 2 /* link is up */ ++ ++/* ++ * Some convenience macros used for setting ifi_baudrate. ++ * XXX 1000 vs. 1024? --thorpej@netbsd.org ++ */ ++#define IF_Kbps(x) ((x) * 1000) /* kilobits/sec. */ ++#define IF_Mbps(x) (IF_Kbps((x) * 1000)) /* megabits/sec. */ ++#define IF_Gbps(x) (IF_Mbps((x) * 1000)) /* gigabits/sec. */ ++ ++/* ++ * Capabilities that interfaces can advertise. ++ * ++ * struct ifnet.if_capabilities ++ * contains the optional features & capabilities a particular interface ++ * supports (not only the driver but also the detected hw revision). ++ * Capabilities are defined by IFCAP_* below. ++ * struct ifnet.if_capenable ++ * contains the enabled (either by default or through ifconfig) optional ++ * features & capabilities on this interface. ++ * Capabilities are defined by IFCAP_* below. ++ * struct if_data.ifi_hwassist in mbuf CSUM_ flag form, controlled by above ++ * contains the enabled optional feature & capabilites that can be used ++ * individually per packet and are specified in the mbuf pkthdr.csum_flags ++ * field. IFCAP_* and CSUM_* do not match one to one and CSUM_* may be ++ * more detailed or differenciated than IFCAP_*. ++ * Hwassist features are defined CSUM_* in sys/mbuf.h ++ */ ++#define IFCAP_RXCSUM 0x00001 /* can offload checksum on RX */ ++#define IFCAP_TXCSUM 0x00002 /* can offload checksum on TX */ ++#define IFCAP_NETCONS 0x00004 /* can be a network console */ ++#define IFCAP_VLAN_MTU 0x00008 /* VLAN-compatible MTU */ ++#define IFCAP_VLAN_HWTAGGING 0x00010 /* hardware VLAN tag support */ ++#define IFCAP_JUMBO_MTU 0x00020 /* 9000 byte MTU supported */ ++#define IFCAP_POLLING 0x00040 /* driver supports polling */ ++#define IFCAP_VLAN_HWCSUM 0x00080 /* can do IFCAP_HWCSUM on VLANs */ ++#define IFCAP_TSO4 0x00100 /* can do TCP Segmentation Offload */ ++#define IFCAP_TSO6 0x00200 /* can do TCP6 Segmentation Offload */ ++#define IFCAP_LRO 0x00400 /* can do Large Receive Offload */ ++#define IFCAP_WOL_UCAST 0x00800 /* wake on any unicast frame */ ++#define IFCAP_WOL_MCAST 0x01000 /* wake on any multicast frame */ ++#define IFCAP_WOL_MAGIC 0x02000 /* wake on any Magic Packet */ ++#define IFCAP_TOE4 0x04000 /* interface can offload TCP */ ++#define IFCAP_TOE6 0x08000 /* interface can offload TCP6 */ ++#define IFCAP_VLAN_HWFILTER 0x10000 /* interface hw can filter vlan tag */ ++ ++#define IFCAP_HWCSUM (IFCAP_RXCSUM | IFCAP_TXCSUM) ++#define IFCAP_TSO (IFCAP_TSO4 | IFCAP_TSO6) ++#define IFCAP_WOL (IFCAP_WOL_UCAST | IFCAP_WOL_MCAST | IFCAP_WOL_MAGIC) ++#define IFCAP_TOE (IFCAP_TOE4 | IFCAP_TOE6) ++ ++#define IFQ_MAXLEN 50 ++#define IFNET_SLOWHZ 1 /* granularity is 1 second */ ++ ++/* ++ * Message format for use in obtaining information about interfaces ++ * from getkerninfo and the routing socket ++ */ ++struct if_msghdr { ++ unsigned short ifm_msglen; /* to skip over non-understood messages */ ++ unsigned char ifm_version; /* future binary compatibility */ ++ unsigned char ifm_type; /* message type */ ++ int ifm_addrs; /* like rtm_addrs */ ++ int ifm_flags; /* value of if_flags */ ++ unsigned short ifm_index; /* index for associated ifp */ ++ struct if_data ifm_data;/* statistics and other data about if */ ++}; ++ ++/* ++ * Message format for use in obtaining information about interface addresses ++ * from getkerninfo and the routing socket ++ */ ++struct ifa_msghdr { ++ unsigned short ifam_msglen; /* to skip over non-understood messages */ ++ unsigned char ifam_version; /* future binary compatibility */ ++ unsigned char ifam_type; /* message type */ ++ int ifam_addrs; /* like rtm_addrs */ ++ int ifam_flags; /* value of ifa_flags */ ++ unsigned short ifam_index; /* index for associated ifp */ ++ int ifam_metric; /* value of ifa_metric */ ++}; ++ ++/* ++ * Message format for use in obtaining information about multicast addresses ++ * from the routing socket ++ */ ++struct ifma_msghdr { ++ unsigned short ifmam_msglen; /* to skip over non-understood messages */ ++ unsigned char ifmam_version; /* future binary compatibility */ ++ unsigned char ifmam_type; /* message type */ ++ int ifmam_addrs; /* like rtm_addrs */ ++ int ifmam_flags; /* value of ifa_flags */ ++ unsigned short ifmam_index; /* index for associated ifp */ ++}; ++ ++/* ++ * Message format announcing the arrival or departure of a network interface. ++ */ ++struct if_announcemsghdr { ++ unsigned short ifan_msglen; /* to skip over non-understood messages */ ++ unsigned char ifan_version; /* future binary compatibility */ ++ unsigned char ifan_type; /* message type */ ++ unsigned short ifan_index; /* index for associated ifp */ ++ char ifan_name[IFNAMSIZ]; /* if name, e.g. "en0" */ ++ unsigned short ifan_what; /* what type of announcement */ ++}; ++ ++#define IFAN_ARRIVAL 0 /* interface arrival */ ++#define IFAN_DEPARTURE 1 /* interface departure */ ++ ++/* ++ * Interface request structure used for socket ++ * ioctl's. All interface ioctl's must have parameter ++ * definitions which begin with ifr_name. The ++ * remainder may be interface specific. ++ */ ++struct ifreq { ++ char ifr_name[IFNAMSIZ]; /* if name, e.g. "en0" */ ++ union { ++ struct sockaddr ifru_addr; ++ struct sockaddr ifru_dstaddr; ++ struct sockaddr ifru_broadaddr; ++ struct sockaddr ifru_netmask; ++ short ifru_flags[2]; ++ short ifru_index; ++ int ifru_metric; ++ int ifru_mtu; ++ int ifru_phys; ++ int ifru_media; ++ char * ifru_data; ++ int ifru_cap[2]; ++ } ifr_ifru; ++#define ifr_addr ifr_ifru.ifru_addr /* address */ ++#define ifr_dstaddr ifr_ifru.ifru_dstaddr /* other end of p-to-p link */ ++#define ifr_broadaddr ifr_ifru.ifru_broadaddr /* broadcast address */ ++#define ifr_netmask ifr_ifru.ifru_netmask /* interface net mask */ ++#define ifr_flags ifr_ifru.ifru_flags[0] /* flags (low 16 bits) */ ++#define ifr_flagshigh ifr_ifru.ifru_flags[1] /* flags (high 16 bits) */ ++#define ifr_metric ifr_ifru.ifru_metric /* metric */ ++#define ifr_mtu ifr_ifru.ifru_mtu /* mtu */ ++#define ifr_phys ifr_ifru.ifru_phys /* physical wire */ ++#define ifr_media ifr_ifru.ifru_media /* physical media */ ++#define ifr_data ifr_ifru.ifru_data /* for use by interface */ ++#define ifr_reqcap ifr_ifru.ifru_cap[0] /* requested capabilities */ ++#define ifr_curcap ifr_ifru.ifru_cap[1] /* current capabilities */ ++#define ifr_index ifr_ifru.ifru_index /* interface index */ ++}; ++ ++#define _SIZEOF_ADDR_IFREQ(ifr) \ ++ ((ifr).ifr_addr.sa_len > sizeof(struct sockaddr) ? \ ++ (sizeof(struct ifreq) - sizeof(struct sockaddr) + \ ++ (ifr).ifr_addr.sa_len) : sizeof(struct ifreq)) ++ ++struct ifaliasreq { ++ char ifra_name[IFNAMSIZ]; /* if name, e.g. "en0" */ ++ struct sockaddr ifra_addr; ++ struct sockaddr ifra_broadaddr; ++ struct sockaddr ifra_mask; ++}; ++ ++struct ifmediareq { ++ char ifm_name[IFNAMSIZ]; /* if name, e.g. "en0" */ ++ int ifm_current; /* current media options */ ++ int ifm_mask; /* don't care mask */ ++ int ifm_status; /* media status */ ++ int ifm_active; /* active options */ ++ int ifm_count; /* # entries in ifm_ulist array */ ++ int *ifm_ulist; /* media words */ ++}; ++ ++struct ifdrv { ++ char ifd_name[IFNAMSIZ]; /* if name, e.g. "en0" */ ++ unsigned long ifd_cmd; ++ size_t ifd_len; ++ void *ifd_data; ++}; ++ ++/* ++ * Structure used to retrieve aux status data from interfaces. ++ * Kernel suppliers to this interface should respect the formatting ++ * needed by ifconfig(8): each line starts with a TAB and ends with ++ * a newline. The canonical example to copy and paste is in if_tun.c. ++ */ ++ ++#define IFSTATMAX 800 /* 10 lines of text */ ++struct ifstat { ++ char ifs_name[IFNAMSIZ]; /* if name, e.g. "en0" */ ++ char ascii[IFSTATMAX + 1]; ++}; ++ ++/* ++ * Structure used in SIOCGIFCONF request. ++ * Used to retrieve interface configuration ++ * for machine (useful for programs which ++ * must know all networks accessible). ++ */ ++struct ifconf { ++ int ifc_len; /* size of associated buffer */ ++ union { ++ char *ifcu_buf; ++ struct ifreq *ifcu_req; ++ } ifc_ifcu; ++#define ifc_buf ifc_ifcu.ifcu_buf /* buffer address */ ++#define ifc_req ifc_ifcu.ifcu_req /* array of structures returned */ ++}; ++ ++#if defined (__amd64__) || defined (COMPAT_32BIT) ++struct ifconf32 { ++ int ifc_len; /* size of associated buffer */ ++ union { ++ unsigned int ifcu_buf; ++ unsigned int ifcu_req; ++ } ifc_ifcu; ++}; ++#endif ++ ++/* ++ * interface groups ++ */ ++ ++#define IFG_ALL "all" /* group contains all interfaces */ ++/* XXX: will we implement this? */ ++#define IFG_EGRESS "egress" /* if(s) default route(s) point to */ ++ ++struct ifg_req { ++ union { ++ char ifgrqu_group[IFNAMSIZ]; ++ char ifgrqu_member[IFNAMSIZ]; ++ } ifgrq_ifgrqu; ++#define ifgrq_group ifgrq_ifgrqu.ifgrqu_group ++#define ifgrq_member ifgrq_ifgrqu.ifgrqu_member ++}; ++ ++/* ++ * Used to lookup groups for an interface ++ */ ++struct ifgroupreq { ++ char ifgr_name[IFNAMSIZ]; ++ unsigned int ifgr_len; ++ union { ++ char ifgru_group[IFNAMSIZ]; ++ struct ifg_req *ifgru_groups; ++ } ifgr_ifgru; ++#define ifgr_group ifgr_ifgru.ifgru_group ++#define ifgr_groups ifgr_ifgru.ifgru_groups ++}; ++ ++/* ++ * Structure for SIOC[AGD]LIFADDR ++ */ ++struct if_laddrreq { ++ char iflr_name[IFNAMSIZ]; ++ unsigned int flags; ++#define IFLR_PREFIX 0x8000 /* in: prefix given out: kernel fills id */ ++ unsigned int prefixlen; /* in/out */ ++ struct sockaddr_storage addr; /* in/out */ ++ struct sockaddr_storage dstaddr; /* out */ ++}; ++ ++struct if_nameindex { ++ unsigned int if_index; /* 1, 2, ... */ ++ char *if_name; /* null terminated name: "le0", ... */ ++}; ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++void if_freenameindex(struct if_nameindex *); ++char *if_indextoname(unsigned int, char *); ++struct if_nameindex *if_nameindex(void); ++unsigned int if_nametoindex(const char *); ++__END_DECLS ++ ++#endif /* !_NET_IF_H_ */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/net/if_ether.h +@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _NET_IF_ETHER_H ++#define _NET_IF_ETHER_H 1 ++ ++/* ++ * IEEE 802.3 Ethernet magic constants. The frame sizes omit the preamble ++ * and FCS/CRC (frame check sequence). ++ */ ++ ++#define ETH_ALEN 6 /* Octets in one ethernet addr */ ++#define ETH_HLEN 14 /* Total octets in header. */ ++#define ETH_ZLEN 60 /* Min. octets in frame sans FCS */ ++#define ETH_DATA_LEN 1500 /* Max. octets in payload */ ++#define ETH_FRAME_LEN 1514 /* Max. octets in frame sans FCS */ ++ ++/* ++ * These are the defined Ethernet Protocol ID's. ++ */ ++ ++#define ETH_P_LOOP 0x0060 /* Ethernet Loopback packet */ ++#define ETH_P_PUP 0x0200 /* Xerox PUP packet */ ++#define ETH_P_PUPAT 0x0201 /* Xerox PUP Addr Trans packet */ ++#define ETH_P_IP 0x0800 /* Internet Protocol packet */ ++#define ETH_P_X25 0x0805 /* CCITT X.25 */ ++#define ETH_P_ARP 0x0806 /* Address Resolution packet */ ++#define ETH_P_BPQ 0x08FF /* G8BPQ AX.25 Ethernet Packet [ NOT AN OFFICIALLY REGISTERED ID ] */ ++#define ETH_P_IEEEPUP 0x0a00 /* Xerox IEEE802.3 PUP packet */ ++#define ETH_P_IEEEPUPAT 0x0a01 /* Xerox IEEE802.3 PUP Addr Trans packet */ ++#define ETH_P_DEC 0x6000 /* DEC Assigned proto */ ++#define ETH_P_DNA_DL 0x6001 /* DEC DNA Dump/Load */ ++#define ETH_P_DNA_RC 0x6002 /* DEC DNA Remote Console */ ++#define ETH_P_DNA_RT 0x6003 /* DEC DNA Routing */ ++#define ETH_P_LAT 0x6004 /* DEC LAT */ ++#define ETH_P_DIAG 0x6005 /* DEC Diagnostics */ ++#define ETH_P_CUST 0x6006 /* DEC Customer use */ ++#define ETH_P_SCA 0x6007 /* DEC Systems Comms Arch */ ++#define ETH_P_RARP 0x8035 /* Reverse Addr Res packet */ ++#define ETH_P_ATALK 0x809B /* Appletalk DDP */ ++#define ETH_P_AARP 0x80F3 /* Appletalk AARP */ ++#define ETH_P_8021Q 0x8100 /* 802.1Q VLAN Extended Header */ ++#define ETH_P_IPX 0x8137 /* IPX over DIX */ ++#define ETH_P_IPV6 0x86DD /* IPv6 over bluebook */ ++#define ETH_P_WCCP 0x883E /* Web-cache coordination protocol ++ * defined in draft-wilson-wrec-wccp-v2-00.txt */ ++#define ETH_P_PPP_DISC 0x8863 /* PPPoE discovery messages */ ++#define ETH_P_PPP_SES 0x8864 /* PPPoE session messages */ ++#define ETH_P_MPLS_UC 0x8847 /* MPLS Unicast traffic */ ++#define ETH_P_MPLS_MC 0x8848 /* MPLS Multicast traffic */ ++#define ETH_P_ATMMPOA 0x884c /* MultiProtocol Over ATM */ ++#define ETH_P_ATMFATE 0x8884 /* Frame-based ATM Transport ++ * over Ethernet ++ */ ++#define ETH_P_AOE 0x88A2 /* ATA over Ethernet */ ++ ++/* ++ * Non DIX types. Won't clash for 1500 types. ++ */ ++ ++#define ETH_P_802_3 0x0001 /* Dummy type for 802.3 frames */ ++#define ETH_P_AX25 0x0002 /* Dummy protocol id for AX.25 */ ++#define ETH_P_ALL 0x0003 /* Every packet (be careful!!!) */ ++#define ETH_P_802_2 0x0004 /* 802.2 frames */ ++#define ETH_P_SNAP 0x0005 /* Internal only */ ++#define ETH_P_DDCMP 0x0006 /* DEC DDCMP: Internal only */ ++#define ETH_P_WAN_PPP 0x0007 /* Dummy type for WAN PPP frames*/ ++#define ETH_P_PPP_MP 0x0008 /* Dummy type for PPP MP frames */ ++#define ETH_P_LOCALTALK 0x0009 /* Localtalk pseudo type */ ++#define ETH_P_PPPTALK 0x0010 /* Dummy type for Atalk over PPP*/ ++#define ETH_P_TR_802_2 0x0011 /* 802.2 frames */ ++#define ETH_P_MOBITEX 0x0015 /* Mobitex (kaz@cafe.net) */ ++#define ETH_P_CONTROL 0x0016 /* Card specific control frames */ ++#define ETH_P_IRDA 0x0017 /* Linux-IrDA */ ++#define ETH_P_ECONET 0x0018 /* Acorn Econet */ ++#define ETH_P_HDLC 0x0019 /* HDLC frames */ ++#define ETH_P_ARCNET 0x001A /* 1A for ArcNet :-) */ ++ ++/* ++ * This is an Ethernet frame header. ++ */ ++ ++struct ethhdr { ++ unsigned char h_dest[ETH_ALEN]; /* destination eth addr */ ++ unsigned char h_source[ETH_ALEN]; /* source ether addr */ ++ unsigned short h_proto; /* packet type ID field */ ++} __attribute__((packed)); ++ ++#endif /* net/if_ether.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/netinet/if_ether.h +@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1999, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef __NETINET_IF_ETHER_H ++ ++#define __NETINET_IF_ETHER_H 1 ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++/* ++ * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1993 ++ * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. ++ * ++ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without ++ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions ++ * are met: ++ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. ++ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the ++ * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. ++ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors ++ * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software ++ * without specific prior written permission. ++ * ++ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ++ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE ++ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ++ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE ++ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL ++ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS ++ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) ++ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT ++ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY ++ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF ++ * SUCH DAMAGE. ++ * ++ * @(#)if_ether.h 8.3 (Berkeley) 5/2/95 ++ * $FreeBSD$ ++ */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++/* ++ * Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol. ++ * ++ * See RFC 826 for protocol description. Structure below is adapted ++ * to resolving internet addresses. Field names used correspond to ++ * RFC 826. ++ */ ++struct ether_arp { ++ struct arphdr ea_hdr; /* fixed-size header */ ++ u_int8_t arp_sha[ETH_ALEN]; /* sender hardware address */ ++ u_int8_t arp_spa[4]; /* sender protocol address */ ++ u_int8_t arp_tha[ETH_ALEN]; /* target hardware address */ ++ u_int8_t arp_tpa[4]; /* target protocol address */ ++}; ++#define arp_hrd ea_hdr.ar_hrd ++#define arp_pro ea_hdr.ar_pro ++#define arp_hln ea_hdr.ar_hln ++#define arp_pln ea_hdr.ar_pln ++#define arp_op ea_hdr.ar_op ++ ++struct sockaddr_inarp { ++ __SOCKADDR_COMMON (sin_); ++ in_port_t sin_port; /* Port number. */ ++ struct in_addr sin_addr; /* Internet address. */ ++ struct in_addr sin_srcaddr; ++ unsigned short sin_tos; ++ unsigned short sin_other; ++#define SIN_PROXY 1 ++}; ++ ++/* ++ * IP and ethernet specific routing flags ++ */ ++#define RTF_USETRAILERS RTF_PROTO1 /* use trailers */ ++#define RTF_ANNOUNCE RTF_PROTO2 /* announce new arp entry */ ++ ++/* ++ * Macro to map an IP multicast address to an Ethernet multicast address. ++ * The high-order 25 bits of the Ethernet address are statically assigned, ++ * and the low-order 23 bits are taken from the low end of the IP address. ++ */ ++#define ETHER_MAP_IP_MULTICAST(ipaddr, enaddr) \ ++ /* struct in_addr *ipaddr; */ \ ++ /* u_char enaddr[ETH_ALEN]; */ \ ++{ \ ++ (enaddr)[0] = 0x01; \ ++ (enaddr)[1] = 0x00; \ ++ (enaddr)[2] = 0x5e; \ ++ (enaddr)[3] = ((u_int8_t *)ipaddr)[1] & 0x7f; \ ++ (enaddr)[4] = ((u_int8_t *)ipaddr)[2]; \ ++ (enaddr)[5] = ((u_int8_t *)ipaddr)[3]; \ ++} ++ ++/* ++ * Macro to map an IP6 multicast address to an Ethernet multicast address. ++ * The high-order 16 bits of the Ethernet address are statically assigned, ++ * and the low-order 32 bits are taken from the low end of the IP6 address. ++ */ ++#define ETHER_MAP_IPV6_MULTICAST(ip6addr, enaddr) \ ++/* struct in6_addr *ip6addr; */ \ ++/* u_char enaddr[ETH_ALEN]; */ \ ++{ \ ++ (enaddr)[0] = 0x33; \ ++ (enaddr)[1] = 0x33; \ ++ (enaddr)[2] = ((u_int8_t *)ip6addr)[12]; \ ++ (enaddr)[3] = ((u_int8_t *)ip6addr)[13]; \ ++ (enaddr)[4] = ((u_int8_t *)ip6addr)[14]; \ ++ (enaddr)[5] = ((u_int8_t *)ip6addr)[15]; \ ++} ++ ++__END_DECLS ++#endif /* __USE_BSD */ ++ ++#endif /* netinet/if_ether.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/netinet/ip_icmp.h +@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1991-1993, 1995-1997, 1999, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef __NETINET_IP_ICMP_H ++#define __NETINET_IP_ICMP_H 1 ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++struct icmphdr ++{ ++ u_int8_t type; /* message type */ ++ u_int8_t code; /* type sub-code */ ++ u_int16_t checksum; ++ union ++ { ++ struct ++ { ++ u_int16_t id; ++ u_int16_t sequence; ++ } echo; /* echo datagram */ ++ u_int32_t gateway; /* gateway address */ ++ struct ++ { ++ u_int16_t __unused; ++ u_int16_t mtu; ++ } frag; /* path mtu discovery */ ++ } un; ++}; ++ ++#define ICMP_ECHOREPLY 0 /* Echo Reply */ ++#define ICMP_DEST_UNREACH 3 /* Destination Unreachable */ ++#define ICMP_SOURCE_QUENCH 4 /* Source Quench */ ++#define ICMP_REDIRECT 5 /* Redirect (change route) */ ++#define ICMP_ECHO 8 /* Echo Request */ ++#define ICMP_TIME_EXCEEDED 11 /* Time Exceeded */ ++#define ICMP_PARAMETERPROB 12 /* Parameter Problem */ ++#define ICMP_TIMESTAMP 13 /* Timestamp Request */ ++#define ICMP_TIMESTAMPREPLY 14 /* Timestamp Reply */ ++#define ICMP_INFO_REQUEST 15 /* Information Request */ ++#define ICMP_INFO_REPLY 16 /* Information Reply */ ++#define ICMP_ADDRESS 17 /* Address Mask Request */ ++#define ICMP_ADDRESSREPLY 18 /* Address Mask Reply */ ++#define NR_ICMP_TYPES 18 ++ ++ ++/* Codes for UNREACH. */ ++#define ICMP_NET_UNREACH 0 /* Network Unreachable */ ++#define ICMP_HOST_UNREACH 1 /* Host Unreachable */ ++#define ICMP_PROT_UNREACH 2 /* Protocol Unreachable */ ++#define ICMP_PORT_UNREACH 3 /* Port Unreachable */ ++#define ICMP_FRAG_NEEDED 4 /* Fragmentation Needed/DF set */ ++#define ICMP_SR_FAILED 5 /* Source Route failed */ ++#define ICMP_NET_UNKNOWN 6 ++#define ICMP_HOST_UNKNOWN 7 ++#define ICMP_HOST_ISOLATED 8 ++#define ICMP_NET_ANO 9 ++#define ICMP_HOST_ANO 10 ++#define ICMP_NET_UNR_TOS 11 ++#define ICMP_HOST_UNR_TOS 12 ++#define ICMP_PKT_FILTERED 13 /* Packet filtered */ ++#define ICMP_PREC_VIOLATION 14 /* Precedence violation */ ++#define ICMP_PREC_CUTOFF 15 /* Precedence cut off */ ++#define NR_ICMP_UNREACH 15 /* instead of hardcoding immediate value */ ++ ++/* Codes for REDIRECT. */ ++#define ICMP_REDIR_NET 0 /* Redirect Net */ ++#define ICMP_REDIR_HOST 1 /* Redirect Host */ ++#define ICMP_REDIR_NETTOS 2 /* Redirect Net for TOS */ ++#define ICMP_REDIR_HOSTTOS 3 /* Redirect Host for TOS */ ++ ++/* Codes for TIME_EXCEEDED. */ ++#define ICMP_EXC_TTL 0 /* TTL count exceeded */ ++#define ICMP_EXC_FRAGTIME 1 /* Fragment Reass time exceeded */ ++ ++ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++/* ++ * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1993 ++ * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. ++ * ++ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without ++ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions ++ * are met: ++ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. ++ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the ++ * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. ++ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors ++ * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software ++ * without specific prior written permission. ++ * ++ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ++ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE ++ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ++ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE ++ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL ++ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS ++ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) ++ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT ++ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY ++ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF ++ * SUCH DAMAGE. ++ * ++ * @(#)ip_icmp.h 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/10/93 ++ */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* ++ * Internal of an ICMP Router Advertisement ++ */ ++struct icmp_ra_addr ++{ ++ u_int32_t ira_addr; ++ u_int32_t ira_preference; ++}; ++ ++struct icmp ++{ ++ u_int8_t icmp_type; /* type of message, see below */ ++ u_int8_t icmp_code; /* type sub code */ ++ u_int16_t icmp_cksum; /* ones complement checksum of struct */ ++ union ++ { ++ u_char ih_pptr; /* ICMP_PARAMPROB */ ++ struct in_addr ih_gwaddr; /* gateway address */ ++ struct ih_idseq /* echo datagram */ ++ { ++ u_int16_t icd_id; ++ u_int16_t icd_seq; ++ } ih_idseq; ++ u_int32_t ih_void; ++ ++ /* ICMP_UNREACH_NEEDFRAG -- Path MTU Discovery (RFC1191) */ ++ struct ih_pmtu ++ { ++ u_int16_t ipm_void; ++ u_int16_t ipm_nextmtu; ++ } ih_pmtu; ++ ++ struct ih_rtradv ++ { ++ u_int8_t irt_num_addrs; ++ u_int8_t irt_wpa; ++ u_int16_t irt_lifetime; ++ } ih_rtradv; ++ } icmp_hun; ++#define icmp_pptr icmp_hun.ih_pptr ++#define icmp_gwaddr icmp_hun.ih_gwaddr ++#define icmp_id icmp_hun.ih_idseq.icd_id ++#define icmp_seq icmp_hun.ih_idseq.icd_seq ++#define icmp_void icmp_hun.ih_void ++#define icmp_pmvoid icmp_hun.ih_pmtu.ipm_void ++#define icmp_nextmtu icmp_hun.ih_pmtu.ipm_nextmtu ++#define icmp_num_addrs icmp_hun.ih_rtradv.irt_num_addrs ++#define icmp_wpa icmp_hun.ih_rtradv.irt_wpa ++#define icmp_lifetime icmp_hun.ih_rtradv.irt_lifetime ++ union ++ { ++ struct ++ { ++ u_int32_t its_otime; ++ u_int32_t its_rtime; ++ u_int32_t its_ttime; ++ } id_ts; ++ struct ++ { ++ struct ip idi_ip; ++ /* options and then 64 bits of data */ ++ } id_ip; ++ struct icmp_ra_addr id_radv; ++ u_int32_t id_mask; ++ u_int8_t id_data[1]; ++ } icmp_dun; ++#define icmp_otime icmp_dun.id_ts.its_otime ++#define icmp_rtime icmp_dun.id_ts.its_rtime ++#define icmp_ttime icmp_dun.id_ts.its_ttime ++#define icmp_ip icmp_dun.id_ip.idi_ip ++#define icmp_radv icmp_dun.id_radv ++#define icmp_mask icmp_dun.id_mask ++#define icmp_data icmp_dun.id_data ++}; ++ ++/* ++ * Lower bounds on packet lengths for various types. ++ * For the error advice packets must first insure that the ++ * packet is large enough to contain the returned ip header. ++ * Only then can we do the check to see if 64 bits of packet ++ * data have been returned, since we need to check the returned ++ * ip header length. ++ */ ++#define ICMP_MINLEN 8 /* abs minimum */ ++#define ICMP_TSLEN (8 + 3 * sizeof (n_time)) /* timestamp */ ++#define ICMP_MASKLEN 12 /* address mask */ ++#define ICMP_ADVLENMIN (8 + sizeof (struct ip) + 8) /* min */ ++#ifndef _IP_VHL ++#define ICMP_ADVLEN(p) (8 + ((p)->icmp_ip.ip_hl << 2) + 8) ++ /* N.B.: must separately check that ip_hl >= 5 */ ++#else ++#define ICMP_ADVLEN(p) (8 + (IP_VHL_HL((p)->icmp_ip.ip_vhl) << 2) + 8) ++ /* N.B.: must separately check that header length >= 5 */ ++#endif ++ ++/* ++ * Definition of type and code field values. ++ */ ++#define ICMP_ECHOREPLY 0 /* echo reply */ ++#define ICMP_UNREACH 3 /* dest unreachable, codes: */ ++#define ICMP_UNREACH_NET 0 /* bad net */ ++#define ICMP_UNREACH_HOST 1 /* bad host */ ++#define ICMP_UNREACH_PROTOCOL 2 /* bad protocol */ ++#define ICMP_UNREACH_PORT 3 /* bad port */ ++#define ICMP_UNREACH_NEEDFRAG 4 /* IP_DF caused drop */ ++#define ICMP_UNREACH_SRCFAIL 5 /* src route failed */ ++#define ICMP_UNREACH_NET_UNKNOWN 6 /* unknown net */ ++#define ICMP_UNREACH_HOST_UNKNOWN 7 /* unknown host */ ++#define ICMP_UNREACH_ISOLATED 8 /* src host isolated */ ++#define ICMP_UNREACH_NET_PROHIB 9 /* prohibited access */ ++#define ICMP_UNREACH_HOST_PROHIB 10 /* ditto */ ++#define ICMP_UNREACH_TOSNET 11 /* bad tos for net */ ++#define ICMP_UNREACH_TOSHOST 12 /* bad tos for host */ ++#define ICMP_UNREACH_FILTER_PROHIB 13 /* admin prohib */ ++#define ICMP_UNREACH_HOST_PRECEDENCE 14 /* host prec vio. */ ++#define ICMP_UNREACH_PRECEDENCE_CUTOFF 15 /* prec cutoff */ ++#define ICMP_SOURCEQUENCH 4 /* packet lost, slow down */ ++#define ICMP_REDIRECT 5 /* shorter route, codes: */ ++#define ICMP_REDIRECT_NET 0 /* for network */ ++#define ICMP_REDIRECT_HOST 1 /* for host */ ++#define ICMP_REDIRECT_TOSNET 2 /* for tos and net */ ++#define ICMP_REDIRECT_TOSHOST 3 /* for tos and host */ ++#define ICMP_ALTHOSTADDR 6 /* alternate host address */ ++#define ICMP_ECHO 8 /* echo service */ ++#define ICMP_ROUTERADVERT 9 /* router advertisement */ ++#define ICMP_ROUTERADVERT_NORMAL 0 /* normal advertisement */ ++#define ICMP_ROUTERADVERT_NOROUTE_COMMON 16 /* selective routing */ ++#define ICMP_ROUTERSOLICIT 10 /* router solicitation */ ++#define ICMP_TIMXCEED 11 /* time exceeded, code: */ ++#define ICMP_TIMXCEED_INTRANS 0 /* ttl==0 in transit */ ++#define ICMP_TIMXCEED_REASS 1 /* ttl==0 in reass */ ++#define ICMP_PARAMPROB 12 /* ip header bad */ ++#define ICMP_PARAMPROB_ERRATPTR 0 /* error at param ptr */ ++#define ICMP_PARAMPROB_OPTABSENT 1 /* req. opt. absent */ ++#define ICMP_PARAMPROB_LENGTH 2 /* bad length */ ++#define ICMP_TSTAMP 13 /* timestamp request */ ++#define ICMP_TSTAMPREPLY 14 /* timestamp reply */ ++#define ICMP_IREQ 15 /* information request */ ++#define ICMP_IREQREPLY 16 /* information reply */ ++#define ICMP_MASKREQ 17 /* address mask request */ ++#define ICMP_MASKREPLY 18 /* address mask reply */ ++#define ICMP_TRACEROUTE 30 /* traceroute */ ++#define ICMP_DATACONVERR 31 /* data conversion error */ ++#define ICMP_MOBILE_REDIRECT 32 /* mobile host redirect */ ++#define ICMP_IPV6_WHEREAREYOU 33 /* IPv6 where-are-you */ ++#define ICMP_IPV6_IAMHERE 34 /* IPv6 i-am-here */ ++#define ICMP_MOBILE_REGREQUEST 35 /* mobile registration req */ ++#define ICMP_MOBILE_REGREPLY 36 /* mobile registration reply */ ++#define ICMP_SKIP 39 /* SKIP */ ++#define ICMP_PHOTURIS 40 /* Photuris */ ++#define ICMP_PHOTURIS_UNKNOWN_INDEX 1 /* unknown sec index */ ++#define ICMP_PHOTURIS_AUTH_FAILED 2 /* auth failed */ ++#define ICMP_PHOTURIS_DECRYPT_FAILED 3 /* decrypt failed */ ++ ++#define ICMP_MAXTYPE 40 ++ ++#define ICMP_INFOTYPE(type) \ ++ ((type) == ICMP_ECHOREPLY || (type) == ICMP_ECHO || \ ++ (type) == ICMP_ROUTERADVERT || (type) == ICMP_ROUTERSOLICIT || \ ++ (type) == ICMP_TSTAMP || (type) == ICMP_TSTAMPREPLY || \ ++ (type) == ICMP_IREQ || (type) == ICMP_IREQREPLY || \ ++ (type) == ICMP_MASKREQ || (type) == ICMP_MASKREPLY) ++ ++#endif /* __USE_BSD */ ++ ++__END_DECLS ++ ++#endif /* netinet/ip_icmp.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/netinet/tcp.h +@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@ ++/* netinet/tcp.h ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* ++ * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1993 ++ * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. ++ * ++ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without ++ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions ++ * are met: ++ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. ++ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the ++ * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. ++ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors ++ * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software ++ * without specific prior written permission. ++ * ++ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ++ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE ++ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ++ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE ++ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL ++ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS ++ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) ++ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT ++ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY ++ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF ++ * SUCH DAMAGE. ++ * ++ * @(#)tcp.h 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/10/93 ++ */ ++ ++#ifndef _NETINET_TCP_H ++#define _NETINET_TCP_H 1 ++ ++#include ++ ++/* ++ * User-settable options (used with setsockopt). ++ */ ++#define TCP_NODELAY 1 /* Don't delay send to coalesce packets */ ++#define TCP_MAXSEG 2 /* Set maximum segment size */ ++#define TCP_NOPUSH 4 /* Don't push last block of write */ ++#define TCP_NOOPT 8 /* Don't use TCP options */ ++ ++#ifdef __USE_MISC ++# include ++ ++# ifdef __FAVOR_BSD ++typedef u_int32_t tcp_seq; ++typedef u_int32_t tcp_cc; /* connection count, per RFC 1644 */ ++/* ++ * TCP header. ++ * Per RFC 793, September, 1981. ++ */ ++struct tcphdr ++ { ++ u_int16_t th_sport; /* source port */ ++ u_int16_t th_dport; /* destination port */ ++ tcp_seq th_seq; /* sequence number */ ++ tcp_seq th_ack; /* acknowledgement number */ ++# if __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN ++ u_int8_t th_x2:4; /* (unused) */ ++ u_int8_t th_off:4; /* data offset */ ++# endif ++# if __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN ++ u_int8_t th_off:4; /* data offset */ ++ u_int8_t th_x2:4; /* (unused) */ ++# endif ++ u_int8_t th_flags; ++# define TH_FIN 0x01 ++# define TH_SYN 0x02 ++# define TH_RST 0x04 ++# define TH_PUSH 0x08 ++# define TH_ACK 0x10 ++# define TH_URG 0x20 ++ u_int16_t th_win; /* window */ ++ u_int16_t th_sum; /* checksum */ ++ u_int16_t th_urp; /* urgent pointer */ ++}; ++ ++# else /* !__FAVOR_BSD */ ++struct tcphdr ++ { ++ u_int16_t source; ++ u_int16_t dest; ++ u_int32_t seq; ++ u_int32_t ack_seq; ++# if __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN ++ u_int16_t res1:4; ++ u_int16_t doff:4; ++ u_int16_t fin:1; ++ u_int16_t syn:1; ++ u_int16_t rst:1; ++ u_int16_t psh:1; ++ u_int16_t ack:1; ++ u_int16_t urg:1; ++ u_int16_t res2:2; ++# elif __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN ++ u_int16_t doff:4; ++ u_int16_t res1:4; ++ u_int16_t res2:2; ++ u_int16_t urg:1; ++ u_int16_t ack:1; ++ u_int16_t psh:1; ++ u_int16_t rst:1; ++ u_int16_t syn:1; ++ u_int16_t fin:1; ++# else ++# error "Adjust your defines" ++# endif ++ u_int16_t window; ++ u_int16_t check; ++ u_int16_t urg_ptr; ++}; ++# endif /* __FAVOR_BSD */ ++ ++enum ++{ ++ TCP_ESTABLISHED = 1, ++ TCP_SYN_SENT, ++ TCP_SYN_RECV, ++ TCP_FIN_WAIT1, ++ TCP_FIN_WAIT2, ++ TCP_TIME_WAIT, ++ TCP_CLOSE, ++ TCP_CLOSE_WAIT, ++ TCP_LAST_ACK, ++ TCP_LISTEN, ++ TCP_CLOSING /* now a valid state */ ++}; ++ ++# define TCPOPT_EOL 0 ++# define TCPOPT_NOP 1 ++# define TCPOPT_MAXSEG 2 ++# define TCPOLEN_MAXSEG 4 ++# define TCPOPT_WINDOW 3 ++# define TCPOLEN_WINDOW 3 ++# define TCPOPT_SACK_PERMITTED 4 /* Experimental */ ++# define TCPOLEN_SACK_PERMITTED 2 ++# define TCPOPT_SACK 5 /* Experimental */ ++# define TCPOPT_TIMESTAMP 8 ++# define TCPOLEN_TIMESTAMP 10 ++# define TCPOLEN_TSTAMP_APPA (TCPOLEN_TIMESTAMP+2) /* appendix A */ ++# define TCPOPT_TSTAMP_HDR \ ++ (TCPOPT_NOP<<24|TCPOPT_NOP<<16|TCPOPT_TIMESTAMP<<8|TCPOLEN_TIMESTAMP) ++#define TCPOPT_CC 11 /* CC options: RFC-1644 */ ++#define TCPOPT_CCNEW 12 ++#define TCPOPT_CCECHO 13 ++#define TCPOLEN_CC 6 ++#define TCPOLEN_CC_APPA (TCPOLEN_CC+2) ++#define TCPOPT_CC_HDR(ccopt) \ ++ (TCPOPT_NOP<<24|TCPOPT_NOP<<16|(ccopt)<<8|TCPOLEN_CC) ++ ++/* ++ * Default maximum segment size for TCP. ++ * With an IP MSS of 576, this is 536, ++ * but 512 is probably more convenient. ++ * This should be defined as MIN(512, IP_MSS - sizeof (struct tcpiphdr)). ++ */ ++# define TCP_MSS 512 ++ ++/* ++ * Default maximum segment size for TCP6. ++ * With an IP MSS of 1280, this is 1220, ++ * but 1024 is probably more convenient. ++ * This should be defined as MIN(1024, IP6_MSS - sizeof (struct tcpip6hdr)). ++ */ ++# define TCP6_MSS 1024 ++ ++# define TCP_MAXWIN 65535 /* largest value for (unscaled) window */ ++# define TTCP_CLIENT_SND_WND 4096 /* default send window for T/TCP client */ ++ ++# define TCP_MAX_WINSHIFT 14 /* maximum window shift */ ++ ++#define TCP_MAXBURST 4 /* maximum segments in a burst */ ++ ++#define TCP_MAXHLEN (0xf<<2) /* max length of header in bytes */ ++#define TCP_MAXOLEN (TCP_MAXHLEN - sizeof (struct tcphdr)) ++ /* max space left for options */ ++ ++# define SOL_TCP 6 /* TCP level */ ++ ++ ++# define TCPI_OPT_TIMESTAMPS 1 ++# define TCPI_OPT_SACK 2 ++# define TCPI_OPT_WSCALE 4 ++# define TCPI_OPT_ECN 8 ++ ++/* Values for tcpi_state. */ ++enum tcp_ca_state ++{ ++ TCP_CA_Open = 0, ++ TCP_CA_Disorder = 1, ++ TCP_CA_CWR = 2, ++ TCP_CA_Recovery = 3, ++ TCP_CA_Loss = 4 ++}; ++ ++struct tcp_info ++{ ++ u_int8_t tcpi_state; ++ u_int8_t tcpi_ca_state; ++ u_int8_t tcpi_retransmits; ++ u_int8_t tcpi_probes; ++ u_int8_t tcpi_backoff; ++ u_int8_t tcpi_options; ++ u_int8_t tcpi_snd_wscale : 4, tcpi_rcv_wscale : 4; ++ ++ u_int32_t tcpi_rto; ++ u_int32_t tcpi_ato; ++ u_int32_t tcpi_snd_mss; ++ u_int32_t tcpi_rcv_mss; ++ ++ u_int32_t tcpi_unacked; ++ u_int32_t tcpi_sacked; ++ u_int32_t tcpi_lost; ++ u_int32_t tcpi_retrans; ++ u_int32_t tcpi_fackets; ++ ++ /* Times. */ ++ u_int32_t tcpi_last_data_sent; ++ u_int32_t tcpi_last_ack_sent; /* Not remembered, sorry. */ ++ u_int32_t tcpi_last_data_recv; ++ u_int32_t tcpi_last_ack_recv; ++ ++ /* Metrics. */ ++ u_int32_t tcpi_pmtu; ++ u_int32_t tcpi_rcv_ssthresh; ++ u_int32_t tcpi_rtt; ++ u_int32_t tcpi_rttvar; ++ u_int32_t tcpi_snd_ssthresh; ++ u_int32_t tcpi_snd_cwnd; ++ u_int32_t tcpi_advmss; ++ u_int32_t tcpi_reordering; ++}; ++ ++#endif /* Misc. */ ++ ++#endif /* netinet/tcp.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/nfs/nfs.h +@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ ++#include ++#include ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/not-cancel.h +@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ ++/* Uncancelable versions of cancelable interfaces. kFreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 2003, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Ulrich Drepper , 2003. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* Uncancelable open. */ ++#define open_not_cancel(name, flags, mode) \ ++ INLINE_SYSCALL (open, 3, (const char *) (name), (flags), (mode)) ++#define open_not_cancel_2(name, flags) \ ++ INLINE_SYSCALL (open, 2, (const char *) (name), (flags)) ++ ++/* Uncancelable openat. */ ++#if !defined NOT_IN_libc || defined IS_IN_libpthread || defined IS_IN_librt ++extern int __openat_nocancel (int fd, const char *fname, int oflag, ++ mode_t mode) attribute_hidden; ++extern int __openat64_nocancel (int fd, const char *fname, int oflag, ++ mode_t mode) attribute_hidden; ++#else ++# define __openat_nocancel(fd, fname, oflag, mode) \ ++ openat (fd, fname, oflag, mode) ++# define __openat64_nocancel(fd, fname, oflag, mode) \ ++ openat64 (fd, fname, oflag, mode) ++#endif ++ ++#define openat_not_cancel(fd, fname, oflag, mode) \ ++ __openat_nocancel (fd, fname, oflag, mode) ++#define openat_not_cancel_3(fd, fname, oflag) \ ++ __openat_nocancel (fd, fname, oflag, 0) ++#define openat64_not_cancel(fd, fname, oflag, mode) \ ++ __openat64_nocancel (fd, fname, oflag, mode) ++#define openat64_not_cancel_3(fd, fname, oflag) \ ++ __openat64_nocancel (fd, fname, oflag, 0) ++ ++/* Uncancelable close. */ ++#define close_not_cancel(fd) \ ++ INLINE_SYSCALL (close, 1, fd) ++ ++#define close_not_cancel_no_status(fd) \ ++ (void) ({ INTERNAL_SYSCALL_DECL (err); \ ++ INTERNAL_SYSCALL (close, err, 1, (fd)); }) ++ ++/* Uncancelable read. */ ++#define read_not_cancel(fd, buf, n) \ ++ INLINE_SYSCALL (read, 3, (fd), (buf), (n)) ++ ++/* Uncancelable write. */ ++#define write_not_cancel(fd, buf, n) \ ++ INLINE_SYSCALL (write, 3, (fd), (buf), (n)) ++ ++/* Uncancelable writev. */ ++#define writev_not_cancel_no_status(fd, iov, n) \ ++ (void) ({ INTERNAL_SYSCALL_DECL (err); \ ++ INTERNAL_SYSCALL (writev, err, 3, (fd), (iov), (n)); }) ++ ++/* Uncancelable fcntl. */ ++#define fcntl_not_cancel(fd, cmd, val) \ ++ __fcntl_nocancel (fd, cmd, val) ++ ++/* Uncancelable waitpid. */ ++# define waitpid_not_cancel(pid, stat_loc, options) \ ++ INLINE_SYSCALL (wait4, 4, pid, stat_loc, options, NULL) ++ ++/* Uncancelable pause. */ ++# define pause_not_cancel() \ ++ __pause_nocancel () ++ ++/* Uncancelable nanosleep. */ ++# define nanosleep_not_cancel(requested_time, remaining) \ ++ INLINE_SYSCALL (nanosleep, 2, requested_time, remaining) ++ ++/* Uncancelable sigsuspend. */ ++#define sigsuspend_not_cancel(set) \ ++ INLINE_SYSCALL (sigsuspend, 1, set) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/nptl/Implies +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++pthread +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/nptl/bits/local_lim.h +@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ ++/* Minimum guaranteed maximum values for system limits. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 1993-1998, 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++/* The number of data keys per process. */ ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_KEYS_MAX 128 ++/* This is the value this implementation supports. */ ++#define PTHREAD_KEYS_MAX 1024 ++ ++/* Controlling the iterations of destructors for thread-specific data. */ ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS 4 ++/* Number of iterations this implementation does. */ ++#define PTHREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS _POSIX_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS ++ ++/* The number of threads per process. */ ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_THREADS_MAX 64 ++/* This is the value this implementation supports. */ ++#define PTHREAD_THREADS_MAX 1024 ++ ++/* Maximum amount by which a process can descrease its asynchronous I/O ++ priority level. */ ++#define AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX 20 ++ ++/* Minimum size for a thread. We are free to choose a reasonable value. */ ++#define PTHREAD_STACK_MIN 16384 ++ ++/* Maximum number of POSIX timers available. */ ++#define TIMER_MAX 256 ++ ++/* Maximum number of timer expiration overruns. */ ++#define DELAYTIMER_MAX 2147483647 +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/nptl/bits/posix_opt.h +@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@ ++/* Define POSIX options for FreeBSD. ++ Copyright (C) 1996-1997, 1999, 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* ++ * Never include this file directly; use instead. ++ */ ++ ++#ifndef _BITS_POSIX_OPT_H ++#define _BITS_POSIX_OPT_H 1 ++ ++/* Job control is supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL 1 ++ ++/* Processes have a saved set-user-ID and a saved set-group-ID. */ ++#define _POSIX_SAVED_IDS 1 ++ ++/* Priority scheduling is supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING 200112L ++ ++/* Synchronizing file data is supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO 200112L ++ ++/* The fsync function is present. */ ++#define _POSIX_FSYNC 200112L ++ ++/* Mapping of files to memory is supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES 200112L ++ ++/* Locking of all memory is supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_MEMLOCK 200112L ++ ++/* Locking of ranges of memory is supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE 200112L ++ ++/* Setting of memory protections is supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION 200112L ++ ++/* Only root can change owner of file. */ ++#define _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED 1 ++ ++/* `c_cc' member of 'struct termios' structure can be disabled by ++ using the value _POSIX_VDISABLE. */ ++#define _POSIX_VDISABLE ((unsigned char)'\377') ++ ++/* Filenames are not silently truncated. */ ++#define _POSIX_NO_TRUNC 1 ++/* X/Open realtime support is only partially available. */ ++#define _XOPEN_REALTIME -1 ++ ++/* X/Open realtime thread support is only partially available. */ ++#define _XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS -1 ++ ++/* Implementation supports `poll' function. */ ++#define _POSIX_POLL 1 ++ ++/* Implementation supports `select' and `pselect' functions. */ ++#define _POSIX_SELECT 1 ++ ++/* XPG4.2 shared memory is supported. */ ++#define _XOPEN_SHM 1 ++ ++/* Tell we have POSIX threads. */ ++#define _POSIX_THREADS 200112L ++ ++/* We have the reentrant functions described in POSIX. */ ++#define _POSIX_REENTRANT_FUNCTIONS 1 ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS 200112L ++ ++/* We provide priority scheduling for threads. */ ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING 200112L ++ ++/* We support user-defined stack sizes. */ ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE 200112L ++ ++/* We support user-defined stacks. */ ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR 200112L ++ ++/* We support POSIX.1b semaphores, but only the non-shared form for now. */ ++#define _POSIX_SEMAPHORES 200112L ++ ++/* Real-time signals are not available. */ ++#define _POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS -1 ++ ++/* We support asynchronous I/O. */ ++#define _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO 200112L ++#define _POSIX_ASYNC_IO 1 ++/* Alternative name for Unix98. */ ++#define _LFS_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO 1 ++/* Support for prioritization is not available. */ ++#define _POSIX_PRIORITIZED_IO -1 ++ ++/* The LFS support in asynchronous I/O is also available. */ ++#define _LFS64_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO 1 ++ ++/* The rest of the LFS is also available. */ ++#define _LFS_LARGEFILE 1 ++#define _LFS64_LARGEFILE 1 ++#define _LFS64_STDIO 1 ++ ++/* POSIX shared memory objects are implemented. */ ++#define _POSIX_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS 200112L ++ ++/* CPU-time clocks somewhere supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_CPUTIME 0 ++ ++/* We support somewhere the clock also in threads. */ ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_CPUTIME 0 ++ ++/* GNU libc provides regular expression handling. */ ++#define _POSIX_REGEXP 1 ++ ++/* Reader/Writer locks are available. */ ++#define _POSIX_READER_WRITER_LOCKS 200112L ++ ++/* We have a POSIX shell. */ ++#define _POSIX_SHELL 1 ++ ++/* We support the Timeouts option. */ ++#define _POSIX_TIMEOUTS 200112L ++ ++/* We support spinlocks. */ ++#define _POSIX_SPIN_LOCKS 200112L ++ ++/* The `spawn' function family is supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_SPAWN 200112L ++ ++/* We have POSIX timers. */ ++#define _POSIX_TIMERS 200112L ++ ++/* The barrier functions are available. */ ++#define _POSIX_BARRIERS 200112L ++ ++/* POSIX message queues are not available. */ ++#define _POSIX_MESSAGE_PASSING -1 ++ ++/* Thread process-shared synchronization is not supported. */ ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED -1 ++ ++/* The monotonic clock is available. */ ++#define _POSIX_MONOTONIC_CLOCK 200112L ++ ++/* The clock selection interfaces are not available. */ ++#define _POSIX_CLOCK_SELECTION -1 ++ ++/* Advisory information interfaces are not available. */ ++#define _POSIX_ADVISORY_INFO -1 ++ ++/* IPv6 support is available. */ ++#define _POSIX_IPV6 200112L ++ ++/* Raw socket support is available. */ ++#define _POSIX_RAW_SOCKETS 200112L ++ ++/* We have at least one terminal. */ ++#define _POSIX2_CHAR_TERM 200112L ++ ++/* Neither process nor thread sporadic server interfaces is available. */ ++#define _POSIX_SPORADIC_SERVER -1 ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER -1 ++ ++/* trace.h is not available. */ ++#define _POSIX_TRACE -1 ++#define _POSIX_TRACE_EVENT_FILTER -1 ++#define _POSIX_TRACE_INHERIT -1 ++#define _POSIX_TRACE_LOG -1 ++ ++/* Typed memory objects are not available. */ ++#define _POSIX_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECTS -1 ++ ++/* No support for priority inheritance or protection. */ ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT -1 ++#define _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT -1 ++ ++#endif /* bits/posix_opt.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/ntp_gettime.c +@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#ifndef ntptimeval ++#define ntptimeval ntptimeval4 ++#endif ++ ++int ++ntp_gettime (struct ntptimeval *ntv) ++{ ++ /* Fetch sysctl value of "kern.ntp_pll.gettime". */ ++ /* The 'struct ntptimeval' has grown in size. */ ++ union ++ { ++ struct ntptimeval3 tv3; ++ struct ntptimeval4 tv4; ++ } tv; ++ size_t size = sizeof (tv); ++ int request[2] = { CTL_KERN, KERN_NTP_PLL }; ++ ++ if (__sysctl (request, 2, &tv, &size, NULL, 0) >= 0) ++ { ++ if (size == sizeof (struct ntptimeval3)) ++ { ++ if (ntv) ++ { ++ ntv->time = tv.tv3.time; ++ ntv->maxerror = tv.tv3.maxerror; ++ ntv->esterror = tv.tv3.esterror; ++ ntv->tai = 0; ++ ntv->time_state = tv.tv3.time_state; ++ } ++ return tv.tv3.time_state; ++ } ++ if (size == sizeof (struct ntptimeval4)) ++ { ++ if (ntv) ++ *ntv = tv.tv4; ++ return tv.tv4.time_state; ++ } ++ } ++ return TIME_ERROR; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/open.c +@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1999, 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++int ++__libc_open (const char *file, int oflag, ...) ++{ ++ int mode = 0; ++ int fd; ++ ++ if (oflag & O_CREAT) ++ { ++ va_list arg; ++ va_start (arg, oflag); ++ mode = va_arg (arg, int); ++ va_end (arg); ++ } ++ ++ if (SINGLE_THREAD_P) ++ { ++ fd = INLINE_SYSCALL (open, 3, file, oflag, mode); ++ } ++ else ++ { ++ int oldtype = LIBC_CANCEL_ASYNC (); ++ fd = INLINE_SYSCALL (open, 3, file, oflag, mode); ++ LIBC_CANCEL_RESET (oldtype); ++ } ++ ++ if (fd >= 0 && (oflag & O_TRUNC)) ++ { ++ /* Set the modification time. The kernel ought to do this. */ ++ int saved_errno = errno; ++ struct timeval tv[2]; ++ ++ if (__gettimeofday (&tv[1], NULL) >= 0) ++ { ++ struct stat statbuf; ++ ++ if (__fxstat (_STAT_VER, fd, &statbuf) >= 0) ++ { ++ tv[0].tv_sec = statbuf.st_atime; ++ tv[0].tv_usec = 0; ++ ++#ifdef NOT_IN_libc ++ futimes (fd, tv); ++#else ++ __futimes (fd, tv); ++#endif ++ } ++ } ++ __set_errno (saved_errno); ++ } ++ ++ return fd; ++} ++libc_hidden_def (__libc_open) ++ ++weak_alias (__libc_open, __open) ++libc_hidden_weak (__open) ++ ++weak_alias (__libc_open, open) ++ ++strong_alias (__libc_open, __libc_open64) ++weak_alias (__libc_open64, __open64) ++weak_alias (__libc_open64, open64) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/open64.c +@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ ++/* 'open64' is the same as 'open', because __off64_t == __off_t and ++ O_LARGEFILE == 0. */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/open_2.c +@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ ++#include ++strong_alias (__open_2, __open64_2) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/openat.c +@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_openat (int fd, const char *path, int flag, mode_t mode); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_openat) ++ ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++int __have_atfcts = 0; ++#endif ++ ++/* Open FILE with access OFLAG. Interpret relative paths relative to ++ the directory associated with FD. If OFLAG includes O_CREAT, a ++ third argument is the file protection. */ ++int ++__openat_nocancel (fd, file, oflag, mode) ++ int fd; ++ const char *file; ++ int oflag; ++ mode_t mode; ++{ ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (__have_atfcts >= 0) ++# endif ++ { ++ int result = INLINE_SYSCALL (openat, 4, fd, file, oflag, mode); ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (result == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) ++ __have_atfcts = -1; ++ else ++# endif ++ return result; ++ } ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (fd != AT_FDCWD && file[0] != '/') ++ { ++ int mib[4]; ++ size_t kf_len = 0; ++ char *kf_buf, *kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (fd < 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ mib[0] = CTL_KERN; ++ mib[1] = KERN_PROC; ++ mib[2] = KERN_PROC_FILEDESC; ++ mib[3] = __getpid (); ++ ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, NULL, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_buf = alloca (kf_len + strlen (file)); ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, kf_buf, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_bufp = kf_buf; ++ while (kf_bufp < kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ struct kinfo_file *kf = (struct kinfo_file *) (uintptr_t) kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (kf->kf_fd == fd) ++ { ++ if (kf->kf_type != KF_TYPE_VNODE || ++ kf->kf_vnode_type != KF_VTYPE_VDIR) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOTDIR); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, "/"); ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, file); ++ file = kf->kf_path; ++ break; ++ } ++ kf_bufp += kf->kf_structsize; ++ } ++ ++ if (kf_bufp >= kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ } ++ return INLINE_SYSCALL (open, 3, file, oflag, mode); ++#endif ++} ++ ++strong_alias (__openat_nocancel, __openat64_nocancel) ++ ++/* Open FILE with access OFLAG. Interpret relative paths relative to ++ the directory associated with FD. If OFLAG includes O_CREAT, a ++ third argument is the file protection. */ ++int ++__openat (fd, file, oflag) ++ int fd; ++ const char *file; ++ int oflag; ++{ ++ int mode = 0; ++ int result; ++ ++ if (oflag & O_CREAT) ++ { ++ va_list arg; ++ va_start (arg, oflag); ++ mode = va_arg (arg, int); ++ va_end (arg); ++ } ++ ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (__have_atfcts >= 0) ++# endif ++ { ++ if (SINGLE_THREAD_P) ++ { ++ result = INLINE_SYSCALL (openat, 4, fd, file, oflag, mode); ++ } ++ else ++ { ++ int oldtype = LIBC_CANCEL_ASYNC (); ++ result = INLINE_SYSCALL (openat, 4, fd, file, oflag, mode); ++ LIBC_CANCEL_RESET (oldtype); ++ } ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (result == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) ++ __have_atfcts = -1; ++# endif ++ } ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (__have_atfcts < 0) ++ { ++ if (fd != AT_FDCWD && file[0] != '/') ++ { ++ int mib[4]; ++ size_t kf_len = 0; ++ char *kf_buf, *kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (fd < 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ mib[0] = CTL_KERN; ++ mib[1] = KERN_PROC; ++ mib[2] = KERN_PROC_FILEDESC; ++ mib[3] = __getpid (); ++ ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, NULL, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_buf = alloca (kf_len + strlen (file)); ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, kf_buf, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_bufp = kf_buf; ++ while (kf_bufp < kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ struct kinfo_file *kf = ++ (struct kinfo_file *) (uintptr_t) kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (kf->kf_fd == fd) ++ { ++ if (kf->kf_type != KF_TYPE_VNODE || ++ kf->kf_vnode_type != KF_VTYPE_VDIR) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOTDIR); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, "/"); ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, file); ++ file = kf->kf_path; ++ break; ++ } ++ kf_bufp += kf->kf_structsize; ++ } ++ ++ if (kf_bufp >= kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ } ++ if (SINGLE_THREAD_P) ++ { ++ result = INLINE_SYSCALL (open, 3, file, oflag, mode); ++ } ++ else ++ { ++ int oldtype = LIBC_CANCEL_ASYNC (); ++ result = INLINE_SYSCALL (open, 3, file, oflag, mode); ++ LIBC_CANCEL_RESET (oldtype); ++ } ++ ++ } ++#endif ++ ++ if (result >= 0 && (oflag & O_TRUNC)) ++ { ++ /* Set the modification time. The kernel ought to do this. */ ++ int saved_errno = errno; ++ struct timeval tv[2]; ++ ++ if (__gettimeofday (&tv[1], NULL) >= 0) ++ { ++ struct stat statbuf; ++ ++ if (__fxstat (_STAT_VER, result, &statbuf) >= 0) ++ { ++ tv[0].tv_sec = statbuf.st_atime; ++ tv[0].tv_usec = 0; ++ ++#ifdef NOT_IN_libc ++ futimes (fd, tv); ++#else ++ __futimes (fd, tv); ++#endif ++ } ++ } ++ __set_errno (saved_errno); ++ } ++ ++ return result; ++} ++ ++libc_hidden_def (__openat) ++weak_alias (__openat, openat) ++ ++/* 'openat64' is the same as 'openat', because __off64_t == __off_t. */ ++strong_alias (__openat, __openat64) ++libc_hidden_def (__openat64) ++weak_alias (__openat64, openat64) ++ ++int ++__openat_2 (fd, file, oflag) ++ int fd; ++ const char *file; ++ int oflag; ++{ ++ if (oflag & O_CREAT) ++ __fortify_fail ("invalid openat call: O_CREAT without mode"); ++ ++ return __openat (fd, file, oflag); ++} ++ ++strong_alias (__openat_2, __openat64_2) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/openat64.c +@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ ++/* 'openat64' is the same as 'openat', because __off64_t == __off_t and ++ O_LARGEFILE == 0. */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/paths.h +@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ ++/* ++ * Copyright (c) 1989, 1993 ++ * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. ++ * ++ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without ++ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions ++ * are met: ++ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. ++ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the ++ * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. ++ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors ++ * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software ++ * without specific prior written permission. ++ * ++ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ++ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE ++ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ++ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE ++ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL ++ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS ++ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) ++ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT ++ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY ++ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF ++ * SUCH DAMAGE. ++ * ++ * @(#)paths.h 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/2/93 ++ */ ++ ++#ifndef _PATHS_H_ ++#define _PATHS_H_ ++ ++/* Default search path. */ ++#define _PATH_DEFPATH "/usr/bin:/bin" ++/* All standard utilities path. */ ++#define _PATH_STDPATH \ ++ "/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin" ++ ++#define _PATH_BSHELL "/bin/sh" ++#define _PATH_CONSOLE "/dev/console" ++#define _PATH_CSHELL "/bin/csh" ++#define _PATH_DEVDB "/var/run/dev.db" ++#define _PATH_DEVNULL "/dev/null" ++#define _PATH_DRUM "/dev/drum" ++#define _PATH_KLOG "/dev/klog" ++#define _PATH_KMEM "/dev/kmem" ++#define _PATH_LASTLOG "/var/log/lastlog" ++#define _PATH_MAILDIR "/var/mail" ++#define _PATH_MAN "/usr/share/man" ++#define _PATH_MEM "/dev/mem" ++#define _PATH_MNTTAB "/etc/fstab" ++#define _PATH_MOUNTED "/etc/mtab" ++#define _PATH_NOLOGIN "/etc/nologin" ++#define _PATH_PRESERVE "/var/lib" ++#define _PATH_RWHODIR "/var/spool/rwho" ++#define _PATH_SENDMAIL "/usr/sbin/sendmail" ++#define _PATH_SHADOW "/etc/shadow" ++#define _PATH_SHELLS "/etc/shells" ++#define _PATH_TTY "/dev/tty" ++#define _PATH_UNIX "/kernel" ++#define _PATH_UTMP "/var/run/utmp" ++#define _PATH_VI "/usr/bin/vi" ++#define _PATH_WTMP "/var/log/wtmp" ++ ++/* Provide trailing slash, since mostly used for building pathnames. */ ++#define _PATH_DEV "/dev/" ++#define _PATH_TMP "/tmp/" ++#define _PATH_VARDB "/var/lib/misc/" ++#define _PATH_VARRUN "/var/run/" ++#define _PATH_VARTMP "/var/tmp/" ++ ++#endif /* !_PATHS_H_ */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/pread.c +@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern ssize_t __syscall_pread (int __fd, void *__buf, size_t __nbytes, ++ __off_t __offset) __THROW; ++libc_hidden_proto(__syscall_pread) ++extern ssize_t __syscall_freebsd6_pread (int __fd, void *__buf, size_t __nbytes, ++ int __unused1, __off_t __offset) __THROW; ++libc_hidden_proto(__syscall_freebsd6_pread) ++ ++ssize_t ++__libc_pread (int fd, void *buf, size_t nbytes, __off_t offset) ++{ ++ ssize_t result; ++ ++ if (SINGLE_THREAD_P) ++ { ++ ++ /* First try the new syscall. */ ++ result = INLINE_SYSCALL (pread, 4, fd, buf, nbytes, offset); ++#ifndef __ASSUME_PREAD_PWRITE_SYSCALLS ++ if (result == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) ++ /* New syscall not available, us the old one. */ ++ result = INLINE_SYSCALL (freebsd6_pread, 5, fd, buf, nbytes, 0, offset); ++#endif ++ return result; ++ } ++ ++ int oldtype = LIBC_CANCEL_ASYNC (); ++ /* First try the new syscall. */ ++ result = INLINE_SYSCALL (pread, 4, fd, buf, nbytes, offset); ++#ifndef __ASSUME_PREAD_PWRITE_SYSCALLS ++ if (result == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) ++ /* New syscall not available, us the old one. */ ++ result = INLINE_SYSCALL (freebsd6_pread, 5, fd, buf, nbytes, 0, offset); ++#endif ++ LIBC_CANCEL_RESET (oldtype); ++ return result; ++} ++ ++strong_alias (__libc_pread, __pread) ++weak_alias (__pread, pread) ++ ++/* 'pread64' is the same as 'pread', because __off64_t == __off_t. */ ++strong_alias (__libc_pread, __libc_pread64) ++weak_alias (__libc_pread64, __pread64) ++weak_alias (__libc_pread64, pread64) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/pread64.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++/* 'pread64' is the same as 'pread', because __off64_t == __off_t. */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/prof-freq.c +@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++struct clockinfo ++{ ++ int hz; /* Clock frequency. */ ++ int tick; /* Microseconds per hz tick, = 1000000 / hz. */ ++ int tickadj; /* Clock skew rate for adjtime(). */ ++ int stathz; /* Statistics clock frequency. */ ++ int profhz; /* Profiling clock frequency. */ ++}; ++ ++int ++__profile_frequency (void) ++{ ++ /* Fetch the "kern.clockrate" sysctl value. */ ++ int request[2] = { CTL_KERN, KERN_CLOCKRATE }; ++ struct clockinfo result; ++ size_t result_len = sizeof (result); ++ ++ if (__sysctl (request, 2, &result, &result_len, NULL, 0) < 0) ++ /* Dummy result. */ ++ return 1; ++ ++ /* Yes, hz, not profhz. On i386, the value is 100, not 1024. */ ++ return result.hz; ++} ++libc_hidden_def (__profile_frequency) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/ptrace.c +@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1995-1998, 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_ptrace (enum __ptrace_request request, pid_t pid, ++ void *addr, void *data); ++ ++int ++ptrace (enum __ptrace_request request, ...) ++{ ++ int res, ret; ++ va_list ap; ++ pid_t pid; ++ void *addr, *data; ++ ++ /* Usually 4 arguments are given, except when request == PTRACE_TRACEME. ++ But it doesn't harm to peek at the stack in this case as well. */ ++ va_start (ap, request); ++ pid = va_arg (ap, pid_t); ++ addr = va_arg (ap, void *); ++ data = va_arg (ap, void *); ++ va_end (ap); ++ ++ switch (request) ++ { ++ case PTRACE_PEEKTEXT: ++ case PTRACE_PEEKDATA: ++#ifdef PTRACE_PEEKUSER ++ case PTRACE_PEEKUSER: ++#endif ++ res = INLINE_SYSCALL (ptrace, 4, request, pid, addr, &ret); ++ if (res >= 0) ++ { ++ /* ret can be -1 even for successful operation. */ ++ __set_errno (0); ++ return ret; ++ } ++ break; ++ ++ default: ++ res = INLINE_SYSCALL (ptrace, 4, request, pid, addr, data); ++ break; ++ } ++ ++ return res; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/ptsname.c +@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1998, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++ ++/* Static buffer for `ptsname'. */ ++static char buffer[sizeof (_PATH_TTY) + 2]; ++ ++ ++/* Return the pathname of the pseudo terminal slave associated with ++ the master FD is open on, or NULL on errors. ++ The returned storage is good until the next call to this function. */ ++char * ++ptsname (int fd) ++{ ++ return __ptsname_r (fd, buffer, sizeof (buffer)) != 0 ? NULL : buffer; ++} ++ ++/* The are declared in getpt.c. */ ++extern const char __libc_ptyname1[] attribute_hidden; ++extern const char __libc_ptyname2[] attribute_hidden; ++ ++ ++/* Store at most BUFLEN characters of the pathname of the slave pseudo ++ terminal associated with the master FD is open on in BUF. ++ Return 0 on success, otherwise an error number. */ ++int ++__ptsname_r (int fd, char *buf, size_t buflen) ++{ ++ int saved_errno = errno; ++ struct stat64 st; ++ char *p; ++ ++ if (buf == NULL) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return EINVAL; ++ } ++ ++ /* Don't call isatty (fd) - it usually fails with errno = EAGAIN. */ ++ ++ if (__fxstat64 (_STAT_VER, fd, &st) < 0) ++ return errno; ++ ++ /* Check if FD really is a master pseudo terminal. */ ++ if (!(S_ISCHR (st.st_mode))) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOTTY); ++ return ENOTTY; ++ } ++ ++ if (buflen < sizeof (_PATH_TTY) + 2) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ERANGE); ++ return ERANGE; ++ } ++ ++ /* Construct the slave's pathname. */ ++ /* instead of strlen(_PATH_DEV) we use (sizeof (_PATH_DEV) - 1) */ ++ p = __mempcpy (buf, _PATH_DEV, sizeof (_PATH_DEV) - 1); ++ buflen -= (sizeof (_PATH_DEV) - 1); ++ if(__sysctlbyname("kern.devname", p, &buflen, &st.st_rdev, sizeof (st.st_rdev)) < 0) ++ return errno; ++ p[0] = 't'; ++ ++ if (__xstat64 (_STAT_VER, buf, &st) < 0) ++ return errno; ++ ++ /* Check if the pathname we're about to return might be ++ slave pseudo terminal of the given master pseudo terminal. */ ++ if (!(S_ISCHR (st.st_mode))) ++ { ++ /* This really is a configuration problem. */ ++ __set_errno (ENOTTY); ++ return ENOTTY; ++ } ++ ++ __set_errno (saved_errno); ++ return 0; ++} ++weak_alias (__ptsname_r, ptsname_r) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/pwrite.c +@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern ssize_t __syscall_pwrite (int __fd, const void *__buf, size_t __nbytes, ++ __off_t __offset) __THROW; ++libc_hidden_proto(__syscall_pwrite) ++extern ssize_t __syscall_freebsd6_pwrite (int __fd, const void *__buf, size_t __nbytes, ++ int __unused1, __off_t __offset) __THROW; ++libc_hidden_proto(__syscall_freebsd6_pwrite) ++ ++ssize_t ++__libc_pwrite (int fd, const void *buf, size_t nbytes, __off_t offset) ++{ ++ ssize_t result; ++ ++ if (SINGLE_THREAD_P) ++ { ++ /* First try the new syscall. */ ++ result = INLINE_SYSCALL (pwrite, 4, fd, buf, nbytes, offset); ++#ifndef __ASSUME_PREAD_PWRITE_SYSCALLS ++ if (result == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) ++ /* New syscall not available, us the old one. */ ++ result = INLINE_SYSCALL (freebsd6_pwrite, 5, fd, buf, nbytes, 0, offset); ++#endif ++ return result; ++ } ++ ++ int oldtype = LIBC_CANCEL_ASYNC (); ++ /* First try the new syscall. */ ++ result = INLINE_SYSCALL (pwrite, 4, fd, buf, nbytes, offset); ++#ifndef __ASSUME_PREAD_PWRITE_SYSCALLS ++ if (result == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) ++ /* New syscall not available, us the old one. */ ++ result = INLINE_SYSCALL (freebsd6_pwrite, 5, fd, buf, nbytes, 0, offset); ++#endif ++ LIBC_CANCEL_RESET (oldtype); ++ return result; ++} ++ ++strong_alias (__libc_pwrite, __pwrite) ++weak_alias (__pwrite, pwrite) ++ ++/* 'pwrite64' is the same as 'pwrite', because __off64_t == __off_t. */ ++strong_alias (__libc_pwrite, __libc_pwrite64) ++weak_alias (__libc_pwrite64, __pwrite64) ++weak_alias (__libc_pwrite64, pwrite64) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/pwrite64.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++/* 'pwrite64' is the same as 'pwrite', because __off64_t == __off_t. */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/readdir.c +@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ ++/* 'readdir64' is the same as 'readdir', because ++ struct dirent64 == struct dirent. */ ++ ++#define readdir64 __no_readdir64_decl ++#define __readdir64 __no___readdir64_decl ++#include ++#undef __readdir64 ++#undef readdir64 ++ ++strong_alias (__readdir, __readdir64) ++weak_alias (__readdir64, readdir64) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/readdir64.c +@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ ++/* 'readdir64' is the same as 'readdir', because ++ struct dirent64 == struct dirent. */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/readdir64_r.c +@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ ++/* 'readdir64_r' is the same as 'readdir_r', because ++ struct dirent64 == struct dirent. */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/readdir_r.c +@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ ++/* 'readdir64_r' is the same as 'readdir_r', because ++ struct dirent64 == struct dirent. */ ++ ++#define readdir64_r __no_readdir64_r_decl ++#define __readdir64_r __no___readdir64_r_decl ++#include ++#undef __readdir64_r ++#undef readdir64_r ++ ++strong_alias (__readdir_r, __readdir64_r) ++weak_alias (__readdir64_r, readdir64_r) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/readlinkat.c +@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_readlinkat (int fd, const char *path, char *buf, ++ size_t bufsize); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_readlinkat) ++ ++/* Read the contents of the symbolic link PATH relative to FD into no ++ more than LEN bytes of BUF. */ ++ssize_t ++readlinkat (fd, path, buf, len) ++ int fd; ++ const char *path; ++ char *buf; ++ size_t len; ++{ ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (__have_atfcts >= 0) ++# endif ++ { ++ int result = INLINE_SYSCALL (readlinkat, 4, fd, path, buf, len); ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (result == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) ++ __have_atfcts = -1; ++ else ++# endif ++ return result; ++ } ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (fd != AT_FDCWD && path[0] != '/') ++ { ++ int mib[4]; ++ size_t kf_len = 0; ++ char *kf_buf, *kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (fd < 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ mib[0] = CTL_KERN; ++ mib[1] = KERN_PROC; ++ mib[2] = KERN_PROC_FILEDESC; ++ mib[3] = __getpid (); ++ ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, NULL, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_buf = alloca (kf_len + strlen (path)); ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, kf_buf, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_bufp = kf_buf; ++ while (kf_bufp < kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ struct kinfo_file *kf = (struct kinfo_file *) (uintptr_t) kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (kf->kf_fd == fd) ++ { ++ if (kf->kf_type != KF_TYPE_VNODE || ++ kf->kf_vnode_type != KF_VTYPE_VDIR) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOTDIR); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, "/"); ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, path); ++ path = kf->kf_path; ++ break; ++ } ++ kf_bufp += kf->kf_structsize; ++ } ++ ++ if (kf_bufp >= kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ } ++ ++ return __readlink (path, buf, len); ++#endif ++} ++ ++libc_hidden_def (readlinkat) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/readonly-area.c +@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2004, 2005, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include "libio/libioP.h" ++ ++/* Return 1 if the whole area PTR .. PTR+SIZE is not writable. ++ Return -1 if it is writable. */ ++ ++int ++__readonly_area (const char *ptr, size_t size) ++{ ++ const void *ptr_end = ptr + size; ++ ++ int mib[4]; ++ size_t kve_len = 0; ++ char *kve_buf, *kve_bufp; ++ ++ mib[0] = CTL_KERN; ++ mib[1] = KERN_PROC; ++ mib[2] = KERN_PROC_VMMAP; ++ mib[3] = __getpid (); ++ ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, NULL, &kve_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return 1; ++ } ++ ++ kve_buf = alloca (kve_len); ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, kve_buf, &kve_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return 1; ++ } ++ ++ kve_bufp = kve_buf; ++ while (kve_bufp < kve_buf + kve_len) ++ { ++ struct kinfo_vmentry *kve = (struct kinfo_vmentry *) (uintptr_t) kve_bufp; ++ kve_bufp += kve->kve_structsize; ++ ++ uintptr_t from = kve->kve_start; ++ uintptr_t to = kve->kve_end; ++ ++ if (from < (uintptr_t) ptr_end && to > (uintptr_t) ptr) ++ { ++ /* Found an entry that at least partially covers the area. */ ++ if (!(kve->kve_protection & KVME_PROT_READ) ++ || (kve->kve_protection & KVME_PROT_WRITE)) ++ break; ++ ++ if (from <= (uintptr_t) ptr && to >= (uintptr_t) ptr_end) ++ { ++ size = 0; ++ break; ++ } ++ else if (from <= (uintptr_t) ptr) ++ size -= to - (uintptr_t) ptr; ++ else if (to >= (uintptr_t) ptr_end) ++ size -= (uintptr_t) ptr_end - from; ++ else ++ size -= to - from; ++ ++ if (!size) ++ break; ++ } ++ } ++ ++ /* If the whole area between ptr and ptr_end is covered by read-only ++ VMAs, return 1. Otherwise return -1. */ ++ return size == 0 ? 1 : -1; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/readv.c +@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ ++/* readv for FreeBSD. ++ Copyright (C) 1997-1998, 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern ssize_t __syscall_readv (int, __const struct iovec *__unbounded, int); ++libc_hidden_proto(__syscall_readv) ++ ++static ssize_t __atomic_readv_replacement (int, __const struct iovec *, ++ int) internal_function; ++ ++ssize_t ++__libc_readv (int fd, const struct iovec *vector, int count) ++{ ++ if (count <= UIO_MAXIOV) ++ { ++ if (SINGLE_THREAD_P) ++ return INLINE_SYSCALL (readv, 3, fd, CHECK_N (vector, count), count); ++ ++ int oldtype = LIBC_CANCEL_ASYNC (); ++ ssize_t result = INLINE_SYSCALL (readv, 3, fd, CHECK_N (vector, count), count); ++ LIBC_CANCEL_RESET (oldtype); ++ return result; ++ ++ } ++ else ++ return __atomic_readv_replacement (fd, vector, count); ++} ++strong_alias (__libc_readv, __readv) ++weak_alias (__libc_readv, readv) ++ ++#define __libc_readv static internal_function __atomic_readv_replacement ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/recv.c +@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2001-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* The real syscall's name. See sysdeps/unix/inet/syscalls.list. */ ++#define __syscall_recvfrom __libc_recvfrom ++ssize_t __libc_recvfrom(int s, void *buf, size_t len, int flags, ++ struct sockaddr *from, socklen_t *fromlen); ++libc_hidden_proto (__libc_recvfrom) ++ ++/* Read N bytes into BUF from socket FD. ++ Return the number of bytes read or -1 for error. */ ++ ++ssize_t ++__libc_recv (int fd, void *buf, size_t n, int flags) ++{ ++ return INLINE_SYSCALL (recvfrom, 6, fd, buf, n, flags, NULL, NULL); ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__libc_recv, __recv) ++weak_alias (__libc_recv, recv) ++ ++LIBC_CANCEL_HANDLED (); /* in __libc_recvfrom */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/renameat.c +@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++libc_hidden_proto (rename) ++ ++extern int __syscall_renameat (int oldfd, const char *old, int newfd, ++ const char *new); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_renameat) ++ ++/* Rename the file OLD relative to OLDFD to NEW relative to NEWFD. */ ++int renameat (oldfd, old, newfd, new) ++ int oldfd; ++ const char *old; ++ int newfd; ++ const char *new; ++{ ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (__have_atfcts >= 0) ++# endif ++ { ++ int result = INLINE_SYSCALL (renameat, 4, oldfd, old, newfd, new); ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (result == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) ++ __have_atfcts = -1; ++ else ++# endif ++ return result; ++ } ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if ((oldfd != AT_FDCWD && old[0] != '/') ++ || (newfd != AT_FDCWD && new[0] != '/')) ++ { ++ int mib[4]; ++ size_t kf_len = 0; ++ char *kf_buf, *kf_bufp; ++ ++ if ((oldfd < 0) || (newfd < 0)) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ mib[0] = CTL_KERN; ++ mib[1] = KERN_PROC; ++ mib[2] = KERN_PROC_FILEDESC; ++ mib[3] = __getpid (); ++ ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, NULL, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_buf = alloca (kf_len); ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, kf_buf, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ if (oldfd != AT_FDCWD && old[0] != '/') ++ { ++ kf_bufp = kf_buf; ++ while (kf_bufp < kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ struct kinfo_file *kf = ++ (struct kinfo_file *) (uintptr_t) kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (kf->kf_fd == oldfd) ++ { ++ char *buf; ++ if (kf->kf_type != KF_TYPE_VNODE || ++ kf->kf_vnode_type != KF_VTYPE_VDIR) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOTDIR); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ buf = alloca (strlen (kf->kf_path) + strlen (old) + 2); ++ strcpy(buf, kf->kf_path); ++ strcat (buf, "/"); ++ strcat (buf, old); ++ old = buf; ++ break; ++ } ++ kf_bufp += kf->kf_structsize; ++ } ++ ++ if (kf_bufp >= kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ } ++ ++ if (newfd != AT_FDCWD && new[0] != '/') ++ { ++ kf_bufp = kf_buf; ++ while (kf_bufp < kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ struct kinfo_file *kf = ++ (struct kinfo_file *) (uintptr_t) kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (kf->kf_fd == newfd) ++ { ++ char *buf; ++ if (kf->kf_type != KF_TYPE_VNODE || ++ kf->kf_vnode_type != KF_VTYPE_VDIR) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOTDIR); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ buf = alloca (strlen (kf->kf_path) + strlen (new) + 2); ++ strcpy(buf, kf->kf_path); ++ strcat (buf, "/"); ++ strcat (buf, new); ++ new = buf; ++ break; ++ } ++ kf_bufp += kf->kf_structsize; ++ } ++ ++ if (kf_bufp >= kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ } ++ } ++ ++#define __rename rename /* there is no __rename */ ++ return __rename (old, new); ++#endif ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/rtld-lowlevel.h +@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@ ++/* Definitions for lowlevel handling in ld.so, FreeBSD variant ++ Copyright (C) 2006-2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _RTLD_LOWLEVEL_H ++#define _RTLD_LOWLEVEL_H 1 ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* Special multi-reader lock used in ld.so. */ ++#define __RTLD_MRLOCK_WRITER 1 ++#define __RTLD_MRLOCK_RWAIT 2 ++#define __RTLD_MRLOCK_WWAIT 4 ++#define __RTLD_MRLOCK_RBITS \ ++ ~(__RTLD_MRLOCK_WRITER | __RTLD_MRLOCK_RWAIT | __RTLD_MRLOCK_WWAIT) ++#define __RTLD_MRLOCK_INC 8 ++#define __RTLD_MRLOCK_TRIES 5 ++ ++#define __rtld_mrlock_define(CLASS,NAME) \ ++ CLASS __rtld_mrlock_t NAME; ++ ++ ++#define _RTLD_MRLOCK_INITIALIZER 0 ++#define __rtld_mrlock_initialize(NAME) \ ++ (void) ((NAME).lv = 0) ++ ++ ++#define __rtld_mrlock_lock(lock) \ ++ do { \ ++ __label__ out; \ ++ while (1) \ ++ { \ ++ int oldval; \ ++ for (int tries = 0; tries < __RTLD_MRLOCK_TRIES; ++tries) \ ++ { \ ++ oldval = (lock).iv; \ ++ while (__builtin_expect ((oldval \ ++ & (__RTLD_MRLOCK_WRITER \ ++ | __RTLD_MRLOCK_WWAIT)) \ ++ == 0, 1)) \ ++ { \ ++ int newval = ((oldval & __RTLD_MRLOCK_RBITS) \ ++ + __RTLD_MRLOCK_INC); \ ++ int ret = atomic_compare_and_exchange_val_acq (&(lock.iv), \ ++ newval, \ ++ oldval); \ ++ if (__builtin_expect (ret == oldval, 1)) \ ++ goto out; \ ++ oldval = ret; \ ++ } \ ++ atomic_delay (); \ ++ } \ ++ if ((oldval & __RTLD_MRLOCK_RWAIT) == 0) \ ++ { \ ++ atomic_or (&(lock.iv), __RTLD_MRLOCK_RWAIT); \ ++ oldval |= __RTLD_MRLOCK_RWAIT; \ ++ } \ ++ lll_futex_wait (&(lock), oldval); \ ++ } \ ++ out:; \ ++ } while (0) ++ ++ ++#define __rtld_mrlock_unlock(lock) \ ++ do { \ ++ int oldval = atomic_exchange_and_add (&(lock.iv), -__RTLD_MRLOCK_INC); \ ++ if (__builtin_expect ((oldval \ ++ & (__RTLD_MRLOCK_RBITS | __RTLD_MRLOCK_WWAIT)) \ ++ == (__RTLD_MRLOCK_INC | __RTLD_MRLOCK_WWAIT), 0)) \ ++ /* We have to wake all threads since there might be some queued \ ++ readers already. */ \ ++ lll_futex_wake (&(lock), 0x7fffffff); \ ++ } while (0) ++ ++ ++/* There can only ever be one thread trying to get the exclusive lock. */ ++#define __rtld_mrlock_change(lock) \ ++ do { \ ++ __label__ out; \ ++ while (1) \ ++ { \ ++ int oldval; \ ++ for (int tries = 0; tries < __RTLD_MRLOCK_TRIES; ++tries) \ ++ { \ ++ oldval = lock.iv; \ ++ while (__builtin_expect ((oldval & __RTLD_MRLOCK_RBITS) == 0, 1)) \ ++ { \ ++ int newval = ((oldval & __RTLD_MRLOCK_RWAIT) \ ++ + __RTLD_MRLOCK_WRITER); \ ++ int ret = atomic_compare_and_exchange_val_acq (&(lock.iv), \ ++ newval, \ ++ oldval); \ ++ if (__builtin_expect (ret == oldval, 1)) \ ++ goto out; \ ++ oldval = ret; \ ++ } \ ++ atomic_delay (); \ ++ } \ ++ atomic_or (&(lock.iv), __RTLD_MRLOCK_WWAIT); \ ++ oldval |= __RTLD_MRLOCK_WWAIT; \ ++ lll_futex_wait (&(lock), oldval); \ ++ } \ ++ out:; \ ++ } while (0) ++ ++ ++#define __rtld_mrlock_done(lock) \ ++ do { \ ++ int oldval = atomic_exchange_and_add (&(lock.iv), -__RTLD_MRLOCK_WRITER); \ ++ if (__builtin_expect ((oldval & __RTLD_MRLOCK_RWAIT) != 0, 0)) \ ++ lll_futex_wake (&(lock), 0x7fffffff); \ ++ } while (0) ++ ++ ++#endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sa_len.c +@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++int ++__libc_sa_len (sa_family_t af) ++{ ++ switch (af) ++ { ++ case AF_APPLETALK: ++ return sizeof (struct sockaddr_at); ++ case AF_INET: ++ return sizeof (struct sockaddr_in); ++ case AF_INET6: ++ return sizeof (struct sockaddr_in6); ++ case AF_IPX: ++ return sizeof (struct sockaddr_ipx); ++ case AF_LOCAL: ++ return sizeof (struct sockaddr_un); ++ } ++ return 0; ++} ++INTDEF(__libc_sa_len) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sbrk.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sched_getaffinity.c +@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* From */ ++#define CPU_LEVEL_WHICH 3 /* Actual mask/id for which. */ ++#define CPU_WHICH_PID 2 /* Specifies a process id. */ ++ ++extern int __syscall_cpuset_getaffinity(int level, int which, int64_t id, ++ size_t setsize, cpu_set_t *mask); ++libc_hidden_proto(__syscall_cpuset_getaffinity) ++ ++int ++__libc_sched_getaffinity (pid_t pid, size_t cpusetsize, cpu_set_t *cpuset) ++{ ++ int res; ++ ++ if (pid == 0) ++ { ++ pid = __getpid(); ++ } ++ ++ if (cpusetsize > sizeof(cpu_set_t)) ++ { ++ /* Clean the rest of the memory the kernel won't do. */ ++ memset ((char *) cpuset + sizeof(cpu_set_t), '\0', cpusetsize - sizeof(cpu_set_t)); ++ ++ cpusetsize = sizeof(cpu_set_t); ++ } ++ ++ res = INLINE_SYSCALL (cpuset_getaffinity, 5, CPU_LEVEL_WHICH, ++ CPU_WHICH_PID, pid, cpusetsize, cpuset); ++ ++ if (errno == ERANGE) ++ { ++ __set_errno(EINVAL); ++ } ++ ++ return res; ++} ++ ++strong_alias (__libc_sched_getaffinity, __sched_getaffinity) ++weak_alias (__sched_getaffinity, sched_getaffinity) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sched_getp.c +@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* Retrieve scheduling parameters for a particular process. */ ++int ++__sched_getparam (pid_t pid, struct sched_param *param) ++{ ++ /* kFreeBSD return bogus values for SYS_sched_param (see PR kern/76485); ++ fortunately the same information can be retrieved through the rtprio() ++ system call. */ ++ struct rtprio rtp; ++ ++ if (__rtprio (RTP_LOOKUP, pid, &rtp) >= 0) ++ { ++ if (RTP_PRIO_IS_REALTIME (rtp.type)) ++ param->sched_priority = RTP_PRIO_MAX - rtp.prio; ++ else ++ param->sched_priority = 0; ++ } ++ ++ return 0; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__sched_getparam, sched_getparam) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sched_setaffinity.c +@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* From */ ++#define CPU_LEVEL_WHICH 3 /* Actual mask/id for which. */ ++#define CPU_WHICH_PID 2 /* Specifies a process id. */ ++ ++extern int __syscall_cpuset_setaffinity(int level, int which, int64_t id, ++ size_t setsize, const cpu_set_t *mask); ++libc_hidden_proto(__syscall_cpuset_setaffinity) ++ ++int ++__libc_sched_setaffinity (pid_t pid, size_t cpusetsize, const cpu_set_t *cpuset) ++{ ++ int res; ++ ++ if (pid == 0) ++ { ++ pid = __getpid(); ++ } ++ ++ ++ res = INLINE_SYSCALL (cpuset_setaffinity, 5, CPU_LEVEL_WHICH, ++ CPU_WHICH_PID, pid, cpusetsize, cpuset); ++ ++ if (errno == ERANGE || errno == EDEADLK) ++ { ++ __set_errno(EINVAL); ++ } ++ ++ return res; ++} ++ ++strong_alias (__libc_sched_setaffinity, __sched_setaffinity) ++weak_alias (__sched_setaffinity, sched_setaffinity) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/seekdir.c +@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ ++/* Avoid , which doesn't pass the testsuite. */ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/semctl.c +@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Robert Millan ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/*- ++ * Copyright (c) 2002 Doug Rabson ++ * All rights reserved. ++ * ++ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without ++ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions ++ * are met: ++ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. ++ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the ++ * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. ++ * ++ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ++ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE ++ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ++ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE ++ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL ++ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS ++ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) ++ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT ++ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY ++ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF ++ * SUCH DAMAGE. ++ * ++ */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include /* va_list */ ++#include /* NULL */ ++#include ++ ++/* union semun from FreeBSD */ ++/* ++ * semctl's arg parameter structure ++ */ ++union semun ++{ ++ int val; /* value for SETVAL */ ++ struct semid_ds *buf; /* buffer for IPC_STAT & IPC_SET */ ++ unsigned short *array; /* array for GETALL & SETALL */ ++}; ++ ++int __syscall(int number, ...); ++ ++int ++semctl (int semid, int semnum, int cmd, ...) ++{ ++ va_list ap; ++ union semun semun; ++ union semun *semun_ptr; ++ ++ va_start (ap, cmd); ++ if (cmd == IPC_SET || cmd == IPC_STAT || cmd == GETALL ++ || cmd == SETVAL || cmd == SETALL) ++ { ++ semun = va_arg (ap, union semun); ++ semun_ptr = &semun; ++ } ++ else ++ { ++ semun_ptr = NULL; ++ } ++ va_end (ap); ++ ++ return __syscall (SYS_semctl, semid, semnum, cmd, semun_ptr); ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/send.c +@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2001-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern ssize_t __syscall_sendto (int fd, __const __ptr_t buf, ++ size_t n, int flags, ++ __CONST_SOCKADDR_ARG addr, ++ socklen_t addrlen); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_sendto) ++ ++/* Send N bytes of BUF to socket FD. ++ Return the number of bytes sent or -1. */ ++ ++ssize_t ++__libc_send (int fd, const void *buf, size_t n, int flags) ++{ ++ if (SINGLE_THREAD_P) ++ return INLINE_SYSCALL (sendto, 6, fd, buf, n, flags, NULL, 0); ++ ++ int oldtype = LIBC_CANCEL_ASYNC (); ++ int result = INLINE_SYSCALL (sendto, 6, fd, buf, n, flags, NULL, 0); ++ LIBC_CANCEL_RESET (oldtype); ++ return result; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__libc_send, __send) ++libc_hidden_weak (__send) ++ ++weak_alias (__send, send) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sendto.c +@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Aurelien Jarno , 2005. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* According to POSIX.1-2004 the len argument specifies the length of ++ the sockaddr structure pointed to by the addrarg argument. However ++ the FreeBSD kernel waits the actual length of the address stored ++ there. The code below emulate this behaviour. */ ++ ++extern int __libc_sa_len (sa_family_t __af); ++extern int __libc_sa_len_internal (sa_family_t __af); ++ ++extern ssize_t __syscall_sendto (int fd, __const void * buf, ++ size_t n, int flags, ++ __CONST_SOCKADDR_ARG addr, ++ socklen_t addrlen); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_sendto) ++ ++/* Send N bytes of BUF on socket FD to peer at address ADDR (which is ++ * ADDR_LEN bytes long). Returns the number sent, or -1 for errors. */ ++ ++ ++ssize_t ++__libc_sendto (int fd, __const void * buf, size_t n, int flags, ++ __CONST_SOCKADDR_ARG addr, socklen_t addrlen) ++{ ++ socklen_t new_addrlen; ++ ++#ifndef NOT_IN_libc ++ new_addrlen = INTUSE(__libc_sa_len) ((addr.__sockaddr__)->sa_family); ++#else ++ new_addrlen = __libc_sa_len ((addr.__sockaddr__)->sa_family); ++#endif ++ ++ /* Only allow a smaller size, otherwise it could lead to ++ stack corruption */ ++ if (new_addrlen < addrlen) ++ addrlen = new_addrlen; ++ ++ /* We pass 6 arguments. */ ++ if (SINGLE_THREAD_P) ++ return INLINE_SYSCALL (sendto, 6, fd, buf, n, flags, addr, addrlen); ++ ++ int oldtype = LIBC_CANCEL_ASYNC (); ++ int result = INLINE_SYSCALL (sendto, 6, fd, buf, n, flags, addr, addrlen); ++ LIBC_CANCEL_RESET (oldtype); ++ return result; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__libc_sendto, __sendto) ++weak_alias (__libc_sendto, sendto) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/setdomain.c +@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* Set the name of the current domain to NAME, which is LEN bytes long ++ (excluding a possible trailing NUL byte). This call is restricted to ++ the super-user. */ ++ ++int ++setdomainname (const char *name, size_t len) ++{ ++ /* Set the "kern.domainname" sysctl value. */ ++ int request[2] = { CTL_KERN, KERN_NISDOMAINNAME }; ++ ++ if (__sysctl (request, 2, NULL, NULL, (void *) name, len) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ ++ return 0; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sethostid.c +@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* Set the current machine's Internet number to ID. ++ This call is restricted to the super-user. */ ++ ++int ++sethostid (long int id) ++{ ++ /* Set the "kern.hostid" sysctl value. */ ++ int value = id; ++ int request[2] = { CTL_KERN, KERN_HOSTID }; ++ ++ if (__sysctl (request, 2, NULL, NULL, &value, sizeof (value)) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ ++ return 0; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sethostname.c +@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* Set the name of the current host to NAME, which is LEN bytes long ++ (excluding a possible trailing NUL byte). This call is restricted to ++ the super-user. */ ++ ++int ++sethostname (const char *name, size_t len) ++{ ++ /* Set the "kern.hostname" sysctl value. */ ++ int request[2] = { CTL_KERN, KERN_HOSTNAME }; ++ ++ if (__sysctl (request, 2, NULL, NULL, (void *) name, len) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ ++ return 0; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/setlogin.c +@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* Defined in getlogin_r.c. */ ++extern char *__getlogin_cache; ++ ++extern int __syscall_setlogin (const char *__name); ++ ++int ++setlogin (const char *name) ++{ ++ /* FIXME: Not multithread-safe. */ ++ __getlogin_cache = NULL; ++ return INLINE_SYSCALL (setlogin, 1, name); ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/setrlimit64.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++/* 'setrlimit64' is the same as 'setrlimit', because __rlim64_t == __rlim_t. */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/shm_open.c +@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_shm_open (const char *path, int flags, mode_t mode); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_shm_open); ++ ++/* Open shared memory object. */ ++int ++shm_open (const char *name, int oflag, mode_t mode) ++{ ++ /* First try the new syscall. */ ++ int fd = INLINE_SYSCALL (shm_open, 3, name, oflag, mode); ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_POSIXSHM_SYSCALL ++ /* New syscall not available, use fallback code. */ ++ if (fd == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) ++ { ++ struct stat stab; ++ ++ if ((oflag & O_ACCMODE) == O_WRONLY) ++ return (EINVAL); ++ ++ fd = __open (name, oflag, mode); ++ if (fd != -1) ++ { ++ if (__fstat (fd, &stab) != 0 || !S_ISREG (stab.st_mode)) ++ { ++ __close (fd); ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ if (__fcntl (fd, F_SETFL, (int) FPOSIXSHM) != 0) ++ { ++ __close (fd); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ } ++ } ++#endif ++ ++ return fd; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/shm_unlink.c +@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_shm_unlink (const char *name); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_shm_unlink) ++ ++libc_hidden_proto (__unlink) ++ ++/* Unlink a shared memory object. */ ++int ++shm_unlink (const char *name) ++{ ++ /* First try the new syscall. */ ++ int result = INLINE_SYSCALL (shm_unlink, 1, name); ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_POSIXSHM_SYSCALL ++ /* New syscall not available, simply unlink the file. */ ++ if (result == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) ++# ifdef NOT_IN_libc ++ return unlink (name); ++# else ++ return __unlink (name); ++# endif ++#endif ++ ++ return result; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sigaction.c +@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1991,1995,1996,1997,2002,2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_sigaction (int __sig, const struct sigaction *__act, struct sigaction *__oact) __THROW; ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_sigaction) ++ ++int ++__libc_sigaction (sig, act, oact) ++ int sig; ++ const struct sigaction *act; ++ struct sigaction *oact; ++{ ++ if (sig <= 0 || sig >= NSIG) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ return INLINE_SYSCALL (sigaction, 3, sig, act, oact); ++} ++libc_hidden_def (__libc_sigaction) ++ ++#ifndef LIBC_SIGACTION ++weak_alias (__libc_sigaction, __sigaction) ++libc_hidden_weak (__sigaction) ++weak_alias (__libc_sigaction, sigaction) ++#endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sigreturn.c +@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ ++/* The sigreturn syscall cannot be explicitly called on FreeBSD, only ++ implicitly by returning from a signal handler. */ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sigset-cvt-mask.h +@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ ++/* Convert between lowlevel sigmask and libc representation of sigset_t. ++ FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 1998, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++static inline int __attribute__ ((unused)) ++sigset_set_old_mask (sigset_t *set, int mask) ++{ ++ set->__sigbits[0] = (unsigned int) mask; ++ set->__sigbits[1] = 0; ++ set->__sigbits[2] = 0; ++ set->__sigbits[3] = 0; ++ ++ return 0; ++} ++ ++static inline int __attribute__ ((unused)) ++sigset_get_old_mask (const sigset_t *set) ++{ ++ return (unsigned int) set->__sigbits[0]; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sigstack.c +@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ ++/* We can reuse the Linux implementation with some tricks. */ ++#define __NR_sigaltstack 1 ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sleep.c +@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ ++/* Implementation of the POSIX sleep function using nanosleep. ++ Copyright (C) 1996-1999, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++/* The default implementation of sleep() in sysdeps/posix/sleep.c, based on ++ SIGALRM, does not mix well with threads. Therefore we use the nanosleep() ++ system call. */ ++unsigned int ++__sleep (unsigned int seconds) ++{ ++ struct timespec ts = { tv_sec: seconds, tv_nsec: 0 }; ++ int ret; ++ ++ /* This is not necessary but some buggy programs depend on this. */ ++ if (seconds == 0) ++ return 0; ++ ++ ret = __nanosleep (&ts, &ts); ++ ++ if (ret == 0) ++ return 0; ++ ++ /* Round remaining time. */ ++ return (unsigned int) ts.tv_sec + (ts.tv_nsec >= 500000000L); ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__sleep, sleep) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/stat16conv.c +@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ ++/* Convert between different 'struct stat' formats. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_fhstat (const fhandle_t *fhp, struct stat16 *buf); ++extern int __syscall_fstat (int, struct stat16 *__unbounded); ++extern int __syscall_lstat (const char *__unbounded, struct stat16 *__unbounded); ++extern int __syscall_stat (const char *__unbounded, struct stat16 *__unbounded); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_fhstat) ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_fstat) ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_lstat) ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_stat) ++ ++/* Convert a 'struct stat16' to 'struct stat'. */ ++static inline void ++stat16_to_stat (const struct stat16 *p16, struct stat *q) ++{ ++ q->st_dev = p16->st_dev; ++ q->st_ino = p16->st_ino; ++ q->st_mode = p16->st_mode; ++ q->st_nlink = p16->st_nlink; ++ q->st_uid = p16->st_uid; ++ q->st_gid = p16->st_gid; ++ q->st_rdev = p16->st_rdev; ++ q->st_atim = p16->st_atimespec; ++ q->st_mtim = p16->st_mtimespec; ++ q->st_ctim = p16->st_ctimespec; ++ q->st_size = p16->st_size; ++ q->st_blocks = p16->st_blocks; ++ q->st_blksize = p16->st_blksize; ++ q->st_flags = p16->st_flags; ++ q->st_gen = p16->st_gen; ++#if 0 ++ memcpy (q->__unused1, p16->__unused2, sizeof (p16->__unused2)); ++#endif ++} ++ ++/* Convert a 'struct stat16' to 'struct stat64'. */ ++static inline void ++stat16_to_stat64 (const struct stat16 *p16, struct stat64 *q) ++{ ++ q->st_dev = p16->st_dev; ++ q->st_ino = p16->st_ino; ++ q->st_mode = p16->st_mode; ++ q->st_nlink = p16->st_nlink; ++ q->st_uid = p16->st_uid; ++ q->st_gid = p16->st_gid; ++ q->st_rdev = p16->st_rdev; ++ q->st_atim = p16->st_atimespec; ++ q->st_mtim = p16->st_mtimespec; ++ q->st_ctim = p16->st_ctimespec; ++ q->st_size = p16->st_size; ++ q->st_blocks = p16->st_blocks; ++ q->st_blksize = p16->st_blksize; ++ q->st_flags = p16->st_flags; ++ q->st_gen = p16->st_gen; ++#if 0 ++ memcpy (q->__unused1, p16->__unused2, sizeof (p16->__unused2)); ++#endif ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/statconv.c +@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ ++/* Convert between different 'struct stat' formats. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++/* Convert a 'struct stat' to 'struct stat64'. */ ++static inline void ++stat_to_stat64 (const struct stat *p32, struct stat64 *p64) ++{ ++ p64->st_dev = p32->st_dev; ++ p64->st_ino = p32->st_ino; ++ p64->st_mode = p32->st_mode; ++ p64->st_nlink = p32->st_nlink; ++ p64->st_uid = p32->st_uid; ++ p64->st_gid = p32->st_gid; ++ p64->st_rdev = p32->st_rdev; ++ p64->st_atime = p32->st_atime; ++ p64->st_atimensec = p32->st_atimensec; ++ p64->st_mtime = p32->st_mtime; ++ p64->st_mtimensec = p32->st_mtimensec; ++ p64->st_ctime = p32->st_ctime; ++ p64->st_ctimensec = p32->st_ctimensec; ++ p64->st_size = p32->st_size; ++ p64->st_blocks = p32->st_blocks; ++ p64->st_blksize = p32->st_blksize; ++ p64->st_flags = p32->st_flags; ++ p64->st_gen = p32->st_gen; ++ memcpy (p64->__unused1, p32->__unused1, sizeof (p32->__unused1)); ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/statfs.c +@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ ++/* Return information about the filesystem on which FILE resides. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Petr Salinger, 2006. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++#include "statfsconv.c" ++ ++/* Return information about the filesystem on which FILE resides. */ ++int ++__statfs (const char *file, struct statfs *buf) ++{ ++ struct statfs_fbsd5 kbuf; ++ ++ if (__syscall_statfs (file, &kbuf) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ ++ /* Convert a 'struct statfs' to 'struct statvfs'. */ ++ statfs5_to_statfs (&kbuf, buf); ++ ++ return 0; ++} ++libc_hidden_def (__statfs) ++weak_alias (__statfs, statfs) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/statfs64.c +@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ ++/* Return information about the filesystem on which FILE resides. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++#include "statfsconv.c" ++ ++/* Return information about the filesystem on which FILE resides. */ ++int ++statfs64 (const char *file, struct statfs64 *buf) ++{ ++ struct statfs_fbsd5 kbuf; ++ ++ if (__syscall_statfs (file, &kbuf) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ ++ statfs5_to_statfs64 (&kbuf, buf); ++ ++ return 0; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/statfsconv.c +@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@ ++/* Convert between different 'struct statfs' and 'struct statvfs' formats. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ Contributed by Petr Salinger, 2006. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* ++ * filesystem statistics ++ */ ++ ++#define MFSNAMELEN 16 /* length of type name including null */ ++#define MNAMELEN 88 /* size of on/from name bufs */ ++ ++struct statfs_fbsd5 { ++ uint32_t f_version; /* structure version number */ ++ uint32_t f_type; /* type of filesystem */ ++ uint64_t f_flags; /* copy of mount exported flags */ ++ uint64_t f_bsize; /* filesystem fragment size */ ++ uint64_t f_iosize; /* optimal transfer block size */ ++ uint64_t f_blocks; /* total data blocks in filesystem */ ++ uint64_t f_bfree; /* free blocks in filesystem */ ++ int64_t f_bavail; /* free blocks avail to non-superuser */ ++ uint64_t f_files; /* total file nodes in filesystem */ ++ int64_t f_ffree; /* free nodes avail to non-superuser */ ++ uint64_t f_syncwrites; /* count of sync writes since mount */ ++ uint64_t f_asyncwrites; /* count of async writes since mount */ ++ uint64_t f_syncreads; /* count of sync reads since mount */ ++ uint64_t f_asyncreads; /* count of async reads since mount */ ++ uint64_t f_spare[10]; /* unused spare */ ++ uint32_t f_namemax; /* maximum filename length */ ++ __uid_t f_owner; /* user that mounted the filesystem */ ++ __fsid_t f_fsid; /* filesystem id */ ++ char f_charspare[80]; /* spare string space */ ++ char f_fstypename[MFSNAMELEN]; /* filesystem type name */ ++ char f_mntfromname[MNAMELEN]; /* mounted filesystem */ ++ char f_mntonname[MNAMELEN]; /* directory on which mounted */ ++}; ++ ++extern int __syscall_getfsstat(struct statfs_fbsd5 *buf, long bufsize, int flags); ++extern int __syscall_statfs(const char *path, struct statfs_fbsd5 *buf); ++extern int __syscall_fstatfs(int fd, struct statfs_fbsd5 *buf); ++extern int __syscall_fhstatfs(const struct fhandle *u_fhp, struct statfs_fbsd5 *buf); ++ ++ ++/* ++ * Convert a FreeBSD 5.x format statfs structure to an glibc format statfs structure. ++ */ ++ ++static inline void ++statfs5_to_statfs(const struct statfs_fbsd5 *pk, struct statfs *p32) ++{ ++ memset(p32, 0, sizeof(*p32)); ++ ++ p32->f_version = pk->f_version; ++ p32->f_bsize = MIN(pk->f_bsize, ULONG_MAX); ++ p32->f_iosize = MIN(pk->f_iosize, ULONG_MAX); ++ ++ p32->f_blocks = MIN(pk->f_blocks, ULONG_MAX); ++ p32->f_bfree = MIN(pk->f_bfree, ULONG_MAX); ++ p32->f_bavail = MIN(pk->f_bavail, ULONG_MAX); ++ p32->f_files = MIN(pk->f_files, ULONG_MAX); ++ p32->f_ffree = MIN(pk->f_ffree, ULONG_MAX); ++ ++ p32->f_fsid = pk->f_fsid; ++ p32->f_owner = pk->f_owner; ++ p32->f_type = pk->f_type; ++ p32->f_flags = pk->f_flags; ++ ++ p32->f_syncwrites = MIN(pk->f_syncwrites, ULONG_MAX); ++ p32->f_asyncwrites = MIN(pk->f_asyncwrites, ULONG_MAX); ++ p32->f_syncreads = MIN(pk->f_syncreads, ULONG_MAX); ++ p32->f_asyncreads = MIN(pk->f_asyncreads, ULONG_MAX); ++ ++ p32->f_namemax = MIN(pk->f_namemax, USHRT_MAX); ++ ++ memcpy(p32->f_fstypename, pk->f_fstypename, sizeof (p32->f_fstypename)); ++ memcpy(p32->f_mntonname, pk->f_mntonname, sizeof (p32->f_mntonname)); ++ memcpy(p32->f_mntfromname,pk->f_mntfromname,sizeof (p32->f_mntfromname)); ++} ++ ++ ++/* ++ * Convert a FreeBSD 5.x format statfs structure to an glibc format statfs64 structure. ++ */ ++ ++static inline void ++statfs5_to_statfs64(const struct statfs_fbsd5 *pk, struct statfs64 *p64) ++{ ++ memset(p64, 0, sizeof(*p64)); ++ ++ p64->f_version = pk->f_version; ++ p64->f_bsize = MIN(pk->f_bsize, ULONG_MAX); ++ p64->f_iosize = MIN(pk->f_iosize, ULONG_MAX); ++ ++ p64->f_blocks = pk->f_blocks; ++ p64->f_bfree = pk->f_bfree; ++ p64->f_bavail = pk->f_bavail; ++ p64->f_files = pk->f_files; ++ p64->f_ffree = pk->f_ffree; ++ ++ p64->f_fsid = pk->f_fsid; ++ p64->f_owner = pk->f_owner; ++ p64->f_type = pk->f_type; ++ p64->f_flags = pk->f_flags; ++ ++ p64->f_syncwrites = MIN(pk->f_syncwrites, ULONG_MAX); ++ p64->f_asyncwrites = MIN(pk->f_asyncwrites, ULONG_MAX); ++ p64->f_syncreads = MIN(pk->f_syncreads, ULONG_MAX); ++ p64->f_asyncreads = MIN(pk->f_asyncreads, ULONG_MAX); ++ ++ p64->f_namemax = MIN(pk->f_namemax, USHRT_MAX); ++ ++ memcpy(p64->f_fstypename, pk->f_fstypename, sizeof (p64->f_fstypename)); ++ memcpy(p64->f_mntonname, pk->f_mntonname, sizeof (p64->f_mntonname)); ++ memcpy(p64->f_mntfromname,pk->f_mntfromname,sizeof (p64->f_mntfromname)); ++} ++ ++ ++/* ++ * Convert a FreeBSD 5.x format statfs structure to an glibc format statvfs structure. ++ */ ++ ++static inline void ++statfs5_to_statvfs (const struct statfs_fbsd5 *pk, struct statvfs *p32) ++{ ++ /* FIXME: What is the difference between f_bsize and f_frsize ? */ ++ p32->f_bsize = MIN(pk->f_bsize, ULONG_MAX); ++ p32->f_frsize = MIN(pk->f_bsize, ULONG_MAX); ++ ++ p32->f_blocks = MIN(pk->f_blocks, ULONG_MAX); ++ p32->f_bfree = MIN(pk->f_bfree, ULONG_MAX); ++ p32->f_bavail = MIN(pk->f_bavail, ULONG_MAX); ++ p32->f_files = MIN(pk->f_files, ULONG_MAX); ++ p32->f_ffree = MIN(pk->f_ffree, ULONG_MAX); ++ p32->f_favail = MIN(pk->f_ffree, ULONG_MAX); /* Hmm. May be filesystem dependent. */ ++ ++ memcpy(&(p32->f_fsid), &(pk->f_fsid), sizeof(__fsid_t)); ++ ++ p32->f_flag = ++ (pk->f_flags & MNT_RDONLY ? ST_RDONLY : 0) ++ | (pk->f_flags & MNT_NOSUID ? ST_NOSUID : 0) ++ | (pk->f_flags & MNT_NODEV ? ST_NODEV : 0) ++ | (pk->f_flags & MNT_NOEXEC ? ST_NOEXEC : 0) ++ | (pk->f_flags & MNT_SYNCHRONOUS ? ST_SYNCHRONOUS : 0); ++ p32->f_namemax = pk->f_namemax; ++ ++ memset (p32->f_spare, '\0', sizeof (p32->f_spare)); ++} ++ ++ ++/* ++ * Convert a FreeBSD 5.x format statfs structure to an glibc format statvfs64 structure. ++ */ ++ ++static inline void ++statfs5_to_statvfs64 (const struct statfs_fbsd5 *pk, struct statvfs64 *p64) ++{ ++ /* FIXME: What is the difference between f_bsize and f_frsize ? */ ++ p64->f_bsize = MIN(pk->f_bsize, ULONG_MAX); ++ p64->f_frsize = MIN(pk->f_bsize, ULONG_MAX); ++ ++ p64->f_blocks = pk->f_blocks; ++ p64->f_bfree = pk->f_bfree; ++ p64->f_bavail = pk->f_bavail; ++ p64->f_files = pk->f_files; ++ p64->f_ffree = pk->f_ffree; ++ p64->f_favail = pk->f_ffree; /* Hmm. May be filesystem dependent. */ ++ ++ memcpy(&(p64->f_fsid), &(pk->f_fsid), sizeof(__fsid_t)); ++ ++ p64->f_flag = ++ (pk->f_flags & MNT_RDONLY ? ST_RDONLY : 0) ++ | (pk->f_flags & MNT_NOSUID ? ST_NOSUID : 0) ++ | (pk->f_flags & MNT_NODEV ? ST_NODEV : 0) ++ | (pk->f_flags & MNT_NOEXEC ? ST_NOEXEC : 0) ++ | (pk->f_flags & MNT_SYNCHRONOUS ? ST_SYNCHRONOUS : 0); ++ p64->f_namemax = pk->f_namemax; ++ ++ memset (p64->f_spare, '\0', sizeof (p64->f_spare)); ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/statvfs.c +@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ ++/* Return information about the filesystem on which FILE resides. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "statfsconv.c" ++ ++/* Return information about the filesystem on which FILE resides. */ ++int ++statvfs (const char *file, struct statvfs *buf) ++{ ++ struct statfs_fbsd5 kbuf; ++ ++ if (__syscall_statfs (file, &kbuf) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ ++ /* Convert a 'struct statfs' to 'struct statvfs'. */ ++ statfs5_to_statvfs (&kbuf, buf); ++ ++ return 0; ++} ++libc_hidden_weak (statvfs) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/statvfs64.c +@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ ++/* Return information about the filesystem on which FILE resides. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "statfsconv.c" ++ ++/* Return information about the filesystem on which FILE resides. */ ++int ++__statvfs64 (const char *file, struct statvfs64 *buf) ++{ ++ struct statfs_fbsd5 kbuf; ++ ++ if (__syscall_statfs (file, &kbuf) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ ++ /* Convert a 'struct statfs' to 'struct statvfs64'. */ ++ statfs5_to_statvfs64 (&kbuf, buf); ++ ++ return 0; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__statvfs64, statvfs64) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/stty.c +@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ ++/* use stub only variant */ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/symlinkat.c +@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_symlinkat (const char *path1, int fd, ++ const char *path2); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_symlinkat) ++ ++/* Make a symbolic link to FROM named TO relative to TOFD. */ ++int ++symlinkat (from, tofd, to) ++ const char *from; ++ int tofd; ++ const char *to; ++{ ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (__have_atfcts >= 0) ++# endif ++ { ++ int result = INLINE_SYSCALL (symlinkat, 3, from, tofd, to); ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (result == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) ++ __have_atfcts = -1; ++ else ++# endif ++ return result; ++ } ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (tofd != AT_FDCWD && to[0] != '/') ++ { ++ int mib[4]; ++ size_t kf_len = 0; ++ char *kf_buf, *kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (tofd < 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ mib[0] = CTL_KERN; ++ mib[1] = KERN_PROC; ++ mib[2] = KERN_PROC_FILEDESC; ++ mib[3] = __getpid (); ++ ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, NULL, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_buf = alloca (kf_len + strlen (to)); ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, kf_buf, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_bufp = kf_buf; ++ while (kf_bufp < kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ struct kinfo_file *kf = (struct kinfo_file *) (uintptr_t) kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (kf->kf_fd == tofd) ++ { ++ if (kf->kf_type != KF_TYPE_VNODE || ++ kf->kf_vnode_type != KF_VTYPE_VDIR) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOTDIR); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, "/"); ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, to); ++ to = kf->kf_path; ++ break; ++ } ++ kf_bufp += kf->kf_structsize; ++ } ++ ++ if (kf_bufp >= kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ } ++ ++ return __symlink (from, to); ++#endif ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sys/kd.h +@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_KD_H ++#define _SYS_KD_H 1 ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++#endif /* sys/kd.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sys/mount.h +@@ -0,0 +1,436 @@ ++/* Header file for handling mounted filesystems. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_MOUNT_H ++#define _SYS_MOUNT_H 1 ++ ++#include ++ ++/* Retrieving the list of mounted filesystems. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* ++ * File identifier. ++ * These are unique per filesystem on a single machine. ++ */ ++#define MAXFIDSZ 16 ++ ++struct fid { ++ u_short fid_len; /* length of data in bytes */ ++ u_short fid_reserved; /* force longword alignment */ ++ char fid_data[MAXFIDSZ]; /* data (variable length) */ ++}; ++ ++/* ++ * filesystem statistics ++ */ ++#define MFSNAMELEN 16 /* length of type name including null */ ++#define MNAMELEN 88 /* size of on/from name bufs */ ++#define STATFS_VERSION 0x20030518 /* current version number */ ++ ++ ++/* ++ * User specifiable flags. ++ */ ++#define MNT_RDONLY 0x00000001 /* read only filesystem */ ++#define MNT_SYNCHRONOUS 0x00000002 /* filesystem written synchronously */ ++#define MNT_NOEXEC 0x00000004 /* can't exec from filesystem */ ++#define MNT_NOSUID 0x00000008 /* don't honor setuid bits on fs */ ++#define MNT_NODEV 0x00000010 /* don't interpret special files */ ++#define MNT_UNION 0x00000020 /* union with underlying filesystem */ ++#define MNT_ASYNC 0x00000040 /* filesystem written asynchronously */ ++#define MNT_SUIDDIR 0x00100000 /* special handling of SUID on dirs */ ++#define MNT_SOFTDEP 0x00200000 /* soft updates being done */ ++#define MNT_NOSYMFOLLOW 0x00400000 /* do not follow symlinks */ ++#define MNT_GJOURNAL 0x02000000 /* GEOM journal support enabled */ ++#define MNT_JAILDEVFS 0x02000000 /* jail-friendly DEVFS behaviour */ ++#define MNT_MULTILABEL 0x04000000 /* MAC support for individual objects */ ++#define MNT_ACLS 0x08000000 /* ACL support enabled */ ++#define MNT_NOATIME 0x10000000 /* disable update of file access time */ ++#define MNT_NOCLUSTERR 0x40000000 /* disable cluster read */ ++#define MNT_NOCLUSTERW 0x80000000 /* disable cluster write */ ++ ++/* ++ * NFS export related mount flags. ++ */ ++#define MNT_EXRDONLY 0x00000080 /* exported read only */ ++#define MNT_EXPORTED 0x00000100 /* filesystem is exported */ ++#define MNT_DEFEXPORTED 0x00000200 /* exported to the world */ ++#define MNT_EXPORTANON 0x00000400 /* use anon uid mapping for everyone */ ++#define MNT_EXKERB 0x00000800 /* exported with Kerberos uid mapping */ ++#define MNT_EXPUBLIC 0x20000000 /* public export (WebNFS) */ ++ ++/* ++ * Flags set by internal operations, ++ * but visible to the user. ++ * XXX some of these are not quite right.. (I've never seen the root flag set) ++ */ ++#define MNT_LOCAL 0x00001000 /* filesystem is stored locally */ ++#define MNT_QUOTA 0x00002000 /* quotas are enabled on filesystem */ ++#define MNT_ROOTFS 0x00004000 /* identifies the root filesystem */ ++#define MNT_USER 0x00008000 /* mounted by a user */ ++#define MNT_IGNORE 0x00800000 /* do not show entry in df */ ++ ++/* ++ * Mask of flags that are visible to statfs(). ++ * XXX I think that this could now become (~(MNT_CMDFLAGS)) ++ * but the 'mount' program may need changing to handle this. ++ */ ++#define MNT_VISFLAGMASK (MNT_RDONLY | MNT_SYNCHRONOUS | MNT_NOEXEC | \ ++ MNT_NOSUID | MNT_NODEV | MNT_UNION | \ ++ MNT_ASYNC | MNT_EXRDONLY | MNT_EXPORTED | \ ++ MNT_DEFEXPORTED | MNT_EXPORTANON| MNT_EXKERB | \ ++ MNT_LOCAL | MNT_USER | MNT_QUOTA | \ ++ MNT_ROOTFS | MNT_NOATIME | MNT_NOCLUSTERR| \ ++ MNT_NOCLUSTERW | MNT_SUIDDIR | MNT_SOFTDEP | \ ++ MNT_IGNORE | MNT_EXPUBLIC | MNT_NOSYMFOLLOW | \ ++ MNT_JAILDEVFS | MNT_MULTILABEL | MNT_ACLS) ++ ++/* Mask of flags that can be updated. */ ++#define MNT_UPDATEMASK (MNT_NOSUID | MNT_NOEXEC | MNT_NODEV | \ ++ MNT_SYNCHRONOUS | MNT_UNION | MNT_ASYNC | \ ++ MNT_NOATIME | \ ++ MNT_NOSYMFOLLOW | MNT_IGNORE | MNT_JAILDEVFS | \ ++ MNT_NOCLUSTERR | MNT_NOCLUSTERW | MNT_SUIDDIR | \ ++ MNT_ACLS | MNT_USER) ++ ++/* ++ * External filesystem command modifier flags. ++ * Unmount can use the MNT_FORCE flag. ++ * XXX These are not STATES and really should be somewhere else. ++ */ ++#define MNT_UPDATE 0x00010000 /* not a real mount, just an update */ ++#define MNT_DELEXPORT 0x00020000 /* delete export host lists */ ++#define MNT_RELOAD 0x00040000 /* reload filesystem data */ ++#define MNT_FORCE 0x00080000 /* force unmount or readonly change */ ++#define MNT_SNAPSHOT 0x01000000 /* snapshot the filesystem */ ++#define MNT_BYFSID 0x08000000 /* specify filesystem by ID. */ ++#define MNT_CMDFLAGS (MNT_UPDATE | MNT_DELEXPORT | MNT_RELOAD | \ ++ MNT_FORCE | MNT_SNAPSHOT | MNT_BYFSID) ++/* ++ * Internal filesystem control flags stored in mnt_kern_flag. ++ * ++ * MNTK_UNMOUNT locks the mount entry so that name lookup cannot proceed ++ * past the mount point. This keeps the subtree stable during mounts ++ * and unmounts. ++ * ++ * MNTK_UNMOUNTF permits filesystems to detect a forced unmount while ++ * dounmount() is still waiting to lock the mountpoint. This allows ++ * the filesystem to cancel operations that might otherwise deadlock ++ * with the unmount attempt (used by NFS). ++ */ ++#define MNTK_UNMOUNTF 0x00000001 /* forced unmount in progress */ ++#define MNTK_ASYNC 0x00000002 /* filtered async flag */ ++#define MNTK_SOFTDEP 0x00000004 /* async disabled by softdep */ ++#define MNTK_NOINSMNTQ 0x00000008 /* insmntque is not allowed */ ++#define MNTK_UNMOUNT 0x01000000 /* unmount in progress */ ++#define MNTK_MWAIT 0x02000000 /* waiting for unmount to finish */ ++#define MNTK_WANTRDWR 0x04000000 /* upgrade to read/write requested */ ++#define MNTK_SUSPEND2 0x04000000 /* block secondary writes */ ++#define MNTK_SUSPEND 0x08000000 /* request write suspension */ ++#define MNTK_SUSPENDED 0x10000000 /* write operations are suspended */ ++#define MNTK_MPSAFE 0x20000000 /* Filesystem is MPSAFE. */ ++#define MNTK_NOKNOTE 0x80000000 /* Don't send KNOTEs from VOP hooks */ ++#define MNTK_LOOKUP_SHARED 0x40000000 /* FS supports shared lock lookups */ ++ ++/* ++ * Sysctl CTL_VFS definitions. ++ * ++ * Second level identifier specifies which filesystem. Second level ++ * identifier VFS_VFSCONF returns information about all filesystems. ++ * Second level identifier VFS_GENERIC is non-terminal. ++ */ ++#define VFS_VFSCONF 0 /* get configured filesystems */ ++#define VFS_GENERIC 0 /* generic filesystem information */ ++/* ++ * Third level identifiers for VFS_GENERIC are given below; third ++ * level identifiers for specific filesystems are given in their ++ * mount specific header files. ++ */ ++#define VFS_MAXTYPENUM 1 /* int: highest defined filesystem type */ ++#define VFS_CONF 2 /* struct: vfsconf for filesystem given ++ as next argument */ ++ ++/* ++ * Flags for various system call interfaces. ++ * ++ * waitfor flags to vfs_sync() and getfsstat() ++ */ ++#define MNT_WAIT 1 /* synchronously wait for I/O to complete */ ++#define MNT_NOWAIT 2 /* start all I/O, but do not wait for it */ ++#define MNT_LAZY 3 /* push data not written by filesystem syncer */ ++#define MNT_SUSPEND 4 /* Suspend file system after sync */ ++ ++/* ++ * Generic file handle ++ */ ++struct fhandle { ++ fsid_t fh_fsid; /* Filesystem id of mount point */ ++ struct fid fh_fid; /* Filesys specific id */ ++}; ++typedef struct fhandle fhandle_t; ++ ++/* ++ * Export arguments for local filesystem mount calls. ++ */ ++struct export_args { ++ int ex_flags; /* export related flags */ ++ uid_t ex_root; /* mapping for root uid */ ++ struct xucred ex_anon; /* mapping for anonymous user */ ++ struct sockaddr *ex_addr; /* net address to which exported */ ++ u_char ex_addrlen; /* and the net address length */ ++ struct sockaddr *ex_mask; /* mask of valid bits in saddr */ ++ u_char ex_masklen; /* and the smask length */ ++ char *ex_indexfile; /* index file for WebNFS URLs */ ++}; ++ ++/* ++ * Structure holding information for a publicly exported filesystem ++ * (WebNFS). Currently the specs allow just for one such filesystem. ++ */ ++struct nfs_public { ++ int np_valid; /* Do we hold valid information */ ++ fhandle_t np_handle; /* Filehandle for pub fs (internal) */ ++ struct mount *np_mount; /* Mountpoint of exported fs */ ++ char *np_index; /* Index file */ ++}; ++ ++/* ++ * Filesystem configuration information. One of these exists for each ++ * type of filesystem supported by the kernel. These are searched at ++ * mount time to identify the requested filesystem. ++ * ++ * XXX: Never change the first two arguments! ++ */ ++struct vfsconf { ++ u_int vfc_version; /* ABI version number */ ++ char vfc_name[MFSNAMELEN]; /* filesystem type name */ ++ struct vfsops *vfc_vfsops; /* filesystem operations vector */ ++ int vfc_typenum; /* historic filesystem type number */ ++ int vfc_refcount; /* number mounted of this type */ ++ int vfc_flags; /* permanent flags */ ++ struct vfsoptdecl *vfc_opts; /* mount options */ ++ TAILQ_ENTRY(vfsconf) vfc_list; /* list of vfscons */ ++}; ++ ++/* Userland version of the struct vfsconf. */ ++struct xvfsconf { ++ struct vfsops *vfc_vfsops; /* filesystem operations vector */ ++ char vfc_name[MFSNAMELEN]; /* filesystem type name */ ++ int vfc_typenum; /* historic filesystem type number */ ++ int vfc_refcount; /* number mounted of this type */ ++ int vfc_flags; /* permanent flags */ ++ struct vfsconf *vfc_next; /* next in list */ ++}; ++ ++#ifndef BURN_BRIDGES ++struct ovfsconf { ++ void *vfc_vfsops; ++ char vfc_name[32]; ++ int vfc_index; ++ int vfc_refcount; ++ int vfc_flags; ++}; ++#endif ++ ++/* ++ * NB: these flags refer to IMPLEMENTATION properties, not properties of ++ * any actual mounts; i.e., it does not make sense to change the flags. ++ */ ++#define VFCF_STATIC 0x00010000 /* statically compiled into kernel */ ++#define VFCF_NETWORK 0x00020000 /* may get data over the network */ ++#define VFCF_READONLY 0x00040000 /* writes are not implemented */ ++#define VFCF_SYNTHETIC 0x00080000 /* data does not represent real files */ ++#define VFCF_LOOPBACK 0x00100000 /* aliases some other mounted FS */ ++#define VFCF_UNICODE 0x00200000 /* stores file names as Unicode*/ ++#define VFCF_JAIL 0x00400000 /* can be mounted from within a jail */ ++ ++typedef u_int32_t fsctlop_t; ++ ++struct vfsidctl { ++ int vc_vers; /* should be VFSIDCTL_VERS1 (below) */ ++ fsid_t vc_fsid; /* fsid to operate on. */ ++ char vc_fstypename[MFSNAMELEN]; ++ /* type of fs 'nfs' or '*' */ ++ fsctlop_t vc_op; /* operation VFS_CTL_* (below) */ ++ void *vc_ptr; /* pointer to data structure. */ ++ size_t vc_len; /* sizeof said structure. */ ++ u_int32_t vc_spare[12]; /* spare (must be zero). */ ++}; ++ ++/* vfsidctl API version. */ ++#define VFS_CTL_VERS1 0x01 ++ ++/* ++ * New style VFS sysctls, do not reuse/conflict with the namespace for ++ * private sysctls. ++ * All "global" sysctl ops have the 33rd bit set: ++ * 0x...1.... ++ * Private sysctl ops should have the 33rd bit unset. ++ */ ++#define VFS_CTL_QUERY 0x00010001 /* anything wrong? (vfsquery) */ ++#define VFS_CTL_TIMEO 0x00010002 /* set timeout for vfs notification */ ++#define VFS_CTL_NOLOCKS 0x00010003 /* disable file locking */ ++ ++struct vfsquery { ++ u_int32_t vq_flags; ++ u_int32_t vq_spare[31]; ++}; ++ ++/* vfsquery flags */ ++#define VQ_NOTRESP 0x0001 /* server down */ ++#define VQ_NEEDAUTH 0x0002 /* server bad auth */ ++#define VQ_LOWDISK 0x0004 /* we're low on space */ ++#define VQ_MOUNT 0x0008 /* new filesystem arrived */ ++#define VQ_UNMOUNT 0x0010 /* filesystem has left */ ++#define VQ_DEAD 0x0020 /* filesystem is dead, needs force unmount */ ++#define VQ_ASSIST 0x0040 /* filesystem needs assistance from external ++ program */ ++#define VQ_NOTRESPLOCK 0x0080 /* server lockd down */ ++#define VQ_FLAG0100 0x0100 /* placeholder */ ++#define VQ_FLAG0200 0x0200 /* placeholder */ ++#define VQ_FLAG0400 0x0400 /* placeholder */ ++#define VQ_FLAG0800 0x0800 /* placeholder */ ++#define VQ_FLAG1000 0x1000 /* placeholder */ ++#define VQ_FLAG2000 0x2000 /* placeholder */ ++#define VQ_FLAG4000 0x4000 /* placeholder */ ++#define VQ_FLAG8000 0x8000 /* placeholder */ ++ ++ ++struct iovec; ++struct uio; ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++/* Mounting and unmounting filesystems. */ ++int mount(const char *, const char *, int, void *); ++int nmount(struct iovec *, unsigned int, int); ++int unmount(const char *, int); ++ ++/* C library stuff */ ++int getvfsbyname(const char *, struct xvfsconf *); ++ ++/* getfsstat() appears in BSD 4.4. A variant of this API is found on OSF/1, ++ but on that system the user also needs to include . */ ++ ++#ifndef __USE_FILE_OFFSET64 ++extern int getfsstat (struct statfs *__buf, long __bufsize, ++ int __flags) __THROW; ++#else ++# ifdef __REDIRECT ++extern int __REDIRECT (getfsstat, ++ (struct statfs *__buf, long __bufsize, int __flags), ++ getfsstat64); ++# else ++# define getfsstat getfsstat64 ++# endif ++#endif ++#ifdef __USE_LARGEFILE64 ++extern int getfsstat64 (struct statfs64 *__buf, long __bufsize, ++ int __flags) __THROW; ++#endif ++ ++#ifdef _LIBC ++extern int __getfsstat (struct statfs *__buf, long __bufsize, int __flags); ++extern int __getfsstat64 (struct statfs64 *__buf, long __bufsize, int __flags); ++#endif ++ ++/* getmntinfo() appears in BSD 4.4. */ ++ ++#ifndef __USE_FILE_OFFSET64 ++extern int getmntinfo (struct statfs **__mntbufp, int __flags) __THROW; ++#else ++# ifdef __REDIRECT ++extern int __REDIRECT (getmntinfo, ++ (struct statfs **__mntbufp, int __flags), ++ getmntinfo64); ++# else ++# define getmntinfo getmntinfo64 ++# endif ++#endif ++#ifdef __USE_LARGEFILE64 ++extern int getmntinfo64 (struct statfs64 **__mntbufp, int __flags) __THROW; ++#endif ++ ++#ifdef _LIBC ++extern int __getmntinfo (struct statfs **__mntbufp, int __flags); ++#endif ++ ++__END_DECLS ++ ++ ++/* Opening files on specified mounted filesystems. ++ These system calls are reserved to the superuser, for security reasons. */ ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++/* Return in *FHP the file handle corresponding to the file or directory ++ PATH. */ ++extern int getfh (__const char *__path, fhandle_t *__fhp) __THROW; ++ ++/* Return in *FHP the file handle corresponding to the file or directory ++ PATH. */ ++extern int lgetfh (__const char *__path, fhandle_t *__fhp) __THROW; ++ ++/* Open a file handle *FHP, using the open() like FLAGS. Return the ++ new file descriptor. */ ++extern int fhopen (__const fhandle_t *__fhp, int __flags) __THROW; ++ ++/* Get file attributes for the file whose handle is *FHP, and return them ++ in *BUF. Like fhopen + fstat + close. */ ++#ifndef __USE_FILE_OFFSET64 ++extern int fhstat (__const fhandle_t *__fhp, struct stat *__buf) __THROW; ++#else ++# ifdef __REDIRECT ++extern int __REDIRECT (fhstat, ++ (__const fhandle_t *__fhp, struct stat *__buf), ++ fhstat64); ++# else ++# define fhstat fhstat64 ++# endif ++#endif ++#ifdef __USE_LARGEFILE64 ++extern int fhstat64 (__const fhandle_t *__fhp, struct stat64 *__buf) __THROW; ++#endif ++ ++/* Return information about the filesystem on which the file resides whose ++ handle is *FHP. Like fhopen + fstatfs + close. */ ++#ifndef __USE_FILE_OFFSET64 ++extern int fhstatfs (__const fhandle_t *__fhp, struct statfs *__buf) __THROW; ++#else ++# ifdef __REDIRECT ++extern int __REDIRECT (fhstatfs, ++ (__const fhandle_t *__fhp, struct statfs *__buf), ++ fhstatfs64); ++# else ++# define fhstatfs fhstatfs64 ++# endif ++#endif ++#ifdef __USE_LARGEFILE64 ++extern int fhstatfs64 (__const fhandle_t *__fhp, ++ struct statfs64 *__buf) __THROW; ++#endif ++ ++__END_DECLS ++ ++#endif /* _SYS_MOUNT_H */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sys/param.h +@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1995,1996,1997,2000,2001,2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_PARAM_H ++#define _SYS_PARAM_H 1 ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++#ifndef NULL ++#define NULL 0 ++#endif ++ ++/* ++ * __FreeBSD_version numbers are documented in the Porter's Handbook. ++ * If you bump the version for any reason, you should update the documentation ++ * there. ++ * Currently this lives here: ++ * ++ * doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/porters-handbook/book.sgml ++ * ++ * scheme is: <0 if release branch, otherwise 1>xx ++ */ ++#include ++ ++/* Some inet code expects that this file defines the 'u_int32_t' type. */ ++#include ++ ++/* ++ * Machine-independent constants (some used in following include files). ++ * Redefined constants are from POSIX 1003.1 limits file. ++ * ++ * MAXCOMLEN should be >= sizeof(ac_comm) (see ) ++ * MAXLOGNAME should be == UT_NAMESIZE+1 (see ) ++ */ ++ ++#define MAXCOMLEN 19 /* max command name remembered */ ++#define MAXINTERP 32 /* max interpreter file name length */ ++#define MAXLOGNAME 17 /* max login name length (incl. NUL) */ ++#define MAXUPRC CHILD_MAX /* max simultaneous processes */ ++#define NCARGS ARG_MAX /* max bytes for an exec function */ ++#define NGROUPS NGROUPS_MAX /* max number groups */ ++#define NOGROUP 65535 /* marker for empty group set member */ ++#define MAXHOSTNAMELEN 256 /* max hostname size */ ++#define SPECNAMELEN 63 /* max length of devicename */ ++#define TTY_NAME_MAX SPECNAMELEN ++ ++/* BSD names for some values. */ ++ ++#define NBBY CHAR_BIT ++#ifndef NGROUPS ++# define NGROUPS NGROUPS_MAX ++#endif ++#define MAXSYMLINKS 32 ++#define CANBSIZ MAX_CANON ++#define NCARGS ARG_MAX ++#define MAXPATHLEN PATH_MAX ++ ++/* The following is not really correct but it is a value we used for a ++ long time and which seems to be usable. People should not use NOFILE ++ anyway. */ ++#define NOFILE OPEN_MAX ++ ++/* Bit map related macros. */ ++#define setbit(a,i) ((a)[(i)/NBBY] |= 1<<((i)%NBBY)) ++#define clrbit(a,i) ((a)[(i)/NBBY] &= ~(1<<((i)%NBBY))) ++#define isset(a,i) ((a)[(i)/NBBY] & (1<<((i)%NBBY))) ++#define isclr(a,i) (((a)[(i)/NBBY] & (1<<((i)%NBBY))) == 0) ++ ++/* Macros for counting and rounding. */ ++#ifndef howmany ++# define howmany(x, y) (((x) + ((y) - 1)) / (y)) ++#endif ++#ifdef __GNUC__ ++# define roundup(x, y) (__builtin_constant_p (y) && powerof2 (y) \ ++ ? (((x) + (y) - 1) & ~((y) - 1)) \ ++ : ((((x) + ((y) - 1)) / (y)) * (y))) ++#else ++# define roundup(x, y) ((((x) + ((y) - 1)) / (y)) * (y)) ++#endif ++#define powerof2(x) ((((x) - 1) & (x)) == 0) ++ ++/* Macros for min/max. */ ++#define MIN(a,b) (((a)<(b))?(a):(b)) ++#define MAX(a,b) (((a)>(b))?(a):(b)) ++ ++/* Machine type dependent parameters. */ ++#include ++ ++#ifndef DEV_BSHIFT ++#define DEV_BSHIFT 9 /* log2(DEV_BSIZE) */ ++#endif ++#define DEV_BSIZE (1<>PAGE_SHIFT) ++#endif ++ ++/* ++ * btodb() is messy and perhaps slow because `bytes' may be an off_t. We ++ * want to shift an unsigned type to avoid sign extension and we don't ++ * want to widen `bytes' unnecessarily. Assume that the result fits in ++ * a daddr_t. ++ */ ++#ifndef btodb ++#define btodb(bytes) /* calculates (bytes / DEV_BSIZE) */ \ ++ (sizeof (bytes) > sizeof(long) \ ++ ? (daddr_t)((unsigned long long)(bytes) >> DEV_BSHIFT) \ ++ : (daddr_t)((unsigned long)(bytes) >> DEV_BSHIFT)) ++#endif ++ ++#ifndef dbtob ++#define dbtob(db) /* calculates (db * DEV_BSIZE) */ \ ++ ((off_t)(db) << DEV_BSHIFT) ++#endif ++ ++#endif /* _NO_NAMESPACE_POLLUTION */ ++ ++#define PRIMASK 0x0ff ++#define PCATCH 0x100 /* OR'd with pri for tsleep to check signals */ ++#define PDROP 0x200 /* OR'd with pri to stop re-entry of interlock mutex */ ++ ++#define NBPW sizeof(int) /* number of bytes per word (integer) */ ++ ++#define CMASK 022 /* default file mask: S_IWGRP|S_IWOTH */ ++ ++#define NODEV (dev_t)(-1) /* non-existent device */ ++ ++#define CBLOCK 128 /* Clist block size, must be a power of 2. */ ++#define CBQSIZE (CBLOCK/NBBY) /* Quote bytes/cblock - can do better. */ ++ /* Data chars/clist. */ ++#define CBSIZE (CBLOCK - sizeof(struct cblock *) - CBQSIZE) ++#define CROUND (CBLOCK - 1) /* Clist rounding. */ ++ ++/* ++ * File system parameters and macros. ++ * ++ * MAXBSIZE - Filesystems are made out of blocks of at most MAXBSIZE bytes ++ * per block. MAXBSIZE may be made larger without effecting ++ * any existing filesystems as long as it does not exceed MAXPHYS, ++ * and may be made smaller at the risk of not being able to use ++ * filesystems which require a block size exceeding MAXBSIZE. ++ * ++ * BKVASIZE - Nominal buffer space per buffer, in bytes. BKVASIZE is the ++ * minimum KVM memory reservation the kernel is willing to make. ++ * Filesystems can of course request smaller chunks. Actual ++ * backing memory uses a chunk size of a page (PAGE_SIZE). ++ * ++ * If you make BKVASIZE too small you risk seriously fragmenting ++ * the buffer KVM map which may slow things down a bit. If you ++ * make it too big the kernel will not be able to optimally use ++ * the KVM memory reserved for the buffer cache and will wind ++ * up with too-few buffers. ++ * ++ * The default is 16384, roughly 2x the block size used by a ++ * normal UFS filesystem. ++ */ ++#define MAXBSIZE 65536 /* must be power of 2 */ ++#define BKVASIZE 16384 /* must be power of 2 */ ++#define BKVAMASK (BKVASIZE-1) ++ ++/* ++ * Scale factor for scaled integers used to count %cpu time and load avgs. ++ * ++ * The number of CPU `tick's that map to a unique `%age' can be expressed ++ * by the formula (1 / (2 ^ (FSHIFT - 11))). The maximum load average that ++ * can be calculated (assuming 32 bits) can be closely approximated using ++ * the formula (2 ^ (2 * (16 - FSHIFT))) for (FSHIFT < 15). ++ * ++ * For the scheduler to maintain a 1:1 mapping of CPU `tick' to `%age', ++ * FSHIFT must be at least 11; this gives us a maximum load avg of ~1024. ++ */ ++#define FSHIFT 11 /* bits to right of fixed binary point */ ++#define FSCALE (1<> (PAGE_SHIFT - DEV_BSHIFT)) ++ ++#define ctodb(db) /* calculates pages to devblks */ \ ++ ((db) << (PAGE_SHIFT - DEV_BSHIFT)) ++ ++#endif /* _SYS_PARAM_H_ */ ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sys/ptrace.h +@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@ ++/* `ptrace' debugger support interface. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 1996-1999, 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_PTRACE_H ++#define _SYS_PTRACE_H 1 ++ ++#include ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++/* Type of the REQUEST argument to `ptrace.' */ ++enum __ptrace_request ++{ ++ /* Indicate that the process making this request should be traced. ++ All signals received by this process can be intercepted by its ++ parent, and its parent can use the other `ptrace' requests. */ ++ PTRACE_TRACEME = 0, ++#define PT_TRACE_ME PTRACE_TRACEME ++ ++ /* Return the word in the process's text space at address ADDR. */ ++ PTRACE_PEEKTEXT = 1, ++#define PT_READ_I PTRACE_PEEKTEXT ++ ++ /* Return the word in the process's data space at address ADDR. */ ++ PTRACE_PEEKDATA = 2, ++#define PT_READ_D PTRACE_PEEKDATA ++ ++#if 1 /* NB: removed in FreeBSD 4.6 */ ++ /* Return the word in the process's user area at offset ADDR. */ ++ PTRACE_PEEKUSER = 3, ++#define PT_READ_U PTRACE_PEEKUSER ++#endif ++ ++ /* Write the word DATA into the process's text space at address ADDR. */ ++ PTRACE_POKETEXT = 4, ++#define PT_WRITE_I PTRACE_POKETEXT ++ ++ /* Write the word DATA into the process's data space at address ADDR. */ ++ PTRACE_POKEDATA = 5, ++#define PT_WRITE_D PTRACE_POKEDATA ++ ++#if 1 /* NB: removed in FreeBSD 4.6 */ ++ /* Write the word DATA into the process's user area at offset ADDR. */ ++ PTRACE_POKEUSER = 6, ++#define PT_WRITE_U PTRACE_POKEUSER ++#endif ++ ++ /* Continue the process. */ ++ PTRACE_CONT = 7, ++#define PT_CONTINUE PTRACE_CONT ++ ++ /* Kill the process. */ ++ PTRACE_KILL = 8, ++#define PT_KILL PTRACE_KILL ++ ++ /* Single step the process. ++ This is not supported on all machines. */ ++ PTRACE_SINGLESTEP = 9, ++#define PT_STEP PTRACE_SINGLESTEP ++ ++ /* Attach to a process that is already running. */ ++ PTRACE_ATTACH = 10, ++#define PT_ATTACH PTRACE_ATTACH ++ ++ /* Detach from a process attached to with PTRACE_ATTACH. */ ++ PTRACE_DETACH = 11, ++#define PT_DETACH PTRACE_DETACH ++ ++ /* CPU specific requests start here. */ ++ __PTRACE_FIRSTMACH = 32, ++ ++ /* Get all general purpose registers used by a processes. ++ This is not supported on all machines. */ ++ PTRACE_GETREGS, ++#define PT_GETREGS PTRACE_GETREGS ++ ++ /* Set all general purpose registers used by a processes. ++ This is not supported on all machines. */ ++ PTRACE_SETREGS, ++#define PT_SETREGS PTRACE_SETREGS ++ ++ /* Get all floating point registers used by a processes. ++ This is not supported on all machines. */ ++ PTRACE_GETFPREGS, ++#define PT_GETFPREGS PTRACE_GETFPREGS ++ ++ /* Set all floating point registers used by a processes. ++ This is not supported on all machines. */ ++ PTRACE_SETFPREGS, ++#define PT_SETFPREGS PTRACE_SETFPREGS ++ ++ /* Get all debug registers used by a processes. ++ This is not supported on all machines. */ ++ PTRACE_GETDBREGS, ++#define PT_GETDBREGS PTRACE_GETDBREGS ++ ++ /* Set all debug registers used by a processes. ++ This is not supported on all machines. */ ++ PTRACE_SETDBREGS ++#define PT_SETDBREGS PTRACE_SETDBREGS ++}; ++ ++/* Perform process tracing functions. REQUEST is one of the values ++ above, and determines the action to be taken. ++ For all requests except PTRACE_TRACEME, PID specifies the process to be ++ traced. ++ ++ PID and the other arguments described above for the various requests should ++ appear (those that are used for the particular request) as: ++ pid_t PID, void *ADDR, int DATA, void *ADDR2 ++ after REQUEST. */ ++extern int ptrace (enum __ptrace_request __request, ...) __THROW; ++ ++__END_DECLS ++ ++#endif /* _SYS_PTRACE_H */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sys/reboot.h +@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ ++/*- ++ * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1988, 1993, 1994 ++ * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. ++ * ++ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without ++ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions ++ * are met: ++ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. ++ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the ++ * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. ++ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors ++ * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software ++ * without specific prior written permission. ++ * ++ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ++ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE ++ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ++ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE ++ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL ++ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS ++ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) ++ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT ++ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY ++ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF ++ * SUCH DAMAGE. ++ * ++ * @(#)reboot.h 8.3 (Berkeley) 12/13/94 ++ * $FreeBSD: src/sys/sys/reboot.h,v 1.26.18.1 2008/11/25 02:59:29 kensmith Exp $ ++ */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_REBOOT_H_ ++#define _SYS_REBOOT_H_ 1 ++ ++#include ++ ++/* ++ * Arguments to reboot system call. These are passed to ++ * the boot program and on to init. ++ */ ++#define RB_AUTOBOOT 0 /* flags for system auto-booting itself */ ++ ++#define RB_ASKNAME 0x001 /* ask for file name to reboot from */ ++#define RB_SINGLE 0x002 /* reboot to single user only */ ++#define RB_NOSYNC 0x004 /* dont sync before reboot */ ++#define RB_HALT 0x008 /* don't reboot, just halt */ ++#define RB_INITNAME 0x010 /* name given for /etc/init (unused) */ ++#define RB_DFLTROOT 0x020 /* use compiled-in rootdev */ ++#define RB_KDB 0x040 /* give control to kernel debugger */ ++#define RB_RDONLY 0x080 /* mount root fs read-only */ ++#define RB_DUMP 0x100 /* dump kernel memory before reboot */ ++#define RB_MINIROOT 0x200 /* mini-root present in memory at boot time */ ++#define RB_VERBOSE 0x800 /* print all potentially useful info */ ++#define RB_SERIAL 0x1000 /* use serial port as console */ ++#define RB_CDROM 0x2000 /* use cdrom as root */ ++#define RB_POWEROFF 0x4000 /* turn the power off if possible */ ++#define RB_GDB 0x8000 /* use GDB remote debugger instead of DDB */ ++#define RB_MUTE 0x10000 /* start up with the console muted */ ++#define RB_SELFTEST 0x20000 /* don't complete the boot; do selftest */ ++#define RB_RESERVED1 0x40000 /* reserved for internal use of boot blocks */ ++#define RB_RESERVED2 0x80000 /* reserved for internal use of boot blocks */ ++#define RB_PAUSE 0x100000 /* pause after each output line during probe */ ++#define RB_MULTIPLE 0x20000000 /* use multiple consoles */ ++ ++#define RB_BOOTINFO 0x80000000 /* have `struct bootinfo *' arg */ ++ ++/* ++ * Compatibility with Linux ++ */ ++#define RB_HALT_SYSTEM RB_HALT ++#define RB_POWER_OFF RB_POWEROFF ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++/* Reboot or halt the system. */ ++extern int reboot (int __howto) __THROW; ++ ++__END_DECLS ++ ++#endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sys/rfork.h +@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* ++ * Copyright (c) 1989, 1993 ++ * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. ++ * ++ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without ++ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions ++ * are met: ++ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. ++ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the ++ * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. ++ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors ++ * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software ++ * without specific prior written permission. ++ * ++ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ++ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE ++ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ++ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE ++ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL ++ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS ++ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) ++ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT ++ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY ++ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF ++ * SUCH DAMAGE. ++ * ++ * @(#)unistd.h 8.2 (Berkeley) 1/7/94 ++ * $FreeBSD: src/sys/sys/unistd.h,v 1.22.2.1 2000/03/18 23:20:12 jasone Exp $ ++ */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_RFORK_H ++#define _SYS_RFORK_H ++ ++#include ++ ++/* ++ * rfork() options. ++ * ++ * XXX currently, operations without RFPROC set are not supported. ++ */ ++#define RFNAMEG (1<<0) /* UNIMPL new plan9 `name space' */ ++#define RFENVG (1<<1) /* UNIMPL copy plan9 `env space' */ ++#define RFFDG (1<<2) /* copy fd table */ ++#define RFNOTEG (1<<3) /* UNIMPL create new plan9 `note group' */ ++#define RFPROC (1<<4) /* change child (else changes curproc) */ ++#define RFMEM (1<<5) /* share `address space' */ ++#define RFNOWAIT (1<<6) /* parent need not wait() on child */ ++#define RFCNAMEG (1<<10) /* UNIMPL zero plan9 `name space' */ ++#define RFCENVG (1<<11) /* UNIMPL zero plan9 `env space' */ ++#define RFCFDG (1<<12) /* zero fd table */ ++#define RFTHREAD (1<<13) /* enable kernel thread support */ ++#define RFSIGSHARE (1<<14) /* share signal handlers */ ++#define RFLINUXTHPN (1<<16) /* do linux clone exit parent notification */ ++#define RFPPWAIT (1<<31) /* parent sleeps until child exits (vfork) */ ++ ++#define RFTHPNSHIFT 24 /* reserve bits 24-30 */ ++#define RFTHPNMASK 0x7F /* for compatibility with linuxthreads/clone() */ ++ /* allow to specify "clone exit parent notification" signal */ ++#define RFTHPNSIGNUM(flags) (((flags) >> RFTHPNSHIFT) & RFTHPNMASK) ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++extern int rfork (int __flags) __THROW; ++ ++#ifdef _LIBC ++extern int __rfork (int __flags); ++#endif ++ ++__END_DECLS ++ ++#endif /* _SYS_RFORK_H */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sys/swap.h +@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ ++/* Calls to enable swapping on specified locations. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 1996-1997, 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef __SYS_SWAP_H ++ ++#define __SYS_SWAP_H 1 ++#include ++ ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++/* Make the block special device PATH available to the system for swapping. ++ This call is restricted to the super-user. */ ++extern int swapon (__const char *__path) __THROW; ++ ++/* Stop using block special device PATH for swapping. */ ++extern int swapoff (__const char *__path) __THROW; ++ ++__END_DECLS ++ ++#endif /* sys/swap.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sys/syscall.h +@@ -0,0 +1,446 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYSCALL_H ++#define _SYSCALL_H 1 ++ ++#define SYS_syscall 0 ++#define SYS_exit 1 ++#define SYS_fork 2 ++#define SYS_read 3 ++#define SYS_write 4 ++#define SYS_open 5 ++#define SYS_close 6 ++#define SYS_wait4 7 ++ /* 8 is old creat */ ++#define SYS_link 9 ++#define SYS_unlink 10 ++ /* 11 is obsolete execv */ ++#define SYS_chdir 12 ++#define SYS_fchdir 13 ++#define SYS_mknod 14 ++#define SYS_chmod 15 ++#define SYS_chown 16 ++#define SYS_obreak 17 ++#define SYS_freebsd4_getfsstat 18 ++ /* 19 is old lseek */ ++#define SYS_getpid 20 ++#define SYS_mount 21 ++#define SYS_unmount 22 ++#define SYS_setuid 23 ++#define SYS_getuid 24 ++#define SYS_geteuid 25 ++#define SYS_ptrace 26 ++#define SYS_recvmsg 27 ++#define SYS_sendmsg 28 ++#define SYS_recvfrom 29 ++#define SYS_accept 30 ++#define SYS_getpeername 31 ++#define SYS_getsockname 32 ++#define SYS_access 33 ++#define SYS_chflags 34 ++#define SYS_fchflags 35 ++#define SYS_sync 36 ++#define SYS_kill 37 ++ /* 38 is old stat */ ++#define SYS_getppid 39 ++ /* 40 is old lstat */ ++#define SYS_dup 41 ++#define SYS_pipe 42 ++#define SYS_getegid 43 ++#define SYS_profil 44 ++#define SYS_ktrace 45 ++ /* 46 is old sigaction */ ++#define SYS_getgid 47 ++ /* 48 is old sigprocmask */ ++#define SYS_getlogin 49 ++#define SYS_setlogin 50 ++#define SYS_acct 51 ++ /* 52 is old sigpending */ ++#define SYS_sigaltstack 53 ++#define SYS_ioctl 54 ++#define SYS_reboot 55 ++#define SYS_revoke 56 ++#define SYS_symlink 57 ++#define SYS_readlink 58 ++#define SYS_execve 59 ++#define SYS_umask 60 ++#define SYS_chroot 61 ++ /* 62 is old fstat */ ++ /* 63 is old getkerninfo */ ++ /* 64 is old getpagesize */ ++#define SYS_msync 65 ++#define SYS_vfork 66 ++ /* 67 is obsolete vread */ ++ /* 68 is obsolete vwrite */ ++#define SYS_sbrk 69 ++#define SYS_sstk 70 ++ /* 71 is old mmap */ ++#define SYS_vadvise 72 ++#define SYS_munmap 73 ++#define SYS_mprotect 74 ++#define SYS_madvise 75 ++ /* 76 is obsolete vhangup */ ++ /* 77 is obsolete vlimit */ ++#define SYS_mincore 78 ++#define SYS_getgroups 79 ++#define SYS_setgroups 80 ++#define SYS_getpgrp 81 ++#define SYS_setpgid 82 ++#define SYS_setitimer 83 ++ /* 84 is old wait */ ++#define SYS_swapon 85 ++#define SYS_getitimer 86 ++ /* 87 is old gethostname */ ++ /* 88 is old sethostname */ ++#define SYS_getdtablesize 89 ++#define SYS_dup2 90 ++#define SYS_fcntl 92 ++#define SYS_select 93 ++#define SYS_fsync 95 ++#define SYS_setpriority 96 ++#define SYS_socket 97 ++#define SYS_connect 98 ++ /* 99 is old accept */ ++#define SYS_getpriority 100 ++ /* 101 is old send */ ++ /* 102 is old recv */ ++ /* 103 is old sigreturn */ ++#define SYS_bind 104 ++#define SYS_setsockopt 105 ++#define SYS_listen 106 ++ /* 107 is obsolete vtimes */ ++ /* 108 is old sigvec */ ++ /* 109 is old sigblock */ ++ /* 110 is old sigsetmask */ ++ /* 111 is old sigsuspend */ ++ /* 112 is old sigstack */ ++ /* 113 is old recvmsg */ ++ /* 114 is old sendmsg */ ++ /* 115 is obsolete vtrace */ ++#define SYS_gettimeofday 116 ++#define SYS_getrusage 117 ++#define SYS_getsockopt 118 ++#define SYS_readv 120 ++#define SYS_writev 121 ++#define SYS_settimeofday 122 ++#define SYS_fchown 123 ++#define SYS_fchmod 124 ++ /* 125 is old recvfrom */ ++#define SYS_setreuid 126 ++#define SYS_setregid 127 ++#define SYS_rename 128 ++ /* 129 is old truncate */ ++ /* 130 is old ftruncate */ ++#define SYS_flock 131 ++#define SYS_mkfifo 132 ++#define SYS_sendto 133 ++#define SYS_shutdown 134 ++#define SYS_socketpair 135 ++#define SYS_mkdir 136 ++#define SYS_rmdir 137 ++#define SYS_utimes 138 ++ /* 139 is obsolete 4.2 sigreturn */ ++#define SYS_adjtime 140 ++ /* 141 is old getpeername */ ++ /* 142 is old gethostid */ ++ /* 143 is old sethostid */ ++ /* 144 is old getrlimit */ ++ /* 145 is old setrlimit */ ++ /* 146 is old killpg */ ++#define SYS_setsid 147 ++#define SYS_quotactl 148 ++ /* 149 is old quota */ ++ /* 150 is old getsockname */ ++#define SYS_nfssvc 155 ++ /* 156 is old getdirentries */ ++#define SYS_freebsd4_statfs 157 ++#define SYS_freebsd4_fstatfs 158 ++#define SYS_lgetfh 160 ++#define SYS_getfh 161 ++#define SYS_freebsd4_getdomainname 162 ++#define SYS_freebsd4_setdomainname 163 ++#define SYS_freebsd4_uname 164 ++#define SYS_sysarch 165 ++#define SYS_rtprio 166 ++#define SYS_semsys 169 ++#define SYS_msgsys 170 ++#define SYS_shmsys 171 ++#define SYS_freebsd6_pread 173 ++#define SYS_freebsd6_pwrite 174 ++#define SYS_ntp_adjtime 176 ++#define SYS_setgid 181 ++#define SYS_setegid 182 ++#define SYS_seteuid 183 ++#define SYS_stat 188 ++#define SYS_fstat 189 ++#define SYS_lstat 190 ++#define SYS_pathconf 191 ++#define SYS_fpathconf 192 ++#define SYS_getrlimit 194 ++#define SYS_setrlimit 195 ++#define SYS_getdirentries 196 ++#define SYS_freebsd6_mmap 197 ++#define SYS___syscall 198 ++#define SYS_freebsd6_lseek 199 ++#define SYS_freebsd6_truncate 200 ++#define SYS_freebsd6_ftruncate 201 ++#define SYS_sysctl 202 ++#define SYS_mlock 203 ++#define SYS_munlock 204 ++#define SYS_undelete 205 ++#define SYS_futimes 206 ++#define SYS_getpgid 207 ++#define SYS_poll 209 ++#define SYS_semctl 220 ++#define SYS_semget 221 ++#define SYS_semop 222 ++#define SYS_msgctl 224 ++#define SYS_msgget 225 ++#define SYS_msgsnd 226 ++#define SYS_msgrcv 227 ++#define SYS_shmat 228 ++#define SYS_shmctl 229 ++#define SYS_shmdt 230 ++#define SYS_shmget 231 ++#define SYS_clock_gettime 232 ++#define SYS_clock_settime 233 ++#define SYS_clock_getres 234 ++#define SYS_ktimer_create 235 ++#define SYS_ktimer_delete 236 ++#define SYS_ktimer_settime 237 ++#define SYS_ktimer_gettime 238 ++#define SYS_ktimer_getoverrun 239 ++#define SYS_nanosleep 240 ++#define SYS_ntp_gettime 248 ++#define SYS_minherit 250 ++#define SYS_rfork 251 ++#define SYS_openbsd_poll 252 ++#define SYS_issetugid 253 ++#define SYS_lchown 254 ++#define SYS_aio_read 255 ++#define SYS_aio_write 256 ++#define SYS_lio_listio 257 ++#define SYS_getdents 272 ++#define SYS_lchmod 274 ++#define SYS_netbsd_lchown 275 ++#define SYS_lutimes 276 ++#define SYS_netbsd_msync 277 ++#define SYS_nstat 278 ++#define SYS_nfstat 279 ++#define SYS_nlstat 280 ++#define SYS_preadv 289 ++#define SYS_pwritev 290 ++#define SYS_freebsd4_fhstatfs 297 ++#define SYS_fhopen 298 ++#define SYS_fhstat 299 ++#define SYS_modnext 300 ++#define SYS_modstat 301 ++#define SYS_modfnext 302 ++#define SYS_modfind 303 ++#define SYS_kldload 304 ++#define SYS_kldunload 305 ++#define SYS_kldfind 306 ++#define SYS_kldnext 307 ++#define SYS_kldstat 308 ++#define SYS_kldfirstmod 309 ++#define SYS_getsid 310 ++#define SYS_setresuid 311 ++#define SYS_setresgid 312 ++ /* 313 is obsolete signanosleep */ ++#define SYS_aio_return 314 ++#define SYS_aio_suspend 315 ++#define SYS_aio_cancel 316 ++#define SYS_aio_error 317 ++#define SYS_oaio_read 318 ++#define SYS_oaio_write 319 ++#define SYS_olio_listio 320 ++#define SYS_yield 321 ++ /* 322 is obsolete thr_sleep */ ++ /* 323 is obsolete thr_wakeup */ ++#define SYS_mlockall 324 ++#define SYS_munlockall 325 ++#define SYS_getcwd 326 ++#define SYS_sched_setparam 327 ++#define SYS_sched_getparam 328 ++#define SYS_sched_setscheduler 329 ++#define SYS_sched_getscheduler 330 ++#define SYS_sched_yield 331 ++#define SYS_sched_get_priority_max 332 ++#define SYS_sched_get_priority_min 333 ++#define SYS_sched_rr_get_interval 334 ++#define SYS_utrace 335 ++#define SYS_freebsd4_sendfile 336 ++#define SYS_kldsym 337 ++#define SYS_jail 338 ++#define SYS_sigprocmask 340 ++#define SYS_sigsuspend 341 ++#define SYS_freebsd4_sigaction 342 ++#define SYS_sigpending 343 ++#define SYS_freebsd4_sigreturn 344 ++#define SYS_sigtimedwait 345 ++#define SYS_sigwaitinfo 346 ++#define SYS_acl_get_file 347 ++#define SYS_acl_set_file 348 ++#define SYS_acl_get_fd 349 ++#define SYS_acl_set_fd 350 ++#define SYS_acl_delete_file 351 ++#define SYS_acl_delete_fd 352 ++#define SYS_acl_aclcheck_file 353 ++#define SYS_acl_aclcheck_fd 354 ++#define SYS_extattrctl 355 ++#define SYS_extattr_set_file 356 ++#define SYS_extattr_get_file 357 ++#define SYS_extattr_delete_file 358 ++#define SYS_aio_waitcomplete 359 ++#define SYS_getresuid 360 ++#define SYS_getresgid 361 ++#define SYS_kqueue 362 ++#define SYS_kevent 363 ++#define SYS_extattr_set_fd 371 ++#define SYS_extattr_get_fd 372 ++#define SYS_extattr_delete_fd 373 ++#define SYS_setugid 374 ++#define SYS_nfsclnt 375 ++#define SYS_eaccess 376 ++#define SYS_nmount 378 ++#define SYS_kse_exit 379 ++#define SYS_kse_wakeup 380 ++#define SYS_kse_create 381 ++#define SYS_kse_thr_interrupt 382 ++#define SYS_kse_release 383 ++#define SYS_mac_get_proc 384 ++#define SYS_mac_set_proc 385 ++#define SYS_mac_get_fd 386 ++#define SYS_mac_get_file 387 ++#define SYS_mac_set_fd 388 ++#define SYS_mac_set_file 389 ++#define SYS_kenv 390 ++#define SYS_lchflags 391 ++#define SYS_uuidgen 392 ++#define SYS_sendfile 393 ++#define SYS_mac_syscall 394 ++#define SYS_getfsstat 395 ++#define SYS_statfs 396 ++#define SYS_fstatfs 397 ++#define SYS_fhstatfs 398 ++#define SYS_ksem_close 400 ++#define SYS_ksem_post 401 ++#define SYS_ksem_wait 402 ++#define SYS_ksem_trywait 403 ++#define SYS_ksem_init 404 ++#define SYS_ksem_open 405 ++#define SYS_ksem_unlink 406 ++#define SYS_ksem_getvalue 407 ++#define SYS_ksem_destroy 408 ++#define SYS_mac_get_pid 409 ++#define SYS_mac_get_link 410 ++#define SYS_mac_set_link 411 ++#define SYS_extattr_set_link 412 ++#define SYS_extattr_get_link 413 ++#define SYS_extattr_delete_link 414 ++#define SYS_mac_execve 415 ++#define SYS_sigaction 416 ++#define SYS_sigreturn 417 ++#define SYS_getcontext 421 ++#define SYS_setcontext 422 ++#define SYS_swapcontext 423 ++#define SYS_swapoff 424 ++#define SYS_acl_get_link 425 ++#define SYS_acl_set_link 426 ++#define SYS_acl_delete_link 427 ++#define SYS_acl_aclcheck_link 428 ++#define SYS_sigwait 429 ++#define SYS_thr_create 430 ++#define SYS_thr_exit 431 ++#define SYS_thr_self 432 ++#define SYS_thr_kill 433 ++#define SYS__umtx_lock 434 ++#define SYS__umtx_unlock 435 ++#define SYS_jail_attach 436 ++#define SYS_extattr_list_fd 437 ++#define SYS_extattr_list_file 438 ++#define SYS_extattr_list_link 439 ++#define SYS_kse_switchin 440 ++#define SYS_ksem_timedwait 441 ++#define SYS_thr_suspend 442 ++#define SYS_thr_wake 443 ++#define SYS_kldunloadf 444 ++#define SYS_audit 445 ++#define SYS_auditon 446 ++#define SYS_getauid 447 ++#define SYS_setauid 448 ++#define SYS_getaudit 449 ++#define SYS_setaudit 450 ++#define SYS_getaudit_addr 451 ++#define SYS_setaudit_addr 452 ++#define SYS_auditctl 453 ++#define SYS__umtx_op 454 ++#define SYS_thr_new 455 ++#define SYS_sigqueue 456 ++#define SYS_kmq_open 457 ++#define SYS_kmq_setattr 458 ++#define SYS_kmq_timedreceive 459 ++#define SYS_kmq_timedsend 460 ++#define SYS_kmq_notify 461 ++#define SYS_kmq_unlink 462 ++#define SYS_abort2 463 ++#define SYS_thr_set_name 464 ++#define SYS_aio_fsync 465 ++#define SYS_rtprio_thread 466 ++#define SYS_sctp_peeloff 471 ++#define SYS_sctp_generic_sendmsg 472 ++#define SYS_sctp_generic_sendmsg_iov 473 ++#define SYS_sctp_generic_recvmsg 474 ++#define SYS_pread 475 ++#define SYS_pwrite 476 ++#define SYS_mmap 477 ++#define SYS_lseek 478 ++#define SYS_truncate 479 ++#define SYS_ftruncate 480 ++#define SYS_thr_kill2 481 ++#define SYS_shm_open 482 ++#define SYS_shm_unlink 483 ++#define SYS_cpuset 484 ++#define SYS_cpuset_setid 485 ++#define SYS_cpuset_getid 486 ++#define SYS_cpuset_getaffinity 487 ++#define SYS_cpuset_setaffinity 488 ++#define SYS_faccessat 489 ++#define SYS_fchmodat 490 ++#define SYS_fchownat 491 ++#define SYS_fexecve 492 ++#define SYS_fstatat 493 ++#define SYS_futimesat 494 ++#define SYS_linkat 495 ++#define SYS_mkdirat 496 ++#define SYS_mkfifoat 497 ++#define SYS_mknodat 498 ++#define SYS_openat 499 ++#define SYS_readlinkat 500 ++#define SYS_renameat 501 ++#define SYS_symlinkat 502 ++#define SYS_unlinkat 503 ++#define SYS_posix_openpt 504 ++#define SYS_gssd_syscall 505 ++#define SYS_jail_get 506 ++#define SYS_jail_set 507 ++#define SYS_jail_remove 508 ++#define SYS_MAXSYSCALL 509 ++ ++#endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sys/sysmacros.h +@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ ++/* Definitions of macros to access `dev_t' values. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 1996-1997, 1999, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_SYSMACROS_H ++#define _SYS_SYSMACROS_H 1 ++ ++/* For compatibility we provide alternative names. ++ ++ The problem here is that compilers other than GCC probably don't ++ have the `long long' type and so `dev_t' is actually an array. */ ++#define major(dev) ((int)(((unsigned int) (dev) >> 8) & 0xff)) ++#define minor(dev) ((int)((dev) & 0xffff00ff)) ++#define makedev(major, minor) (((major) << 8) | (minor)) ++ ++/* Access the functions with their new names. */ ++#define gnu_dev_major(dev) major (dev) ++#define gnu_dev_minor(dev) minor (dev) ++#define gnu_dev_makedev(maj, min) makedev (maj, min) ++ ++#endif /* sys/sysmacros.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sys/ttydefaults.h +@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ ++/*- ++ * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1993 ++ * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. ++ * (c) UNIX System Laboratories, Inc. ++ * All or some portions of this file are derived from material licensed ++ * to the University of California by American Telephone and Telegraph ++ * Co. or Unix System Laboratories, Inc. and are reproduced herein with ++ * the permission of UNIX System Laboratories, Inc. ++ * ++ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without ++ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions ++ * are met: ++ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. ++ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the ++ * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. ++ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors ++ * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software ++ * without specific prior written permission. ++ * ++ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ++ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE ++ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ++ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE ++ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL ++ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS ++ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) ++ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT ++ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY ++ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF ++ * SUCH DAMAGE. ++ * ++ * @(#)ttydefaults.h 8.4 (Berkeley) 1/21/94 ++ */ ++ ++/* ++ * System wide defaults for terminal state. FreeBSD version. ++ */ ++#ifndef _SYS_TTYDEFAULTS_H_ ++#define _SYS_TTYDEFAULTS_H_ ++ ++/* ++ * Defaults on "first" open. ++ */ ++#define TTYDEF_IFLAG (BRKINT | ICRNL | IMAXBEL | IXON | IXANY) ++#define TTYDEF_OFLAG (OPOST | ONLCR) ++#define TTYDEF_LFLAG (ECHO | ICANON | ISIG | IEXTEN | ECHOE|ECHOKE|ECHOCTL) ++#define TTYDEF_CFLAG (CREAD | CS8 | HUPCL) ++#define TTYDEF_SPEED (B9600) ++ ++/* ++ * Control Character Defaults ++ */ ++#define CTRL(x) (x&037) ++#define CEOF CTRL('d') ++#ifdef _POSIX_VDISABLE ++# define CEOL _POSIX_VDISABLE ++#else ++# define CEOL ((unsigned char)'\377') /* XXX avoid _POSIX_VDISABLE */ ++#endif ++#define CERASE 0177 ++#define CERASE2 CTRL('h') ++#define CINTR CTRL('c') ++#define CSTATUS CTRL('t') ++#define CKILL CTRL('u') ++#define CMIN 1 ++#define CQUIT 034 /* FS, ^\ */ ++#define CSUSP CTRL('z') ++#define CTIME 0 ++#define CDSUSP CTRL('y') ++#define CSTART CTRL('q') ++#define CSTOP CTRL('s') ++#define CLNEXT CTRL('v') ++#define CDISCARD CTRL('o') ++#define CWERASE CTRL('w') ++#define CREPRINT CTRL('r') ++#define CEOT CEOF ++/* compat */ ++#define CBRK CEOL ++#define CRPRNT CREPRINT ++#define CFLUSH CDISCARD ++ ++/* PROTECTED INCLUSION ENDS HERE */ ++#endif /* !_SYS_TTYDEFAULTS_H_ */ ++ ++/* ++ * #define TTYDEFCHARS to include an array of default control characters. ++ */ ++#ifdef TTYDEFCHARS ++cc_t ttydefchars[NCCS] = { ++ CEOF, CEOL, CEOL, CERASE, CWERASE, CKILL, CREPRINT, ++ CERASE2, CINTR, CQUIT, CSUSP, CDSUSP, CSTART, CSTOP, CLNEXT, ++ CDISCARD, CMIN, CTIME, CSTATUS, _POSIX_VDISABLE ++}; ++#undef TTYDEFCHARS ++#endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sys/ucontext.h +@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ ++/* Data structures for user-level context switching. Generic version. ++ Copyright (C) 1997-1999, 2001-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* This file's definitions suffice for any platform where all ++ the machine-specific state is described in `struct sigcontext'. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_UCONTEXT_H ++#define _SYS_UCONTEXT_H 1 ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* We need the signal context definitions even if they are not used ++ included in . */ ++#include ++ ++/* This include file defines the type 'mcontext_t'. */ ++#include ++ ++/* Userlevel context. */ ++typedef struct ucontext ++ { ++ __sigset_t uc_sigmask; ++ mcontext_t uc_mcontext; ++ struct ucontext *uc_link; ++ stack_t uc_stack; ++ int uc_flags; ++#define UCF_SWAPPED 0x00000001 /* Used by swapcontext(3). */ ++ int __unused1[4]; ++ } ucontext_t; ++ ++#endif /* sys/ucontext.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/syscalls-inline.h +@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ ++/* prototypes of generally used "inline syscalls" ++ Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef KFREEBSD_INLINE_SYSCALLS_H ++#define KFREEBSD_INLINE_SYSCALLS_H ++ ++#include ++#define __need_sigset_t ++#include ++ ++#include ++ ++struct iovec; ++struct rusage; ++struct timespec; ++ ++int __syscall_open(const char *path, int flags, ...); ++int __syscall_close(int fd); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_open) ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_close) ++ ++ssize_t __syscall_read(int fd, void *buf, size_t nbyte); ++ssize_t __syscall_write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t nbyte); ++ssize_t __syscall_writev(int fd, const struct iovec *iovp, int iovcnt); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_read) ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_write) ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_writev) ++ ++ssize_t __syscall_readlink(const char *path, char *buf, size_t bufsiz); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_readlink) ++ ++int __syscall_fcntl(int fd, int cmd, ...); ++int __syscall_fork(void); ++int __syscall_wait4(int pid, int *status, int options, struct rusage *rusage); ++int __syscall_sigsuspend (const sigset_t *set); ++int __syscall_nanosleep (const struct timespec *requested_time, struct timespec *remaining); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_fcntl) ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_fork) ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_wait4) ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_sigsuspend) ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_nanosleep) ++ ++#endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/syscalls.list +@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@ ++# File name Caller Syscall name # args Strong name Weak names ++sys_access - access i:si __syscall_access ++acl_aclcheck_fd - acl_aclcheck_fd i:iip __acl_aclcheck_fd ++acl_aclcheck_file - acl_aclcheck_file i:sip __acl_aclcheck_file ++acl_delete_fd - acl_delete_fd i:ii __acl_delete_fd ++acl_delete_file - acl_delete_file i:si __acl_delete_file ++acl_get_fd - acl_get_fd i:iip __acl_get_fd ++acl_get_file - acl_get_file i:sip __acl_get_file ++acl_set_fd - acl_set_fd i:iip __acl_set_fd ++acl_set_file - acl_set_file i:sip __acl_set_file ++sys_aio_cancel - aio_cancel i:ip __syscall_aio_cancel ++sys_aio_error - aio_error i:p __syscall_aio_error ++sys_aio_read - aio_read i:p __syscall_aio_read ++sys_aio_return - aio_return i:p __syscall_aio_return ++sys_aio_suspend - aio_suspend i:bnP __syscall_aio_suspend ++sys_aio_waitcomplete - aio_waitcomplete i:pp __syscall_aio_waitcomplete ++sys_aio_write - aio_write i:p __syscall_aio_write ++sys_clock_getres - clock_getres i:ip __syscall_clock_getres ++sys_clock_gettime - clock_gettime i:ip __syscall_clock_gettime ++sys_clock_settime - clock_settime i:ip __syscall_clock_settime ++sys_execve - execve i:ppp __syscall_execve ++extattrctl - extattrctl i:sisI extattrctl ++extattr_delete_file - extattr_delete_file i:ss extattr_delete_file ++extattr_get_file - extattr_get_file i:ssbn extattr_get_file ++extattr_set_file - extattr_set_file i:ssbn extattr_set_file ++fhopen - fhopen i:pi fhopen ++sys_fork - fork i: __syscall_fork fork ++sys_fhstat - fhstat i:pp __syscall_fhstat ++sys_getfsstat - getfsstat i:pii __syscall_getfsstat ++sys_statfs - statfs i:sp __syscall_statfs ++sys_fstatfs - fstatfs i:ip __syscall_fstatfs ++sys_fhstatfs - fhstatfs i:pp __syscall_fhstatfs ++sys_fstat - fstat i:ip __syscall_fstat ++sys_ftruncate - ftruncate i:ii __syscall_ftruncate ++sys_freebsd6_ftruncate - freebsd6_ftruncate i:iii __syscall_freebsd6_ftruncate ++futimes - futimes i:ip __futimes futimes ++sys_getcwd - getcwd i:bn __syscall_getcwd ++sys_getdents - getdents i:ibn __syscall_getdents ++sys_getdirentries - getdirentries i:ibnP __syscall_getdirentries ++getfh - getfh i:sp getfh ++sys_getlogin - getlogin i:bn __syscall_getlogin ++getpgid - getpgid i:i __getpgid __getpgid_internal getpgid ++getpgrp - getpgrp i: getpgrp ++getresgid - getresgid i:ppp getresgid ++getresuid - getresuid i:ppp getresuid ++getrlimit - getrlimit i:ip __getrlimit getrlimit getrlimit64 ++getsid - getsid i:i getsid ++issetugid - issetugid i: issetugid ++jail - jail i:p jail ++kldfind - kldfind i:s kldfind ++kldfirstmod - kldfirstmod i:i kldfirstmod ++kldload - kldload i:s kldload ++kldnext - kldnext i:i kldnext ++kldstat - kldstat i:ip kldstat ++kldsym - kldsym i:iip kldsym ++kldunload - kldunload i:i kldunload ++kldunloadf - kldunloadf i:ii kldunloadf ++ktrace - ktrace i:siii ktrace ++lchmod - lchmod i:si __lchmod lchmod ++lchown - lchown i:sii __lchown lchown ++sys_lio_listio - lio_listio i:ibnP __syscall_lio_listio ++sys_lseek - lseek i:iii __syscall_lseek ++sys_freebsd6_lseek - freebsd6_lseek i:iiii __syscall_freebsd6_lseek ++sys_lstat - lstat i:sp __syscall_lstat ++lutimes - lutimes i:sp __lutimes lutimes ++posix_madvise - madvise i:pii posix_madvise ++minherit - minherit i:aii minherit ++mincore - mincore i:anV mincore ++mlock - mlock i:bn mlock ++mlockall - mlockall i:i mlockall ++mkfifo - mkfifo i:si __mkfifo mkfifo ++sys_mknod - mknod i:sii __syscall_mknod ++sys_mmap - mmap b:aniiii __syscall_mmap ++sys_freebsd6_mmap - freebsd6_mmap b:aniiiii __syscall_freebsd6_mmap ++sys_munmap - munmap i:pi __syscall_munmap ++modfind - modfind i:s modfind ++modfnext - modfnext i:i modfnext ++modnext - modnext i:i modnext ++modstat - modstat i:ip modstat ++mount - mount i:ssiP mount ++msgctl - msgctl i:iip msgctl ++msgget - msgget i:ii msgget ++msgrcv - msgrcv Ci:ibnii __libc_msgrcv msgrcv ++msgsnd - msgsnd Ci:ibni __libc_msgsnd msgsnd ++munlock - munlock i:ai munlock ++munlockall - munlockall i: munlockall ++nanosleep - nanosleep Ci:pp __libc_nanosleep __nanosleep nanosleep ++nmount - nmount i:pii nmount ++sys_nfstat - nfstat i:ip __syscall_nfstat ++sys_nlstat - nlstat i:sp __syscall_nlstat ++sys_nstat - nstat i:sp __syscall_nstat ++ntp_adjtime - ntp_adjtime i:p ntp_adjtime ++obreak - obreak i:a __syscall_obreak ++sys_open - open i:siv __syscall_open ++poll - poll Ci:pii __poll poll ++sys_pread - pread i:ibni __syscall_pread ++sys_freebsd6_pread - freebsd6_pread i:ibnii __syscall_freebsd6_pread ++sys_ptrace - ptrace i:iipi __syscall_ptrace ++sys_pwrite - pwrite i:ibni __syscall_pwrite ++sys_freebsd6_pwrite - freebsd6_pwrite i:ibnii __syscall_freebsd6_pwrite ++quotactl - quotactl i:siip quotactl ++sys_readv - readv i:ipi __syscall_readv ++rfork - rfork i:i __rfork rfork ++rtprio - rtprio i:iip __rtprio rtprio ++sched_gets - sched_getscheduler i:i __sched_getscheduler sched_getscheduler ++sched_primax - sched_get_priority_max i:i __sched_get_priority_max sched_get_priority_max ++sched_primin - sched_get_priority_min i:i __sched_get_priority_min sched_get_priority_min ++sched_rr_gi - sched_rr_get_interval i:ip __sched_rr_get_interval sched_rr_get_interval ++sched_setp - sched_setparam i:ip __sched_setparam sched_setparam ++sched_sets - sched_setscheduler i:iip __sched_setscheduler sched_setscheduler ++sched_yield - sched_yield i: __sched_yield sched_yield ++semget - semget i:iii semget ++semop - semop i:ipi semop ++bsd_sendfile - sendfile i:iiiippi bsd_sendfile ++setegid - setegid i:i setegid ++seteuid - seteuid i:i seteuid ++setgid - setgid i:i __setgid setgid ++sys_setlogin - setlogin i:s __syscall_setlogin ++setpgid - setpgid i:ii __setpgid setpgid ++setresgid - setresgid i:iii setresgid ++setresuid - setresuid i:iii setresuid ++setrlimit - setrlimit i:ip __setrlimit setrlimit setrlimit64 ++setsid - setsid i: __setsid setsid ++setuid - setuid i:i __setuid setuid ++shmat - shmat i:iai shmat ++shmctl - shmctl i:iip shmctl ++shmdt - shmdt i:a shmdt ++shmget - shmget i:iii shmget ++sys_sigaction - sigaction i:ipp __syscall_sigaction ++sigpending - sigpending i:p sigpending ++sigprocmask - sigprocmask i:iPP __sigprocmask sigprocmask ++sigsuspend - sigsuspend Ci:p __sigsuspend sigsuspend ++sigwaitinfo - sigwaitinfo Ci:pp __sigwaitinfo sigwaitinfo ++sigtimedwait - sigtimedwait Ci:ppP __sigtimedwait sigtimedwait ++sigqueue - sigqueue i:iii __sigqueue sigqueue ++sys_stat - stat i:sp __syscall_stat ++sysarch - sysarch i:ip __sysarch sysarch ++sysctl - sysctl i:pibNbn __sysctl sysctl ++sys_truncate - truncate i:sii __syscall_truncate ++sys_freebsd6_truncate - freebsd6_truncate i:si __syscall_freebsd6_truncate ++undelete - undelete i:s undelete ++unmount - unmount i:si unmount ++utrace - utrace i:bn utrace ++sys_writev - writev i:ipi __syscall_writev ++yield - yield i: __syscall_yield ++wait4 - wait4 i:iWiP __syscall_wait4 __wait4 wait4 ++sys_close - close i:i __syscall_close ++sys_fcntl - fcntl i:iiF __syscall_fcntl ++sys_write - write i:ibn __syscall_write ++sys_read - read i:ibn __syscall_read ++sys_connect - connect i:ipi __syscall_connect ++sys_bind - bind i:ipi __syscall_bind ++sys_sendto - sendto i:ibnibn __syscall_sendto ++sys_nanosleep EXTRA nanosleep i:pp __syscall_nanosleep ++sys_sigsuspend EXTRA sigsuspend i:p __syscall_sigsuspend ++swapcontext - swapcontext i:pp __swapcontext swapcontext ++swapon - swapon i:s swapon ++swapoff - swapoff i:s swapoff ++getcontext - getcontext i:p __getcontext getcontext ++setcontext - setcontext i:p __setcontext setcontext ++kqueue EXTRA kqueue i: __kqueue kqueue ++kevent EXTRA kevent i:ipipip __kevent kevent ++sys_umtx - _umtx_op i:piipp __syscall__umtx_op ++sys_cpuset_getaffinity - cpuset_getaffinity i:iiiip __syscall_cpuset_getaffinity ++sys_cpuset_setaffinity - cpuset_setaffinity i:iiiip __syscall_cpuset_setaffinity ++sys_faccessat - faccessat i:isii __syscall_faccessat ++sys_fchmodat - fchmodat i:isii __syscall_fchmodat ++sys_fchownat - fchownat i:isiii __syscall_fchownat ++sys_fexecve - fexecve i:ipp __syscall_fexecve ++sys_fstatat - fstatat i:ispi __syscall_fstatat ++sys_futimesat - futimesat i:isp __syscall_futimesat ++sys_linkat - linkat i:isisi __syscall_linkat ++sys_mkdirat - mkdirat i:isi __syscall_mkdirat ++sys_mkfifoat - mkfifoat i:isi __syscall_mkfifoat ++sys_mknodat - mknodat i:isii __syscall_mknodat ++sys_openat - openat i:isii __syscall_openat ++sys_readlinkat - readlinkat i:issi __syscall_readlinkat ++sys_renameat - renameat i:isis __syscall_renameat ++sys_symlinkat - symlinkat i:sis __syscall_symlinkat ++sys_unlinkat - unlinkat i:isi __syscall_unlinkat ++sys_shm_open - shm_open i:sii __syscall_shm_open ++sys_shm_unlink - shm_unlink i:s __syscall_shm_unlink ++readlink - readlink i:spi __syscall_readlink __readlink readlink +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sysconf.c +@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ ++/* Get file-specific information about a file. ++ Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++static long int posix_sysconf (int name); ++ ++/* Get the value of the system variable NAME. */ ++long int ++__sysconf (int name) ++{ ++ if (name == _SC_CPUTIME || name == _SC_THREAD_CPUTIME) ++ { ++#if HP_TIMING_AVAIL ++ // XXX We can add here test for machines which cannot support a ++ // XXX usable TSC. ++ return 200112L; ++#else ++ return -1; ++#endif ++ } ++ return posix_sysconf (name); ++} ++ ++/* Now the POSIX version. */ ++#undef __sysconf ++#define __sysconf static posix_sysconf ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sysctlbyname.c +@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* Read or write system parameters. */ ++int ++__sysctlbyname (const char *name, void *oldval, size_t *oldlenp, void *newval, size_t newlen) ++{ ++ int request[CTL_MAXNAME]; ++ size_t requestlen = sizeof (request); ++ ++ if (__sysctlnametomib(name, request, &requestlen) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ ++ /* Now call sysctl using the binary encoded request. */ ++ return __sysctl (request, requestlen / sizeof (int), ++ oldval, oldlenp, newval, newlen); ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__sysctlbyname, sysctlbyname) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/sysctlnametomib.c +@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++int ++__sysctlnametomib (const char *name, int *mibp, size_t *sizep) ++{ ++ int request[CTL_MAXNAME]; ++ size_t requestlen = sizeof (request); ++ ++ /* Convert the string NAME to a binary encoded request. The kernel ++ contains a routine for doing this, called "name2oid". But the way ++ to call it is a little bit strange. */ ++ int name2oid_request[2] = { 0, 3 }; ++ return __sysctl (name2oid_request, 2, mibp, sizep, (void *) name, ++ strlen (name)); ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__sysctlnametomib, sysctlnametomib) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/tcdrain.c +@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* Wait for pending output to be written on FD. */ ++int ++__libc_tcdrain (int fd) ++{ ++ if (SINGLE_THREAD_P) ++ return __ioctl (fd, TIOCDRAIN); ++ ++ int oldtype = LIBC_CANCEL_ASYNC (); ++ ++ int result = __ioctl (fd, TIOCDRAIN); ++ ++ LIBC_CANCEL_RESET (oldtype); ++ ++ return result; ++} ++weak_alias (__libc_tcdrain, tcdrain) ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/tcflow.c +@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ ++/* just use internal functions */ ++#define tcgetattr __tcgetattr ++#define write __write ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/telldir.c +@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ ++/* Avoid , which doesn't pass the testsuite. */ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/testrtsig.h +@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ ++/* Test whether RT signals are really available. ++ Copyright (C) 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++ ++static int ++kernel_has_rtsig (void) ++{ ++#if __ASSUME_REALTIME_SIGNALS ++ return 1; ++#else ++ ++ int request[2] = { CTL_KERN, KERN_OSRELDATE}; ++ size_t len; ++ int val; ++ ++ len = sizeof (val); ++ if (__sysctl (request, 2, &val, &len, NULL, 0) < 0) ++ return 0; ++ if ( val < 700050) /* FreeBSD 7.0 is 700055 */ ++ return 0; ++ return 1; ++#endif ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/truncate.c +@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_truncate (const char *__file, __off_t __length) __THROW; ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_truncate) ++extern int __syscall_freebsd6_truncate (const char *__file, int __unused1, ++ __off_t __length) __THROW; ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_freebsd6_truncate) ++ ++int ++__truncate (const char *file, __off_t length) ++{ ++ int result; ++ ++ /* First try the new syscall. */ ++ result = INLINE_SYSCALL (truncate, 2, file, length); ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_TRUNCATE_SYSCALL ++ if (result == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) ++ /* New syscall not available, us the old one. */ ++ result = INLINE_SYSCALL (freebsd6_truncate, 3, file, 0, length); ++#endif ++ ++ return result; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__truncate, truncate) ++ ++/* 'truncate64' is the same as 'truncate', because __off64_t == __off_t. */ ++strong_alias (__truncate, __truncate64) ++weak_alias (__truncate64, truncate64) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/truncate64.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++/* 'truncate64' is the same as 'truncate', because __off64_t == __off_t. */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/ulimit.c +@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ ++/* just use linux variant */ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/uname.c +@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible . ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#define SYSNAME "GNU/kFreeBSD" ++#define SYSNAME_LEN 13 ++ ++/* Check for bounds in pre-processor */ ++#if SYSNAME_LEN > _UTSNAME_SYSNAME_LENGTH ++#error ++#endif ++ ++/* Put information about the system in NAME. */ ++int ++__uname (struct utsname *name) ++{ ++ int request[2] = { CTL_KERN }; ++ size_t len; ++ ++ /* Fill sysname: "uname -s". */ ++ strcpy (name->sysname, SYSNAME); ++ ++ /* Fill nodename: "uname -n". Fetch sysctl "kern.hostname". */ ++ request[1] = KERN_HOSTNAME; ++ len = sizeof (name->nodename); ++ if (__sysctl (request, 2, name->nodename, &len, NULL, 0) >= 0) ++ { ++ if (len < sizeof (name->nodename)) ++ name->nodename[len] = '\0'; ++ } ++ ++ /* Fill release: "uname -r". Fetch sysctl "kern.osrelease". */ ++ request[1] = KERN_OSRELEASE; ++ len = sizeof (name->release); ++ if (__sysctl (request, 2, name->release, &len, NULL, 0) >= 0) ++ { ++ if (len < sizeof (name->release)) ++ name->release[len] = '\0'; ++ } ++ ++ /* Fill version: "uname -v". Fetch sysctl "kern.version". */ ++ request[1] = KERN_VERSION; ++ len = sizeof (name->version); ++ if (__sysctl (request, 2, name->version, &len, NULL, 0) >= 0) ++ { ++ if (len < sizeof (name->version)) ++ name->version[len] = '\0'; ++ } ++ ++ /* Remove trailing whitespace. Turn non-trailing whitespace to ++ spaces. */ ++ { ++ char *p0 = name->version; ++ char *p = p0 + __strnlen (p0, sizeof (name->version)); ++ ++ while (p > p0 && (p[-1] == '\t' || p[-1] == '\n' || p[-1] == ' ')) ++ *--p = '\0'; ++ ++ while (p > p0) ++ { ++ --p; ++ if (*p == '\t' || *p == '\n') ++ *p = ' '; ++ } ++ } ++ ++#ifdef __x86_64__ ++ /* Check for bounds in pre-processor */ ++# if 7 > _UTSNAME_MACHINE_LENGTH ++# error ++# endif ++ /* Pristine FreeBSD kernel would return "amd64". Avoid that. */ ++ strcpy (name->machine, "x86_64"); ++#else ++ /* Fill machine: "uname -m". Fetch sysctl "hw.machine". */ ++ request[0] = CTL_HW; ++ request[1] = HW_MACHINE; ++ len = sizeof (name->machine); ++ if (__sysctl (request, 2, name->machine, &len, NULL, 0) >= 0) ++ { ++ if (len < sizeof (name->machine)) ++ name->machine[len] = '\0'; ++ } ++#endif ++ ++ return 0; ++} ++libc_hidden_def (__uname) ++weak_alias (__uname, uname) ++libc_hidden_def (uname) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/unlinkat.c +@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_unlinkat (int fd, const char *file, int flag); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_unlinkat) ++ ++libc_hidden_proto (__unlink) ++ ++/* Remove the link named NAME. */ ++int ++unlinkat (fd, file, flag) ++ int fd; ++ const char *file; ++ int flag; ++{ ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (__have_atfcts >= 0) ++# endif ++ { ++ int result = INLINE_SYSCALL (unlinkat, 3, fd, file, flag); ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (result == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) ++ __have_atfcts = -1; ++ else ++# endif ++ return result; ++ } ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (flag & ~AT_REMOVEDIR) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ if (fd != AT_FDCWD && file[0] != '/') ++ { ++ int mib[4]; ++ size_t kf_len = 0; ++ char *kf_buf, *kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (fd < 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ mib[0] = CTL_KERN; ++ mib[1] = KERN_PROC; ++ mib[2] = KERN_PROC_FILEDESC; ++ mib[3] = __getpid (); ++ ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, NULL, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_buf = alloca (kf_len + strlen (file)); ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, kf_buf, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_bufp = kf_buf; ++ while (kf_bufp < kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ struct kinfo_file *kf = (struct kinfo_file *) (uintptr_t) kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (kf->kf_fd == fd) ++ { ++ if (kf->kf_type != KF_TYPE_VNODE || ++ kf->kf_vnode_type != KF_VTYPE_VDIR) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOTDIR); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, "/"); ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, file); ++ file = kf->kf_path; ++ break; ++ } ++ kf_bufp += kf->kf_structsize; ++ } ++ ++ if (kf_bufp >= kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ } ++ if (flag & AT_REMOVEDIR) ++ return __rmdir (file); ++ else ++ return __unlink (file); ++#endif ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/unlockpt.c +@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++ ++int ++__unlockpt (int fd) ++{ ++ struct stat64 st; ++ ++ /* there is no need/way to do unlocking of slave pseudo-terminal device, ++ just check whether fd might be valid master pseudo-terminal device */ ++ ++ if (__fxstat64 (_STAT_VER, fd, &st) < 0) ++ return -1; ++ ++ if (!(S_ISCHR (st.st_mode))) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOTTY); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ return 0; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__unlockpt, unlockpt) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/usleep.c +@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ ++/* Implementation of the BSD usleep function using nanosleep. ++ Copyright (C) 1996-1997, 1999, 2001-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++int ++usleep (useconds_t useconds) ++{ ++ unsigned int sec; ++ unsigned int usec; ++ struct timespec ts; ++ ++ /* POSIX:2001 says that useconds >= 1000000 is invalid; nevertheless let's ++ be forgiving. */ ++ if (__builtin_expect (useconds < 1000000, 1)) ++ { ++ sec = 0; ++ usec = useconds; ++ } ++ else ++ { ++ sec = useconds / 1000000; ++ usec = useconds % 1000000; ++ } ++ ++ ts.tv_sec = sec; ++ ts.tv_nsec = usec * 1000; /* Multiply as 32-bit integers. */ ++ ++ /* Note the usleep() is a cancellation point. But since we call ++ nanosleep() which itself is a cancellation point we do not have ++ to do anything here. */ ++ return __nanosleep (&ts, NULL); ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/ustat.c +@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ ++/* Return info on filesystem. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++int ++ustat (dev_t dev, struct ustat *ubuf) ++{ ++ int mntcount; ++ struct statfs *mntlist; ++ ++ /* Search for the device among the f_mntfromname fields of all mounted ++ filesystems. */ ++ mntcount = __getmntinfo (&mntlist, 0); ++ if (mntcount == 0 && errno != 0) ++ return -1; ++ if (mntcount > 0) ++ { ++ int i; ++ ++ for (i = 0; i < mntcount; i++) ++ { ++ struct statfs *mnt = &mntlist[i]; ++ struct stat statbuf; ++ ++ if ((__strnlen (mnt->f_mntfromname, sizeof (mnt->f_mntfromname)) ++ < sizeof (mnt->f_mntfromname)) ++ && __xstat (_STAT_VER, mnt->f_mntfromname, &statbuf) >= 0 ++ && S_ISBLK (statbuf.st_mode) ++ && statbuf.st_rdev == dev) ++ { ++ /* Found the device. Now produce the result. */ ++ memset (ubuf, '\0', sizeof (struct ustat)); ++ ubuf->f_tfree = mnt->f_bfree; ++ ubuf->f_tinode = mnt->f_ffree; ++ return 0; ++ } ++ } ++ } ++ ++ /* DEV is not among the mounted devices. */ ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/utmp-compat/Makefile +@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ ++# Additional functions: ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),login) ++# For . ++sysdep_routines += utmpconv ++endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/utmp-compat/bits/utmp.h +@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ ++/* The `struct utmp' type, describing entries in the utmp file. For FreeBSD. ++ Copyright (C) 1993, 1996-1997, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _UTMP_H ++# error "Never include directly; use instead." ++#endif ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++ ++#define UT_NAMESIZE 16 ++#define UT_LINESIZE 8 ++#define UT_HOSTSIZE 16 ++ ++ ++struct lastlog ++ { ++ time_t ll_time; ++ char ll_line[UT_LINESIZE]; ++ char ll_host[UT_HOSTSIZE]; ++ }; ++ ++struct utmp ++ { ++ char ut_line[UT_LINESIZE]; ++ char ut_user[UT_NAMESIZE]; ++#define ut_name ut_user ++ char ut_host[UT_HOSTSIZE]; ++ __time_t ut_time; ++ }; ++ ++ ++#define _HAVE_UT_HOST 1 /* We have the ut_host field. */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/utmp-compat/getutmp.c +@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1999, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __utmpx_to_utmp (const struct utmpx *, struct utmp *); ++ ++/* Copy the information in UTMPX to UTMP. */ ++void ++getutmp (const struct utmpx *utmpx, struct utmp *utmp) ++{ ++ if (__utmpx_to_utmp (utmpx, utmp) < 0) ++ memset (utmp, '\0', sizeof (struct utmp)); ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/utmp-compat/getutmpx.c +@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1999, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __utmp_to_utmpx (const struct utmp *, struct utmpx *); ++ ++/* Copy the information in UTMP to UTMPX. */ ++void ++getutmpx (const struct utmp *utmp, struct utmpx *utmpx) ++{ ++ if (__utmp_to_utmpx (utmp, utmpx) < 0) ++ memset (utmpx, '\0', sizeof (struct utmpx)); ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/utmp-compat/getutxent.c +@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __utmp_to_utmpx (const struct utmp *, struct utmpx *); ++ ++/* Static buffer to store the result. */ ++static struct utmpx buffer; ++ ++struct utmpx * ++__getutxent (void) ++{ ++ for (;;) ++ { ++ struct utmp *tmp = __getutent (); ++ ++ if (tmp == NULL) ++ return NULL; ++ ++ if (__utmp_to_utmpx (tmp, &buffer) >= 0) ++ return &buffer; ++ ++ /* Skip entries that cannot be converted to utmpx. */ ++ } ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__getutxent, getutxent) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/utmp-compat/getutxid.c +@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern struct utmpx *__getutxent (void); ++ ++struct utmpx * ++getutxid (const struct utmpx *id) ++{ ++ switch (id->ut_type) ++ { ++ case INIT_PROCESS: ++ case LOGIN_PROCESS: ++ case USER_PROCESS: ++ case DEAD_PROCESS: ++ for (;;) ++ { ++ struct utmpx *next = __getutxent (); ++ ++ if (next == NULL) ++ return NULL; ++ ++ switch (next->ut_type) ++ { ++ case INIT_PROCESS: ++ case LOGIN_PROCESS: ++ case USER_PROCESS: ++ case DEAD_PROCESS: ++ if (strncmp (next->ut_id, id->ut_id, sizeof (id->ut_id)) == 0) ++ return next; ++ break; ++ default: ++ break; ++ } ++ } ++ ++ default: ++ for (;;) ++ { ++ struct utmpx *next = __getutxent (); ++ ++ if (next == NULL) ++ return NULL; ++ ++ if (next->ut_type == id->ut_type) ++ return next; ++ } ++ } ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/utmp-compat/getutxline.c +@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern struct utmpx *__getutxent (void); ++ ++struct utmpx * ++getutxline (const struct utmpx *line) ++{ ++ for (;;) ++ { ++ struct utmpx *next = __getutxent (); ++ ++ if (next == NULL) ++ return NULL; ++ ++ if ((next->ut_type == LOGIN_PROCESS || next->ut_type == USER_PROCESS) ++ && strncmp (next->ut_line, line->ut_line, __UT_LINESIZE) == 0) ++ return next; ++ } ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/utmp-compat/pututxline.c +@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1998, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __utmp_to_utmpx (const struct utmp *, struct utmpx *); ++extern int __utmpx_to_utmp (const struct utmpx *, struct utmp *); ++ ++/* Static buffer to store the result. */ ++static struct utmpx buffer; ++ ++struct utmpx * ++pututxline (const struct utmpx *utmpx) ++{ ++ struct utmp tmp; ++ ++ if (__utmpx_to_utmp (utmpx, &tmp) >= 0) ++ { ++ struct utmp *tmpres = __pututline (&tmp); ++ ++ if (tmpres != NULL) ++ { ++ if (__utmp_to_utmpx (tmpres, &buffer) >= 0) ++ return &buffer; ++ ++ /* Hmm. We wrote a 'struct utmp' that we cannot convert back ++ to 'struct utmpx'. Shouldn't happen that often. */ ++ return NULL; ++ } ++ } ++ return NULL; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/utmp-compat/updwtmpx.c +@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1998, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __utmpx_to_utmp (const struct utmpx *, struct utmp *); ++ ++void ++updwtmpx (const char *wtmpx_file, const struct utmpx *utmpx) ++{ ++ struct utmp tmp; ++ ++ if (__utmpx_to_utmp (utmpx, &tmp) >= 0) ++ __updwtmp (wtmpx_file, &tmp); ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/utmp-compat/utmp-equal.h +@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1996-1999,2000-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++ ++/* Test whether two entries match. */ ++static int ++__utmp_equal (const struct utmp *entry, const struct utmp *match) ++{ ++ /* This implementation is consistent with the __utmp_to_utmpx function. */ ++ return ++ (!((entry->ut_line[0] == '\0' && entry->ut_name[0] == '\0' ++ && entry->ut_host[0] == '\0') ++ || ((entry->ut_line[0] == '~' || entry->ut_line[0] == '{' ++ || entry->ut_line[0] == '|') ++ && entry->ut_line[1] == '\0')) ++ && ++ !((match->ut_line[0] == '\0' && match->ut_name[0] == '\0' ++ && match->ut_host[0] == '\0') ++ || ((match->ut_line[0] == '~' || match->ut_line[0] == '{' ++ || match->ut_line[0] == '|') ++ && match->ut_line[1] == '\0')) ++ && ++#if _HAVE_UT_ID - 0 ++ (entry->ut_id[0] && match->ut_id[0] ++ ? strncmp (entry->ut_id, match->ut_id, sizeof match->ut_id) == 0 ++ : strncmp (entry->ut_line, match->ut_line, sizeof match->ut_line) == 0) ++#else ++ strncmp (entry->ut_line, match->ut_line, sizeof match->ut_line) == 0 ++#endif ++ ); ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/utmp-compat/utmp_file.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/utmp-compat/utmpconv.c +@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@ ++/* Convert between 'struct utmp' and 'struct utmx'. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* We reuse the 'struct utmp' file format also for 'struct utmpx' records. ++ The mapping from 'struct utmp' to 'struct utmpx' is injective; the ++ reverse mapping succeeds only when common conventions are respected. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* Compare two 'struct utmpx' records. */ ++int ++__utmpx_equal (const struct utmpx *u1, const struct utmpx *u2) ++{ ++ return (u1->ut_type == u2->ut_type) ++ && (u1->ut_pid == u2->ut_pid) ++ && (strncmp (u1->ut_line, u2->ut_line, __UT_LINESIZE) == 0) ++ && (strncmp (u1->ut_id, u2->ut_id, sizeof (u1->ut_id)) == 0) ++ && (strncmp (u1->ut_user, u2->ut_user, __UT_NAMESIZE) == 0) ++ && (strncmp (u1->ut_host, u2->ut_host, __UT_HOSTSIZE) == 0) ++ && (u1->ut_exit.e_termination == u2->ut_exit.e_termination) ++ && (u1->ut_exit.e_exit == u2->ut_exit.e_exit) ++ && (u1->ut_session == u2->ut_session) ++ && (u1->ut_tv.tv_sec == u2->ut_tv.tv_sec) ++ && (u1->ut_tv.tv_usec == u2->ut_tv.tv_usec) ++ && (memcmp (u1->ut_addr_v6, u2->ut_addr_v6, sizeof (u1->ut_addr_v6)) ++ == 0); ++} ++ ++int ++__utmp_to_utmpx (const struct utmp *u, struct utmpx *ux) ++{ ++ memset (ux, '\0', sizeof (struct utmpx)); ++ ++ if (u->ut_line[0] == '\0' && u->ut_name[0] == '\0' && u->ut_host[0] == '\0') ++ { ++ ux->ut_type = EMPTY; ++ } ++ else ++ { ++ if (u->ut_line[0] == '~' && u->ut_line[1] == '\0') ++ { ++ if (strncmp (u->ut_name, "runlevel", UT_NAMESIZE) == 0) ++ ux->ut_type = RUN_LVL; ++ else if (strncmp (u->ut_name, "reboot", UT_NAMESIZE) == 0) ++ ux->ut_type = BOOT_TIME; ++ else if (strncmp (u->ut_name, "acct", UT_NAMESIZE) == 0) ++ ux->ut_type = ACCOUNTING; ++ else ++ return -1; ++ } ++ else if (u->ut_line[0] == '{' && u->ut_line[1] == '\0') ++ { ++ if (strncmp (u->ut_name, "date", UT_NAMESIZE) == 0) ++ ux->ut_type = NEW_TIME; ++ else ++ return -1; ++ } ++ else if (u->ut_line[0] == '|' && u->ut_line[1] == '\0') ++ { ++ if (strncmp (u->ut_name, "date", UT_NAMESIZE) == 0) ++ ux->ut_type = OLD_TIME; ++ else ++ return -1; ++ } ++ else ++ { ++ if (strncmp (u->ut_name, "INIT", UT_NAMESIZE) == 0) ++ ux->ut_type = INIT_PROCESS; ++ else if (strncmp (u->ut_name, "LOGIN", UT_NAMESIZE) == 0) ++ ux->ut_type = LOGIN_PROCESS; ++ else if (strncmp (u->ut_name, "", UT_NAMESIZE) == 0) ++ ux->ut_type = DEAD_PROCESS; ++ else ++ ux->ut_type = USER_PROCESS; ++ ++ if (ux->ut_type == LOGIN_PROCESS || ux->ut_type == USER_PROCESS) ++ strncpy (ux->ut_user, u->ut_name, UT_NAMESIZE); ++ ++ if (strncmp (u->ut_line, "tty", 3) == 0) ++ { ++ strncpy (ux->ut_line, u->ut_line, UT_LINESIZE); ++ strncpy (ux->ut_id, u->ut_line + 3, sizeof (ux->ut_id)); ++ } ++ else ++ { ++ strncpy (ux->ut_id, u->ut_line, sizeof (ux->ut_id)); ++ } ++ } ++ ++ strncpy (ux->ut_host, u->ut_host, UT_HOSTSIZE); ++ ++ /* Hack: Recover the ut_pid from the hidden place after the host. */ ++ if (__strnlen (u->ut_host, UT_HOSTSIZE) < UT_HOSTSIZE - 2) ++ { ++ const char *hidden = u->ut_host + strlen (u->ut_host) + 1; ++ ++ if (hidden[0] != '\0') ++ { ++ size_t n = UT_HOSTSIZE - strlen (u->ut_host) - 1; ++ char buf[UT_HOSTSIZE]; ++ unsigned long pid; ++ char *endp; ++ ++ strncpy (buf, hidden, n); ++ buf[n] = '\0'; ++ ++ pid = strtoul (buf, &endp, 10); ++ if (endp != buf && *endp == '\0') ++ ux->ut_pid = pid; ++ } ++ } ++ ++ ux->ut_tv.tv_sec = u->ut_time; ++ ux->ut_tv.tv_usec = 0; ++ } ++ ++ return 0; ++} ++ ++int ++__utmpx_to_utmp (const struct utmpx *ux, struct utmp *u) ++{ ++ char buf[10+1]; ++ ++ switch (ux->ut_type) ++ { ++ case EMPTY: ++ strncpy (u->ut_line, "", UT_LINESIZE); ++ strncpy (u->ut_name, "", UT_NAMESIZE); ++ strncpy (u->ut_host, "", UT_HOSTSIZE); ++ break; ++ ++ case RUN_LVL: ++ strncpy (u->ut_line, "~", UT_LINESIZE); ++ strncpy (u->ut_name, "runlevel", UT_NAMESIZE); ++ strncpy (u->ut_host, ux->ut_host, UT_HOSTSIZE); ++ break; ++ ++ case BOOT_TIME: ++ strncpy (u->ut_line, "~", UT_LINESIZE); ++ strncpy (u->ut_name, "reboot", UT_NAMESIZE); ++ strncpy (u->ut_host, ux->ut_host, UT_HOSTSIZE); ++ break; ++ ++ case NEW_TIME: ++ strncpy (u->ut_line, "{", UT_LINESIZE); ++ strncpy (u->ut_name, "date", UT_NAMESIZE); ++ strncpy (u->ut_host, ux->ut_host, UT_HOSTSIZE); ++ break; ++ ++ case OLD_TIME: ++ strncpy (u->ut_line, "|", UT_LINESIZE); ++ strncpy (u->ut_name, "date", UT_NAMESIZE); ++ strncpy (u->ut_host, ux->ut_host, UT_HOSTSIZE); ++ break; ++ ++ case INIT_PROCESS: ++ case LOGIN_PROCESS: ++ case USER_PROCESS: ++ case DEAD_PROCESS: ++ if (ux->ut_line[0] != '\0') ++ strncpy (u->ut_line, ux->ut_line, UT_LINESIZE); ++ else ++ strncpy (u->ut_line, ux->ut_id, sizeof (ux->ut_id)); ++ switch (ux->ut_type) ++ { ++ case INIT_PROCESS: ++ strncpy (u->ut_name, "INIT", UT_NAMESIZE); ++ break; ++ case LOGIN_PROCESS: ++ strncpy (u->ut_name, "LOGIN", UT_NAMESIZE); ++ break; ++ case USER_PROCESS: ++ strncpy (u->ut_name, ux->ut_user, UT_NAMESIZE); ++ break; ++ case DEAD_PROCESS: ++ strncpy (u->ut_name, "", UT_NAMESIZE); ++ break; ++ } ++ strncpy (u->ut_host, ux->ut_host, UT_HOSTSIZE); ++ break; ++ ++ case ACCOUNTING: ++ strncpy (u->ut_line, "~", UT_LINESIZE); ++ strncpy (u->ut_name, "acct", UT_NAMESIZE); ++ strncpy (u->ut_host, ux->ut_host, UT_HOSTSIZE); ++ break; ++ ++ default: ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ u->ut_time = ux->ut_tv.tv_sec; ++ ++ /* Hack: Put the ut_pid at a hidden place where there is likely room. */ ++ if (ux->ut_pid != 0) ++ { ++ size_t room = UT_HOSTSIZE - strlen (u->ut_host) - 1; ++ ++ sprintf (buf, "%lu", (unsigned long) ux->ut_pid); ++ if (strlen (buf) <= room) ++ strncpy (u->ut_host + strlen (u->ut_host) + 1, buf, room); ++ } ++ ++ return 0; ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/utmp-utmpx/utmp_file.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/wait.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/wait3.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/waitpid.c +@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1991,95,96,97,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* Wait for a child matching PID to die. ++ If PID is greater than 0, match any process whose process ID is PID. ++ If PID is (pid_t) -1, match any process. ++ If PID is (pid_t) 0, match any process with the ++ same process group as the current process. ++ If PID is less than -1, match any process whose ++ process group is the absolute value of PID. ++ If the WNOHANG bit is set in OPTIONS, and that child ++ is not already dead, return (pid_t) 0. If successful, ++ return PID and store the dead child's status in STAT_LOC. ++ Return (pid_t) -1 for errors. If the WUNTRACED bit is set in OPTIONS, ++ return status for stopped children; otherwise don't. */ ++pid_t ++__libc_waitpid (pid_t pid, int *stat_loc, int options) ++{ ++ if (SINGLE_THREAD_P) ++ { ++ return INLINE_SYSCALL (wait4, 4, pid, stat_loc, options, NULL); ++ } ++ ++ int oldtype = LIBC_CANCEL_ASYNC (); ++ ++ int result = INLINE_SYSCALL (wait4, 4, pid, stat_loc, options, NULL); ++ ++ LIBC_CANCEL_RESET (oldtype); ++ ++ return result; ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__libc_waitpid, __waitpid) ++libc_hidden_weak (__waitpid) ++weak_alias (__libc_waitpid, waitpid) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/writev.c +@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ ++/* writev for FreeBSD. ++ Copyright (C) 1997-1998, 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern ssize_t __syscall_writev (int, const struct iovec *__unbounded, int); ++ ++static ssize_t __atomic_writev_replacement (int, const struct iovec *, ++ int) internal_function; ++ ++ssize_t ++__libc_writev (int fd, const struct iovec *vector, int count) ++{ ++ if (count <= UIO_MAXIOV) ++ { ++ if (SINGLE_THREAD_P) ++ return INLINE_SYSCALL (writev, 3, fd, CHECK_N (vector, count), count); ++ ++ int oldtype = LIBC_CANCEL_ASYNC (); ++ ssize_t result = INLINE_SYSCALL (writev, 3, fd, CHECK_N (vector, count), count); ++ LIBC_CANCEL_RESET (oldtype); ++ return result; ++ ++ } ++ else ++ return __atomic_writev_replacement (fd, vector, count); ++} ++strong_alias (__libc_writev, __writev) ++weak_alias (__libc_writev, writev) ++ ++#define __libc_writev static internal_function __atomic_writev_replacement ++#include ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/Makefile +@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ ++32bit-predefine = __i386__ ++64bit-predefine = __x86_64__ ++ ++# Additional header files to be installed in $prefix/include: ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),misc) ++sysdep_headers += \ ++ sys/io.h \ ++ sys/perm.h ++endif ++ ++# Additional functions, and particular system calls: ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),misc) ++# For and . ++sysdep_routines += iopl ++endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/Versions +@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ ++libc { ++ GLIBC_2.3.4 { ++ iopl; ++ } ++} +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/bits/mcontext.h +@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@ ++/* Machine-dependent processor state structure for FreeBSD. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. x86_64 version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#if !defined _SYS_UCONTEXT_H ++# error "Never use directly; include instead." ++#endif ++ ++/*- ++ * Copyright (c) 2003 Peter Wemm ++ * Copyright (c) 1999 Marcel Moolenaar ++ * All rights reserved. ++ * ++ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without ++ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions ++ * are met: ++ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer ++ * in this position and unchanged. ++ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright ++ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the ++ * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. ++ * 3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products ++ * derived from this software without specific prior written permission. ++ * ++ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR ++ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES ++ * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. ++ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, ++ * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT ++ * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, ++ * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY ++ * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT ++ * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF ++ * THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. ++ * ++ * based on $FreeBSD: src/sys/amd64/include/ucontext.h,v 1.18 2003/11/08 04:39:22 peter Exp $ ++ */ ++ ++#ifdef __i386__ ++ ++/* Whole processor state. */ ++typedef struct ++ { ++ /* ++ * The first 20 fields must match the definition of ++ * sigcontext. So that we can support sigcontext ++ * and ucontext_t at the same time. ++ */ ++ ++ int mc_onstack; /* Nonzero if running on sigstack. */ ++ ++ /* Segment registers. */ ++ int mc_gs; ++ int mc_fs; ++ int mc_es; ++ int mc_ds; ++ ++ /* "General" registers. These members are in the order that the i386 ++ `pusha' and `popa' instructions use (`popa' ignores %esp). */ ++ int mc_edi; ++ int mc_esi; ++ int mc_ebp; ++ int mc_isp; /* Not used; sc_esp is used instead. */ ++ int mc_ebx; ++ int mc_edx; ++ int mc_ecx; ++ int mc_eax; ++ ++ int mc_trapno; ++ int mc_err; ++ ++ int mc_eip; /* Instruction pointer. */ ++ int mc_cs; /* Code segment register. */ ++ ++ int mc_efl; /* Processor flags. */ ++ ++ int mc_esp; /* This stack pointer is used. */ ++ int mc_ss; /* Stack segment register. */ ++ ++ int mc_len; /* sizeof(mcontext_t) */ ++#define _MC_FPFMT_NODEV 0x10000 /* device not present or configured */ ++#define _MC_FPFMT_387 0x10001 ++#define _MC_FPFMT_XMM 0x10002 ++ int mc_fpformat; ++#define _MC_FPOWNED_NONE 0x20000 /* FP state not used */ ++#define _MC_FPOWNED_FPU 0x20001 /* FP state came from FPU */ ++#define _MC_FPOWNED_PCB 0x20002 /* FP state came from PCB */ ++ int mc_ownedfp; ++ int mc_spare1[1]; /* align next field to 16 bytes */ ++ /* ++ * See for the internals of mc_fpstate[]. ++ */ ++ int mc_fpstate[128] __attribute__((aligned(16))); ++ int mc_spare2[8]; ++ } mcontext_t; ++ ++#else ++ ++/* Whole processor state. */ ++typedef struct ++ { ++ /* ++ * The first 20 fields must match the definition of ++ * sigcontext. So that we can support sigcontext ++ * and ucontext_t at the same time. ++ */ ++ long mc_onstack; /* XXX - sigcontext compat. */ ++ long mc_rdi; /* machine state (struct trapframe) */ ++ long mc_rsi; ++ long mc_rdx; ++ long mc_rcx; ++ long mc_r8; ++ long mc_r9; ++ long mc_rax; ++ long mc_rbx; ++ long mc_rbp; ++ long mc_r10; ++ long mc_r11; ++ long mc_r12; ++ long mc_r13; ++ long mc_r14; ++ long mc_r15; ++ long mc_trapno; ++ long mc_addr; ++ long mc_flags; ++ long mc_err; ++ long mc_rip; ++ long mc_cs; ++ long mc_rflags; ++ long mc_rsp; ++ long mc_ss; ++ ++ long mc_len; /* sizeof(mcontext_t) */ ++#define _MC_FPFMT_NODEV 0x10000 /* device not present or configured */ ++#define _MC_FPFMT_XMM 0x10002 ++ long mc_fpformat; ++#define _MC_FPOWNED_NONE 0x20000 /* FP state not used */ ++#define _MC_FPOWNED_FPU 0x20001 /* FP state came from FPU */ ++#define _MC_FPOWNED_PCB 0x20002 /* FP state came from PCB */ ++ long mc_ownedfp; ++ /* ++ * See for the internals of mc_fpstate[]. ++ */ ++ long mc_fpstate[64] __attribute__((aligned(16))); ++ long mc_spare[8]; ++} mcontext_t; ++ ++#endif ++ ++/* Traditional BSD names for some members. */ ++#define mc_eflags mc_efl +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/bits/sigcontext.h +@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@ ++/* Machine-dependent signal context structure for FreeBSD. i386 version. ++ Copyright (C) 1991-1992,1994,1997,2001-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#if !defined _SIGNAL_H && !defined _SYS_UCONTEXT_H ++# error "Never use directly; include instead." ++#endif ++ ++#ifndef _BITS_SIGCONTEXT_H ++#define _BITS_SIGCONTEXT_H 1 ++ ++#ifdef __i386__ ++ ++/* State of this thread when the signal was taken. ++ The unions below are for compatibility with Linux (whose sigcontext ++ components don't have sc_ prefix) */ ++struct sigcontext ++ { ++ __sigset_t sc_mask; /* Blocked signals to restore. */ ++ int sc_onstack; /* Nonzero if running on sigstack. */ ++ ++ /* Segment registers. */ ++ union { int sc_gs; int gs; }; ++ union { int sc_fs; int fs; }; ++ union { int sc_es; int es; }; ++ union { int sc_ds; int ds; }; ++ ++ /* "General" registers. These members are in the order that the i386 ++ `pusha' and `popa' instructions use (`popa' ignores %esp). */ ++ union { int sc_edi; int edi; }; ++ union { int sc_esi; int esi; }; ++ union { int sc_ebp; int ebp; }; ++ union { int sc_isp; int isp; }; /* Not used; sc_esp is used instead. */ ++ union { int sc_ebx; int ebx; }; ++ union { int sc_edx; int edx; }; ++ union { int sc_ecx; int ecx; }; ++ union { int sc_eax; int eax; }; ++ ++ union { int sc_trapno; int trapno; }; ++ union { int sc_err; int err; }; ++ ++ union { int sc_eip; int eip; }; /* Instruction pointer. */ ++ union { int sc_cs; int cs; }; /* Code segment register. */ ++ ++ union { int sc_efl; int eflags; }; /* Processor flags. */ ++ ++ union { int sc_esp; int esp; }; /* This stack pointer is used. */ ++ union { int sc_ss; int ss; }; /* Stack segment register. */ ++ ++ int sc_len; /* sizeof(mcontext_t) */ ++ /* ++ * XXX - See and for ++ * the following fields. ++ */ ++ int sc_fpformat; ++ int sc_ownedfp; ++ int sc_spare1[1]; ++ int sc_fpstate[128] __attribute__((aligned(16))); ++ int sc_spare2[8]; ++ }; ++ ++/* Traditional BSD names for some members. */ ++#define sc_sp sc_esp /* Stack pointer. */ ++#define sc_fp sc_ebp /* Frame pointer. */ ++#define sc_pc sc_eip /* Process counter. */ ++#define sc_ps sc_efl ++#define sc_eflags sc_efl ++ ++#if 1 /* FIXME: These need verification. */ ++ ++/* Codes for SIGILL. */ ++#define ILL_PRIVIN_FAULT 1 ++#define ILL_ALIGN_FAULT 14 ++#define ILL_FPOP_FAULT 24 ++ ++/* Codes for SIGBUS. */ ++#define BUS_PAGE_FAULT 12 ++#define BUS_SEGNP_FAULT 26 ++#define BUS_STK_FAULT 27 ++#define BUS_SEGM_FAULT 29 ++ ++#endif ++ ++#else ++ ++struct sigcontext ++ { ++ __sigset_t sc_mask; /* Blocked signals to restore. */ ++ long sc_onstack; /* Nonzero if running on sigstack. */ ++ union { long sc_rdi; long rdi;}; ++ union { long sc_rsi; long rsi;}; ++ union { long sc_rdx; long rdx;}; ++ union { long sc_rcx; long rcx;}; ++ union { long sc_r8; long r8;}; ++ union { long sc_r9; long r9;}; ++ union { long sc_rax; long rax;}; ++ union { long sc_rbx; long rbx;}; ++ union { long sc_rbp; long rbp;}; ++ union { long sc_r10; long r10;}; ++ union { long sc_r11; long r11;}; ++ union { long sc_r12; long r12;}; ++ union { long sc_r13; long r13;}; ++ union { long sc_r14; long r14;}; ++ union { long sc_r15; long r15;}; ++ union { long sc_trapno; long trapno;}; ++ union { long sc_addr; long addr;}; ++ union { long sc_flags; long flags;}; ++ union { long sc_err; long err;}; ++ union { long sc_rip; long rip;}; ++ union { long sc_cs; long cs;}; ++ union { long sc_rflags; long rflags;}; ++ union { long sc_rsp; long rsp;}; ++ union { long sc_ss; long ss;}; ++ long sc_len; /* sizeof(mcontext_t) */ ++ /* ++ * XXX - See and for ++ * the following fields. ++ */ ++ long sc_fpformat; ++ long sc_ownedfp; ++ long sc_fpstate[64] __attribute__((aligned(16))); ++ long sc_spare[8]; ++ }; ++ ++/* Traditional BSD names for some members. */ ++#define sc_sp sc_rsp /* Stack pointer. */ ++#define sc_fp sc_rbp /* Frame pointer. */ ++#define sc_pc sc_rip /* Process counter. */ ++ ++#endif ++ ++#endif /* _BITS_SIGCONTEXT_H */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/bits/time.h +@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ ++/* System-dependent timing definitions. FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 1996-1997, 1999, 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* ++ * Never include this file directly; use instead. ++ */ ++ ++#ifndef __need_timeval ++# ifndef _BITS_TIME_H ++# define _BITS_TIME_H 1 ++ ++/* ISO/IEC 9899:1990 7.12.1: ++ The macro `CLOCKS_PER_SEC' is the number per second of the value ++ returned by the `clock' function. */ ++/* CAE XSH, Issue 4, Version 2: ++ The value of CLOCKS_PER_SEC is required to be 1 million on all ++ XSI-conformant systems. */ ++# define CLOCKS_PER_SEC 1000000l ++ ++# if !defined __STRICT_ANSI__ && !defined __USE_XOPEN2K ++/* Even though CLOCKS_PER_SEC has such a strange value CLK_TCK ++ presents the real value for clock ticks per second for the system. */ ++# define CLK_TCK 128 ++# endif ++ ++# ifdef __USE_POSIX199309 ++/* Identifier for system-wide realtime clock. */ ++# define CLOCK_REALTIME 0 ++/* High-resolution timer from the CPU. */ ++# define CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID 2 ++/* Thread-specific CPU-time clock. */ ++# define CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID 3 ++/* Monotonic system-wide clock. */ ++# define CLOCK_MONOTONIC 4 ++/* These are BSD specific clocks. */ ++# ifdef __USE_BSD ++# define CLOCK_VIRTUAL 1 ++# define CLOCK_PROF 2 ++# endif ++ ++/* Flag to indicate time is absolute. */ ++# define TIMER_ABSTIME 1 ++# endif ++ ++ ++/* Getkerninfo clock information structure */ ++struct clockinfo ++ { ++ int hz; /* clock frequency */ ++ int tick; /* micro-seconds per hz tick */ ++ int spare; ++ int stathz; /* statistics clock frequency */ ++ int profhz; /* profiling clock frequency */ ++ }; ++ ++# endif /* bits/time.h */ ++#endif ++ ++#ifdef __need_timeval ++# undef __need_timeval ++# ifndef _STRUCT_TIMEVAL ++# define _STRUCT_TIMEVAL 1 ++# include ++ ++/* A time value that is accurate to the nearest ++ microsecond but also has a range of years. */ ++struct timeval ++ { ++ __time_t tv_sec; /* Seconds. */ ++ __suseconds_t tv_usec; /* Microseconds. */ ++ }; ++# endif /* struct timeval */ ++#endif /* need timeval */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/dl-cache.h +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/dl-machine.h +@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ ++/* Machine-dependent ELF dynamic relocation inline functions. FreeBSD/amd64 version. ++ Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Petr Salinger, 2006. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifdef dl_machine_h ++#include_next ++#else ++#include_next ++ ++#undef RTLD_START ++ ++/* Initial entry point code for the dynamic linker. ++ The C function `_dl_start' is the real entry point; ++ its return value is the user program's entry point. */ ++#define RTLD_START asm ("\n\ ++.text\n\ ++ .align 16\n\ ++.globl _start\n\ ++# we dont use it: .globl _dl_start_user\n\ ++_start:\n\ ++ # align stack.\n\ ++ andq $-16, %rsp\n\ ++ # save argument pointer.\n\ ++ movq %rdi, %r13\n\ ++ call _dl_start\n\ ++# we dont use it: _dl_start_user:\n\ ++ # Save the user entry point address in %r12.\n\ ++ movq %rax, %r12\n\ ++ # See if we were run as a command with the executable file\n\ ++ # name as an extra leading argument.\n\ ++ movl _dl_skip_args(%rip), %eax\n\ ++ # get the original argument count.\n\ ++ movq 0(%r13), %rdx\n\ ++ # Adjust the pointer to skip _dl_skip_args words.\n\ ++ leaq (%r13,%rax,8), %r13\n\ ++ # Subtract _dl_skip_args from argc.\n\ ++ subl %eax, %edx\n\ ++ # Put argc on adjusted place\n\ ++ movq %rdx, 0(%r13)\n\ ++ # Call _dl_init (struct link_map *main_map, int argc, char **argv, char **env)\n\ ++ # argc -> rsi\n\ ++ movq %rdx, %rsi\n\ ++ # _dl_loaded -> rdi\n\ ++ movq _rtld_local(%rip), %rdi\n\ ++ # env -> rcx\n\ ++ leaq 16(%r13,%rdx,8), %rcx\n\ ++ # argv -> rdx\n\ ++ leaq 8(%r13), %rdx\n\ ++ # Clear %rbp to mark outermost frame obviously even for constructors.\n\ ++ xorl %ebp, %ebp\n\ ++ # Call the function to run the initializers.\n\ ++ call _dl_init_internal@PLT\n\ ++ # Pass our finalizer function to the user in %rdx, as per ELF ABI draft.\n\ ++ leaq _dl_fini(%rip), %rdx\n\ ++ # And make sure %rdi points to argc stored on the stack.\n\ ++ movq %r13, %rdi\n\ ++ # Pass finalizer function also in %rsi, as per C calling convention.\n\ ++ movq %rdx, %rsi\n\ ++ # Jump to the user's entry point.\n\ ++ jmp *%r12\n\ ++.previous\n\ ++"); ++ ++#endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/dl-procinfo.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/dl-procinfo.h +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/elf/start.S +@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@ ++/* Startup code for FreeBSD/amd64 ABI. ++ Copyright (C) 2001, 2002, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Andreas Jaeger , 2001. ++ FreeBSD modification by Petr Salinger, 2006. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ In addition to the permissions in the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License, the Free Software Foundation gives you unlimited ++ permission to link the compiled version of this file with other ++ programs, and to distribute those programs without any restriction ++ coming from the use of this file. (The GNU Lesser General Public ++ License restrictions do apply in other respects; for example, they ++ cover modification of the file, and distribution when not linked ++ into another program.) ++ ++ Note that people who make modified versions of this file are not ++ obligated to grant this special exception for their modified ++ versions; it is their choice whether to do so. The GNU Lesser ++ General Public License gives permission to release a modified ++ version without this exception; this exception also makes it ++ possible to release a modified version which carries forward this ++ exception. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* This is the canonical entry point, usually the first thing in the text ++ segment. The SVR4/i386 ABI (pages 3-31, 3-32) says that when the entry ++ point runs, most registers' values are unspecified, except for a few. ++ Blindly applied on amd64: ++ ++ %rdx Contains a function pointer to be registered with `atexit'. ++ This is how the dynamic linker arranges to have DT_FINI ++ functions called for shared libraries that have been loaded ++ before this code runs. ++ ++ %rsp The stack contains the arguments and environment: ++ 0(%rsp) argc ++ 8(%rsp) argv[0] ++ ... ++ (8*argc)(%rsp) NULL ++ (8*(argc+1))(%rsp) envp[0] ++ ... ++ NULL ++ ++ But on amd64 %rsp also have to be 16-byte aligned, ++ standard C calling convention already passes arguments in registers. ++ ++ FreeBSD uses %edi as pointer to arguments and environment, %rsp is passed aligned. ++ On entry from kernel, %rsp=%rdi or %rsp=%rdi-8, ++ on entry from ld.so, glibc might set up it slightly differently. ++ ++ On FreeBSD, we use %rsi for passing function pointer to rtld_fini(). ++ On entry from FreeBSD kernel, %rsi is cleared, %rdx is not cleared, ++ on entry from ld.so, glibc sets both %rsi and %rdx to point to rtld_fini(). ++ ++ Used interface (via %rdi, %rsi) is equal to standard C calling interface for ++ ++ void _start(void *arg, void *rtld_fini()); ++ ++*/ ++ ++#include "bp-sym.h" ++ ++ .text ++ .globl _start ++ .type _start,@function ++_start: ++ /* Clear the frame pointer. The ABI suggests this be done, to mark ++ the outermost frame obviously. */ ++ xorl %ebp, %ebp /* zero extending clears whole rbp */ ++ ++ /* Extract the arguments as encoded on the stack and set up ++ the arguments for __libc_start_main (int (*main) (int, char **, char **), ++ int argc, char *argv, ++ void (*init) (void), void (*fini) (void), ++ void (*rtld_fini) (void), void *stack_end). ++ The arguments are passed via registers and on the stack: ++ main: %rdi ++ argc: %rsi ++ argv: %rdx ++ init: %rcx ++ fini: %r8 ++ rtld_fini: %r9 ++ stack_end: stack. */ ++ ++ movq %rsi, %r9 /* Address of the shared library termination ++ function. */ ++ movq 0(%rdi), %rsi /* argument count. */ ++ leaq 8(%rdi), %rdx /* argv starts just at above argc. */ ++ ++ /* Align the stack to a 16 byte boundary to follow the ABI. */ ++ andq $~15, %rsp ++ ++ pushq %rax /* Push garbage because we push 8 more bytes. */ ++ ++ /* Provide the highest stack address to the user code (for stacks ++ which grow downwards). */ ++ pushq %rsp ++ ++#ifdef SHARED ++ /* Pass address of our own entry points to .fini and .init. */ ++ movq __libc_csu_fini@GOTPCREL(%rip), %r8 ++ movq __libc_csu_init@GOTPCREL(%rip), %rcx ++ ++ movq BP_SYM (main)@GOTPCREL(%rip), %rdi ++ ++ /* Call the user's main function, and exit with its value. ++ But let the libc call main. */ ++ call BP_SYM (__libc_start_main)@PLT ++#else ++ /* Pass address of our own entry points to .fini and .init. */ ++ movq $__libc_csu_fini, %r8 ++ movq $__libc_csu_init, %rcx ++ ++ movq $BP_SYM (main), %rdi ++ ++ /* Call the user's main function, and exit with its value. ++ But let the libc call main. */ ++ call BP_SYM (__libc_start_main) ++#endif ++ ++ hlt /* Crash if somehow `exit' does return. */ ++ ++/* Define a symbol for the first piece of initialized data. */ ++ .data ++ .globl __data_start ++__data_start: ++ .long 0 ++ .weak data_start ++ data_start = __data_start +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/get_clockfreq.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include "../i386/get_clockfreq.c" +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/getcontext.S +@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ ++/* Save current context. ++ Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++.text ++ENTRY(__getcontext) ++ clc ++ movq 0(%rsp), %rsi /* save the return PC value */ ++ ++ DO_CALL (getcontext, 1) ++ jb SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL ++ ++ addq $8, %rsp /* remove stale return address */ ++ jmp *%rsi ++ ++L(pseudo_end): ++ ret ++ ++PSEUDO_END(__getcontext) ++ ++weak_alias(__getcontext, getcontext) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/iopl.c +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include "../i386/iopl.c" +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/ldconfig.h +@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++#define SYSDEP_KNOWN_INTERPRETER_NAMES \ ++ { "/lib/ld.so.1", FLAG_ELF_LIBC6 }, \ ++ { "/lib/ld-kfreebsd-x86-64.so.1", FLAG_ELF_LIBC6 }, \ ++ { "/lib64/ld-kfreebsd-x86-64.so.1", FLAG_ELF_LIBC6 }, \ ++ { "/libexec/ld-elf.so.1", FLAG_ELF_LIBC5 }, ++ ++#define SYSDEP_KNOWN_LIBRARY_NAMES \ ++ { "libc.so.0.1", FLAG_ELF_LIBC6 }, \ ++ { "libm.so.1", FLAG_ELF_LIBC6 }, \ ++ { "libc.so.4", FLAG_ELF_LIBC5 }, \ ++ { "libm.so.4", FLAG_ELF_LIBC5 }, \ ++ { "libc.so.5", FLAG_ELF_LIBC5 }, \ ++ { "libm.so.5", FLAG_ELF_LIBC5 }, \ ++ { "libc.so.6", FLAG_ELF_LIBC5 }, \ ++ { "libm.so.6", FLAG_ELF_LIBC5 }, \ ++ { "libc.so.7", FLAG_ELF_LIBC5 }, \ ++ { "libm.so.7", FLAG_ELF_LIBC5 }, \ ++ { "libc.so.8", FLAG_ELF_LIBC5 }, \ ++ { "libm.so.8", FLAG_ELF_LIBC5 }, +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/ldd-rewrite.sed +@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ ++/LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS=1/a\ ++add_env="$add_env LD_LIBRARY_VERSION=\\$verify_out" ++s_^\(RTLDLIST=\)\(.*lib\)\(\|64\)\(/[^/]*\)\(-kfreebsd-x86-64\)\(\.so\.[0-9.]*\)[ ]*$_\1"\2\4\6 \264\4\5\6"_ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/linuxthreads/Makefile +@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ ++ifeq ($(subdir),linuxthreads) ++CFLAGS-pt-initfini.s = -g0 -fPIC -fno-inline-functions \ ++ -fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables $(fno-unit-at-a-time) ++endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/linuxthreads/asm/prctl.h +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++/* placeholder to make linuxthreads/sysdeps/x86_64/pt-machine.h happy */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/linuxthreads/pt-machine.h +@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ ++/* Machine-dependent pthreads configuration and inline functions. ++ x86-64 FreeBSD version. ++ Copyright (C) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _FREEBSD_PT_MACHINE_H ++#define _FREEBSD_PT_MACHINE_H 1 ++ ++/* ++ almost all parts are common with linux version ++ */ ++ ++#include ++ ++#ifndef __ASSEMBLER__ ++ ++/* and only one FreeBSD specifics */ ++ ++#include ++ ++/* Initialize the thread-unique value. */ ++ ++#undef INIT_THREAD_SELF ++#define INIT_THREAD_SELF(descr, nr) \ ++{ \ ++ long tmp; \ ++ tmp = (long) descr; \ ++ if (sysarch(AMD64_SET_FSBASE, &tmp) != 0) \ ++ { \ ++ abort(); \ ++ } \ ++} ++ ++#endif /* !__ASSEMBLER__ */ ++ ++#endif /* pt-machine.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/linuxthreads/sysdep-cancel.h +@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Jakub Jelinek , 2002. ++ Modification for FreeBSD contributed by Petr Salinger, 2006. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#ifndef __ASSEMBLER__ ++# include ++#endif ++ ++/* Syscalls with more than 6 arguments are not supported here. */ ++ ++#if !defined NOT_IN_libc || defined IS_IN_libpthread || defined IS_IN_librt ++ ++# undef PSEUDO ++# define PSEUDO(name, syscall_name, args) \ ++ .text; \ ++ ENTRY (name) \ ++ SINGLE_THREAD_P; \ ++ jne L(pseudo_cancel); \ ++ DO_CALL (syscall_name, args); \ ++ jb SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL; \ ++ ret; \ ++ L(pseudo_cancel): \ ++ /* Save registers that might get destroyed. */ \ ++ SAVESTK_##args \ ++ PUSHARGS_##args \ ++ CENABLE \ ++ /* Restore registers. */ \ ++ POPARGS_##args \ ++ RESTSTK_##args \ ++ /* The return value from CENABLE is argument for CDISABLE. */ \ ++ movq %rax, (%rsp); \ ++ movl $SYS_ify (syscall_name), %eax; \ ++ syscall; \ ++ popq %rdi; cfi_adjust_cfa_offset(-8); \ ++ pushfq; cfi_adjust_cfa_offset(8); \ ++ /* Save %rax since it's the return/error code from the syscall. */ \ ++ movq %rax, 8(%rsp); \ ++ CDISABLE \ ++ popfq; cfi_adjust_cfa_offset(-8); \ ++ /* fetch the error code from the syscall. */ \ ++ popq %rax; cfi_adjust_cfa_offset(-8); \ ++ /* adjust rsp, do not change flags */ \ ++ popq %rdx; cfi_adjust_cfa_offset(-8); \ ++ jb SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL; \ ++ L(pseudo_end): ++ ++# define PUSHARGS_0 /* Nothing. */ ++# define PUSHARGS_1 PUSHARGS_0 movq %rdi, 8(%rsp); ++# define PUSHARGS_2 PUSHARGS_1 movq %rsi, 16(%rsp); ++# define PUSHARGS_3 PUSHARGS_2 movq %rdx, 24(%rsp); ++# define PUSHARGS_4 PUSHARGS_3 movq %rcx, 32(%rsp); ++# define PUSHARGS_5 PUSHARGS_4 movq %r8, 40(%rsp); ++# define PUSHARGS_6 PUSHARGS_5 movq %r9, 48(%rsp); ++ ++# define POPARGS_0 /* Nothing. */ ++# define POPARGS_1 POPARGS_0 movq 8(%rsp), %rdi; ++# define POPARGS_2 POPARGS_1 movq 16(%rsp), %rsi; ++# define POPARGS_3 POPARGS_2 movq 24(%rsp), %rdx; ++# define POPARGS_4 POPARGS_3 movq 32(%rsp), %r10; ++# define POPARGS_5 POPARGS_4 movq 40(%rsp), %r8; ++# define POPARGS_6 POPARGS_5 movq 48(%rsp), %r9; ++ ++/* We always have to align the stack before calling a function. */ ++# define SAVESTK_0 subq $24, %rsp;cfi_adjust_cfa_offset(24); ++# define SAVESTK_1 SAVESTK_0 ++# define SAVESTK_2 SAVESTK_1 ++# define SAVESTK_3 subq $40, %rsp;cfi_adjust_cfa_offset(40); ++# define SAVESTK_4 SAVESTK_3 ++# define SAVESTK_5 subq $56, %rsp;cfi_adjust_cfa_offset(56); ++# define SAVESTK_6 SAVESTK_5 ++ ++# define RESTSTK_0 /* Nothing. */ ++# define RESTSTK_1 RESTSTK_0 ++# define RESTSTK_2 RESTSTK_1 ++# define RESTSTK_3 addq $16, %rsp;cfi_adjust_cfa_offset(-16); ++# define RESTSTK_4 RESTSTK_3 ++# define RESTSTK_5 addq $32, %rsp;cfi_adjust_cfa_offset(-32); ++# define RESTSTK_6 RESTSTK_5 ++ ++# ifdef IS_IN_libpthread ++# define CENABLE call __pthread_enable_asynccancel; ++# define CDISABLE call __pthread_disable_asynccancel; ++# define __local_multiple_threads __pthread_multiple_threads ++# elif !defined NOT_IN_libc ++# define CENABLE call __libc_enable_asynccancel; ++# define CDISABLE call __libc_disable_asynccancel; ++# define __local_multiple_threads __libc_multiple_threads ++# else ++# define CENABLE call __librt_enable_asynccancel@plt; ++# define CDISABLE call __librt_disable_asynccancel@plt; ++# endif ++ ++# if defined IS_IN_libpthread || !defined NOT_IN_libc ++# ifndef __ASSEMBLER__ ++extern int __local_multiple_threads attribute_hidden; ++# define SINGLE_THREAD_P \ ++ __builtin_expect (__local_multiple_threads == 0, 1) ++# else ++# define SINGLE_THREAD_P cmpl $0, __local_multiple_threads(%rip) ++# endif ++ ++# else ++ ++# ifndef __ASSEMBLER__ ++# define SINGLE_THREAD_P \ ++ __builtin_expect (THREAD_GETMEM (THREAD_SELF, \ ++ p_header.data.multiple_threads) == 0, 1) ++# else ++# define SINGLE_THREAD_P cmpl $0, %fs:MULTIPLE_THREADS_OFFSET ++# endif ++ ++# endif ++ ++#elif !defined __ASSEMBLER__ ++ ++/* This code should never be used but we define it anyhow. */ ++# define SINGLE_THREAD_P (1) ++# define NO_CANCELLATION 1 ++ ++#endif ++ ++#ifndef __ASSEMBLER__ ++# define RTLD_SINGLE_THREAD_P \ ++ __builtin_expect (THREAD_GETMEM (THREAD_SELF, \ ++ p_header.data.multiple_threads) == 0, 1) ++#endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/linuxthreads/tls.h +@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ ++/* Definitions for thread-local data handling. linuxthreads/x86-64 version. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Modification for FreeBSD by Petr Salinger, 2006. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _FREEBSD_TLS_H ++#define _FREEBSD_TLS_H ++ ++#include ++ ++#ifdef HAVE_TLS_SUPPORT ++ ++# ifndef __ASSEMBLER__ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* Code to initially initialize the thread pointer. This might need ++ special attention since 'errno' is not yet available and if the ++ operation can cause a failure 'errno' must not be touched. */ ++ ++# undef TLS_INIT_TP ++# define TLS_INIT_TP(descr, secondcall) \ ++ ({ \ ++ void *_descr = (descr); \ ++ tcbhead_t *head = _descr; \ ++ long int _result; \ ++ \ ++ head->tcb = _descr; \ ++ /* For now the thread descriptor is at the same address. */ \ ++ head->self = _descr; \ ++ \ ++ asm volatile ("syscall" \ ++ : "=a" (_result) \ ++ : "0" ((unsigned long int) SYS_sysarch), \ ++ "D" ((unsigned long int) AMD64_SET_FSBASE), \ ++ "S" (&_descr) \ ++ : "memory", "cc", "cx", "dx", "r8", "r9", "r10", "r11"); \ ++ \ ++ _result ? "cannot set %fs base address for thread-local storage" : 0; \ ++ }) ++ ++ ++# endif /* HAVE_TLS_SUPPORT */ ++#endif /* __ASSEMBLER__ */ ++ ++#endif /* tls.h */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/makecontext.S +@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@ ++/* makecontext() for FreeBSD/amd64. ++ Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Petr Salinger, 2006. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* ++ void makecontext(ucontext_t *ucp, void *func(), int argc, ...); ++ ++ ++ input parameters: ++ ++ rdi ucp ++ rsi func ++ edx argc ++ rcx arg1 -> ucp.rdi ++ r8 arg2 -> ucp.rsi ++ r9 arg3 -> ucp.rdx ++ 8(%rsp) arg4 -> ucp.rcx ++ 16(%rsp) arg5 -> ucp.r8 ++ 24(%rsp) arg6 -> ucp.r9 ++ i*8+24(%rsp) arg(6+i)-> future stack ++ ++*/ ++ ++ENTRY(__makecontext) ++ ++ /* Compute the address of the stack. ++ The information comes from us_stack element. */ ++ movq oSS_SP(%rdi), %rax ++ addq oSS_SIZE(%rdi), %rax ++ ++ /* Put start addr into ucp */ ++ movq %rsi, oRIP(%rdi) ++ ++ /* properly align future stack */ ++ andq $-16, %rax ++ subq $8, %rax ++ ++ /* Put the next context into preserved ucp.rbx ++ (from the uc_link element). */ ++ movq oLINK(%rdi), %rsi ++ movq %rsi, oRBX(%rdi) ++ ++ /* save future registers arguments */ ++ ++ orl %edx, %edx ++ jz L(param_done) ++ ++ decl %edx ++ movq %rcx, oRDI(%rdi) ++ jz L(param_done) ++ ++ decl %edx ++ movq %r8, oRSI(%rdi) ++ jz L(param_done) ++ ++ decl %edx ++ movq %r9, oRDX(%rdi) ++ jz L(param_done) ++ ++ movq 8(%rsp), %rsi ++ decl %edx ++ movq %rsi, oRCX(%rdi) ++ jz L(param_done) ++ ++ movq 16(%rsp), %rcx ++ decl %edx ++ movq %rcx, oR8(%rdi) ++ jz L(param_done) ++ ++ movq 24(%rsp), %rsi ++ decl %edx ++ movq %rsi, oR9(%rdi) ++ jz L(param_done) ++ ++ /* we have to copy some arguments also on the future stack */ ++ movl %edx, %ecx ++ negq %rdx ++ leaq -16(%rax,%rdx,8), %rax /* we a litle bit waste stack space */ ++ orq $8, %rax ++ ++1: movq 24(%rsp,%rcx,8), %rsi ++ movq %rsi,(%rax,%rcx,8) ++ loop 1b ++ ++L(param_done): ++ ++ /* Store the future stack pointer and chain helper code. */ ++ leaq L(exitcode)(%rip), %rdx ++ movq %rax, oRSP(%rdi) ++ movq %rdx, (%rax) ++ ++ /* 'makecontext' returns no value. */ ++ ret ++ ++/***************************************************************************/ ++ ++ /* This is the helper code which gets called if a function which ++ is registered with 'makecontext' returns. In this case we ++ have to install the context listed in the uc_link element of ++ the context 'makecontext' manipulated at the time of the ++ 'makecontext' call. If the pointer is NULL the process must ++ terminate. */ ++ ++L(exitcode): ++ /* we don't bother with extra arguments left on the stack ++ - more than 6 arguments is rare ++ - setcontext changes stacks immediately ++ - exit will call _exit in near future ++ */ ++ ++ testq %rbx, %rbx /* If it is zero exit. */ ++ jz 2f ++ ++ movq %rbx, %rdi ++ call JUMPTARGET(__setcontext) ++ /* If this returns (which can happen if the syscall fails) we'll ++ exit the program with the return error value (-1). */ ++ ++2: movq %rax, %rdi ++ call HIDDEN_JUMPTARGET(exit) ++ /* The 'exit' call should never return. In case it does cause ++ the process to terminate. */ ++ hlt ++END(__makecontext) ++ ++weak_alias(__makecontext, makecontext) ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/pipe.S +@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++.text ++ENTRY (__pipe) ++ DO_CALL (pipe, 1) ++ jb SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL ++ movl %eax, 0(%rdi) ++ movl %edx, 4(%rdi) ++ xorl %eax, %eax ++L(pseudo_end): ++ ret ++PSEUDO_END (__pipe) ++libc_hidden_def (__pipe) ++weak_alias (__pipe, pipe) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/readelflib.c +@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1999, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Andreas Jaeger , 1999 and ++ Jakub Jelinek , 1999. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++ ++int process_elf32_file (const char *file_name, const char *lib, int *flag, ++ unsigned int *osversion, char **soname, ++ void *file_contents, size_t file_length); ++int process_elf64_file (const char *file_name, const char *lib, int *flag, ++ unsigned int *osversion, char **soname, ++ void *file_contents, size_t file_length); ++ ++/* Returns 0 if everything is ok, != 0 in case of error. */ ++int ++process_elf_file (const char *file_name, const char *lib, int *flag, ++ unsigned int *osversion, char **soname, void *file_contents, ++ size_t file_length) ++{ ++ ElfW(Ehdr) *elf_header = (ElfW(Ehdr) *) file_contents; ++ int ret; ++ ++ if (elf_header->e_ident [EI_CLASS] == ELFCLASS32) ++ return process_elf32_file (file_name, lib, flag, osversion, soname, ++ file_contents, file_length); ++ else ++ { ++ ret = process_elf64_file (file_name, lib, flag, osversion, soname, ++ file_contents, file_length); ++ /* x86-64 64bit libraries are always LIBC6. */ ++ if (!ret) ++ *flag = FLAG_X8664_LIB64|FLAG_ELF_LIBC6; ++ return ret; ++ } ++} ++ ++#undef __ELF_NATIVE_CLASS ++#undef process_elf_file ++#define process_elf_file process_elf32_file ++#define __ELF_NATIVE_CLASS 32 ++#include "elf/readelflib.c" ++ ++#undef __ELF_NATIVE_CLASS ++#undef process_elf_file ++#define process_elf_file process_elf64_file ++#define __ELF_NATIVE_CLASS 64 ++#include "elf/readelflib.c" +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/rfork.S +@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1991-1992, 1994-1995, 1997, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++.text; ++ENTRY (__rfork) ++ /* save the return PC value into RSI */ ++ movq 0(%rsp), %rsi; ++ DO_CALL (rfork, 1) ++ jb SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL; ++ /* R1 is now 0 for the parent and 1 for the child. Decrement it to ++ make it -1 (all bits set) for the parent, and 0 (no bits set) ++ for the child. Then AND it with R0, so the parent gets ++ R0&-1==R0, and the child gets R0&0==0. */ ++ decq %rdx ++ andq %rdx, %rax ++ ++ popq %rdx ++ cfi_adjust_cfa_offset(-8) ++ ++ jmp *%rsi ++ ++L(pseudo_end): ++ ret ++PSEUDO_END (__rfork) ++ ++weak_alias (__rfork, rfork) ++ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/sigcontextinfo.h +@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* ++native FreeBSD: ++ sighandler(int signum, int code, struct sigcontext * sg, void * fault_ip) ++posix like: ++ sighandler(int signum, siginfo_t * si, struct sigcontext * sg, void * fault_ip) ++*/ ++ ++#define SIGCONTEXT long _code, struct sigcontext * _sg, void * ++#define SIGCONTEXT_EXTRA_ARGS _code, _sg, ++ ++/* really, really, rest of glibc expects that struct sigcontext is the last argument */ ++#define GET_PC(ctx) ((void *) (_sg)->sc_rip) ++#define GET_FRAME(ctx) ((void *) (_sg)->sc_rbp) ++#define GET_STACK(ctx) ((void *) (_sg)->sc_rsp) ++ ++#define CALL_SIGHANDLER(handler, signo, ctx) \ ++ (handler)((signo), SIGCONTEXT_EXTRA_ARGS (ctx)) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/start_thread.S +@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Bruno Haible , 2002. ++ Modification for amd64 contributed by Petr Salinger, 2006. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* __start_thread (flags, stack, func, arg) ++ calls __rfork (flags), and in the child sets the stack pointer and then ++ calls _exit (func (arg)). ++ It cannot be done in portable C. */ ++ ++/* ++ The parameters are passed in registers: ++ rdi: flags for rfork ++ rsi: child_stack ++ rdx: func ++ rcx: arg ++*/ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++#define SIG_SETMASK 3 ++ ++/* There is a window of a few instructions, right after the rfork ++ system call, where the handling of a signal would write garbage ++ into the stack shared by the parent and the child (assuming ++ RFMEM is set in flags). To solve this: 1. We block all signals ++ around the rfork system call and unblock them afterwards in ++ the parent and in the child (but only after changing the stack ++ pointer). 2. The child accesses only values passed in registers ++ and on its own stack. This way, if the parent is scheduled to ++ run first, and handles a signal, it will not affect the child; ++ and if the child runs first, and handles a signal, it will use ++ the child's stack and not affect the parent. ++*/ ++ ++ .text ++ENTRY (__start_thread) ++ ++ /* Insert the argument onto the new aligned stack. */ ++ andq $-16,%rsi ++ subq $16,%rsi ++ movq %rcx,8(%rsi) ++ ++ /* Save the function pointer. It will be popped off in the child */ ++ movq %rdx,0(%rsi) ++ ++ testq $32, %rdi /* flags & RFMEM */ ++ jnz L(complex) ++ ++ /* Do the system call. */ ++ movl $SYS_ify(rfork),%eax ++ /* End FDE now, because in the child the unwind info will be ++ wrong. */ ++ cfi_endproc; ++ syscall /* rdi and rsi are extra preserved */ ++ ++ jb SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL ++ ++ testq %rdx,%rdx /* 0 for the parent and 1 for the child */ ++ jz L(pseudo_end) /* just return in parent */ ++ ++L(thread_start): ++ ++ /* set up stack */ ++ movq %rsi, %rsp ++ ++ /* Clear the frame pointer. The ABI suggests this be done, to mark ++ the outermost frame obviously. */ ++ xorl %ebp, %ebp ++ ++L(thread_start2): ++ ++ /* Set up arguments for the function call. */ ++ popq %rax /* Function to call. */ ++ popq %rdi /* Argument. */ ++ call *%rax ++ ++ /* Call exit with return value from function call. */ ++ movq %rax, %rdi ++ call HIDDEN_JUMPTARGET (_exit) ++ ++ ++/****************************************************************************************************** ++ * ++ * and now the complex one ... ++ * ++ ******************************************************************************************************/ ++ ++L(complex): ++ ++ subq $32, %rsp ++ ++ /* save arguments - flags and stack */ ++ movq %rdi,0(%rsp) ++ movq %rsi,8(%rsp) ++ ++ /* Block all signals. */ ++ orq $-1, %rax ++ movq %rax, 16(%rsp) ++ movq %rax, 24(%rsp) ++ ++ leaq 16(%rsp), %rsi ++ movl $SIG_SETMASK, %edi ++ movq %rsi,%rdx ++ DO_CALL (sigprocmask, 3) ++ jb L(error) ++ ++ /* restore arguments - flags and stack */ ++ movq 0(%rsp),%rdi ++ movq 8(%rsp),%rsi ++ ++ /* Copy mask info into the child's stack. */ ++ ++ subq $16,%rsi ++ movq 16(%rsp),%rcx ++ movq 24(%rsp),%rdx ++ movq %rcx, 0(%rsi) ++ movq %rdx, 8(%rsi) ++ ++ /* Perform the rfork system call. */ ++ DO_CALL (rfork, 1) ++ jb L(error_unmask) ++ ++ /* %rdx is now 0 for the parent and 1 for the child. */ ++ testq %rdx, %rdx ++ jnz L(child) ++ ++ /* Save the child pid, currently in %rax. */ ++ movq %rax, 0(%rsp) ++ ++ /* Restore the previous signal mask. */ ++ movl $SIG_SETMASK, %edi ++ leaq 16(%rsp), %rsi ++ xorl %edx,%edx ++ DO_CALL (sigprocmask, 3) ++ ++ /* Return the child pid, saved on stack. */ ++ movq 0(%rsp), %rax ++ addq $32, %rsp ++L(pseudo_end): ++ ret ++ ++L(error_unmask): ++ ++ /* Save the error code, currently in %rax. */ ++ movq %rax, 0(%rsp) ++ ++ /* Restore the previous signal mask. */ ++ movq $SIG_SETMASK, %rdi ++ leaq 16(%rsp), %rsi ++ xorl %edx,%edx ++ DO_CALL (sigprocmask, 3) ++ ++ /* load saved error code */ ++ movq 0(%rsp), %rax ++ ++L(error): ++ addq $32, %rsp ++ jmp SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL ++ ++L(child):/* Here we are in the child thread. */ ++ ++ /* set up stack */ ++ movq %rsi, %rsp ++ ++ /* Clear the frame pointer. The ABI suggests this be done, to mark ++ the outermost frame obviously. */ ++ xorl %ebp, %ebp ++ ++ /* Restore the previous signal mask. */ ++ movq $SIG_SETMASK, %rdi ++ xorl %edx,%edx ++ DO_CALL (sigprocmask, 3) ++ ++ addq $16, %rsp ++ jmp L(thread_start2) ++ ++ cfi_startproc; ++ ++PSEUDO_END (__start_thread) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/swapcontext.S +@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ ++/* swap current context. ++ Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++.text ++ENTRY(__swapcontext) ++ clc ++ DO_CALL (swapcontext, 2) ++ jb SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL ++L(pseudo_end): ++ ret ++ ++PSEUDO_END(__swapcontext) ++ ++weak_alias(__swapcontext, swapcontext) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/sys/io.h +@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1996, 2000, 2002, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_IO_H ++#define _SYS_IO_H 1 ++ ++#include ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++/* Set the I/O privilege level to LEVEL. If LEVEL>3, permission to ++ access any I/O port is granted. This call requires root ++ privileges. */ ++extern int iopl (int __level) __THROW; ++ ++#if defined __GNUC__ && __GNUC__ >= 2 ++ ++static __inline unsigned char ++inb (unsigned short int port) ++{ ++ unsigned char _v; ++ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("inb %w1,%0":"=a" (_v):"Nd" (port)); ++ return _v; ++} ++ ++static __inline unsigned char ++inb_p (unsigned short int port) ++{ ++ unsigned char _v; ++ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("inb %w1,%0\noutb %%al,$0x80":"=a" (_v):"Nd" (port)); ++ return _v; ++} ++ ++static __inline unsigned short int ++inw (unsigned short int port) ++{ ++ unsigned short _v; ++ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("inw %w1,%0":"=a" (_v):"Nd" (port)); ++ return _v; ++} ++ ++static __inline unsigned short int ++inw_p (unsigned short int port) ++{ ++ unsigned short int _v; ++ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("inw %w1,%0\noutb %%al,$0x80":"=a" (_v):"Nd" (port)); ++ return _v; ++} ++ ++static __inline unsigned int ++inl (unsigned short int port) ++{ ++ unsigned int _v; ++ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("inl %w1,%0":"=a" (_v):"Nd" (port)); ++ return _v; ++} ++ ++static __inline unsigned int ++inl_p (unsigned short int port) ++{ ++ unsigned int _v; ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("inl %w1,%0\noutb %%al,$0x80":"=a" (_v):"Nd" (port)); ++ return _v; ++} ++ ++static __inline void ++outb (unsigned char value, unsigned short int port) ++{ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("outb %b0,%w1": :"a" (value), "Nd" (port)); ++} ++ ++static __inline void ++outb_p (unsigned char value, unsigned short int port) ++{ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("outb %b0,%w1\noutb %%al,$0x80": :"a" (value), ++ "Nd" (port)); ++} ++ ++static __inline void ++outw (unsigned short int value, unsigned short int port) ++{ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("outw %w0,%w1": :"a" (value), "Nd" (port)); ++ ++} ++ ++static __inline void ++outw_p (unsigned short int value, unsigned short int port) ++{ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("outw %w0,%w1\noutb %%al,$0x80": :"a" (value), ++ "Nd" (port)); ++} ++ ++static __inline void ++outl (unsigned int value, unsigned short int port) ++{ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("outl %0,%w1": :"a" (value), "Nd" (port)); ++} ++ ++static __inline void ++outl_p (unsigned int value, unsigned short int port) ++{ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("outl %0,%w1\noutb %%al,$0x80": :"a" (value), ++ "Nd" (port)); ++} ++ ++static __inline void ++insb (unsigned short int port, void *addr, unsigned long int count) ++{ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("cld ; rep ; insb":"=D" (addr), ++ "=c" (count):"d" (port), "0" (addr), "1" (count)); ++} ++ ++static __inline void ++insw (unsigned short int port, void *addr, unsigned long int count) ++{ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("cld ; rep ; insw":"=D" (addr), ++ "=c" (count):"d" (port), "0" (addr), "1" (count)); ++} ++ ++static __inline void ++insl (unsigned short int port, void *addr, unsigned long int count) ++{ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("cld ; rep ; insl":"=D" (addr), ++ "=c" (count):"d" (port), "0" (addr), "1" (count)); ++} ++ ++static __inline void ++outsb (unsigned short int port, const void *addr, unsigned long int count) ++{ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("cld ; rep ; outsb":"=S" (addr), ++ "=c" (count):"d" (port), "0" (addr), "1" (count)); ++} ++ ++static __inline void ++outsw (unsigned short int port, const void *addr, unsigned long int count) ++{ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("cld ; rep ; outsw":"=S" (addr), ++ "=c" (count):"d" (port), "0" (addr), "1" (count)); ++} ++ ++static __inline void ++outsl (unsigned short int port, const void *addr, unsigned long int count) ++{ ++ __asm__ __volatile__ ("cld ; rep ; outsl":"=S" (addr), ++ "=c" (count):"d" (port), "0" (addr), "1" (count)); ++} ++ ++#endif /* GNU C */ ++ ++__END_DECLS ++#endif /* _SYS_IO_H */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/sys/perm.h +@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1996, 1999, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_PERM_H ++#define _SYS_PERM_H 1 ++ ++#include ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++/* Change I/O privilege level. */ ++extern int iopl (int __level) __THROW; ++ ++__END_DECLS ++ ++#endif /* _SYS_PERM_H */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/sys_fork.S +@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1991-1992, 1994-1995, 1997, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++.text; ++ENTRY (__syscall_fork) ++ DO_CALL (fork, 0) ++ jb SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL; ++ /* R1 is now 0 for the parent and 1 for the child. Decrement it to ++ make it -1 (all bits set) for the parent, and 0 (no bits set) ++ for the child. Then AND it with R0, so the parent gets ++ R0&-1==R0, and the child gets R0&0==0. */ ++ ++ decq %rdx ++ andq %rdx, %rax ++ ++L(pseudo_end): ++ ret ++PSEUDO_END (__syscall_fork) ++libc_hidden_def (__syscall_fork) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/sysarch.h +@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ ++/* Parameters for the architecture specific system call. amd64 version. ++ Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYSARCH_H ++#define _SYSARCH_H 1 ++ ++#include ++ ++/* Function that can be used as first argument to 'sysarch'. */ ++enum ++ { ++ I386_GET_LDT = 0, ++#define I386_GET_LDT I386_GET_LDT ++ I386_SET_LDT = 1, ++#define I386_SET_LDT I386_SET_LDT ++ I386_GET_IOPERM = 3, ++#define I386_GET_IOPERM I386_GET_IOPERM ++ I386_SET_IOPERM = 4, ++#define I386_SET_IOPERM I386_SET_IOPERM ++ I386_GET_FSBASE = 7, ++#define I386_GET_FSBASE I386_GET_FSBASE ++ I386_SET_FSBASE = 8, ++#define I386_SET_FSBASE I386_SET_FSBASE ++ I386_GET_GSBASE = 9, ++#define I386_GET_GSBASE I386_GET_GSBASE ++ I386_SET_GSBASE = 10, ++#define I386_SET_GSBASE I386_SET_GSBASE ++ AMD64_GET_FSBASE = 128, ++#define AMD64_GET_FSBASE AMD64_GET_FSBASE ++ AMD64_SET_FSBASE = 129, ++#define AMD64_SET_FSBASE AMD64_SET_FSBASE ++ AMD64_GET_GSBASE = 130, ++#define AMD64_GET_GSBASE AMD64_GET_GSBASE ++ AMD64_SET_GSBASE = 131 ++#define AMD64_SET_GSBASE AMD64_SET_GSBASE ++ }; ++ ++/* Argument struct for I386_GET_IOPERM and I386_SET_IOPERM. */ ++struct i386_ioperm_args ++ { ++ unsigned int start; ++ unsigned int length; ++ int enable; ++ }; ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++extern int sysarch (int __cmd, void *__arg); ++ ++#ifdef _LIBC ++extern int __sysarch (int __cmd, void *__arg); ++#endif ++ ++__END_DECLS ++ ++#endif /* _SYSARCH_H */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/syscall.S +@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Modification for FreeBSD contributed by Petr Salinger, 2006. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++ .text ++ENTRY (__syscall) ++ movq %rcx, %r10 ++ movl $SYS_ify (syscall), %eax ++ syscall ++ jb SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL ++L(pseudo_end): ++ ret ++PSEUDO_END (__syscall) ++weak_alias (__syscall, syscall) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/syscalls-internal.h +@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ ++/* generally used "internal syscalls" ++ Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef KFREEBSD_INTERNAL_SYSCALLS_H ++#define KFREEBSD_INTERNAL_SYSCALLS_H ++ ++#include ++ ++/* ++ for now, we do not care whether syscall succeeded, ++ we do not have defined ++ INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERROR_P and INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERRNO ++ we do not store errno at all ++ to be sure, we return void ++*/ ++ ++#undef INTERNAL_SYSCALL_DECL ++#undef INTERNAL_SYSCALL_NCS ++#undef INTERNAL_SYSCALL ++#undef INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERROR_P ++#undef INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERRNO ++ ++#define INTERNAL_SYSCALL_DECL(err) \ ++ do { } while (0) ++ ++#define INTERNAL_SYSCALL(name, err, nr, args...) \ ++ INTERNAL_SYSCALL_##name(name, err, nr, ##args) ++ ++ ++#define INTERNAL_SYSCALL_close(name, err, nr, fd) \ ++(void)({ \ ++ register long int _a1 = (long int) (fd); \ ++ register long int result; \ ++ asm volatile ( \ ++ "syscall" \ ++ : "=a" (result) \ ++ : "0" ((long int) SYS_##name), \ ++ "D" (_a1) \ ++ : "memory", "cc", "cx", "dx", "r8", "r9", "r10", "r11"); \ ++ result; \ ++}) ++ ++#define INTERNAL_SYSCALL_writev(name, err, nr, fd, iov, cnt) \ ++(void)({ \ ++ register long int _a1 = (long int) (fd); \ ++ register long int _a2 = (long int) (iov); \ ++ register long int _a3 = (long int) (cnt); \ ++ register long int result; \ ++ register long int _trash; \ ++ asm volatile ( \ ++ "syscall" \ ++ : "=a" (result), \ ++ "=d" (_trash) \ ++ : "0" ((long int) SYS_##name), \ ++ "D" (_a1), \ ++ "S" (_a2), \ ++ "d" (_a3) \ ++ /* beware rdx is not preserved after syscall */ \ ++ : "memory", "cc", "cx", "r8", "r9", "r10", "r11"); \ ++ result; \ ++}) ++#endif +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/sysdep.S +@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++/* The following code is only used in the shared library when we ++ compile the reentrant version. Otherwise each system call defines ++ each own version. */ ++ ++#ifndef PIC ++ ++/* The syscall stubs jump here when they detect an error. ++ The code for Linux is almost identical to the canonical Unix ++ code, except that the error number in %rax is negated. */ ++ ++#undef CALL_MCOUNT ++#define CALL_MCOUNT /* Don't insert the profiling call, it clobbers %rax. */ ++ ++ .text ++ENTRY (__syscall_error) ++ ++#define __syscall_error __syscall_error_1 ++#include ++ ++#endif /* !PIC */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/sysdep.h +@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2001,02,03,04 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Modification for FreeBSD contributed by Petr Salinger, 2006. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _KFREEBSD_X86_64_SYSDEP_H ++#define _KFREEBSD_X86_64_SYSDEP_H 1 ++ ++/* There is some commonality. */ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#ifdef IS_IN_rtld ++# include /* Defines RTLD_PRIVATE_ERRNO. */ ++#endif ++ ++ ++#ifdef __ASSEMBLER__ ++ ++/* We don't want the label for the error handle to be global when we define ++ it here. */ ++#ifdef PIC ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL 0f ++#else ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL syscall_error ++#endif ++ ++#undef PSEUDO ++#define PSEUDO(name, syscall_name, args) \ ++ .text; \ ++ ENTRY (name) \ ++ DO_CALL (syscall_name, args); \ ++ jb SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL; \ ++ L(pseudo_end): ++ ++#undef PSEUDO_END ++#define PSEUDO_END(name) \ ++ SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER \ ++ END (name) ++ ++#undef PSEUDO_NOERRNO ++#define PSEUDO_NOERRNO(name, syscall_name, args) \ ++ .text; \ ++ ENTRY (name) \ ++ DO_CALL (syscall_name, args) ++ ++#undef PSEUDO_END_NOERRNO ++#define PSEUDO_END_NOERRNO(name) \ ++ END (name) ++ ++#define ret_NOERRNO ret ++ ++#undef PSEUDO_ERRVAL ++#define PSEUDO_ERRVAL(name, syscall_name, args) \ ++ .text; \ ++ ENTRY (name) \ ++ DO_CALL (syscall_name, args); \ ++ ++#undef PSEUDO_END_ERRVAL ++#define PSEUDO_END_ERRVAL(name) \ ++ END (name) ++ ++#define ret_ERRVAL ret ++ ++#ifndef PIC ++#define SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER /* Nothing here; code in sysdep.S is used. */ ++#elif RTLD_PRIVATE_ERRNO ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER \ ++0: \ ++ leaq rtld_errno(%rip), %rcx; \ ++ movl %eax, (%rcx); \ ++ orq $-1, %rax; \ ++ jmp L(pseudo_end); ++#elif USE___THREAD ++# ifndef NOT_IN_libc ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_ERRNO __libc_errno ++# else ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_ERRNO errno ++# endif ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER \ ++0: \ ++ movq SYSCALL_ERROR_ERRNO@GOTTPOFF(%rip), %rcx;\ ++ movl %eax, %fs:(%rcx); \ ++ orq $-1, %rax; \ ++ jmp L(pseudo_end); ++#elif defined _LIBC_REENTRANT ++/* Store (%eax) into errno through the GOT. ++ Note that errno occupies only 4 bytes. */ ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER \ ++0: \ ++ pushq %rax; \ ++ cfi_adjust_cfa_offset(8); \ ++ PUSH_ERRNO_LOCATION_RETURN; \ ++ call BP_SYM (__errno_location)@PLT; \ ++ POP_ERRNO_LOCATION_RETURN; \ ++ popq %rdx; \ ++ cfi_adjust_cfa_offset(-8); \ ++ movl %edx, (%rax); \ ++ orq $-1, %rax; \ ++ jmp L(pseudo_end); ++ ++/* A quick note: it is assumed that the call to `__errno_location' does ++ not modify the stack! */ ++#else /* Not _LIBC_REENTRANT. */ ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER \ ++0:movq errno@GOTPCREL(%RIP), %rcx; \ ++ movl %eax, (%rcx); \ ++ orq $-1, %rax; \ ++ jmp L(pseudo_end); ++#endif /* PIC */ ++ ++/* The FreeBSD/amd64 kernel expects the system call parameters in ++ registers according to the following table: ++ ++ syscall number rax ++ arg 1 rdi ++ arg 2 rsi ++ arg 3 rdx ++ arg 4 r10 ++ arg 5 r8 ++ arg 6 r9 ++ ++ The FreeBSD kernel internal syscall usage of registers: ++ ++ preserved: ++ stack pointer rsp ++ C preserved rbx, rbp, r12-r15 ++ some input params rdi, rsi ++ ++ destroyed: ++ return value(s) rax, rdx, eflags ++ return address from syscall rcx ++ eflags from syscall r11 ++ used internally r8-r10 ++ ++ Normal function call, including calls to the system call stub ++ functions in the libc, get the first six parameters passed in ++ registers and the seventh parameter and later on the stack. The ++ register use is as follows: ++ ++ system call number in the DO_CALL macro ++ arg 1 rdi ++ arg 2 rsi ++ arg 3 rdx ++ arg 4 rcx ++ arg 5 r8 ++ arg 6 r9 ++ ++ We have to take care that the stack is aligned to 16 bytes. When ++ called the stack is not aligned since the return address has just ++ been pushed. ++ ++*/ ++ ++#undef DO_CALL ++#define DO_CALL(syscall_name, args) \ ++ DOARGS_##args \ ++ movl $SYS_ify (syscall_name), %eax; \ ++ syscall; ++ ++#define DOARGS_0 /* nothing */ ++#define DOARGS_1 /* nothing */ ++#define DOARGS_2 /* nothing */ ++#define DOARGS_3 /* nothing */ ++#define DOARGS_4 movq %rcx, %r10; ++#define DOARGS_5 DOARGS_4 ++#define DOARGS_6 DOARGS_5 ++#define DOARGS_7 DOARGS_6 ++#define DOARGS_8 DOARGS_7 ++ ++#else /* !__ASSEMBLER__ */ ++ ++#include ++ ++#endif /* __ASSEMBLER__ */ ++ ++ ++/* Pointer mangling support. */ ++#if defined NOT_IN_libc && defined IS_IN_rtld ++/* We cannot use the thread descriptor because in ld.so we use setjmp ++ earlier than the descriptor is initialized. */ ++# ifdef __ASSEMBLER__ ++# define PTR_MANGLE(reg) xorq __pointer_chk_guard_local(%rip), reg; \ ++ rolq $17, reg ++# define PTR_DEMANGLE(reg) rorq $17, reg; \ ++ xorq __pointer_chk_guard_local(%rip), reg ++# else ++# define PTR_MANGLE(reg) asm ("xorq __pointer_chk_guard_local(%%rip), %0\n" \ ++ "rolq $17, %0" \ ++ : "=r" (reg) : "0" (reg)) ++# define PTR_DEMANGLE(reg) asm ("rorq $17, %0\n" \ ++ "xorq __pointer_chk_guard_local(%%rip), %0" \ ++ : "=r" (reg) : "0" (reg)) ++# endif ++#else ++# ifdef __ASSEMBLER__ ++# define PTR_MANGLE(reg) xorq %fs:POINTER_GUARD, reg; \ ++ rolq $17, reg ++# define PTR_DEMANGLE(reg) rorq $17, reg; \ ++ xorq %fs:POINTER_GUARD, reg ++# else ++# define PTR_MANGLE(var) asm ("xorq %%fs:%c2, %0\n" \ ++ "rolq $17, %0" \ ++ : "=r" (var) \ ++ : "0" (var), \ ++ "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, \ ++ pointer_guard))) ++# define PTR_DEMANGLE(var) asm ("rorq $17, %0\n" \ ++ "xorq %%fs:%c2, %0" \ ++ : "=r" (var) \ ++ : "0" (var), \ ++ "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, \ ++ pointer_guard))) ++# endif ++#endif ++ ++#endif /* _KFREEBSD_X86_64_SYSDEP_H */ +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/ucontext_i.h +@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ ++/* Offsets needed in the makecontext() function implementation. ++ Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++/* Offsets of the fields in the ucontext_t structure. */ ++ ++#define oRDI 24 ++#define oRSI 32 ++#define oRDX 40 ++#define oRCX 48 ++#define oR8 56 ++#define oR9 64 ++ ++#define oRAX 72 ++#define oRBX 80 ++#define oRBP 88 ++ ++#define oRIP 176 ++#define oRSP 200 ++ ++#define oLINK 816 ++#define oSS_SP 824 ++#define oSS_SIZE 832 +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/x86_64/vfork.S +@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1999, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++/* Clone the calling process, but without copying the whole address space. ++ The calling process is suspended until the new process exits or is ++ replaced by a call to `execve'. Return -1 for errors, 0 to the new process, ++ and the process ID of the new process to the old process. */ ++ ++ENTRY (__vfork) ++ ++ /* Pop the return PC value into ESI. */ ++ popq %rsi ++ cfi_adjust_cfa_offset(-8) ++ ++ /* Perform the system call. */ ++ DO_CALL (vfork, 0) ++ jb L(error) /* Branch forward if it failed. */ ++ ++ /* In the parent process, %rdx == 0, %rax == child pid. */ ++ /* In the child process, %rdx == 1, %rax == parent pid. */ ++ ++ /* Change %rax to be 0 in the child process. */ ++ decq %rdx ++ andq %rdx, %rax ++ ++ /* Jump to the return PC. */ ++ jmp *%rsi ++ ++L(error): ++ /* Push back the return PC. */ ++ pushq %rsi ++ cfi_adjust_cfa_offset(8) ++ ++ /* Branch to the error handler, hidden in PSEUDO_END. */ ++ jmp SYSCALL_ERROR_LABEL ++L(pseudo_end): ++ ret ++PSEUDO_END (__vfork) ++libc_hidden_def (__vfork) ++ ++weak_alias (__vfork, vfork) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/xmknod.c +@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ ++/* xmknod call using old-style Unix mknod and mkfifo system calls. ++ Copyright (C) 1991, 1993, 1995-1997, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_mknod (const char *, mode_t, dev_t); ++extern int __mkfifo (const char *, mode_t); ++ ++/* Create a device file named PATH, with permission and special bits MODE ++ and device number DEV (which can be constructed from major and minor ++ device numbers with the `makedev' macro above). */ ++int ++__xmknod (int vers, const char *path, mode_t mode, dev_t *dev) ++{ ++ if (vers != _MKNOD_VER) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ /* The FreeBSD mknod() system call cannot be used to create FIFOs; we ++ must use the mkfifo() system call for this purpose. */ ++ if (S_ISFIFO (mode)) ++ return __mkfifo (path, mode & ~S_IFMT); ++ ++ return __syscall_mknod (path, mode, *dev); ++} ++libc_hidden_def (__xmknod) ++ ++weak_alias (__xmknod, _xmknod) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/xmknodat.c +@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++extern int __syscall_mknodat (int fd, const char *path, ++ mode_t mode, dev_t dev); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_mknodat) ++ ++extern int __syscall_mkfifoat (int fd, const char *path, ++ mode_t mode); ++libc_hidden_proto (__syscall_mkfifoat) ++ ++/* Create a device file named PATH relative to FD, with permission and ++ special bits MODE and device number DEV (which can be constructed ++ from major and minor device numbers with the `makedev' macro above). */ ++int ++__xmknodat (int vers, int fd, const char *file, mode_t mode, dev_t * dev) ++{ ++ if (vers != _MKNOD_VER) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (__have_atfcts >= 0) ++# endif ++ { ++ int result; ++ ++ /* The FreeBSD mknod() system call cannot be used to create FIFOs; we ++ must use the mkfifo() system call for this purpose. */ ++ if (S_ISFIFO (mode)) ++ result = INLINE_SYSCALL (mkfifoat, 4, fd, file, mode); ++ else ++ result = INLINE_SYSCALL (mknodat, 4, fd, file, mode, *dev); ++ ++# ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (result == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) ++ __have_atfcts = -1; ++ else ++# endif ++ return result; ++ } ++ ++#ifndef __ASSUME_ATFCTS ++ if (fd != AT_FDCWD && file[0] != '/') ++ { ++ int mib[4]; ++ size_t kf_len = 0; ++ char *kf_buf, *kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (fd < 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ mib[0] = CTL_KERN; ++ mib[1] = KERN_PROC; ++ mib[2] = KERN_PROC_FILEDESC; ++ mib[3] = __getpid (); ++ ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, NULL, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_buf = alloca (kf_len + strlen (file)); ++ if (__sysctl (mib, 4, kf_buf, &kf_len, NULL, 0) != 0) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOSYS); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ kf_bufp = kf_buf; ++ while (kf_bufp < kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ struct kinfo_file *kf = (struct kinfo_file *) (uintptr_t) kf_bufp; ++ ++ if (kf->kf_fd == fd) ++ { ++ if (kf->kf_type != KF_TYPE_VNODE || ++ kf->kf_vnode_type != KF_VTYPE_VDIR) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOTDIR); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, "/"); ++ strcat (kf->kf_path, file); ++ file = kf->kf_path; ++ break; ++ } ++ kf_bufp += kf->kf_structsize; ++ } ++ ++ if (kf_bufp >= kf_buf + kf_len) ++ { ++ __set_errno (EBADF); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ } ++ ++ return __xmknod (vers, file, mode, dev); ++#endif ++} ++ ++libc_hidden_def (__xmknodat) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/xstat.c +@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ ++/* xstat using FreeBSD stat, nstat system calls. ++ Copyright (C) 1991,1995-1997,2000,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "stat16conv.c" ++ ++int ++__xstat (int vers, const char *file, struct stat *buf) ++{ ++ if (__builtin_expect (vers == _STAT_VER, 1)) ++ { ++ struct stat16 buf16; ++ int result = __syscall_stat (CHECK_STRING (file), __ptrvalue (&buf16)); ++ if (result == 0) ++ stat16_to_stat (&buf16, buf); ++ return result; ++ } ++ else if (__builtin_expect (vers == _STAT_VER_stat, 1)) ++ return __syscall_stat (CHECK_STRING (file), ++ CHECK_1 ((struct stat16 *) buf)); ++ else ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++} ++hidden_def (__xstat) ++ ++weak_alias (__xstat, _xstat) +--- /dev/null ++++ b/ports/sysdeps/unix/bsd/bsd4.4/kfreebsd/xstat64.c +@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ ++/* xstat using FreeBSD stat, nstat system calls. ++ Copyright (C) 1991,1995-1997,2000,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "stat16conv.c" ++ ++int ++__xstat64 (int vers, const char *file, struct stat64 *buf) ++{ ++ if (__builtin_expect (vers == _STAT_VER, 1)) ++ { ++ struct stat16 buf16; ++ int result = __syscall_stat (CHECK_STRING (file), __ptrvalue (&buf16)); ++ if (result == 0) ++ stat16_to_stat64 (&buf16, buf); ++ return result; ++ } ++ else ++ { ++ __set_errno (EINVAL); ++ return -1; ++ } ++} ++hidden_def (__xstat64) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-no-SOCK_NONBLOCK.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-no-SOCK_NONBLOCK.diff @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +--- a/resolv/res_send.c ++++ b/resolv/res_send.c +@@ -933,6 +933,7 @@ + if (EXT(statp).nssocks[ns] == -1) { + /* only try IPv6 if IPv6 NS and if not failed before */ + if ((EXT(statp).nscount6 > 0) && !statp->ipv6_unavail) { ++#ifdef SOCK_NONBLOCK + if (__builtin_expect (__have_o_nonblock >= 0, 1)) { + EXT(statp).nssocks[ns] = + socket(PF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM|SOCK_NONBLOCK, +@@ -945,6 +946,7 @@ + #endif + } + if (__builtin_expect (__have_o_nonblock < 0, 0)) ++#endif + EXT(statp).nssocks[ns] = + socket(PF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, 0); + if (EXT(statp).nssocks[ns] < 0) +@@ -955,6 +957,7 @@ + convaddr4to6(nsap); + } + if (EXT(statp).nssocks[ns] < 0) { ++#ifdef SOCK_NONBLOCK + if (__builtin_expect (__have_o_nonblock >= 0, 1)) { + EXT(statp).nssocks[ns] + = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM|SOCK_NONBLOCK, +@@ -967,6 +970,7 @@ + #endif + } + if (__builtin_expect (__have_o_nonblock < 0, 0)) ++#endif + EXT(statp).nssocks[ns] + = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0); + } +@@ -994,7 +998,11 @@ + __res_iclose(statp, false); + return (0); + } ++#ifdef SOCK_NONBLOCK + if (__builtin_expect (__have_o_nonblock < 0, 0)) { ++#else ++ { ++#endif + /* Make socket non-blocking. */ + int fl = __fcntl (EXT(statp).nssocks[ns], F_GETFL); + if (fl != -1) +--- a/nscd/connections.c ++++ b/nscd/connections.c +@@ -1837,6 +1837,7 @@ + /* We have a new incoming connection. Accept the connection. */ + int fd; + ++#ifdef SOCK_NONBLOCK + #ifndef __ASSUME_ACCEPT4 + fd = -1; + if (have_accept4 >= 0) +@@ -1853,6 +1854,9 @@ + if (have_accept4 < 0) + fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (accept (sock, NULL, NULL)); + #endif ++#else ++ fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (accept (sock, NULL, NULL)); ++#endif + + /* Use the descriptor if we have not reached the limit. */ + if (fd >= 0) +@@ -2042,7 +2046,7 @@ + { + /* A new connection. */ + int fd; +- ++#ifdef SOCK_NONBLOCK + # ifndef __ASSUME_ACCEPT4 + fd = -1; + if (have_accept4 >= 0) +@@ -2059,6 +2063,9 @@ + if (have_accept4 < 0) + fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (accept (sock, NULL, NULL)); + # endif ++#else ++ fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (accept (sock, NULL, NULL)); ++#endif + + /* Use the descriptor if we have not reached the limit. */ + if (fd >= 0) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-scripts.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-scripts.diff @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +--- + abi-tags | 2 +- + configure | 6 +++--- + configure.in | 6 +++--- + linuxthreads/shlib-versions | 3 ++- + shlib-versions | 4 ++++ + 5 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) + +--- a/abi-tags ++++ b/abi-tags +@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ + + .*-sun-solaris2.* 2 2.0.0 # just an arbitrary value + +-.*-.*-freebsd.*-gnu.* 3 4.0.0 # earliest compatible kernel version ++.*-.*-kfreebsd.* 3 5.4.0 # earliest compatible kernel version + + .*-.*-knetbsd.*-gnu.* 4 1.6.0 # earliest compatible kernel version + +--- a/configure ++++ b/configure +@@ -2282,7 +2282,7 @@ + # i586-linuxaout is mangled into i586-pc-linux-gnuaout + linux*ecoff* | linux*aout* | gnu*aout* | gnu*ecoff*) + ;; +-gnu* | linux* | freebsd* | netbsd* | sysv4* | solaris2* | irix6*) ++gnu* | linux* | freebsd* | netbsd* | k*bsd* | sysv4* | solaris2* | irix6*) + # These systems (almost) always use the ELF format. + elf=yes + ;; +@@ -2489,7 +2489,7 @@ + ### + if test -z "$enable_hacker_mode" && test x"$libc_config_ok" != xyes; then + case "$machine-$host_os" in +- *-linux* | *-gnu* | arm*-none* | powerpc-aix4.3.*) ++ *-linux* | *-gnu* | *-kfreebsd* | arm*-none* | powerpc-aix4.3.*) + ;; + *) + echo "*** The GNU C library is currently not available for this platform." +@@ -2563,7 +2563,7 @@ + test "x$base_os" != x || case "$os" in + gnu*) + base_os=mach/hurd ;; +-netbsd* | 386bsd* | freebsd* | bsdi*) ++netbsd* | 386bsd* | freebsd* | bsdi* | k*bsd*) + base_os=unix/bsd/bsd4.4 ;; + osf* | sunos* | ultrix* | newsos* | dynix* | *bsd*) + base_os=unix/bsd ;; +--- a/configure.in ++++ b/configure.in +@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ + # i586-linuxaout is mangled into i586-pc-linux-gnuaout + linux*ecoff* | linux*aout* | gnu*aout* | gnu*ecoff*) + ;; +-gnu* | linux* | freebsd* | netbsd* | sysv4* | solaris2* | irix6*) ++gnu* | linux* | freebsd* | netbsd* | k*bsd* | sysv4* | solaris2* | irix6*) + # These systems (almost) always use the ELF format. + elf=yes + ;; +@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ + ### + if test -z "$enable_hacker_mode" && test x"$libc_config_ok" != xyes; then + case "$machine-$host_os" in +- *-linux* | *-gnu* | arm*-none* | powerpc-aix4.3.*) ++ *-linux* | *-gnu* | *-kfreebsd* | arm*-none* | powerpc-aix4.3.*) + ;; + *) + echo "*** The GNU C library is currently not available for this platform." +@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ + test "x$base_os" != x || case "$os" in + gnu*) + base_os=mach/hurd ;; +-netbsd* | 386bsd* | freebsd* | bsdi*) ++netbsd* | 386bsd* | freebsd* | bsdi* | k*bsd*) + base_os=unix/bsd/bsd4.4 ;; + osf* | sunos* | ultrix* | newsos* | dynix* | *bsd*) + base_os=unix/bsd ;; +--- a/shlib-versions ++++ b/shlib-versions +@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ + x86_64-.*-linux.* DEFAULT GLIBC_2.2.5 + powerpc64-.*-linux.* DEFAULT GLIBC_2.3 + .*-.*-gnu-gnu.* DEFAULT GLIBC_2.2.6 ++.*-.*-kfreebsd.* DEFAULT GLIBC_2.3 + + # Configuration WORDSIZE[32|64] Alternate configuration + # ------------- ---------- ----------------------- +@@ -53,6 +54,7 @@ + sh.*-.*-linux.* libm=6 GLIBC_2.2 + .*-.*-linux.* libm=6 + .*-.*-gnu-gnu.* libm=6 ++.*-.*-kfreebsd.* libm=1 + + # We provide libc.so.6 for Linux kernel versions 2.0 and later. + alpha.*-.*-linux.* libc=6.1 +@@ -60,6 +62,7 @@ + sh.*-.*-linux.* libc=6 GLIBC_2.2 + sparc64.*-.*-linux.* libc=6 GLIBC_2.2 + .*-.*-linux.* libc=6 ++.*-.*-kfreebsd.* libc=0.1 + + # libmachuser.so.1 corresponds to mach/*.defs as of Utah's UK22 release. + .*-.*-gnu-gnu.* libmachuser=1 +@@ -81,6 +84,7 @@ + powerpc64.*-.*-linux.* ld=ld64.so.1 GLIBC_2.3 + cris-.*-linux.* ld=ld.so.1 GLIBC_2.2 + x86_64-.*-linux.* ld=ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 GLIBC_2.2.5 ++x86_64-.*-kfreebsd.* ld=ld-kfreebsd-x86-64.so.1 + # We use the ELF ABI standard name for the default. + .*-.*-.* ld=ld.so.1 + +--- a/linuxthreads/shlib-versions ++++ b/linuxthreads/shlib-versions +@@ -8,4 +8,5 @@ + cris-.*-linux.* libpthread=0 GLIBC_2.2 + x86_64-.*-linux.* libpthread=0 GLIBC_2.2.5 + powerpc64-.*-linux.* libpthread=0 GLIBC_2.3 +-.*-.*-linux.* libpthread=0 ++.*-.*-kfreebsd.* libpthread=0 GLIBC_2.3 ++.*-.*-.* libpthread=0 +--- a/linuxthreads_db/shlib-versions ++++ b/linuxthreads_db/shlib-versions +@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@ + # The thread debug library + .*-.*-linux.* libthread_db=1 ++.*-.*-kfreebsd.* libthread_db=1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-memusage_no_mremap.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-memusage_no_mremap.diff @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- + malloc/memusage.c | 3 +++ + 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+) + +--- a/malloc/memusage.c ++++ b/malloc/memusage.c +@@ -665,6 +665,8 @@ + return result; + } + ++#include <_G_config.h> ++#ifdef _G_HAVE_MREMAP + + /* `mmap' replacement. We do not have to keep track of the sizesince + `munmap' will get it as a parameter. */ +@@ -730,6 +732,7 @@ + /* Return the pointer to the user buffer. */ + return result; + } ++#endif + + + /* `munmap' replacement. */ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-readdir_r.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-readdir_r.diff @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- + sysdeps/unix/readdir_r.c | 30 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++- + 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/unix/readdir_r.c ++++ b/sysdeps/unix/readdir_r.c +@@ -113,7 +113,35 @@ + while (dp->d_ino == 0); + + if (dp != NULL) +- *result = memcpy (entry, dp, reclen); ++ { ++ /* The required size of *entry, according to POSIX, is ++ offsetof (DIRENT_TYPE, d_name[0]) + NAME_MAX + 1. ++ We must not write beyond the end of *entry. On some operating ++ systems, dp->d_reclen may be larger; in this case, copy only as ++ many bytes as needed. Also give an error if d_name is too long. */ ++#ifdef _DIRENT_HAVE_D_RECLEN ++ /* DIRENT_TYPE is of variable size, with d_name as its last entry. */ ++ size_t namelen; ++# ifdef _DIRENT_HAVE_D_NAMLEN ++ namelen = dp->d_namlen; ++# else ++ namelen = strlen (dp->d_name); ++# endif ++ ++ if (namelen <= NAME_MAX) ++ *result = memcpy (entry, dp, ++ offsetof (DIRENT_TYPE, d_name[0]) + namelen + 1); ++ else ++ { ++ errno = EOVERFLOW; ++ dp = NULL; ++ *result = NULL; ++ } ++#else ++ /* DIRENT_TYPE is of fixed size. */ ++ *result = memcpy (entry, dp, reclen); ++#endif ++ } + else + *result = NULL; + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-pthread_at_fork.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-pthread_at_fork.diff @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- + linuxthreads/old_pthread_atfork.c | 2 +- + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) + +--- a/linuxthreads/old_pthread_atfork.c ++++ b/linuxthreads/old_pthread_atfork.c +@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ + + #include + +-#if SHLIB_COMPAT (libpthread, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_3) ++#if SHLIB_COMPAT (libpthread, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_3_2) + # define __pthread_atfork __dyn_pthread_atfork + # include "pthread_atfork.c" + # undef __pthread_atfork --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-ftw.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-ftw.diff @@ -0,0 +1,124 @@ + +disable usage of unimplemented *at functions +revert to previous behaviour, inspired by + http://sourceware.org/ml/glibc-cvs/2006-q1/msg00636.html + http://sources.redhat.com/cgi-bin/cvsweb.cgi/libc/io/ftw.c.diff?cvsroot=glibc&r1=1.50&r2=1.51 + + http://sourceware.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb.cgi/libc/posix/glob.c.diff?cvsroot=glibc&r1=1.77&r2=1.78 + +--- + io/ftw.c | 6 ++++++ + posix/glob.c | 31 +++---------------------------- + 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-) + +--- a/io/ftw.c ++++ b/io/ftw.c +@@ -338,6 +338,7 @@ + { + assert (data->dirstreams[data->actdir] == NULL); + ++#if 0 + if (dfdp != NULL && *dfdp != -1) + { + int fd = openat64_not_cancel_3 (*dfdp, data->dirbuf + data->ftw.base, +@@ -347,6 +348,7 @@ + close_not_cancel_no_status (fd); + } + else ++#endif + { + const char *name; + +@@ -410,10 +412,12 @@ + *((char *) __mempcpy (data->dirbuf + data->ftw.base, name, namlen)) = '\0'; + + int statres; ++#if 0 + if (dir->streamfd != -1) + statres = FXSTATAT (_STAT_VER, dir->streamfd, name, &st, + (data->flags & FTW_PHYS) ? AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW : 0); + else ++#endif + { + if ((data->flags & FTW_CHDIR) == 0) + name = data->dirbuf; +@@ -433,10 +437,12 @@ + flag = FTW_SLN; + else + { ++#if 0 + if (dir->streamfd != -1) + statres = FXSTATAT (_STAT_VER, dir->streamfd, name, &st, + AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW); + else ++#endif + statres = LXSTAT (_STAT_VER, name, &st); + if (statres == 0 && S_ISLNK (st.st_mode)) + flag = FTW_SLN; +--- a/posix/glob.c ++++ b/posix/glob.c +@@ -1222,42 +1222,21 @@ + allocated with alloca to be recycled. */ + #if !defined _LIBC || !defined GLOB_ONLY_P + static int +-__attribute_noinline__ +-link_exists2_p (const char *dir, size_t dirlen, const char *fname, +- glob_t *pglob +-# ifndef _LIBC +- , int flags +-# endif +- ) ++link_exists_p (const char *dir, size_t dirlen, const char *fname, ++ glob_t *pglob, int flags) + { + size_t fnamelen = strlen (fname); + char *fullname = (char *) __alloca (dirlen + 1 + fnamelen + 1); + struct stat st; +-# ifndef _LIBC + struct_stat64 st64; +-# endif + + mempcpy (mempcpy (mempcpy (fullname, dir, dirlen), "/", 1), + fname, fnamelen + 1); + +-# ifdef _LIBC +- return (*pglob->gl_stat) (fullname, &st) == 0; +-# else + return ((__builtin_expect (flags & GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC, 0) + ? (*pglob->gl_stat) (fullname, &st) + : __stat64 (fullname, &st64)) == 0); +-# endif + } +-# ifdef _LIBC +-# define link_exists_p(dfd, dirname, dirnamelen, fname, pglob, flags) \ +- (__builtin_expect (flags & GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC, 0) \ +- ? link_exists2_p (dirname, dirnamelen, fname, pglob) \ +- : ({ struct stat64 st64; \ +- __fxstatat64 (_STAT_VER, dfd, fname, &st64, 0) == 0; })) +-# else +-# define link_exists_p(dfd, dirname, dirnamelen, fname, pglob, flags) \ +- link_exists2_p (dirname, dirnamelen, fname, pglob, flags) +-# endif + #endif + + +@@ -1332,10 +1311,6 @@ + } + else + { +-#ifdef _LIBC +- int dfd = (__builtin_expect (flags & GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC, 0) +- ? -1 : dirfd ((DIR *) stream)); +-#endif + int fnm_flags = ((!(flags & GLOB_PERIOD) ? FNM_PERIOD : 0) + | ((flags & GLOB_NOESCAPE) ? FNM_NOESCAPE : 0) + #if defined _AMIGA || defined VMS +@@ -1394,7 +1369,7 @@ + /* If the file we found is a symlink we have to + make sure the target file exists. */ + if (!DIRENT_MIGHT_BE_SYMLINK (d) +- || link_exists_p (dfd, directory, dirlen, name, pglob, ++ || link_exists_p (directory, dirlen, name, pglob, + flags)) + { + if (cur == names->count) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-linuxthreads29.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/kfreebsd/local-linuxthreads29.diff @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ + +some of these hacks should be solved properly by upstream ... + +--- glibc-2.9.orig/nscd/connections.c ++++ glibc-2.9/nscd/connections.c +@@ -873,6 +873,7 @@ + #endif + } + ++#if defined(SOCK_CLOEXEC) && defined(SOCK_NONBLOCK) + /* Create the socket. */ + #ifndef __ASSUME_SOCK_CLOEXEC + sock = -1; +@@ -885,6 +886,7 @@ + have_sock_cloexec = sock != -1 || errno != EINVAL ? 1 : -1; + #endif + } ++#endif + #ifndef __ASSUME_SOCK_CLOEXEC + if (have_sock_cloexec < 0) + sock = socket (AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0); +--- glibc-2.9.orig/sysdeps/i386/tlsdesc.sym ++++ glibc-2.9/sysdeps/i386/tlsdesc.sym +@@ -8,7 +8,11 @@ + + -- Abuse tls.h macros to derive offsets relative to the thread register. + ++#if 0 + DTV_OFFSET offsetof(struct pthread, header.dtv) ++#else ++DTV_OFFSET offsetof(struct _pthread_descr_struct, p_header.data.dtvp) ++#endif + + TLSDESC_ARG offsetof(struct tlsdesc, arg) + +--- glibc-2.9.orig/sysdeps/x86_64/tlsdesc.sym ++++ glibc-2.9/sysdeps/x86_64/tlsdesc.sym +@@ -5,10 +5,13 @@ + #include + + -- ++#if 0 ++ DTV_OFFSET offsetof(struct pthread, header.dtv) */ ++#endif + + -- Abuse tls.h macros to derive offsets relative to the thread register. + +-DTV_OFFSET offsetof(struct pthread, header.dtv) ++DTV_OFFSET offsetof(struct _pthread_descr_struct, p_header.data.dtvp) + + TLSDESC_ARG offsetof(struct tlsdesc, arg) + +--- glibc-2.9.orig/linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/malloc-machine.h ++++ glibc-2.9/linuxthreads/sysdeps/pthread/malloc-machine.h +@@ -57,10 +57,10 @@ + #include + + typedef int tsd_key_t[1]; /* no key data structure, libc magic does it */ +-__libc_tsd_define (static, MALLOC) /* declaration/common definition */ ++__libc_tsd_define (static, void *, MALLOC) /* declaration/common definition */ + #define tsd_key_create(key, destr) ((void) (key)) +-#define tsd_setspecific(key, data) __libc_tsd_set (MALLOC, (data)) +-#define tsd_getspecific(key, vptr) ((vptr) = __libc_tsd_get (MALLOC)) ++#define tsd_setspecific(key, data) __libc_tsd_set (void *, MALLOC, (data)) ++#define tsd_getspecific(key, vptr) ((vptr) = __libc_tsd_get (void *, MALLOC)) + + #include + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/sparc/submitted-timing.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/sparc/submitted-timing.diff @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +# All lines beginning with `# DP:' are a description of the patch. +# DP: Description: sparc/sparcv9 libraries fix +# DP: Author: Daniel Jacobowitz , Jeff Bailey +# DP: Upstream status: Not Submitted +# DP: Status Details: +# DP: Date: 2003-12-31 + +2003-12-31 Jeff Bailey + + * sysdeps/sparc/hp-timing.h: New file. + +--- + sysdeps/sparc/sparc32/hp-timing.h | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+) + +--- /dev/null ++++ b/sysdeps/sparc/sparc32/hp-timing.h +@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ ++/* High precision, low overhead timing functions. i386 version. ++ Copyright (C) 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SPARC_HP_TIMING_H ++#define _SPARC_HP_TIMING_H 1 ++ ++#define hp_timing_t hp_timing_t__ ++#include ++#undef hp_timing_t ++ ++/* We don't use high-precision timers, but we might load an sparcv9 libpthread ++ which does. */ ++#define HP_TIMING_PAD 1 ++ ++/* sparcv9 uses 64bit values for the times. */ ++typedef unsigned long long int hp_timing_t; ++ ++#endif /* hp-timing.h */ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/sparc/local-sparcv9-target.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/sparc/local-sparcv9-target.diff @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +# DP: Description: Optimizes the build for sparcv9 +# DP: Author: Ben Collins, Aurelien Jarno +# DP: Upstream status: Debian-Specific +# DP: Status Details: +# DP: Date: July 19, 2007 + +--- + configure | 5 +++++ + configure.in | 5 +++++ + 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+) + +--- a/configure ++++ b/configure +@@ -3421,6 +3421,11 @@ + machine="powerpc" + fi + ++# Force v9 ++if test "$machine" = sparc; then ++ machine="sparcv9" ++fi ++ + # Braindead PowerPC box with absolutely no FPU. + case "$machine-$host_os" in + powerpc*-*soft) +--- a/configure.in ++++ b/configure.in +@@ -375,6 +375,11 @@ + machine="powerpc" + fi + ++# Force v9 ++if test "$machine" = sparc; then ++ machine="sparcv9" ++fi ++ + # Braindead PowerPC box with absolutely no FPU. + case "$machine-$host_os" in + powerpc*-*soft) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/sparc/local-fork.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/sparc/local-fork.diff @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +2006-05-28 Aurelien Jarno + + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/sparc/fork.S: remove, so that fork.c is + used instead. + + +--- + sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/sparc/fork.S | 30 ------------------------------ + 1 file changed, 30 deletions(-) + +--- a/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/sparc/fork.S ++++ /dev/null +@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@ +-/* Copyright (C) 1997, 1999, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +- This file is part of the GNU C Library. +- Contributed by Miguel de Icaza , 1997. +- +- The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or +- modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public +- License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either +- version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. +- +- The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +- Lesser General Public License for more details. +- +- You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public +- License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free +- Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA +- 02111-1307 USA. */ +- +-#include +- +-PSEUDO (__libc_fork, fork, 0) +- sub %o1, 1, %o1 +- retl +- and %o0, %o1, %o0 +-PSEUDO_END (__libc_fork) +- +-weak_alias (__libc_fork, __fork) +-libc_hidden_def (__fork) +-weak_alias (__libc_fork, fork) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/m32r/local-ports-m32r.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/m32r/local-ports-m32r.diff @@ -0,0 +1,5424 @@ +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/ChangeLog.m32r ports/ChangeLog.m32r +--- ports/ChangeLog.m32r 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/ChangeLog.m32r 2006-05-09 10:23:08.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@ ++2006-06-07 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/configure: Removed ++ libc_cv_gcc_unwind_find=yes, because we provide _Unwind_Find_FDE ++ from libgcc. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/configure: Ditto. ++ ++2006-04-24 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ * sysdeps/m32r/setjmp.h : Avoid stdlib/isomac.out Error. ++ ++2006-04-06 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/linuxthreads/sysdep-cancel.h : ++ Changed for IS_IN_librt case. Gather a common SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER ++ code. ++ ++2006-03-24 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/linuxthreads/sysdep-cancel.h : ++ Recoverd the code before 2006-03-02. ++ ++2006-03-22 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ * Rebuild by gcc-3.4.3-13.0.3. ++ * sysdeps/m32r/strlen.S (strlen): Disable pre-read codes. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/mmap.S (strlen): Set an Error Code ++ when using an illegal offset value. ++ ++2006-03-02 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/clone.S (__clone): Changes for ++ the new system call calling convention of the kernel. ++ Marged calling SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sysdep.h : Use @GOT, @PLT, @GOTOFF. ++ Add "|| nop" after trap. Marged calling SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/brk.c (__brk): Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/flushcache.S (__brk): Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sigaction.c : Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/unix/m32r/sysdep.S : Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/m32r/bsd-_setjmp.S (_setjmp): Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/m32r/bsd-setjmp.S (setjmp): Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/m32r/setjmp.S (__sigsetjmp): Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/m32r/dl-machine.h : Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/m32r/m32r-mcount.S (_mcount): Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/m32r/sysdep.h : Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/linuxthreads/sysdep-cancel.h : ++ Use @GOT, @PLT, @GOTOFF. Fixed typo. Changed for IS_IN_librt case. ++ Removed UNDOCARGS2_*. Removed UNDOCARGS_5 DOCARGS_5 verbose saving. ++ sigaction.cv ++ ++2006-03-01 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/bits/fcntl.h ++ [__USE_GNU] (F_SETLEASE. F_GETLEASE, F_NOTIFY): New macros. ++ [__USE_GNU] (LOCK_MAND, LOCK_READ, LOCK_WRITE, LOCK_RW): New macros. ++ [__USE_GNU] (DN_ACCESS, DN_MODIFY, DN_CREATE, DN_DELETE, DN_RENAME, ++ DN_ATTRIB, DN_MULTISHOT): New macros. ++ ++2006-01-26 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/brk.c (__brk): Fixed conflist r0 on ++ asm(). ++ ++2006-01-18 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ ++ * sysdeps/unix/m32r/sysdep.S: Changed to avoid redefined ++ error of symbol `__syscall_error_1'. ++ ++2005-11-22 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ ++ * sysdeps/m32r/dl-machine.h (elf_machine_rela): Support ++ R_M32R_10_PCREL_RELA. ++ Remove a code to use relocation field at R_M32R_26_PCREL_RELA ++ and R_M32R_18_PCREL_RELA. The field must be 0 with RELA. ++ ++2005-11-18 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ ++ * sysdeps/m32r/bits/setjmp.h (_JMPBUF_UNWINDS): Remove unnecessary &. ++ Make sure only setjmp.h or pthread.h are allow to include ++ bits/setjmp.h. ++ ++2005-10-21 Hirokazu Takata ++ ++ * sysdeps/m32r/memset.S: Update for m32r2. ++ ++2005-10-20 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ ++ * sysdeps/m32r/elf/start.S: Support Update PIE. ++ ++2005-10-19 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/socket.S: Remove weak_alias ++ to create listen if NO_WEAK_ALIAS is defined. ++ ++2005-10-14 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ ++ * sysdeps/m32r/gccframe.h: New file for dwarf2-unwind. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/configure: Support dwarf2-unwind. ++ ++2005-07-15 ++ ++ * sysdeps/m32r/dl-machine.h: Support R_M32R_REL32. ++ It's important to change with elf/elf.h. ++ ++2005-03-03 Hirokazu Takata ++ ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/kernel-features.h: Removed ++ __ASSUME_VFORK_SYSCALL. ++ ++2005-02-22 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/linuxthreads/vfork.S: Changed for ++ __ASSUME_VFORK_SYSCALL. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/vfork.S: Ditto. ++ ++2005-02-15 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/socket.S: Added .fillinsn. ++ ++2005-02-10 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/linuxthreads/vfork.S: Changed to ++ reference pthread_create. ++ ++2005-02-04 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/linuxthreads/sysdep-cancel.h: ++ Support thread cancel. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/linuxthreads/vfork.S: Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/clone.S: Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/socket.S: Ditto. ++ ++2005-01-31 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/socket.S: Removed # in macro body. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/Makefile: Removed gnulib, gnulib-static. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/sigaction.c: Changed ++ to "kernel-features.h" ++ ++2004-12-20 NIIBE Yutaka ++ ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/kernel-features.h: Port for ++ kernel-2.6.9. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getgid.c: Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sigaction.c: Ditto. ++ * glibc-20041101/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/i386/fcntl.c: Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/chown.c: Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getresgid.c: Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getresuid.c: Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getrlimit.c: Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getrlimit64.c: Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/lchown.c: Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/msgctl.c: Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/semctl.c: Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setfsgid.c: Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setfsuid.c: Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setrlimit.c: Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/shmctl.c: Ditto. ++ * ++ ++2004-10-26 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ ++ * ChangeLog.m32r: Fix typo in comment. ++ * sysdeps/m32r/preconfigure: Removed. ++ * sysdeps/m32r/configure.in: New file. ++ * sysdeps/m32r/configure: New generated file. ++ * sysdeps/m32r/linuxthreads/pspinlock.c (__pthread_spin_lock): ++ Changed INLINE_SYSCALL to INTERNAL_SYSCALL. ++ (__pthread_spin_trylock): Ditto. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/Versions: Removed GLIBC_2.2 ++ versioning, Added GLIBC_2.3 versioning. ++ ++2004-10-25 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ ++ Moved from separate m32r-linuxthreads into m32r/linuxthreads ++ subdirs: ++ 2004-09-09 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ * sysdeps/m32r/pspinlock.c: New file. ++ * sysdeps/m32r/pt-machine.h: New file ++ * sysdeps/m32r/preconfigure: Renamed from configure. ++ * sysdeps/m32r/shlib-versions: Moved from top level.. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/Makefile: Add static-gnulilb ++ environment value difinition. ++ ++2004-10-19 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ ++ * m32r/configure: Changed into the simple rule. ++ ++2004-10-08 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/mmap.S (__mmap): Use sys_mmap2. ++ ++2004-10-05 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ ++ * sysdeps/m32r/dl-machine.h (elf_machine_rela_relative): Replace ++ static inline by auto inline, add always_inline attribute. ++ (elf_machine_rela): Likewise. ++ (elf_machine_lazy_rel): Likewise. ++ (elf_machine_runtime_setup): add always_inline attribute. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/bits/mman.h: Define PROT_GROWSDOWN ++ and PROT_GROWSUP. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sysdep.h (SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER): ++ Define RTLD_PRIVATE_ERRNO variant. include . ++ ++2004-09-14 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ ++ * configure: check for assembler line separator ++ ++2004-09-09 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ ++ * configure, Makefile: Do nothing ++ * shlib-versions: New file. ++ * sysdeps/unix/m32r/sysdep.h: Use relative pathnames. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sysdep.h: Use relative ++ pathnames. ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sysdep.S: Use relative ++ pathnames. ++ * sysdeps/m32r/init-first.c: Remove file ++ ++2004-09-09 Kazuhiro Inaoka ++ ++ * sysdeps/m32r/Implies: New file ++ * sysdeps/m32r/Makefile: New file ++ * sysdeps/m32r/__longjmp.S: New file ++ * sysdeps/m32r/bits/endian.h: New file ++ * sysdeps/m32r/bits/huge_val.h: New file ++ * sysdeps/m32r/bits/setjmp.h: New file ++ * sysdeps/m32r/bsd-_setjmp.S: New file ++ * sysdeps/m32r/bsd-setjmp.S: New file ++ * sysdeps/m32r/dl-machine.h: New file ++ * sysdeps/m32r/elf/start.S: New file ++ * sysdeps/m32r/gmp-mparam.h: New file ++ * sysdeps/m32r/init-first.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/m32r/m32r-mcount.S: New file ++ * sysdeps/m32r/machine-gmon.h: New file ++ * sysdeps/m32r/memcpy.S: New file ++ * sysdeps/m32r/memset.S: New file ++ * sysdeps/m32r/memusage.h: New file ++ * sysdeps/m32r/setjmp.S: New file ++ * sysdeps/m32r/stackinfo.h: New file ++ * sysdeps/m32r/strlen.S: New file ++ * sysdeps/m32r/sys/ucontext.h: New file ++ * sysdeps/m32r/sysdep.h: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/m32r/Makefile: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/m32r/sysdep.S: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/m32r/sysdep.h: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/Dist: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/Makefile: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/Versions: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/bits/fcntl.h: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/bits/mman.h: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/bits/resource.h: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/brk.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/chown.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/clone.S: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/fchown.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/fcntl.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/flushcache.S: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/fxstat.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getegid.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/geteuid.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getgroups.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getresgid.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getresuid.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getrlimit.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getrlimit64.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getuid.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/lchown.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/lockf64.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/lxstat.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/m32r-stub.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/mmap.S: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/msgctl.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/pipe.S: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/profil-counter.h: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/semctl.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setegid.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/seteuid.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setfsgid.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setfsuid.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setgid.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setgroups.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setregid.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setresgid.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setresuid.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setreuid.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setrlimit.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setuid.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/shmctl.c: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sigcontextinfo.h: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/socket.S: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sys/cachectl.h: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sys/io.h: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sys/tas.h: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sys/ucontext.h: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sys/user.h: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/syscall.S: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/syscalls.list: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sysdep.S: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sysdep.h: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/vfork.S: New file ++ * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/xstat.c: New file +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/Implies ports/sysdeps/m32r/Implies +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/Implies 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/Implies 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ ++wordsize-32 ++ieee754/flt-32 ++ieee754/dbl-64 +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/Makefile ports/sysdeps/m32r/Makefile +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/Makefile 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/Makefile 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ ++# m32r/ELF specific definitions. ++ ++# The assembler on m32r needs the -fPIC flag even when it's assembler code. ++#ASFLAGS-.os = -fPIC ++ifeq ($(subdir),gmon) ++sysdep_routines += m32r-mcount ++endif +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/__longjmp.S ports/sysdeps/m32r/__longjmp.S +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/__longjmp.S 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/__longjmp.S 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ ++/* longjmp for M32R. ++ Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#define _SETJMP_H ++#define _ASM ++#include ++ ++/* __longjmp(jmpbuf, val) */ ++ ++ENTRY (__longjmp) ++ ld r8, @r0+ ++ ld r9, @r0+ ++ ld r10, @r0+ ++ ld r11, @r0+ ++ ld r12, @r0+ ++ ld r13, @r0+ ++ ld r2, @r0+ /* lr */ ++ ld r15, @r0 /* sp */ ++ ++ mv r0,r1 ++ bnez r0, 1f /* get the return value in place */ ++ ldi r0, #1 /* can't let setjmp() return zero! */ ++ .fillinsn ++1: ++ jmp r2 ++END (__longjmp) +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/bits/endian.h ports/sysdeps/m32r/bits/endian.h +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/bits/endian.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/bits/endian.h 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ ++/* M32R is bi-endian. */ ++ ++#ifndef _ENDIAN_H ++# error "Never use directly; include instead." ++#endif ++ ++#ifdef __LITTLE_ENDIAN__ ++#define __BYTE_ORDER __LITTLE_ENDIAN ++#define __FLOAT_WORD_ORDER __LITTLE_ENDIAN ++#else ++#define __BYTE_ORDER __BIG_ENDIAN ++#define __FLOAT_WORD_ORDER __BIG_ENDIAN ++#endif +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/bits/huge_val.h ports/sysdeps/m32r/bits/huge_val.h +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/bits/huge_val.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/bits/huge_val.h 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ ++/* `HUGE_VAL' constants for IEEE 754 machines (where it is infinity). ++ Used by and functions for overflow. ++ M32R version. ++ Copyright (C) 1992, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2004 ++ Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _MATH_H ++# error "Never use directly; include instead." ++#endif ++ ++/* IEEE positive infinity (-HUGE_VAL is negative infinity). */ ++ ++#if __GNUC_PREREQ(3,3) ++# define HUGE_VAL (__builtin_huge_val()) ++#elif __GNUC_PREREQ(2,96) ++# define HUGE_VAL (__extension__ 0x1.0p2047) ++#elif defined __GNUC__ ++ ++# define HUGE_VAL \ ++ (__extension__ \ ++ ((union { unsigned __l __attribute__((__mode__(__DI__))); double __d; }) \ ++ { __l: 0x000000007ff00000ULL }).__d) ++ ++#else /* not GCC */ ++ ++# include ++ ++typedef union { unsigned char __c[8]; double __d; } __huge_val_t; ++ ++# if __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN ++# define __HUGE_VAL_bytes { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x7f, 0xf0, 0, 0 } ++# endif ++# if __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN ++# define __HUGE_VAL_bytes { 0, 0, 0xf0, 0x7f, 0, 0, 0, 0 } ++# endif ++ ++static __huge_val_t __huge_val = { __HUGE_VAL_bytes }; ++# define HUGE_VAL (__huge_val.__d) ++ ++#endif /* GCC. */ +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/bits/setjmp.h ports/sysdeps/m32r/bits/setjmp.h +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/bits/setjmp.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/bits/setjmp.h 2006-05-09 10:22:45.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++/* Define the machine-dependent type `jmp_buf'. M32R version. */ ++#ifndef _BITS_SETJMP_H ++#define _BITS_SETJMP_H 1 ++ ++#if !defined _SETJMP_H && !defined _PTHREAD_H ++# error "Never include directly; use instead." ++#endif ++ ++#ifndef _ASM ++typedef struct ++ { ++ /* Callee-saved registers r8 through r15. */ ++ int __regs[8]; ++ ++ /* Program counter. */ ++ void * __pc; ++ } __jmp_buf[1]; ++#endif ++ ++#if defined __USE_MISC || defined _ASM ++#define JB_R8 0 ++#define JB_R9 1 ++#define JB_R10 2 ++#define JB_R11 3 ++#define JB_R12 4 ++#define JB_FP 5 ++#define JB_LR 6 ++#define JB_SP 7 ++#define JB_PC 8 ++ ++#define JB_SIZE (4 * 9) ++#endif ++ ++/* Test if longjmp to JMPBUF would unwind the frame ++ containing a local variable at ADDRESS. */ ++#define _JMPBUF_UNWINDS(jmpbuf, address) \ ++ ((void *) (address) < (jmpbuf)[0].__regs[JB_SP]) ++ ++#endif /* bits/setjmp.h */ +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/bsd-_setjmp.S ports/sysdeps/m32r/bsd-_setjmp.S +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/bsd-_setjmp.S 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/bsd-_setjmp.S 2006-03-02 11:15:18.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ ++/* BSD `_setjmp' entry point to `sigsetjmp (..., 0)'. M32R version. ++ Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++/* This just does a tail-call to `__sigsetjmp (ARG, 0)'. ++ We cannot do it in C because it must be a tail-call, so frame-unwinding ++ in setjmp doesn't clobber the state restored by longjmp. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++ENTRY (_setjmp) ++#ifdef SHARED ++ mv r2,lr ++ bl.s .+4 ++ ld24 r1,#_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ ++ add r1,lr ++ mv lr,r2 ++ ++ ld24 r2,C_SYMBOL_NAME(__sigsetjmp@GOT) ++ add r2,r1 ++ ld r2,@r2 ++#else ++ LDIMM (r2, C_SYMBOL_NAME(__sigsetjmp)) ++#endif ++ ldi r1, #0 /* Pass a second argument of zero. */ ++ jmp r2 ++END (_setjmp) ++libc_hidden_def(_setjmp) +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/bsd-setjmp.S ports/sysdeps/m32r/bsd-setjmp.S +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/bsd-setjmp.S 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/bsd-setjmp.S 2006-03-02 11:15:35.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ ++/* BSD `setjmp' entry point to `sigsetjmp (..., 1)'. M32R version. ++ Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++/* This just does a tail-call to `__sigsetjmp (ARG, 1)'. ++ We cannot do it in C because it must be a tail-call, so frame-unwinding ++ in setjmp doesn't clobber the state restored by longjmp. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++ENTRY (setjmp) ++#ifdef SHARED ++ mv r2,lr ++ bl.s .+4 ++ ld24 r1,#_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ ++ add r1,lr ++ mv lr,r2 ++ ++ ld24 r2,C_SYMBOL_NAME(__sigsetjmp@GOT) ++ add r2,r1 ++ ld r2,@r2 ++#else ++ LDIMM (r2, C_SYMBOL_NAME(__sigsetjmp)) ++#endif ++ ldi r1, #1 /* Pass a second argument of one. */ ++ jmp r2 ++END (setjmp) +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/configure ports/sysdeps/m32r/configure +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/configure 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/configure 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ ++# This file is generated from configure.in by Autoconf. DO NOT EDIT! ++ ++libc_cv_asm_line_sep='!' ++cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF ++#define ASM_LINE_SEP $libc_cv_asm_line_sep ++_ACEOF ++ +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/configure.in ports/sysdeps/m32r/configure.in +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/configure.in 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/configure.in 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ ++GLIBC_PROVIDES dnl See aclocal.m4 in the top level source directory. ++ ++dnl M32R uses `;' to start comments and `!' for line separator. ++libc_cv_asm_line_sep='!' ++AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(ASM_LINE_SEP, $libc_cv_asm_line_sep) +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/dl-machine.h ports/sysdeps/m32r/dl-machine.h +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/dl-machine.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/dl-machine.h 2006-03-02 11:28:06.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,814 @@ ++/* Machine-dependent ELF dynamic relocation inline functions. M32R version. ++ Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef dl_machine_h ++#define dl_machine_h ++ ++/* Only dummy. This doesn't work. */ ++ ++#define ELF_MACHINE_NAME "M32R" ++ ++#include ++ ++#include ++ ++/* Define the M32R_OLD_ABI, if you want to keep compatibility with ++ an old Renesas relocs */ ++#ifdef M32R_OLD_ABI ++#define R_M32R_16_SAMPLE 1 ++#define R_M32R_32_SAMPLE 2 ++#define R_M32R_24_SAMPLE 3 ++#define R_M32R_10_PCREL_SAMPLE 4 ++#define R_M32R_18_PCREL_SAMPLE 5 ++#define R_M32R_26_PCREL_SAMPLE 6 ++#define R_M32R_HI16_ULO_SAMPLE 7 ++#define R_M32R_HI16_SLO_SAMPLE 8 ++#define R_M32R_LO16_SAMPLE 9 ++#define R_M32R_SDA16_SAMPLE 10 ++ ++#define R_M32R_GOT24_SAMPLE 11 /* conflict */ ++#define R_M32R_26_PLTREL_SAMPLE 12 /* conflict */ ++#define R_M32R_GOT16_HI_ULO_SAMPLE 13 ++#define R_M32R_GOT16_HI_SLO_SAMPLE 14 ++#define R_M32R_GOT16_LO_SAMPLE 15 ++#define R_M32R_GOTPC24_SAMPLE 16 ++#define R_M32R_COPY_SAMPLE 17 ++#define R_M32R_GLOB_DAT_SAMPLE 18 ++#define R_M32R_JMP_SLOT_SAMPLE 19 ++#define R_M32R_RELATIVE_SAMPLE 20 ++#define R_M32R_GNU_VTINHERIT_SAMPLE 21 ++#define R_M32R_GNU_VTENTRY_SAMPLE 22 ++#endif /* M32R_OLD_ABI */ ++ ++/* Return nonzero iff ELF header is compatible with the running host. */ ++static inline int __attribute__ ((unused)) ++elf_machine_matches_host (const Elf32_Ehdr *ehdr) ++{ ++ return (ehdr->e_machine == EM_M32R); ++} ++ ++ ++/* Return the link-time address of _DYNAMIC. Conveniently, this is the ++ first element of the GOT. This must be inlined in a function which ++ uses global data. */ ++static inline Elf32_Addr __attribute__ ((unused)) ++elf_machine_dynamic (void) ++{ ++ register Elf32_Addr *got; ++ asm (" bl.s .+4\n" ++ " ld24 %0,#_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_\n" ++ " add %0,lr" :"=r" (got) : : "lr" ); ++ return *got; ++} ++ ++ ++/* Return the run-time load address of the shared object. */ ++static inline Elf32_Addr __attribute__ ((unused)) ++elf_machine_load_address (void) ++{ ++ Elf32_Addr addr; ++ asm (" ld24 r0,#here\n\t" ++ " add r0,r12\n\t" ++ " ld r0,@r0\n\t" ++ "here: \n\t" ++ " ld24 r1,#_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_\n\t" ++ " mv r2,r12\n\t" ++ " sub r2,r1\n\t" ++ " sub r2,r0\n\t" ++ " mv %0,r2" ++ : "=r" (addr) : : "r0", "r1", "r2" ); ++ return addr; ++} ++ ++ ++/* Set up the loaded object described by L so its unrelocated PLT ++ entries will jump to the on-demand fixup code in dl-runtime.c. */ ++ ++static inline int __attribute__ ((unused, always_inline)) ++elf_machine_runtime_setup (struct link_map *l, int lazy, int profile) ++{ ++ Elf32_Addr *got; ++ extern void _dl_runtime_resolve (Elf32_Word); ++ extern void _dl_runtime_profile (Elf32_Word); ++ ++ if (l->l_info[DT_JMPREL] && lazy) ++ { ++ /* The GOT entries for functions in the PLT have not yet been filled ++ in. Their initial contents will arrange when called to load an ++ offset into the .rela.plt section and _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_[1], ++ and then jump to _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE[2]. */ ++ got = (Elf32_Addr *) D_PTR (l, l_info[DT_PLTGOT]); ++ got[1] = (Elf32_Addr) l; /* Identify this shared object. */ ++ ++ /* The got[2] entry contains the address of a function which gets ++ called to get the address of a so far unresolved function and ++ jump to it. The profiling extension of the dynamic linker allows ++ to intercept the calls to collect information. In this case we ++ don't store the address in the GOT so that all future calls also ++ end in this function. */ ++ if (profile) ++ { ++ got[2] = (Elf32_Addr) &_dl_runtime_profile; ++ /* Say that we really want profiling and the timers are started. */ ++ GL(dl_profile_map) = l; ++ } ++ else ++ /* This function will get called to fix up the GOT entry indicated by ++ the offset on the stack, and then jump to the resolved address. */ ++ got[2] = (Elf32_Addr) &_dl_runtime_resolve; ++ } ++ return lazy; ++} ++ ++/* This code is used in dl-runtime.c to call the `fixup' function ++ and then redirect to the address it returns. */ ++ ++#define ELF_MACHINE_RUNTIME_FIXUP_ARGS int plt_type ++ ++#ifdef SHARED ++#define FUN_ADDR( func ) "\n\ ++ bl.s .+4 \n\ ++ ld24 r12,#_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ \n\ ++ add r12,lr \n\ ++ ld24 r4,#" #func "@GOT \n\ ++ add r4,r12 \n\ ++ ld r4,@r4" ++#else ++#define FUN_ADDR( func ) "\ ++ seth r4,#high( " #func " ) \n\ ++ or3 r4,r4,#low( " #func " )" ++#endif ++ ++#define FGR_SAVE "" ++#define FGR_LOAD "" ++ ++#ifdef M32R_OLD_NEWABI ++#define LOAD_ARGS_FROM_STACK( name ) "\n\ ++ mv r7,lr \n\ ++ ; OLD_PLT to keep compatible mode only \n\ ++ bl.s .+4 \n\ ++ .fillinsn \n\ ++ addi lr,# " #name " -. \n\ ++ beq r6,lr,1f \n\ ++ ; OLT_PLT ABI \n\ ++ pop r4 ; link map address \n\ ++ pop r5 ; reloc offset \n\ ++ .fillinsn \n\ ++1: \n\ ++ mv lr,r7" ++#else ++#define LOAD_ARGS_FROM_STACK( name ) "\n\ ++ ; DELETE FOR NEW ABI pop r4 ; link map address \n\ ++ ; DELETE FOR NEW ABI pop r5 ; reloc offset\n" ++#endif ++ ++#ifndef PROF ++# define ELF_MACHINE_RUNTIME_TRAMPOLINE asm ("\ ++ .text \n\ ++ .globl _dl_runtime_resolve \n\ ++ .type _dl_runtime_resolve, @function \n\ ++ \n\ ++ .balign 4 \n\ ++_dl_runtime_resolve: \n\ ++ " LOAD_ARGS_FROM_STACK( _dl_runtime_resolve ) " \n\ ++ push r0 \n\ ++ push r1 \n\ ++ push r2 \n\ ++ push r3 \n\ ++ push r12 \n\ ++ " FGR_SAVE " \n\ ++ push lr \n\ ++ \n\ ++ ; fixup( ELF_MACHINE_RUNTIME_TRAMPOLINE, link_map, reloc_offset ) \n\ ++ ;mv r0,*** ; plt_type (dummy) \n\ ++ \n\ ++ mv r1,r4 ; link map address \n\ ++ mv r2,r5 ; reloc offset \n\ ++ \n\ ++ " FUN_ADDR( fixup ) " \n\ ++ \n\ ++ jl r4 ; Call resolver. \n\ ++ mv r4,r0 ; value \n\ ++ \n\ ++ pop lr ; Get register content back. \n\ ++ " FGR_LOAD " \n\ ++ pop r12 \n\ ++ pop r3 \n\ ++ pop r2 \n\ ++ pop r1 \n\ ++ pop r0 \n\ ++ \n\ ++ jmp r4 ; Jump to function address. \n\ ++ \n\ ++ .balign 4 \n\ ++ .size _dl_runtime_resolve, .-_dl_runtime_resolve \n\ ++ \n\ ++ .globl _dl_runtime_profile \n\ ++ .type _dl_runtime_profile, @function \n\ ++ \n\ ++ .balign 4 \n\ ++_dl_runtime_profile: \n\ ++ " LOAD_ARGS_FROM_STACK( _dl_runtime_profile ) " \n\ ++ push r0 \n\ ++ push r1 \n\ ++ push r2 \n\ ++ push r3 \n\ ++ push r12 \n\ ++ " FGR_SAVE " \n\ ++ push lr \n\ ++ \n\ ++ ; profile_fixup( ELF_MACHINE_RUNTIME_TRAMPOLINE, link_map, reloc_offset ) \n\ ++ ;mv r0,*** ; plt_type (dummy) \n\ ++ mv r1,r4 ; link map address \n\ ++ mv r2,r5 ; reloc offset \n\ ++ \n\ ++ " FUN_ADDR( profile_fixup ) " \n\ ++ \n\ ++ jl r4 ; Call resolver. \n\ ++ mv r4,r0 ; value \n\ ++ \n\ ++ pop lr ; Get register content back. \n\ ++ " FGR_LOAD " \n\ ++ pop r12 \n\ ++ pop r3 \n\ ++ pop r2 \n\ ++ pop r1 \n\ ++ pop r0 \n\ ++ \n\ ++ jmp r4 ; Jump to function address. \n\ ++ \n\ ++ .balign 4 \n\ ++ .size _dl_runtime_profile, .-_dl_runtime_profile \n\ ++ .previous \n\ ++"); ++#else ++# define ELF_MACHINE_RUNTIME_TRAMPOLINE asm ("\ ++ .text \n\ ++ .globl _dl_runtime_resolve \n\ ++ .globl _dl_runtime_profile \n\ ++ .type _dl_runtime_resolve, @function \n\ ++ .type _dl_runtime_profile, @function \n\ ++ \n\ ++ .balign 4 \n\ ++_dl_runtime_resolve: \n\ ++_dl_runtime_profile: \n\ ++ " LOAD_ARGS_FROM_STACK( _dl_runtime_resolve ) " \n\ ++ push r0 \n\ ++ push r1 \n\ ++ push r2 \n\ ++ push r3 \n\ ++ push r12 \n\ ++ " FGR_SAVE " \n\ ++ push lr \n\ ++ \n\ ++ ; fixup( ELF_MACHINE_RUNTIME_TRAMPOLINE, link_map, reloc_offset ) \n\ ++ ;mv r0,*** ; plt_type (dummy) \n\ ++ mv r1,r4 ; link map address \n\ ++ mv r2,r5 ; reloc offset \n\ ++ \n\ ++ " FUN_ADDR( fixup ) " \n\ ++ \n\ ++ jl r4 ; Call resolver. \n\ ++ mv r4,r0 ; value \n\ ++ \n\ ++ pop lr ; Get register content back. \n\ ++ " FGR_LOAD " \n\ ++ pop r12 \n\ ++ pop r3 \n\ ++ pop r2 \n\ ++ pop r1 \n\ ++ pop r0 \n\ ++ \n\ ++ jmp r4 ; Jump to function address. \n\ ++ \n\ ++ .balign 4 \n\ ++ .size _dl_runtime_resolve, .-_dl_runtime_resolve \n\ ++ .size _dl_runtime_profile, .-_dl_runtime_profile \n\ ++ .previous \n\ ++"); ++#endif ++ ++/* Mask identifying addresses reserved for the user program, ++ where the dynamic linker should not map anything. */ ++#define ELF_MACHINE_USER_ADDRESS_MASK 0x80000000UL ++ ++/* Initial entry point code for the dynamic linker. ++ The C function `_dl_start' is the real entry point; ++ its return value is the user program's entry point. */ ++ ++#define RTLD_START asm ("\ ++.text\n\ ++.globl _start\n\ ++.globl _dl_start_user\n\ ++_start:\n\ ++ mv r0,r15\n\ ++ bl _dl_start\n\ ++_dl_start_user:\n\ ++ ; Save the user entry point address in r8.\n\ ++ mv r8,r0\n\ ++ ; Point r12 at the GOT.\n\ ++ bl.s .+4\n\ ++ ld24 r12,#_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_\n\ ++ add r12,lr\n\ ++ ; Store the highest stack address\n\ ++ ld24 r0,#__libc_stack_end@GOT ; __libc_stack_end@GOT \n\ ++ add r0,r12\n\ ++ ld r0,@r0\n\ ++ st r15,@r0\n\ ++ ; See if we were run as a command with the executable file\n\ ++ ; name as an extra leading argument.\n\ ++ ld24 r0,#_dl_skip_args@GOT ; _dl_skip_args@GOT \n\ ++ add r0,r12\n\ ++ ld r0,@r0\n\ ++ ld r0,@r0\n\ ++ ; Get the original argument count.\n\ ++ ld r1,@r15\n\ ++ ; Subtract _dl_skip_args from it.\n\ ++ sub r1,r0\n\ ++ ; Adjust the stack pointer to skip _dl_skip_args words.\n\ ++ slli r0,#2\n\ ++ add r15,r0\n\ ++ ; Store back the modified argument count.\n\ ++ st r1,@r15\n\ ++ ; Compute argv address and envp.\n\ ++ mv r2,r15\n\ ++ addi r2,#4\n\ ++ mv r3,r1\n\ ++ addi r3,#1\n\ ++ slli r3,#2\n\ ++ add r3,r2\n\ ++ ld24 r0,#_rtld_local@GOT\n\ ++ add r0,r12\n\ ++ ld r0,@r0\n\ ++ ld r0,@r0\n\ ++ ; Call _dl_init.\n\ ++ bl _dl_init@PLT ; _dl_init@PLT \n\ ++ .fillinsn\n\ ++1: ; Pass our finalizer function to the user in r4, as per ELF ABI.\n\ ++ ld24 r0,#_dl_fini@GOT ; _dl_fini@GOT \n\ ++ add r0,r12\n\ ++ ld r0,@r0\n\ ++ ; Jump to the user's entry point.\n\ ++ jmp r8\n\ ++.previous\n\ ++"); ++ ++/* ELF_RTYPE_CLASS_PLT iff TYPE describes relocation of a PLT entry, so ++ PLT entries should not be allowed to define the value. ++ ELF_RTYPE_CLASS_NOCOPY iff TYPE should not be allowed to resolve to one ++ of the main executable's symbols, as for a COPY reloc. */ ++#ifdef M32R_OLD_ABI ++/* for oldtype relocation compatibility */ ++#define elf_machine_type_class(type) \ ++ ((((type) == R_M32R_JMP_SLOT || (type) == R_M32R_JMP_SLOT_SAMPLE) * ELF_RTYPE_CLASS_PLT) \ ++ | (((type) == R_M32R_COPY || (type) == R_M32R_COPY_SAMPLE) * ELF_RTYPE_CLASS_COPY)) ++#else ++#define elf_machine_type_class(type) \ ++ ((((type) == R_M32R_JMP_SLOT) * ELF_RTYPE_CLASS_PLT) \ ++ | (((type) == R_M32R_COPY) * ELF_RTYPE_CLASS_COPY)) ++#endif ++ ++/* A reloc type used for ld.so cmdline arg lookups to reject PLT entries. */ ++#ifdef M32R_OLD_ABI ++/* for oldtype relocation compatibility */ ++#define ELF_MACHINE_JMP_SLOT \ ++ R_M32R_JMP_SLOT || ELFW(R_TYPE)(reloc->r_info) == R_M32R_JMP_SLOT_SAMPLE ++#else ++#define ELF_MACHINE_JMP_SLOT R_M32R_JMP_SLOT ++#endif ++ ++/* M32R never uses Elf32_Rel relocations. */ ++#define ELF_MACHINE_NO_REL 1 ++ ++/* We define an initialization functions. This is called very early in ++ _dl_sysdep_start. */ ++#define DL_PLATFORM_INIT dl_platform_init () ++ ++static inline void __attribute__ ((unused)) ++dl_platform_init (void) ++{ ++ if (GLRO(dl_platform) != NULL && *GLRO(dl_platform) == '\0') ++ /* Avoid an empty string which would disturb us. */ ++ GLRO(dl_platform) = NULL; ++} ++ ++static inline Elf32_Addr ++elf_machine_fixup_plt (struct link_map *map, lookup_t t, ++ const Elf32_Rela *reloc, ++ Elf32_Addr *reloc_addr, Elf32_Addr value) ++{ ++ return *reloc_addr = value; ++} ++ ++/* Return the final value of a plt relocation. */ ++static inline Elf32_Addr ++elf_machine_plt_value (struct link_map *map, const Elf32_Rela *reloc, ++ Elf32_Addr value) ++{ ++ return value + reloc->r_addend; ++} ++ ++#endif /* !dl_machine_h */ ++ ++#ifdef RESOLVE ++ ++extern char **_dl_argv; ++ ++/* Perform the relocation specified by RELOC and SYM (which is fully resolved). ++ MAP is the object containing the reloc. */ ++ ++auto inline void ++__attribute ((always_inline)) ++elf_machine_rela (struct link_map *map, const Elf32_Rela *reloc, ++ const Elf32_Sym *sym, const struct r_found_version *version, ++ void *const reloc_addr_arg) ++{ ++ Elf32_Addr *const reloc_addr = reloc_addr_arg; ++ const unsigned int r_type = ELF32_R_TYPE (reloc->r_info); ++ Elf32_Addr value; ++ ++#define COPY_UNALIGNED_WORD(swp, twp, align) \ ++ { \ ++ void *__s = (swp), *__t = (twp); \ ++ unsigned char *__s1 = __s, *__t1 = __t; \ ++ unsigned short *__s2 = __s, *__t2 = __t; \ ++ unsigned long *__s4 = __s, *__t4 = __t; \ ++ switch ((align)) \ ++ { \ ++ case 0: \ ++ *__t4 = *__s4; \ ++ break; \ ++ case 2: \ ++ *__t2++ = *__s2++; \ ++ *__t2 = *__s2; \ ++ break; \ ++ default: \ ++ *__t1++ = *__s1++; \ ++ *__t1++ = *__s1++; \ ++ *__t1++ = *__s1++; \ ++ *__t1 = *__s1; \ ++ break; \ ++ } \ ++ } ++#define COPY_UNALIGNED_HWORD(swp, twp, align) \ ++ { \ ++ void *__s = (swp), *__t = (twp); \ ++ unsigned char *__s1 = __s, *__t1 = __t; \ ++ unsigned short *__s2 = __s, *__t2 = __t; \ ++ switch ((align)) \ ++ { \ ++ case 0: \ ++ *__t2 = *__s2; \ ++ break; \ ++ default: \ ++ *__t1++ = *__s1++; \ ++ *__t1 = *__s1; \ ++ break; \ ++ } \ ++ } ++ ++#ifdef M32R_OLD_ABI ++/* for oldtype relocation compatibility */ ++ if (__builtin_expect (r_type == R_M32R_RELATIVE || r_type == R_M32R_RELATIVE_SAMPLE, 0)) ++#else ++ if (__builtin_expect (r_type == R_M32R_RELATIVE, 0)) ++#endif ++ { ++#ifndef RTLD_BOOTSTRAP ++ if (map != &GL(dl_rtld_map)) /* Already done in rtld itself. */ ++#endif ++ { ++ if (reloc->r_addend) ++ value = map->l_addr + reloc->r_addend; ++ else ++ { ++ COPY_UNALIGNED_WORD (reloc_addr_arg, &value, ++ (int) reloc_addr_arg & 3); ++ value += map->l_addr; ++ } ++ COPY_UNALIGNED_WORD (&value, reloc_addr_arg, ++ (int) reloc_addr_arg & 3); ++ } ++ } ++#ifndef RTLD_BOOTSTRAP ++ else if (__builtin_expect (r_type == R_M32R_NONE, 0)) ++ return; ++#endif ++ else ++ { ++ const Elf32_Sym *const refsym = sym; ++#ifndef RTLD_BOOTSTRAP ++ Elf32_Addr tmp_value; ++#endif ++ value = RESOLVE (&sym, version, r_type); ++ if (sym) ++ value += sym->st_value; ++ value += reloc->r_addend; ++ ++ switch (r_type) ++ { ++#ifdef M32R_OLD_ABI ++ case R_M32R_COPY_SAMPLE: ++#endif ++ case R_M32R_COPY: ++ if (sym == NULL) ++ /* This can happen in trace mode if an object could not be ++ found. */ ++ break; ++ if (sym->st_size > refsym->st_size ++ || (sym->st_size < refsym->st_size && GLRO(dl_verbose))) ++ { ++ const char *strtab; ++ ++ strtab = (const char *) D_PTR (map, l_info[DT_STRTAB]); ++ _dl_error_printf ("\ ++%s: Symbol `%s' has different size in shared object, consider re-linking\n", ++ _dl_argv[0] ?: "", ++ strtab + refsym->st_name); ++ } ++ memcpy (reloc_addr, (void *) value, MIN (sym->st_size, ++ refsym->st_size)); ++ break; ++#ifdef M32R_OLD_ABI ++ case R_M32R_GLOB_DAT_SAMPLE: ++#endif ++ case R_M32R_GLOB_DAT: ++#if 0 /* 20021129 1 -> 0 */ ++ case R_M32R_32: ++ *reloc_addr = value; ++ break; ++#endif /* 20021129 1 -> 0 */ ++#ifdef M32R_OLD_ABI ++ case R_M32R_JMP_SLOT_SAMPLE: ++#endif ++ case R_M32R_JMP_SLOT: ++ elf_machine_fixup_plt(map, 0, reloc, reloc_addr, value); ++ break; ++#if 1 /* 20021129 0 -> 1 */ ++#ifdef M32R_OLD_ABI ++ case R_M32R_32_SAMPLE: ++#endif ++ case R_M32R_32_RELA: ++#ifndef RTLD_BOOTSTRAP ++#ifdef M32R_OLD_ABI ++ case R_M32R_24_SAMPLE: ++ case R_M32R_16_SAMPLE: ++ case R_M32R_HI16_ULO_SAMPLE: ++ case R_M32R_HI16_SLO_SAMPLE: ++ case R_M32R_LO16_SAMPLE: ++ case R_M32R_SDA16_SAMPLE: ++#endif ++ case R_M32R_24_RELA: ++ case R_M32R_16_RELA: ++ case R_M32R_HI16_ULO_RELA: ++ case R_M32R_HI16_SLO_RELA: ++ case R_M32R_LO16_RELA: ++ case R_M32R_SDA16_RELA: ++#endif ++ case R_M32R_REL32: ++ { ++#ifndef RTLD_BOOTSTRAP ++ /* This is defined in rtld.c, but nowhere in the static ++ libc.a; make the reference weak so static programs can ++ still link. This declaration cannot be done when ++ compiling rtld.c (i.e. #ifdef RTLD_BOOTSTRAP) because ++ rtld.c contains the common defn for _dl_rtld_map, which ++ is incompatible with a weak decl in the same file. */ ++# ifndef SHARED ++ weak_extern (GL(dl_rtld_map)); ++# endif ++ if (map == &GL(dl_rtld_map)) ++ /* Undo the relocation done here during bootstrapping. ++ Now we will relocate it anew, possibly using a ++ binding found in the user program or a loaded library ++ rather than the dynamic linker's built-in definitions ++ used while loading those libraries. */ ++ value -= map->l_addr + refsym->st_value + reloc->r_addend; ++#endif ++#ifdef M32R_OLD_ABI ++ if (r_type == R_M32R_32_SAMPLE ++ || r_type == R_M32R_32_RELA) ++#else ++ if (r_type == R_M32R_32_RELA) ++#endif ++ { ++ COPY_UNALIGNED_WORD (&value, reloc_addr_arg, ++ (int) reloc_addr_arg & 3); ++ } ++#ifndef RTLD_BOOTSTRAP ++#ifdef M32R_OLD_ABI ++ else if (r_type == R_M32R_16_SAMPLE ++ || r_type == R_M32R_16_RELA) ++#else ++ else if (r_type == R_M32R_16_RELA) ++#endif ++ { ++ COPY_UNALIGNED_HWORD (&value, reloc_addr_arg, ++ (int) reloc_addr_arg & 3); ++ } ++ else if (r_type == R_M32R_REL32) ++ { ++ value = (value - (Elf32_Addr) reloc_addr); ++ COPY_UNALIGNED_WORD (&value, reloc_addr_arg, ++ (int) reloc_addr_arg & 3); ++ } ++ else ++ { ++ COPY_UNALIGNED_WORD (reloc_addr_arg, &tmp_value, ++ (int) reloc_addr_arg & 3); ++ switch (r_type) ++ { ++#ifdef M32R_OLD_ABI ++ case R_M32R_24_SAMPLE: ++ if (value & 0xff000000) ++ { ++ _dl_signal_error (0, map->l_name, NULL, ++ "R_M32R_24 relocation overflow"); ++ } ++ value = (tmp_value & ~0xffffff) | (value & 0xffffff); ++ break; ++#endif ++ case R_M32R_24_RELA: ++ if (value & 0xff000000) ++ { ++ _dl_signal_error (0, map->l_name, NULL, ++ "R_M32R_24_RELA relocation overflow"); ++ } ++ value = (tmp_value & ~0xffffff) | (value & 0xffffff); ++ break; ++#ifdef M32R_OLD_ABI ++ case R_M32R_HI16_ULO_SAMPLE: ++#endif ++ case R_M32R_HI16_ULO_RELA: ++ value = (tmp_value & ~0xffff) | ((value >>16) & 0xffff); ++ break; ++#ifdef M32R_OLD_ABI ++ case R_M32R_HI16_SLO_SAMPLE: ++#endif ++ case R_M32R_HI16_SLO_RELA: ++ if (value & 0x8000) ++ value += 0x10000; ++ value = (tmp_value & ~0xffff) | ((value >>16) & 0xffff); ++ break; ++#ifdef M32R_OLD_ABI ++ case R_M32R_LO16_SAMPLE: ++ case R_M32R_SDA16_SAMPLE: ++#endif ++ case R_M32R_LO16_RELA: ++ case R_M32R_SDA16_RELA: ++ value = (tmp_value & ~0xffff) | (value & 0xffff); ++ break; ++ } ++ COPY_UNALIGNED_WORD (&value, reloc_addr_arg, ++ (int) reloc_addr_arg & 3); ++ } ++#endif ++ break; ++ } ++#ifndef RTLD_BOOTSTRAP ++#ifdef M32R_OLD_ABI ++ case R_M32R_26_PCREL_SAMPLE: ++ COPY_UNALIGNED_WORD (reloc_addr_arg, &tmp_value, ++ (int) reloc_addr_arg & 3); ++ value += (signed long)(((tmp_value & 0xffffff) ^ 0x800000) - 0x800000) << 2; ++ value = value - (Elf32_Addr) reloc_addr; ++ if ((signed long)value < -0x2000000 || 0x1fffffc < (signed long)value) ++ { ++ _dl_signal_error (0, map->l_name, NULL, ++ "R_M32R_26_PCREL relocation overflow"); ++ } ++ value = (tmp_value & ~0xffffff) | ((value >> 2) & 0xffffff); ++ COPY_UNALIGNED_WORD (&value, reloc_addr_arg, (int) reloc_addr_arg & 3); ++ break; ++#endif ++ case R_M32R_26_PCREL_RELA: ++ COPY_UNALIGNED_WORD (reloc_addr_arg, &tmp_value, ++ (int) reloc_addr_arg & 3); ++ value = value - (Elf32_Addr) reloc_addr; ++ if ((signed long)value < -0x2000000 || 0x1fffffc < (signed long)value) ++ { ++ _dl_signal_error (0, map->l_name, NULL, ++ "R_M32R_26_PCREL_RELA relocation overflow"); ++ } ++ value = (tmp_value & ~0xffffff) | ((value >> 2) & 0xffffff); ++ COPY_UNALIGNED_WORD (&value, reloc_addr_arg, ++ (int) reloc_addr_arg & 3); ++ break; ++#ifdef M32R_OLD_ABI ++ case R_M32R_18_PCREL_SAMPLE: ++ COPY_UNALIGNED_WORD (reloc_addr_arg, &tmp_value, ++ (int) reloc_addr_arg & 3); ++ value += (signed long)((tmp_value & 0xffff) ^ 0x8000) - 0x8000) << 2; ++ value = value - (Elf32_Addr) reloc_addr; ++ if ((signed long)value < -0x20000 || 0x1fffc < (signed long)value) ++ { ++ _dl_signal_error (0, map->l_name, NULL, ++ "R_M32R_18_PCREL relocation overflow"); ++ } ++ value = (tmp_value & ~0xffff) | ((value >> 2) & 0xffff); ++ COPY_UNALIGNED_WORD (&value, reloc_addr_arg, ++ (int) reloc_addr_arg & 3); ++ break; ++#endif ++ case R_M32R_18_PCREL_RELA: ++ COPY_UNALIGNED_WORD (reloc_addr_arg, &tmp_value, ++ (int) reloc_addr_arg & 3); ++ value = value - (Elf32_Addr) reloc_addr; ++ if ((signed long)value < -0x20000 || 0x1fffc < (signed long)value) ++ { ++ _dl_signal_error (0, map->l_name, NULL, ++ "R_M32R_18_PCREL_RELA relocation overflow"); ++ } ++ value = (tmp_value & ~0xffff) | ((value >> 2) & 0xffff); ++ COPY_UNALIGNED_WORD (&value, reloc_addr_arg, ++ (int) reloc_addr_arg & 3); ++ break; ++#endif ++#ifdef M32R_OLD_ABI ++ case R_M32R_10_PCREL_SAMPLE: ++#else ++ case R_M32R_10_PCREL_RELA: ++#endif ++ { ++ unsigned short tmp_hvalue; ++ COPY_UNALIGNED_HWORD (reloc_addr_arg, &tmp_hvalue, ++ (int) reloc_addr_arg & 3); ++ value = value - (Elf32_Addr) reloc_addr; ++ if ((signed long)value < -0x200 || 0x1fc < (signed long)value) ++ { ++#ifdef M32R_OLD_ABI ++ _dl_signal_error (0, map->l_name, NULL, ++ "R_M32R_10_PCREL relocation overflow"); ++#else ++ _dl_signal_error (0, map->l_name, NULL, ++ "R_M32R_10_PCREL_RELA relocation overflow"); ++#endif ++ } ++ tmp_hvalue = (tmp_hvalue & ~0xff) | ((value >> 2) & 0xff); ++ COPY_UNALIGNED_HWORD (&tmp_hvalue, reloc_addr_arg, ++ (int) reloc_addr_arg & 3); ++ break; ++ } ++#endif /* 20021129 0 -> 1 */ ++ default: ++ _dl_reloc_bad_type (map, r_type, 0); ++ break; ++ } ++ } ++} ++ ++auto inline void ++__attribute ((always_inline)) ++elf_machine_rela_relative (Elf32_Addr l_addr, const Elf32_Rela *reloc, ++ void *const reloc_addr_arg) ++{ ++ Elf32_Addr value; ++ ++ if (reloc->r_addend) ++ value = l_addr + reloc->r_addend; ++ else ++ { ++ COPY_UNALIGNED_WORD (reloc_addr_arg, &value, (int) reloc_addr_arg & 3); ++ value += l_addr; ++ } ++ COPY_UNALIGNED_WORD (&value, reloc_addr_arg, (int) reloc_addr_arg & 3); ++ ++#undef COPY_UNALIGNED_WORD ++#undef COPY_UNALIGNED_HWORD ++} ++ ++auto inline void ++__attribute ((always_inline)) ++elf_machine_lazy_rel (struct link_map *map, ++ Elf32_Addr l_addr, const Elf32_Rela *reloc) ++{ ++ Elf32_Addr *const reloc_addr = (void *) (l_addr + reloc->r_offset); ++ /* Check for unexpected PLT reloc type. */ ++#ifdef M32R_OLD_ABI ++ if (ELF32_R_TYPE (reloc->r_info) == R_M32R_JMP_SLOT ++ || ELF32_R_TYPE (reloc->r_info) == R_M32R_JMP_SLOT_SAMPLE) ++#else ++ if (ELF32_R_TYPE (reloc->r_info) == R_M32R_JMP_SLOT) ++#endif ++ *reloc_addr += l_addr; ++ else ++ _dl_reloc_bad_type (map, ELF32_R_TYPE (reloc->r_info), 1); ++} ++ ++#endif /* RESOLVE */ +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/elf/start.S ports/sysdeps/m32r/elf/start.S +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/elf/start.S 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/elf/start.S 2006-03-02 11:31:52.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ ++/* Startup code for M32R & ELF. ++ Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++/* This is the canonical entry point, usually the first thing in the text ++ segment. ++ ++ Note that the code in the .init section has already been run. ++ This includes _init and _libc_init ++ ++ ++ At this entry point, most registers' values are unspecified, except: ++ ++ r0 Contains a function pointer to be registered with `atexit'. ++ This is how the dynamic linker arranges to have DT_FINI ++ functions called for shared libraries that have been loaded ++ before this code runs. ++ ++ sp The stack contains the arguments and environment: ++ @(0,sp) argc ++ @(4,sp) argv[0] ++ ... ++ @((4*argc),sp) NULL ++ @((4*(argc+1)),sp) envp[0] ++ ... ++ NULL ++*/ ++ ++#include "sysdep.h" ++#include "bp-sym.h" ++ ++ .text ++ .globl _start ++_start: ++ /* Clear the frame pointer since this is the outermost frame. */ ++ ldi r13, #0 ++#ifdef SHARED ++ bl.s .+4 ++ ld24 r12, #_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ ++ add r12, lr ++#endif ++ ++ /* Pop argc off the stack and save a pointer to argv */ ++ pop r1 ++ mv r2, sp ++ ++ /* Push the last arguments to main() onto the stack */ ++ push r0 ++#ifdef SHARED ++ ld24 r0, #__libc_csu_fini@GOT ++ add r0,r12 ++ ld r0,@r0 ++#else ++ LDIMM (r0, __libc_csu_fini) ++#endif ++ push r0 ++ ++ /* Set up the other arguments for main() that go in registers */ ++#ifdef SHARED ++ ld24 r0,#BP_SYM (main@GOT) ++ add r0,r12 ++ ld r0,@r0 ++ ld24 r3, #__libc_csu_init@GOT ++ add r3,r12 ++ ld r3,@r3 ++#else ++ LDIMM (r0, BP_SYM (main)) ++ LDIMM (r3, __libc_csu_init) ++#endif ++ ++ /* __libc_start_main (main, argc, argv, init, fini, rtld_fini) */ ++ ++ /* Let the libc call main and exit with its return code. */ ++#ifdef SHARED ++ bl BP_SYM (__libc_start_main@PLT) ++#else ++ LDIMM (r4, BP_SYM (__libc_start_main)) ++ jl r4 ++#endif ++ /* should never get here....*/ ++#ifdef SHARED ++ bl abort@PLT ++#else ++ LDIMM (r4, abort) ++ jl r4 ++#endif ++ ++/* Define a symbol for the first piece of initialized data. */ ++ .data ++ .globl __data_start ++__data_start: ++ .long 0 ++ .weak data_start ++ data_start = __data_start +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/gccframe.h ports/sysdeps/m32r/gccframe.h +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/gccframe.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/gccframe.h 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ ++/* Definition of object in frame unwind info. m32r version. ++ Copyright (C) 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#define DWARF_FRAME_REGISTERS 20 ++ ++#include +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/gmp-mparam.h ports/sysdeps/m32r/gmp-mparam.h +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/gmp-mparam.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/gmp-mparam.h 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ ++/* gmp-mparam.h -- Compiler/machine parameter header file. ++ ++Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ ++This file is part of the GNU MP Library. ++ ++The GNU MP Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify ++it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as published by ++the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your ++option) any later version. ++ ++The GNU MP Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but ++WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY ++or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Library General Public ++License for more details. ++ ++You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public License ++along with the GNU MP Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, write to ++the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, ++MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#define BITS_PER_MP_LIMB 32 ++#define BYTES_PER_MP_LIMB 4 ++#define BITS_PER_LONGINT 32 ++#define BITS_PER_INT 32 ++#define BITS_PER_SHORTINT 16 ++#define BITS_PER_CHAR 8 ++ ++#define IEEE_DOUBLE_BIG_ENDIAN 0 ++#define IEEE_DOUBLE_MIXED_ENDIAN 1 +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/linuxthreads/pspinlock.c ports/sysdeps/m32r/linuxthreads/pspinlock.c +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/linuxthreads/pspinlock.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/linuxthreads/pspinlock.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ ++/* POSIX spinlock implementation. M32R version. ++ Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include "internals.h" ++ ++int ++__pthread_spin_lock (pthread_spinlock_t *lock) ++{ ++ while (INTERNAL_SYSCALL (tas, , 1, lock)); ++ return 0; ++} ++weak_alias (__pthread_spin_lock, pthread_spin_lock) ++ ++ ++int ++__pthread_spin_trylock (pthread_spinlock_t *lock) ++{ ++ unsigned int val; ++ ++ if ((val = *lock) == 0) ++ val = INTERNAL_SYSCALL (tas, , 1, lock); ++ return (val > 0 ? EBUSY : 0); ++} ++weak_alias (__pthread_spin_trylock, pthread_spin_trylock) ++ ++ ++int ++__pthread_spin_unlock (pthread_spinlock_t *lock) ++{ ++ return *lock = 0; ++} ++weak_alias (__pthread_spin_unlock, pthread_spin_unlock) ++ ++ ++int ++__pthread_spin_init (pthread_spinlock_t *lock, int pshared) ++{ ++ /* We can ignore the `pshared' parameter. Since we are busy-waiting ++ all processes which can access the memory location `lock' points ++ to can use the spinlock. */ ++ return *lock = 0; ++} ++weak_alias (__pthread_spin_init, pthread_spin_init) ++ ++ ++int ++__pthread_spin_destroy (pthread_spinlock_t *lock) ++{ ++ /* Nothing to do. */ ++ return 0; ++} ++weak_alias (__pthread_spin_destroy, pthread_spin_destroy) +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/linuxthreads/pt-machine.h ports/sysdeps/m32r/linuxthreads/pt-machine.h +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/linuxthreads/pt-machine.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/linuxthreads/pt-machine.h 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ ++/* Machine-dependent pthreads configuration and inline functions. ++ M32R version. ++ Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _PT_MACHINE_H ++#define _PT_MACHINE_H 1 ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++#ifndef __ASSEMBLER__ ++#ifndef PT_EI ++# define PT_EI extern inline ++#endif ++ ++extern long int testandset (int *spinlock); ++extern int __compare_and_swap (long int *p, long int oldval, long int newval); ++ ++/* Spinlock implementation; required. */ ++PT_EI long int ++testandset (int *spinlock) ++{ ++ int ret; ++ ++ ret = INLINE_SYSCALL (tas, 1, spinlock); ++ return ret; ++} ++ ++#define lock_held(p) *(p) ++ ++/* Get some notion of the current stack. Need not be exactly the top ++ of the stack, just something somewhere in the current frame. */ ++#define CURRENT_STACK_FRAME stack_pointer ++register char * stack_pointer __asm__ ("r15"); ++ ++#endif /* __ASSEMBLER__ */ ++ ++#endif /* pt-machine.h */ ++ +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/m32r-mcount.S ports/sysdeps/m32r/m32r-mcount.S +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/m32r-mcount.S 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/m32r-mcount.S 2006-03-02 11:17:40.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ ++/* m32r-specific implemetation of profiling support. ++ Copyright (C) 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++ ASM_GLOBAL_DIRECTIVE C_SYMBOL_NAME(_mcount) ++ ASM_TYPE_DIRECTIVE(C_SYMBOL_NAME(_mcount), function) ++ .balign 4 ++C_LABEL(_mcount) ++ /* Save the caller-clobbered registers. */ ++ push r0 ++ push r1 ++ push r2 ++ push r3 ++ push r4 ++ push r5 ++ push r6 ++ push r7 ++ push lr ++ ld r0,@(36,sp) ++ mv r1,lr ++ ++#ifdef __PIC__ ++ push r12 ++ bl.s .+4 ++ ld24 r12,#_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ ++ add r12,lr ++ ld24 lr,#__mcount_internal@GOT ++ add lr,r12 ++ ld lr,@(lr) ++ jl lr ++ pop r12 ++#else ++ bl __mcount_internal ++#endif ++ /* Pop the saved registers. Please note that `mcount' has no ++ return value. */ ++ pop lr ++ pop r7 ++ pop r6 ++ pop r5 ++ pop r4 ++ pop r3 ++ pop r2 ++ pop r1 ++ pop r0 ++ ret ++ ASM_SIZE_DIRECTIVE(C_SYMBOL_NAME(_mcount)) ++ ++#undef mcount ++weak_alias(_mcount, mcount) +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/machine-gmon.h ports/sysdeps/m32r/machine-gmon.h +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/machine-gmon.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/machine-gmon.h 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ ++/* Machine-dependent definitions for profiling support. M32R version. ++ Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++/* NOTYET */ ++ ++/* We must not pollute the global namespace. */ ++#define mcount_internal __mcount_internal ++ ++void mcount_internal (u_long frompc, u_long selfpc); ++ ++#define _MCOUNT_DECL(frompc, selfpc) \ ++void mcount_internal (u_long frompc, u_long selfpc) ++ ++ ++/* Define MCOUNT as empty since we have the implementation in another ++ file. */ ++#define MCOUNT ++ +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/memcpy.S ports/sysdeps/m32r/memcpy.S +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/memcpy.S 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/memcpy.S 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* ++ * void *memcpy(void *dst, const void *src, size_t n); ++ * No overlap between the memory of DST and of SRC are assumed. ++ * ++ * dst: r0 ++ * src: r1 ++ * n : r2 ++ */ ++ ++ENTRY(memcpy) ++ mv r4, r0 ++ mv r7, r0 ++ or r7, r1 ++ beq r0, r1, end_memcopy ++ beqz r2, end_memcopy ++ ++ and3 r7, r7, #3 ++ bnez r7, byte_copy ++ srl3 r3, r2, #2 ++ and3 r2, r2, #3 ++ beqz r3, byte_copy ++ addi r4, #-4 ++word_copy: ++ ld r7, @r1+ ++ addi r3, #-1 ++ st r7, @+r4 ++ bnez r3, word_copy ++ beqz r2, end_memcopy ++ addi r4, #4 ++byte_copy: ++ ldb r7, @r1 ++ addi r1, #1 ++ addi r2, #-1 ++ stb r7, @r4 ++ addi r4, #1 ++ bnez r2, byte_copy ++end_memcopy: ++ jmp r14 ++ nop ++END(memcpy) ++libc_hidden_builtin_def (memcpy) +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/memset.S ports/sysdeps/m32r/memset.S +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/memset.S 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/memset.S 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++/* void *memset(void *dst, int val, int len); ++ * ++ * dst: r0 ++ * val: r1 ++ * len: r2 ++ * ret: r0 ++ */ ++ ++ .text ++ ++#if defined(__m32r2__) ++ ++ENTRY(memset) ++ mv r4, r0 || cmpz r2 ++ jc r14 ; return if r2=0 ++ cmpui r2, #16 ++ bnc qword_align_check ++ cmpui r2, #4 ++ bc byte_set ++; case len >= 4 ++word_align_check: ++ and3 r3, r4, #3 ++ beqz r3, word_set ++; case no word-align ++ addi r3, #-4 ++ neg r3, r3 ; r3 = -(r3 - 4) ++align_word: ++ stb r1, @r4 || addi r4, #1 ++ addi r2, #-1 || addi r3, #-1 ++ bnez r3, align_word ++ cmpui r2, #4 ++ bc byte_set ++word_set: ++ and3 r1, r1, #0x00ff ; r1: abababab <-- ??????ab ++ sll3 r3, r1, #8 ++ or r1, r3 || addi r4, #-4 ++ sll3 r3, r1, #16 ++ or r1, r3 || addi r2, #-4 ++word_set_loop: ++ st r1, @+r4 || addi r2, #-4 ++ bgtz r2, word_set_loop ++ bnez r2, byte_set_wrap ++ st r1, @+r4 ++ jmp r14 ++ ++qword_align_check: ++ and3 r3, r4, #15 ++ bnez r3, word_align_check ++qword_set: ++ and3 r1, r1, #0x00ff ; r1: abababab <-- ??????ab ++ sll3 r3, r1, #8 ++ or r1, r3 || addi r4, #-4 ++ sll3 r3, r1, #16 ++ or r1, r3 || ldi r5, #16 ++qword_set_loop: ++ ld r3, @(4,r4) ; cache line allocate ++ st r1, @+r4 || addi r2, #-16 ++ st r1, @+r4 || cmpu r2, r5 ++ st r1, @+r4 ++ st r1, @+r4 ++ bnc qword_set_loop || cmpz r2 ++ jc r14 ++set_remainder: ++ cmpui r2, #4 ++ bc byte_set_wrap1 ++ addi r2, #-4 ++ bra word_set_loop ++ ++byte_set_wrap: ++ addi r2, #4 ++ cmpz r2 ++ jc r14 ; return if r2=0 ++byte_set_wrap1: ++ addi r4, #4 ++byte_set: ++ addi r2, #-1 || stb r1, @r4+ ++ bnez r2, byte_set ++end_memset: ++ jmp r14 ++END(memset) ++ ++#else ++ ++ENTRY(memset) ++ mv r4, r0 ++ beqz r2, end_memset ++ cmpui r2, #16 ++ bnc qword_align_check ++ cmpui r2, #4 ++ bc byte_set ++; case len >= 4 ++word_align_check: ++ and3 r3, r4, #3 ++ beqz r3, word_set ++; case no word-align ++ addi r3, #-4 ++ neg r3, r3 ; r3 = -(r3 - 4) ++align_word: ++ stb r1, @r4 ++ addi r4, #1 ++ addi r2, #-1 ++ addi r3, #-1 ++ bnez r3, align_word ++ cmpui r2, #4 ++ bc byte_set ++word_set: ++ and3 r1, r1, #0x00ff ; r1: abababab <-- ??????ab ++ sll3 r3, r1, #8 ++ or r1, r3 ++ sll3 r3, r1, #16 ++ or r1, r3 ++ addi r2, #-4 ++ addi r4, #-4 ++word_set_loop: ++ st r1, @+r4 ++ addi r2, #-4 ++ bgtz r2, word_set_loop ++ bnez r2, byte_set_wrap ++ st r1, @+r4 ++ jmp r14 ++ ++qword_align_check: ++ and3 r3, r4, #15 ++ bnez r3, word_align_check ++qword_set: ++ and3 r1, r1, #0x00ff ; r1: abababab <-- ??????ab ++ sll3 r3, r1, #8 ++ or r1, r3 ++ sll3 r3, r1, #16 ++ or r1, r3 ++ addi r4, #-4 ++qword_set_loop: ++ ld r3, @(4,r4) ; cache line allocate ++ addi r2, #-16 ++ st r1, @+r4 ++ st r1, @+r4 ++ cmpui r2, #16 ++ st r1, @+r4 ++ st r1, @+r4 ++ bnc qword_set_loop ++ bnez r2, set_remainder ++ jmp r14 ++set_remainder: ++ cmpui r2, #4 ++ bc byte_set_wrap1 ++ addi r2, #-4 ++ bra word_set_loop ++ ++byte_set_wrap: ++ addi r2, #4 ++ beqz r2, end_memset ++byte_set_wrap1: ++ addi r4, #4 ++byte_set: ++ addi r2, #-1 ++ stb r1, @r4 ++ addi r4, #1 ++ bnez r2, byte_set ++end_memset: ++ jmp r14 ++END(memset) ++ ++#endif ++libc_hidden_builtin_def (memset) +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/memusage.h ports/sysdeps/m32r/memusage.h +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/memusage.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/memusage.h 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#define GETSP() ({ register uintptr_t stack_ptr asm ("r15"); stack_ptr; }) ++ ++#include +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/setjmp.S ports/sysdeps/m32r/setjmp.S +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/setjmp.S 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/setjmp.S 2006-03-02 11:18:51.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ ++/* setjmp for M32R. ++ Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#define _SETJMP_H ++#define _ASM ++#include ++ ++ENTRY (__sigsetjmp) ++ mv r2, r0 ++ /* Save registers */ ++ st r8, @r0 ++ st r9, @+r0 ++ st r10, @+r0 ++ st r11, @+r0 ++ st r12, @+r0 ++ st r13, @+r0 ++ st r14, @+r0 /* lr */ ++ st r15, @+r0 /* sp */ ++ mv r0, r2 ++ ++ /* Make a tail call to __sigjmp_save; it takes the same args. */ ++#ifdef SHARED ++ mv r2,lr ++ bl.s .+4 ++ ld24 r3,#_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ ++ add r3,lr ++ mv lr,r2 ++ ++ ld24 r2,C_SYMBOL_NAME(__sigjmp_save@GOT) ++ add r2,r3 ++ ld r2,@r2 ++#else ++ LDIMM (r2, C_SYMBOL_NAME(__sigjmp_save)) ++#endif ++ jmp r2 ++END (__sigsetjmp) +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/shlib-versions ports/sysdeps/m32r/shlib-versions +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/shlib-versions 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/shlib-versions 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ ++m32r.*-.*-linux.* DEFAULT GLIBC_2.3 ++m32r.*-.*-linux.* ld=ld-linux.so.2 +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/stackinfo.h ports/sysdeps/m32r/stackinfo.h +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/stackinfo.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/stackinfo.h 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++/* This file contains a bit of information about the stack allocation ++ of the processor. */ ++ ++#ifndef _STACKINFO_H ++#define _STACKINFO_H 1 ++ ++/* On SH the stack grows down. */ ++#define _STACK_GROWS_DOWN 1 ++ ++#endif /* stackinfo.h */ +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/strlen.S ports/sysdeps/m32r/strlen.S +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/strlen.S 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/strlen.S 2006-04-20 09:44:29.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* size_t strlen (const char *s) */ ++ ++ENTRY(strlen) ++ mv r6, r0 ++ ldi r2, #0 ++ and3 r0, r0, #3 ++ bnez r0, strlen_byte ++; ++strlen_word: ++ ld r0, @r6+ ++; ++ seth r5, #high(0x01010101) ++ or3 r5, r5, #low(0x01010101) ++ sll3 r7, r5, #7 ++strlen_word_loop: ++ not r4, r0 ; NOTE: If a null char. exists, return 0. ++ sub r0, r5 ; if ((x - 0x01010101) & ~x & 0x80808080) ++ and r4, r7 ; return 0; ++ and r4, r0 ++ bnez r4, strlen_last_bytes ++ ld r1, @r6+ ++ addi r2, #4 ++; ++ not r4, r1 ; NOTE: If a null char. exists, return 0. ++ sub r1, r5 ; if ((x - 0x01010101) & ~x & 0x80808080) ++ and r4, r7 ; return 0; ++ and r4, r1 ++ bnez r4, strlen_last_bytes ++ ld r0, @r6+ ++ addi r2, #4 ++ bra strlen_word_loop ++; ++strlen_byte: ++ ldb r1, @r6 ++ addi r6, #1 ++ beqz r1, strlen_exit ++ addi r2, #1 ++ bra strlen_byte ++; ++strlen_last_bytes: ++ ldi r0, #4 ++ addi r6, #-4 ++; ++strlen_byte_loop: ++ ldb r1, @r6 ++ addi r6, #1 ++ addi r0, #-1 ++ beqz r1, strlen_exit ++ addi r2, #1 ++ bnez r0, strlen_byte_loop ++; ++strlen_exit: ++ mv r0, r2 ++ jmp r14 ++END(strlen) ++libc_hidden_builtin_def (strlen) +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/sys/ucontext.h ports/sysdeps/m32r/sys/ucontext.h +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/sys/ucontext.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/sys/ucontext.h 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_UCONTEXT_H ++#define _SYS_UCONTEXT_H 1 ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++typedef int greg_t; ++ ++/* Number of general registers. */ ++#define NGREG 16 ++ ++/* Container for all general registers. */ ++typedef greg_t gregset_t[NGREG]; ++ ++/* Number of each register is the `gregset_t' array. */ ++enum ++{ ++ R0 = 0, ++#define R0 R0 ++ R1 = 1, ++#define R1 R1 ++ R2 = 2, ++#define R2 R2 ++ R3 = 3, ++#define R3 R3 ++ R4 = 4, ++#define R4 R4 ++ R5 = 5, ++#define R5 R5 ++ R6 = 6, ++#define R6 R6 ++ R7 = 7, ++#define R7 R7 ++ R8 = 8, ++#define R8 R8 ++ R9 = 9, ++#define R9 R9 ++ R10 = 10, ++#define R10 R10 ++ R11 = 11, ++#define R11 R11 ++ R12 = 12, ++#define R12 R12 ++ R13 = 13, ++#define R13 R13 ++ R14 = 14, ++#define R14 R14 ++ R15 = 15, ++#define R15 R15 ++}; ++ ++#if 0 ++/* FIXME */ ++typedef int freg_t; ++ ++/* Number of FPU registers. */ ++#define NFREG 16 ++ ++/* Structure to describe FPU registers. */ ++typedef freg_t fpregset_t[NFREG]; ++#endif ++ ++/* Context to describe whole processor state. */ ++typedef struct ++ { ++ gregset_t gregs; ++#if 0 ++ fpregset_t fpregs; ++ fpregset_t xfpregs; ++#endif ++ } mcontext_t; ++ ++/* Userlevel context. */ ++typedef struct ucontext ++ { ++ unsigned long int uc_flags; ++ struct ucontext *uc_link; ++ __sigset_t uc_sigmask; ++ stack_t uc_stack; ++ mcontext_t uc_mcontext; ++ long int uc_filler[5]; ++ } ucontext_t; ++ ++#endif /* sys/ucontext.h */ +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/m32r/sysdep.h ports/sysdeps/m32r/sysdep.h +--- ports/sysdeps/m32r/sysdep.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/m32r/sysdep.h 2006-03-06 15:12:42.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ ++/* Assembler macros for M32R. ++ Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++#ifdef __ASSEMBLER__ ++ ++/* Syntactic details of assembler. */ ++ ++#ifdef HAVE_ELF ++ ++#define ALIGNARG(log2) log2 ++/* For ELF we need the `.type' directive to make shared libs work right. */ ++#define ASM_TYPE_DIRECTIVE(name,typearg) .type name,@##typearg ++#define ASM_SIZE_DIRECTIVE(name) .size name,.-name ++ ++#define PLTJMP(_x) _x ++#define GOT(_x) _x ++ ++#else ++ ++#define ALIGNARG(log2) log2 ++#define ASM_TYPE_DIRECTIVE(name,type) /* Nothing is specified. */ ++#define ASM_SIZE_DIRECTIVE(name) /* Nothing is specified. */ ++ ++#define PLTJMP(_x) _x ++#define GOT(_x) _x ++ ++#endif ++ ++/* If compiled for profiling, call `mcount' at the start of each function. */ ++#ifdef PROF ++#ifdef __PIC__ ++#define CALL_MCOUNT \ ++ push r14 ! \ ++ ld24 r14,#mcount@GOT ! \ ++ add r14,r12 ! \ ++ ld r14,@r14 ! \ ++ jl r14 ! \ ++ pop r14 ++#else ++#define CALL_MCOUNT \ ++ push r14 ! \ ++ seth r14,#high(mcount) ! \ ++ or3 r14,r14,#low(mcount) ! \ ++ jl r14 ! \ ++ pop r14 ++#endif ++#else ++#define CALL_MCOUNT /* Do nothing. */ ++#endif ++ ++#undef CALL_MCOUNT /* Do nothing. */ ++#define CALL_MCOUNT /* Do nothing. */ ++ ++/* Define an entry point visible from C. */ ++#define ENTRY(name) \ ++ ASM_GLOBAL_DIRECTIVE C_SYMBOL_NAME(name) ! \ ++ ASM_TYPE_DIRECTIVE (C_SYMBOL_NAME(name),function) ! \ ++ .balign 4 ! \ ++ C_LABEL(name) ! \ ++ CALL_MCOUNT ++ ++#undef END ++#define END(name) \ ++ ASM_SIZE_DIRECTIVE(C_SYMBOL_NAME(name)) ++ ++#ifdef NO_UNDERSCORES ++/* Since C identifiers are not normally prefixed with an underscore ++ on this system, the asm identifier `syscall_error' intrudes on the ++ C name space. Make sure we use an innocuous name. */ ++#define syscall_error __syscall_error ++#define mcount _mcount ++#endif ++ ++#endif /* __ASSEMBLER__ */ +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/m32r/Makefile ports/sysdeps/unix/m32r/Makefile +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/m32r/Makefile 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/m32r/Makefile 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ ++# m32r/ELF specific definitions. ++ ++# The assembler on m32r needs the -fPIC flag even when it's assembler code. ++ASFLAGS-.os = -fPIC +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/m32r/sysdep.S ports/sysdeps/unix/m32r/sysdep.S +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/m32r/sysdep.S 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/m32r/sysdep.S 2006-03-02 11:39:48.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#define _ERRNO_H ++#include ++ ++.globl C_SYMBOL_NAME(errno) ++.globl syscall_error ++ ++#undef syscall_error ++#ifdef NO_UNDERSCORES ++__syscall_error: ++#else ++syscall_error: ++#endif ++#if defined (EWOULDBLOCK_sys) && EWOULDBLOCK_sys != EAGAIN ++ /* We translate the system's EWOULDBLOCK error into EAGAIN. ++ The GNU C library always defines EWOULDBLOCK==EAGAIN. ++ EWOULDBLOCK_sys is the original number. */ ++ ldi r1, #EWOULDBLOCK_sys ++ bne r1, r0, skip ++ ldi r0, #EAGAIN ++skip: ++#endif ++ /* Store it in errno... */ ++#ifndef SHARED ++#ifndef _LIBC_REENTRANT ++ LDIMM (r1, C_SYMBOL_NAME(errno)) ++ st r0, @r1 ++#else ++ push r0 ++ push lr ++ LDIMM (r1, C_SYMBOL_NAME(__errno_location)) ++ jl r1 ++ pop lr ++ pop r1 ++ st r1, @r0 ++#endif ++#else ++ push r12 ++ push lr ++ bl.s .+4 ++ ld24 r12,#_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ ++ add r12, lr ++#ifndef _LIBC_REENTRANT ++ mv r2, r0 ++ LDIMM (r1, C_SYMBOL_NAME(errno@GOT)) ++ add r1, r12 ++ ld r1, @r1 ++ st r2, @r1 ++#else ++ push r0 ++ LDIMM (r1, C_SYMBOL_NAME(__errno_location@GOT)) ++ add r1, r12 ++ ld r1, @r1 ++ jl r1 ++ pop r1 ++ st r1, @r0 ++#endif ++ pop lr ++ pop r12 ++#endif ++ /* And just kick back a -1. */ ++ ldi r0, #-1 ++ ret ++ ++#undef __syscall_error ++END(__syscall_error) +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/m32r/sysdep.h ports/sysdeps/unix/m32r/sysdep.h +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/m32r/sysdep.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/m32r/sysdep.h 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include "../../m32r/sysdep.h" ++ ++#ifdef __ASSEMBLER__ ++ ++#define ret jmp r14 ++ ++/* The m32r move insn is d, s. */ ++#define MOVE(x,y) mv y,x ++ ++#define LDIMM(reg,x) \ ++ seth reg, #high(x) ! \ ++ or3 reg, reg, #low(x) ++ ++#endif +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/Dist ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/Dist +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/Dist 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/Dist 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ ++clone.S ++pipe.S ++flushcache.S ++setresuid.c ++setresgid.c ++setfsuid.c ++setfsgid.c ++sys/io.h ++sys/user.h +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/Makefile ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/Makefile +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/Makefile 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/Makefile 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ ++# m32r/ELF specific definitions. ++#gnulib := -lgcc ++#static-gnulib := -lgcc ++ ++# The assembler on m32r needs the -fPIC flag even when it's assembler code. ++ASFLAGS-.os = -fPIC ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),io) ++sysdep_routines += pipe ++endif ++ ++ifeq ($(subdir),misc) ++sysdep_routines += m32r-stub tas \ ++ cachectl flushcache ++sysdep_headers += sys/io.h sys/tas.h sys/cachectl.h ++endif +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/Versions ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/Versions +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/Versions 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/Versions 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ ++libc { ++ GLIBC_2.3 { ++ # Needed by gcc ++ _flush_cache; ++ ++ # c* ++ cachectl; cacheflush; ++ ++ # t* ++ tas; ++ } ++} +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/bits/fcntl.h ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/bits/fcntl.h +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/bits/fcntl.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/bits/fcntl.h 2006-03-01 17:17:36.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@ ++/* O_*, F_*, FD_* bit values for Linux. ++ Copyright (C) 2003, 2004, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _FCNTL_H ++# error "Never use directly; include instead." ++#endif ++ ++ ++#include ++ ++/* open/fcntl - O_SYNC is only implemented on blocks devices and on files ++ located on an ext2 file system */ ++#define O_ACCMODE 0003 ++#define O_RDONLY 00 ++#define O_WRONLY 01 ++#define O_RDWR 02 ++#define O_CREAT 0100 /* not fcntl */ ++#define O_EXCL 0200 /* not fcntl */ ++#define O_NOCTTY 0400 /* not fcntl */ ++#define O_TRUNC 01000 /* not fcntl */ ++#define O_APPEND 02000 ++#define O_NONBLOCK 04000 ++#define O_NDELAY O_NONBLOCK ++#define O_SYNC 010000 ++#define O_FSYNC O_SYNC ++#define O_ASYNC 020000 ++ ++#ifdef __USE_GNU ++# define O_DIRECT 040000 /* Direct disk access. */ ++# define O_DIRECTORY 0200000 /* Must be a directory. */ ++# define O_NOFOLLOW 0400000 /* Do not follow links. */ ++#endif ++ ++/* For now Linux has synchronisity options for data and read operations. ++ We define the symbols here but let them do the same as O_SYNC since ++ this is a superset. */ ++#if defined __USE_POSIX199309 || defined __USE_UNIX98 ++# define O_DSYNC O_SYNC /* Synchronize data. */ ++# define O_RSYNC O_SYNC /* Synchronize read operations. */ ++#endif ++ ++#ifdef __USE_LARGEFILE64 ++# define O_LARGEFILE 0100000 ++#endif ++ ++/* Values for the second argument to `fcntl'. */ ++#define F_DUPFD 0 /* Duplicate file descriptor. */ ++#define F_GETFD 1 /* Get file descriptor flags. */ ++#define F_SETFD 2 /* Set file descriptor flags. */ ++#define F_GETFL 3 /* Get file status flags. */ ++#define F_SETFL 4 /* Set file status flags. */ ++#ifndef __USE_FILE_OFFSET64 ++# define F_GETLK 5 /* Get record locking info. */ ++# define F_SETLK 6 /* Set record locking info (non-blocking). */ ++# define F_SETLKW 7 /* Set record locking info (blocking). */ ++#else ++# define F_GETLK F_GETLK64 /* Get record locking info. */ ++# define F_SETLK F_SETLK64 /* Set record locking info (non-blocking).*/ ++# define F_SETLKW F_SETLKW64 /* Set record locking info (blocking). */ ++#endif ++#define F_GETLK64 12 /* Get record locking info. */ ++#define F_SETLK64 13 /* Set record locking info (non-blocking). */ ++#define F_SETLKW64 14 /* Set record locking info (blocking). */ ++ ++#if defined __USE_BSD || defined __USE_XOPEN2K ++# define F_SETOWN 8 /* Get owner of socket (receiver of SIGIO). */ ++# define F_GETOWN 9 /* Set owner of socket (receiver of SIGIO). */ ++#endif ++ ++#ifdef __USE_GNU ++# define F_SETSIG 10 /* Set number of signal to be sent. */ ++# define F_GETSIG 11 /* Get number of signal to be sent. */ ++#endif ++ ++#ifdef __USE_GNU ++# define F_SETLEASE 1024 /* Set a lease. */ ++# define F_GETLEASE 1025 /* Enquire what lease is active. */ ++# define F_NOTIFY 1026 /* Request notfications on a directory. */ ++#endif ++ ++/* For F_[GET|SET]FL. */ ++#define FD_CLOEXEC 1 /* actually anything with low bit set goes */ ++ ++/* For posix fcntl() and `l_type' field of a `struct flock' for lockf(). */ ++#define F_RDLCK 0 /* Read lock. */ ++#define F_WRLCK 1 /* Write lock. */ ++#define F_UNLCK 2 /* Remove lock. */ ++ ++/* For old implementation of bsd flock(). */ ++#define F_EXLCK 4 /* or 3 */ ++#define F_SHLCK 8 /* or 4 */ ++ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++/* Operations for bsd flock(), also used by the kernel implementation. */ ++# define LOCK_SH 1 /* shared lock */ ++# define LOCK_EX 2 /* exclusive lock */ ++# define LOCK_NB 4 /* or'd with one of the above to prevent ++ blocking */ ++# define LOCK_UN 8 /* remove lock */ ++#endif ++ ++#ifdef __USE_GNU ++# define LOCK_MAND 32 /* This is a mandatory flock: */ ++# define LOCK_READ 64 /* ... which allows concurrent read operations. */ ++# define LOCK_WRITE 128 /* ... which allows concurrent write operations. */ ++# define LOCK_RW 192 /* ... Which allows concurrent read & write operations. */ ++#endif ++ ++#ifdef __USE_GNU ++/* Types of directory notifications that may be requested with F_NOTIFY. */ ++# define DN_ACCESS 0x00000001 /* File accessed. */ ++# define DN_MODIFY 0x00000002 /* File modified. */ ++# define DN_CREATE 0x00000004 /* File created. */ ++# define DN_DELETE 0x00000008 /* File removed. */ ++# define DN_RENAME 0x00000010 /* File renamed. */ ++# define DN_ATTRIB 0x00000020 /* File changed attibutes. */ ++# define DN_MULTISHOT 0x80000000 /* Don't remove notifier. */ ++#endif ++ ++struct flock ++ { ++ short int l_type; /* Type of lock: F_RDLCK, F_WRLCK, or F_UNLCK. */ ++ short int l_whence; /* Where `l_start' is relative to (like `lseek'). */ ++#ifndef __USE_FILE_OFFSET64 ++ __off_t l_start; /* Offset where the lock begins. */ ++ __off_t l_len; /* Size of the locked area; zero means until EOF. */ ++#else ++ __off64_t l_start; /* Offset where the lock begins. */ ++ __off64_t l_len; /* Size of the locked area; zero means until EOF. */ ++#endif ++ __pid_t l_pid; /* Process holding the lock. */ ++ }; ++ ++#ifdef __USE_LARGEFILE64 ++struct flock64 ++ { ++ short int l_type; /* Type of lock: F_RDLCK, F_WRLCK, or F_UNLCK. */ ++ short int l_whence; /* Where `l_start' is relative to (like `lseek'). */ ++ __off64_t l_start; /* Offset where the lock begins. */ ++ __off64_t l_len; /* Size of the locked area; zero means until EOF. */ ++ __pid_t l_pid; /* Process holding the lock. */ ++ }; ++#endif ++ ++/* Define some more compatibility macros to be backward compatible with ++ BSD systems which did not managed to hide these kernel macros. */ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++# define FAPPEND O_APPEND ++# define FFSYNC O_FSYNC ++# define FASYNC O_ASYNC ++# define FNONBLOCK O_NONBLOCK ++# define FNDELAY O_NDELAY ++#endif /* Use BSD. */ ++ ++/* Advise to `posix_fadvise'. */ ++#ifdef __USE_XOPEN2K ++# define POSIX_FADV_NORMAL 0 /* No further special treatment. */ ++# define POSIX_FADV_RANDOM 1 /* Expect random page references. */ ++# define POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL 2 /* Expect sequential page references. */ ++# define POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED 3 /* Will need these pages. */ ++# define POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED 4 /* Don't need these pages. */ ++# define POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE 5 /* Data will be accessed once. */ ++#endif +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/bits/mman.h ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/bits/mman.h +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/bits/mman.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/bits/mman.h 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ ++/* Definitions for POSIX memory map interface. Linux/M32R version. ++ Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_MMAN_H ++# error "Never include this file directly. Use instead" ++#endif ++ ++/* The following definitions basically come from the kernel headers. ++ But the kernel header is not namespace clean. */ ++ ++ ++/* Protections are chosen from these bits, OR'd together. The ++ implementation does not necessarily support PROT_EXEC or PROT_WRITE ++ without PROT_READ. The only guarantees are that no writing will be ++ allowed without PROT_WRITE and no access will be allowed for PROT_NONE. */ ++ ++#define PROT_READ 0x1 /* Page can be read. */ ++#define PROT_WRITE 0x2 /* Page can be written. */ ++#define PROT_EXEC 0x4 /* Page can be executed. */ ++#define PROT_NONE 0x0 /* Page can not be accessed. */ ++#define PROT_GROWSDOWN 0x01000000 /* Extend change to start of ++ growsdown vma (mprotect only). */ ++#define PROT_GROWSUP 0x02000000 /* Extend change to start of ++ growsup vma (mprotect only). */ ++ ++ ++/* Sharing types (must choose one and only one of these). */ ++#define MAP_SHARED 0x01 /* Share changes. */ ++#define MAP_PRIVATE 0x02 /* Changes are private. */ ++#ifdef __USE_MISC ++# define MAP_TYPE 0x0f /* Mask for type of mapping. */ ++#endif ++ ++/* Other flags. */ ++#define MAP_FIXED 0x10 /* Interpret addr exactly. */ ++#ifdef __USE_MISC ++# define MAP_FILE 0 ++# define MAP_ANONYMOUS 0x20 /* Don't use a file. */ ++# define MAP_ANON MAP_ANONYMOUS ++#endif ++ ++/* These are Linux-specific. */ ++#ifdef __USE_MISC ++# define MAP_GROWSDOWN 0x0100 /* Stack-like segment. */ ++# define MAP_DENYWRITE 0x0800 /* ETXTBSY */ ++# define MAP_EXECUTABLE 0x1000 /* Mark it as an executable. */ ++# define MAP_LOCKED 0x2000 /* Lock the mapping. */ ++# define MAP_NORESERVE 0x4000 /* Don't check for reservations. */ ++#endif ++ ++/* Flags to `msync'. */ ++#define MS_ASYNC 1 /* Sync memory asynchronously. */ ++#define MS_SYNC 4 /* Synchronous memory sync. */ ++#define MS_INVALIDATE 2 /* Invalidate the caches. */ ++ ++/* Flags for `mlockall'. */ ++#define MCL_CURRENT 1 /* Lock all currently mapped pages. */ ++#define MCL_FUTURE 2 /* Lock all additions to address ++ space. */ ++ ++/* Flags for `mremap'. */ ++#ifdef __USE_GNU ++# define MREMAP_MAYMOVE 1 ++#endif ++ ++/* Advice to `madvise'. */ ++#ifdef __USE_BSD ++# define MADV_NORMAL 0 /* No further special treatment. */ ++# define MADV_RANDOM 1 /* Expect random page references. */ ++# define MADV_SEQUENTIAL 2 /* Expect sequential page references. */ ++# define MADV_WILLNEED 3 /* Will need these pages. */ ++# define MADV_DONTNEED 4 /* Don't need these pages. */ ++#endif ++ ++/* The POSIX people had to invent similar names for the same things. */ ++#ifdef __USE_XOPEN2K ++# define POSIX_MADV_NORMAL 0 /* No further special treatment. */ ++# define POSIX_MADV_RANDOM 1 /* Expect random page references. */ ++# define POSIX_MADV_SEQUENTIAL 2 /* Expect sequential page references. */ ++# define POSIX_MADV_WILLNEED 3 /* Will need these pages. */ ++# define POSIX_MADV_DONTNEED 4 /* Don't need these pages. */ ++#endif +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/bits/resource.h ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/bits/resource.h +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/bits/resource.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/bits/resource.h 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@ ++/* Bit values & structures for resource limits. Linux/M32R version. ++ Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_RESOURCE_H ++# error "Never use directly; include instead." ++#endif ++ ++#include ++ ++/* Transmute defines to enumerations. The macro re-definitions are ++ necessary because some programs want to test for operating system ++ features with #ifdef RUSAGE_SELF. In ISO C the reflexive ++ definition is a no-op. */ ++ ++/* Kinds of resource limit. */ ++enum __rlimit_resource ++{ ++ /* Per-process CPU limit, in seconds. */ ++ RLIMIT_CPU = 0, ++#define RLIMIT_CPU RLIMIT_CPU ++ ++ /* Largest file that can be created, in bytes. */ ++ RLIMIT_FSIZE = 1, ++#define RLIMIT_FSIZE RLIMIT_FSIZE ++ ++ /* Maximum size of data segment, in bytes. */ ++ RLIMIT_DATA = 2, ++#define RLIMIT_DATA RLIMIT_DATA ++ ++ /* Maximum size of stack segment, in bytes. */ ++ RLIMIT_STACK = 3, ++#define RLIMIT_STACK RLIMIT_STACK ++ ++ /* Largest core file that can be created, in bytes. */ ++ RLIMIT_CORE = 4, ++#define RLIMIT_CORE RLIMIT_CORE ++ ++ /* Largest resident set size, in bytes. ++ This affects swapping; processes that are exceeding their ++ resident set size will be more likely to have physical memory ++ taken from them. */ ++ RLIMIT_RSS = 5, ++#define RLIMIT_RSS RLIMIT_RSS ++ ++ /* Number of open files. */ ++ RLIMIT_NOFILE = 7, ++ RLIMIT_OFILE = RLIMIT_NOFILE, /* BSD name for same. */ ++#define RLIMIT_NOFILE RLIMIT_NOFILE ++#define RLIMIT_OFILE RLIMIT_OFILE ++ ++ /* Address space limit. */ ++ RLIMIT_AS = 9, ++#define RLIMIT_AS RLIMIT_AS ++ ++ /* Number of processes. */ ++ RLIMIT_NPROC = 6, ++#define RLIMIT_NPROC RLIMIT_NPROC ++ ++ /* Locked-in-memory address space. */ ++ RLIMIT_MEMLOCK = 8, ++#define RLIMIT_MEMLOCK RLIMIT_MEMLOCK ++ ++ /* Maximum number of file locks. */ ++ RLIMIT_LOCKS = 10, ++#define RLIMIT_LOCKS RLIMIT_LOCKS ++ ++ RLIMIT_NLIMITS = 11, ++ RLIM_NLIMITS = RLIMIT_NLIMITS ++#define RLIMIT_NLIMITS RLIMIT_NLIMITS ++#define RLIM_NLIMITS RLIM_NLIMITS ++}; ++ ++/* Value to indicate that there is no limit. */ ++#ifndef __USE_FILE_OFFSET64 ++# define RLIM_INFINITY ((unsigned long int)(~0UL)) ++#else ++# define RLIM_INFINITY 0xffffffffffffffffuLL ++#endif ++ ++#ifdef __USE_LARGEFILE64 ++# define RLIM64_INFINITY 0xffffffffffffffffuLL ++#endif ++ ++/* We can represent all limits. */ ++#define RLIM_SAVED_MAX RLIM_INFINITY ++#define RLIM_SAVED_CUR RLIM_INFINITY ++ ++ ++/* Type for resource quantity measurement. */ ++#ifndef __USE_FILE_OFFSET64 ++typedef __rlim_t rlim_t; ++#else ++typedef __rlim64_t rlim_t; ++#endif ++#ifdef __USE_LARGEFILE64 ++typedef __rlim64_t rlim64_t; ++#endif ++ ++struct rlimit ++ { ++ /* The current (soft) limit. */ ++ rlim_t rlim_cur; ++ /* The hard limit. */ ++ rlim_t rlim_max; ++ }; ++ ++#ifdef __USE_LARGEFILE64 ++struct rlimit64 ++ { ++ /* The current (soft) limit. */ ++ rlim64_t rlim_cur; ++ /* The hard limit. */ ++ rlim64_t rlim_max; ++ }; ++#endif ++ ++/* Whose usage statistics do you want? */ ++enum __rusage_who ++{ ++ /* The calling process. */ ++ RUSAGE_SELF = 0, ++#define RUSAGE_SELF RUSAGE_SELF ++ ++ /* All of its terminated child processes. */ ++ RUSAGE_CHILDREN = -1, ++#define RUSAGE_CHILDREN RUSAGE_CHILDREN ++ ++ /* Both. */ ++ RUSAGE_BOTH = -2 ++#define RUSAGE_BOTH RUSAGE_BOTH ++}; ++ ++#define __need_timeval ++#include /* For `struct timeval'. */ ++ ++/* Structure which says how much of each resource has been used. */ ++struct rusage ++ { ++ /* Total amount of user time used. */ ++ struct timeval ru_utime; ++ /* Total amount of system time used. */ ++ struct timeval ru_stime; ++ /* Maximum resident set size (in kilobytes). */ ++ long int ru_maxrss; ++ /* Amount of sharing of text segment memory ++ with other processes (kilobyte-seconds). */ ++ long int ru_ixrss; ++ /* Amount of data segment memory used (kilobyte-seconds). */ ++ long int ru_idrss; ++ /* Amount of stack memory used (kilobyte-seconds). */ ++ long int ru_isrss; ++ /* Number of soft page faults (i.e. those serviced by reclaiming ++ a page from the list of pages awaiting reallocation. */ ++ long int ru_minflt; ++ /* Number of hard page faults (i.e. those that required I/O). */ ++ long int ru_majflt; ++ /* Number of times a process was swapped out of physical memory. */ ++ long int ru_nswap; ++ /* Number of input operations via the file system. Note: This ++ and `ru_oublock' do not include operations with the cache. */ ++ long int ru_inblock; ++ /* Number of output operations via the file system. */ ++ long int ru_oublock; ++ /* Number of IPC messages sent. */ ++ long int ru_msgsnd; ++ /* Number of IPC messages received. */ ++ long int ru_msgrcv; ++ /* Number of signals delivered. */ ++ long int ru_nsignals; ++ /* Number of voluntary context switches, i.e. because the process ++ gave up the process before it had to (usually to wait for some ++ resource to be available). */ ++ long int ru_nvcsw; ++ /* Number of involuntary context switches, i.e. a higher priority process ++ became runnable or the current process used up its time slice. */ ++ long int ru_nivcsw; ++ }; ++ ++/* Priority limits. */ ++#define PRIO_MIN -20 /* Minimum priority a process can have. */ ++#define PRIO_MAX 20 /* Maximum priority a process can have. */ ++ ++/* The type of the WHICH argument to `getpriority' and `setpriority', ++ indicating what flavor of entity the WHO argument specifies. */ ++enum __priority_which ++{ ++ PRIO_PROCESS = 0, /* WHO is a process ID. */ ++#define PRIO_PROCESS PRIO_PROCESS ++ PRIO_PGRP = 1, /* WHO is a process group ID. */ ++#define PRIO_PGRP PRIO_PGRP ++ PRIO_USER = 2 /* WHO is a user ID. */ ++#define PRIO_USER PRIO_USER ++}; +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/brk.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/brk.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/brk.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/brk.c 2006-03-02 12:30:59.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ ++/* brk system call for Linux/M32R. ++ Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* This must be initialized data because commons can't have aliases. */ ++void *__curbrk = 0; ++ ++int ++__brk (void *addr) ++{ ++ void *newbrk; ++ register long r7 asm ("r7") = SYS_ify (brk); ++ register long r0 asm ("r0") = (long)addr; ++ ++ asm volatile ("trap #0x2 || nop\n\t" ++ "mv %0,r0\n" ++ : "=r"(newbrk), "+r" (r0) ++ : "r" (r7), "r" (r0) ++ ); ++ ++ __curbrk = newbrk; ++ ++ if (newbrk < addr) ++ { ++ __set_errno (ENOMEM); ++ return -1; ++ } ++ ++ return 0; ++} ++weak_alias (__brk, brk) +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/chown.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/chown.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/chown.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/chown.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++#include "kernel-features.h" ++ ++int ++__chown (const char *file, uid_t owner, gid_t group) ++{ ++ return INLINE_SYSCALL (chown32, 3, CHECK_STRING (file), owner, group); ++} ++libc_hidden_def (__chown) ++weak_alias (__chown, chown) +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/clone.S ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/clone.S +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/clone.S 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/clone.S 2006-03-02 17:39:21.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++/* clone() is even more special than fork() as it mucks with stacks ++ and invokes a function in the right context after its all over. */ ++ ++#include ++#define _ERRNO_H 1 ++#include ++ ++/* int clone(int (*fn)(void *arg), void *child_stack, int flags, void *arg, ++ pid_t *ptid, void *tls, pid_t *ctid); */ ++ ++ .text ++ENTRY(__clone) ++ /* sanity check arguments. */ ++ beqz r0, 1f ++ bnez r1, 2f ++ ++ .fillinsn ++1: ++ ldi r0, #-EINVAL ++ bra .Lsyscall_error ++ .fillinsn ++2: ++ /* insert the args onto the new stack */ ++ st r3, @-r1 ++ /* save the function pointer as the 0th element */ ++ st r0, @-r1 ++ ++ /* do the system call */ ++ mv r0, r2 ++ ld r2, @r15 ++ ld r3, @(8,r15) ++ ;ld RX, @(4,r15) /* FIXME: *tls */ ++ ldi r7, #SYS_ify(clone) ++ SYSCALL_INST ++ not r1, r0 ++ srai r1, #12 // r1=0 means r0 = -1 to -4095 ++ bnez r1, 3f // i.e. error in linux ++ ++ .fillinsn ++.Lsyscall_error: ++ SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER ++ .fillinsn ++3: ++ beqz r0, 4f ++ ret ++ .fillinsn ++4: ++ /* thread starts */ ++ ld r1, @r15 ++ ld r0, @(4,r15) ++ jl r1 ++ ++ /* we are done, passing the return value through r0 */ ++#ifdef SHARED ++ push r12 ++ push lr ++ bl.s .+4 ++ ld24 r12, #_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ ++ add r12, lr ++ bl C_SYMBOL_NAME(_exit@PLT) ++ pop lr ++ pop r12 ++ ret ++#else ++ LDIMM (r1, C_SYMBOL_NAME(_exit)) ++ jmp r1 ++#endif ++ ++PSEUDO_END (__clone) ++ ++weak_alias (__clone, clone) +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/configure ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/configure +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/configure 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/configure 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ ++# This file is generated from configure.in by Autoconf. DO NOT EDIT! ++ # Local configure fragment for m32r/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r ++ ++arch_minimum_kernel=2.4.19 ++ +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/configure.in ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/configure.in +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/configure.in 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/configure.in 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ ++# Local configure fragment for m32r/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r ++ ++arch_minimum_kernel=2.4.19 ++ +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/fchown.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/fchown.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/fchown.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/fchown.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/fcntl.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/fcntl.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/fcntl.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/fcntl.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/flushcache.S ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/flushcache.S +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/flushcache.S 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/flushcache.S 2006-03-02 11:42:26.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++/* int _flush_cache(char *addr, int nbytes, int cache); */ ++ ++ .text ++ENTRY(__flush_cache) ++ trap #12 || nop ++ ret ++PSEUDO_END (__flush_cache) ++ ++weak_alias (__flush_cache, _flush_cache) +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/fxstat.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/fxstat.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/fxstat.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/fxstat.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getegid.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getegid.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getegid.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getegid.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/geteuid.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/geteuid.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/geteuid.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/geteuid.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getgid.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getgid.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getgid.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getgid.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getgroups.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getgroups.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getgroups.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getgroups.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ ++/* We also have to rewrite the kernel gid_t to the user land type. */ ++#include +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getresgid.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getresgid.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getresgid.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getresgid.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "kernel-features.h" ++ ++int ++__getresgid (gid_t *rgid, gid_t *egid, gid_t *sgid) ++{ ++ return INLINE_SYSCALL (getresgid32, 3, CHECK_1 (rgid), ++ CHECK_1 (egid), CHECK_1 (sgid)); ++} ++libc_hidden_def (__getresgid) ++weak_alias (__getresgid, getresgid) +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getresuid.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getresuid.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getresuid.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getresuid.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "kernel-features.h" ++ ++int ++__getresuid (uid_t *ruid, uid_t *euid, uid_t *suid) ++{ ++ return INLINE_SYSCALL (getresuid32, 3, CHECK_1 (ruid), ++ CHECK_1 (euid), CHECK_1 (suid)); ++} ++libc_hidden_def (__getresuid) ++weak_alias (__getresuid, getresuid) +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getrlimit.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getrlimit.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getrlimit.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getrlimit.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1999, 2000, 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "kernel-features.h" ++ ++int ++__new_getrlimit (enum __rlimit_resource resource, struct rlimit *rlimits) ++{ ++ return INLINE_SYSCALL (ugetrlimit, 2, resource, CHECK_1 (rlimits)); ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__new_getrlimit, __getrlimit); ++versioned_symbol (libc, __new_getrlimit, getrlimit, GLIBC_2_3); +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getrlimit64.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getrlimit64.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getrlimit64.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getrlimit64.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#define getrlimit64 __new_getrlimit64 ++ ++#include ++ ++#undef getrlimit64 ++#include ++versioned_symbol (libc, __new_getrlimit64, getrlimit64, GLIBC_2_3); +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getuid.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getuid.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getuid.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/getuid.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/kernel-features.h ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/kernel-features.h +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/kernel-features.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/kernel-features.h 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ ++#define __ASSUME_32BITUIDS 1 ++#define __ASSUME_CLONE_THREAD_FLAGS 1 ++#define __ASSUME_FADVISE64_64_SYSCALL 1 ++#define __ASSUME_FCNTL64 1 ++#define __ASSUME_GETDENTS64_SYSCALL 1 ++#define __ASSUME_IPC64 1 ++#define __ASSUME_MMAP2_SYSCALL 1 ++#define __ASSUME_NEW_GETRLIMIT_SYSCALL 1 ++#define __ASSUME_SETRESGID_SYSCALL 1 ++#define __ASSUME_SETRESUID_SYSCALL 1 ++#define __ASSUME_STAT64_SYSCALL 1 ++#define __ASSUME_ST_INO_64_BIT 1 ++#define __ASSUME_TGKILL 1 ++#define __ASSUME_TRUNCATE64_SYSCALL 1 ++#define __ASSUME_UTIMES 1 ++ ++#include_next "kernel-features.h" +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/lchown.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/lchown.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/lchown.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/lchown.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++#include "kernel-features.h" ++ ++int ++__lchown (const char *file, uid_t owner, gid_t group) ++{ ++ return INLINE_SYSCALL (lchown32, 3, CHECK_STRING (file), owner, group); ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__lchown, lchown) +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/linuxthreads/sysdep-cancel.h ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/linuxthreads/sysdep-cancel.h +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/linuxthreads/sysdep-cancel.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/linuxthreads/sysdep-cancel.h 2006-04-20 09:44:47.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#ifndef __ASSEMBLER__ ++# include ++#endif ++ ++#if !defined NOT_IN_libc || defined IS_IN_libpthread || IS_IN_librt ++ ++# undef PSEUDO ++# define PSEUDO(name, syscall_name, args) \ ++ .text! \ ++ ENTRY(name)! \ ++ SINGLE_THREAD_P_INT ! \ ++ bnez r6, .Lpseudo_cancel ! \ ++ DO_CALL (syscall_name, args) ! \ ++ not r5,r0 ! \ ++ srai r5,12 ! \ ++ bnez r5,.Lpseudo_end ! \ ++ bra .Lsyscall_error ! \ ++ .fillinsn ! \ ++ .Lpseudo_cancel: ! \ ++ SAVE_REGS ! \ ++ /* save syscall args around CENABLE. */ \ ++ DOCARGS_##args ! \ ++ CENABLE ! \ ++ mv r8,r0 ! /* put mask back */ \ ++ /* restore syscall args */ \ ++ UNDOCARGS_##args ! \ ++ ldi r7, SYS_ify(syscall_name) ! /* do the call */ \ ++ SYSCALL_INST_##args ! \ ++ /* save syscall return value */ \ ++ push r0 ! \ ++ mv r0,r8 ! /* get mask back */ \ ++ CDISABLE ! \ ++ pop r0 ! /* retrive return value. */ \ ++ UNDOC2ARGS_##args ! \ ++ RESTORE_REGS ! \ ++ /* fix register damege. */ \ ++ not r5,r0 ! \ ++ srai r5,12 ! \ ++ bnez r5, .Lpseudo_end ! \ ++ .fillinsn ! \ ++ .Lsyscall_error: ! \ ++ SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER ! \ ++ .fillinsn ! \ ++ .Lpseudo_end: ! \ ++ ++# define DOCARGS_0 ++# define UNDOCARGS_0 ++# define UNDOC2ARGS_0 ++ ++# define DOCARGS_1 push r0 ++# define UNDOCARGS_1 pop r0 ++# define UNDOC2ARGS_1 ++ ++# define DOCARGS_2 push r1 ! push r0 ++# define UNDOCARGS_2 pop r0 ! pop r1 ++# define UNDOC2ARGS_2 ++ ++# define DOCARGS_3 push r2 ! push r1 ! push r0 ++# define UNDOCARGS_3 pop r0 ! pop r1 ! pop r2 ++# define UNDOC2ARGS_3 ++ ++# define DOCARGS_4 push r3 ! push r2 ! push r1 ! push r0 ++# define UNDOCARGS_4 pop r0 ! pop r1 ! pop r2 ! pop r3 ++# define UNDOC2ARGS_4 ++ ++# define DOCARGS_5 push r3 ! push r2 ! push r1 ! push r0 ++# if !defined PIC ++# define UNDOCARGS_5 pop r0 ! pop r1 ! pop r2 ! pop r3 ! ld r4, @(8,sp) ! push r4 ++# define UNDOC2ARGS_5 addi sp,#4 ++# else ++# define UNDOCARGS_5 pop r0 ! pop r1 ! pop r2 ! pop r3 ! ld r4, @(12,sp) ! push r4 ++# define UNDOC2ARGS_5 addi sp,#4 ++# endif ++ ++ ++# ifdef IS_IN_libpthread ++# ifdef PIC ++# define CENABLE bl __pthread_enable_asynccancel@PLT ++# define CDISABLE bl __pthread_disable_asynccancel@PLT ++# else ++# define CENABLE bl __pthread_enable_asynccancel ++# define CDISABLE bl __pthread_disable_asynccancel ++# endif ++# define __local_multiple_threads __pthread_multiple_threads ++# elif !defined NOT_IN_libc ++# ifdef PIC ++# define CENABLE bl __libc_enable_asynccancel@PLT ++# define CDISABLE bl __libc_disable_asynccancel@PLT ++# else ++# define CENABLE bl __libc_enable_asynccancel ++# define CDISABLE bl __libc_disable_asynccancel ++# endif ++# define __local_multiple_threads __libc_multiple_threads ++# else ++# ifdef PIC ++# define CENABLE bl __librt_enable_asynccancel@PLT ++# define CDISABLE bl __librt_disable_asynccancel@PLT ++# else ++# define CENABLE bl __librt_enable_asynccancel ++# define CDISABLE bl __librt_disable_asynccancel ++# endif ++# define __local_multiple_threads __librt_multiple_threads ++# endif ++ ++# ifndef __ASSEMBLER__ ++extern int __local_multiple_threads attribute_hidden; ++# define SINGLE_THREAD_P __builtin_expect (__local_multiple_threads == 0, 1) ++# else ++# if !defined PIC ++# define SINGLE_THREAD_P_INT \ ++ seth r6,#shigh(__local_multiple_threads) ! \ ++ ld r6,@(low(__local_multiple_threads), r6) ++ ++# define SINGLE_THREAD_P SINGLE_THREAD_P_INT ++ ++# define SAVE_REGS \ ++ push lr ! push r8 ++ ++# define RESTORE_REGS \ ++ pop r8 ! pop lr ++ ++# else ++# if !defined NOT_IN_libc || defined IS_IN_libpthread ++# define SINGLE_THREAD_P_INT \ ++ mv r4,lr ! \ ++ bl.s .+4 ! \ ++ ld24 r5,#_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ ! \ ++ seth r6,#high(__local_multiple_threads@GOTOFF) !\ ++ or3 r6,r6,#low(__local_multiple_threads@GOTOFF) !\ ++ add r5,lr ! \ ++ mv lr,r4 ! \ ++ add r6,r5 ! \ ++ ld r6,@r6 ++ ++# else ++# define SINGLE_THREAD_P_INT \ ++ mv r4,lr ! \ ++ bl.s .+4 ! \ ++ ld24 r5,#_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ ! \ ++ ld24 r6,#__local_multiple_threads@GOT !\ ++ add r5,lr ! \ ++ mv lr,r4 ! \ ++ add r6,r5 ! \ ++ ld r6,@r6 ! \ ++ ld r6,@r6 ++ ++# endif ++ ++# define SINGLE_THREAD_P \ ++ SINGLE_THREAD_P_INT ++ ++# define SAVE_REGS \ ++ push lr ! push r8 ! push r12 ! mv r12, r5 ++ ++# define RESTORE_REGS \ ++ pop r12 ! pop r8 ! pop lr ++ ++# endif ++# endif ++ ++ ++#elif !defined __ASSEMBLER__ ++ ++/* This code should never be used but we define it anyhow. */ ++# define SINGLE_THREAD_P (1) ++ ++#endif +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/linuxthreads/vfork.S ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/linuxthreads/vfork.S +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/linuxthreads/vfork.S 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/linuxthreads/vfork.S 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#define _ERRNO_H 1 ++#include ++#include "kernel-features.h" ++/* Clone the calling process, but without copying the whole address space. ++ The calling process is suspended until the new process exits or is ++ replaced by a call to `execve'. Return -1 for errors, 0 to the new process, ++ and the process ID of the new process to the old process. */ ++ ++ENTRY (__vfork) ++#ifdef __NR_vfork ++ ++#ifdef SHARED ++ mv r4, lr ++ bl.s .+4 ++ ld24 r5, #_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ ++ add r5, lr ++ mv lr, r4 ++ ++ seth r6, #high(__libc_pthread_functions@GOTOFF) ++ or3 r6, r6, #low(__libc_pthread_functions@GOTOFF) ++ add r6, r5 ++ ld r0, @r6 ++ ++ seth r6, #high(HIDDEN_JUMPTARGET(__fork)@GOTOFF) ++ or3 r6, r6, #low(HIDDEN_JUMPTARGET(__fork)@GOTOFF) ++ add r6, r5 ++ beqz r0, 5f ++ jmp r6 ++ .fillinsn ++5: ++#else ++ .weak pthread_create ++ seth r0, #shigh(pthread_create) ++ or3 r0, r0, #low(pthread_create) ++ bnez r0, HIDDEN_JUMPTARGET(__fork) ++#endif ++ ++ ldi r7, #__NR_vfork ++ SYSCALL_INST ++ not r1, r0 ++ srai r1, #12 // r1=0 means r0 = -1 to -4095 ++ bnez r1, 1f // i.e. error in linux ++ ++#endif ++ ++ SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER ++ ++ .fillinsn ++1: ++ ret ++ ++ ++PSEUDO_END (__vfork) ++libc_hidden_def(__vfork) ++ ++weak_alias (__vfork, vfork) +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/lockf64.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/lockf64.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/lockf64.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/lockf64.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/lxstat.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/lxstat.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/lxstat.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/lxstat.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ ++#include ++ +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/m32r-stub.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/m32r-stub.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/m32r-stub.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/m32r-stub.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ ++#include ++ ++struct link_map _dl_rtld_map; ++ ++#ifndef __PIC__ ++void __pthread_initialize_minimal(void) ++{ ++} ++#endif ++ ++ +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/mmap.S ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/mmap.S +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/mmap.S 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/mmap.S 2006-04-20 09:44:30.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++#define EINVAL 22 ++ ++/* ++__ptr_t ++__mmap (__ptr_t addr, size_t len, int prot, int flags, int fd, off_t offset); ++*/ ++ ++ENTRY (__mmap) ++ /* Push args and pass the address of 1st arg. ++ * The 5th and 6th args are already passed in the stack. ++ */ ++ ld r4, @sp // fd ++ ld r5, @(4,sp) // offset ++ and3 r6, r5, #0x00000fff ++ beqz r6, 2f ++ ldi r0, #-EINVAL ++ bra 0f ++ .fillinsn ++2: ++ srli r5, #12 ++ ++ ldi r7, #__NR_mmap2 ++ SYSCALL_INST ++ ++ .fillinsn ++0: ++ not r1, r0 ++ srai r1, #12 // r1=0 means r0 = -1 to -4095 ++ bnez r1, 1f // i.e. error in linux ++ ++ SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER ++ ++ .fillinsn ++1: ++ ret ++ ++PSEUDO_END (__mmap) ++ ++weak_alias (__mmap, mmap) +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/msgctl.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/msgctl.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/msgctl.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/msgctl.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1995, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Ulrich Drepper , August 1995. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "kernel-features.h" ++#include ++ ++int ++__new_msgctl (int msqid, int cmd, struct msqid_ds *buf) ++{ ++ return INLINE_SYSCALL (ipc, 5, IPCOP_msgctl, ++ msqid, cmd | __IPC_64, 0, CHECK_1 (buf)); ++} ++ ++versioned_symbol (libc, __new_msgctl, msgctl, GLIBC_2_3); +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/pipe.S ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/pipe.S +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/pipe.S 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/pipe.S 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++ENTRY (__libc_pipe) ++ ldi r7, #__NR_pipe ++ SYSCALL_INST ++ not r1, r0 ++ srai r1, #12 // r1=0 means r0 = -1 to -4095 ++ bnez r1, 1f // i.e. error in linux ++ ++ SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER ++ .fillinsn ++1: ++ ldi r0, #0 ++ ret ++PSEUDO_END (__libc_pipe) ++ ++weak_alias (__libc_pipe, __pipe) ++libc_hidden_def (__pipe) ++weak_alias (__libc_pipe, pipe) +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/profil-counter.h ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/profil-counter.h +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/profil-counter.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/profil-counter.h 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ ++/* Low-level statistical profiling support function. Linux/M32R version. ++ Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++static void ++profil_counter (int signo, SIGCONTEXT sc) ++{ ++ void *pc; ++ pc = GET_PC(sc); ++ profil_count (pc); ++} +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/semctl.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/semctl.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/semctl.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/semctl.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 1995,1997,1998,2000,2003,2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Ulrich Drepper , August 1995. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "kernel-features.h" ++#include ++ ++/* Define a `union semun' suitable for Linux here. */ ++union semun ++{ ++ int val; /* value for SETVAL */ ++ struct semid_ds *buf; /* buffer for IPC_STAT & IPC_SET */ ++ unsigned short int *array; /* array for GETALL & SETALL */ ++ struct seminfo *__buf; /* buffer for IPC_INFO */ ++ struct __old_semid_ds *__old_buf; ++}; ++ ++#include ++#include /* definition of CHECK_SEMCTL needs union semum */ ++ ++int ++__new_semctl (int semid, int semnum, int cmd, ...) ++{ ++ union semun arg; ++ va_list ap; ++ ++ va_start (ap, cmd); ++ ++ /* Get the argument. */ ++ arg = va_arg (ap, union semun); ++ ++ va_end (ap); ++ ++ return INLINE_SYSCALL (ipc, 5, IPCOP_semctl, semid, semnum, cmd | __IPC_64, ++ CHECK_SEMCTL (&arg, semid, cmd | __IPC_64)); ++} ++ ++versioned_symbol (libc, __new_semctl, semctl, GLIBC_2_3); +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setegid.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setegid.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setegid.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setegid.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/seteuid.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/seteuid.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/seteuid.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/seteuid.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setfsgid.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setfsgid.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setfsgid.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setfsgid.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include "kernel-features.h" ++ ++int ++setfsgid (gid_t gid) ++{ ++ INTERNAL_SYSCALL_DECL (err); ++ /* No error checking. */ ++ return INTERNAL_SYSCALL (setfsgid32, err, 1, gid); ++} +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setfsuid.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setfsuid.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setfsuid.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setfsuid.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++#include "kernel-features.h" ++ ++int ++setfsuid (uid_t uid) ++{ ++ INTERNAL_SYSCALL_DECL (err); ++ /* No error checking. */ ++ return INTERNAL_SYSCALL (setfsuid32, err, 1, uid); ++} +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setgid.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setgid.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setgid.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setgid.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setgroups.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setgroups.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setgroups.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setgroups.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ ++/* We also have to rewrite the kernel gid_t to the user land type. */ ++#include +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setregid.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setregid.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setregid.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setregid.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setresgid.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setresgid.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setresgid.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setresgid.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setresuid.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setresuid.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setresuid.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setresuid.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setreuid.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setreuid.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setreuid.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setreuid.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setrlimit.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setrlimit.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setrlimit.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setrlimit.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "kernel-features.h" ++ ++int ++__new_setrlimit (enum __rlimit_resource resource, const struct rlimit *rlimits) ++{ ++ return INLINE_SYSCALL (setrlimit, 2, resource, CHECK_1 (rlimits)); ++} ++ ++weak_alias (__new_setrlimit, __setrlimit); ++versioned_symbol (libc, __new_setrlimit, setrlimit, GLIBC_2_3); +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setuid.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setuid.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setuid.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/setuid.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/shmctl.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/shmctl.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/shmctl.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/shmctl.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Ulrich Drepper , August 1995. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "kernel-features.h" ++#include ++ ++int ++__new_shmctl (int shmid, int cmd, struct shmid_ds *buf) ++{ ++ return INLINE_SYSCALL (ipc, 5, IPCOP_shmctl, ++ shmid, cmd | __IPC_64, 0, CHECK_1 (buf)); ++} ++ ++versioned_symbol (libc, __new_shmctl, shmctl, GLIBC_2_3); +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sigaction.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sigaction.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sigaction.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sigaction.c 2006-03-02 12:32:45.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ ++/* POSIX.1 `sigaction' call for Linux/M32R. ++ Copyright (C) 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++#include "kernel-features.h" ++ ++/* The difference here is that the sigaction structure used in the ++ kernel is not the same as we use in the libc. Therefore we must ++ translate it here. */ ++#include ++ ++/* We do not globally define the SA_RESTORER flag so do it here. */ ++#define SA_RESTORER 0x04000000 ++ ++/* Using the hidden attribute here does not change the code but it ++ helps to avoid warnings. */ ++#if defined HAVE_HIDDEN && defined HAVE_VISIBILITY_ATTRIBUTE \ ++ && !defined HAVE_BROKEN_VISIBILITY_ATTRIBUTE ++extern void restore_rt (void) asm ("__restore_rt") attribute_hidden; ++#else ++static void restore_rt (void) asm ("__restore_rt"); ++#endif ++ ++ ++/* If ACT is not NULL, change the action for SIG to *ACT. ++ If OACT is not NULL, put the old action for SIG in *OACT. */ ++int ++__libc_sigaction (int sig, const struct sigaction *act, struct sigaction *oact) ++{ ++ int result; ++ struct kernel_sigaction kact, koact; ++ ++ if (act) ++ { ++ kact.k_sa_handler = act->sa_handler; ++ memcpy (&kact.sa_mask, &act->sa_mask, sizeof (sigset_t)); ++ kact.sa_flags = act->sa_flags | SA_RESTORER; ++ ++ kact.sa_restorer = &restore_rt; ++ } ++ ++ /* XXX The size argument hopefully will have to be changed to the ++ real size of the user-level sigset_t. */ ++ result = INLINE_SYSCALL (rt_sigaction, 4, ++ sig, act ? __ptrvalue (&kact) : NULL, ++ oact ? __ptrvalue (&koact) : NULL, _NSIG / 8); ++ if (oact && result >= 0) ++ { ++ oact->sa_handler = koact.k_sa_handler; ++ memcpy (&oact->sa_mask, &koact.sa_mask, sizeof (sigset_t)); ++ oact->sa_flags = koact.sa_flags; ++ oact->sa_restorer = koact.sa_restorer; ++ } ++ return result; ++} ++libc_hidden_def (__libc_sigaction) ++ ++#ifndef LIBC_SIGACTION ++weak_alias (__libc_sigaction, __sigaction) ++libc_hidden_weak (__sigaction) ++weak_alias (__libc_sigaction, sigaction) ++#endif ++ ++/* NOTE: Please think twice before making any changes to the bits of ++ code below. GDB needs some intimate knowledge about it to ++ recognize them as signal trampolines, and make backtraces through ++ signal handlers work right. Important are both the names ++ (__restore_rt) and the exact instruction sequence. ++ If you ever feel the need to make any changes, please notify the ++ appropriate GDB maintainer. */ ++ ++#define RESTORE(name, syscall) RESTORE2 (name, syscall) ++# define RESTORE2(name, syscall) \ ++asm \ ++ ( \ ++ "__" #name ":\n" \ ++ " ldi r7,#" #syscall "\n" \ ++ " trap #2 || nop\n" \ ++ ); ++/* The return code for realtime-signals. */ ++RESTORE (restore_rt, __NR_rt_sigreturn) +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sigcontextinfo.h ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sigcontextinfo.h +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sigcontextinfo.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sigcontextinfo.h 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ Contributed by Philip Blundell , 1999. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#define SIGCONTEXT struct sigcontext * ++#define SIGCONTEXT_EXTRA_ARGS ++#define GET_PC(ctx) ((void *)((ctx)->sc_bpc)) ++#define GET_FRAME(ctx) ((void *)((ctx)->sc_fp)) ++#define GET_STACK(ctx) ((void *)((ctx)->sc_spi)) ++#define CALL_SIGHANDLER(handler, signo, ctx) \ ++ (handler)((signo), SIGCONTEXT_EXTRA_ARGS (ctx)) +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/socket.S ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/socket.S +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/socket.S 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/socket.S 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++#define P(a, b) P2(a, b) ++#define P2(a, b) a##b ++ ++ .text ++/* The socket-oriented system calls are handled unusally in Linux. ++ They are all gated through the single `socketcall' system call number. ++ `socketcall' takes two arguments: the first is the subcode, specifying ++ which socket function is being called; and the second is a pointer to ++ the arguments to the specific function. ++ ++ The .S files for the other calls just #define socket and #include this. */ ++ ++#ifndef __socket ++#ifndef NO_WEAK_ALIAS ++#define __socket P(__,socket) ++#else ++#define __socket socket ++#endif ++#endif ++ ++#define PUSHARGS(x) PUSHARGS x ++ .macro PUSHARGS nargs ++ push r0 ++ .aif \nargs ge 2 ++ push r1 ++ .aif \nargs ge 3 ++ push r2 ++ .aif \nargs ge 4 ++ push r3 ++ /* If nargs is 5, caller has already pushed arg 5. */ ++ /* If nargs is 6, caller has already pushed arg 5, 6. */ ++ .aendi ++ .aendi ++ .aendi ++ .endm ++ ++#define PUSHARGS(x) PUSHARGS x ++ ++#define POPARGS_1 addi r15,#4 ++#define POPARGS_2 addi r15,#8 ++#define POPARGS_3 addi r15,#12 ++#define POPARGS_4 addi r15,#16 ++#define POPARGS_5 addi r15,#16 ++#define POPARGS_6 addi r15,#16 ++ ++#ifndef NARGS ++#define NARGS 3 /* If we were called with no wrapper, this is really socket() */ ++#endif ++ ++.globl __socket ++ENTRY (__socket) ++ /* This will not work in the case of a socket call being interrupted ++ by a signal. If the signal handler uses any stack the arguments ++ to socket will be trashed. The results of a restart of any ++ socket call are then unpredictable. */ ++ ++ /* Push args onto the stack. */ ++ /* PUSHARGS(NARGS) */ ++#if (NARGS >= 4) ++ push r3 ++ /* If nargs is 6, caller has already pushed arg 5, 6. */ ++ /* If nargs is 5, caller has already pushed arg 5. */ ++#endif ++#if (NARGS >= 3) ++ push r2 ++#endif ++#if (NARGS >= 2) ++ push r1 ++#endif ++ push r0 ++ ++#if defined NEED_CANCELLATION && defined CENABLE ++ SINGLE_THREAD_P ++ bnez r6, 2f ++#endif ++ ++ /* Do the system call trap. */ ++ ldi r0, #P(SOCKOP_,socket) ++ mv r1, r15 ++ ldi r7, #SYS_ify(socketcall) ++ SYSCALL_INST ++ ++ /* Pop args off the stack */ ++ P(POPARGS_,NARGS) ++ ++ not r1, r0 ++ srai r1, #12 // r1=0 means r0 = -1 to -4095 ++ bnez r1, 1f // i.e. error in linux ++ ++ SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER ++ .fillinsn ++1: ++ /* Successful; return the syscall's value. */ ++ ret ++ ++#if defined NEED_CANCELLATION && defined CENABLE ++ .fillinsn ++2: ++ SAVE_REGS ++ CENABLE ++ mv r8, r0 ++ ++ ldi r0, #P(SOCKOP_,socket) ++#if !defined PIC ++ add3 r1, r15, #8 ++#else ++ add3 r1, r15, #12 ++#endif ++ ldi r7, #SYS_ify(socketcall) ++ SYSCALL_INST ++ ++ push r0 ++ mv r0, r8 ++ CDISABLE ++ pop r0 ++ RESTORE_REGS ++ ++ P(POPARGS_,NARGS) ++ ++ not r1, r0 ++ srai r1, #12 // r1=0 means r0 = -1 to -4095 ++ bnez r1, 3f // i.e. error in linux ++ ++ SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER ++ .fillinsn ++3: ++ ret ++#endif ++ ++PSEUDO_END (__socket) ++ ++#ifndef NO_WEAK_ALIAS ++weak_alias (__socket, socket) ++#endif +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sys/cachectl.h ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sys/cachectl.h +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sys/cachectl.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sys/cachectl.h 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ++ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Lesser General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free ++ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA ++ 02111-1307 USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_CACHECTL_H ++#define _SYS_CACHECTL_H 1 ++ ++#include ++ ++/* ++ * Get the kernel definition for the op bits. ++ */ ++#include ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++#ifdef __USE_MISC ++extern int cacheflush (void *addr, __const int nbytes, __const int op) __THROW; ++#endif ++extern int _flush_cache (char *addr, __const int nbytes, __const int op) __THROW; ++ ++__END_DECLS ++ ++#endif /* sys/cachectl.h */ +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sys/io.h ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sys/io.h +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sys/io.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sys/io.h 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_IO_H ++ ++#define _SYS_IO_H 1 ++#include ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++/* If TURN_ON is TRUE, request for permission to do direct i/o on the ++ port numbers in the range [FROM,FROM+NUM-1]. Otherwise, turn I/O ++ permission off for that range. This call requires root privileges. */ ++extern int ioperm (unsigned long int __from, unsigned long int __num, ++ int __turn_on) __THROW; ++ ++/* Set the I/O privilege level to LEVEL. If LEVEL is nonzero, ++ permission to access any I/O port is granted. This call requires ++ root privileges. */ ++extern int iopl (int __level) __THROW; ++ ++/* The functions that actually perform reads and writes. */ ++extern unsigned char inb (unsigned long int port) __THROW; ++extern unsigned short int inw (unsigned long int port) __THROW; ++extern unsigned long int inl (unsigned long int port) __THROW; ++ ++extern void outb (unsigned char value, unsigned long int port) __THROW; ++extern void outw (unsigned short value, unsigned long int port) __THROW; ++extern void outl (unsigned long value, unsigned long int port) __THROW; ++ ++__END_DECLS ++ ++#endif /* _SYS_IO_H */ +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sys/tas.h ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sys/tas.h +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sys/tas.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sys/tas.h 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ ++#ifndef _SYS_TAS_H ++ ++#define _SYS_TAS_H 1 ++ ++#include ++ ++__BEGIN_DECLS ++ ++extern int tas(int *) __THROW; ++ ++__END_DECLS ++ ++#endif /* _SYS_TAS_H */ +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sys/ucontext.h ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sys/ucontext.h +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sys/ucontext.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sys/ucontext.h 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++/* Where is System V/SH ABI? */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_UCONTEXT_H ++#define _SYS_UCONTEXT_H 1 ++ ++#include ++#include ++ ++/* We need the signal context definitions even if they are not used ++ included in . */ ++#include ++ ++ ++typedef int greg_t; ++ ++/* Number of general registers. */ ++#define NFPREG 16 ++ ++/* Container for all general registers. */ ++typedef greg_t gregset_t[NFPREG]; ++ ++#if 0 ++#ifdef __USE_GNU ++/* Number of each register is the `gregset_t' array. */ ++enum ++{ ++ R0 = 0, ++#define R0 R0 ++ R1 = 1, ++#define R1 R1 ++ R2 = 2, ++#define R2 R2 ++ R3 = 3, ++#define R3 R3 ++ R4 = 4, ++#define R4 R4 ++ R5 = 5, ++#define R5 R5 ++ R6 = 6, ++#define R6 R6 ++ R7 = 7, ++#define R7 R7 ++ R8 = 8, ++#define R8 R8 ++ R9 = 9, ++#define R9 R9 ++ R10 = 10, ++#define R10 R10 ++ R11 = 11, ++#define R11 R11 ++ R12 = 12, ++#define R12 R12 ++ R13 = 13, ++#define R13 R13 ++ R14 = 14, ++#define R14 R14 ++ R15 = 15, ++#define R15 R15 ++}; ++#endif ++#endif /* 0 */ ++ ++typedef int freg_t; ++ ++/* Number of FPU registers. */ ++#define NFPREG 16 ++ ++/* Structure to describe FPU registers. */ ++typedef freg_t fpregset_t[NFPREG]; ++ ++/* Context to describe whole processor state. */ ++typedef struct ++ { ++ gregset_t gregs; ++ fpregset_t fpregs; ++ fpregset_t xfpregs; ++ unsigned int fpscr; ++ unsigned int fpul; ++ unsigned int macl; ++ unsigned int mach; ++ } mcontext_t; ++ ++/* Userlevel context. */ ++typedef struct ucontext ++ { ++ unsigned long int uc_flags; ++ struct ucontext *uc_link; ++ stack_t uc_stack; ++ mcontext_t uc_mcontext; ++ __sigset_t uc_sigmask; ++ } ucontext_t; ++ ++#endif /* sys/ucontext.h */ +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sys/user.h ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sys/user.h +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sys/user.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sys/user.h 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _SYS_USER_H ++#define _SYS_USER_H 1 ++ ++#include ++ ++#include ++ ++#endif /* sys/user.h */ +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/syscall.S ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/syscall.S +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/syscall.S 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/syscall.S 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++ENTRY (__syscall) ++ mv r7, r0 // syscall number ++ mv r0, r1 // p1 ++ mv r1, r2 // p2 ++ mv r2, r3 // p3 ++ ld r3, @(sp) // p4 ++ ld r4, @(4,sp) // p5 ++ ld r5, @(8,sp) // p6 ++ ld r6, @(12,sp) // p7 ++ SYSCALL_INST ++ not r1, r0 ++ srai r1, #12 // r1=0 means r0 = -1 to -4095 ++ bnez r1, 1f // i.e. error in linux ++ ++ SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER ++ .fillinsn ++1: ++ ret ++PSEUDO_END (__syscall) ++ ++weak_alias (__syscall, syscall) +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/syscalls.list ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/syscalls.list +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/syscalls.list 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/syscalls.list 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ ++# File name Caller Syscall name # args Strong name Weak names ++tas - tas i:p __tas tas ++cachectl - cachectl i:pii __cachectl cachectl ++cacheflush - cacheflush i:pii __cacheflush cacheflush +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sysdep.S ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sysdep.S +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sysdep.S 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sysdep.S 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#include ++ ++/* The syscall stubs jump here when they detect an error. ++ The code for Linux is almost identical to the canonical Unix ++ code, except that the error number in R0 is negated. */ ++ ++#undef CALL_MCOUNT ++#define CALL_MCOUNT /* Don't insert the profiling call, it clobbers R0. */ ++ ++ENTRY (__syscall_error) ++ neg r0, r0 ++ ++#define __syscall_error __syscall_error_1 ++#include "../../../m32r/sysdep.S" +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sysdep.h ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sysdep.h +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sysdep.h 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/sysdep.h 2006-03-02 12:29:40.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, ++ Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#ifndef _LINUX_M32R_SYSDEP_H ++#define _LINUX_M32R_SYSDEP_H 1 ++ ++/* There is some commonality. */ ++#include "../../../m32r/sysdep.h" ++ ++/* Defines RTLD_PRIVATE_ERRNO. */ ++#include ++ ++/* For Linux we can use the system call table in the header file ++ /usr/include/asm/unistd.h ++ of the kernel. But these symbols do not follow the SYS_* syntax ++ so we have to redefine the `SYS_ify' macro here. */ ++#undef SYS_ify ++#define SYS_ify(syscall_name) __NR_##syscall_name ++ ++#ifdef __ASSEMBLER__ ++ ++/* Linux uses a negative return value to indicate syscall errors, ++ unlike most Unices, which use the condition codes' carry flag. ++ ++ Since version 2.1 the return value of a system call might be ++ negative even if the call succeeded. E.g., the `lseek' system call ++ might return a large offset. Therefore we must not anymore test ++ for < 0, but test for a real error by making sure the value in R0 ++ is a real error number. Linus said he will make sure the no syscall ++ returns a value in -1 .. -4095 as a valid result so we can savely ++ test with -4095. */ ++ ++#define SYSCALL_INST trap #2 || nop ++#define SYSCALL_INST_0 trap #2 || nop ++#define SYSCALL_INST_1 trap #2 || nop ++#define SYSCALL_INST_2 trap #2 || nop ++#define SYSCALL_INST_3 trap #2 || nop ++#define SYSCALL_INST_4 trap #2 || nop ++#define SYSCALL_INST_5 \ ++ ld r4,@sp ! \ ++ trap #2 || nop ++#define SYSCALL_INST_STR_6 \ ++ ld r4,@sp ! \ ++ ld r5,@(4,sp) ! \ ++ trap #2 || nop ++#define SYSCALL_INST_STR_7 \ ++ ld r4,@sp ! \ ++ ld r5,@(4,sp) ! \ ++ ld r6,@(8,sp) ! \ ++ trap #2 || nop ++ ++#define DO_CALL( syscall_name, args ) \ ++ ldi r7,SYS_ify(syscall_name) ! \ ++ SYSCALL_INST_##args ++ ++#undef PSEUDO ++#define PSEUDO(name, syscall_name, args) \ ++ .text !\ ++ENTRY (name) !\ ++ DO_CALL (syscall_name, args) !\ ++ not r1,r0 !\ ++ srai r1,12 !\ ++ bnez r1,.Lpseudo_end !\ ++ SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER !\ ++ .fillinsn !\ ++ .Lpseudo_end: ++ ++#undef PSEUDO_END ++#define PSEUDO_END(name) \ ++ END (name) ++ ++#undef PSEUDO_NOERRNO ++#define PSEUDO_NOERRNO(name, syscall_name, args) \ ++ .text !\ ++ ENTRY (name) !\ ++ DO_CALL (syscall_name, args) ++ ++#undef PSEUDO_END_NOERRNO ++#define PSEUDO_END_NOERRNO(name) \ ++ END (name) ++ ++#define ret_NOERRNO ret ++ ++#define PSEUDO_ERRVAL(name, syscall_name, args) \ ++ .text !\ ++ ENTRY (name) !\ ++ DO_CALL (syscall_name, args) ++ ++#undef PSEUDO_END_ERRVAL ++#define PSEUDO_END_ERRVAL(name) \ ++ END (name) ++ ++#define ret_ERRVAL ret ++ ++#ifndef __PIC__ ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER \ ++ LDIMM (r1, C_SYMBOL_NAME(__syscall_error)) !\ ++ jmp r1 !\ ++ ++#else ++# if RTLD_PRIVATE_ERRNO ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER \ ++ neg r1,r0 !\ ++ mv r3,lr !\ ++ bl.s .+4 !\ ++ ld24 r2,#_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ !\ ++ add r2,lr !\ ++ mv lr,r3 !\ ++ ld24 r0,#C_SYMBOL_NAME(rtld_errno@GOT) !\ ++ add r2,r0 !\ ++ ld r2,@r2 !\ ++ st r1,@r2 !\ ++ ldi r0,#-1 !\ ++ ret ++ ++# elif defined _LIBC_REENTRANT ++ ++# if USE___THREAD ++# ifndef NOT_IN_libc ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_ERRNO __libc_errno@GOT ++# else ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_ERRNO errno@GOT ++# endif ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER \ ++ neg r1,r0 !\ ++ mv r3,lr !\ ++ bl.s .+4 !\ ++ ld24 r2,#_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ !\ ++ add r2,lr !\ ++ mv lr,r3 !\ ++ ld24 r0,#C_SYMBOL_NAME(SYSCALL_ERROR_ERRNO) !\ ++ add r2,r0 !\ ++ ld r2,@r2 !\ ++ st r1,@r2 !\ ++ ldi r0,#-1 !\ ++ ret ++ ++# else ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER \ ++ neg r1,r0 !\ ++ push r12 !\ ++ push lr !\ ++ push r1 !\ ++ bl.s .+4 !\ ++ ld24 r12,#_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ !\ ++ add r12,lr !\ ++ ld24 r1,#C_SYMBOL_NAME(__errno_location@GOT) !\ ++ add r1,r12 !\ ++ ld r1,@r1 !\ ++ jl r1 !\ ++ pop r1 !\ ++ st r1,@r0 !\ ++ pop lr !\ ++ pop r12 !\ ++ ldi r0,#-1 !\ ++ ret !\ ++ ++# endif ++ ++# else ++/* Store (-r0) into errno through the GOT. */ ++# define SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER \ ++ neg r1,r0 !\ ++ mv r3,lr !\ ++ bl.s .+4 !\ ++ ld24 r2,#_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ !\ ++ add r2,lr !\ ++ mv lr,r3 !\ ++ ld24 r0,#C_SYMBOL_NAME(errno@GOT) !\ ++ add r2,r0 !\ ++ ld r2,@r2 !\ ++ st r1,@r2 !\ ++ ldi r0,#-1 !\ ++ ret ++ ++# endif /* _LIBC_REENTRANT */ ++#endif /* __PIC__ */ ++ ++#define ret_ERRVAL ret ++ ++#else /* not __ASSEMBLER__ */ ++ ++#undef DO_CALL ++ ++#define SYSCALL_INST_STR "trap #2 || nop\n\t" ++ ++#define ASMFMT_0 \ ++ , "0" (r0) ++#define ASMFMT_1 \ ++ , "0" (r0) ++#define ASMFMT_2 \ ++ , "0" (r0), "r" (r1) ++#define ASMFMT_3 \ ++ , "0" (r0), "r" (r1), "r" (r2) ++#define ASMFMT_4 \ ++ , "0" (r0), "r" (r1), "r" (r2), "r" (r3) ++#define ASMFMT_5 \ ++ , "0" (r0), "r" (r1), "r" (r2), "r" (r3), "r" (r4) ++#define ASMFMT_6 \ ++ , "0" (r0), "r" (r1), "r" (r2), "r" (r3), "r" (r4), "r" (r5) ++#define ASMFMT_7 \ ++ , "0" (r0), "r" (r1), "r" (r2), "r" (r3), "r" (r4), "r" (r5), "r" (r6) ++ ++#define SUBSTITUTE_ARGS_0() \ ++ register long r0 asm ("r0") = 0 ++#define SUBSTITUTE_ARGS_1(arg1) \ ++ register long r0 asm ("r0") = (long)(arg1) ++#define SUBSTITUTE_ARGS_2(arg1, arg2) \ ++ register long r0 asm ("r0") = (long)(arg1); \ ++ register long r1 asm ("r1") = (long)(arg2) ++#define SUBSTITUTE_ARGS_3(arg1, arg2, arg3) \ ++ register long r0 asm ("r0") = (long)(arg1); \ ++ register long r1 asm ("r1") = (long)(arg2); \ ++ register long r2 asm ("r2") = (long)(arg3) ++#define SUBSTITUTE_ARGS_4(arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4) \ ++ register long r0 asm ("r0") = (long)(arg1); \ ++ register long r1 asm ("r1") = (long)(arg2); \ ++ register long r2 asm ("r2") = (long)(arg3); \ ++ register long r3 asm ("r3") = (long)(arg4) ++#define SUBSTITUTE_ARGS_5(arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5) \ ++ register long r0 asm ("r0") = (long)(arg1); \ ++ register long r1 asm ("r1") = (long)(arg2); \ ++ register long r2 asm ("r2") = (long)(arg3); \ ++ register long r3 asm ("r3") = (long)(arg4); \ ++ register long r4 asm ("r4") = (long)(arg5) ++#define SUBSTITUTE_ARGS_6(arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5, arg6) \ ++ register long r0 asm ("r0") = (long)(arg1); \ ++ register long r1 asm ("r1") = (long)(arg2); \ ++ register long r2 asm ("r2") = (long)(arg3); \ ++ register long r3 asm ("r3") = (long)(arg4); \ ++ register long r4 asm ("r4") = (long)(arg5); \ ++ register long r5 asm ("r5") = (long)(arg6) ++#define SUBSTITUTE_ARGS_7(arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5, arg6, arg7) \ ++ register long r0 asm ("r0") = (long)(arg1); \ ++ register long r1 asm ("r1") = (long)(arg2); \ ++ register long r2 asm ("r2") = (long)(arg3); \ ++ register long r3 asm ("r3") = (long)(arg4); \ ++ register long r4 asm ("r4") = (long)(arg5); \ ++ register long r5 asm ("r5") = (long)(arg6); \ ++ register long r6 asm ("r6") = (long)(arg7) ++ ++#undef INLINE_SYSCALL ++#define INLINE_SYSCALL(name, nr, args...) \ ++ ({ \ ++ unsigned int resultvar = INTERNAL_SYSCALL (name, , nr, args); \ ++ if (__builtin_expect (INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERROR_P (resultvar, ), 0)) \ ++ { \ ++ __set_errno (INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERRNO (resultvar, )); \ ++ resultvar = 0xffffffff; \ ++ } \ ++ (int) resultvar; }) ++ ++#undef INTERNAL_SYSCALL ++#define INTERNAL_SYSCALL(name, err, nr, args...) \ ++ ({ \ ++ register long r7 asm ("r7") = SYS_ify (name); \ ++ SUBSTITUTE_ARGS_##nr(args); \ ++ \ ++ asm volatile (SYSCALL_INST_STR "\n\t" \ ++ : "=r" (r0) \ ++ : "r" (r7) ASMFMT_##nr \ ++ : "memory"); \ ++ \ ++ (int) r0; }) ++ ++#undef INTERNAL_SYSCALL_DECL ++#define INTERNAL_SYSCALL_DECL(err) do { } while (0) ++ ++#undef INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERROR_P ++#define INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERROR_P(val, err) \ ++ ((unsigned int) (val) >= 0xfffff001u) ++ ++#undef INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERRNO ++#define INTERNAL_SYSCALL_ERRNO(val, err) (-(val)) ++ ++#endif /* __ASSEMBLER__ */ ++ ++#endif /* linux/m32r/sysdep.h */ +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/vfork.S ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/vfork.S +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/vfork.S 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/vfork.S 2006-03-02 11:43:35.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ ++/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ++ This file is part of the GNU C Library. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ++ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as ++ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the ++ License, or (at your option) any later version. ++ ++ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ++ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ++ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU ++ Library General Public License for more details. ++ ++ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public ++ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, ++ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, ++ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ ++ ++#include ++#define _ERRNO_H 1 ++#include ++ ++/* Clone the calling process, but without copying the whole address space. ++ The calling process is suspended until the new process exits or is ++ replaced by a call to `execve'. Return -1 for errors, 0 to the new process, ++ and the process ID of the new process to the old process. */ ++ ++ENTRY (__vfork) ++ ++#ifdef __NR_vfork ++ ldi r7, #__NR_vfork ++ SYSCALL_INST ++ not r1, r0 ++ srai r1, #12 // r1=0 means r0 = -1 to -4095 ++ bnez r1, 1f // i.e. error in linux ++ ++#endif ++ ++ SYSCALL_ERROR_HANDLER ++ ++ .fillinsn ++1: ++ ret ++ ++PSEUDO_END (__vfork) ++libc_hidden_def(__vfork) ++ ++weak_alias (__vfork, vfork) +diff --exclude=CVS -upNr ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/xstat.c ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/xstat.c +--- ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/xstat.c 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900 ++++ ports/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/m32r/xstat.c 2005-10-31 17:17:34.000000000 +0900 +@@ -0,0 +1 @@ ++#include --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/patches/lpia/local-i686-redefine.diff +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/patches/lpia/local-i686-redefine.diff @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +2007-02-15 Khem Raj + + * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/i386/sysdep.h: Re-define __i686. + * nptl/sysdeps/pthread/pt-initfini.c: Ditto. + + + +Index: sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/i386/sysdep.h +=================================================================== +--- sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/i386/sysdep.h (revision 1469) ++++ sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/i386/sysdep.h (working copy) +@@ -29,6 +29,10 @@ + #include + #include + ++#if defined __i686 && defined __ASSEMBLER__ ++#undef __i686 ++#define __i686 __i686 ++#endif + + /* For Linux we can use the system call table in the header file + /usr/include/asm/unistd.h +Index: nptl/sysdeps/pthread/pt-initfini.c +=================================================================== +--- nptl/sysdeps/pthread/pt-initfini.c (revision 1469) ++++ nptl/sysdeps/pthread/pt-initfini.c (working copy) +@@ -45,6 +45,11 @@ + /* Embed an #include to pull in the alignment and .end directives. */ + asm ("\n#include \"defs.h\""); + ++asm ("\n#if defined __i686 && defined __ASSEMBLER__"); ++asm ("\n#undef __i686"); ++asm ("\n#define __i686 __i686"); ++asm ("\n#endif"); ++ + /* The initial common code ends here. */ + asm ("\n/*@HEADER_ENDS*/"); + + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/ldconfig_wrap +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/ldconfig_wrap @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +#!/bin/sh + +if test $# = 0 \ + && test x"$LDCONFIG_NOTRIGGER" = x \ + && test x"$DPKG_MAINTSCRIPT_PACKAGE" != x \ + && dpkg-trigger --check-supported 2>/dev/null \ + && dpkg --compare-versions "$DPKG_RUNNING_VERSION" ge '1.14.5ubuntu10~~' +then + if dpkg-trigger --no-await ldconfig; then + if test x"$LDCONFIG_TRIGGER_DEBUG" != x; then + echo "ldconfig: wrapper deferring update (trigger activated)" + fi + exit 0 + fi +fi + +exec /sbin/ldconfig.real "$@" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/etc_init.d/glibc.sh +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/etc_init.d/glibc.sh @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +#! /bin/sh +# +### BEGIN INIT INFO +# Provides: glibc +# Required-Start: +# Required-Stop: +# Default-Start: S +# Default-Stop: +# Short-Description: check for deprecated kernel versions +# Description: This script detects deprecated kernel versions incompatible with +# the current version of the glibc +### END INIT INFO +# + +set -e + +do_start () { + +# glibc kernel version check: KERNEL_VERSION_CHECK +} + +case "$1" in + start|"") + do_start + ;; + restart|reload|force-reload) + echo "Error: argument '$1' not supported" >&2 + exit 3 + ;; + stop) + # No-op + ;; + *) + echo "Usage: glibc.sh [start|stop]" >&2 + exit 3 + ;; +esac + +exit 0 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/usr_sbin/update-locale +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/usr_sbin/update-locale @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +#! /usr/bin/perl -w + +use strict; +use Getopt::Long; + +my $progname = "update-locale"; +my $locale_file = "/etc/default/locale"; + +my $help = 0; +my $reset = 0; +# Kept for compatibility reasons +my $remove = 0; +my $no_checks = 0; + +GetOptions( + 'reset' => \$reset, + 'remove' => \$remove, + 'locale-file=s' => \$locale_file, + 'no-checks' => \$no_checks, + 'h|help' => \$help, +); + +sub usage +{ + my $rc = shift; + print STDERR "Usage: $progname [OPTIONS] [LANG=locale] [LC_NUMERIC=locale] ... +Options: + --help display this message and exit + --reset ignore variables defined in the locale file + --locale-file=FILE file containing locale variables + (Default: /etc/default/locale) + --no-checks do not perform sanity checks on locale variables +"; + exit $rc; +} + +$help && usage(0); + +# Process command-line arguments +my %arg = (); +my $content = ''; +my $mode = 0644; +if (-r $locale_file) +{ + # Keep file mode + $mode = (stat($locale_file))[2] & 07777; + # Read current values + open(IN, "<", $locale_file) + or die "$progname: Unable to read $locale_file: $!\n"; + while () + { + $content .= $_; + next unless m/^(\w+)=(.*)/; + $arg{$1} = $2 unless $reset; + } + close(IN) + or die "$progname: Unable to close $locale_file: $!\n"; + $content =~ s/^(\s*\w+=)/#$1/mg; + $content .= "\n" unless $content =~ m/\n$/s; +} +else +{ + $content = "# File generated by $progname\n"; +} +for (@ARGV) +{ + if (m/(.*?)=(.*)/) + { + $arg{$1} = $2; + } + else + { + delete $arg{$_}; + } +} + +my $env = ''; +my ($key, $value); +while (($key, $value) = each %arg) +{ + $env .= " $key=$value"; + $content =~ s/^#\s*$key=.*/$key=$value/m or + $content .= "$key=$value\n"; +} + +# Sanity checks +if ($no_checks == 0) +{ + # Check that this locale does exist + my $charset = `LANG= LC_CTYPE= LC_NUMERIC= LC_TIME= LC_COLLATE= LC_MONETARY= LC_MESSAGES= LC_PAPER= LC_NAME= LC_ADDRESS= LC_TELEPHONE= LC_MEASUREMENT= LC_IDENTIFICATION= LC_ALL= $env locale charmap 2>&1`; + die "*** $progname: Error: invalid locale settings: $env\n" + if ($charset =~ m/Cannot set/); + # If LANGUAGE is set, its first value must be compatible with LC_MESSAGES + if (defined $arg{LANGUAGE}) + { + my $language = $arg{LANGUAGE}; + $language =~ s/["']//g; + $language =~ s/[.:_].*//; + my $msg = ''; + my $var = ''; + for (qw(LANG LC_MESSAGES LC_ALL)) + { + if (defined $arg{$_}) + { + $var = $_; + $msg = $arg{$_}; + } + } + $msg =~ s/["']//g; + die "*** $progname: Error: LANGUAGE ($arg{LANGUAGE}) is not compatible with $var ($msg)\n" + if ($msg !~ m/^$language/ && $var ne '' + && $msg ne 'C' && $msg ne 'POSIX' + && $language ne 'C' && $language ne 'POSIX'); + } +} + +# Write locale file +open(OUT, ">", $locale_file) + or die "$progname: Unable to write $locale_file: $!\n"; +print OUT $content; +close(OUT) + or die "$progname: Unable to close $locale_file: $!\n"; +chmod($mode, $locale_file) + or die "$progname: Unable to chmod $locale_file: $!\n"; + +1; --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/usr_sbin/validlocale +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/usr_sbin/validlocale @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +#!/usr/bin/perl -w +# +# Author: Petter Reinholdtsen +# Date: 2002-02-23 +# +# Test if the locale given as argument is a valid locale. If it +# is not, print on stdout the string to add to /etc/locale.gen to make +# locale-gen generate the locale (if it exists at all). + +use POSIX qw(setlocale LC_ALL); + +my $debug = 0; + +my $defaultcharset = $ENV{"DEFAULTCHARSET"} || "ISO-8859-1"; + +my $supportedlist = "/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED"; + +unless (defined $ARGV[0]) { + usage(); + exit 1; +} + +my $LANG = $ARGV[0]; + +my $loc = setlocale(LC_ALL, $LANG); +if ( ! $loc) { + print STDERR "locale '$LANG' not available\n"; + + my ($locale) = $LANG =~ m/^([^.@]+)/; + my ($charset) = $LANG =~ m/^[^.]+\.([^@]+)/; + my ($modifier) = $LANG =~ m/(@.+)$/; + + $modifier = "" unless defined $modifier; + + # Hm, if charset is missing, how to we pick the correct one to + # use? Fetching the value from /usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED should + # work on Debian. + my $codeset = ""; + if (defined $charset) { + $codeset = '.' . $charset; + } else { + $charset = get_default_charset("$locale$modifier"); + } + + # print "L: $locale C: $charset M: $modifier\n"; + print "$locale$codeset$modifier $charset\n"; + + exit 1; +} else { + print STDERR "locale '$LANG' valid and available\n"; + exit 0; +} + +sub usage { + print "Usage: $0 \n" +} + +sub get_default_charset { + my ($locale) = @_; + my ($l, $c); + open(SUPPORTED, "< $supportedlist") || die "Unable to open $supportedlist"; + while () { + chomp; + ($l, $c) = split(/\s+/); + print "Checking '$l' '$c' != '$locale'\n" if $debug; + last if ($l eq $locale); + } + close(SUPPORTED); + + if ($l eq $locale) { + return $c; + } else { + return $defaultcharset; + } +} --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/usr_sbin/locale-gen +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/usr_sbin/locale-gen @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +#!/bin/sh + +set -e + +LOCALEGEN=/etc/locale.gen +LOCALES=/usr/share/i18n/locales +USER_LOCALES=/usr/local/share/i18n/locales +if [ -n "$POSIXLY_CORRECT" ]; then + unset POSIXLY_CORRECT +fi + + +[ -f $LOCALEGEN ] || exit 0; +[ -s $LOCALEGEN ] || exit 0; + +KEEP= +if [ "$1" = '--keep-existing' ]; then + KEEP=1 +fi + +if [ -z "$KEEP" ]; then + # Remove all old locale dir and locale-archive before generating new + # locale data. + rm -rf /usr/lib/locale/* || true +fi + +umask 022 + +is_entry_ok() { + if [ -n "$locale" -a -n "$charset" ] ; then + true + else + echo "error: Bad entry '$locale $charset'" + false + fi +} + +echo "Generating locales (this might take a while)..." +while read locale charset; do \ + case $locale in \#*) continue;; "") continue;; esac; \ + is_entry_ok || continue + if [ "$KEEP" ] && PERL_BADLANG=0 perl -MPOSIX -e \ + 'exit 1 unless setlocale(LC_ALL, $ARGV[0])' "$locale"; then + continue + fi + echo -n " `echo $locale | sed 's/\([^.\@]*\).*/\1/'`"; \ + echo -n ".$charset"; \ + echo -n `echo $locale | sed 's/\([^\@]*\)\(\@.*\)*/\2/'`; \ + echo -n '...'; \ + if [ -f $USER_LOCALES/$locale ] ; then + input=$USER_LOCALES/$locale + elif [ -f $LOCALES/$locale ]; then + input=$locale + else + input=`echo $locale | sed 's/\([^.]*\)[^@]*\(.*\)/\1\2/'` + if [ -f $USER_LOCALES/$input ]; then + input=$USER_LOCALES/$input + fi + fi + localedef -i $input -c -f $charset -A /usr/share/locale/locale.alias $locale || :; \ + echo ' done'; \ +done < $LOCALEGEN +echo "Generation complete." --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/etc/bindresvport.blacklist +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/etc/bindresvport.blacklist @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +# +# This file contains a list of port numbers between 600 and 1024, +# which should not be used by bindresvport. bindresvport is mostly +# called by RPC services. This mostly solves the problem, that a +# RPC service uses a well known port of another service. +# +631 # cups +636 # ldaps +774 # rpasswd +873 # rsync +921 # lwresd +993 # imaps +995 # pops --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/nscd_nischeck.8 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/nscd_nischeck.8 @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +.\" Placed in the Public Domain by Sebastian Rittau . +.Dd January 08, 2001 +.Dt NSCD_NISCHECK 8 +.Os "GNU C Library 2.2" +.Sh NAME +.Nm nscd_nischeck +.Nd check NIS+ tables for read permissions +.Sh SYNOPSIS +.Nm nscd_nischeck +.Ar OPTION | TABLE +.Sh DESCRIPTION +.Nm Nscd_nischeck +checks if a given NIS+ table is world-readable. 0 is returned in +this case. Otherwise, only authenticated users can read the table +and 1 is returned. +.Sh OPTIONS +.Bl -tag -width Ds +.It Fl ? , Fl -help +Print a short help list. +.El +.Bl -tag -width Ds +.It Fl -usage +Print a short usage message. +.El +.Bl -tag -width Ds +.It Fl V , Fl -version +Print program version. +.El +.Sh SEE ALSO +GNU C Library info file, +.Xr nscd 8 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/locale-gen.8 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/locale-gen.8 @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +.\" This -*- nroff -*- file has been generated from +.\" DocBook SGML with docbook-to-man on Debian GNU/Linux. +.\" +.\" transcript compatibility for postscript use. +.\" +.\" synopsis: .P! +.\" +.de P! +\\&. +.fl \" force out current output buffer +\\!%PB +\\!/showpage{}def +.\" the following is from Ken Flowers -- it prevents dictionary overflows +\\!/tempdict 200 dict def tempdict begin +.fl \" prolog +.sy cat \\$1\" bring in postscript file +.\" the following line matches the tempdict above +\\!end % tempdict % +\\!PE +\\!. +.sp \\$2u \" move below the image +.. +.de pF +.ie \\*(f1 .ds f1 \\n(.f +.el .ie \\*(f2 .ds f2 \\n(.f +.el .ie \\*(f3 .ds f3 \\n(.f +.el .ie \\*(f4 .ds f4 \\n(.f +.el .tm ? font overflow +.ft \\$1 +.. +.de fP +.ie !\\*(f4 \{\ +. ft \\*(f4 +. ds f4\" +' br \} +.el .ie !\\*(f3 \{\ +. ft \\*(f3 +. ds f3\" +' br \} +.el .ie !\\*(f2 \{\ +. ft \\*(f2 +. ds f2\" +' br \} +.el .ie !\\*(f1 \{\ +. ft \\*(f1 +. ds f1\" +' br \} +.el .tm ? font underflow +.. +.ds f1\" +.ds f2\" +.ds f3\" +.ds f4\" +'\" t +.ta 8n 16n 24n 32n 40n 48n 56n 64n 72n +.TH "LOCALE-GEN" "8" +.SH "NAME" +locale-gen \(em generates localisation files from templates +.SH "SYNOPSIS" +.PP +\fBlocale-gen\fP +.SH "DESCRIPTION" +.PP +This manual page documents briefly the +\fBlocale-gen\fP command. +.PP +By default, the locale package which provides the base support for +localisation of libc-based programs does not contain usable localisation +files for every supported language. This limitation has became necessary +because of the substantial size of such files and the large number of +languages supported by libc. As a result, Debian uses a special +mechanism where we prepare the actual localisation files on the target +host and distribute only the templates for them. +.PP +\fBlocale-gen\fP is a program that reads the file +\fB/etc/locale.gen\fP and invokes +\fBlocaledef\fP for the chosen localisation profiles. +Run \fBlocale-gen\fP after you have modified the \fB/etc/locale.gen\fP file. + + +.SH "FILES" +.PP +\fB/etc/locale.gen\fP +.PP +The main configuration file, which has a simple format: every +line that is not empty and does not begin with a # is treated as a +locale definition that is to be built. + +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.PP +localedef(1), locale(1), locale.gen(5). +.SH "AUTHOR" +.PP +This manual page was written by Eduard Bloch for +the \fBDebian GNU/Linux\fP system (but may be used by others). Permission is +granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under +the terms of the GNU Free Documentation +License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free +Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover +Texts and no Back-Cover Texts. +.\" created by instant / docbook-to-man, Sat 02 Mar 2002, 16:43 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/sprof.1 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/sprof.1 @@ -0,0 +1,230 @@ +.rn '' }` +.\" $RCSfile: sprof.1,v $$Revision: 1.1.2.1 $$Date: 2003/09/22 21:33:35 $ +.\" +.\" $Log: sprof.1,v $ +.\" Revision 1.1.2.1 2003/09/22 21:33:35 jbailey +.\" New directory for things we add to the package +.\" +.\" +.de Sh +.br +.if t .Sp +.ne 5 +.PP +\fB\\$1\fR +.PP +.. +.de Sp +.if t .sp .5v +.if n .sp +.. +.de Ip +.br +.ie \\n(.$>=3 .ne \\$3 +.el .ne 3 +.IP "\\$1" \\$2 +.. +.de Vb +.ft CW +.nf +.ne \\$1 +.. +.de Ve +.ft R + +.fi +.. +.\" +.\" +.\" Set up \*(-- to give an unbreakable dash; +.\" string Tr holds user defined translation string. +.\" Bell System Logo is used as a dummy character. +.\" +.tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr +.ie n \{\ +.ds -- \(*W- +.ds PI pi +.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch +.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch +.ds L" "" +.ds R" "" +.\" \*(M", \*(S", \*(N" and \*(T" are the equivalent of +.\" \*(L" and \*(R", except that they are used on ".xx" lines, +.\" such as .IP and .SH, which do another additional levels of +.\" double-quote interpretation +.ds M" """ +.ds S" """ +.ds N" """"" +.ds T" """"" +.ds L' ' +.ds R' ' +.ds M' ' +.ds S' ' +.ds N' ' +.ds T' ' +'br\} +.el\{\ +.ds -- \(em\| +.tr \*(Tr +.ds L" `` +.ds R" '' +.ds M" `` +.ds S" '' +.ds N" `` +.ds T" '' +.ds L' ` +.ds R' ' +.ds M' ` +.ds S' ' +.ds N' ` +.ds T' ' +.ds PI \(*p +'br\} +.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate +.\" index entries out stderr for the following things: +.\" TH Title +.\" SH Header +.\" Sh Subsection +.\" Ip Item +.\" X<> Xref (embedded +.\" Of course, you have to process the output yourself +.\" in some meaningful fashion. +.if \nF \{ +.de IX +.tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" +.. +.nr % 0 +.rr F +.\} +.TH SPROF 1 "etch" "7/Jan/2001" "Debian GNU/Linux" +.UC +.if n .hy 0 +.if n .na +.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' +.de CQ \" put $1 in typewriter font +.ft CW +'if n "\c +'if t \\&\\$1\c +'if n \\&\\$1\c +'if n \&" +\\&\\$2 \\$3 \\$4 \\$5 \\$6 \\$7 +'.ft R +.. +.\" @(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2 +. \" AM - accent mark definitions +.bd B 3 +. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff +.if n \{\ +. ds #H 0 +. ds #V .8m +. ds #F .3m +. ds #[ \f1 +. ds #] \fP +.\} +.if t \{\ +. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) +. ds #V .6m +. ds #F 0 +. ds #[ \& +. ds #] \& +.\} +. \" simple accents for nroff and troff +.if n \{\ +. ds ' \& +. ds ` \& +. ds ^ \& +. ds , \& +. ds ~ ~ +. ds ? ? +. ds ! ! +. ds / +. ds q +.\} +.if t \{\ +. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" +. ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' +. ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ? \s-2c\h'-\w'c'u*7/10'\u\h'\*(#H'\zi\d\s+2\h'\w'c'u*8/10' +. ds ! \s-2\(or\s+2\h'-\w'\(or'u'\v'-.8m'.\v'.8m' +. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' +. ds q o\h'-\w'o'u*8/10'\s-4\v'.4m'\z\(*i\v'-.4m'\s+4\h'\w'o'u*8/10' +.\} +. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents +.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' +.ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' +.ds v \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\v'-\*(#V'\*(#[\s-4v\s0\v'\*(#V'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] +.ds _ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H+(\*(#F*2/3))'\v'-.4m'\z\(hy\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds . \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)'\v'\*(#V*4/10'\z.\v'-\*(#V*4/10'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds 3 \*(#[\v'.2m'\s-2\&3\s0\v'-.2m'\*(#] +.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] +.ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' +.ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] +.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] +.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e +.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E +.ds oe o\h'-(\w'o'u*4/10)'e +.ds Oe O\h'-(\w'O'u*4/10)'E +. \" corrections for vroff +.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' +.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' +. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) +.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ +\{\ +. ds : e +. ds 8 ss +. ds v \h'-1'\o'\(aa\(ga' +. ds _ \h'-1'^ +. ds . \h'-1'. +. ds 3 3 +. ds o a +. ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga +. ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy +. ds th \o'bp' +. ds Th \o'LP' +. ds ae ae +. ds Ae AE +. ds oe oe +. ds Oe OE +.\} +.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C +.SH "NAME" +sprof \- Read and display shared object profiling data +.SH "SYNOPSIS" +\fBsprof\fR \fB\-p\fR|\fB\-c\fR [\fB\-q\fR] +.SH "DESCRIPTION" +\fB--call-pairs\fR, \fB\-c\fR +.PP +.Vb 1 +\& print list of count paths and their number of use +.Ve +\fB--flat-profile\fR, \fB\-p\fR +.PP +.Vb 1 +\& generate flat profile with counts and ticks +.Ve +\fB--graph\fR, \fB\-q\fR +.PP +.Vb 1 +\& generate call graph +.Ve +.SH "AUTHOR" +\fIsprof\fR was written by Ulrich Drepper for the GNU C Library +.PP +This man page was written by Joel Klecker for +the Debian GNU/Linux system. + +.rn }` '' +.IX Title "SPROF 1" +.IX Name "sprof - Read and display shared object profiling data" + +.IX Header "NAME" + +.IX Header "SYNOPSIS" + +.IX Header "DESCRIPTION" + +.IX Header "AUTHOR" + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/getconf.1 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/getconf.1 @@ -0,0 +1,239 @@ +.rn '' }` +.\" $RCSfile: getconf.1,v $$Revision: 1.1.2.1 $$Date: 2003/09/22 21:33:35 $ +.\" +.\" $Log: getconf.1,v $ +.\" Revision 1.1.2.1 2003/09/22 21:33:35 jbailey +.\" New directory for things we add to the package +.\" +.\" +.de Sh +.br +.if t .Sp +.ne 5 +.PP +\fB\\$1\fR +.PP +.. +.de Sp +.if t .sp .5v +.if n .sp +.. +.de Ip +.br +.ie \\n(.$>=3 .ne \\$3 +.el .ne 3 +.IP "\\$1" \\$2 +.. +.de Vb +.ft CW +.nf +.ne \\$1 +.. +.de Ve +.ft R + +.fi +.. +.\" +.\" +.\" Set up \*(-- to give an unbreakable dash; +.\" string Tr holds user defined translation string. +.\" Bell System Logo is used as a dummy character. +.\" +.tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr +.ie n \{\ +.ds -- \(*W- +.ds PI pi +.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch +.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch +.ds L" "" +.ds R" "" +.\" \*(M", \*(S", \*(N" and \*(T" are the equivalent of +.\" \*(L" and \*(R", except that they are used on ".xx" lines, +.\" such as .IP and .SH, which do another additional levels of +.\" double-quote interpretation +.ds M" """ +.ds S" """ +.ds N" """"" +.ds T" """"" +.ds L' ' +.ds R' ' +.ds M' ' +.ds S' ' +.ds N' ' +.ds T' ' +'br\} +.el\{\ +.ds -- \(em\| +.tr \*(Tr +.ds L" `` +.ds R" '' +.ds M" `` +.ds S" '' +.ds N" `` +.ds T" '' +.ds L' ` +.ds R' ' +.ds M' ` +.ds S' ' +.ds N' ` +.ds T' ' +.ds PI \(*p +'br\} +.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate +.\" index entries out stderr for the following things: +.\" TH Title +.\" SH Header +.\" Sh Subsection +.\" Ip Item +.\" X<> Xref (embedded +.\" Of course, you have to process the output yourself +.\" in some meaningful fashion. +.if \nF \{ +.de IX +.tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" +.. +.nr % 0 +.rr F +.\} +.TH GETCONF 1 "etch" "7/Jan/2001" "Debian GNU/Linux" +.UC +.if n .hy 0 +.if n .na +.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' +.de CQ \" put $1 in typewriter font +.ft CW +'if n "\c +'if t \\&\\$1\c +'if n \\&\\$1\c +'if n \&" +\\&\\$2 \\$3 \\$4 \\$5 \\$6 \\$7 +'.ft R +.. +.\" @(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2 +. \" AM - accent mark definitions +.bd B 3 +. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff +.if n \{\ +. ds #H 0 +. ds #V .8m +. ds #F .3m +. ds #[ \f1 +. ds #] \fP +.\} +.if t \{\ +. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) +. ds #V .6m +. ds #F 0 +. ds #[ \& +. ds #] \& +.\} +. \" simple accents for nroff and troff +.if n \{\ +. ds ' \& +. ds ` \& +. ds ^ \& +. ds , \& +. ds ~ ~ +. ds ? ? +. ds ! ! +. ds / +. ds q +.\} +.if t \{\ +. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" +. ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' +. ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ? \s-2c\h'-\w'c'u*7/10'\u\h'\*(#H'\zi\d\s+2\h'\w'c'u*8/10' +. ds ! \s-2\(or\s+2\h'-\w'\(or'u'\v'-.8m'.\v'.8m' +. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' +. ds q o\h'-\w'o'u*8/10'\s-4\v'.4m'\z\(*i\v'-.4m'\s+4\h'\w'o'u*8/10' +.\} +. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents +.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' +.ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' +.ds v \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\v'-\*(#V'\*(#[\s-4v\s0\v'\*(#V'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] +.ds _ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H+(\*(#F*2/3))'\v'-.4m'\z\(hy\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds . \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)'\v'\*(#V*4/10'\z.\v'-\*(#V*4/10'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds 3 \*(#[\v'.2m'\s-2\&3\s0\v'-.2m'\*(#] +.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] +.ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' +.ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] +.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] +.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e +.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E +.ds oe o\h'-(\w'o'u*4/10)'e +.ds Oe O\h'-(\w'O'u*4/10)'E +. \" corrections for vroff +.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' +.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' +. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) +.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ +\{\ +. ds : e +. ds 8 ss +. ds v \h'-1'\o'\(aa\(ga' +. ds _ \h'-1'^ +. ds . \h'-1'. +. ds 3 3 +. ds o a +. ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga +. ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy +. ds th \o'bp' +. ds Th \o'LP' +. ds ae ae +. ds Ae AE +. ds oe oe +. ds Oe OE +.\} +.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C +.SH "NAME" +getconf \- Query system configuration variables +.SH "SYNOPSIS" +\fBgetconf\fR [\fB\-v specification\fR] system_var +.PP +\fBgetconf\fR [\fB\-v specification\fR] path_var pathname +.SH "DESCRIPTION" +\fB\-v\fR +.PP +.Vb 2 +\& Indicate the specification and version for which to obtain +\& configuration variables. +.Ve +\fBsystem_var\fR +.PP +.Vb 2 +\& A system configuration variable, as defined by sysconf(3) or +\& confstr(3). +.Ve +\fBpath_var\fR +.PP +.Vb 2 +\& A system configuration variable as defined by pathconf(3). This +\& must be used with a pathname. +.Ve +.SH "AUTHOR" +\fIgetconf\fR was written by Roland McGrath for the GNU C Library +.PP +This man page was written by Ben Collins for +the Debian GNU/Linux system. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +\fBsysconf\fR(3), \fBpathconf\fR(3), \fBconfstr\fR(3) + +.rn }` '' +.IX Title "GETCONF 1" +.IX Name "getconf - Query system configuration variables" + +.IX Header "NAME" + +.IX Header "SYNOPSIS" + +.IX Header "DESCRIPTION" + +.IX Header "AUTHOR" + +.IX Header "SEE ALSO" + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/validlocale.8 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/validlocale.8 @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +.TH "validlocale" "8" "0.1" "Petter Reinholdtsen" "" +.SH "NAME" +.LP +validlocale \- Test if a given locale is available +.SH "SYNTAX" +.LP +validlocale <\fIlocale\fP> +.SH "DESCRIPTION" +.LP +Test if the locale given as argument is a valid locale. If it +isn't, print on stdout the string to add to /etc/locale.gen to make +locale\-gen generate the locale (if it exists at all). +.SH "FILES" +.LP +\fI/usr/sbin/validlocale\fP +.br +\fI/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED\fP +.SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" +.LP +.TP +\fBDEFAULTCHARSET\fP +Which charset to assume if the given locale is missing from the +list of supported locales. +.SH "EXAMPLES" +.LP +If you give a valid locale as parameter, it outputs a string +specifying this on stderr: +.LP +.IP +% validlocale C +.br +locale 'C' valid and available +.LP +When given a invalid (not generated or just nonexistent), it +outputs a string on stderr telling that this is an invalid locale, and a string to stdout with the string to add to /etc/locale.gen +to have this locale generated: +.LP +.IP +% validlocale de_AU@euro +.br +locale 'de_AU@euro' not available +.br +de_AU@euro ISO\-8859\-15 +.SH "AUTHORS" +.LP +Petter Reinholdtsen +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.LP +locale\-gen(8), localedef(1), locale(1) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/ldconfig.8 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/ldconfig.8 @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +.TH ldconfig 8 "25 February 2008" +.SH NAME +ldconfig \- configure dynamic linker run-time bindings +.SH SYNOPSIS +ldconfig +.RB [OPTION...] +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B ldconfig +creates, updates, and removes the necessary links and cache (for use by the run-time linker, +.IR ld.so ) +to the most recent shared libraries found in the directories specified +on the command line, in the file +.IR /etc/ld.so.conf , +and in the trusted directories +.RI ( /usr/lib +and +.IR /lib ). +.B ldconfig +checks the header and file names of the libraries it encounters when +determining which versions should have their links updated. +.B ldconfig +ignores symbolic links when scanning for libraries. +.PP +.B ldconfig +will attempt to deduce the type of ELF libs (ie. libc 5.x or libc 6.x (glibc)) +based on what C libraries if any the library was linked against, therefore when +making dynamic libraries, it is wise to explicitly link against libc (use -lc). +.B ldconfig +is capable of storing multiple ABI types of libraries into a single cache on +architectures which allow native running of multiple ABIs, like +ia32/ia64/x86_64 or sparc32/sparc64. +.PP +Some existing libs do not contain enough information to allow the deduction of +their type, therefore the +.IR /etc/ld.so.conf +file format allows the specification of an expected type. This is +.B only +used for those ELF libs which we can not work out. The format +is like this "dirname=TYPE", where type can be libc4, libc5 or libc6. +(This syntax also works on the command line). Spaces are +.B not +allowed. Also see the +.B -p +option. +.PP +Directory names containing an +.B = +are no longer legal unless they also have an expected type specifier. +.PP +.B ldconfig +should normally be run by the super-user as it may require write +permission on some root owned directories and files. If you use +.B -r +option to change the root directory, you don't have to be super-user though +as long as you have sufficient right to that directory tree. +.SH OPTIONS +.TP +.B \-v\ \-\-verbose +Verbose mode. +Print current version number, the name of each directory as it +is scanned and any links that are created. +.TP +.B \-n +Only process directories specified on the command line. +Don't process the trusted directories +.RI ( /usr/lib +and +.IR /lib ) +nor those specified in +.IR /etc/ld.so.conf . +Implies +.BR \-N . +.TP +.B \-N +Don't rebuild the cache. +Unless +.B \-X +is also specified, links are still updated. +.TP +.B \-X +Don't update links. +Unless +.B \-N +is also specified, the cache is still rebuilt. +.TP +.B \-f conf +Use +.B conf +instead of +.IR /etc/ld.so.conf . +.TP +.B \-C cache +Use +.B cache +instead of +.IR /etc/ld.so.cache . +.TP +.B \-r root +Change to and use +.B root +as the root directory. +.TP +.B \-l +Library mode. +Manually link individual libraries. +Intended for use by experts only. +.TP +.B \-p\ \-\-print-cache +Print the lists of directories and candidate libraries stored in +the current cache. +.TP +.B \-c\ \-\-format=FORMAT +Use +.B FORMAT +for the cache file. Choices are old, new and compat (the default). +.TP +.B \-i \-\-ignore-aux-cache +Ignore auxiliary cache file. +.TP +.B \-?\ \-\-help \-\-usage +Print usage information. +.TP +.B \-V\ \-\-version +Print version and exit. +.SH EXAMPLES +.RS +# /sbin/ldconfig -v +.RE +will set up the correct links for the shared binaries and rebuild +the cache. +.RS +# /sbin/ldconfig -n /lib +.RE +as root after the installation of a new shared library will properly update the +shared library symbolic links in /lib. +.SH FILES +.PD 0 +.TP 20 +.B /lib/ld-linux.so.* +execution time linker/loader +.TP 20 +.B /etc/ld.so.conf +File containing a list of colon, space, tab, newline, or comma separated +directories in which to search for libraries. +.TP 20 +.B /etc/ld.so.cache +File containing an ordered list of libraries found in the directories +specified in +.BR /etc/ld.so.conf . +This file is not in human readable format, and is not intended to be +edited. +.TP +.B lib*.so.version +shared libraries +.PD +.SH SEE ALSO +.BR ldd (1), +.BR ld.so (8). +.SH BUGS +.LP +.BR ldconfig , +being a user process, must be run manually and has no means of dynamically +determining and relinking shared libraries for use by +.BR ld.so +when a new shared library is installed. +.SH AUTHORS +Andreas Jaeger. +Manual page written by David Engel and Mitch D'Souza. --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/update-locale.8 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/update-locale.8 @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +.TH UPDATE-LOCALE 8 "April 2006" "Debian GNU/Linux" +.SH "NAME" +.LP +update-locale \- Modify global locale settings +.SH "SYNTAX" +.LP +update-locale +.RI [ OPTIONS ] +[\fIvar\fP=\fIlocale\fP | \fIvar\fP] +[...] +.SH "DESCRIPTION" +.LP +This program can be called by maintainer scripts when Debian packages are +installed or removed, it updates the \fB/etc/default/locale\fP file to +reflect changes in system configuration related to global locale settings. +When variables have no value assigned, they are removed from the locale +file. +Some basic checks are performed to ensure that requested settings are valid. +.SH "OPTIONS" +.TP +.B \-\-help +Display an help message and exit. +.TP +.B \-\-reset +Variables which are not set on command-line are cleared out. +.TP +.BI \-\-locale\-file " FILE" +Define file containing locale variables. (Default: +.BR /etc/default/locale ) +.TP +.B \-\-no\-checks +Do not perform sanity checks on locale variables. +.SH "EXAMPLE" +.nf +The command +.ft B + update-locale LANG=en_CA.UTF-8 LANGUAGE +.ft R +sets \fBLANG\fP to \fBen_CA.UTF-8\fP and removes definitions for \fBLANGUAGE\fP. +.SH "FILES" +.TP +.B /etc/default/locale +File where global locale settings are stored. +.SH "AUTHOR" +.LP +Denis Barbier +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.LP +locale\-gen(8), locale(1) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/ld.so.8 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/ld.so.8 @@ -0,0 +1,200 @@ +.TH "LD.SO" 8 "26 May 2007" +.SH NAME +ld.so/ld-linux.so \- dynamic linker/loader +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B ld.so +loads the shared libraries needed by a program, prepares the program +to run, and then runs it. +Unless explicitly specified via the +.B \-static +option to +.B ld +during compilation, all Linux programs are incomplete and require +further linking at run time. +.PP +The necessary shared libraries needed by the program are searched for +in the following order +.IP o +Using the environment variable +.B LD_LIBRARY_PATH +.RB ( LD_AOUT_LIBRARY_PATH +for a.out programs). +Except if the executable is a setuid/setgid binary, in which case it +is ignored. +.IP o +From the cache file +.BR /etc/ld.so.cache +which contains a compiled list of candidate libraries previously found +in the augmented library path. +.IP o +In the default path +.BR /lib , +and then +.BR /usr/lib . +.SH COMMAND LINE OPTIONS +.TP +.B \-\-list +List all dependencies and how they are resolved. +.TP +.B \-\-verify +Verify that program is dynamically linked and this dynamic linker can handle +it. +.TP +.B \-\-library\-path PATH +Override +.B LD_LIBRARY_PATH +environment variable setting (see below). +.TP +.B \-\-ignore\-rpath LIST +Ignore RPATH and RUNPATH information in object names in LIST. +This option has been supported by glibc2 for about one hour. +Then it was renamed into: +.TP +.B \-\-inhibit\-rpath LIST +.SH ENVIRONMENT +.TP +.B LD_LIBRARY_PATH +A colon-separated list of directories in which to search for +ELF libraries at execution-time. +Similar to the +.B PATH +environment variable. +.TP +.B LD_PRELOAD +A whitespace-separated list of additional, user-specified, ELF shared +libraries to be loaded before all others. +This can be used to selectively override functions in other shared libraries. +For setuid/setgid ELF binaries, only libraries in the standard search +directories that are also setgid will be loaded. +.TP +.B LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS +If present, causes the program to list its dynamic library dependencies, +as if run by ldd, instead of running normally. +.TP +.B LD_BIND_NOW +If present, causes the dynamic linker to resolve all symbols at program +startup instead of when they are first referenced. +.TP +.B LD_BIND_NOT +Do not update the GOT (global offset table) and PLT (procedure linkage table) after resolving a symbol. +.TP +.B LD_AOUT_LIBRARY_PATH +A colon-separated list of directories in which to search for +a.out libraries at execution-time. +Similar to the +.B PATH +environment variable. +.TP +.B LD_AOUT_PRELOAD +The name of an additional, user-specified, a.out shared library to be loaded +after all others. +This can be used to selectively override functions in other shared libraries. +.TP +.B LD_NOWARN +Suppress warnings about a.out libraries with incompatible minor +version numbers. +.TP +.B LD_WARN +If set to non-empty string, warn about unresolved symbols. +.TP +.B LD_KEEPDIR +Don't ignore the directory in the names of a.out libraries to be loaded. +Use of this option is strongly discouraged. +.TP +.B LD_DEBUG +Output verbose debugging information about the dynamic linker. +If set to `all' prints all debugging information it has, if set to +`help' prints a help message about which categories can be specified +in this environment variable. +.TP +.B LD_DEBUG_OUTPUT +File where LD_DEBUG output should be fed into, default is standard +output. LD_DEBUG_OUTPUT is ignored for setuid/setgid binaries. +.TP +.B LD_VERBOSE +If set to non-empty string, output symbol versioning information +about the program if querying information about the program (ie. either +.B LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS +has been set, or --list or --verify options have been given to the dynamic linker). +.TP +.B LD_PROFILE +Shared object to be profiled. +.TP +.B +LD_PROFILE_OUTPUT +File where +.B LD_PROFILE +output should be stored, default is standard output. LD_PROFILE_OUTPUT is ignored for setuid/setgid binaries. +.TP +.B LD_ASSUME_KERNEL +Every DSO (Dynamic Shared Object, aka shared library) can tell the dynamic linker in glibc which +minimum OS ABI version is needed. The information about the minimum OS ABI version is encoded in +a ELF note section usually named .note.ABI-tag. This is used to determine which library to load +when multiple version of the same library is installed on the system. +The +.B LD_ASSUME_KERNEL +environment variable overrides the kernel version used by the dynamic linker to determine which +library to load. +.SH RPATH TOKEN EXPANSION +The runtime linker provides a number of tokens that can be used in an rpath +specification (\fBDT_RPATH\fR or \fBDT_RUNPATH\fR). +.TP +.B $ORIGIN +ld.so understands the string \fB$ORIGIN\fR (or equivalently \fB${ORIGIN}\fR) +in an rpath specification to mean the directory containing the application +executable. Thus, an application located in somedir/app could be compiled +with gcc -Wl,-rpath,'$ORIGIN/../lib' so that it finds an associated shared +library in somedir/lib no matter where somedir is located in the directory +hierarchy. +.TP +.B $PLATFORM +The string \fB$PLATFORM\fR (or equivalently \fB${PLATFORM}\fR) in an rpath +specifcation expands to the processor type of the current machine. Please note +that on some architectures the Linux kernel doesn't provide a platform +string to the dynamic linker. +.TP +.B $LIB +The string \fB$LIB\fR (or equivalently \fB${LIB}\fR) in an rpath corresponds +to the system libraries directory, which is /lib for the native architecture +on FHS compliant GNU/Linux systems. +.SH FILES +.PD 0 +.TP 20 +.B /lib/ld.so +a.out dynamic linker/loader +.TP 20 +.B /lib/ld-linux.so.* +ELF dynamic linker/loader +.TP +.B /etc/ld.so.cache +File containing a compiled list of directories in which to search for +libraries and an ordered list of candidate libraries. +.TP +.B /etc/ld.so.preload +File containing a whitespace separated list of ELF shared libraries to +be loaded before the program. +libraries and an ordered list of candidate libraries. +.TP +.B /etc/ld.so.nohwcap +When this file is present the dynamic linker will load the non-optimized version +of a library, even if the CPU supports the optimized version. +.TP +.B lib*.so* +shared libraries +.PD +.SH SEE ALSO +.BR ldd (1), +.BR ldconfig (8). +.SH BUGS +.LP +Currently +.B ld.so +has no means of unloading and searching for compatible or newer version of +libraries. +.PP +.B ld.so +functionality is only available for executables compiled using libc version +4.4.3 or greater. +.SH AUTHORS +David Engel, Eric Youngdale, Peter MacDonald, Hongjiu Lu, Linus +Torvalds, Lars Wirzenius and Mitch D'Souza (not necessarily in that order). --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/Makefile +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +#! /usr/bin/make -f + +DIRS := de es fr id pl pt_BR + +SGML_MAN = locale-gen.8 + +all: $(patsubst %.pod,%.1,$(wildcard *.pod)) $(SGML_MAN) po4a-man +%.1: %.pod + pod2man --center="Debian GNU/Linux" --release="etch" $< > $@ + +locale-gen.8: locale-gen.8.sgml + docbook-to-man $< > $@ + +po4a-man: + po4a -q po4a.cfg + +clean: + po4a -q po4a.cfg + $(foreach dir, $(DIRS), rm -rf $(dir)/*.8) + rm -f po/*~ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/rpcinfo.8 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/rpcinfo.8 @@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ +.\" from: @(#)rpcinfo.8c 2.2 88/08/03 4.0 RPCSRC; from 1.24 88/02/25 SMI +.\" $Id: rpcinfo.8,v 1.1.2.1 2003/09/22 21:33:35 jbailey Exp $ +.\" +.Dd December 17, 1987 +.Dt RPCINFO 8 +.Os +.Sh NAME +.Nm rpcinfo +.Nd report RPC information +.Sh SYNOPSIS +.Nm rpcinfo +.Fl p +.Op Ar host +.Nm rpcinfo +.Op Fl n Ar portnum +.Fl u Ar host +.Ar program +.Op Ar version +.Nm rpcinfo +.Op Fl n Ar portnum +.Fl t Ar host +.Ar program +.Op Ar version +.Nm rpcinfo +.Fl b +.Ar program version +.Nm rpcinfo +.Fl d +.Ar program version +.Sh DESCRIPTION +.Nm rpcinfo +makes an +.Tn RPC +call to an +.Tn RPC +server and reports what it finds. +.Sh OPTIONS +.Bl -tag -width indent +.It Fl p +Probe the portmapper on +.Ar host , +and print a list of all registered +.Tn RPC +programs. If +.Ar host +is not specified, it defaults to the value returned by +.Xr hostname 1 . +.It Fl u +Make an +.Tn RPC +call to procedure 0 of +.Ar program +on the specified +.Ar host +using +.Tn UDP , +and report whether a response was received. +.It Fl t +Make an +.Tn RPC +call to procedure 0 of +.Ar program +on the specified +.Ar host +using +.Tn TCP , +and report whether a response was received. +.It Fl n +Use +.Ar portnum +as the port number for the +.Fl t +and +.Fl u +options instead of the port number given by the portmapper. +.It Fl b +Make an +.Tn RPC +broadcast to procedure 0 of the specified +.Ar program +and +.Ar version +using +.Tn UDP +and report all hosts that respond. +.It Fl d +Delete registration for the +.Tn RPC +service of the specified +.Ar program +and +.Ar version . +This option can be exercised only by the super-user. +.El +.Pp +The +.Ar program +argument can be either a name or a number. +.Pp +If a +.Ar version +is specified, +.Nm rpcinfo +attempts to call that version of the specified +.Ar program . +Otherwise, +.Nm rpcinfo +attempts to find all the registered version +numbers for the specified +.Ar program +by calling version 0 (which is presumed not +to exist; if it does exist, +.Ar rpcinfo +attempts to obtain this information by calling +an extremely high version +number instead) and attempts to call each registered version. +Note: the version number is required for +.Fl b +and +.Fl d +options. +.Sh EXAMPLES +To show all of the +.Tn RPC +services registered on the local machine use: +.Pp +.Dl example% rpcinfo -p +.Pp +To show all of the +.Tn RPC +services registered on the machine named +.Ar klaxon +use: +.Pp +.Dl example% rpcinfo -p klaxon +.Pp +To show all machines on the local net that are running the Yellow Pages +service use: +.Pp +.Dl example% rpcinfo -b ypserv 'version' | uniq +.Pp +where 'version' is the current Yellow Pages version obtained from the +results of the +.Fl p +switch above. +.Pp +To delete the registration for version 1 of the +.Nm walld +service use: +.Pp +.Dl example% rpcinfo -d walld 1 +.Sh SEE ALSO +.Xr rpc 5 , +.Xr portmap 8 +.Rs +.%T "RPC Programming Guide" +.Re +.Sh BUGS +In releases prior to SunOS 3.0, the Network File System (NFS) did not +register itself with the portmapper; +.Nm rpcinfo +cannot be used to make +.Tn RPC +calls to the +.Tn NFS +server on hosts running such releases. --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/iconvconfig.8 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/iconvconfig.8 @@ -0,0 +1,232 @@ +.rn '' }` +.\" $RCSfile: iconvconfig.8,v $$Revision: 1.1 $$Date: 2008-08-08 21:49:44 +0200 (Fr, 08 Aug 2008) $ +.\" +.\" $Log: iconvconfig.8,v $ +.\" Revision 1.1 2003/11/03 17:37:27 jbailey +.\" - debian/local/manpages/gencat.1: New file. +.\" - debian/local/manpages/trace.1: New file. +.\" - debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev.manpages: Install them. +.\" - debian/local/manpages/iconvconfig.8: New file. +.\" - debian/debhelper.in/libc.manpages: Install it. +.\" +.\" Revision 1.1.2.2 2003/10/28 05:48:08 dan +.\" - Re-add debian/patches/80_glibc232-locales-nb_NO-fix.dpatch, which had +.\" gotten lost. +.\" - Re-add typo fixes to iconv.1 and rpcgen.1. +.\" - Merge iconv.1 fix to iconv.pod. +.\" - Fix ld.so name in ld.so.8. +.\" - Re-add fix for locale-gen and POSIXLY_CORRECT. +.\" +.\" +.de Sh +.br +.if t .Sp +.ne 5 +.PP +\fB\\$1\fR +.PP +.. +.de Sp +.if t .sp .5v +.if n .sp +.. +.de Ip +.br +.ie \\n(.$>=3 .ne \\$3 +.el .ne 3 +.IP "\\$1" \\$2 +.. +.de Vb +.ft CW +.nf +.ne \\$1 +.. +.de Ve +.ft R + +.fi +.. +.\" +.\" +.\" Set up \*(-- to give an unbreakable dash; +.\" string Tr holds user defined translation string. +.\" Bell System Logo is used as a dummy character. +.\" +.tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr +.ie n \{\ +.ds -- \(*W- +.ds PI pi +.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch +.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch +.ds L" "" +.ds R" "" +.\" \*(M", \*(S", \*(N" and \*(T" are the equivalent of +.\" \*(L" and \*(R", except that they are used on ".xx" lines, +.\" such as .IP and .SH, which do another additional levels of +.\" double-quote interpretation +.ds M" """ +.ds S" """ +.ds N" """"" +.ds T" """"" +.ds L' ' +.ds R' ' +.ds M' ' +.ds S' ' +.ds N' ' +.ds T' ' +'br\} +.el\{\ +.ds -- \(em\| +.tr \*(Tr +.ds L" `` +.ds R" '' +.ds M" `` +.ds S" '' +.ds N" `` +.ds T" '' +.ds L' ` +.ds R' ' +.ds M' ` +.ds S' ' +.ds N' ` +.ds T' ' +.ds PI \(*p +'br\} +.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate +.\" index entries out stderr for the following things: +.\" TH Title +.\" SH Header +.\" Sh Subsection +.\" Ip Item +.\" X<> Xref (embedded +.\" Of course, you have to process the output yourself +.\" in some meaningful fashion. +.if \nF \{ +.de IX +.tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" +.. +.nr % 0 +.rr F +.\} +.TH ICONVCONFIG 8 "November 2003" "iconvconfig (glibc)" "Debian" +.UC +.if n .hy 0 +.if n .na +.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' +.de CQ \" put $1 in typewriter font +.ft CW +'if n "\c +'if t \\&\\$1\c +'if n \\&\\$1\c +'if n \&" +\\&\\$2 \\$3 \\$4 \\$5 \\$6 \\$7 +'.ft R +.. +.\" @(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2 +. \" AM - accent mark definitions +.bd B 3 +. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff +.if n \{\ +. ds #H 0 +. ds #V .8m +. ds #F .3m +. ds #[ \f1 +. ds #] \fP +.\} +.if t \{\ +. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) +. ds #V .6m +. ds #F 0 +. ds #[ \& +. ds #] \& +.\} +. \" simple accents for nroff and troff +.if n \{\ +. ds ' \& +. ds ` \& +. ds ^ \& +. ds , \& +. ds ~ ~ +. ds ? ? +. ds ! ! +. ds / +. ds q +.\} +.if t \{\ +. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" +. ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' +. ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ? \s-2c\h'-\w'c'u*7/10'\u\h'\*(#H'\zi\d\s+2\h'\w'c'u*8/10' +. ds ! \s-2\(or\s+2\h'-\w'\(or'u'\v'-.8m'.\v'.8m' +. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' +. ds q o\h'-\w'o'u*8/10'\s-4\v'.4m'\z\(*i\v'-.4m'\s+4\h'\w'o'u*8/10' +.\} +. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents +.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' +.ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' +.ds v \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\v'-\*(#V'\*(#[\s-4v\s0\v'\*(#V'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] +.ds _ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H+(\*(#F*2/3))'\v'-.4m'\z\(hy\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds . \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)'\v'\*(#V*4/10'\z.\v'-\*(#V*4/10'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds 3 \*(#[\v'.2m'\s-2\&3\s0\v'-.2m'\*(#] +.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] +.ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' +.ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] +.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] +.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e +.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E +.ds oe o\h'-(\w'o'u*4/10)'e +.ds Oe O\h'-(\w'O'u*4/10)'E +. \" corrections for vroff +.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' +.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' +. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) +.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ +\{\ +. ds : e +. ds 8 ss +. ds v \h'-1'\o'\(aa\(ga' +. ds _ \h'-1'^ +. ds . \h'-1'. +. ds 3 3 +. ds o a +. ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga +. ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy +. ds th \o'bp' +. ds Th \o'LP' +. ds ae ae +. ds Ae AE +. ds oe oe +. ds Oe OE +.\} +.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C +.SH "NAME" +iconvconfig \- Create fastloading iconv module configuration file +.SH "SYNOPSIS" +iconvconfig [OPTION...] [DIR...] +.SH "DESCRIPTION" +The \fBiconvconfig\fR program generates a cache that internationalised +applications can use to reduce loading time. +.PP +.TP +\fB--prefix\fR \fIPATH\fR +Prefix used for all file accesses +.SH "AUTHOR" +\fIiconvconfig\fR was written by Ulrich Drepper as part of the GNU C Library. +.PP +This man page was written by Jeff Bailey . + +.rn }` '' +.IX Title "ICONVCONFIG 8" +.IX Name "iconvconfig - Create fastloading iconv module configuration file" + +.IX Header "NAME" + +.IX Header "SYNOPSIS" + +.IX Header "DESCRIPTION" + +.IX Header "AUTHOR" + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/mtrace.1 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/mtrace.1 @@ -0,0 +1,228 @@ +.rn '' }` +.\" $RCSfile: mtrace.1,v $$Revision: 1.1 $$Date: 2008-08-08 21:49:44 +0200 (Fr, 08 Aug 2008) $ +.\" +.\" $Log: mtrace.1,v $ +.\" Revision 1.1 2003/11/03 17:37:27 jbailey +.\" - debian/local/manpages/gencat.1: New file. +.\" - debian/local/manpages/trace.1: New file. +.\" - debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev.manpages: Install them. +.\" - debian/local/manpages/iconvconfig.8: New file. +.\" - debian/debhelper.in/libc.manpages: Install it. +.\" +.\" Revision 1.1.2.2 2003/10/28 05:48:08 dan +.\" - Re-add debian/patches/80_glibc232-locales-nb_NO-fix.dpatch, which had +.\" gotten lost. +.\" - Re-add typo fixes to iconv.1 and rpcgen.1. +.\" - Merge iconv.1 fix to iconv.pod. +.\" - Fix ld.so name in ld.so.8. +.\" - Re-add fix for locale-gen and POSIXLY_CORRECT. +.\" +.\" +.de Sh +.br +.if t .Sp +.ne 5 +.PP +\fB\\$1\fR +.PP +.. +.de Sp +.if t .sp .5v +.if n .sp +.. +.de Ip +.br +.ie \\n(.$>=3 .ne \\$3 +.el .ne 3 +.IP "\\$1" \\$2 +.. +.de Vb +.ft CW +.nf +.ne \\$1 +.. +.de Ve +.ft R + +.fi +.. +.\" +.\" +.\" Set up \*(-- to give an unbreakable dash; +.\" string Tr holds user defined translation string. +.\" Bell System Logo is used as a dummy character. +.\" +.tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr +.ie n \{\ +.ds -- \(*W- +.ds PI pi +.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch +.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch +.ds L" "" +.ds R" "" +.\" \*(M", \*(S", \*(N" and \*(T" are the equivalent of +.\" \*(L" and \*(R", except that they are used on ".xx" lines, +.\" such as .IP and .SH, which do another additional levels of +.\" double-quote interpretation +.ds M" """ +.ds S" """ +.ds N" """"" +.ds T" """"" +.ds L' ' +.ds R' ' +.ds M' ' +.ds S' ' +.ds N' ' +.ds T' ' +'br\} +.el\{\ +.ds -- \(em\| +.tr \*(Tr +.ds L" `` +.ds R" '' +.ds M" `` +.ds S" '' +.ds N" `` +.ds T" '' +.ds L' ` +.ds R' ' +.ds M' ` +.ds S' ' +.ds N' ` +.ds T' ' +.ds PI \(*p +'br\} +.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate +.\" index entries out stderr for the following things: +.\" TH Title +.\" SH Header +.\" Sh Subsection +.\" Ip Item +.\" X<> Xref (embedded +.\" Of course, you have to process the output yourself +.\" in some meaningful fashion. +.if \nF \{ +.de IX +.tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" +.. +.nr % 0 +.rr F +.\} +.TH MTRACE 1 "November 2003" "mtrace (glibc)" "Debian" +.UC +.if n .hy 0 +.if n .na +.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' +.de CQ \" put $1 in typewriter font +.ft CW +'if n "\c +'if t \\&\\$1\c +'if n \\&\\$1\c +'if n \&" +\\&\\$2 \\$3 \\$4 \\$5 \\$6 \\$7 +'.ft R +.. +.\" @(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2 +. \" AM - accent mark definitions +.bd B 3 +. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff +.if n \{\ +. ds #H 0 +. ds #V .8m +. ds #F .3m +. ds #[ \f1 +. ds #] \fP +.\} +.if t \{\ +. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) +. ds #V .6m +. ds #F 0 +. ds #[ \& +. ds #] \& +.\} +. \" simple accents for nroff and troff +.if n \{\ +. ds ' \& +. ds ` \& +. ds ^ \& +. ds , \& +. ds ~ ~ +. ds ? ? +. ds ! ! +. ds / +. ds q +.\} +.if t \{\ +. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" +. ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' +. ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ? \s-2c\h'-\w'c'u*7/10'\u\h'\*(#H'\zi\d\s+2\h'\w'c'u*8/10' +. ds ! \s-2\(or\s+2\h'-\w'\(or'u'\v'-.8m'.\v'.8m' +. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' +. ds q o\h'-\w'o'u*8/10'\s-4\v'.4m'\z\(*i\v'-.4m'\s+4\h'\w'o'u*8/10' +.\} +. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents +.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' +.ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' +.ds v \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\v'-\*(#V'\*(#[\s-4v\s0\v'\*(#V'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] +.ds _ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H+(\*(#F*2/3))'\v'-.4m'\z\(hy\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds . \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)'\v'\*(#V*4/10'\z.\v'-\*(#V*4/10'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds 3 \*(#[\v'.2m'\s-2\&3\s0\v'-.2m'\*(#] +.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] +.ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' +.ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] +.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] +.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e +.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E +.ds oe o\h'-(\w'o'u*4/10)'e +.ds Oe O\h'-(\w'O'u*4/10)'E +. \" corrections for vroff +.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' +.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' +. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) +.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ +\{\ +. ds : e +. ds 8 ss +. ds v \h'-1'\o'\(aa\(ga' +. ds _ \h'-1'^ +. ds . \h'-1'. +. ds 3 3 +. ds o a +. ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga +. ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy +. ds th \o'bp' +. ds Th \o'LP' +. ds ae ae +. ds Ae AE +. ds oe oe +. ds Oe OE +.\} +.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C +.SH "NAME" +mtrace \- Interpret output from MALLOC_TRACE +.SH "SYNOPSIS" +mtrace [OPTION]... [Binary] MtraceData +.SH "DESCRIPTION" +The \fBmtrace\fR interprets the output from when the MALLOC_TRACE +environment variable is set. +.SH "AUTHOR" +\fImtrace\fR was written by Ulrich Drepper as part of the GNU C Library. +.PP +This man page was written by Jeff Bailey . + +.rn }` '' +.IX Title "MTRACE 1" +.IX Name "mtrace \- Interpret output from MALLOC_TRACE" + +.IX Header "NAME" + +.IX Header "SYNOPSIS" + +.IX Header "DESCRIPTION" + +.IX Header "AUTHOR" + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/getent.1 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/getent.1 @@ -0,0 +1,235 @@ +.rn '' }` +.\" $RCSfile: getent.1,v $$Revision: 1.1.2.1 $$Date: 2003/09/22 21:33:35 $ +.\" +.\" $Log: getent.1,v $ +.\" Revision 1.1.2.1 2003/09/22 21:33:35 jbailey +.\" New directory for things we add to the package +.\" +.\" +.de Sh +.br +.if t .Sp +.ne 5 +.PP +\fB\\$1\fR +.PP +.. +.de Sp +.if t .sp .5v +.if n .sp +.. +.de Ip +.br +.ie \\n(.$>=3 .ne \\$3 +.el .ne 3 +.IP "\\$1" \\$2 +.. +.de Vb +.ft CW +.nf +.ne \\$1 +.. +.de Ve +.ft R + +.fi +.. +.\" +.\" +.\" Set up \*(-- to give an unbreakable dash; +.\" string Tr holds user defined translation string. +.\" Bell System Logo is used as a dummy character. +.\" +.tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr +.ie n \{\ +.ds -- \(*W- +.ds PI pi +.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch +.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch +.ds L" "" +.ds R" "" +.\" \*(M", \*(S", \*(N" and \*(T" are the equivalent of +.\" \*(L" and \*(R", except that they are used on ".xx" lines, +.\" such as .IP and .SH, which do another additional levels of +.\" double-quote interpretation +.ds M" """ +.ds S" """ +.ds N" """"" +.ds T" """"" +.ds L' ' +.ds R' ' +.ds M' ' +.ds S' ' +.ds N' ' +.ds T' ' +'br\} +.el\{\ +.ds -- \(em\| +.tr \*(Tr +.ds L" `` +.ds R" '' +.ds M" `` +.ds S" '' +.ds N" `` +.ds T" '' +.ds L' ` +.ds R' ' +.ds M' ` +.ds S' ' +.ds N' ` +.ds T' ' +.ds PI \(*p +'br\} +.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate +.\" index entries out stderr for the following things: +.\" TH Title +.\" SH Header +.\" Sh Subsection +.\" Ip Item +.\" X<> Xref (embedded +.\" Of course, you have to process the output yourself +.\" in some meaningful fashion. +.if \nF \{ +.de IX +.tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" +.. +.nr % 0 +.rr F +.\} +.TH GETENT 1 "lenny" "18/Nov/2007" "Debian GNU/Linux" +.UC +.if n .hy 0 +.if n .na +.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' +.de CQ \" put $1 in typewriter font +.ft CW +'if n "\c +'if t \\&\\$1\c +'if n \\&\\$1\c +'if n \&" +\\&\\$2 \\$3 \\$4 \\$5 \\$6 \\$7 +'.ft R +.. +.\" @(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2 +. \" AM - accent mark definitions +.bd B 3 +. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff +.if n \{\ +. ds #H 0 +. ds #V .8m +. ds #F .3m +. ds #[ \f1 +. ds #] \fP +.\} +.if t \{\ +. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) +. ds #V .6m +. ds #F 0 +. ds #[ \& +. ds #] \& +.\} +. \" simple accents for nroff and troff +.if n \{\ +. ds ' \& +. ds ` \& +. ds ^ \& +. ds , \& +. ds ~ ~ +. ds ? ? +. ds ! ! +. ds / +. ds q +.\} +.if t \{\ +. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" +. ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' +. ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ? \s-2c\h'-\w'c'u*7/10'\u\h'\*(#H'\zi\d\s+2\h'\w'c'u*8/10' +. ds ! \s-2\(or\s+2\h'-\w'\(or'u'\v'-.8m'.\v'.8m' +. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' +. ds q o\h'-\w'o'u*8/10'\s-4\v'.4m'\z\(*i\v'-.4m'\s+4\h'\w'o'u*8/10' +.\} +. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents +.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' +.ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' +.ds v \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\v'-\*(#V'\*(#[\s-4v\s0\v'\*(#V'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] +.ds _ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H+(\*(#F*2/3))'\v'-.4m'\z\(hy\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds . \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)'\v'\*(#V*4/10'\z.\v'-\*(#V*4/10'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds 3 \*(#[\v'.2m'\s-2\&3\s0\v'-.2m'\*(#] +.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] +.ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' +.ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] +.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] +.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e +.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E +.ds oe o\h'-(\w'o'u*4/10)'e +.ds Oe O\h'-(\w'O'u*4/10)'E +. \" corrections for vroff +.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' +.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' +. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) +.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ +\{\ +. ds : e +. ds 8 ss +. ds v \h'-1'\o'\(aa\(ga' +. ds _ \h'-1'^ +. ds . \h'-1'. +. ds 3 3 +. ds o a +. ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga +. ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy +. ds th \o'bp' +. ds Th \o'LP' +. ds ae ae +. ds Ae AE +. ds oe oe +. ds Oe OE +.\} +.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C +.SH "NAME" +getent \- get entries from administrative database +.SH "SYNOPSIS" +\fBgetent\fR \fIdatabase\fR [\fIkey\fR ...] +.SH "DESCRIPTION" +The \fIgetent\fR program gathers entries from the specified +administrative database using the specified search keys. +Where \fIdatabase\fR is one of passwd, group, hosts, services, protocols, +or networks. +.SH "EXIT VALUES" +The \fIgetent\fR command exits with the following values: +.TP +.B 0 +Success +.TP +.B 1 +Unknown database +.TP +.B 2 +Key not found in database +.TP +.B 3 +Database does not support enumeration +.SH "AUTHOR" +\fIgetent\fR was written by Thorsten Kukuk for the GNU C Library. +.PP +This man page was written by Joel Klecker for +the Debian GNU/Linux system. + +.rn }` '' +.IX Title "GETENT 1" +.IX Name "getent - get entries from administrative database" + +.IX Header "NAME" + +.IX Header "SYNOPSIS" + +.IX Header "DESCRIPTION" + +.IX Header "EXIT VALUES" + +.IX Header "AUTHOR" + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/glibcbug.1 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/glibcbug.1 @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +'\" t +.\" ** The above line should force tbl to be a preprocessor ** +.\" Man page for man +.\" +.\" Copyright (C), 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +.\" +.\" You may distribute under the terms of the GNU General Public +.\" License as specified in the file COPYING that comes with the +.\" glibc distribution. +.\" +.\" +.TH glibcbug 1 "10 January 2002" "" "Debian GNU/Linux" +.SH "NAME" +glibcbug \- Report a bug to the Glibc developers +.SH "SYNOPSIS" +.B glibcbug +.SH "DESCRIPTION" +.B glibcbug +is a tool for reporting bugs to the glibc maintainers. +It automatically starts an editor where the user can enter details +of the bug. On completion, the bug is sent to the appropriate +address. +The User should replace the comments (text surrounded by +, and fill in the Subject: and From: lines with +a summary and e-mail address. + +If the user believes the bug is related to Debian rather than to the +glibc (libc6) package, then the +.B reportbug +command should be used instead. +.SH "ENVIRONMENT" +.B glibcbug +will utilize the following enviromntal variables if they exist: +.TP +.B EDITOR +and +.B VISUAL +Specifies the preferred editor. If +neither are set, +.B glibcbug +will default to +.B /usr/bin/sensible-editor +to determine a working editor. +.TP +.B HOME +Directory in which the failed bug report is saved if the mail fails. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +reportbug(1) +.SH "AUTHOR" +Alastair McKinstry . --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/locale.1 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/locale.1 @@ -0,0 +1,268 @@ +.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man v1.3, Pod::Parser v1.13 +.\" +.\" Standard preamble: +.\" ======================================================================== +.de Sh \" Subsection heading +.br +.if t .Sp +.ne 5 +.PP +\fB\\$1\fR +.PP +.. +.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) +.if t .sp .5v +.if n .sp +.. +.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text +.ft CW +.nf +.ne \\$1 +.. +.de Ve \" End verbatim text +.ft R + +.fi +.. +.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will +.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left +.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. | will give a +.\" real vertical bar. \*(C+ will give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to +.\" do unbreakable dashes and therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' +.\" expand to `' in nroff, nothing in troff, for use with C<>. +.tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr +.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' +.ie n \{\ +. ds -- \(*W- +. ds PI pi +. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch +. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch +. ds L" "" +. ds R" "" +. ds C` "" +. ds C' "" +'br\} +.el\{\ +. ds -- \|\(em\| +. ds PI \(*p +. ds L" `` +. ds R" '' +'br\} +.\" +.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for +.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.Sh), items (.Ip), and index +.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the +.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. +.if \nF \{\ +. de IX +. tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" +.. +. nr % 0 +. rr F +.\} +.\" +.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes +.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. +.hy 0 +.if n .na +.\" +.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). +.\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. +. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff +.if n \{\ +. ds #H 0 +. ds #V .8m +. ds #F .3m +. ds #[ \f1 +. ds #] \fP +.\} +.if t \{\ +. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) +. ds #V .6m +. ds #F 0 +. ds #[ \& +. ds #] \& +.\} +. \" simple accents for nroff and troff +.if n \{\ +. ds ' \& +. ds ` \& +. ds ^ \& +. ds , \& +. ds ~ ~ +. ds / +.\} +.if t \{\ +. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" +. ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' +. ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' +. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' +.\} +. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents +.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' +.ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' +.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] +.ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' +.ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] +.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] +.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e +.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E +. \" corrections for vroff +.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' +.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' +. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) +.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ +\{\ +. ds : e +. ds 8 ss +. ds o a +. ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga +. ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy +. ds th \o'bp' +. ds Th \o'LP' +. ds ae ae +. ds Ae AE +.\} +.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C +.\" ======================================================================== +.\" +.IX Title "LOCALE 1" +.TH LOCALE 1 "2004-12-16" "sarge" "Debian GNU/Linux" +.UC +.SH "NAME" +locale \- Get locale-specific information. +.SH "SYNOPSIS" +.IX Header "SYNOPSIS" +\&\fBlocale\fR \fB[\fR \f(CW\-a\fR | \f(CW\-m\fR\fB]\fR +.PP +\&\fBlocale\fR \fB[\fR \-ck \fB]\fR \fIname\fR... +.SH "DESCRIPTION" +.IX Header "DESCRIPTION" +The \fIlocale\fR program writes information about the current locale +environment, or all locales, to standard output. +.PP +When invoked without arguments, \fIlocale\fR summarizes the current +locale environment for each locale category defined by the LC_* +environment variables. +.PP +\&\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\-locales\fR +.PP +.Vb 1 +\& Write names of available locales. +.Ve +\&\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-charmaps\fR +.PP +.Vb 1 +\& Write names of available charmaps. +.Ve +.Sh "Output Format:" +.IX Subsection "Output Format:" +\&\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-category\-name\fR +.PP +.Vb 1 +\& Write names of selected categories. +.Ve +\&\fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-keyword\-name\fR +.PP +.Vb 1 +\& Write names and values of selected keywords. +.Ve +.SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" +.IX Header "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" +These environment variables affect each locale categories for all locale-aware programs: + +\&\s-1LC_CTYPE\s0 +.PP +.Vb 1 +\& Character classification and case conversion. +.Ve +\&\s-1LC_COLLATE\s0 +.PP +.Vb 1 +\& Collation order. +.Ve +\&\s-1LC_TIME\s0 +.PP +.Vb 1 +\& Date and time formats. +.Ve +\&\s-1LC_NUMERIC\s0 +.PP +.Vb 1 +\& Non-monetary numeric formats. +.Ve +\&\s-1LC_MONETARY\s0 +.PP +.Vb 1 +\& Monetary formats. +.Ve +\&\s-1LC_MESSAGES\s0 +.PP +.Vb 2 +\& Formats of informative and diagnostic messages and +\& interactive responses. +.Ve +\&\s-1LC_PAPER\s0 +.PP +.Vb 1 +\& Paper size. +.Ve +\&\s-1LC_NAME\s0 +.PP +.Vb 1 +\& Name formats. +.Ve +\&\s-1LC_ADDRESS\s0 +.PP +.Vb 1 +\& Address formats and location information. +.Ve +\&\s-1LC_TELEPHONE\s0 +.PP +.Vb 1 +\& Telephone number formats. +.Ve +\&\s-1LC_MEASUREMENT\s0 +.PP +.Vb 1 +\& Measurement units (Metric or Other). +.Ve +\&\s-1LC_IDENTIFICATION\s0 +.PP +.Vb 1 +\& Metadata about the locale information. +.Ve +This environment variable can switch against multiple locale database: + +\&\s-1LOCPATH\s0 +.PP +.Vb 1 +\& The directory where locale data is stored. By default, /usr/lib/locale is used. +.Ve + +.SH "FILES" +.IX Header "FILES" +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP 8 +\fI/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED\fP +List of supported values (and their associated encoding) for the locale name. +This representation is recommended over +\fB\-\-all\-locales\fR one, due being the system wide supported values. +.PP + +.SH "AUTHOR" +.IX Header "AUTHOR" +\&\fIlocale\fR was written by Ulrich Drepper for the \s-1GNU\s0 C Library. +.PP +This manpage was written by Joel Klecker for +the Debian GNU/Linux system, and expanded by Alastair McKinstry + +.PP + +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.BR locale "(5), " locale "(7), " setlocale (3) + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/localedef.1 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/localedef.1 @@ -0,0 +1,293 @@ +.TH LOCALEDEF 1 "May 20, 2005" +.SH NAME +localedef \- compile locale definition files +.SH SYNOPSIS +.ad l +.nh +.B localedef +.RI [ options ] +.I outputpath +.br +.B "localedef \-\-list\-archive" +.RI [ options ] +.br +.B "localedef \-\-delete\-from\-archive" +.RI [ options ] +.IR localename " ..." +.br +.B "localedef \-\-add\-to\-archive" +.RI [ options ] +.IR compiledpath +.br +.B "localedef \-\-version" +.br +.B "localedef \-\-help" +.br +.B "localedef \-\-usage" +.ad b +.hy +.SH DESCRIPTION +The +.B localedef +program reads the indicated +.I charmap +and +.I input +files, compiles them to a binary form quickly usable by the +.BR locale (7) +functions in the C library, and places the output in +.IR outputpath . +.PP +If +.I outputpath +contains a slash character ('/'), it is directly the name of the output +directory. +In this case, there is a separate output file for each locale category +(LC_CTIME, LC_NUMERIC, and so on). +.PP +Otherwise, if the +.B \-\-no\-archive +option is used, +.I outputpath +is the name of a subdirectory in +.B /usr/lib/locale +where per-category compiled files are placed. +.PP +Otherwise, +.I outputpath +is the name of a locale and the compiled locale data is added to the +archive file +.BR /usr/lib/locale/locale-archive . +.PP +In any case, +.B localedef +aborts if the directory in which it tries to write locale files has +not already been created. +.PP +If no +.I charmapfile +is given, the value +.I POSIX +is used by default. +If no +.I inputfile +is given, or if it is given as a dash +.RB ( \- ), +.B localedef +reads from standard input. +.SH OPTIONS +Most options can have either short or long forms. If multiple short +options are used, they can be combined in one word (for example, +.B \-cv +is identical to +.BR "\-c \-v" ). +.PP +If a short option takes an argument, the argument can be given separately +as the next word +.RB ( "\-f foo" ), +or it can be written together with the option letter +.RB ( \-ffoo ). +If a long option takes an argument, the argument can be given separately +as the next word, or it can be written as option=argument +.RB ( \-\-charmap=foo ). +.SS "Operation selection options" +A few options direct +.B localedef +to do something else than compile locale definitions. +Only one of these should be used at a time. +.TP +.B \-\-delete\-from\-archive +Delete the named locales from the locale archive file. +.TP +.B \-\-list\-archive +List the locales contained in the locale archive file. +.TP +.B \-\-add\-to\-archive +Add the +.I compiledpath +directories to the locale archive file. +The directories should have been created by previous runs of +.BR localedef , +using +.BR \-\-no\-archive . +.SS "Other options" +Some of the following options are only sensible for some operations; hopefully it is self-evident which ones. +.TP +.BI \-f " charmapfile" ", \-\-charmap=" charmapfile +Specify the file that defines the symbolic character names that are +used by the input file. If the file is in the default directory for +character maps, it is not necessary to specify the full pathname. +This default directory is printed by +.BR "localedef \-\-help" . +.TP +.BI \-i " inputfile" ", \-\-inputfile=" inputfile +Specify the locale definition file to compile. If +.I inputfile +is not absolute, +.B localedef +will also look in the directories specified by the environment variable +.B I18NPATH +and in the default directory for locale definition files. This default +directory is printed by +.BR "localedef \-\-help" . +.TP +.BI \-u " repertoirefile" ", \-\-repertoire-map=" repertoirefile +Read mappings from symbolic names to Unicode UCS4 values from +.IR repertoirefile . +.TP +.BI \-A " aliasfile" ", \-\-alias\-file=" aliasfile +Use +.I aliasfile +to look up aliases for locale names. +There is no default aliases file. +.TP +.BI \-\-prefix= pathname +Set prefix to be prepended to the full archive pathname. +By default, the prefix is empty. +Setting the prefix to +.IR foo , +the archive would be placed in +.BR foo/usr/lib/locale/locale-archive . +.TP +.B "\-c, \-\-force" +Write the output files even if warnings were generated about the input +file. +.TP +.B \-\-old\-style +Create old-style tables. +.TP +.B "\-v, \-\-verbose" +Generate extra warnings about errors that are normally ignored. +.TP +.B \-\-quiet +Suppress all notifications and warnings, and report only fatal errors. +.TP +.B \-\-posix +Conform strictly to POSIX. Implies +.BR \-\-verbose . +This option currently has no other effect. Posix conformance is +assumed if the environment variable +.B POSIXLY_CORRECT +is set. +.TP +.B \-\-replace +Replace a locale in the locale archive file. +Without this option, if the locale is in the archive file already, +an error occurs. +.TP +.B \-\-no\-archive +Do not use the locale archive file, instead create +.I outputpath +as a subdirectory in the same directory as the locale archive file, +and create separate output files for locale categories in it. +.TP +.B "\-\-help" +Print a usage summary and exit. Also prints the default paths used by +.BR localedef . +.TP +.B "\-\-usage" +Print a short usage summary and exit. +.TP +.B "\-V, \-\-version" +Print the version number, license, and disclaimer of warranty for +.BR localedef . +.SH ENVIRONMENT +.TP +.B POSIXLY_CORRECT +The +.B \-\-posix +flag is assumed if this environment variable is set. +.TP +.B I18NPATH +A colon separated list of default directories for locale definition files. +.SH FILES +.TP +.B /usr/share/i18n/charmaps +Usual default charmap path. +.TP +.B /usr/share/i18n/locales +Usual default path for locale source files. +.TP +.B /usr/share/i18n/repertoiremaps +Usual default repertoire map path. +.TP +.B /usr/lib/locale/locale-archive +Usual default locale archive location. +.TP +.IB outputpath/ LC_COLLATE +One of the output files. It describes the rules for comparing strings +in the locale's alphabet. +.TP +.IB outputpath/ LC_CTYPE +One of the output files. It contains information about character +cases and case conversions for the locale. +.TP +.IB outputpath/ LC_MONETARY +One of the output files. It describes the way monetary values should +be formatted in the locale. +.TP +.IB outputpath/ LC_MESSAGES/SYS_LC_MESSAGES +One of the output files. It contains information about the language +messages should be printed in, and what an affirmative or negative +answer looks like. +.TP +.IB outputpath/ LC_NUMERIC +One of the output files. It describes the rules for formatting +numbers in the locale. +.TP +.IB outputpath/ LC_TIME +One of the output files. It describes the rules for formatting +times and dates in the locale. +.TP +.IB outputpath/ LC_PAPER +One of the output files. It describes the default paper size +in the locale. +.TP +.IB outputpath/ LC_NAME +One of the output files. It describes the rules for formatting +names in the locale. +.TP +.IB outputpath/ LC_ADDRESS +One of the output files. It describes the rules for formatting +addresses, and other location information in the locale. +.TP +.IB outputpath/ LC_TELEPHONE +One of the output files. It describes the rules for formatting +telephone numbers in the locale. +.TP +.IB outputpath/ LC_MEASUREMENT +One of the output files. It describes the rules for measurement in the +locale, e.g. Metric or other units. +.TP +.IB outputpath/ LC_IDENTIFICATION +One of the output files. It identifies the elements within the locale. +.SH EXAMPLES +Compile the locale files for Finnish in the UTF-8 character set +and add it to the default locale archive with the name +.BR fi_FI.UTF-8 : +.PP +.RS +localedef \-f UTF\-8 \-i fi_FI fi_FI.UTF\-8 +.RE +.PP +The same, but generate files into the current directory (note that the +last argument must then contain a slash): +.PP +.RS +localedef \-f UTF\-8 \-i fi_FI ./ +.RE +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.BR locale "(5), " locale "(7), " locale (1) +.SH AUTHOR +The program was written by Ulrich Drepper. +.PP +This manual page was written by Richard Braakman on +behalf of the Debian GNU/Linux Project and anyone else who wants it. +It was amended by Alastair McKinstry to +explain new ISO 14652 elements, +and amended further by Lars Wirzenius to document new +functionality (as of GNU C library 2.3.5). +The manpage is not supported by the GNU libc maintainers and may be +out of date. +.SH STANDARDS +This program conforms to the POSIX standard P1003.2 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/zdump.1 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/zdump.1 @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +.TH ZDUMP 1 +.SH NAME +zdump \- time zone dumper +.SH SYNOPSIS +.B zdump +[ +.B \-v +] [ +.B \-c +cutoffyear ] [ zonename ... ] +.SH DESCRIPTION +.I Zdump +prints the current time in each +.I zonename +named on the command line. +.PP +These options are available: +.TP +.B \-v +For each +.I zonename +on the command line, +print the time at the lowest possible time value, +the time one day after the lowest possible time value, +the times both one second before and exactly at +each detected time discontinuity, +the time at one day less than the highest possible time value, +and the time at the highest possible time value, +Each line ends with +.B isdst=1 +if the given time is Daylight Saving Time or +.B isdst=0 +otherwise. +.I zonename +should be the relative path file name from +.B /usr/share/zoneinfo/ +which directory contains all zone data. +.TP +.BI "\-c " cutoffyear +Cut off the verbose output near the start of the given year. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +ctime(3), zic(8) +.\" @(#)zdump.8 7.3 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/locale.alias.5 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/locale.alias.5 @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +.\" -*- nroff -*- +.\" Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +.\" +.\" This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify +.\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +.\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) +.\" any later version. +.\" +.\" This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the +.\" GNU General Public License for more details. +.\" +.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +.\" along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, +.\" Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +.TH locale.alias 5 "January 2002" "Debian GNU/Linux" +.SH "NAME" +locale.alias \- Locale name alias data base +.SH "DESCRIPTION" +The locale.alias database file (/etc/locale.alias) is used by the +.B locale +command and the +.B X Window System +. +It describes aliases for the locales, with each line being of the +form + + + +Where is in the POSIX format: xx_YY.CHARSET. +The first two letters \fIxx\fR are the ISO-639 Language code, + the next two \fIYY\fR are the ISO-3166 Country code, +and the Charset is one of the character sets (listed in +\fI/usr/share/i18n/charsets\fR +). +The aliases can be free text; they are normally the English language +name, or simpler versions of the POSIX locale name. + +Lines beginning with Hash ("#") are treated as comments and ignored. + +.SH "SEE ALSO" +locale(1), localedef(1), locale-gen(8), locale.gen(5) +.SH "AUTHOR" +Alastair McKinstry --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/locale-gen.8.sgml +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/locale-gen.8.sgml @@ -0,0 +1,148 @@ + manpage.1'. You may view + the manual page with: `docbook-to-man manpage.sgml | nroff -man | + less'. A typical entry in a Makefile or Makefile.am is: + +manpage.1: manpage.sgml + docbook-to-man $< > $@ + --> + + + Eduard"> + Bloch"> + + March 10, 2005"> + + 8"> + blade@debian.org"> + + LOCALE-GEN"> + + + Debian GNU/Linux"> + GNU"> +]> + + + +
+ &dhemail; +
+ + &dhfirstname; + &dhsurname; + + + 2001 + &dhusername; + + &dhdate; + + + &dhucpackage; + + &dhsection; + + + &dhpackage; + + generates localisation files from templates + + + + &dhpackage; + + + + + + DESCRIPTION + + This manual page documents briefly the + &dhpackage; command. + + By default, the locale package which provides the base support for + localisation of libc-based programs does not contain usable localisation + files for every supported language. This limitation has became necessary + because of the substantial size of such files and the large number of + languages supported by libc. As a result, Debian uses a special + mechanism where we prepare the actual localisation files on the target + host and distribute only the templates for them. + + &dhpackage; is a program that reads the file + /etc/locale.gen and invokes + localedef for the chosen localisation profiles. + Run &dhpackage; after you have modified the /etc/locale.gen file. + + + + + + OPTIONS + + + + + + By default, &dhpackage; removes all + existing locales and generates new ones afresh. The + option prevents this, so that + only locales which do not already exist are generated. This is + useful if calling locale-gen a number of times in + succession. + + + + + + + FILES + + /etc/locale.gen + The main configuration file, which has a simple format: every + line that is not empty and does not begin with a # is treated as a + locale definition that is to be built. + + + + + + SEE ALSO + + localedef(1), locale(1), locale.alias(5), locale.gen(5). + + + + + AUTHOR + + This manual page was written by &dhusername; <&dhemail;> for + the &debian; system (but may be used by others). Permission is + granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under + the terms of the GNU Free Documentation + License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free + Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover + Texts and no Back-Cover Texts. + + + + + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/zic.8 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/zic.8 @@ -0,0 +1,413 @@ +.TH ZIC 8 +.SH NAME +zic \- time zone compiler +.SH SYNOPSIS +.B zic +[ +.B \-v +] [ +.B \-d +.I directory +] [ +.B \-l +.I localtime +] [ +.B \-p +.I posixrules +] [ +.B \-L +.I leapsecondfilename +] [ +.B \-s +] [ +.B \-y +.I command +] [ +.I filename +\&... ] +.SH DESCRIPTION +.if t .ds lq `` +.if t .ds rq '' +.if n .ds lq \&"\" +.if n .ds rq \&"\" +.de q +\\$3\*(lq\\$1\*(rq\\$2 +.. +.I Zic +reads text from the file(s) named on the command line +and creates the time conversion information files specified in this input. +If a +.I filename +is +.BR \- , +the standard input is read. +.PP +These options are available: +.TP +.BI "\-d " directory +Create time conversion information files in the named directory rather than +in the standard directory named below. +.TP +.BI "\-l " timezone +Use the given time zone as local time. +.I Zic +will act as if the input contained a link line of the form +.sp +.ti +.5i +Link \fItimezone\fP localtime +.TP +.BI "\-p " timezone +Use the given time zone's rules when handling POSIX-format +time zone environment variables. +.I Zic +will act as if the input contained a link line of the form +.sp +.ti +.5i +Link \fItimezone\fP posixrules +.TP +.BI "\-L " leapsecondfilename +Read leap second information from the file with the given name. +If this option is not used, +no leap second information appears in output files. +.TP +.B \-v +Complain if a year that appears in a data file is outside the range +of years representable by +.IR time (2) +values. +.TP +.B \-s +Limit time values stored in output files to values that are the same +whether they're taken to be signed or unsigned. +You can use this option to generate SVVS-compatible files. +.TP +.BI "\-y " command +Use the given +.I command +rather than +.B yearistype +when checking year types (see below). +.PP +Input lines are made up of fields. +Fields are separated from one another by any number of white space characters. +Leading and trailing white space on input lines is ignored. +An unquoted sharp character (#) in the input introduces a comment which extends +to the end of the line the sharp character appears on. +White space characters and sharp characters may be enclosed in double quotes +(") if they're to be used as part of a field. +Any line that is blank (after comment stripping) is ignored. +Non-blank lines are expected to be of one of three types: +rule lines, zone lines, and link lines. +.PP +A rule line has the form +.nf +.ti +.5i +.ta \w'Rule\0\0'u +\w'NAME\0\0'u +\w'FROM\0\0'u +\w'1973\0\0'u +\w'TYPE\0\0'u +\w'Apr\0\0'u +\w'lastSun\0\0'u +\w'2:00\0\0'u +\w'SAVE\0\0'u +.sp +Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +.sp +For example: +.ti +.5i +.sp +Rule US 1967 1973 \- Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D +.sp +.fi +The fields that make up a rule line are: +.TP "\w'LETTER/S'u" +.B NAME +Gives the (arbitrary) name of the set of rules this rule is part of. +.TP +.B FROM +Gives the first year in which the rule applies. +Any integer year can be supplied; the Gregorian calendar is assumed. +The word +.B minimum +(or an abbreviation) means the minimum year representable as an integer. +The word +.B maximum +(or an abbreviation) means the maximum year representable as an integer. +Rules can describe times that are not representable as time values, +with the unrepresentable times ignored; this allows rules to be portable +among hosts with differing time value types. +.TP +.B TO +Gives the final year in which the rule applies. +In addition to +.B minimum +and +.B maximum +(as above), +the word +.B only +(or an abbreviation) +may be used to repeat the value of the +.B FROM +field. +.TP +.B TYPE +Gives the type of year in which the rule applies. +If +.B TYPE +is +.B \- +then the rule applies in all years between +.B FROM +and +.B TO +inclusive. +If +.B TYPE +is something else, then +.I zic +executes the command +.ti +.5i +\fByearistype\fP \fIyear\fP \fItype\fP +.br +to check the type of a year: +an exit status of zero is taken to mean that the year is of the given type; +an exit status of one is taken to mean that the year is not of the given type. +.TP +.B IN +Names the month in which the rule takes effect. +Month names may be abbreviated. +.TP +.B ON +Gives the day on which the rule takes effect. +Recognized forms include: +.nf +.in +.5i +.sp +.ta \w'Sun<=25\0\0'u +5 the fifth of the month +lastSun the last Sunday in the month +lastMon the last Monday in the month +Sun>=8 first Sunday on or after the eighth +Sun<=25 last Sunday on or before the 25th +.fi +.in -.5i +.sp +Names of days of the week may be abbreviated or spelled out in full. +Note that there must be no spaces within the +.B ON +field. +.TP +.B AT +Gives the time of day at which the rule takes effect. +Recognized forms include: +.nf +.in +.5i +.sp +.ta \w'1:28:13\0\0'u +2 time in hours +2:00 time in hours and minutes +15:00 24-hour format time (for times after noon) +1:28:14 time in hours, minutes, and seconds +.fi +.in -.5i +.sp +where hour 0 is midnight at the start of the day, +and hour 24 is midnight at the end of the day. +Any of these forms may be followed by the letter +.B w +if the given time is local +.q "wall clock" +time, +.B s +if the given time is local +.q standard +time, or +.B u +(or +.B g +or +.BR z ) +if the given time is universal time; +in the absence of an indicator, +wall clock time is assumed. +.TP +.B SAVE +Gives the amount of time to be added to local standard time when the rule is in +effect. +This field has the same format as the +.B AT +field +(although, of course, the +.B w +and +.B s +suffixes are not used). +.TP +.B LETTER/S +Gives the +.q "variable part" +(for example, the +.q S +or +.q D +in +.q EST +or +.q EDT ) +of time zone abbreviations to be used when this rule is in effect. +If this field is +.BR \- , +the variable part is null. +.PP +A zone line has the form +.sp +.nf +.ti +.5i +.ta \w'Zone\0\0'u +\w'Australia/Adelaide\0\0'u +\w'GMTOFF\0\0'u +\w'RULES/SAVE\0\0'u +\w'FORMAT\0\0'u +Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES/SAVE FORMAT [UNTIL] +.sp +For example: +.sp +.ti +.5i +Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:30 Aus CST 1971 Oct 31 2:00 +.sp +.fi +The fields that make up a zone line are: +.TP "\w'GMTOFF'u" +.B NAME +The name of the time zone. +This is the name used in creating the time conversion information file for the +zone. +.TP +.B GMTOFF +The amount of time to add to UTC to get standard time in this zone. +This field has the same format as the +.B AT +and +.B SAVE +fields of rule lines; +begin the field with a minus sign if time must be subtracted from UTC. +.TP +.B RULES/SAVE +The name of the rule(s) that apply in the time zone or, +alternately, an amount of time to add to local standard time. +If this field is +.B \- +then standard time always applies in the time zone. +.TP +.B FORMAT +The format for time zone abbreviations in this time zone. +The pair of characters +.B %s +is used to show where the +.q "variable part" +of the time zone abbreviation goes. +Alternately, +a slash (/) +separates standard and daylight abbreviations. +.TP +.B UNTIL +The time at which the UTC offset or the rule(s) change for a location. +It is specified as a year, a month, a day, and a time of day. +If this is specified, +the time zone information is generated from the given UTC offset +and rule change until the time specified. +The month, day, and time of day have the same format as the IN, ON, and AT +columns of a rule; trailing columns can be omitted, and default to the +earliest possible value for the missing columns. +.IP +The next line must be a +.q continuation +line; this has the same form as a zone line except that the +string +.q Zone +and the name are omitted, as the continuation line will +place information starting at the time specified as the +.B UNTIL +field in the previous line in the file used by the previous line. +Continuation lines may contain an +.B UNTIL +field, just as zone lines do, indicating that the next line is a further +continuation. +.PP +A link line has the form +.sp +.nf +.ti +.5i +.ta \w'Link\0\0'u +\w'Europe/Istanbul\0\0'u +Link LINK-FROM LINK-TO +.sp +For example: +.sp +.ti +.5i +Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul +.sp +.fi +The +.B LINK-FROM +field should appear as the +.B NAME +field in some zone line; +the +.B LINK-TO +field is used as an alternate name for that zone. +.PP +Except for continuation lines, +lines may appear in any order in the input. +.PP +Lines in the file that describes leap seconds have the following form: +.nf +.ti +.5i +.ta \w'Leap\0\0'u +\w'YEAR\0\0'u +\w'MONTH\0\0'u +\w'DAY\0\0'u +\w'HH:MM:SS\0\0'u +\w'CORR\0\0'u +.sp +Leap YEAR MONTH DAY HH:MM:SS CORR R/S +.sp +For example: +.ti +.5i +.sp +Leap 1974 Dec 31 23:59:60 + S +.sp +.fi +The +.BR YEAR , +.BR MONTH , +.BR DAY , +and +.B HH:MM:SS +fields tell when the leap second happened. +The +.B CORR +field +should be +.q + +if a second was added +or +.q - +if a second was skipped. +.\" There's no need to document the following, since it's impossible for more +.\" than one leap second to be inserted or deleted at a time. +.\" The C Standard is in error in suggesting the possibility. +.\" See Terry J Quinn, The BIPM and the accurate measure of time, +.\" Proc IEEE 79, 7 (July 1991), 894-905. +.\" or +.\" .q ++ +.\" if two seconds were added +.\" or +.\" .q -- +.\" if two seconds were skipped. +The +.B R/S +field +should be (an abbreviation of) +.q Stationary +if the leap second time given by the other fields should be interpreted as UTC +or +(an abbreviation of) +.q Rolling +if the leap second time given by the other fields should be interpreted as +local wall clock time. +.SH NOTE +For areas with more than two types of local time, +you may need to use local standard time in the +.B AT +field of the earliest transition time's rule to ensure that +the earliest transition time recorded in the compiled file is correct. +.SH FILE +/usr/share/zoneinfo standard directory used for created files +.SH "SEE ALSO" +ctime(3), zdump(1) +.\" @(#)zic.8 7.18 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/gencat.1 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/gencat.1 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +.rn '' }` +.\" $RCSfile: gencat.1,v $$Revision: 1.1 $$Date: 2008-08-08 21:49:44 +0200 (Fr, 08 Aug 2008) $ +.\" +.\" $Log: gencat.1,v $ +.\" Revision 1.1 2003/11/03 17:37:27 jbailey +.\" - debian/local/manpages/gencat.1: New file. +.\" - debian/local/manpages/trace.1: New file. +.\" - debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev.manpages: Install them. +.\" - debian/local/manpages/iconvconfig.8: New file. +.\" - debian/debhelper.in/libc.manpages: Install it. +.\" +.\" Revision 1.1.2.2 2003/10/28 05:48:08 dan +.\" - Re-add debian/patches/80_glibc232-locales-nb_NO-fix.dpatch, which had +.\" gotten lost. +.\" - Re-add typo fixes to iconv.1 and rpcgen.1. +.\" - Merge iconv.1 fix to iconv.pod. +.\" - Fix ld.so name in ld.so.8. +.\" - Re-add fix for locale-gen and POSIXLY_CORRECT. +.\" +.\" +.de Sh +.br +.if t .Sp +.ne 5 +.PP +\fB\\$1\fR +.PP +.. +.de Sp +.if t .sp .5v +.if n .sp +.. +.de Ip +.br +.ie \\n(.$>=3 .ne \\$3 +.el .ne 3 +.IP "\\$1" \\$2 +.. +.de Vb +.ft CW +.nf +.ne \\$1 +.. +.de Ve +.ft R + +.fi +.. +.\" +.\" +.\" Set up \*(-- to give an unbreakable dash; +.\" string Tr holds user defined translation string. +.\" Bell System Logo is used as a dummy character. +.\" +.tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr +.ie n \{\ +.ds -- \(*W- +.ds PI pi +.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch +.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch +.ds L" "" +.ds R" "" +.\" \*(M", \*(S", \*(N" and \*(T" are the equivalent of +.\" \*(L" and \*(R", except that they are used on ".xx" lines, +.\" such as .IP and .SH, which do another additional levels of +.\" double-quote interpretation +.ds M" """ +.ds S" """ +.ds N" """"" +.ds T" """"" +.ds L' ' +.ds R' ' +.ds M' ' +.ds S' ' +.ds N' ' +.ds T' ' +'br\} +.el\{\ +.ds -- \(em\| +.tr \*(Tr +.ds L" `` +.ds R" '' +.ds M" `` +.ds S" '' +.ds N" `` +.ds T" '' +.ds L' ` +.ds R' ' +.ds M' ` +.ds S' ' +.ds N' ` +.ds T' ' +.ds PI \(*p +'br\} +.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate +.\" index entries out stderr for the following things: +.\" TH Title +.\" SH Header +.\" Sh Subsection +.\" Ip Item +.\" X<> Xref (embedded +.\" Of course, you have to process the output yourself +.\" in some meaningful fashion. +.if \nF \{ +.de IX +.tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" +.. +.nr % 0 +.rr F +.\} +.TH GENCAT 1 "November 2003" "gencat (glibc)" "Debian" +.UC +.if n .hy 0 +.if n .na +.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' +.de CQ \" put $1 in typewriter font +.ft CW +'if n "\c +'if t \\&\\$1\c +'if n \\&\\$1\c +'if n \&" +\\&\\$2 \\$3 \\$4 \\$5 \\$6 \\$7 +'.ft R +.. +.\" @(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2 +. \" AM - accent mark definitions +.bd B 3 +. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff +.if n \{\ +. ds #H 0 +. ds #V .8m +. ds #F .3m +. ds #[ \f1 +. ds #] \fP +.\} +.if t \{\ +. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) +. ds #V .6m +. ds #F 0 +. ds #[ \& +. ds #] \& +.\} +. \" simple accents for nroff and troff +.if n \{\ +. ds ' \& +. ds ` \& +. ds ^ \& +. ds , \& +. ds ~ ~ +. ds ? ? +. ds ! ! +. ds / +. ds q +.\} +.if t \{\ +. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" +. ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' +. ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ? \s-2c\h'-\w'c'u*7/10'\u\h'\*(#H'\zi\d\s+2\h'\w'c'u*8/10' +. ds ! \s-2\(or\s+2\h'-\w'\(or'u'\v'-.8m'.\v'.8m' +. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' +. ds q o\h'-\w'o'u*8/10'\s-4\v'.4m'\z\(*i\v'-.4m'\s+4\h'\w'o'u*8/10' +.\} +. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents +.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' +.ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' +.ds v \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\v'-\*(#V'\*(#[\s-4v\s0\v'\*(#V'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] +.ds _ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H+(\*(#F*2/3))'\v'-.4m'\z\(hy\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds . \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)'\v'\*(#V*4/10'\z.\v'-\*(#V*4/10'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds 3 \*(#[\v'.2m'\s-2\&3\s0\v'-.2m'\*(#] +.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] +.ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' +.ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] +.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] +.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e +.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E +.ds oe o\h'-(\w'o'u*4/10)'e +.ds Oe O\h'-(\w'O'u*4/10)'E +. \" corrections for vroff +.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' +.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' +. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) +.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ +\{\ +. ds : e +. ds 8 ss +. ds v \h'-1'\o'\(aa\(ga' +. ds _ \h'-1'^ +. ds . \h'-1'. +. ds 3 3 +. ds o a +. ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga +. ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy +. ds th \o'bp' +. ds Th \o'LP' +. ds ae ae +. ds Ae AE +. ds oe oe +. ds Oe OE +.\} +.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C +.SH "NAME" +gencat \- Generate message catalog +.SH "SYNOPSIS" +gencat [OPTION...] -o OUTPUT-FILE [INPUT-FILE]... +.SH "DESCRIPTION" +The \fBgencat\fR program is specified in the X/Open standard and the +GNU implementation follows this specification and so processes all +correctly formed input files. Additionally some extension are implemented +which help to work in a more reasonable way with the \fBcatgets\fR(3) functions. +.PP +.TP +\fB-H\fR, \fB--header\fR \fINAME\fR +Create C header file NAME containing symbol definitions +.TP +\fB--new\fR +Do not use existing catalog, force new output file +.TP +\fB-o\fR, \fB--output\fR \fINAME\fR +Write output to file NAME +.SH "AUTHOR" +\fIgencat\fR was written by Ulrich Drepper as part of the GNU C Library. +.PP +This man page was written by Jeff Bailey . + +.rn }` '' +.IX Title "GENCAT 1" +.IX Name "gencat - Generate message catalog" + +.IX Header "NAME" + +.IX Header "SYNOPSIS" + +.IX Header "DESCRIPTION" + +.IX Header "AUTHOR" + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/locale.gen.5 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/locale.gen.5 @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +.\" -*- nroff -*- +.\" Copyright (C) 2002, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +.\" +.\" This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify +.\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +.\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) +.\" any later version. +.\" +.\" This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the +.\" GNU General Public License for more details. +.\" +.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +.\" along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, +.\" Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +.TH locale.gen 5 "July 2005" "Debian GNU/Linux" +.SH "NAME" +locale.gen \- Configuration file for locale-gen +.SH "DESCRIPTION" +The file \fB/etc/locale.gen\fP lists the locales that are to be generated +by the \fBlocale-gen\fP command. + +Each line is of the form: + + + +where is one of the locales given in +.B /usr/share/i18n/locales +and is one of the character sets listed in +.B /usr/share/i18n/charmaps + +The +.B locale-gen +command will generate all the locales, placing them in +\fB/usr/lib/locale\fP. + +.SH "SEE ALSO" +locale-gen(8), localedef(1), locale(1) +.SH "AUTHOR" +Alastair McKinstry --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/catchsegv.1 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/catchsegv.1 @@ -0,0 +1,218 @@ +.rn '' }` +.\" $RCSfile: catchsegv.1,v $$Revision: 1.1.2.1 $$Date: 2003/09/22 21:33:35 $ +.\" +.\" $Log: catchsegv.1,v $ +.\" Revision 1.1.2.1 2003/09/22 21:33:35 jbailey +.\" New directory for things we add to the package +.\" +.\" +.de Sh +.br +.if t .Sp +.ne 5 +.PP +\fB\\$1\fR +.PP +.. +.de Sp +.if t .sp .5v +.if n .sp +.. +.de Ip +.br +.ie \\n(.$>=3 .ne \\$3 +.el .ne 3 +.IP "\\$1" \\$2 +.. +.de Vb +.ft CW +.nf +.ne \\$1 +.. +.de Ve +.ft R + +.fi +.. +.\" +.\" +.\" Set up \*(-- to give an unbreakable dash; +.\" string Tr holds user defined translation string. +.\" Bell System Logo is used as a dummy character. +.\" +.tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr +.ie n \{\ +.ds -- \(*W- +.ds PI pi +.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch +.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch +.ds L" "" +.ds R" "" +.\" \*(M", \*(S", \*(N" and \*(T" are the equivalent of +.\" \*(L" and \*(R", except that they are used on ".xx" lines, +.\" such as .IP and .SH, which do another additional levels of +.\" double-quote interpretation +.ds M" """ +.ds S" """ +.ds N" """"" +.ds T" """"" +.ds L' ' +.ds R' ' +.ds M' ' +.ds S' ' +.ds N' ' +.ds T' ' +'br\} +.el\{\ +.ds -- \(em\| +.tr \*(Tr +.ds L" `` +.ds R" '' +.ds M" `` +.ds S" '' +.ds N" `` +.ds T" '' +.ds L' ` +.ds R' ' +.ds M' ` +.ds S' ' +.ds N' ` +.ds T' ' +.ds PI \(*p +'br\} +.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate +.\" index entries out stderr for the following things: +.\" TH Title +.\" SH Header +.\" Sh Subsection +.\" Ip Item +.\" X<> Xref (embedded +.\" Of course, you have to process the output yourself +.\" in some meaningful fashion. +.if \nF \{ +.de IX +.tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" +.. +.nr % 0 +.rr F +.\} +.TH CATCHSEGV 1 "etch" "7/Jan/2001" "Debian GNU/Linux" +.UC +.if n .hy 0 +.if n .na +.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' +.de CQ \" put $1 in typewriter font +.ft CW +'if n "\c +'if t \\&\\$1\c +'if n \\&\\$1\c +'if n \&" +\\&\\$2 \\$3 \\$4 \\$5 \\$6 \\$7 +'.ft R +.. +.\" @(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2 +. \" AM - accent mark definitions +.bd B 3 +. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff +.if n \{\ +. ds #H 0 +. ds #V .8m +. ds #F .3m +. ds #[ \f1 +. ds #] \fP +.\} +.if t \{\ +. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) +. ds #V .6m +. ds #F 0 +. ds #[ \& +. ds #] \& +.\} +. \" simple accents for nroff and troff +.if n \{\ +. ds ' \& +. ds ` \& +. ds ^ \& +. ds , \& +. ds ~ ~ +. ds ? ? +. ds ! ! +. ds / +. ds q +.\} +.if t \{\ +. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" +. ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' +. ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ? \s-2c\h'-\w'c'u*7/10'\u\h'\*(#H'\zi\d\s+2\h'\w'c'u*8/10' +. ds ! \s-2\(or\s+2\h'-\w'\(or'u'\v'-.8m'.\v'.8m' +. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' +. ds q o\h'-\w'o'u*8/10'\s-4\v'.4m'\z\(*i\v'-.4m'\s+4\h'\w'o'u*8/10' +.\} +. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents +.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' +.ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' +.ds v \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\v'-\*(#V'\*(#[\s-4v\s0\v'\*(#V'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] +.ds _ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H+(\*(#F*2/3))'\v'-.4m'\z\(hy\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds . \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)'\v'\*(#V*4/10'\z.\v'-\*(#V*4/10'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds 3 \*(#[\v'.2m'\s-2\&3\s0\v'-.2m'\*(#] +.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] +.ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' +.ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] +.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] +.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e +.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E +.ds oe o\h'-(\w'o'u*4/10)'e +.ds Oe O\h'-(\w'O'u*4/10)'E +. \" corrections for vroff +.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' +.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' +. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) +.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ +\{\ +. ds : e +. ds 8 ss +. ds v \h'-1'\o'\(aa\(ga' +. ds _ \h'-1'^ +. ds . \h'-1'. +. ds 3 3 +. ds o a +. ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga +. ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy +. ds th \o'bp' +. ds Th \o'LP' +. ds ae ae +. ds Ae AE +. ds oe oe +. ds Oe OE +.\} +.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C +.SH "NAME" +catchsegv \- Catch segmentation faults in programs +.SH "SYNOPSIS" +\fBcatchsegv\fR \fBprogram\fR [\fBargs\fR] +.SH "DESCRIPTION" +Used to debug segmentation faults in programs. The output is the +content of registers, plus a backtrace. Basically you call your +program and its arguments as the arguments to catchsegv. +.SH "AUTHOR" +\fIcatchsegv\fR was written by Ulrich Drepper for the GNU C Library +.PP +This man page was written by Ben Collins for +the Debian GNU/Linux system. + +.rn }` '' +.IX Title "CATCHSEGV 1" +.IX Name "catchsegv - Catch segmentation faults in programs" + +.IX Header "NAME" + +.IX Header "SYNOPSIS" + +.IX Header "DESCRIPTION" + +.IX Header "AUTHOR" + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/ldd.1 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/ldd.1 @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +.\" Copyright 1995-2000 David Engel (david@ods.com) +.\" Copyright 1995 Rickard E. Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu) +.\" Copyright 2000 Ben Collins (bcollins@debian.org) +.\" Redone for GLibc 2.2 +.\" Copyright 2000 Jakub Jelinek (jakub@redhat.com) +.\" Corrected. +.\" Most of this was copied from the README file. Do not restrict distribution. +.\" May be distributed under the GNU General Public License +.TH LDD 1 "30 October 2000" +.SH NAME +ldd \- print shared library dependencies +.SH SYNOPSIS +.B ldd +.RB [OPTION]... +FILE... +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B ldd +prints the shared libraries required by each program or shared library +specified on the command line. +.SH OPTIONS +.TP +.B \-\-version +Print the version number of +.BR ldd . +.TP +.B \-v\ \-\-verbose +Print all information, including e.g. symbol versioning information. +.TP +.B \-d\ \-\-data\-relocs +Perform relocations and report any missing objects (ELF only). +.TP +.B \-r\ \-\-function\-relocs +Perform relocations for both data objects and functions, and +report any missing objects or functions (ELF only). +.TP +.B \-u\ \-\-unused +Print unused direct dependencies. +.TP +.B \-\-help +Usage information. +.SH BUGS +.B ldd +does not work on a.out shared libraries. +.PP +.B ldd +does not work with some extremely old a.out programs which were +built before +.B ldd +support was added to the compiler releases. +If you use +.B ldd +on one of these programs, the program will attempt to run with argc = 0 and +the results will be unpredictable. +.SH AUTHOR +Roland McGrath and Ulrich Drepper. +.SH SEE ALSO +.BR ldconfig (8), +.BR ld.so (8). --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/gai.conf.5 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/gai.conf.5 @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +.\" A man page for gai.conf. -*- nroff -*- +.\" +.\" Copyright (C) 2006 Red Hat, Inc. All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" This copyrighted material is made available to anyone wishing to use, +.\" modify, copy, or redistribute it subject to the terms and conditions of the +.\" GNU General Public License v.2. +.\" +.\" This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT +.\" ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or +.\" FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for +.\" more details. +.\" +.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along +.\" with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., +.\" 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. +.\" +.\" Author: Ulrich Drepper +.TH gai.conf 5 "May 2006" gai.conf + +.SH NAME +gai.conf \- getaddrinfo(3) configuration file + +.SH DESCRIPTION +A call to +.BR getaddrinfo (3) +might return multiple answers. According to RFC 3484 these answers must +be sorted so that the answer with the highest success rate is first in +the list. The RFC provides and algorithm for the sorting. The static +rules are not always adequate, though. For this reason the RFC also +requires that system administrators get the chance to dynamically change +the sorting. For the glibc implementation this can be achieved with +the +.BR /etc/gai.conf +file. +.PP +Each line in the configuration file consists of a keyword and its +parameters. White spaces in any place are ignored. Lines starting +with `#' are comments and are ignored. +.PP +The keywords currently recognized are: +.TP +\fBlabel\fR \fInetmask\fR \fIprecedence\fR +The value is added to the label table used in the RFC 3484 sorting. +If any \fBlabel\fR definition is present in the configuration file +is present the default table is not used. All the label definitions +of the default table which are to be maintained have to be duplicated. +Following the keyword the line has to contain a network mask and a label +value. + +.TP +\fBprecedence\fR \fInetmask\fR \fIprecedence\fR +This keyword is similar to \fBlabel\fR but instead the value is added +to the precendence table as specified in RFC 3484. Once again, the +presence of a single \fBprecedence\fR line in the configuration file +causes the default table to not be used. + +.TP +\fBreload\fR <\fByes\fR|\fBno\fR> +This keyword control whether a process checks whether the configuration +file has been changes since the last time it was read. If the value is +`\fByes\fR' the file is re-read. This might cause problems in multi-threaded +applications and is generally a bad idea. The default is `\fBno\fR'. + + +.SH EXAMPLE + +The default table according to RFC 3484 would be specified with the +following configuration file: + +.nf +label ::1/128 0 +label ::/0 1 +label 2002::/16 2 +label ::/96 3 +label ::ffff:0:0/96 4 +precendence ::1/128 50 +precendence ::/0 40 +precendence 2002::/16 30 +precendence ::/96 20 +precendence ::ffff:0:0/96 10 + + +.SH FILES +\fI/etc/gai.conf\fR + +.SH AUTHOR +Ulrich Drepper + +.SH SEE ALSO +.BR getaddrinfo(3), +RFC 3484 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/rpcgen.1 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/rpcgen.1 @@ -0,0 +1,442 @@ +.\" @(#)rpcgen.new.1 1.1 90/11/09 TIRPC 1.0; from 40.10 of 10/10/89 +.\" Copyright (c) 1988,1990 Sun Microsystems, Inc. - All Rights Reserved. +.nr X +.if \nX=0 .ds x} rpcgen 1 "" "\&" +.if \nX=1 .ds x} rpcgen 1 "" +.if \nX=2 .ds x} rpcgen 1 "" "\&" +.if \nX=3 .ds x} rpcgen "" "" "\&" +.TH \*(x} +.SH NAME +\f4rpcgen\f1 \- an RPC protocol compiler +.SH SYNOPSIS +.ft 4 +.nf +rpcgen \f2infile\f4 +.fi +.ft 1 +.br +.ft 4 +.nf +rpcgen [\-D\f2name\f4[=\f2value\f4]] [\-T] [\-K \f2secs\fP] \f2infile\f4 +.fi +.ft 1 +.br +.ft 4 +.nf +rpcgen \-c|\-h|\-l|\-m|\-M|\-t [\-o \f2outfile\f4 ] \f2infile\f4 +.fi +.ft 1 +.br +.ft 4 +.nf +rpcgen [\-I] \-s \f2nettype\f4 [\-o \f2outfile\f4] \f2infile\f4 +.fi +.ft 1 +.br +.ft 4 +.nf +rpcgen \-n \f2netid\f4 [\-o \f2outfile\f4] \f2infile\f4 +.ft 1 +.SH DESCRIPTION +.P +\f4rpcgen\f1 +is a tool that generates C code to implement an RPC protocol. +The input to +\f4rpcgen\f1 +is a language similar to C known as +RPC Language (Remote Procedure Call Language). +.P +\f4rpcgen\f1 +is normally used as in the first synopsis where +it takes an input file and generates up to four output files. +If the +\f2infile\f1 +is named +\f4proto.x\f1, +then +\f4rpcgen\f1 +will generate a header file in +\f4proto.h\f1, +XDR routines in +\f4proto_xdr.c\f1, +server-side stubs in +\f4proto_svc.c\f1, +and client-side stubs in +\f4proto_clnt.c\f1. +With the +\f4\-T\f1 +option, +it will also generate the RPC dispatch table in +\f4proto_tbl.i\f1. +With the +\f4\-Sc\f1 +option, +it will also generate sample code which would illustrate how to use the +remote procedures on the client side. This code would be created in +\f4proto_client.c\f1. +With the +\f4\-Ss\f1 +option, +it will also generate a sample server code which would illustrate how to write +the remote procedures. This code would be created in +\f4proto_server.c\f1. +.P +The server created can be started both by the port monitors +(for example, \f4inetd\f1 or \f4listen\f1) +or by itself. +When it is started by a port monitor, +it creates servers only for the transport for which +the file descriptor \f40\fP was passed. +The name of the transport must be specified +by setting up the environmental variable +\f4PM_TRANSPORT\f1. +When the server generated by +\f4rpcgen\f1 +is executed, +it creates server handles for all the transports +specified in +\f4NETPATH\f1 +environment variable, +or if it is unset, +it creates server handles for all the visible transports from +\f4/etc/netconfig\f1 +file. +Note: +the transports are chosen at run time and not at compile time. +.P +When built for a port monitor (\f4rpcgen\f1 \f4\-I\f1), and that the server +is self-started, it backgrounds itself by default. A special define symbol +\f4RPC_SVC_FG\f1 can be used to run the server process in foreground. +.P +The second synopsis provides special features which allow +for the creation of more sophisticated RPC servers. +These features include support for user provided +\f4#defines\f1 +and RPC dispatch tables. +The entries in the RPC dispatch table contain: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP 3 +\(bu +pointers to the service routine corresponding to that procedure, +.TP +\(bu +a pointer to the input and output arguments +.TP +\(bu +the size of these routines +.PD +.RE +A server can use the dispatch table to check authorization +and then to execute the service routine; +a client library may use it to deal with the details of storage +management and XDR data conversion. +.P +The other three synopses shown above are used when +one does not want to generate all the output files, +but only a particular one. +Some examples of their usage is described in the +EXAMPLE +section below. +When +\f4rpcgen\f1 +is executed with the +\f4\-s\f1 +option, +it creates servers for that particular class of transports. +When +executed with the +\f4\-n\f1 +option, +it creates a server for the transport specified by +\f2netid\f1. +If +\f2infile\f1 +is not specified, +\f4rpcgen\f1 +accepts the standard input. +.P +The C preprocessor, +\f4cc \-E\f1 +[see \f4cc\fP(1)], +is run on the input file before it is actually interpreted by +\f4rpcgen\f1. +For each type of output file, +\f4rpcgen\f1 +defines a special preprocessor symbol for use by the +\f4rpcgen\f1 +programmer: +.P +.PD 0 +.TP 12 +\f4RPC_HDR\f1 +defined when compiling into header files +.TP +\f4RPC_XDR\f1 +defined when compiling into XDR routines +.TP +\f4RPC_SVC\f1 +defined when compiling into server-side stubs +.TP +\f4RPC_CLNT\f1 +defined when compiling into client-side stubs +.TP +\f4RPC_TBL\f1 +defined when compiling into RPC dispatch tables +.PD +.P +Any line beginning with +`\f4%\f1' +is passed directly into the output file, +uninterpreted by +\f4rpcgen\f1. +.P +For every data type referred to in +\f2infile\f1, +\f4rpcgen\f1 +assumes that there exists a +routine with the string +\f4xdr_\f1 +prepended to the name of the data type. +If this routine does not exist in the RPC/XDR +library, it must be provided. +Providing an undefined data type +allows customization of XDR routines. +.br +.ne 10 +.P +The following options are available: +.TP +\f4\-a\f1 +Generate all the files including sample code for client and server side. +.TP +\f4\-b\f1 +This generates code for the SunOS4.1 style of rpc. It is +for backward compatibility. This is the default. +.TP +\f4\-5\f1 +This generates code for the SysVr4 style of rpc. It is used by the +Transport Independent RPC that is in Svr4 systems. +By default rpcgen generates code for SunOS4.1 stype of rpc. +.TP +\f4\-c\f1 +Compile into XDR routines. +.TP +\f4\-C\f1 +Generate code in ANSI C. This option also generates code that could be +compiled with the C++ compiler. This is the default. +.TP +\f4\-k\f1 +Generate code in K&R C. The default is ANSI C. +.TP +\f4\-D\f2name\f4[=\f2value\f4]\f1 +Define a symbol +\f2name\f1. +Equivalent to the +\f4#define\f1 +directive in the source. +If no +\f2value\f1 +is given, +\f2value\f1 +is defined as \f41\f1. +This option may be specified more than once. +.TP +\f4\-h\f1 +Compile into +\f4C\f1 +data-definitions (a header file). +\f4\-T\f1 +option can be used in conjunction to produce a +header file which supports RPC dispatch tables. +.TP +\f4\-I\f1 +Generate a service that can be started from inetd. The default is +to generate a static service that handles transports selected with \f4\-s\f1. +Using \f4\-I\f1 allows starting a service by either method. +.TP +\f4-K\f2 secs\f1 +By default, services created using \f4rpcgen\fP wait \f4120\fP seconds +after servicing a request before exiting. +That interval can be changed using the \f4-K\fP flag. +To create a server that exits immediately upon servicing a request, +\f4-K\ 0\fP can be used. +To create a server that never exits, the appropriate argument is +\f4-K\ -1\fP. +.IP +When monitoring for a server, +some portmonitors, like +\f4listen\fP(1M), +.I always +spawn a new process in response to a service request. +If it is known that a server will be used with such a monitor, the +server should exit immediately on completion. +For such servers, \f4rpcgen\fP should be used with \f4-K\ -1\fP. +.TP +\f4\-l\f1 +Compile into client-side stubs. +.TP +\f4\-m\f1 +Compile into server-side stubs, +but do not generate a \(lqmain\(rq routine. +This option is useful for doing callback-routines +and for users who need to write their own +\(lqmain\(rq routine to do initialization. +.TP +\f4\-M\f1 +Generate multithread-safe stubs for passing arguments +and results between rpcgen-generated code and user written code. +This option is useful for users who want to use threads in their code. +.TP +\f4\-n \f2netid\f1 +Compile into server-side stubs for the transport +specified by +\f2netid\f1. +There should be an entry for +\f2netid\f1 +in the +netconfig database. +This option may be specified more than once, +so as to compile a server that serves multiple transports. +.TP +\f4\-N\f1 +Use the newstyle of rpcgen. This allows procedures to have multiple arguments. +It also uses the style of parameter passing that closely resembles C. So, when +passing an argument to a remote procedure you do not have to pass a pointer to +the argument but the argument itself. This behaviour is different from the oldstyle +of rpcgen generated code. The newstyle is not the default case because of +backward compatibility. +.TP +\f4\-o \f2outfile\f1 +Specify the name of the output file. +If none is specified, +standard output is used +(\f4\-c\f1, +\f4\-h\f1, +\f4\-l\f1, +\f4\-m\f1, +\f4\-n\f1, +\f4\-s\f1, +\f4\-Sc\f1, +\f4\-Sm\f1, +\f4\-Ss\f1, +and +\f4\-t\f1 +modes only). +.TP +\f4\-s \f2nettype\f1 +Compile into server-side stubs for all the +transports belonging to the class +\f2nettype\f1. +The supported classes are +\f4netpath\f1, +\f4visible\f1, +\f4circuit_n\f1, +\f4circuit_v\f1, +\f4datagram_n\f1, +\f4datagram_v\f1, +\f4tcp\f1, +and +\f4udp\f1 +[see \f4rpc\fP(3N) +for the meanings associated with these classes]. +This option may be specified more than once. +Note: +the transports are chosen at run time and not at compile time. +.TP +\f4\-Sc\f1 +Generate sample code to show the use of remote procedure and how to bind +to the server before calling the client side stubs generated by rpcgen. +.TP +\f4\-Sm\f1 +Generate a sample Makefile which can be used for compiling the application. +.TP +\f4\-Ss\f1 +Generate skeleton code for the remote procedures on the server side. You would need +to fill in the actual code for the remote procedures. +.TP +\f4\-t\f1 +Compile into RPC dispatch table. +.TP +\f4\-T\f1 +Generate the code to support RPC dispatch tables. +.P +The options +\f4\-c\f1, +\f4\-h\f1, +\f4\-l\f1, +\f4\-m\f1, +\f4\-s\f1 +and +\f4\-t\f1 +are used exclusively to generate a particular type of file, +while the options +\f4\-D\f1 +and +\f4\-T\f1 +are global and can be used with the other options. +.br +.ne 5 +.SH NOTES +The RPC Language does not support nesting of structures. +As a work-around, +structures can be declared at the top-level, +and their name used inside other structures in +order to achieve the same effect. +.P +Name clashes can occur when using program definitions, +since the apparent scoping does not really apply. +Most of these can be avoided by giving +unique names for programs, +versions, +procedures and types. +.P +The server code generated with +\f4\-n\f1 +option refers to the transport indicated by +\f2netid\f1 +and hence is very site specific. +.SH EXAMPLE +The following example: +.IP +.ft 4 +$ rpcgen \-T prot.x +.ft 1 +.P +generates the five files: +\f4prot.h\f1, +\f4prot_clnt.c\f1, +\f4prot_svc.c\f1, +\f4prot_xdr.c\f1 +and +\f4prot_tbl.i\f1. +.P +The following example sends the C data-definitions (header file) +to the standard output. +.IP +.ft 4 +$ rpcgen \-h prot.x +.ft 1 +.P +To send the test version of the +\f4-DTEST\f1, +server side stubs for +all the transport belonging to the class +\f4datagram_n\f1 +to standard output, use: +.IP +.ft 4 +$ rpcgen \-s datagram_n \-DTEST prot.x +.ft 1 +.P +To create the server side stubs for the transport indicated +by +\f2netid\f1 +\f4tcp\f1, +use: +.IP +.ft 4 +$ rpcgen \-n tcp \-o prot_svc.c prot.x +.ft 1 +.SH "SEE ALSO" +\f4cc\fP(1). --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/nscd.conf.5 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/nscd.conf.5 @@ -0,0 +1,231 @@ +.\" Placed in the Public Domain by Sebastian Rittau +.TH NSCD.CONF 5 "07 January 2001" +.UC 5 +.SH NAME +nscd.conf \- configuration file for Name Service Caching Daemon +.hy 0 +.SH DESCRIPTION +.I /etc/nscd.conf +configures the caches used by +.BR nscd (8) +as well as some generic options. +.BR nscd (8) +is able to use a configuration file at a different location, +when supplied with the +.IR -f +or +.IR --config-file +command line option. + +.PP +The configuration file consists of a set of lines. +Empty lines, and text after a '#' is ignored. +All remaining lines denote the setting of an option. +White space before and after options, and between +options and option arguments is ignored. + +There are two kinds of options: General options influence +.BR nscd (8)'s +general behaviour, while cache related options only affect the +specified cache. Options are set like this: +.nf + + general_option option + cache_option cache_name option +.fi +.SH GENERAL OPTIONS +.TP +.BI logfile \ file +Specifies the name of the debug log-file that +.BR nscd (8) +should use if +.B debug-level +is higher than +.BR 0 . +If this option is not set, +.BR nscd (8) +will write its debug output to stderr. +.TP +.BI debug-level \ level +If +.I level +is higher than +.BR 0 , +.BR nscd (8) +will create some debug output. The higher the level, the more verbose +the output. +.TP +.BI threads \ #threads +This option sets the number of threads that +.BR nscd (8) +should use by default. It can be overridden by calling +.BR nscd (8) +with the +.I -t +or +.I --nthreads +argument. If neither this configuration option nor the command line +argument is given, +.BR nscd (8) +uses 5 threads by default. The minimum is 3. More threads means more +simultaneous connections that +.BR nscd (8) +can handle. +.TP +.BI max-threads \ #threads +Specifies the maximum number of threads to be started. +.TP +.BI server-user \ user +By default, +.BR nscd (8) +is run as user root. This option can be set to force +.BR nscd (8) +to drop root privileges after startup. It cannot be used when +.BR nscd (8) +is called with the +.I -S +or +.I --secure +argument. Also note that some services require that nscd run as root, so +using this may break those lookup services. +.TP +.BI stat-user \ user +Specifies the user who is allowed to request statistics. +.TP +.BI paranoia \ bool +.I bool +must be one of +.B yes +or +.BR no . +Enabling paranoia mode causes +.BR nscd (8) +to restart itself periodically. +.TP +.BI restart-interval \ time +Sets the restart interval to time seconds if periodic restart is enabled by enabling +paranoia mode. The default value is 3600. +.SH CACHE OPTIONS +All cache options take two arguments. The first one denotes +the service or cache the option should affect. Currently +.I service +can be one of +.BR passwd , +.BR group , +or +.BR hosts . +.TP +.BI enable-cache \ service\ bool +.I bool +must be one of +.B yes +or +.BR no . +Each cache is disabled by default and must be enabled explicitly +by setting this options to +.BR yes . +.TP +.BI positive-time-to-live \ service\ secs +This is the number of seconds after which a cached entry is +removed from the cache. This defaults to 3600 seconds (i. e. +one hour). +.TP +.BI negative-time-to-live \ service\ secs +If an entry is not found by the Name Service, it is added to +the cache and marked as "not existent". This option sets the number +of seconds after which such a not existent entry is removed from +the cache. This defaults to 20 seconds for the +.B password +and +.B host +caches and to 60 seconds for the +.B group +cache. +.TP +.BI suggested-size \ service\ prime-number +This option sets the size of the hash that is used to store the +cache entries. As this is a hash, it should be reasonably larger +than the maximum number of entries that is expected to be cached +simultaneously and should be a prime number. It defaults to a +size of 211 entries. +.TP +.BI check-files \ service\ bool +.I bool +must be one of +.B yes +(default) or +.BR no . +If file checking is enabled, +.BR nscd (8) +periodically checks the modification time of +.IR /etc/passwd , +.IR /etc/group , +or +.I /etc/hosts +(for the +.BR passwd , +.BR group , +and +.B host +cache respectively) +and invalidates the cache if the file has changed since the +last check. +.TP +.BI persistent \ service\ bool +.I bool +must be one of +.B yes +(default) or +.BR no . +Keep the content of the cache for service over +.BR nscd (8) +restarts. Useful when paranoia mode is set. +.TP +.BI shared \ service\ bool +.I bool +must be one of +.B yes +(default) or +.BR no . +The memory mapping of the +.BR nscd (8) +databases for service is shared with the clients so that they can directly search +in them instead of having to ask the daemon over the socket each time a lookup is +performed. +.TP +.BI reload-count \ #number +Sets the number of times a cached record is reloaded before it is pruned from +the cache. Each cache record has a timeout, when that timeout expires, +.BR nscd (8) +will either reload it (query the NSS service again if the data hasn't changed), or +drop it. +.SH EXAMPLE +.nf + +# This is a comment. + + logfile /var/log/nscd.log + threads 6 + server-user nobody + debug-level 0 + + enable-cache passwd yes + positive-time-to-live passwd 600 + negative-time-to-live passwd 20 + suggested-size passwd 211 + check-files passwd yes + + enable-cache group yes + positive-time-to-live group 3600 + negative-time-to-live group 60 + suggested-size group 211 + check-files group yes + + enable-cache hosts yes + positive-time-to-live hosts 3600 + negative-time-to-live hosts 20 + suggested-size hosts 211 + check-files hosts yes +.fi +.SH SEE ALSO +nscd(8), nsswitch.conf(5) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/iconv.1 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/iconv.1 @@ -0,0 +1,274 @@ +.rn '' }` +.\" $RCSfile: iconv.1,v $$Revision: 1.1.2.2 $$Date: 2003/10/28 05:48:08 $ +.\" +.\" $Log: iconv.1,v $ +.\" Revision 1.1.2.2 2003/10/28 05:48:08 dan +.\" - Re-add debian/patches/80_glibc232-locales-nb_NO-fix.dpatch, which had +.\" gotten lost. +.\" - Re-add typo fixes to iconv.1 and rpcgen.1. +.\" - Merge iconv.1 fix to iconv.pod. +.\" - Fix ld.so name in ld.so.8. +.\" - Re-add fix for locale-gen and POSIXLY_CORRECT. +.\" +.\" +.de Sh +.br +.if t .Sp +.ne 5 +.PP +\fB\\$1\fR +.PP +.. +.de Sp +.if t .sp .5v +.if n .sp +.. +.de Ip +.br +.ie \\n(.$>=3 .ne \\$3 +.el .ne 3 +.IP "\\$1" \\$2 +.. +.de Vb +.ft CW +.nf +.ne \\$1 +.. +.de Ve +.ft R + +.fi +.. +.\" +.\" +.\" Set up \*(-- to give an unbreakable dash; +.\" string Tr holds user defined translation string. +.\" Bell System Logo is used as a dummy character. +.\" +.tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr +.ie n \{\ +.ds -- \(*W- +.ds PI pi +.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch +.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch +.ds L" "" +.ds R" "" +.\" \*(M", \*(S", \*(N" and \*(T" are the equivalent of +.\" \*(L" and \*(R", except that they are used on ".xx" lines, +.\" such as .IP and .SH, which do another additional levels of +.\" double-quote interpretation +.ds M" """ +.ds S" """ +.ds N" """"" +.ds T" """"" +.ds L' ' +.ds R' ' +.ds M' ' +.ds S' ' +.ds N' ' +.ds T' ' +'br\} +.el\{\ +.ds -- \(em\| +.tr \*(Tr +.ds L" `` +.ds R" '' +.ds M" `` +.ds S" '' +.ds N" `` +.ds T" '' +.ds L' ` +.ds R' ' +.ds M' ` +.ds S' ' +.ds N' ` +.ds T' ' +.ds PI \(*p +'br\} +.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate +.\" index entries out stderr for the following things: +.\" TH Title +.\" SH Header +.\" Sh Subsection +.\" Ip Item +.\" X<> Xref (embedded +.\" Of course, you have to process the output yourself +.\" in some meaningful fashion. +.if \nF \{ +.de IX +.tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" +.. +.nr % 0 +.rr F +.\} +.TH ICONV 1 "lenny" "18/Nov/2007" "Debian GNU/Linux" +.UC +.if n .hy 0 +.if n .na +.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' +.de CQ \" put $1 in typewriter font +.ft CW +'if n "\c +'if t \\&\\$1\c +'if n \\&\\$1\c +'if n \&" +\\&\\$2 \\$3 \\$4 \\$5 \\$6 \\$7 +'.ft R +.. +.\" @(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2 +. \" AM - accent mark definitions +.bd B 3 +. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff +.if n \{\ +. ds #H 0 +. ds #V .8m +. ds #F .3m +. ds #[ \f1 +. ds #] \fP +.\} +.if t \{\ +. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) +. ds #V .6m +. ds #F 0 +. ds #[ \& +. ds #] \& +.\} +. \" simple accents for nroff and troff +.if n \{\ +. ds ' \& +. ds ` \& +. ds ^ \& +. ds , \& +. ds ~ ~ +. ds ? ? +. ds ! ! +. ds / +. ds q +.\} +.if t \{\ +. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" +. ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' +. ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ? \s-2c\h'-\w'c'u*7/10'\u\h'\*(#H'\zi\d\s+2\h'\w'c'u*8/10' +. ds ! \s-2\(or\s+2\h'-\w'\(or'u'\v'-.8m'.\v'.8m' +. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' +. ds q o\h'-\w'o'u*8/10'\s-4\v'.4m'\z\(*i\v'-.4m'\s+4\h'\w'o'u*8/10' +.\} +. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents +.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' +.ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' +.ds v \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\v'-\*(#V'\*(#[\s-4v\s0\v'\*(#V'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] +.ds _ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H+(\*(#F*2/3))'\v'-.4m'\z\(hy\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds . \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)'\v'\*(#V*4/10'\z.\v'-\*(#V*4/10'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds 3 \*(#[\v'.2m'\s-2\&3\s0\v'-.2m'\*(#] +.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] +.ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' +.ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] +.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] +.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e +.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E +.ds oe o\h'-(\w'o'u*4/10)'e +.ds Oe O\h'-(\w'O'u*4/10)'E +. \" corrections for vroff +.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' +.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' +. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) +.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ +\{\ +. ds : e +. ds 8 ss +. ds v \h'-1'\o'\(aa\(ga' +. ds _ \h'-1'^ +. ds . \h'-1'. +. ds 3 3 +. ds o a +. ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga +. ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy +. ds th \o'bp' +. ds Th \o'LP' +. ds ae ae +. ds Ae AE +. ds oe oe +. ds Oe OE +.\} +.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C +.SH "NAME" +iconv - Convert encoding of given files from one encoding to another +.SH "SYNOPSIS" +iconv \fB\-f\fR \fIencoding\fR [\fB\-t\fR \fIencoding\fR] \fI[inputfile]\fR... +.SH "DESCRIPTION" +The \fBiconv\fR program converts the encoding of characters in +\fIinputfile\fR, or from the standard input if no filename is specified, +from one coded character set to another. The result is +written to standard output unless otherwise specified by the +\fB\-\-output\fR option. +.TP +\fB\-\-from\-code\fR, \fB\-f\fR \fIencoding\fR +Convert characters from \fIencoding\fR. +.TP +\fB\-\-to\-code\fR, \fB\-t\fR \fIencoding\fR +Convert characters to \fIencoding\fR. If not specified the +encoding corresponding to the current locale is used. +.TP +\fB\-\-list\fR, \fB\-l\fR +List known coded character sets. +.TP +\fB\-c\fR +Omit invalid characters from output. +.TP +\fB\-\-output\fR, \fB\-o\fR \fIfile\fR +Specify output file (instead of stdout). +.TP +\fB\-\-silent\fR, \fB\-s\fR +Suppress warnings, but not errors. +.TP +\fB\-\-verbose\fR +Print progress information. +.TP +\fB\-\-help\fR, \fB\-?\fR +Give help list. +.TP +\fB\-\-usage\fR +Give a short usage message. +.TP +\fB\-\-version\fR, \fB\-V\fR +Print program version. +.SH ENCODINGS +The values permitted for \fI\-\-from\-code\fP and \fI\-\-to\-code\fP can be listed +by the \fBiconv \-\-list\fP command, and all combinations of the listed values are +supported. Furthermore the following two suffixes are supported: +.TP +//TRANSLIT +When the string "//TRANSLIT" is appended to \fI\-\-to\-code\fP, transliteration +is activated. +This means that when a character cannot be represented in the +target character set, it can be approximated through one or several +similarly looking characters. +.TP +//IGNORE +When the string "//IGNORE" is appended to \fI\-\-to\-code\fP, characters that +cannot be represented in the target character set will be silently discarded. + +.SH "AUTHOR" +\fIiconv\fR was written by Ulrich Drepper as part of the GNU C Library. +.PP +This man page was written by Joel Klecker , +for the Debian GNU/Linux system. + +.rn }` '' +.IX Title "ICONV 1" +.IX Name "iconv - Convert encoding of given files from one encoding to another" + +.IX Header "NAME" + +.IX Header "SYNOPSIS" + +.IX Header "DESCRIPTION" + +.IX Header "ENCODINGS" + +.IX Header "AUTHOR" + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/po4a.cfg +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/po4a.cfg @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +[po4a_paths] po/man.pot de:po/de.po es:po/es.po id:po/id.po \ + fr:po/fr.po pl:po/pl.po pt_BR:po/pt_BR.po + +[type: man] validlocale.8 es:es/validlocale.es.8 \ + id:id/validlocale.id.8 add_id:id/addendum.id fr:fr/validlocale.fr.8 \ + add_fr:fr/addendum.fr pl:pl/validlocale.pl.8 \ + pt_BR:pt_BR/validlocale.pt_BR.8 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/nscd.8 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/nscd.8 @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +.\" Placed in the Public Domain by Sebastian Rittau . +.Dd January 07, 2001 +.Dt NSCD 8 +.Os "GNU C Library 2.2" +.Sh NAME +.Nm nscd +.Nd name service caching daemon +.Sh SYNOPSIS +.Nm nscd +.Op OPTION... +.Sh DESCRIPTION +.Nm Nscd +caches libc-issued requests to the Name Service. If retrieving +NSS data is fairly expensive, +.Nm nscd +is able to speed up consecutive access to the same data +dramatically and increase overall system performance. +.Nm Nscd +should be run at boot time by +.Pa /etc/init.d/nscd . +.Sh OPTIONS +.Bl -tag -width Ds +.It Fl d , Fl -debug +Do not fork and display messages on the current tty. +.El +.Bl -tag -width Ds +.It Fl f , Fl -config-file Ar NAME +Read configuration data from +.Pa NAME . +For a description of the config file format, see nscd.conf(5). +.El +.Bl -tag -width Ds +.It Fl g , Fl -statistic +Print current configuration statistics. +.El +.Bl -tag -width Ds +.It Fl i , Fl -invalidate Ar TABLE +Invalidate the specified +.Pa TABLE , +i. e. forget all data cached therein. This should be used if the +database storing this information has been changed. +.El +.Bl -tag -width Ds +.It Fl K , Fl -shutdown +Quit a running +.Nm nscd +process. +.El +.Bl -tag -width Ds +.It Fl S , Fl -secure Ar TABLE +Use a separate cache for each user. +.El +.Bl -tag -width Ds +.It Fl t , Fl -nthreads Ar NUMBER +Start +.Pa NUMBER +threads. This denotes the maximum number +of requests that can be handled simultaneously. The default is set +in the configuration file. (See nscd.conf(5).) +.El +.Bl -tag -width Ds +.It Fl ? , Fl -help +Print the list of available options. +.El +.Bl -tag -width Ds +.It Fl -usage +Print a short usage message. +.El +.Bl -tag -width Ds +.It Fl V , Fl -version +Print program version. +.El +.Sh FILES +.Bl -tag -width Ds +.It Ar /etc/nscd.conf +.Nm Nscd +configuration file. See nscd.conf(5) for more information. +.El +.Bl -tag -width Ds +.It Ar /etc/nsswitch.conf +Name Service Switch configuration. See nsswitch.conf(5) +for more information. +.El +.Sh SEE ALSO +GNU C Library info file, +.Xr nscd.conf 5 , +.Xr nsswitch.conf 5 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/tzselect.1 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/tzselect.1 @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +.\" Copyright 1998 Marcus Brinkmann (brinkmd@debian.org) +.\" +.\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this +.\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are +.\" preserved on all copies. +.\" +.\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this +.\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the +.\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a +.\" permission notice identical to this one +.\" +.\" Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this +.\" manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date. The author(s) assume no +.\" responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from +.\" the use of the information contained herein. The author(s) may not +.\" have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual, +.\" which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working +.\" professionally. +.\" +.\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by +.\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work. +.\" +.\" Modified Mon Jul 12 18:40:00 1998 by Marcus Brinkmann (brinkmd@debian.org) +.TH TZSELECT 1 "12 June 1998" "Debian" "Debian Timezone Configuration" +.SH NAME +tzselect \- view timezones +.SH SYNOPSIS +.B tzselect +.SH DESCRIPTION +This manual page explains how you can use the +.B "tzselect" +utility to view the installed timezone. It comes handy when you want to know what time it is in +other countries, or if you just wonder what timezones exist. + +.B tzselect +is called without any parameters from the shell. It shows a list of about one dozen geographic +areas one can roughly recognize as continents. After choosing a geographic area by number, a +list of countries and cities in this area will be shown. + +You can press the +.B Enter +key to reprint the list. To choose a timezone, just press the number left to it. +If your input is invalid, the list will be reprinted. + +You may press +.B Ctrl-C +to interrupt the script at any time. + +Note that +.B tzselect +will not actually change the timezone for you. Use 'dpkg-reconfigure tzdata' to achieve this. +.SH FILES +.I /usr/share/zoneinfo/ +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.BR hwclock (8) +.SH AUTHOR +Copyright 1998 Marcus Brinkmann + +Please see nroff source for legal notice. + + + + + + + + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/po/id.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/po/id.po @@ -0,0 +1,526 @@ +# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE +# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. +# FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. +# +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: base-config man\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2005-12-27 17:38-0500\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2005-11-11 16:50-0500\n" +"Last-Translator: Debian Indonesia Team \n" +"Language-Team: Debian Indonesia Team \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ascii\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +# type: TH +#: validlocale.8:1 +#, fuzzy, no-wrap +msgid "validlocale" +msgstr "validlocale" + +# type: TH +#: validlocale.8:1 +#, fuzzy, no-wrap +msgid "0.1" +msgstr "0.1" + +# type: TH +#: validlocale.8:1 +#, fuzzy, no-wrap +msgid "Petter Reinholdtsen" +msgstr "Petter Reinholdtsen" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:2 +#, fuzzy, no-wrap +msgid "NAME" +msgstr "NAMA" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "validlocale - Test if a given locale is available" +msgstr "validlocale - memeriksa apakah lokal yang diberikan tersedia" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:5 +#, fuzzy, no-wrap +msgid "SYNTAX" +msgstr "RINGKASAN" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "validlocale EIE" +msgstr "validlocale EIE" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:8 +#, fuzzy, no-wrap +msgid "DESCRIPTION" +msgstr "PENJELASAN" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:13 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Test if the locale given as argument is a valid locale. If it isn't, print " +"on stdout the string to add to /etc/locale.gen to make locale-gen generate " +"the locale (if it exists at all)." +msgstr "" +"Memeriksa apakah lokal yang diberikan sebagai argumen adalah lokal yang sah. " +"Jika tidak, akan dicetak pada stdout string yang dapat ditambahkan ke /etc/" +"locale.gen untuk membuat locale-gen meng-generate lokal tersebut (jika " +"tersedia)." + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:13 +#, fuzzy, no-wrap +msgid "FILES" +msgstr "BERKAS-BERKAS" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:16 +#, fuzzy +msgid "I" +msgstr "I" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:18 +#, fuzzy +msgid "I" +msgstr "I" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:18 +#, fuzzy, no-wrap +msgid "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" +msgstr "VARIABEL-VARIABEL LINGKUNGAN" + +# type: TP +#: validlocale.8:20 +#, fuzzy, no-wrap +msgid "B" +msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:24 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Which charset to assume if the given locale is missing from the list of " +"supported locales." +msgstr "" +"set karakter mana yang akan dipakai bila lokal yang diberikan tidak ada pada " +"daftar lokal yang didukung." + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:24 +#, fuzzy, no-wrap +msgid "EXAMPLES" +msgstr "CONTOH" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:28 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If you give a valid locale as parameter, it outputs a string specifying this " +"on stderr:" +msgstr "" +"Bila anda memberikan lokal yang sah pada parameter, program akan menuliskan " +"string yang memberitahukan hal ini pada stderr:" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:31 +#, fuzzy +msgid "% validlocale C" +msgstr "% validlocale C" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "locale 'C' valid and available" +msgstr "locale 'C' valid and available" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:37 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When given a invalid (not generated or just nonexistent), it outputs a " +"string on stderr telling that this is an invalid locale, and a string to " +"stdout with the string to add to /etc/locale.gen to have this locale " +"generated:" +msgstr "" +"Ketika parameter yang diberikan tidak sah (tidak digenerate atau tidak " +"tersedia), program akan mencetak pada stderr string yang memberitahu bahwa " +"lokal tidak sah, dan string lain pada stdout, yang dapat ditambahkan pada /" +"etc/locale.gen agar lokal ini digenerate:" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:40 +#, fuzzy +msgid "% validlocale de_AU@euro" +msgstr "% validlocale de_AU@euro" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:42 +#, fuzzy +msgid "locale 'de_AT@euro' not available" +msgstr "locale 'de_AT@euro' not available" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:44 +#, fuzzy +msgid "de_AT@euro ISO-8859-15" +msgstr "de_AT@euro ISO-8859-15" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:44 +#, fuzzy, no-wrap +msgid "AUTHORS" +msgstr "PENULIS" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:47 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Petter Reinholdtsen Epere@hungry.comE" +msgstr "Petter Reinholdtsen Epere@hungry.comE" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:47 +#, fuzzy, no-wrap +msgid "SEE ALSO" +msgstr "LIHAT JUGA" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:49 +#, fuzzy +msgid "locale-gen(8), localedef(1), locale(1)" +msgstr "locale-gen(8), localedef(1), locale(1), base-config(8)" + +# type: TH +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "BASE-CONFIG" +#~ msgstr "BASE-CONFIG" + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "base-config - Debian base system configuration" +#~ msgstr "base-config - Alat konfigurasi sistem basis Debian" + +# type: SH +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "SYNOPSIS" +#~ msgstr "RINGKASAN" + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B is the program that was run when you first rebooted into " +#~ "your newly installed debian system. It walks you through setting up the " +#~ "system and downloading additional software, and so forth. The program can " +#~ "be run at any later date to walk you through essentially the same process " +#~ "again." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B merupakan program yang dijalankan saat pertama kali anda " +#~ "boot ke sistem Debian anda yang baru diinstal. Program ini membimbing " +#~ "anda melalui tahap-tahap pengaturan sistem, mengunduh (mendownload) " +#~ "perangkat lunak tambahan, dan seterusnya. Program ini dapat dijalankan " +#~ "lagi di kemudian hari, apabila anda ingin mengulangi proses yang sama " +#~ "lagi." + +# type: SH +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "IMPLEMENTATION" +#~ msgstr "IMPLEMENTASI" + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B generates a menu of choices from the contents of B, and from debconf templates." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B menghasilkan pilihan menu dari isi berkas B, dan dari templet-templet debconf." + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The .mnu files in /usr/lib/base-config/ control whether the menu item " +#~ "appears only on new installs (Only-New: true), whether debconf can " +#~ "already be running when the item is run (Debconf: true), a numeric Order " +#~ "controls placement in the menu. If a .mnu file contains \"Exit-Menu: true" +#~ "\", then base-config will terminate after running that menu item. " +#~ "Finally, a \"Changes-Menu: true\" line will make base-config rebuild the " +#~ "menu after running the menu item." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Berkas-berkas .mnu dalam /usr/lib/base-config mengatur apakah sebuah item " +#~ "menu muncul hanya saat instalasi baru (Only-New: True), apakah debconf " +#~ "dapat telah jalan ketika item tersebut dijalankan (Debconf: true), urutan " +#~ "numerik mengatur peletakan dalam menu. Jika sebuah berkas .mnu berisi " +#~ "\"Exit-Menu: true\", maka base-config akan berhenti setelah menjalankan " +#~ "item menu tersebut. Terakhir, baris \"Changes-menu: true\" akan membuat " +#~ "base-config membangun kembali menu setelah menjalankan item menu tersebut." + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The .tst files in /usr/lib/base-config/ are run when base-config builds " +#~ "the menu and must return true for that menu item to appear on the menu." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Berkas-berkas .tst pada /usr/lib/base-config/ akan dijalankan ketika base-" +#~ "config membangun menu dan mesti mengembalikan nilai benar (true) agar " +#~ "item menu tersebut muncul pada menu." + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The menu items are taken from debconf, by looking for items in the " +#~ "debconf database named base-config/menu/whatever." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Item-item menu diambil dari debconf, dengan melihat item-item pada basis " +#~ "data debconf yang dinamakan base-config/menu/sesuatu." + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "When a menu item is selected, the corresponding program, in /usr/lib/base-" +#~ "config is run. If this is a fresh install onto a new debian system, the " +#~ "program receives \"new\" as its first argument." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Saat sebuah item menu dipilih, program yang sesuai pada /usr/lib/base-" +#~ "config akan dijalankan. Jika ini merupakan instalasi perdana pada sebuah " +#~ "sistem Debian yang baru, program akan menerima \"new\" pada argumen " +#~ "pertama." + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B checks the return codes of each of the programs. If a " +#~ "program returns nonzero, the main menu is displayed (this may involve " +#~ "lowering the debconf priority)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B memeriksa nilai kembalian dari tiap program. Jika sebuah " +#~ "program mengembalikan nilai bukan nol, maka menu utama akan ditampilkan " +#~ "(ini bisa melibatkan penurunan prioritas debconf)." + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Every base-config run is logged to B. B contains timing information to go with the log. " +#~ "This allows replays of base-config runs using the B(1) utility." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Setiap kali base-config dijalankan, akan ditulis log pada B. B berisi informasi waktu " +#~ "untuk dijalankan dengan log. Ini memungkinkan pengulangan jalannya base-" +#~ "config dengan menggunakan utilitas B(1)" + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B, if it exists, is used by B " +#~ "on new installs to get values from the debian-installer first stage " +#~ "install." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B, jika ada, digunakan oleh B " +#~ "pada instalasi baru untuk mengambil nilai-nilai dari tahap pertama " +#~ "instalasi debian-installer." + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Other packages can drop files into B, and add menu " +#~ "titles in debconf, and they will be added to the menu. It is very " +#~ "strongly encouraged that any such programs communicate with the user " +#~ "entirely via debconf, so that the base configuration maintains a " +#~ "consistent and professional look." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Paket-paket lain dapat menaruh berkas-berkas pada B, dan menambahkan judul menu pada debconf, dan mereka akan ditambahkan " +#~ "pada menu. Sangat disarankan agar program-program tersebut berinteraksi " +#~ "dengan pengguna sepenuhnya melalui debconf, sehingga konfigurasi basis " +#~ "dapat mempertahankan tampilan yang konsisten dan profesional." + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Another useful thing for custom distributions is /usr/share/base-config/" +#~ "debconf-seed. If that directory exists, every file in it will be loaded " +#~ "into the debconf database using B(1)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Hal berguna lainnya untuk distribusi yang dikustomisasi adalah berkas /" +#~ "usr/share/base-config/debconf-seed. Bila direktori tersebut ditemukan,' " +#~ "semua berkas didalamnya akan dimuat dalam basis data debconf menggunakan " +#~ "B(1)" + +# type: SH +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "ENVIRONMENT" +#~ msgstr "LINGKUNGAN" + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The following environment variables influence B. These " +#~ "variables may be set at run time, or for new installs, may be passed to " +#~ "the kernel at the B(8) (or other bootloader) command line. Consult " +#~ "your boot loader's documentation for details. For example, lilo can be " +#~ "booted with something like \"linux DEBIAN_FRONTEND=readline\"." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Variabel-variabel lingkungan berikut mempengaruhi B. Nilai-" +#~ "nilai ini dapat diatur saat menjalankan, atau untuk instalasi baru, dapat " +#~ "diberikan pada kernel melalui baris perintah B(8) (atau boot " +#~ "loader lainnya). Lihat dokumentasi boot loader anda untuk informasi " +#~ "detil. Sebagai contoh, lilo dapat diboot sebagai berikut: \"linux " +#~ "DEBIAN_FRONTEND=readline\"." + +# type: TP +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: TP +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: TP +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: TP +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Control various things about B(7)" +#~ msgstr "Mengatur beragam hal mengenai B(7)" + +# type: SH +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "AUTHOR" +#~ msgstr "PENULIS" + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Joey Hess Ejoeyh@debian.orgE" +#~ msgstr "Joey Hess Ejoeyh@debian.orgE" + +# type: TH +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "TERMWRAP" +#~ msgstr "TERMWRAP" + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "termwrap - terminal wrapper" +#~ msgstr "termwrap - terminal wrapper" + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B is used to execute B(8) on newly installed " +#~ "Debian systems. It examines the environment, taking note of locale " +#~ "settings, and what type of console is available, and runs an appropriate " +#~ "terminal program. For example, at the Linux console and in a Japanese " +#~ "locale, it runs jfterm. The specified command is run inside the terminal " +#~ "program (if any)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B digunakan untuk menjalankan B(8) pada sistem " +#~ "Debian yang baru dipasang. Ia meneliti lingkungan, memperhatikan " +#~ "pengaturan lokal, dan jenis konsol yang tersedia, dan kemudian " +#~ "menjalankan program terminal yang sesuai. Sebagai contoh, pada konsol " +#~ "Linux dan lokal Jepang, ia akan menjalankan jfterm. Program yang " +#~ "diberikan akan dijalakan pada terminal tersebut (jika tersedia)." + +# type: SH +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "OPTIONS" +#~ msgstr "OPSI-OPSI" + +# type: TP +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "I<-nnt>" +#~ msgstr "I<-nnt>" + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Don't run another terminal." +#~ msgstr "Jangan menjalankan terminal yang lain." + +# type: TH +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "APT-SETUP" +#~ msgstr "APT-SETUP" + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "apt-setup - add apt download sources" +#~ msgstr "apt-setup - menambahkan sumber-sumber download untuk apt" + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B is an interactive program that simplifies adding sources to " +#~ "apt's sources.list. It knows about all the major debian mirrors and can " +#~ "help you select one. It can even use B(8) to scan CDs." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B merupakan program interaktif yang menyederhanakan penambahan " +#~ "sumber-sumber ke berkas sources.list dari apt. Ia mengetahui semua mirror-" +#~ "mirror utama Debian dan dapat membantu anda memilih salah satu. Ia bahkan " +#~ "dapat menggunakan B(8) untuk memindai CD." + +# type: TP +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "I" +#~ msgstr "I" + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "By default no probing of CDs is done. Passing \"probe\" as the first " +#~ "argument to this program will make it probe for a CD in the drive on " +#~ "startup and add it to sources.list. This is useful on initial debian " +#~ "installs, to minimize interaction with the user." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Secara bawaan tidak dilakukan pemeriksaan CD. Memberikan \"probe\" " +#~ "sebagai argumen pertama untuk program ini, akan membuat program memeriksa " +#~ "CD yang ada dalam penggerak dan menambahkannya ke berkas sources.list. " +#~ "Ini berguna pada saat instalasi awal Debian, untuk mengurangi interaksi " +#~ "dengan pengguna." + +# type: TP +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "I<-N>" +#~ msgstr "I<-N>" + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Joey Hess Ejoey@kitenet.netE" +#~ msgstr "Joey Hess Ejoey@kitenet.netE" + +# type: SH +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "DERIVATION" +#~ msgstr "PENJELASAN" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/po/es.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/po/es.po @@ -0,0 +1,672 @@ +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: 2.74\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2005-12-27 17:38-0500\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2005-11-30 18:58+0100\n" +"Last-Translator: Rubén Porras \n" +"Language-Team: Spanish \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +# type: TH +#: validlocale.8:1 +#, no-wrap +msgid "validlocale" +msgstr "validlocale" + +# type: TH +#: validlocale.8:1 +#, no-wrap +msgid "0.1" +msgstr "0.1" + +# type: TH +#: validlocale.8:1 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Petter Reinholdtsen" +msgstr "Petter Reinholdtsen" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:2 +#, no-wrap +msgid "NAME" +msgstr "NOMBRE" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:5 +msgid "validlocale - Test if a given locale is available" +msgstr "" +"validlocale - Comprueba si la opción de localización dada está disponible" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:5 +#, no-wrap +msgid "SYNTAX" +msgstr "SINTAXIS" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:8 +msgid "validlocale EIE" +msgstr "validlocale EIE" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:8 +#, no-wrap +msgid "DESCRIPTION" +msgstr "DESCRIPCIÓN" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:13 +msgid "" +"Test if the locale given as argument is a valid locale. If it isn't, print " +"on stdout the string to add to /etc/locale.gen to make locale-gen generate " +"the locale (if it exists at all)." +msgstr "" +"Comprueba si la opción de localización dada como argumento es válida. Si no " +"lo es muestra en la stdout (salida estándar) la cadena de caracteres que se " +"necesita añadir a /etc/locale.gen para que locale-gen genere esa opción de " +"localización (si es que existe)." + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:13 +#, no-wrap +msgid "FILES" +msgstr "FICHEROS" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:16 +msgid "I" +msgstr "I" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:18 +msgid "I" +msgstr "I" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:18 +#, no-wrap +msgid "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" +msgstr "VARIABLES DE ENTORNO" + +# type: TP +#: validlocale.8:20 +#, no-wrap +msgid "B" +msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:24 +msgid "" +"Which charset to assume if the given locale is missing from the list of " +"supported locales." +msgstr "" +"El juego de caracteres que asume en caso de que la opción de localización " +"dada no esté entre la lista de opciones de localización soportadas." + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:24 +#, no-wrap +msgid "EXAMPLES" +msgstr "EJEMPLOS" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:28 +msgid "" +"If you give a valid locale as parameter, it outputs a string specifying this " +"on stderr:" +msgstr "" +"Si usted proporciona una opción de localización válida como parámetro, " +"muestra una cadena de caracteres especificándolo en stderr (salida de " +"errores estándar):" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:31 +msgid "% validlocale C" +msgstr "% validlocale C" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:33 +msgid "locale 'C' valid and available" +msgstr "locale 'C' valid and available" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:37 +msgid "" +"When given a invalid (not generated or just nonexistent), it outputs a " +"string on stderr telling that this is an invalid locale, and a string to " +"stdout with the string to add to /etc/locale.gen to have this locale " +"generated:" +msgstr "" +"Cuando se proporcione una inválida (no ha sido generada o no existe), " +"muestra una cadena de caracteres en stderr diciendo que es inválida, y otra " +"a stdout con la cadena de caracteres que se necesita añadir a /etc/locale." +"gen para que se genere:" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:40 +msgid "% validlocale de_AU@euro" +msgstr "% validlocale de_AU@euro" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:42 +msgid "locale 'de_AT@euro' not available" +msgstr "locale 'de_AT@euro' not available" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:44 +msgid "de_AT@euro ISO-8859-15" +msgstr "de_AT@euro ISO-8859-15" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:44 +#, no-wrap +msgid "AUTHORS" +msgstr "AUTORES" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:47 +msgid "Petter Reinholdtsen Epere@hungry.comE" +msgstr "Petter Reinholdtsen Epere@hungry.comE" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:47 +#, no-wrap +msgid "SEE ALSO" +msgstr "VÉASE ADEMÁS" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:49 +#, fuzzy +msgid "locale-gen(8), localedef(1), locale(1)" +msgstr "locale-gen(8), localedef(1), locale(1), base-config(8)" + +# type: TH +#~ msgid "BASE-CONFIG" +#~ msgstr "BASE-CONFIG" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "base-config - Debian base system configuration" +#~ msgstr "base-config - configuración del sistema base de Debian" + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "SYNOPSIS" +#~ msgstr "SINOPSIS" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B is the program that was run when you first rebooted into " +#~ "your newly installed debian system. It walks you through setting up the " +#~ "system and downloading additional software, and so forth. The program can " +#~ "be run at any later date to walk you through essentially the same process " +#~ "again." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B es el programa que se ejecutó la primera vez que arrancó " +#~ "en su sistema Debian recién instalado. base-config termina de configurar " +#~ "el sistema, descarga programas adicionales... El programa puede " +#~ "ejecutarse en cualquier momento posterior para realizar el mismo proceso " +#~ "de nuevo." + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "IMPLEMENTATION" +#~ msgstr "IMPLEMENTACIÓN" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B generates a menu of choices from the contents of B, and from debconf templates." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B genera un menú de elecciones con los contenidos de B, y de las plantillas de debconf." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The .mnu files in /usr/lib/base-config/ control whether the menu item " +#~ "appears only on new installs (Only-New: true), whether debconf can " +#~ "already be running when the item is run (Debconf: true), a numeric Order " +#~ "controls placement in the menu. If a .mnu file contains \"Exit-Menu: true" +#~ "\", then base-config will terminate after running that menu item. " +#~ "Finally, a \"Changes-Menu: true\" line will make base-config rebuild the " +#~ "menu after running the menu item." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Los ficheros .mnu de /usr/lib/base-config/ controlan si el elemento del " +#~ "menú aparece sólo en nuevas instalaciones (\"Only-New: true\"), si " +#~ "debconf puede estar siendo ejecutado en el momento en el que se ejecute " +#~ "el elemento (Debconf: true). Una opción numérica \"Order\" controla el " +#~ "lugar en el menú. Si el fichero .mnu contiene \"Exit-Menu:true\", base-" +#~ "config terminará después de ejectuar ese elemento del menú. Finalmente, " +#~ "una línea \"Changes-Menu: true\" hará que base-config reconstruya el menú " +#~ "después de ejecutar el elemento del menú." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The .tst files in /usr/lib/base-config/ are run when base-config builds " +#~ "the menu and must return true for that menu item to appear on the menu." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Los ficheros .tst de /usr/lib/base-config/ se ejecutan cuando base-config " +#~ "construye el menú y debe devolver \"true\" para que ese elemento aparezca " +#~ "en el menú." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The menu items are taken from debconf, by looking for items in the " +#~ "debconf database named base-config/menu/whatever." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Los elementos del menú se toman de debconf, buscando los elementos en la " +#~ "base de datos de debconf llamada base-config/menu/loquesea." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "When a menu item is selected, the corresponding program, in /usr/lib/base-" +#~ "config is run. If this is a fresh install onto a new debian system, the " +#~ "program receives \"new\" as its first argument." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Cuando se selecciona elemento del menú, se ejecuta el programa " +#~ "correspondiente en /usr/lib/base-config. Si ésta es la primera " +#~ "instalación en un sistema muevo, entonces el programa recibe \"new\" como " +#~ "su primer argumento." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B checks the return codes of each of the programs. If a " +#~ "program returns nonzero, the main menu is displayed (this may involve " +#~ "lowering the debconf priority)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B comprueba los valores devueltos por cada programa. Si un " +#~ "programa devuelve un valor distinto de cero, se muestra el menú principal " +#~ "(puede que esto implique bajar la prioridad de debconf)." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Generally the user is advanced down the menu from item to item as each " +#~ "succeeds. If a menu item needs to jump back to a previous item in the " +#~ "menu, or skip over a subsequent item, it can write the name of the next " +#~ "menu item to show to the file \"jump-to\" in the current directory." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Normalmente el usuario es guiado de arriba abajo de un elemento del menú " +#~ "en otro a medida que cada uno de ellos se completa con éxito. Si un " +#~ "elemento del menú necesita volver a otro anterior o saltar alguno de los " +#~ "posteriores, puede hacerlo escribiendo el nombre del siguiente elemento " +#~ "del menú al que saltar en el fichero \"jump-to\" en el directorio actual." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Every base-config run is logged to B. B contains timing information to go with the log. " +#~ "This allows replays of base-config runs using the B(1) utility." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Cualquier ejecución de base-config se registra en B. B contiene información de los " +#~ "tiempos que van con el registro. Esto permite volver a ver la ejecución " +#~ "de base-config usando la utilidad B(1)B<.>" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B, if it exists, is used by B " +#~ "on new installs to get values from the debian-installer first stage " +#~ "install." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Si existe B, B lo usa en nuevas " +#~ "instalaciones para obtener valores de la primera etapa de instalación del " +#~ "\"debian-installer\"." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Other packages can drop files into B, and add menu " +#~ "titles in debconf, and they will be added to the menu. It is very " +#~ "strongly encouraged that any such programs communicate with the user " +#~ "entirely via debconf, so that the base configuration maintains a " +#~ "consistent and professional look." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Otros paquetes pueden dejar ficheros en B, y " +#~ "añadir títulos de menú en debconf, y serán añadidos al menú. Es altamente " +#~ "recomendable que cualquiera de estos programas se comunique con el " +#~ "usuario totalmente a través de debconf, de esta forma, la configuración " +#~ "mantiene un aspecto consistente y profesional." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Another useful thing for custom distributions is /usr/share/base-config/" +#~ "debconf-seed. If that directory exists, every file in it will be loaded " +#~ "into the debconf database using B(1)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Otra cosa útil para las distribuciones personalizadas es /usr/share/base-" +#~ "config/debconf-seed. Si ese directorio existe, todos los ficheros dentro " +#~ "de él se cargarán en la base de datos de debconf usando B(1)" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "If the file /var/log/installer/debconf-seed is created by the debian-" +#~ "installer, it will also be loaded into the debconf database." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Si debian-installer crea el fichero /var/log/installer/debconf-seed, " +#~ "también se incorporará a la base de datos de debconf." + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "ENVIRONMENT" +#~ msgstr "ENTORNO" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The following environment variables influence B. These " +#~ "variables may be set at run time, or for new installs, may be passed to " +#~ "the kernel at the B(8) (or other bootloader) command line. Consult " +#~ "your boot loader's documentation for details. For example, lilo can be " +#~ "booted with something like \"linux DEBIAN_FRONTEND=readline\"." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Las siguientes variables de entorno influencian a B. Estas " +#~ "variables pueden establecerse en tiempo de ejecución, o para nuevas " +#~ "instalaciones, puede pasarse al núcleo en la línea de órdenes de B" +#~ "(8) (u otro gestor de arranque). Consulte la documentación de su gestor " +#~ "de arranque para más detalles. Por ejemplo, lilo puede arrancarse con " +#~ "algo como \"linux DEBIAN_FRONTEND=readline\"." + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "Control various things about B(7)" +#~ msgstr "Controlan varias cosas de B(7)" + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "AUTHOR" +#~ msgstr "AUTOR" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "Joey Hess Ejoeyh@debian.orgE" +#~ msgstr "Joey Hess Ejoey@debian.orgE" + +# type: TH +#~ msgid "TERMWRAP" +#~ msgstr "TERMWRAP" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "termwrap - terminal wrapper" +#~ msgstr "termwrap - envuelve un terminal" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B is used to execute B(8) on newly installed " +#~ "Debian systems. It examines the environment, taking note of locale " +#~ "settings, and what type of console is available, and runs an appropriate " +#~ "terminal program. For example, at the Linux console and in a Japanese " +#~ "locale, it runs jfterm. The specified command is run inside the terminal " +#~ "program (if any)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B se usa para ejecutar B(8) en sistemas Debian " +#~ "recién instalados. Examina el entorno, toma nota de la configuración de " +#~ "las opciones de localización y de que tipo de terminal está disponible, " +#~ "para luego ejecutar un programa de terminal apropiado. Por ejemplo, en " +#~ "una consola de Linux con configuración de localización japonesa ejecutará " +#~ "jfterm. La orden especificada se ejecuta dentro del programa de terminal " +#~ "(si hay alguno)." + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "OPTIONS" +#~ msgstr "OPCIONES" + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "I<-nnt>" +#~ msgstr "I<-nnt>" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "Don't run another terminal." +#~ msgstr "No ejecutar otro terminal." + +# type: TH +#~ msgid "APT-SETUP" +#~ msgstr "APT-SETUP" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "apt-setup - add apt download sources" +#~ msgstr "apt-setup - añade fuentes para las descargas de apt" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B is an interactive program that simplifies adding sources to " +#~ "apt's sources.list. It knows about all the major debian mirrors and can " +#~ "help you select one. It can even use B(8) to scan CDs." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B es un programa interactivo que simplifica el proceso de " +#~ "añadir fuentes al sources.list de apt. Conoce las principales réplicas " +#~ "Debian y puede ayudarle a seleccionar una. Incluso puede usar B" +#~ "(8) para analizar CD's." + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "I" +#~ msgstr "I" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "By default no probing of CDs is done. Passing \"probe\" as the first " +#~ "argument to this program will make it probe for a CD in the drive on " +#~ "startup and add it to sources.list. This is useful on initial debian " +#~ "installs, to minimize interaction with the user." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Por omisión no se busca ningún CD. Si se pasa \"probe\" como primer " +#~ "argumento el programa mirará al arrancar si hay un CD en la unidad y lo " +#~ "añadirá al sources.list. Esto es útil en instalaciones iniciales de " +#~ "Debian, para minimizar la interacción con el usuario." + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "I<-N>" +#~ msgstr "I<-N>" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Indicates that this is a new install. This parameter allows apt-setup to " +#~ "run in noninteractive mode if its debconf questions have been preseeded." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Indica que es una nueva instalación. Este parámetro permite ejecutar apt-" +#~ "setup de forma no interactiva si los valores de debconf han sido " +#~ "preconfigurados." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "Joey Hess Ejoey@kitenet.netE" +#~ msgstr "Joey Hess Ejoey@kitenet.netE" + +# type: TH +#~ msgid "TZSETUP" +#~ msgstr "TZSETUP" + +# type: TH +#~ msgid "16 January 2004" +#~ msgstr "16 de enero de 2004" + +# type: TH +#~ msgid "Debian" +#~ msgstr "Debian" + +# type: TH +#~ msgid "Debian Timezone Configuration" +#~ msgstr "Configuración de zona horaria en Debian" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "tzsetup - set the local timezone" +#~ msgstr "tzsetup - establece la zona horaria local" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This manual page explains how you can use the B utility to set " +#~ "the local timezone. This is necessary to let your system know about the " +#~ "difference between system time and local time (the time in the real " +#~ "world). It is also necessary to make your system behave nicely when your " +#~ "location uses Daylight Savings Time." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Esta página del manual explica como puede usar la utilidad B " +#~ "para establecer la zona horaria local. Esto es importante para que su " +#~ "sistema sepa la diferencia entre el tiempo del sistema y el tiempo local " +#~ "(el tiempo del mundo real). También es necesario para que su sistema se " +#~ "comporte de forma adecuada cuando en su zona se realicen cambios horarios " +#~ "para aprovechar mejor la luz del día." + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "A valid system time together with the correct local time zone will give " +#~ "you best performance and highest reliability. It is especially important " +#~ "in a network environment, where even small time differences can make a " +#~ "mirror refetch a whole ftp site, or where time stamps on external file " +#~ "systems are used." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Un tiempo del sistema válido junto con la zona horaria adecuada le dará " +#~ "mejores resultados y una mayor seguridad. Es especialmente importante en " +#~ "un entorno de red, donde incluso pequeñas diferencias de tiempo pueden " +#~ "hacer que una réplica vuelva a descargar todo un sitio ftp, o donde se " +#~ "usan marcas de tiempo en un sistema de ficheros externo." + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B is typically called without any parameters from the shell. " +#~ "Optionally, the -y parameter can be used, to make it always change your " +#~ "time zone without asking first. The -g parameter can also be used, to " +#~ "make it ask if the hardware clock is set to gmt or not. The -c parameter, " +#~ "followed by a country code, hints at the country the user's time zone may " +#~ "be in. The -N parameter allows it to run noninteractively if the debconf " +#~ "questions have been preseeded." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Normalmente se invoca B desde un shell sin parámetros. " +#~ "Opcionalmente, puede usarse la opción -y, para que siempre cambie la zona " +#~ "horaria sin preguntar primero. El parámetro -g puede también usarse, para " +#~ "que pregunte si el reloj físico del sistema está en hora GMT o no. El " +#~ "parámetro -c, seguido de un código de país, indica el país en el que " +#~ "posiblemente esté la zona horaria del usuario. El parámetro -N hace que " +#~ "se ejecute de forma no interactiva si ha sido preconfigurado." + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "After you made your choice, B will try to change the timezone " +#~ "for you. See the B section below for technical details. You " +#~ "must have root privileges to actually change anything. Please use " +#~ "B(1) as a user space command to just look at the timezones. It " +#~ "will print the local time in any timezone recognized by the system." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Después de que realice su elección, B tratará de cambiar la zona " +#~ "horaria por usted. Lea la sección B de más abajo " +#~ "para los detalles técnicos. Debe de tener privilegios de superusuario " +#~ "para cambiar realmente cualquier configuración. Puede usar B" +#~ "(1) como una orden de usuario para simplemente mirar las zonas horarias " +#~ "reconocidas por el sistema. Mostrará la hora local y todas las zonas " +#~ "horarias reconocidas por el sistema." + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "A WORD OF WARNING" +#~ msgstr "UN AVISO" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "What timezone is correct for your system? It depends on the geographical " +#~ "location of the machine. Getting the correct location is important, but " +#~ "the system must also know how your hardware clock is set. Most DOS based " +#~ "PCs set their hardware clock on Local Time, while most UNIX systems set " +#~ "their hardware clock to UTC." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "¿Qué zona horaria es correcta para su sistema? Depende de la localización " +#~ "geográfica de la máquina. Obtener la localización correcta es importante, " +#~ "pero el sistema también necesita saber cómo funciona el reloj físico. La " +#~ "mayoría de los ordenadores personales basados en DOS establecen el reloj " +#~ "físico según el tiempo local, mientras que los sistemas UNIX lo " +#~ "establecen según UTC." + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The Debian GNU/Linux system gains its knowledge of this setting from the " +#~ "file I. This file contains either the line B, " +#~ "which indicates that the hardware clock is set to UTC, or it contains the " +#~ "line B, which declares the hardware clock is set to Local Time. " +#~ "If these setting are correct, and the hardware clock is truly set as " +#~ "indicated, then configuring the proper timezone for the machine will " +#~ "cause the proper date and time to be displayed. If these are not set " +#~ "correctly, the the reported time will be quite incorrect. See B" +#~ "(8) for more details on this topic." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "El sistema Debian GNU/Linux obtiene la configuración del fichero I. Este fichero contiene o bien la línea B, que " +#~ "indica que el reloj físico está en UTC, o bien la línea B, que " +#~ "indica que está en tiempo local. Si el reloj está de verdad como se " +#~ "indica, entonces configurar la zona horaria adecuada hará que se muestre " +#~ "la fecha y el tiempo correcto. En caso de no ser así, el tiempo mostrado " +#~ "podrá ser bastante incorrecto. Consulte B(8) para más detalles " +#~ "acerca de este tema." + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "INTERNALS" +#~ msgstr "FUNCIONAMIENTO INTERNO" + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The work done by B is actually pretty simple. It just updates " +#~ "the link I to point to the correct timezone installed in " +#~ "I." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "El trabajo hecho por B es realmente bastante sencillo. Sólo " +#~ "actualiza el enlace I para que apunte al la zona horaria " +#~ "correcta instalada en I." + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "There is nothing wrong with doing this manually. However, using " +#~ "B you don't have to remember the path to the timezones." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "No pasa nada malo si esto se realiza manualmente. Sin embargo, usando " +#~ "B no es necesario recordar donde se guardan las zonas horarias." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "I I I" +#~ msgstr "I I I" + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "DERIVATION" +#~ msgstr "DERIVACIÓN" + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This program is based on B(8) -- the only major difference is " +#~ "that this program uses debconf for its user interface, and that it allows " +#~ "configuration of GMT." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Este programa se base en B(8) -- la mayor diferencia está en " +#~ "que éste usa debconf para la interfaz de usuario, y que además permite la " +#~ "configuración de GMT." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "B(8) B(1) B(5) B(8)" +#~ msgstr "B(8) B(1) B(5) B(8)" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/po/de.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/po/de.po @@ -0,0 +1,294 @@ +# base-config manual page +# Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +# Jens Seidel , 2005. +# +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: base-config 2005/11/17\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2005-12-27 17:38-0500\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2005-11-17 21:06+0100\n" +"Last-Translator: Jens Seidel \n" +"Language-Team: German \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +# type: TH +#: validlocale.8:1 +#, no-wrap +msgid "validlocale" +msgstr "" + +# type: TH +#: validlocale.8:1 +#, no-wrap +msgid "0.1" +msgstr "" + +# type: TH +#: validlocale.8:1 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Petter Reinholdtsen" +msgstr "" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:2 +#, no-wrap +msgid "NAME" +msgstr "NAME" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:5 +msgid "validlocale - Test if a given locale is available" +msgstr "" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:5 +#, no-wrap +msgid "SYNTAX" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:8 +msgid "validlocale EIE" +msgstr "" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:8 +#, no-wrap +msgid "DESCRIPTION" +msgstr "BESCHREIBUNG" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:13 +msgid "" +"Test if the locale given as argument is a valid locale. If it isn't, print " +"on stdout the string to add to /etc/locale.gen to make locale-gen generate " +"the locale (if it exists at all)." +msgstr "" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:13 +#, no-wrap +msgid "FILES" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:16 +msgid "I" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:18 +msgid "I" +msgstr "" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:18 +#, no-wrap +msgid "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" +msgstr "" + +# type: TP +#: validlocale.8:20 +#, no-wrap +msgid "B" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:24 +msgid "" +"Which charset to assume if the given locale is missing from the list of " +"supported locales." +msgstr "" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:24 +#, no-wrap +msgid "EXAMPLES" +msgstr "BEISPIELE" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:28 +msgid "" +"If you give a valid locale as parameter, it outputs a string specifying this " +"on stderr:" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:31 +msgid "% validlocale C" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:33 +msgid "locale 'C' valid and available" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:37 +msgid "" +"When given a invalid (not generated or just nonexistent), it outputs a " +"string on stderr telling that this is an invalid locale, and a string to " +"stdout with the string to add to /etc/locale.gen to have this locale " +"generated:" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:40 +msgid "% validlocale de_AU@euro" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:42 +msgid "locale 'de_AT@euro' not available" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:44 +msgid "de_AT@euro ISO-8859-15" +msgstr "" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:44 +#, no-wrap +msgid "AUTHORS" +msgstr "AUTOR" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:47 +msgid "Petter Reinholdtsen Epere@hungry.comE" +msgstr "" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:47 +#, no-wrap +msgid "SEE ALSO" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:49 +msgid "locale-gen(8), localedef(1), locale(1)" +msgstr "" + +# type: TH +#~ msgid "BASE-CONFIG" +#~ msgstr "BASE-CONFIG" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "base-config - Debian base system configuration" +#~ msgstr "base-config - Debian-Basissystemkonfiguration" + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "SYNOPSIS" +#~ msgstr "ÜBERSICHT" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B is the program that was run when you first rebooted into " +#~ "your newly installed debian system. It walks you through setting up the " +#~ "system and downloading additional software, and so forth. The program can " +#~ "be run at any later date to walk you through essentially the same process " +#~ "again." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B ist das Programm, das lief, als Sie das erste Mal Ihr neu " +#~ "installiertes Debian-System starteten. Es führt Sie durch die Einrichtung " +#~ "des Systems, das Herunterladen zusätzlicher Software und so weiter. Das " +#~ "Programm kann zu jedem späteren Zeitpunkt erneut gestartet werden, um " +#~ "erneut durch den selben Prozess zu führen." + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "IMPLEMENTATION" +#~ msgstr "IMPLEMENTIERUNG" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B generates a menu of choices from the contents of B, and from debconf templates." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B erzeugt ein Auswahlmenü aus dem Inhalt von B und von Debconf-Vorlagen." + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "AUTHOR" +#~ msgstr "AUTOR" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "Joey Hess Ejoeyh@debian.orgE" +#~ msgstr "Joey Hess Ejoey@kitenet.netE" + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "OPTIONS" +#~ msgstr "OPTIONEN" + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "I<-nnt>" +#~ msgstr "I<»-N«>" + +# type: TH +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "APT-SETUP" +#~ msgstr "APT-SETUP" + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "apt-setup - add apt download sources" +#~ msgstr "apt-setup - Hinzufügen von Quellen zum Herunterladen" + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B is an interactive program that simplifies adding sources to " +#~ "apt's sources.list. It knows about all the major debian mirrors and can " +#~ "help you select one. It can even use B(8) to scan CDs." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B ist ein interaktives Programm, daß das Hinzufügen von " +#~ "Quellen zu apt's sources.list vereinfacht. Es kennt alle bedeutenden " +#~ "Debian-Spiegel und kann Ihnen bei der Auswahl helfen. Es kann sogar B(8) zum Durchsuchen von CDs verwenden." + +# type: TP +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "I" +#~ msgstr "I<»probe«>" + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "By default no probing of CDs is done. Passing \"probe\" as the first " +#~ "argument to this program will make it probe for a CD in the drive on " +#~ "startup and add it to sources.list. This is useful on initial debian " +#~ "installs, to minimize interaction with the user." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Standardmäßig wird nicht auf CDs überprüft. Wird »probe« als erstes " +#~ "Argument an dieses Programm übergeben, dann wird beim Starten auf eine CD " +#~ "im Laufwerk geprüft und diese zu den sources.list hinzugefügt. Dies ist " +#~ "bei Debian Erstinstallationen nützlich, um die Interaktion mit dem Nutzer " +#~ "zu minimieren." + +# type: TP +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "I<-N>" +#~ msgstr "I<»-N«>" + +# type: Plain text +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Joey Hess Ejoey@kitenet.netE" +#~ msgstr "Joey Hess Ejoey@kitenet.netE" + +# type: TH +#~ msgid "TZSETUP" +#~ msgstr "APT-SETUP" + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "DERIVATION" +#~ msgstr "BESCHREIBUNG" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/po/pt_BR.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/po/pt_BR.po @@ -0,0 +1,503 @@ +# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE +# Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +# Brazilian , 2005. +# , fuzzy +# +# +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: base-config man\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2005-12-27 17:38-0500\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2005-10-24 21:25-0200\n" +"Last-Translator: Brazilian \n" +"Language-Team: Brazilian \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +# type: TH +#: validlocale.8:1 +#, no-wrap +msgid "validlocale" +msgstr "validlocale" + +# type: TH +#: validlocale.8:1 +#, no-wrap +msgid "0.1" +msgstr "0.1" + +# type: TH +#: validlocale.8:1 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Petter Reinholdtsen" +msgstr "Petter Reinholdtsen" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:2 +#, no-wrap +msgid "NAME" +msgstr "NOME" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:5 +msgid "validlocale - Test if a given locale is available" +msgstr "validlocale - Testa se uma dada locale está disponível" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:5 +#, no-wrap +msgid "SYNTAX" +msgstr "SINTAXE" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:8 +msgid "validlocale EIE" +msgstr "validlocale EIE" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:8 +#, no-wrap +msgid "DESCRIPTION" +msgstr "DESCRIÇÃO" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:13 +msgid "" +"Test if the locale given as argument is a valid locale. If it isn't, print " +"on stdout the string to add to /etc/locale.gen to make locale-gen generate " +"the locale (if it exists at all)." +msgstr "" +"Testa se a locale passada como argumento é válida. Se não for, imprime em " +"stdout o texto a ser adicionado em /etc/locale.gen para fazer locale-gen " +"gerar a locale (se ela existir)." + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:13 +#, no-wrap +msgid "FILES" +msgstr "ARQUIVOS" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:16 +msgid "I" +msgstr "I" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:18 +msgid "I" +msgstr "I" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:18 +#, no-wrap +msgid "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" +msgstr "VARIÁVEIS DE AMBIENTE" + +# type: TP +#: validlocale.8:20 +#, no-wrap +msgid "B" +msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:24 +msgid "" +"Which charset to assume if the given locale is missing from the list of " +"supported locales." +msgstr "" +"Qual conjunto de caracteres assumir se a locale dada estiver faltando na " +"lista de locales suportadas." + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:24 +#, no-wrap +msgid "EXAMPLES" +msgstr "EXEMPLOS" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:28 +msgid "" +"If you give a valid locale as parameter, it outputs a string specifying this " +"on stderr:" +msgstr "" +"Se você der uma locale válida como parâmetro, a saída será um texto " +"especificando isto em stderr:" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:31 +msgid "% validlocale C" +msgstr "% validlocale C" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:33 +msgid "locale 'C' valid and available" +msgstr "locale·'C'·é válida e está disponível" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:37 +msgid "" +"When given a invalid (not generated or just nonexistent), it outputs a " +"string on stderr telling that this is an invalid locale, and a string to " +"stdout with the string to add to /etc/locale.gen to have this locale " +"generated:" +msgstr "" +"Quando é dado uma inválida (não gerada ou não existente), a saída será um " +"texto em stderr dizendo que a locale é inválida, e um texto para stdout que " +"deve ser adicionado a /etc/locale.gen para ter esta locale gerada:" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:40 +msgid "% validlocale de_AU@euro" +msgstr "% validlocale de_AU@euro" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:42 +msgid "locale 'de_AT@euro' not available" +msgstr "locale 'de_AT@euro' não está disponível" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:44 +msgid "de_AT@euro ISO-8859-15" +msgstr "de_AT@euro ISO-8859-15" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:44 +#, no-wrap +msgid "AUTHORS" +msgstr "AUTORES" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:47 +msgid "Petter Reinholdtsen Epere@hungry.comE" +msgstr "Petter Reinholdtsen Epere@hungry.comE" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:47 +#, no-wrap +msgid "SEE ALSO" +msgstr "VEJA TAMBÉM" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:49 +#, fuzzy +msgid "locale-gen(8), localedef(1), locale(1)" +msgstr "locale-gen(8), localedef(1), locale(1), base-config(8)" + +# type: TH +#~ msgid "BASE-CONFIG" +#~ msgstr "BASE-CONFIG" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "base-config - Debian base system configuration" +#~ msgstr "base-config - Configuração do sistema base Debian" + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "SYNOPSIS" +#~ msgstr "SINOPSE" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B is the program that was run when you first rebooted into " +#~ "your newly installed debian system. It walks you through setting up the " +#~ "system and downloading additional software, and so forth. The program can " +#~ "be run at any later date to walk you through essentially the same process " +#~ "again." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B é o programa que foi executado quando você reiniciou a " +#~ "primeira vez em seu novo sistema debian instalado. Ele o guia através das " +#~ "configurações de seu sistema e baixando softwares adicionais, indo além. " +#~ "O programa pode ser executado posteriormente a qualquer momento para guiá-" +#~ "lo essencialmente através do mesmo processo novamente." + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "IMPLEMENTATION" +#~ msgstr "IMPLEMENTAÇÂO" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B generates a menu of choices from the contents of B, and from debconf templates." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B gera um menu de opções a partir do conteúdo de B, e dos modelos debconf." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The .mnu files in /usr/lib/base-config/ control whether the menu item " +#~ "appears only on new installs (Only-New: true), whether debconf can " +#~ "already be running when the item is run (Debconf: true), a numeric Order " +#~ "controls placement in the menu. If a .mnu file contains \"Exit-Menu: true" +#~ "\", then base-config will terminate after running that menu item. " +#~ "Finally, a \"Changes-Menu: true\" line will make base-config rebuild the " +#~ "menu after running the menu item." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Os arquivos .mnu em /usr/lib/base-config/ controlam quando um item de " +#~ "menu aparece apenas em novas instalações (Only-New: true), ou o debconf " +#~ "pode já estar sendo executado quando o item é executado (Debconf: true), " +#~ "um número Order controla a posição no menu. Se um arquivo .mnu contém " +#~ "\"Exit-Menu: true\", então base-config será terminado após executar esse " +#~ "item do menu. Finalmente a linha \"Changes-Menu: true\" fará com que " +#~ "base-config reconstrua o menu após executar este item." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The .tst files in /usr/lib/base-config/ are run when base-config builds " +#~ "the menu and must return true for that menu item to appear on the menu." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Os arquivos .tst em /usr/lib/base-config/ são executados quando base-" +#~ "config constrói o menu e devem retornar verdadeiro para que apareçam no " +#~ "menu." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The menu items are taken from debconf, by looking for items in the " +#~ "debconf database named base-config/menu/whatever." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Os itens do menu são pegos do debconf olhando para itens na base de dados " +#~ "do debconf chamada de base-config/menu/qualquercoisa" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "When a menu item is selected, the corresponding program, in /usr/lib/base-" +#~ "config is run. If this is a fresh install onto a new debian system, the " +#~ "program receives \"new\" as its first argument." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Quando um item do menu é selecionado, o programa correspondente, em /usr/" +#~ "lib/base-config é executado. Se esta é uma instalação novo em um novo " +#~ "sistema debian, o programa recebe \"new\" como seu primeiro argumento." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B checks the return codes of each of the programs. If a " +#~ "program returns nonzero, the main menu is displayed (this may involve " +#~ "lowering the debconf priority)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B checa os códigos de retorno de cada um dos programas. Se " +#~ "um programa retorna não-zero, o menu principal é exibido (isso pode " +#~ "envolver diminuir a prioridade do debconf)." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Generally the user is advanced down the menu from item to item as each " +#~ "succeeds. If a menu item needs to jump back to a previous item in the " +#~ "menu, or skip over a subsequent item, it can write the name of the next " +#~ "menu item to show to the file \"jump-to\" in the current directory." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Geralmente o usuário avança descendo o menu item a item à medida que cada " +#~ "um é completado com sucesso. Se um item do menu precisa voltar para um " +#~ "item anterior ou pular algum item subseqüente, ele pode escrever o nome " +#~ "do próximo item do menu para mostrar ao arquivo \"jump-to\" no diretório " +#~ "atual." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Every base-config run is logged to B. B contains timing information to go with the log. " +#~ "This allows replays of base-config runs using the B(1) utility." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Cada execução do base-config é registrada em B. B contém as informações de tempo que " +#~ "vão juntamente com o registro. Isso permite repetições da execução do " +#~ "base-config usando o utilitário B(1)." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B, if it exists, is used by B " +#~ "on new installs to get values from the debian-installer first stage " +#~ "install." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B, se o arquivo existe, é usado pelo B em novas instalações para obter valores do primeiroestágio de " +#~ "instalação do debian-installer." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Other packages can drop files into B, and add menu " +#~ "titles in debconf, and they will be added to the menu. It is very " +#~ "strongly encouraged that any such programs communicate with the user " +#~ "entirely via debconf, so that the base configuration maintains a " +#~ "consistent and professional look." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Outros pacotes podem colocar arquivos em B, e " +#~ "adicionar títulos de menu no debconf, que serão adicionados ao menu. É " +#~ "fortemente encorajado que qualquer programa desses comunique-se com o " +#~ "usuário inteiramente via debconf, de forma que a configuração da base " +#~ "mantenha a consistência e o visual profissional." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Another useful thing for custom distributions is /usr/share/base-config/" +#~ "debconf-seed. If that directory exists, every file in it will be loaded " +#~ "into the debconf database using B(1)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Outra coisa útil para distribuições customizadas é /usr/share/base-config/" +#~ "debconf-seed. Se esse diretório existir, cada arquivo nele será carregado " +#~ "no banco de dados do debconf usando B(1)" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "If the file /var/log/installer/debconf-seed is created by the debian-" +#~ "installer, it will also be loaded into the debconf database." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Se o arquivo /var/log/installer/debconf-seed é criado pelo debian-" +#~ "installer, ele também será carregado no banco de dados do debconf." + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "ENVIRONMENT" +#~ msgstr "AMBIENTE" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The following environment variables influence B. These " +#~ "variables may be set at run time, or for new installs, may be passed to " +#~ "the kernel at the B(8) (or other bootloader) command line. Consult " +#~ "your boot loader's documentation for details. For example, lilo can be " +#~ "booted with something like \"linux DEBIAN_FRONTEND=readline\"." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "As seguintes variáveis de ambiente influenciam B. Essas " +#~ "variáveis podem ser definidas em tempo de execução, ou para novas " +#~ "instalações, podem ser passadas ao kernel na linha de comando do B" +#~ "(8) (ou outro gerenciador de boot). Consulte a documentação do seu " +#~ "gerenciador de boot para detalhes. Por exemplo, lilo pode ser bootado com " +#~ "algo como: \"linux DEBIAN_FRONTEND=readline\"." + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "Control various things about B(7)" +#~ msgstr "Controla várias coisas sobre o B(7)" + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "AUTHOR" +#~ msgstr "AUTOR" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "Joey Hess Ejoeyh@debian.orgE" +#~ msgstr "Joey Hess Ejoey@kitenet.netE" + +# type: TH +#~ msgid "TERMWRAP" +#~ msgstr "TERMWRAP" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "termwrap - terminal wrapper" +#~ msgstr "termwrap - wrapper de terminal" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B is used to execute B(8) on newly installed " +#~ "Debian systems. It examines the environment, taking note of locale " +#~ "settings, and what type of console is available, and runs an appropriate " +#~ "terminal program. For example, at the Linux console and in a Japanese " +#~ "locale, it runs jfterm. The specified command is run inside the terminal " +#~ "program (if any)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B é usado para executar B(8) em novos sistemas " +#~ "Debian instalados. Ele examina o ambiente, tomando nota das configurações " +#~ "de localização, qual tipo de console está disponível e executa um " +#~ "programa de terminal apropriado. Por exemplo, no console Linux e em uma " +#~ "localização Japonesa, ele executa jfterm. O comando especificado é " +#~ "executado dentro do programa de terminal (caso exista algum)." + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "OPTIONS" +#~ msgstr "OPÇÕES" + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "I<-nnt>" +#~ msgstr "I<-nnt>" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "Don't run another terminal." +#~ msgstr "Não execute outro terminal." + +# type: TH +#~ msgid "APT-SETUP" +#~ msgstr "APT-SETUP" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "apt-setup - add apt download sources" +#~ msgstr "apt-setup - adiciona fontes de download para o apt" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B is an interactive program that simplifies adding sources to " +#~ "apt's sources.list. It knows about all the major debian mirrors and can " +#~ "help you select one. It can even use B(8) to scan CDs." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B é um programa interativo que simplifica a adição de fontes " +#~ "no arquivo sources.list do apt. Ele conhece todos os principais espelhos " +#~ "(mirrors) debian e pode ajudá-lo a selecionar um. Pode até mesmo usar o " +#~ "B(8) para vasculhar CDs." + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "I" +#~ msgstr "I" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "By default no probing of CDs is done. Passing \"probe\" as the first " +#~ "argument to this program will make it probe for a CD in the drive on " +#~ "startup and add it to sources.list. This is useful on initial debian " +#~ "installs, to minimize interaction with the user." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Por padrão nenhuma consulta de CDs é feita. Passar \"probe\" como o " +#~ "primeiro argumento para este programa fará com que o mesmo procure por um " +#~ "CD no drive em sua inicialização e adicione-o ao sources.list. Isto é " +#~ "útil em instalações iniciais do debian para minimizar a interação com o " +#~ "usuário." + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "I<-N>" +#~ msgstr "I<-N>" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Indicates that this is a new install. This parameter allows apt-setup to " +#~ "run in noninteractive mode if its debconf questions have been preseeded." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Indica que esta é uma nova instalação. Este parâmetro permite ao apt-" +#~ "setup executar no modo não-interativo se suas perguntas do debconf foram " +#~ "previamente respondidas." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "Joey Hess Ejoey@kitenet.netE" +#~ msgstr "Joey Hess Ejoey@kitenet.netE" + +# type: TH +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "TZSETUP" +#~ msgstr "APT-SETUP" + +# type: SH +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "DERIVATION" +#~ msgstr "DESCRIÇÃO" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/po/pl.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/po/pl.po @@ -0,0 +1,490 @@ +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: base-config\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2005-12-27 17:38-0500\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2005-10-23 21:50+0200\n" +"Last-Translator: Robert Luberda \n" +"Language-Team: Polish \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-2\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +# type: TH +#: validlocale.8:1 +#, no-wrap +msgid "validlocale" +msgstr "validlocale" + +# type: TH +#: validlocale.8:1 +#, no-wrap +msgid "0.1" +msgstr "0.1" + +# type: TH +#: validlocale.8:1 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Petter Reinholdtsen" +msgstr "Petter Reinholdtsen" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:2 +#, no-wrap +msgid "NAME" +msgstr "NAZWA" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:5 +msgid "validlocale - Test if a given locale is available" +msgstr "validlocale - Sprawdza, czy dostêpne jest dane locale" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:5 +#, no-wrap +msgid "SYNTAX" +msgstr "SK£ADNIA" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:8 +msgid "validlocale EIE" +msgstr "validlocale EIE" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:8 +#, no-wrap +msgid "DESCRIPTION" +msgstr "OPIS" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:13 +msgid "" +"Test if the locale given as argument is a valid locale. If it isn't, print " +"on stdout the string to add to /etc/locale.gen to make locale-gen generate " +"the locale (if it exists at all)." +msgstr "" +"Sprawdza, czy locale podane jako argument jest poprawne. Je¶li nie jest, " +"wypisuje na stdout napis, jaki nale¿y dodaæ do /etc/locale.gen, aby " +"polecenie locale-gen wygenerowa³o dane locale (o ile w ogóle ono istnieje)." + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:13 +#, no-wrap +msgid "FILES" +msgstr "PLIKI" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:16 +msgid "I" +msgstr "I" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:18 +msgid "I" +msgstr "I" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:18 +#, no-wrap +msgid "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" +msgstr "ZMIENNE ¦RODOWISKOWE" + +# type: TP +#: validlocale.8:20 +#, no-wrap +msgid "B" +msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:24 +msgid "" +"Which charset to assume if the given locale is missing from the list of " +"supported locales." +msgstr "" +"Jakiego zestawu znaków u¿yæ, je¶li podanego locale nie ma w li¶cie " +"obs³ugiwanych." + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:24 +#, no-wrap +msgid "EXAMPLES" +msgstr "PRZYK£ADY" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:28 +msgid "" +"If you give a valid locale as parameter, it outputs a string specifying this " +"on stderr:" +msgstr "" +"Je¶li jako parametr podano nazwê poprawnego locale, wypisuje na stderr " +"odpowiedni napis:" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:31 +msgid "% validlocale C" +msgstr "% validlocale C" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:33 +msgid "locale 'C' valid and available" +msgstr "locale 'C' valid and available" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:37 +msgid "" +"When given a invalid (not generated or just nonexistent), it outputs a " +"string on stderr telling that this is an invalid locale, and a string to " +"stdout with the string to add to /etc/locale.gen to have this locale " +"generated:" +msgstr "" +"Je¶li podano nazwê nieprawid³owego locale (niewygenerowanego lub po prostu " +"nieistniej±cego), wypisuje na stderr napis mówi±cy o tym, ¿e nie jest to " +"prawid³owe locale, oraz - na stdout - napis, który nale¿y dodaæ do /etc/" +"locale.gen, aby móc wygenerowaæ dane locale:" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:40 +msgid "% validlocale de_AU@euro" +msgstr "% validlocale de_AU@euro" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:42 +msgid "locale 'de_AT@euro' not available" +msgstr "locale 'de_AT@euro' not available" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:44 +msgid "de_AT@euro ISO-8859-15" +msgstr "de_AT@euro ISO-8859-15" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:44 +#, no-wrap +msgid "AUTHORS" +msgstr "AUTOR" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:47 +msgid "Petter Reinholdtsen Epere@hungry.comE" +msgstr "Petter Reinholdtsen Epere@hungry.comE" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:47 +#, no-wrap +msgid "SEE ALSO" +msgstr "PATRZ TAK¯E" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:49 +#, fuzzy +msgid "locale-gen(8), localedef(1), locale(1)" +msgstr "locale-gen(8), localedef(1), locale(1), base-config(8)" + +# type: TH +#~ msgid "BASE-CONFIG" +#~ msgstr "BASE-CONFIG" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "base-config - Debian base system configuration" +#~ msgstr "base-config - konfiguracja podstawowego systemu Debian" + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "SYNOPSIS" +#~ msgstr "SK£ADNIA" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B is the program that was run when you first rebooted into " +#~ "your newly installed debian system. It walks you through setting up the " +#~ "system and downloading additional software, and so forth. The program can " +#~ "be run at any later date to walk you through essentially the same process " +#~ "again." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B to program uruchamiany po pierwszym starcie nowo " +#~ "zainstalowanego systemu Debian. Prowadzi on u¿ytkownika przez " +#~ "konfiguracjê systemu, pobieranie dodatkowego oprogramowania i tak dalej. " +#~ "Program ten mo¿na uruchomiæ w dowolnym momencie, aby przej¶æ przez ten " +#~ "proces ponownie." + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "IMPLEMENTATION" +#~ msgstr "IMPLEMENTACJA" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B generates a menu of choices from the contents of B, and from debconf templates." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B generuje menu z list± wyborów na podstawie zawarto¶ci " +#~ "katalogu B oraz z szablonów programu debconf." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The .mnu files in /usr/lib/base-config/ control whether the menu item " +#~ "appears only on new installs (Only-New: true), whether debconf can " +#~ "already be running when the item is run (Debconf: true), a numeric Order " +#~ "controls placement in the menu. If a .mnu file contains \"Exit-Menu: true" +#~ "\", then base-config will terminate after running that menu item. " +#~ "Finally, a \"Changes-Menu: true\" line will make base-config rebuild the " +#~ "menu after running the menu item." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Pliki .mnu w /usr/lib/base-config/ okre¶laj±, czy dana pozycja z menu " +#~ "pojawia siê tylko w nowo instalowanych systemach (Only-New: true), czy " +#~ "debconf mo¿e ju¿ dzia³aæ, kiedy pozycja z menu jest uruchamiana (Debconf: " +#~ "true), a liczbowy \"Order\" okre¶la pozycjê w menu. Je¿eli plik .mnu " +#~ "zawiera \"Exit-Menu: true\", to base-config zakoñczy dzia³anie po " +#~ "uruchomieniu tej pozycji. W koñcu, linia \"Changes-Menu: true\" powoduje, " +#~ "¿e base-config przebuduje menu po uruchomieniu tej pozycji." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The .tst files in /usr/lib/base-config/ are run when base-config builds " +#~ "the menu and must return true for that menu item to appear on the menu." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Podczas budowania menu base-config uruchamia pliki .tst z katalogu /usr/" +#~ "lib/base-config, które musz± zwróciæ warto¶æ true, aby dana pozycja " +#~ "pojawi³a siê w menu." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The menu items are taken from debconf, by looking for items in the " +#~ "debconf database named base-config/menu/whatever." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Pozycje menu s± brane z programu debconf, przez wyszukiwanie w bazie " +#~ "danych debconfa rekordów o nazwie base-config/menu/cokolwiek." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "When a menu item is selected, the corresponding program, in /usr/lib/base-" +#~ "config is run. If this is a fresh install onto a new debian system, the " +#~ "program receives \"new\" as its first argument." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Po wybraniu pozycji w menu uruchamiany jest odpowiadaj±cy jej program z " +#~ "katalogu /usr/lib/base-config. Je¶li jest to pierwsze uruchomienie po " +#~ "zainstalowaniu systemu, ka¿dy program otrzymuje jako pierwszy argument " +#~ "wyraz \"new\"." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B checks the return codes of each of the programs. If a " +#~ "program returns nonzero, the main menu is displayed (this may involve " +#~ "lowering the debconf priority)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B sprawdza kod zakoñczenia ka¿dego programu. Je¿eli program " +#~ "zwróci warto¶æ niezerow±, to zostanie wy¶wietlone g³ówne menu (mo¿e to " +#~ "wymagaæ zmniejszenia priorytetu debconfa)." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Generally the user is advanced down the menu from item to item as each " +#~ "succeeds. If a menu item needs to jump back to a previous item in the " +#~ "menu, or skip over a subsequent item, it can write the name of the next " +#~ "menu item to show to the file \"jump-to\" in the current directory." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ogólnie rzecz bior±c, u¿ytkownik jest przenoszony w dó³ menu od jednej " +#~ "pozycji do nastêpnej. Je¿eli pozycja z menu potrzebuje wróciæ do " +#~ "poprzedniej pozycji menu lub przeskoczyæ pó¼niejsz± pozycjê, to mo¿e do " +#~ "pliku \"jump-to\" umieszczonego w bie¿±cym katalogu wpisaæ nazwê " +#~ "nastêpnej pozycji do pokazania w menu." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Every base-config run is logged to B. B contains timing information to go with the log. " +#~ "This allows replays of base-config runs using the B(1) utility." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ka¿de uruchomienie programu base-config jest zapisywane w B. B zawiera informacje o czasie " +#~ "wykonywania poszczególnych poleceñ. Pozwala to na powtórzenie uruchomieñ " +#~ "base-config za pomoc± programiku B(1)." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B, if it exists, is used by B " +#~ "on new installs to get values from the debian-installer first stage " +#~ "install." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Podczas nowych instalacji B u¿ywa B, je¿eli istnieje, do pobrania warto¶ci pierwszego etapu " +#~ "instalacji przez program debian-installer." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Other packages can drop files into B, and add menu " +#~ "titles in debconf, and they will be added to the menu. It is very " +#~ "strongly encouraged that any such programs communicate with the user " +#~ "entirely via debconf, so that the base configuration maintains a " +#~ "consistent and professional look." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Pakiety mog± instalowaæ programy w katalogu B, " +#~ "dziêki czemu stan± siê one czê¶ci± procesu konfiguracji. Zaleca siê, aby " +#~ "programy te komunikowa³y siê z u¿ytkownikiem wy³±cznie przy pomocy " +#~ "programu debconf, dziêki czemu konfiguracja systemu podstawowego uzyska " +#~ "jednolity i profesjonalny wygl±d." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Another useful thing for custom distributions is /usr/share/base-config/" +#~ "debconf-seed. If that directory exists, every file in it will be loaded " +#~ "into the debconf database using B(1)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Kolejn± u¿yteczn± rzecz± dla w³asnych dystrybucji jest /usr/share/base-" +#~ "config/debconf-seed. Je¿eli ten katalog istnieje, to ka¿dy plik w tym " +#~ "katalogu zostanie za³adowany do bazy danych debconfa za pomoc± B(1)." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "If the file /var/log/installer/debconf-seed is created by the debian-" +#~ "installer, it will also be loaded into the debconf database." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Je¿eli plik /var/log/installer/debconf-seed zostanie utworzony przez " +#~ "instalator Debiana, to tak¿e zostanie za³adowany do bazy danych debconfa." + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "ENVIRONMENT" +#~ msgstr "ZMIENNE ¦RODOWISKOWE" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The following environment variables influence B. These " +#~ "variables may be set at run time, or for new installs, may be passed to " +#~ "the kernel at the B(8) (or other bootloader) command line. Consult " +#~ "your boot loader's documentation for details. For example, lilo can be " +#~ "booted with something like \"linux DEBIAN_FRONTEND=readline\"." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Nastêpuj±ce zmienne ¶rodowiskowe wp³ywaj± na dzia³anie B. " +#~ "Mo¿na je ustawiæ przy uruchomieniu programu lub (w przypadku instalacji " +#~ "nowego systemu) mo¿na je podaæ j±dru przy pomocy linii poleceñ B(8) " +#~ "(lub innego programu ³aduj±cego). Wiêcej informacji na temat " +#~ "przekazywania parametrów j±dru mo¿na znale¼æ w dokumentacji danego " +#~ "programu ³aduj±cego. W przypadku lilo mo¿na za³adowaæ system na przyk³ad " +#~ "w nastêpuj±cy sposób: \"linux DEBIAN_FRONTEND=readline\"." + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "Control various things about B(7)" +#~ msgstr "Wp³ywaj± na dzia³anie systemu B(7)" + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "AUTHOR" +#~ msgstr "AUTOR" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "Joey Hess Ejoeyh@debian.orgE" +#~ msgstr "Joey Hess Ejoeyh@debian.orgE" + +# type: TH +#~ msgid "TERMWRAP" +#~ msgstr "TERMWRAP" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "termwrap - terminal wrapper" +#~ msgstr "termwrap - program po¶rednicz±cy terminala" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B is used to execute B(8) on newly installed " +#~ "Debian systems. It examines the environment, taking note of locale " +#~ "settings, and what type of console is available, and runs an appropriate " +#~ "terminal program. For example, at the Linux console and in a Japanese " +#~ "locale, it runs jfterm. The specified command is run inside the terminal " +#~ "program (if any)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B jest u¿ywany do wywo³ania B(8) w nowo " +#~ "instalowanych systemach Debian. Sprawdza on ¶rodowisko, zwracaj±c uwagê " +#~ "na ustawienia locale i typ dostêpnej konsoli, a nastêpnie uruchamia " +#~ "odpowiedni program terminala. Na przyk³ad na konsoli Linux przy locale " +#~ "japoñskim uruchamia program jfterm. Podana komenda jest wykonywana w " +#~ "uruchomionym terminalu." + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "OPTIONS" +#~ msgstr "OPCJE" + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "I<-nnt>" +#~ msgstr "I<-nnt>" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "Don't run another terminal." +#~ msgstr "Nie uruchamiaj innego terminala." + +# type: TH +#~ msgid "APT-SETUP" +#~ msgstr "APT-SETUP" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "apt-setup - add apt download sources" +#~ msgstr "apt-setup - dodaje nowe ¼ród³a pakietów dla apt" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B is an interactive program that simplifies adding sources to " +#~ "apt's sources.list. It knows about all the major debian mirrors and can " +#~ "help you select one. It can even use B(8) to scan CDs." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B to interaktywny program u³atwiaj±cy dodawanie ¼róde³ " +#~ "pakietów do pliku sources.list programu apt. Zna on wszystkie g³ówne " +#~ "serwery lustrzane Debiana i mo¿e pomóc wybraæ jeden z nich. Mo¿e nawet " +#~ "u¿yæ programu B(8) do przeszukiwania p³yt CD." + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "I" +#~ msgstr "I" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "By default no probing of CDs is done. Passing \"probe\" as the first " +#~ "argument to this program will make it probe for a CD in the drive on " +#~ "startup and add it to sources.list. This is useful on initial debian " +#~ "installs, to minimize interaction with the user." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Domy¶lnie nie jest sprawdzana obecno¶æ p³yty CD. Je¶li jako pierwszy " +#~ "argument zostanie podany wyraz \"probe\", program przeszuka p³ytê CD " +#~ "znajduj±c± siê w napêdzie i doda j± do pliku sources.list. Jest to " +#~ "przydatne przy instalacji systemu, gdy¿ pozwala na ograniczenie " +#~ "koniecznych dzia³añ u¿ytkownika." + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "I<-N>" +#~ msgstr "I<-N>" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Indicates that this is a new install. This parameter allows apt-setup to " +#~ "run in noninteractive mode if its debconf questions have been preseeded." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Wskazuje, ¿e jest to nowa instalacja. Ten parametr pozwala programowi apt-" +#~ "setup uruchomiæ siê w trybie nieinteraktywnym, je¿eli wcze¶niej zosta³y " +#~ "wpisane odpowiedzi na jego pytania debconfa." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "Joey Hess Ejoey@kitenet.netE" +#~ msgstr "Joey Hess Ejoey@kitenet.netE" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/po/fr.po +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/po/fr.po @@ -0,0 +1,505 @@ +# fr.po for base-config manpage +# +# Copyright (C) 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +# +# Previous translator : +# Antoine Gémis . +# +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: base-config\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2005-12-27 17:38-0500\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2005-07-27 19:36+0200\n" +"Last-Translator: Clément Stenac \n" +"Language-Team: French \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8-bit\n" + +# type: TH +#: validlocale.8:1 +#, no-wrap +msgid "validlocale" +msgstr "validlocale" + +# type: TH +#: validlocale.8:1 +#, no-wrap +msgid "0.1" +msgstr "0.1" + +# type: TH +#: validlocale.8:1 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Petter Reinholdtsen" +msgstr "Petter Reinholdtsen" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:2 +#, no-wrap +msgid "NAME" +msgstr "NOM" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:5 +msgid "validlocale - Test if a given locale is available" +msgstr "" +"validlocale - vérifie si un ensemble donné de paramètres régionaux est " +"disponible" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:5 +#, no-wrap +msgid "SYNTAX" +msgstr "SYNTAXE" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:8 +msgid "validlocale EIE" +msgstr "validlocale EIE" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:8 +#, no-wrap +msgid "DESCRIPTION" +msgstr "DESCRIPTION" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:13 +msgid "" +"Test if the locale given as argument is a valid locale. If it isn't, print " +"on stdout the string to add to /etc/locale.gen to make locale-gen generate " +"the locale (if it exists at all)." +msgstr "" +"Teste si l'ensemble de paramètres régionaux donné en argument est valable. " +"S'il ne l'est pas, affiche sur la sortie standard la chaîne de caractères à " +"ajouter à /etc/locale.gen afin de permettre à locale-gen de générer " +"l'ensemble de paramètres (s'il existe)." + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:13 +#, no-wrap +msgid "FILES" +msgstr "FICHIERS" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:16 +msgid "I" +msgstr "I" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:18 +msgid "I" +msgstr "I" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:18 +#, no-wrap +msgid "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" +msgstr "VARIABLES D'ENVIRONNEMENT" + +# type: TP +#: validlocale.8:20 +#, no-wrap +msgid "B" +msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:24 +msgid "" +"Which charset to assume if the given locale is missing from the list of " +"supported locales." +msgstr "" +"Indique quel encodage de caractères doit être supposé si la locale donnée " +"n'est pas dans la liste des locales gérées." + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:24 +#, no-wrap +msgid "EXAMPLES" +msgstr "EXEMPLES" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:28 +msgid "" +"If you give a valid locale as parameter, it outputs a string specifying this " +"on stderr:" +msgstr "" +"Si vous indiquez comme paramètre une locale valabe, vous recevrez ceci sur " +"la sortie d'erreur " + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:31 +msgid "% validlocale C" +msgstr "% validlocale C" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:33 +msgid "locale 'C' valid and available" +msgstr "locale « C » valide et disponible" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:37 +msgid "" +"When given a invalid (not generated or just nonexistent), it outputs a " +"string on stderr telling that this is an invalid locale, and a string to " +"stdout with the string to add to /etc/locale.gen to have this locale " +"generated:" +msgstr "" +"Lorsqu'une locale non valable (non créée ou inexistante) est indiquée, vous " +"recevrez un message sur la sortie d'erreur disant qu'il s'agit d'une locale " +"non valable et une chaîne de caractères sur la sortie standard à ajouter à /" +"etc/locale.gen pour que la locale soit créée :" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:40 +msgid "% validlocale de_AU@euro" +msgstr "% validlocale de_AU@euro" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:42 +msgid "locale 'de_AT@euro' not available" +msgstr "locale « de_AT@euro » non disponible" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:44 +msgid "de_AT@euro ISO-8859-15" +msgstr "de_AT@euro ISO-8859-15" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:44 +#, no-wrap +msgid "AUTHORS" +msgstr "AUTEURS" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:47 +msgid "Petter Reinholdtsen Epere@hungry.comE" +msgstr "Petter·Reinholdtsen·Epere@hungry.comE" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:47 +#, no-wrap +msgid "SEE ALSO" +msgstr "VOIR AUSSI" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:49 +#, fuzzy +msgid "locale-gen(8), localedef(1), locale(1)" +msgstr "locale-gen(8),·localedef(1),·locale(1),·base-config(8)" + +# type: TH +#~ msgid "BASE-CONFIG" +#~ msgstr "BASE-CONFIG" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "base-config - Debian base system configuration" +#~ msgstr "base-config - Configuration du système Debian de base" + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "SYNOPSIS" +#~ msgstr "SYNOPSIS" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B is the program that was run when you first rebooted into " +#~ "your newly installed debian system. It walks you through setting up the " +#~ "system and downloading additional software, and so forth. The program can " +#~ "be run at any later date to walk you through essentially the same process " +#~ "again." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B est le programme lancé lors du premier redémarrage d'un " +#~ "nouveau système Debian. Il vous guide pas à pas dans la configuration du " +#~ "système, l'installation de nouveaux programmes, etc. Vous pourrez lancer " +#~ "à nouveau ce programme plus tard si vous désirez modifier la " +#~ "configuration de votre système." + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "IMPLEMENTATION" +#~ msgstr "IMPLÉMENTATION" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B generates a menu of choices from the contents of B, and from debconf templates." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B génère un menu de choix à partir du contenu de B et depuis les modèles debconf." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The .mnu files in /usr/lib/base-config/ control whether the menu item " +#~ "appears only on new installs (Only-New: true), whether debconf can " +#~ "already be running when the item is run (Debconf: true), a numeric Order " +#~ "controls placement in the menu. If a .mnu file contains \"Exit-Menu: true" +#~ "\", then base-config will terminate after running that menu item. " +#~ "Finally, a \"Changes-Menu: true\" line will make base-config rebuild the " +#~ "menu after running the menu item." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Les fichiers .mnu dans /usr/lib/base-config/ permettent de spécifier si " +#~ "un élément de menu ne doit apparaître que pour les nouvelles " +#~ "installations (Only-New:true), si Debconf doit déjà fonctionner lors du " +#~ "lancement de l'élément (Debconf: true), et un champ numérique contrôle la " +#~ "position dans le menu. Si un fichier .mnu contient « Exit-Menu: true », " +#~ "base-config se terminera après l'exécution de cet élément. Enfin, une " +#~ "ligne « Changes-Menu: true » fera que base-config reconstruira le menu " +#~ "après l'exécution de l'élément." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The .tst files in /usr/lib/base-config/ are run when base-config builds " +#~ "the menu and must return true for that menu item to appear on the menu." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Les fichiers .tst dans /usr/lib/base-config/ sont lancés lorsque base-" +#~ "config construit le menu et doivent renvoyer un résultat nul pour que cet " +#~ "élément apparaisse dans le menu." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The menu items are taken from debconf, by looking for items in the " +#~ "debconf database named base-config/menu/whatever." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Les éléments du menu sont tirés de Debconf, en cherchant les éléments " +#~ "dans la base de données de Debconf appelés base-config/menu/quelque_chose" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "When a menu item is selected, the corresponding program, in /usr/lib/base-" +#~ "config is run. If this is a fresh install onto a new debian system, the " +#~ "program receives \"new\" as its first argument." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Lorsqu'un élément du menu est sélectionné, le programme correspondant " +#~ "dans /usr/lib/base-config est exécuté. S'il s'agit d'une installation sur " +#~ "un nouveau système, le programme reçoit « new » en tant que premier " +#~ "argument." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B checks the return codes of each of the programs. If a " +#~ "program returns nonzero, the main menu is displayed (this may involve " +#~ "lowering the debconf priority)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B vérifie les codes de retour des programmes. Si un " +#~ "programme retourne une valeur non nulle, le menu principal sera affiché " +#~ "(ceci peut conduire à une diminution de la priorité Debconf)" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Generally the user is advanced down the menu from item to item as each " +#~ "succeeds. If a menu item needs to jump back to a previous item in the " +#~ "menu, or skip over a subsequent item, it can write the name of the next " +#~ "menu item to show to the file \"jump-to\" in the current directory." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Généralement, au fur et à mesure que les éléments se terminent avec " +#~ "succès, les éléments suivants du menu sont présélectionnés. Si un élément " +#~ "a besoin d'un retour à un élément précédent du menu, ou d'un saut à un " +#~ "autre élément, il peut écrire le nom de l'élément à présélectionner " +#~ "ensuite dans le fichier « jump-to » du répertoire courant." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Every base-config run is logged to B. B contains timing information to go with the log. " +#~ "This allows replays of base-config runs using the B(1) utility." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Chaque exécution de base-config est consignée dans B. Les informations temporelles du journal sont consignées dans B, ceci permet de relancer base-config en utilisant " +#~ "B(1)B<.>" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B, if it exists, is used by B " +#~ "on new installs to get values from the debian-installer first stage " +#~ "install." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Le fichier B, s'il existe, est " +#~ "utilisé par B pendant les nouvelles installations pour " +#~ "obtenir les valeurs produites par la première étape de debian-installer" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Other packages can drop files into B, and add menu " +#~ "titles in debconf, and they will be added to the menu. It is very " +#~ "strongly encouraged that any such programs communicate with the user " +#~ "entirely via debconf, so that the base configuration maintains a " +#~ "consistent and professional look." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "D'autres paquets peuvent insérer des programmes dans B et ajouter des éléments de menu à debconf ; ils seront alors " +#~ "ajoutés au menu. Afin de conserver l'homogénéité et l'aspect " +#~ "professionnel du processus d'installation, il est fortement conseillé que " +#~ "la communication entre ces paquets et l'utilisateur se fasse " +#~ "exclusivement par debconf." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Another useful thing for custom distributions is /usr/share/base-config/" +#~ "debconf-seed. If that directory exists, every file in it will be loaded " +#~ "into the debconf database using B(1)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Un autre répertoire intéressant pour les distributions personnalisées " +#~ "est /usr/share/base-config/debconf-seed. Si ce répertoire existe, tout " +#~ "son contenu sera chargé dans la base de données debconf à l'aide de " +#~ "B(1)" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "If the file /var/log/installer/debconf-seed is created by the debian-" +#~ "installer, it will also be loaded into the debconf database." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Si le fichier /var/log/debian-installer/debconf-seed·est créé par " +#~ "l'installateur Debian, il sera également chargé dans la base de données " +#~ "debconf" + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "ENVIRONMENT" +#~ msgstr "ENVIRONNEMENT" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The following environment variables influence B. These " +#~ "variables may be set at run time, or for new installs, may be passed to " +#~ "the kernel at the B(8) (or other bootloader) command line. Consult " +#~ "your boot loader's documentation for details. For example, lilo can be " +#~ "booted with something like \"linux DEBIAN_FRONTEND=readline\"." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "base-config tient compte des variables d'environnement suivantes. Ces " +#~ "variables peuvent être définies dynamiquement, pendant l'installation, ou " +#~ "bien encore passées en paramètre au noyau sur la ligne de commande de " +#~ "B(8) (ou d'un autre chargeur de démarrage). Consultez la " +#~ "documentation de votre chargeur de démarrage pour plus d'informations. " +#~ "Par exemple, lilo peut être lancé avec un paramètre tel que « linux " +#~ "DEBIAN_FRONTEND=readline »." + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "Control various things about B(7)" +#~ msgstr "Contrôle de nombreux aspects de (7)" + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "AUTHOR" +#~ msgstr "AUTEUR" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "Joey Hess Ejoeyh@debian.orgE" +#~ msgstr "Joey Hess Ejoey@debian.orgE" + +# type: TH +#~ msgid "TERMWRAP" +#~ msgstr "TERMWRAP" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "termwrap - terminal wrapper" +#~ msgstr "termwrap - encapsulateur de terminal" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B is used to execute B(8) on newly installed " +#~ "Debian systems. It examines the environment, taking note of locale " +#~ "settings, and what type of console is available, and runs an appropriate " +#~ "terminal program. For example, at the Linux console and in a Japanese " +#~ "locale, it runs jfterm. The specified command is run inside the terminal " +#~ "program (if any)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B est utilisé pour exécuter B (8) sur un système " +#~ "Debian nouvellement installé. Il examine l'environnement, prenant en " +#~ "compte les réglages de paramètres locaux et le type de console " +#~ "disponible, et lance un programme de terminal adéquat. Par exemple, pour " +#~ "une console Linux et des paramètres locaux japonais, il lancera jfterm. " +#~ "La commande indiquée est alors lancée dans le programme de terminal, s'il " +#~ "y en a un." + +# type: SH +#~ msgid "OPTIONS" +#~ msgstr "OPTIONS" + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "I<-nnt>" +#~ msgstr "I<-nnt>" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "Don't run another terminal." +#~ msgstr "Ne pas lancer d'autre terminal" + +# type: TH +#~ msgid "APT-SETUP" +#~ msgstr "APT-SETUP" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "apt-setup - add apt download sources" +#~ msgstr "apt-setup - permet d'ajouter des sources de téléchargement apt" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "B" +#~ msgstr "B" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "B is an interactive program that simplifies adding sources to " +#~ "apt's sources.list. It knows about all the major debian mirrors and can " +#~ "help you select one. It can even use B(8) to scan CDs." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "B est un programme interactif simplifiant l'ajout de sources " +#~ "au fichier sources.list. Il connaît tous les principaux miroirs Debian et " +#~ "peut vous aider à en choisir un. Il peut même utiliser B(8) " +#~ "pour parcourir des cédéroms." + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "I" +#~ msgstr "I<« probe »>" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "By default no probing of CDs is done. Passing \"probe\" as the first " +#~ "argument to this program will make it probe for a CD in the drive on " +#~ "startup and add it to sources.list. This is useful on initial debian " +#~ "installs, to minimize interaction with the user." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Par défaut, aucune détection des CD n'est faite. Si vous passez « probe » " +#~ "comme premier argument à ce programme, il effectuera une détection du CD " +#~ "dans le lecteur au démarrage et l'ajoutera au sources.list. Ceci est " +#~ "utile lors des installations initiales de Debian, afin de minimiser " +#~ "l'interaction avec l'utilisateur." + +# type: TP +#~ msgid "I<-N>" +#~ msgstr "I<-N>" + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Indicates that this is a new install. This parameter allows apt-setup to " +#~ "run in noninteractive mode if its debconf questions have been preseeded." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Indique qu'il s'agit d'une nouvelle installation. Ce paramètre permet à " +#~ "apt-setup de fonctionner en mode non-interactif si les réponses à ses " +#~ "questions debconf ont été préchargées." + +# type: Plain text +#~ msgid "Joey Hess Ejoey@kitenet.netE" +#~ msgstr "Joey Hess Ejoey@kitenet.netE" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/po/man.pot +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/po/man.pot @@ -0,0 +1,173 @@ +# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE +# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. +# FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. +# +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2005-12-27 17:38-0500\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" +"Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" +"Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODING" + +# type: TH +#: validlocale.8:1 +#, no-wrap +msgid "validlocale" +msgstr "" + +# type: TH +#: validlocale.8:1 +#, no-wrap +msgid "0.1" +msgstr "" + +# type: TH +#: validlocale.8:1 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Petter Reinholdtsen" +msgstr "" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:2 +#, no-wrap +msgid "NAME" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:5 +msgid "validlocale - Test if a given locale is available" +msgstr "" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:5 +#, no-wrap +msgid "SYNTAX" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:8 +msgid "validlocale EIE" +msgstr "" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:8 +#, no-wrap +msgid "DESCRIPTION" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:13 +msgid "" +"Test if the locale given as argument is a valid locale. If it isn't, print " +"on stdout the string to add to /etc/locale.gen to make locale-gen generate " +"the locale (if it exists at all)." +msgstr "" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:13 +#, no-wrap +msgid "FILES" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:16 +msgid "I" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:18 +msgid "I" +msgstr "" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:18 +#, no-wrap +msgid "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" +msgstr "" + +# type: TP +#: validlocale.8:20 +#, no-wrap +msgid "B" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:24 +msgid "" +"Which charset to assume if the given locale is missing from the list of " +"supported locales." +msgstr "" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:24 +#, no-wrap +msgid "EXAMPLES" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:28 +msgid "" +"If you give a valid locale as parameter, it outputs a string specifying this " +"on stderr:" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:31 +msgid "% validlocale C" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:33 +msgid "locale 'C' valid and available" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:37 +msgid "" +"When given a invalid (not generated or just nonexistent), it outputs a " +"string on stderr telling that this is an invalid locale, and a string to " +"stdout with the string to add to /etc/locale.gen to have this locale " +"generated:" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:40 +msgid "% validlocale de_AU@euro" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:42 +msgid "locale 'de_AT@euro' not available" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:44 +msgid "de_AT@euro ISO-8859-15" +msgstr "" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:44 +#, no-wrap +msgid "AUTHORS" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:47 +msgid "Petter Reinholdtsen Epere@hungry.comE" +msgstr "" + +# type: SH +#: validlocale.8:47 +#, no-wrap +msgid "SEE ALSO" +msgstr "" + +# type: Plain text +#: validlocale.8:49 +msgid "locale-gen(8), localedef(1), locale(1)" +msgstr "" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/id/addendum.id +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/id/addendum.id @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +.SH PENERJEMAH +Parlin Imanuel Toh --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/pl/validlocale.pl.8 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/pl/validlocale.pl.8 @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +.\" This file was generated with po4a. Translate the source file. +.\" +.TH validlocale 8 0.1 "Petter Reinholdtsen" "" +.SH NAZWA +.LP +validlocale \- Sprawdza, czy dostêpne jest dane locale +.SH SK£ADNIA +.LP +validlocale <\fIlocale\fP> +.SH OPIS +.LP +Sprawdza, czy locale podane jako argument jest poprawne. Je¶li nie jest, +wypisuje na stdout napis, jaki nale¿y dodaæ do /etc/locale.gen, aby +polecenie locale\-gen wygenerowa³o dane locale (o ile w ogóle ono istnieje). +.SH PLIKI +.LP +\fI/usr/sbin/validlocale\fP +.br +\fI/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED\fP +.SH "ZMIENNE ¦RODOWISKOWE" +.LP +.TP +\fBDEFAULTCHARSET\fP +Jakiego zestawu znaków u¿yæ, je¶li podanego locale nie ma w li¶cie +obs³ugiwanych. +.SH PRZYK£ADY +.LP +Je¶li jako parametr podano nazwê poprawnego locale, wypisuje na stderr +odpowiedni napis: +.LP +.IP +% validlocale C +.br +locale 'C' valid and available +.LP +Je¶li podano nazwê nieprawid³owego locale (niewygenerowanego lub po prostu +nieistniej±cego), wypisuje na stderr napis mówi±cy o tym, ¿e nie jest to +prawid³owe locale, oraz \- na stdout \- napis, który nale¿y dodaæ do +/etc/locale.gen, aby móc wygenerowaæ dane locale: +.LP +.IP +% validlocale de_AU@euro +.br +locale 'de_AT@euro' not available +.br +de_AT@euro ISO\-8859\-15 +.SH AUTOR +.LP +Petter Reinholdtsen +.SH "PATRZ TAK¯E" +.LP +locale\-gen(8), localedef(1), locale(1) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/fr/validlocale.fr.8 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/fr/validlocale.fr.8 @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +.\" This file was generated with po4a. Translate the source file. +.\" +.TH validlocale 8 0.1 "Petter Reinholdtsen" "" +.SH NOM +.LP +validlocale \- vérifie si un ensemble donné de paramètres régionaux est +disponible +.SH SYNTAXE +.LP +validlocale <\fIlocale\fP> +.SH DESCRIPTION +.LP +Teste si l'ensemble de paramètres régionaux donné en argument est +valable. S'il ne l'est pas, affiche sur la sortie standard la chaîne de +caractères à ajouter à /etc/locale.gen afin de permettre à locale\-gen de +générer l'ensemble de paramètres (s'il existe). +.SH FICHIERS +.LP +\fI/us/sbin/validlocale\fP +.br +\fI/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED\fP +.SH "VARIABLES D'ENVIRONNEMENT" +.LP +.TP +\fBDEFAULTCHARSET\fP +Indique quel encodage de caractères doit être supposé si la locale donnée +n'est pas dans la liste des locales gérées. +.SH EXEMPLES +.LP +Si vous indiquez comme paramètre une locale valabe, vous recevrez ceci sur +la sortie d'erreur +.LP +.IP +% validlocale C +.br +locale «\ C\ » valide et disponible +.LP +Lorsqu'une locale non valable (non créée ou inexistante) est indiquée, vous +recevrez un message sur la sortie d'erreur disant qu'il s'agit d'une locale +non valable et une chaîne de caractères sur la sortie standard à ajouter à +/etc/locale.gen pour que la locale soit créée\ : +.LP +.IP +% validlocale de_AU@euro +.br +locale «\ de_AT@euro\ » non disponible +.br +de_AT@euro ISO\-8859\-15 +.SH AUTEURS +.LP +Petter·Reinholdtsen· + +.SH "TRADUCTION" +Clément Stenac, 2005. Veuillez signaler toute erreur à +.SH "VOIR AUSSI" +.LP +locale\-gen(8), localedef(1), locale(1) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/fr/addendum.fr +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/fr/addendum.fr @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +PO4A-HEADER:mode=after;position=AUTEUR;beginboundary=\.SH + +.SH "TRADUCTION" +Clément Stenac, 2005. Veuillez signaler toute erreur à --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/es/validlocale.es.8 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/es/validlocale.es.8 @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +.\" This file was generated with po4a. Translate the source file. +.\" +.TH validlocale 8 0.1 "Petter Reinholdtsen" "" +.SH NOMBRE +.LP +validlocale \- Comprueba si la opción de localización dada está disponible +.SH SINTAXIS +.LP +validlocale <\fIopción_de_localización\fP> +.SH DESCRIPCIÓN +.LP +Comprueba si la opción de localización dada como argumento es válida. Si no +lo es muestra en la stdout (salida estándar) la cadena de caracteres que se +necesita añadir a /etc/locale.gen para que locale\-gen genere esa opción de +localización (si es que existe). +.SH FICHEROS +.LP +\fI/usr/sbin/validlocale\fP +.br +\fI/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED\fP +.SH "VARIABLES DE ENTORNO" +.LP +.TP +\fBDEFAULTCHARSET\fP +El juego de caracteres que asume en caso de que la opción de localización +dada no esté entre la lista de opciones de localización soportadas. +.SH EJEMPLOS +.LP +Si usted proporciona una opción de localización válida como parámetro, +muestra una cadena de caracteres especificándolo en stderr (salida de +errores estándar): +.LP +.IP +% validlocale C +.br +locale 'C' valid and available +.LP +Cuando se proporcione una inválida (no ha sido generada o no existe), +muestra una cadena de caracteres en stderr diciendo que es inválida, y otra +a stdout con la cadena de caracteres que se necesita añadir a +/etc/locale.gen para que se genere: +.LP +.IP +% validlocale de_AU@euro +.br +locale 'de_AT@euro' not available +.br +de_AT@euro ISO\-8859\-15 +.SH AUTORES +.LP +Petter Reinholdtsen +.SH "VÉASE ADEMÁS" +.LP +locale\-gen(8), localedef(1), locale(1) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/local/manpages/es/addendum.es +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/local/manpages/es/addendum.es @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +.SH TRADUCTOR +Traducción de Rubén Porras Campo --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/rules.d/tarball.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/rules.d/tarball.mk @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +EGLIBC_SVN = svn://svn.eglibc.org +EGLIBC_BRANCH = branches/eglibc-$(shell echo $(EGLIBC_VERSION) | sed -e 's/\([0-9]\+\)\.\([0-9]\+\).*/\1_\2/') +EGLIBC_REVISION = 8733 +EGLIBC_CHECKOUT = eglibc-checkout +EGLIBC_DIR = eglibc-$(EGLIBC_VERSION) +DEB_ORIG = ../eglibc_$(EGLIBC_VERSION).orig.tar.gz +DEB_ORIG_REVISION = $(shell cat .svn-revision 2> /dev/null) +SVN_UPDATES_DIFF = debian/patches/svn-updates.diff + +get-orig-source: $(DEB_ORIG) +$(DEB_ORIG): + dh_testdir + svn co $(EGLIBC_SVN)/$(EGLIBC_BRANCH)@$(EGLIBC_REVISION) $(EGLIBC_CHECKOUT) + svn export $(EGLIBC_CHECKOUT)/libc $(EGLIBC_DIR) + svn export $(EGLIBC_CHECKOUT)/linuxthreads/linuxthreads $(EGLIBC_DIR)/linuxthreads + svn export $(EGLIBC_CHECKOUT)/linuxthreads/linuxthreads_db $(EGLIBC_DIR)/linuxthreads_db + svn export $(EGLIBC_CHECKOUT)/ports $(EGLIBC_DIR)/ports + svn status -v $(EGLIBC_CHECKOUT)/libc/ChangeLog | sed '1,1s/^ \+\([0-9]\+\).*/\1/g' > $(EGLIBC_DIR)/.svn-revision + tar -zcf $(DEB_ORIG) $(EGLIBC_DIR) + rm -rf $(EGLIBC_DIR) $(EGLIBC_CHECKOUT) + +update-from-upstream-svn: + dh_testdir + test -n "$(DEB_ORIG_REVISION)" + echo "SVN update of $(EGLIBC_SVN)/$(EGLIBC_BRANCH) from revision $(DEB_ORIG_REVISION)" > $(SVN_UPDATES_DIFF) + echo "" >> $(SVN_UPDATES_DIFF) + svn diff -r$(DEB_ORIG_REVISION) $(EGLIBC_SVN)/$(EGLIBC_BRANCH)/libc | filterdiff --addoldprefix=a/ --addnewprefix=b/ >> $(SVN_UPDATES_DIFF) + svn diff -r$(DEB_ORIG_REVISION) $(EGLIBC_SVN)/$(EGLIBC_BRANCH)/ports | filterdiff --addoldprefix=a/ports/ --addnewprefix=b/ports/ >> $(SVN_UPDATES_DIFF) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/rules.d/build.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/rules.d/build.mk @@ -0,0 +1,183 @@ +# Because variables can be masked at anypoint by declaring +# PASS_VAR, we need to call all variables as $(call xx,VAR) +# This little bit of magic makes it possible: +xx=$(if $($(curpass)_$(1)),$($(curpass)_$(1)),$($(1))) + +# We want to log output to a logfile but we also need to preserve the +# return code of the command being run. +# This little bit of magic makes it possible: +# $(call logme, [-a] , ) +define logme +(exec 3>&1; exit `( ( ( $(2) ) 2>&1 3>&-; echo $$? >&4) | tee $(1) >&3) 4>&1`) +endef + + +$(patsubst %,mkbuilddir_%,$(EGLIBC_PASSES)) :: mkbuilddir_% : $(stamp)mkbuilddir_% +$(stamp)mkbuilddir_%: $(stamp)patch $(KERNEL_HEADER_DIR) + @echo Making builddir for $(curpass) + test -d $(DEB_BUILDDIR) || mkdir -p $(DEB_BUILDDIR) + touch $@ + +$(patsubst %,configure_%,$(EGLIBC_PASSES)) :: configure_% : $(stamp)configure_% +$(stamp)configure_%: $(stamp)mkbuilddir_% + @echo Configuring $(curpass) + rm -f $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/configparms + echo "CC = $(call xx,CC)" >> $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/configparms + echo "CXX = $(call xx,CXX)" >> $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/configparms + echo "BUILD_CC = $(BUILD_CC)" >> $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/configparms + echo "BUILD_CXX = $(BUILD_CXX)" >> $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/configparms + echo "CFLAGS = $(HOST_CFLAGS)" >> $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/configparms + echo "BUILD_CFLAGS = $(BUILD_CFLAGS)" >> $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/configparms + echo "LDFLAGS = " >> $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/configparms + echo "BASH := /bin/bash" >> $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/configparms + echo "KSH := /bin/bash" >> $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/configparms + echo "SHELL := /bin/bash" >> $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/configparms + echo "LIBGD = no" >> $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/configparms + echo "bindir = $(bindir)" >> $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/configparms + echo "datadir = $(datadir)" >> $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/configparms + echo "localedir = $(localedir)" >> $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/configparms + echo "sysconfdir = $(sysconfdir)" >> $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/configparms + echo "libexecdir = $(libexecdir)" >> $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/configparms + echo "rootsbindir = $(rootsbindir)" >> $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/configparms + echo "includedir = $(call xx,includedir)" >> $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/configparms + echo "docdir = $(docdir)" >> $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/configparms + echo "mandir = $(mandir)" >> $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/configparms + echo "sbindir = $(sbindir)" >> $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/configparms + libdir="$(call xx,libdir)" ; if test -n "$$libdir" ; then \ + echo "libdir = $$libdir" >> $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/configparms ; \ + fi + slibdir="$(call xx,slibdir)" ; if test -n "$$slibdir" ; then \ + echo "slibdir = $$slibdir" >> $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/configparms ; \ + fi + rtlddir="$(call xx,rtlddir)" ; if test -n "$$rtlddir" ; then \ + echo "rtlddir = $$rtlddir" >> $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/configparms ; \ + fi + + # Prevent autoconf from running unexpectedly by setting it to false. + # Also explicitly pass CC down - this is needed to get -m64 on + # Sparc, et cetera. + + configure_build=$(call xx,configure_build); \ + if [ $(call xx,configure_target) = $$configure_build ]; then \ + echo "Checking that we're running at least kernel version: $(call xx,MIN_KERNEL_SUPPORTED)"; \ + if ! $(call kernel_check,$(call xx,MIN_KERNEL_SUPPORTED)); then \ + configure_build=`echo $$configure_build | sed 's/^\([^-]*\)-\([^-]*\)$$/\1-dummy-\2/'`; \ + echo "No. Forcing cross-compile by setting build to $$configure_build."; \ + fi; \ + fi; \ + $(call logme, -a $(log_build), echo -n "Build started: " ; date --rfc-2822 ; echo "---------------") ; \ + $(call logme, -a $(log_build), \ + cd $(DEB_BUILDDIR) && \ + CC="$(call xx,CC)" \ + CXX="$(call xx,CXX)" \ + AUTOCONF=false \ + $(CURDIR)/configure \ + --host=$(call xx,configure_target) \ + --build=$$configure_build --prefix=/usr --without-cvs \ + --enable-add-ons=$(standard-add-ons)"$(call xx,add-ons)" \ + --enable-profile \ + --without-selinux \ + --enable-stackguard-randomization \ + $(call xx,with_headers) $(call xx,extra_config_options)) + touch $@ + +$(patsubst %,build_%,$(EGLIBC_PASSES)) :: build_% : $(stamp)build_% +$(stamp)build_%: $(stamp)configure_% + @echo Building $(curpass) + $(call logme, -a $(log_build), $(MAKE) -C $(DEB_BUILDDIR) $(NJOBS)) + $(call logme, -a $(log_build), echo "---------------" ; echo -n "Build ended: " ; date --rfc-2822) + if [ $(curpass) = libc ]; then \ + $(MAKE) -C $(DEB_BUILDDIR) $(NJOBS) \ + objdir=$(DEB_BUILDDIR) install_root=$(CURDIR)/build-tree/locales-all \ + localedata/install-locales; \ + sync; \ + tar --use-compress-program /usr/bin/lzma --owner root --group root -cf $(CURDIR)/build-tree/locales-all/supported.tar.lzma -C $(CURDIR)/build-tree/locales-all/usr/lib/locale .; \ + fi + touch $@ + +$(patsubst %,check_%,$(EGLIBC_PASSES)) :: check_% : $(stamp)check_% +$(stamp)check_%: $(stamp)build_% + @set -e ; \ + if [ -n "$(findstring nocheck,$(DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS))" ]; then \ + echo "Tests have been disabled via DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS." | tee $(log_results) ; \ + elif [ $(call xx,configure_build) != $(call xx,configure_target) ] && \ + ! $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/elf/ld.so $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/libc.so >/dev/null 2>&1 ; then \ + echo "Flavour cross-compiled, tests have been skipped." | tee $(log_results) ; \ + elif ! $(call kernel_check,$(call xx,MIN_KERNEL_SUPPORTED)); then \ + echo "Kernel too old, tests have been skipped." | tee $(log_results) ; \ + elif hostname | grep -q -E 'ball|mayr|mayer|rem' ; then \ + echo "Buggy build daemon detected, tests have been skipped." | tee $(log_results) ; \ + elif [ $(call xx,RUN_TESTSUITE) != "yes" ]; then \ + echo "Testsuite disabled for $(curpass), skipping tests."; \ + echo "Tests have been disabled." > $(log_results) ; \ + else \ + echo Testing $(curpass); \ + find $(DEB_BUILDDIR) -name '*.out' -exec rm {} ';' ; \ + LANG="" TIMEOUTFACTOR="50" $(MAKE) -C $(DEB_BUILDDIR) $(NJOBS) -k check 2>&1 | tee $(log_test); \ + chmod +x debian/testsuite-checking/convertlog.sh ; \ + debian/testsuite-checking/convertlog.sh $(log_test) | tee $(log_results) ; \ + if test -f $(log_expected) ; then \ + echo "***************" ; \ + chmod +x debian/testsuite-checking/compare.sh ; \ + debian/testsuite-checking/compare.sh $(log_expected) $(log_results) ; \ + echo "***************" ; \ + else \ + echo "*** WARNING ***" ; \ + echo "Please generate expected testsuite results for this arch!" ; \ + echo "*** WARNING ***" ; \ + fi ; \ + fi + @n=$$(grep '^make.* Error' $(log_test) | wc -l || true); \ + echo "TEST SUMMARY $(log_test) ($$n matching lines)"; \ + grep '^make.* Error' $(log_test) || true; \ + echo "END TEST SUMMARY $(log_test)" + touch $@ + +$(patsubst %,install_%,$(EGLIBC_PASSES)) :: install_% : $(stamp)install_% +$(stamp)install_%: $(stamp)check_% + @echo Installing $(curpass) + rm -rf $(CURDIR)/debian/tmp-$(curpass) + $(MAKE) -C $(DEB_BUILDDIR) \ + install_root=$(CURDIR)/debian/tmp-$(curpass) install + + # Generate the list of SUPPORTED locales + if [ $(curpass) = libc ]; then \ + $(MAKE) -f debian/generate-supported.mk IN=localedata/SUPPORTED \ + OUT=debian/tmp-$(curpass)/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED; \ + (cd $(DEB_SRCDIR)/manual && texi2html -split_chapter libc.texinfo); \ + fi + + # Create the multidir directories, and the configuration file in /etc/ld.so.conf.d + if [ $(curpass) = libc ]; then \ + mkdir -p debian/tmp-$(curpass)/etc/ld.so.conf.d; \ + machine=`sed '/^ *config-machine *=/!d;s/.*= *//g' $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/config.make`; \ + os=`sed '/^ *config-os *=/!d;s/.*= *//g' $(DEB_BUILDDIR)/config.make`; \ + triplet="$$machine-$$os"; \ + mkdir -p debian/tmp-$(curpass)/lib/$$triplet debian/tmp-$(curpass)/usr/lib/$$triplet; \ + conffile="debian/tmp-$(curpass)/etc/ld.so.conf.d/$$triplet.conf"; \ + echo "# Multiarch support" > $$conffile; \ + echo /lib/$$triplet >> $$conffile; \ + echo /usr/lib/$$triplet >> $$conffile; \ + fi + + # Create a default configuration file that adds /usr/local/lib to the search path + if [ $(curpass) = libc ]; then \ + mkdir -p debian/tmp-$(curpass)/etc/ld.so.conf.d; \ + echo "# libc default configuration" > debian/tmp-$(curpass)/etc/ld.so.conf.d/libc.conf ; \ + echo /usr/local/lib >> debian/tmp-$(curpass)/etc/ld.so.conf.d/libc.conf ; \ + fi + + $(call xx,extra_install) + touch $@ + +$(stamp)doc: $(stamp)patch + make -C $(CURDIR)/linuxthreads/man + touch $@ + +$(stamp)source: $(stamp)patch + tar -c --lzma -C .. \ + -f $(build-tree)/eglibc-$(EGLIBC_VERSION).tar.lzma \ + $(EGLIBC_SOURCES) + touch $@ + +.NOTPARALLEL: $(patsubst %,install_%,$(EGLIBC_PASSES)) --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/rules.d/control.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/rules.d/control.mk @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +control_deps := $(addprefix debian/control.in/, libc6 libc6.1 libc0.1 libc0.3 sparc64 s390x powerpc ppc64 opt amd64 mipsn32 mips64) + +debian/control.in/libc6: debian/control.in/libc debian/rules.d/control.mk + sed -e 's%@libc@%libc6%g' \ + -e 's%@archs@%amd64 arm armeb armel i386 lpia m32r m68k mips mipsel powerpc ppc64 sparc s390 hppa sh3 sh4 sh3eb sh4eb%g' < $< > $@ + +debian/control.in/libc6.1: debian/control.in/libc debian/rules.d/control.mk + sed -e 's%@libc@%libc6.1%g;s%@archs@%alpha ia64%g' < $< > $@ + +debian/control.in/libc0.3: debian/control.in/libc debian/rules.d/control.mk + sed -e 's%@libc@%libc0.3%g;s%@archs@%hurd-i386%g;s/nscd, //' < $< > $@ + +debian/control.in/libc0.1: debian/control.in/libc debian/rules.d/control.mk + sed -e 's%@libc@%libc0.1%g;s%@archs@%kfreebsd-i386 kfreebsd-amd64%g' < $< > $@ + +debian/control: $(stamp)control +$(stamp)control: debian/control.in/main $(control_deps) \ + debian/rules.d/control.mk # debian/sysdeps/depflags.pl + + # Check that all files end with a new line + set -e ; for i in debian/control.in/* ; do \ + tail -n1 $$i | grep -q "^$$" ; \ + done + + cat debian/control.in/main > $@T + cat debian/control.in/libc6 >> $@T + cat debian/control.in/libc6.1 >> $@T + cat debian/control.in/libc0.3 >> $@T + cat debian/control.in/libc0.1 >> $@T + cat debian/control.in/i386 >> $@T + cat debian/control.in/sparc64 >> $@T + cat debian/control.in/s390x >> $@T + cat debian/control.in/amd64 >> $@T + cat debian/control.in/powerpc >> $@T + cat debian/control.in/ppc64 >> $@T + cat debian/control.in/mipsn32 >> $@T + cat debian/control.in/mips64 >> $@T + cat debian/control.in/kfreebsd-i386 >> $@T + cat debian/control.in/opt >> $@T + cat debian/control.in/libnss-dns-udeb >> $@T + cat debian/control.in/libnss-files-udeb >> $@T + sed -e 's%@libc@%$(libc)%g' < $@T > debian/control + rm $@T + touch $@ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/rules.d/quilt.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/rules.d/quilt.mk @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +# Implements the patch and unpatch targets, called when building packages. + +# -*- Makefile -*-, you silly Emacs! +# vim: set ft=make: + +DEBQUILTRC = debian/quiltrc +QUILTOPT = --quiltrc $(DEBQUILTRC) +QUILT = quilt $(QUILTOPT) + +patch: $(stamp)patch +$(stamp)patch: + @if $(QUILT) next >/dev/null 2>&1; then \ + echo "Applying patches... "; \ + $(QUILT) push -a -v ; \ + fi + @if test -r debian/patches/series.$(DEB_HOST_ARCH); then \ + pc=".pc.$(DEB_HOST_ARCH)"; \ + mkdir -p "$$pc"; \ + ln -sf ../debian/patches/series.$(DEB_HOST_ARCH) $$pc/series; \ + QUILT_PC="$$pc" $(QUILT) upgrade || true; \ + if QUILT_PC="$$pc" $(QUILT) next >/dev/null 2>&1; then \ + echo "Applying architecture specific patches... "; \ + QUILT_PC="$$pc" $(QUILT) push -a -v ; \ + fi ; \ + fi + touch $@ + +unpatch: + @if test -r debian/patches/series.$(DEB_HOST_ARCH); then \ + pc=".pc.$(DEB_HOST_ARCH)"; \ + QUILT_PC="$$pc" $(QUILT) upgrade || true; \ + if QUILT_PC="$$pc" $(QUILT) previous >/dev/null 2>&1; then \ + echo "Unapplying architecture specific patches..."; \ + QUILT_PC="$$pc" $(QUILT) pop -a -v ; \ + fi ; \ + rm -rf $$pc ; \ + fi + @if $(QUILT) previous >/dev/null 2>&1; then \ + echo "Unapplying patches..." ; \ + $(QUILT) pop -a -v ; \ + fi ; \ + rm -rf .pc + rm -f $(stamp)patch + +refresh: unpatch + @while $(QUILT) next ; do \ + $(QUILT) push ; \ + $(QUILT) refresh ; \ + done ; \ + $(QUILT) pop -a + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/rules.d/debhelper.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/rules.d/debhelper.mk @@ -0,0 +1,261 @@ +# This is so horribly wrong. libc-pic does a whole pile of gratuitous +# renames. There's very little we can do for now. Maybe after +# Sarge releases we can consider breaking packages, but certainly not now. + +$(stamp)binaryinst_$(libc)-pic:: $(stamp)debhelper + @echo Running special kludge for $(libc)-pic + dh_testroot + dh_installdirs -p$(curpass) + install --mode=0644 build-tree/$(DEB_HOST_ARCH)-libc/libc_pic.a debian/$(libc)-pic/usr/lib/. + install --mode=0644 build-tree/$(DEB_HOST_ARCH)-libc/libc.map debian/$(libc)-pic/usr/lib/libc_pic.map + install --mode=0644 build-tree/$(DEB_HOST_ARCH)-libc/elf/soinit.os debian/$(libc)-pic/usr/lib/libc_pic/soinit.o + install --mode=0644 build-tree/$(DEB_HOST_ARCH)-libc/elf/sofini.os debian/$(libc)-pic/usr/lib/libc_pic/sofini.o + + install --mode=0644 build-tree/$(DEB_HOST_ARCH)-libc/math/libm_pic.a debian/$(libc)-pic/usr/lib/. + install --mode=0644 build-tree/$(DEB_HOST_ARCH)-libc/libm.map debian/$(libc)-pic/usr/lib/libm_pic.map + install --mode=0644 build-tree/$(DEB_HOST_ARCH)-libc/resolv/libresolv_pic.a debian/$(libc)-pic/usr/lib/. + install --mode=0644 build-tree/$(DEB_HOST_ARCH)-libc/libresolv.map debian/$(libc)-pic/usr/lib/libresolv_pic.map + +# Some per-package extra files to install. +define $(libc)_extra_debhelper_pkg_install + # dh_installmanpages thinks that .so is a language. + install --mode=0644 debian/local/manpages/ld.so.8 debian/$(curpass)/usr/share/man/man8/ld.so.8 +endef + +# Should each of these have per-package options? + +$(patsubst %,binaryinst_%,$(DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES) $(DEB_INDEP_REGULAR_PACKAGES)) :: binaryinst_% : $(stamp)binaryinst_% + +# Make sure the debug packages are built last, since other packages may add +# files to them. +debug-packages = $(filter %-dbg,$(DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES)) +non-debug-packages = $(filter-out %-dbg,$(DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES)) +$(patsubst %,$(stamp)binaryinst_%,$(debug-packages)):: $(patsubst %,$(stamp)binaryinst_%,$(non-debug-packages)) + +$(patsubst %,$(stamp)binaryinst_%,$(DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES) $(DEB_INDEP_REGULAR_PACKAGES)):: $(stamp)debhelper + @echo Running debhelper for $(curpass) + dh_testroot + dh_installdirs -p$(curpass) + dh_install -p$(curpass) + dh_installman -p$(curpass) + dh_installinfo -p$(curpass) + dh_installdebconf -p$(curpass) + if [ $(curpass) = glibc-doc ] ; then \ + dh_installchangelogs -p$(curpass) ; \ + else \ + dh_installchangelogs -p$(curpass) debian/changelog.upstream ; \ + fi + dh_installinit -p$(curpass) + dh_installdocs -p$(curpass) + dh_link -p$(curpass) + set -e; if test -d debian/bug/$(curpass); then \ + dh_installdirs -p$(curpass) usr/share/bug; \ + dh_install -p$(curpass) debian/bug/$(curpass) usr/share/bug; \ + fi + + set -ex; case $(curpass) in libc6|libc6.1) \ + mv debian/$(curpass)/sbin/ldconfig \ + debian/$(curpass)/sbin/ldconfig.real; \ + install -m755 -o0 -g0 debian/local/ldconfig_wrap \ + debian/$(curpass)/sbin/ldconfig; \ + ;; esac + + # extra_debhelper_pkg_install is used for debhelper.mk only. + # when you want to install extra packages, use extra_pkg_install. + $(call xx,extra_debhelper_pkg_install) + $(call xx,extra_pkg_install) + +ifeq ($(filter nostrip,$(DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS)),) + # libpthread must be stripped specially; GDB needs the + # non-dynamic symbol table in order to load the thread + # debugging library. We keep a full copy of the symbol + # table in libc6-dbg but basic thread debugging should + # work even without that package installed. + + # We use a wrapper script so that we only include the bare + # minimum in /usr/lib/debug/lib for backtraces; anything + # else takes too long to load in GDB. + + if test "$(NOSTRIP_$(curpass))" != 1; then \ + dh_strip -p$(curpass) -Xlibpthread --dbg-package=$(libc)-dbg; \ + (cd debian/$(curpass); \ + find . -name libpthread-\*.so -exec objcopy \ + --only-keep-debug '{}' ../$(libc)-dbg/usr/lib/debug/'{}' \ + ';' || true; \ + find . -name libpthread-\*.so -exec objcopy \ + --add-gnu-debuglink=../$(libc)-dbg/usr/lib/debug/'{}' \ + '{}' ';' || true); \ + find debian/$(curpass) -name libpthread-\*.so -exec \ + strip --strip-debug --remove-section=.comment \ + --remove-section=.note '{}' ';' || true; \ + fi +endif + + dh_compress -p$(curpass) + dh_fixperms -p$(curpass) -Xpt_chown + # Use this instead of -X to dh_fixperms so that we can use + # an unescaped regular expression. ld.so must be executable; + # libc.so and NPTL's libpthread.so print useful version + # information when executed. + find debian/$(curpass) -type f \( -regex '.*/ld.*so' \ + -o -regex '.*/libpthread-.*so' \ + -o -regex '.*/libc-.*so' \) \ + -exec chmod a+x '{}' ';' + dh_makeshlibs -X/usr/lib/debug -p$(curpass) -V "$(call xx,shlib_dep)" + # Add relevant udeb: lines in shlibs files + chmod a+x debian/shlibs-add-udebs + ./debian/shlibs-add-udebs $(curpass) + + if [ -f debian/$(curpass).lintian ] ; then \ + install -d -m 755 -o root -g root debian/$(curpass)/usr/share/lintian/overrides/ ; \ + install -m 644 -o root -g root debian/$(curpass).lintian \ + debian/$(curpass)/usr/share/lintian/overrides/$(curpass) ; \ + fi + + if [ -f debian/$(curpass).triggers ] ; then \ + install -m 644 -o root -g root debian/$(curpass).triggers \ + debian/$(curpass)/DEBIAN/triggers ; \ + fi + + dh_installdeb -p$(curpass) + if [ $(curpass) = nscd ] ; then \ + dh_shlibdeps -p$(curpass) ; \ + fi + dh_gencontrol -p$(curpass) -- $($(curpass)_control_flags) + if [ $(curpass) = nscd ] ; then \ + sed -i -e "s/\(Depends:.*libc[0-9.]\+\)-[a-z0-9]\+/\1/" debian/nscd/DEBIAN/control ; \ + fi + dh_md5sums -p$(curpass) + dh_builddeb -p$(curpass) + + touch $@ + +$(patsubst %,binaryinst_%,$(DEB_UDEB_PACKAGES)) :: binaryinst_% : $(stamp)binaryinst_% +$(patsubst %,$(stamp)binaryinst_%,$(DEB_UDEB_PACKAGES)): $(stamp)debhelper + @echo Running debhelper for $(curpass) + dh_testroot + dh_installdirs -p$(curpass) + dh_install -p$(curpass) + dh_strip -p$(curpass) + + # when you want to install extra packages, use extra_pkg_install. + $(call xx,extra_pkg_install) + + dh_compress -p$(curpass) + dh_fixperms -p$(curpass) + find debian/$(curpass) -type f \( -regex '.*lib[0-9]*/ld.*so.*' \ + -o -regex '.*lib[0-9]*/.*libpthread.*so.*' \ + -o -regex '.*lib[0-9]*/libc[.-].*so.*' \) \ + -exec chmod a+x '{}' ';' + dh_installdeb -p$(curpass) + # dh_shlibdeps -p$(curpass) + dh_gencontrol -p$(curpass) + dh_builddeb -p$(curpass) + + touch $@ + +OPT_PASSES = $(filter-out libc, $(EGLIBC_PASSES)) +OPT_DIRS = $(foreach pass,$(OPT_PASSES),$($(pass)_slibdir) $($(pass)_libdir)) + +debhelper: $(stamp)debhelper +$(stamp)debhelper: + for x in `find debian/debhelper.in -maxdepth 1 -type f`; do \ + y=debian/`basename $$x`; \ + z=`echo $$y | sed -e 's#/libc#/$(libc)#'`; \ + cp $$x $$z; \ + sed -e "s#BUILD-TREE#$(build-tree)#" -i $$z; \ + sed -e "s#DEB_SRCDIR#.#" -i $$z; \ + sed -e "/NSS_CHECK/r debian/script.in/nsscheck.sh" -i $$z; \ + sed -e "/NOHWCAP/r debian/script.in/nohwcap.sh" -i $$z; \ + sed -e "s#LIBC#$(libc)#" -i $$z; \ + sed -e "s#CURRENT_VER#$(DEB_VERSION)#" -i $$z; \ + sed -e "s#EXIT_CHECK##" -i $$z; \ + sed -e "s#DEB_HOST_ARCH#$(DEB_HOST_ARCH)#" -i $$z; \ + case $$z in \ + *.install) \ + sed -e "s/^#.*//" -i $$z ; \ + if [ $(DEB_HOST_ARCH) != $(DEB_BUILD_ARCH) ]; then \ + sed -i "/^.*librpcsvc.a.*/d" $$z ; \ + fi ; \ + ;; \ + debian/$(libc).preinst) \ + rtld=`LANG=C LC_ALL=C readelf -l debian/tmp-libc/usr/bin/iconv | grep "interpreter" | sed -e 's/.*interpreter: \(.*\)]/\1/g'`; \ + c_so=`ls debian/tmp-libc/lib/ | grep "libc\.so\."` ; \ + m_so=`ls debian/tmp-libc/lib/ | grep "libm\.so\."` ; \ + pthread_so=`ls debian/tmp-libc/lib/ | grep "libpthread\.so\."` || true; \ + rt_so=`ls debian/tmp-libc/lib/ | grep "librt\.so\."` ; \ + dl_so=`ls debian/tmp-libc/lib/ | grep "libdl\.so\."` ; \ + sed -e "s#RTLD#$$rtld#" -e "s#C_SO#$$c_so#" -e "s#M_SO#$$m_so#" -e "s#PTHREAD_SO#$$pthread_so#" -e "s#RT_SO#$$rt_so#" -e "s#DL_SO#$$dl_so#" -i $$z ; \ + ;; \ + esac; \ + done + + # Hack: special-case passes whose destdir is a biarch directory + # to use a different install template, which includes more + # libraries. Also generate a -dev. Other libraries get scripts + # to temporarily disable hwcap. This needs some cleaning up. + set -- $(OPT_DIRS); \ + for x in $(OPT_PASSES); do \ + slibdir=$$1; \ + shift; \ + case $$slibdir in \ + /lib32 | /lib64 | /emul/ia32-linux/lib) \ + suffix="alt"; \ + libdir=$$1; \ + shift; \ + ;; \ + *) \ + suffix="otherbuild"; \ + ;; \ + esac; \ + for y in debian/$(libc)*-$$suffix.* ; do \ + z=`echo $$y | sed -e "s/$$suffix/$$x/"` ; \ + cp $$y $$z ; \ + sed -e "s#TMPDIR#debian/tmp-$$x#g" -i $$z; \ + sed -e "s#SLIBDIR#$$slibdir#g" -i $$z; \ + sed -e "s#LIBDIR#$$libdir#g" -i $$z; \ + sed -e "s#FLAVOR#$$x#g" -i $$z; \ + done ; \ + done + + # Substitute __PROVIDED_LOCALES__. + perl -i -pe 'BEGIN {undef $$/; open(IN, "debian/tmp-libc/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED"); $$j=;} s/__PROVIDED_LOCALES__/$$j/g;' debian/locales.config debian/locales.postinst + + # Generate common substvars files. + echo "locale:Depends=$(shell perl debian/debver2localesdep.pl $(LOCALES_DEP_VER))" > tmp.substvars + echo "locale-compat:Depends=$(shell perl debian/debver2localesdep.pl $(LOCALES_COMPAT_VER))" >> tmp.substvars + + for pkg in $(DEB_ARCH_REGULAR_PACKAGES) $(DEB_INDEP_REGULAR_PACKAGES) $(DEB_UDEB_PACKAGES); do \ + cp tmp.substvars debian/$$pkg.substvars; \ + done + rm -f tmp.substvars + + touch $(stamp)debhelper + +debhelper-clean: + dh_clean + + rm -f debian/*.install* + rm -f debian/*.install.* + rm -f debian/*.manpages + rm -f debian/*.links + rm -f debian/*.postinst + rm -f debian/*.preinst + rm -f debian/*.postinst + rm -f debian/*.prerm + rm -f debian/*.postrm + rm -f debian/*.info + rm -f debian/*.init + rm -f debian/*.config + rm -f debian/*.templates + rm -f debian/*.dirs + rm -f debian/*.docs + rm -f debian/*.doc-base + rm -f debian/*.generated + rm -f debian/*.lintian + rm -f debian/*.linda + rm -f debian/*.NEWS + rm -f debian/*.README.Debian + rm -f debian/*.triggers + + rm -f $(stamp)binaryinst* --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/rules.d/info.mk +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/rules.d/info.mk @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +# +# Add here instructions to dump useful debug information +# + +$(stamp)info: + @echo '------------------------------------------------------' + + uname -a + @echo + + if [ -f /proc/cpuinfo ] ; then cat /proc/cpuinfo ; fi + @echo + + @echo '------------------------------------------------------' + + touch $@ --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc-prof.install +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc-prof.install @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/*_p.a usr/lib --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/locales.NEWS +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/locales.NEWS @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +locales (2.7-3) unstable; urgency=low + + * Starting with locales 2.7-3, users can provide their own locales in + /usr/local/share/i18n. See /usr/share/doc/locales/README.Debian for + more information. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Thu, 29 Nov 2007 18:54:12 +0100 + +locales (2.7-1) unstable; urgency=low + + * Starting with locales 2.7-1 the deprecated no_NO locale has been + removed. The switch to the nb_NO locale should be done automatically + by this package, however some applications may have to be restarted + in order to recognize the new locale settings. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Mon, 26 Nov 2007 18:56:32 +0100 + +locales (2.3.6-7) unstable; urgency=low + + * Locale variables are now stored in /etc/default/locale and no more + /etc/environment. The reason is that Debian Policy forbids modifying + configuration files of other packages, and /etc/environment is a + configuration file for PAM. + Make sure to remove old definitions from /etc/environment, this file + is no more modified for the reason explained above. + + -- Denis Barbier Tue, 11 Apr 2006 21:24:13 +0200 + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/locales-all.postinst +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/locales-all.postinst @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +#!/bin/sh +set -e +export LC_ALL=C + +if [ "$1" = "configure" ]; then + [ -d /usr/lib/locale ] || mkdir /usr/lib/locale + # Remove existing locales, otherwise localedef does not + # overwrite them and exits with a non-null value + rm -f /usr/lib/locale/locale-archive 2>/dev/null || true + tmpdir=$(mktemp -d -t locales.XXXXXXXXXX) + trap 'rm -rf "$tmpdir" > /dev/null 2>&1' exit + tar --use-compress-program /usr/bin/lzma -xf /usr/lib/locales-all/supported.tar.lzma -C "$tmpdir" + localedef --quiet --add-to-archive "$tmpdir"/* +fi + +#DEBHELPER# + +exit 0 + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc-otherbuild.postinst +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc-otherbuild.postinst @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +#!/bin/sh + +set -e + +if [ "$1" = "configure" ] +then + # /etc/ld.so.nohwcap code: NOHWCAP +fi + +#DEBHELPER# + +exit 0 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc.triggers +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc.triggers @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +interest ldconfig --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/locales.postrm +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/locales.postrm @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +#!/bin/sh +set -e + +case "$1" in + purge) + rm -f /etc/locale.gen + rm -f /etc/default/locale + ;; + *) + ;; +esac + +#DEBHELPER# + +exit 0 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libnss-files-udeb.install +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libnss-files-udeb.install @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +# FIXME: someday we may need to handle installing into non-lib. +debian/tmp-libc/lib/libnss_files*.so* lib + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/nscd.init +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/nscd.init @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +#!/bin/sh +### BEGIN INIT INFO +# Provides: nscd +# Required-Start: $remote_fs +# Required-Stop: $remote_fs +# Default-Start: 2 3 4 5 +# Default-Stop: 0 1 6 +# Short-Description: Starts the Name Service Cache Daemon +### END INIT INFO + +# +# nscd: Starts the Name Service Cache Daemon +# +# description: This is a daemon which handles passwd and group lookups +# for running programs and caches the results for the next +# query. You should start this daemon only if you use +# slow Services like NIS or NIS+ + +# Sanity checks. + +NAME="nscd" +DESC="Name Service Cache Daemon" +DAEMON="/usr/sbin/nscd" +PIDFILE="/var/run/nscd/nscd.pid" + +# Sanity checks. +umask 022 +[ -f /etc/nscd.conf ] || exit 0 +[ -x "$DAEMON" ] || exit 0 +[ -d /var/run/nscd ] || mkdir -p /var/run/nscd +. /lib/lsb/init-functions + +start_nscd() +{ + # Return + # 0 if daemon has been started or was already running + # 2 if daemon could not be started + start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --pidfile "$PIDFILE" --exec "$DAEMON" || return 2 +} + +stop_nscd() +{ + # Return + # 0 if daemon has been stopped + # 1 if daemon was already stopped + # 2 if daemon could not be stopped + + # we try to stop using nscd --shutdown, that fails also if nscd is not present. + # in that case, fallback to "good old methods" + RETVAL=0 + if ! $DAEMON --shutdown; then + start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --pidfile "$PIDFILE" --name "$NAME" --test > /dev/null + RETVAL="$?" + [ "$?" -ne 0 -a "$?" -ne 1 ] && return 2 + fi + + # Wait for children to finish too + start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --oknodo --retry=0/30/KILL/5 --exec "$DAEMON" > /dev/null + [ "$?" -ne 0 -a "$?" -ne 1 ] && return 2 + rm -f "$PIDFILE" + return "$RETVAL" +} + +status() +{ + # Return + # 0 if daemon is stopped + # 1 if daemon is running + start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --pidfile "$PIDFILE" --exec "$DAEMON" --test > /dev/null || return 1 + return 0 +} + +case "$1" in +start) + log_daemon_msg "Starting $DESC" "$NAME" + start_nscd + case "$?" in + 0) log_end_msg 0 ; exit 0 ;; + 1) log_warning_msg " (already running)." ; exit 0 ;; + *) log_end_msg 1 ; exit 1 ;; + esac + ;; +stop) + log_daemon_msg "Stopping $DESC" "$NAME" + stop_nscd + case "$?" in + 0) log_end_msg 0 ; exit 0 ;; + 1) log_warning_msg " (not running)." ; exit 0 ;; + *) log_end_msg 1 ; exit 1 ;; + esac + ;; +restart|force-reload|reload) + log_daemon_msg "Restarting $DESC" "$NAME" + for table in passwd group hosts ; do + $DAEMON --invalidate $table + done + stop_nscd + case "$?" in + 0|1) + start_nscd + case "$?" in + 0) log_end_msg 0 ; exit 0 ;; + 1) log_failure_msg " (failed -- old process is still running)." ; exit 1 ;; + *) log_failure_msg " (failed to start)." ; exit 1 ;; + esac + ;; + *) + log_failure_msg " (failed to stop)." + exit 1 + ;; + esac + ;; +status) + log_daemon_msg "Status of $DESC service: " + status + case "$?" in + 0) log_failure_msg "not running." ; exit 3 ;; + 1) log_success_msg "running." ; exit 0 ;; + esac + ;; +*) + echo "Usage: /etc/init.d/$NAME {start|stop|reload|force-reload|restart|status}" >&2 + exit 1 + ;; +esac + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev-alt.lintian +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev-alt.lintian @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +# Those file are actually .o files not package in a ar archive, and +# thus should not be stripped +LIBC-dev-FLAVOR: unstripped-binary-or-object .LIBDIR/libieee.a +LIBC-dev-FLAVOR: unstripped-binary-or-object .LIBDIR/libmcheck.a --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc.install +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc.install @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +debian/tmp-libc/lib/*.so* lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/gconv/*.so usr/lib/gconv +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/gconv/gconv-modules usr/lib/gconv +debian/tmp-libc/usr/bin/iconv usr/bin +debian/tmp-libc/usr/bin/getent usr/bin +debian/tmp-libc/usr/bin/getconf usr/bin +debian/tmp-libc/usr/bin/catchsegv usr/bin +debian/tmp-libc/usr/bin/tzselect usr/bin +debian/tmp-libc/usr/bin/localedef usr/bin +debian/tmp-libc/usr/bin/locale usr/bin +debian/tmp-libc/usr/bin/ldd usr/bin +debian/tmp-libc/usr/sbin/zdump usr/bin +debian/tmp-libc/usr/sbin/rpcinfo usr/bin + +debian/tmp-libc/usr/sbin/zic usr/sbin +debian/tmp-libc/usr/sbin/iconvconfig usr/sbin + +debian/tmp-libc/sbin/ldconfig sbin + +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/pt_chown usr/lib + +debian/tmp-libc/lib/*-*-gnu*/ lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/*-*-gnu*/ usr/lib + +debian/tmp-libc/etc/ld.so.conf.d /etc +posix/gai.conf /etc +debian/local/etc/bindresvport.blacklist /etc +debian/local/usr_sbin/update-locale usr/sbin +debian/local/usr_sbin/validlocale usr/sbin + +BUILD-TREE/test-results-*-libc usr/share/doc/LIBC --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc.postinst @@ -0,0 +1,228 @@ +#!/bin/sh +set -e +export LC_ALL=C + +type=$1 +preversion=$2 + +if [ "x$type" = xtriggered ] +then + LDCONFIG_NOTRIGGER=y + export LDCONFIG_NOTRIGGER + echo ldconfig deferred processing now taking place + ldconfig + exit 0 +fi + +package_name() +{ + echo LIBC +} + +# element() is a helper function for file-rc: +element() { + local element list IFS + + element="$1" + + [ "$2" = "in" ] && shift + list="$2" + [ "$list" = "-" ] && return 1 + [ "$list" = "*" ] && return 0 + + IFS="," + set -- $list + case $element in + "$1"|"$2"|"$3"|"$4"|"$5"|"$6"|"$7"|"$8"|"$9") + return 0 + esac + return 1 +} + +# filerc (runlevel, service) returns /etc/init.d/service, if service is +# running in $runlevel: +filerc() { + local runlevel basename + runlevel=$1 + basename=$2 + while read LINE + do + case $LINE in + \#*|"") continue + esac + + set -- $LINE + SORT_NO="$1"; STOP="$2"; START="$3"; CMD="$4" + [ "$CMD" = "/etc/init.d/$basename" ] || continue + + if element "$runlevel" in "$START" || element "S" in "$START" + then + echo "/etc/init.d/$basename" + return 0 + fi + done < /etc/runlevel.conf + echo "" +} + +checkpkgver () { + local status pkg + pkg=$1 + status=$(dpkg -s $pkg 2>/dev/null | grep ^Status: | sed -e 's/^Status: \(.*\) \(.*\) \(.*\)/\3/g') + if [ -n "$status" ] && [ "$status" != "not-installed" ] && [ "$status" != "config-files" ]; then + echo $(dpkg -s $pkg 2>/dev/null | grep ^Version: | sed -e 's/^Version: *//'); + fi +} + +if [ "$type" = "configure" ] +then + # Add support for /etc/ld.so.conf.d + if [ -e /etc/ld.so.conf ]; then + [ -z "$(tail -n 1 /etc/ld.so.conf)" ] || echo >> /etc/ld.so.conf + else + touch /etc/ld.so.conf + fi + if ! grep -q '^include /etc/ld.so.conf.d/.*\.conf$' /etc/ld.so.conf ; then + echo 'include /etc/ld.so.conf.d/*.conf' >> /etc/ld.so.conf + fi + + # We don't use a registry anymore, remove the old file + rm -f /etc/ld.so.hwcappkgs + + # /etc/ld.so.nohwcap code: NOHWCAP + + # Load debconf module if available + if [ -f /usr/share/debconf/confmodule ] ; then + . /usr/share/debconf/confmodule + fi + + if [ -n "$preversion" ]; then + if [ ! -d /var/mail ] && [ ! -L /var/mail ]; then + ln -sf spool/mail /var/mail + fi + if dpkg --compare-versions "$preversion" lt 2.9-5; then + check="apache2-common apache apache-ssl apache-perl autofs at" + check="$check boa cucipop courier-authdaemon cron cups exim" + check="$check exim4-base dovecot-common cucipop lprng lpr" + check="$check lpr-ppd mysql-server nis openbsd-inetd" + check="$check openldapd postfix postfix-tls rsync samba" + check="$check sasl2-bin slapd smail sendmail snmpd ssh" + check="$check spamassassin vsftpd wu-ftpd wu-ftpd-academ wwwoffle" + check="$check webmin dropbear" + # NSS services check: NSS_CHECK + if [ -n "$services" ]; then + + if [ -f /usr/share/debconf/confmodule ] ; then + db_version 2.0 + db_reset glibc/restart-services + db_set glibc/restart-services "$services" + if [ "$RELEASE_UPGRADE_MODE" = desktop ]; then + db_input medium glibc/restart-services || true + else + db_input critical glibc/restart-services || true + fi + db_go || true + db_get glibc/restart-services + if [ "x$RET" != "x" ] + then + services="$RET" + else + services="" + fi + else + echo + echo "Name Service Switch update in the C Library: post-installation question." + echo + echo "Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted," + echo "otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more" + echo "(for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login)." + echo "Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections." + echo + echo "The services detected are: " + echo " $services" + echo + echo "If other services have begun to fail mysteriously after this upgrade, it is" + echo "probably necessary to restart them too. We recommend that you reboot your" + echo "machine after the upgrade to avoid NSS-related troubles." + echo + frontend=`echo "$DEBIAN_FRONTEND" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]'` + if [ "$frontend" = noninteractive ]; then + echo "Non-interactive mode, restarting services" + answer=yes + else + echo -n "Do you wish to restart services? [Y/n] " + read answer + case $answer in + N*|n*) services="" ;; + *) ;; + esac + fi + fi + echo + if [ "$services" != "" ]; then + echo "Restarting services possibly affected by the upgrade:" + failed="" + for service in $services; do + if [ -x "`which invoke-rc.d 2>/dev/null`" ]; then + idl="invoke-rc.d ${service}" + elif [ -f /usr/share/file-rc/rc ] || [ -f /usr/lib/file-rc/rc ] && [ -f /etc/runlevel.conf ]; then + idl=$(filerc $rl $service) + else + idl=$(ls /etc/rc${rl}.d/S??${service} 2> /dev/null | head -1) + fi + echo -n " $service: stopping..." + $idl stop > /dev/null 2>&1 || true + sleep 2 + echo -n "starting..." + if $idl start > /dev/null 2>&1; then + echo "done." + else + echo "FAILED! ($?)" + failed="$service $failed" + fi + done + echo + if [ -n "$failed" ]; then + if [ -f /usr/share/debconf/confmodule ] ; then + db_fset glibc/restart-failed seen false + db_subst glibc/restart-failed services "$failed" + if [ "$RELEASE_UPGRADE_MODE" = desktop ]; then + db_input medium glibc/restart-failed || true + else + db_input critical glibc/restart-failed || true + fi + db_go || true + else + echo "The following services failed to start: $failed" + echo + echo "You will need to start these manually by running \`/etc/init.d/ start'" + echo "If the service still fails to start, you may need to file a bug on" + echo "$(package_name) or the service involved." + frontend=`echo "$DEBIAN_FRONTEND" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]'` + if [ "$frontend" != noninteractive ]; then + echo + echo -n "Press ENTER to continue: " + read foo + fi + fi + else + echo "Services restarted successfully." + fi + fi + # Shut down the frontend, to make sure none of the + # restarted services keep a connection open to it + if [ -f /usr/share/debconf/confmodule ] ; then + db_stop + fi + else + echo "Nothing to restart." + fi + fi # end upgrading and $preversion lt 2.6-1 + fi # Upgrading + + # Generate cache file /usr/lib/gconv/gconv-modules.cache + iconvconfig || true +fi + +#DEBHELPER# + +exit 0 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/glibc-doc.doc-base +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/glibc-doc.doc-base @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +Document: glibc-manual +Title: The GNU C Library Reference Manual +Author: Sandra Loosemore with Richard M. Stallman, Roland McGrath, + Andrew Oram, and Ulrich Drepper +Abstract: The GNU C Library Reference Manual + The GNU C library, described in this document, defines all of the + library functions that are specified by the ISO C standard, as well as + additional features specific to POSIX and other derivatives of the Unix + operating system, and extensions specific to the GNU system. + . + The purpose of this manual is to tell you how to use the facilities + of the GNU library. We have mentioned which features belong to which + standards to help you identify things that are potentially non-portable + to other systems. But the emphasis in this manual is not on strict + portability. +Section: Apps/Programming + +Format: info +Index: /usr/share/info/libc.info.gz +Files: /usr/share/info/libc.* + +Format: HTML +Index: /usr/share/doc/glibc-doc/html/index.html +Files: /usr/share/doc/glibc-doc/html/* --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/eglibc-source.install +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/eglibc-source.install @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +BUILD-TREE/eglibc-*.tar.lzma /usr/src/glibc --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/glibc-doc.links +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/glibc-doc.links @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +usr/share/man/man3/pthread_condattr_init.3.gz usr/share/man/man3/pthread_condattr_destroy.3.gz +usr/share/man/man3/pthread_cond_init.3.gz usr/share/man/man3/pthread_cond_signal.3.gz +usr/share/man/man3/pthread_cond_init.3.gz usr/share/man/man3/pthread_cond_broadcast.3.gz +usr/share/man/man3/pthread_cond_init.3.gz usr/share/man/man3/pthread_cond_wait.3.gz +usr/share/man/man3/pthread_cond_init.3.gz usr/share/man/man3/pthread_cond_timedwait.3.gz +usr/share/man/man3/pthread_cond_init.3.gz usr/share/man/man3/pthread_cond_destroy.3.gz +usr/share/man/man3/pthread_key_create.3.gz usr/share/man/man3/pthread_getspecific.3.gz +usr/share/man/man3/pthread_key_create.3.gz usr/share/man/man3/pthread_key_delete.3.gz +usr/share/man/man3/pthread_key_create.3.gz usr/share/man/man3/pthread_setspecific.3.gz +usr/share/man/man3/pthread_mutexattr_init.3.gz usr/share/man/man3/pthread_mutexattr_destroy.3.gz +usr/share/man/man3/pthread_mutexattr_init.3.gz usr/share/man/man3/pthread_mutexattr_settype.3.gz +usr/share/man/man3/pthread_mutexattr_init.3.gz usr/share/man/man3/pthread_mutexattr_gettype.3.gz +usr/share/man/man3/pthread_mutexattr_setkind_np.3.gz usr/share/man/man3/pthread_mutexattr_getkind_np.3.gz +usr/share/man/man3/pthread_mutex_init.3.gz usr/share/man/man3/pthread_mutex_lock.3.gz +usr/share/man/man3/pthread_mutex_init.3.gz usr/share/man/man3/pthread_mutex_trylock.3.gz +usr/share/man/man3/pthread_mutex_init.3.gz usr/share/man/man3/pthread_mutex_unlock.3.gz +usr/share/man/man3/pthread_mutex_init.3.gz usr/share/man/man3/pthread_mutex_destroy.3.gz +usr/share/man/man3/pthread_sigmask.3.gz usr/share/man/man3/pthread_kill.3.gz +usr/share/man/man3/pthread_sigmask.3.gz usr/share/man/man3/sigwait.3.gz +usr/share/doc/glibc-doc/html/libc.html usr/share/doc/glibc-doc/html/index.html --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/locales.config +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/locales.config @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +#! /bin/sh +set -e + +# Files +LG="/etc/locale.gen" +EE="/etc/default/locale" + +# Sanitize environnement +LC_ALL=C +LANG=C + +# Load debconf +. /usr/share/debconf/confmodule +db_version 2.0 +db_capb backup multiselect + +# Conversion of locales that have been removed +convert_locale() +{ + echo "$1" | sed -e "s/no_NO/nb_NO/g" -e 's/ks_IN/ks_IN@devanagari/g' +} + +# List of locales provided by the current version +PROVIDED_LOCALES="__PROVIDED_LOCALES__" + +# List of locales provided by the user +if [ -f /usr/local/share/i18n/SUPPORTED ] ; then + USER_LOCALES="$(sed -e '/^[a-zA-Z]/!d' -e 's/ *$//g' /usr/local/share/i18n/SUPPORTED)" +fi + +# List of locales in /etc/locale.gen +if [ -e $LG ]; then + GEN_LOCALES="$(sed -e '/^[a-zA-Z]/!d' -e 's/ *$//g' $LG)" + GEN_LOCALES="$(convert_locale "$GEN_LOCALES")" +fi + +# List of supported locales (PROVIDED_LOCALES + USER_LOCALES + GEN_LOCALES) +SUPPORTED_LOCALES="$(printf '%s\n' "$PROVIDED_LOCALES" "$USER_LOCALES" "$GEN_LOCALES" | grep -v "^$" | sort -u | tr '\n' ',' | sed -e 's/, */, /g' -e 's/, *$//g')" +db_subst locales/locales_to_be_generated locales "$SUPPORTED_LOCALES" + +# Get the list of selected locales from /etc/locale.gen +if [ -e /etc/locale.gen ]; then + if [ -L $LG ] && [ "$(readlink $LG)" = "/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED" ]; then + SELECTED_LOCALES="All locales" + else + SELECTED_LOCALES="$(echo "$GEN_LOCALES" | sort -u | tr '\n' ',' | sed -e 's/, */, /g' -e 's/, *$//g')" + fi + db_set locales/locales_to_be_generated "$SELECTED_LOCALES" +fi + +DEFAULT_ENVIRONMENT="$(cat /etc/environment /etc/default/locale 2>/dev/null | awk '/^LANG=/ {gsub("\"", ""); sub("LANG=", ""); lang=$0;} END {print lang}')" +DEFAULT_ENVIRONMENT="$(convert_locale "$DEFAULT_ENVIRONMENT")" +if ! echo "$SUPPORTED_LOCALES" | grep -q -e "\b$DEFAULT_ENVIRONMENT\b" ; then + db_set locales/default_environment_locale "$DEFAULT_ENVIRONMENT" +fi + +STATE=1 +while [ "$STATE" -ge 0 ]; do + case "$STATE" in + 0) + exit 1 + ;; + 1) + db_input medium locales/locales_to_be_generated || true + ;; + 2) + db_get locales/locales_to_be_generated || RET= + if expr ", $RET," : ".*, None,.*" >/dev/null 2>&1; then + # "None" was a choice in older packages + db_set locales/locales_to_be_generated "" + RET= + elif expr ", $RET," : ".*, All locales,.*" >/dev/null 2>&1; then + # When "All locales" is selected, other choices have to be dropped + db_set locales/locales_to_be_generated "All locales" + RET=$SUPPORTED_LOCALES + fi + DEFAULT_LOCALES="$(echo $RET | sed -e 's/ [^ ]*,/,/g' -e 's/ [^ ]*$//')" + if [ -n "$DEFAULT_LOCALES" ]; then + db_subst locales/default_environment_locale locales $DEFAULT_LOCALES + db_input medium locales/default_environment_locale || true + fi + ;; + *) + break + ;; + esac + if db_go; then + STATE=$(($STATE + 1)) + else + STATE=$(($STATE - 1)) + fi +done --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/locales.templates +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/locales.templates @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Template: locales/locales_to_be_generated +Type: multiselect +#flag:translate:1 +__Choices: All locales, ${locales} +_Description: Locales to be generated: + Locales are a framework to switch between multiple languages and + allow users to use their language, country, characters, collation + order, etc. + . + Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales should be + chosen by default, particularly for new installations. Other + character sets may be useful for backwards compatibility with older + systems and software. + +Template: locales/default_environment_locale +Type: select +#flag:translate:1 +__Choices: None, ${locales} +Default: None +_Description: Default locale for the system environment: + Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in the correct + language for the user. You can choose a default locale for the system + from the generated locales. + . + This will select the default language for the entire system. If this + system is a multi-user system where not all users are able to speak + the default language, they will experience difficulties. --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc-udeb.install +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc-udeb.install @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +# FIXME: someday we may need to handle installing into non-lib. +debian/tmp-libc/lib/ld*.so* lib +debian/tmp-libc/lib/libm-*.so* lib +debian/tmp-libc/lib/libm.so* lib +debian/tmp-libc/lib/libdl*.so* lib +debian/tmp-libc/lib/libresolv*.so* lib +debian/tmp-libc/lib/libc-*.so* lib +debian/tmp-libc/lib/libc.so* lib +debian/tmp-libc/lib/libutil* lib +debian/tmp-libc/lib/libcrypt* lib +debian/tmp-libc/lib/librt*.so* lib +debian/tmp-libc/lib/libpthread*.so* lib + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc.templates +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc.templates @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +Template: glibc/upgrade +Type: boolean +Default: true +_Description: Do you want to upgrade glibc now? + Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, + otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more. + The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or + telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such + program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by + yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active + X11 sessions. + . + This script detected the following installed services which must be + stopped before the upgrade: ${services} + . + If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please + answer No to the question below. + +Template: glibc/restart-services +Type: string +_Description: Services to restart for GNU libc library upgrade: + Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted, + otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more + (for services such as ssh, this can affect your ability to login). + Please review the following space-separated list of init.d scripts for + services to be restarted now, and correct it if needed. + . + Note: restarting sshd/telnetd should not affect any existing connections. + +Template: glibc/restart-failed +Type: error +#flag:translate!:3 +_Description: Failure restarting some services for GNU libc upgrade + The following services could not be restarted for the GNU libc library upgrade: + . + ${services} + . + You will need to start these manually by running + '/etc/init.d/ start'. + +Template: glibc/disable-screensaver +Type: error +_Description: xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading + One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been + detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the + upgrade of the GNU libc library will leave you unable to + authenticate to these programs. You should arrange for these programs + to be restarted or stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid + locking your users out of their current sessions. --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev.manpages +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev.manpages @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +debian/local/manpages/gencat.1 +debian/local/manpages/mtrace.1 +debian/local/manpages/rpcgen.1 +debian/local/manpages/sprof.1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/locales-all.dirs +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/locales-all.dirs @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +usr/lib/locales-all --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc-prof.README.Debian +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc-prof.README.Debian @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +README.Debian for libc-prof +--------------------------- + +gprof is the GNU Profiler, a tool used when tracking which functions are +eating CPU in your program. Anyway, you should already be familiar with +it if you got interested by this package. + +This package provides a version of the GNU Libc compiled for profiling +in order to get profiling information from standard library functions +such as malloc, read or open. + +In order to use it, you have to use `-static-libgcc -lc_p' in addition +to the normal `-pg'. `-static-libgcc' is needed to ensure that libgcc +does not pull the dynamic version of the GNU Libc. + +For instance here is how to compile and link myprog.c with profiling: + gcc -g -pg -o myprog.o -c myprog.c + gcc -pg -o myprog myprog.o -static-libgcc -lc_p + +This also works with a command that both compiles and links: + gcc -g -pg -o myprog myprog.c -static-libgcc -lc_p + + -- Aurelien Jarno Sun, 06 Apr 2008 11:28:25 +0200 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/glibc-doc.install +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/glibc-doc.install @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +ChangeLog* /usr/share/doc/glibc-doc +nptl/ChangeLog* /usr/share/doc/glibc-doc/nptl +nptl_db/ChangeLog* /usr/share/doc/glibc-doc/nptl_db +ports/ChangeLog* /usr/share/doc/glibc-doc/ports +DEB_SRCDIR/manual/libc/*.html usr/share/doc/glibc-doc/html --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/glibc-doc.manpages +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/glibc-doc.manpages @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +linuxthreads/man/pthread_atfork.3thr +linuxthreads/man/pthread_condattr_init.3thr +linuxthreads/man/pthread_cond_init.3thr +linuxthreads/man/pthread_key_create.3thr +linuxthreads/man/pthread_kill_other_threads_np.3thr +linuxthreads/man/pthread_mutexattr_init.3thr +linuxthreads/man/pthread_mutexattr_setkind_np.3thr +linuxthreads/man/pthread_mutex_init.3thr +linuxthreads/man/pthread_once.3thr +linuxthreads/man/pthread_sigmask.3thr --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/nscd.postrm +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/nscd.postrm @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +#!/bin/sh +set -e + +case "$1" in + purge) + rm -rf /var/cache/nscd + ;; + *) + ;; +esac + +#DEBHELPER# + +exit 0 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev.install.hurd-i386 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev.install.hurd-i386 @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +debian/tmp-libc/usr/bin/gencat usr/bin +debian/tmp-libc/usr/bin/mtrace usr/bin +debian/tmp-libc/usr/bin/rpcgen usr/bin +debian/tmp-libc/usr/bin/sprof usr/bin + +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libBrokenLocale.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libbsd-compat.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libc.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libcrt.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libcrt_nonshared.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libcrypt.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libdl.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libg.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libhurduser.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libieee.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libm.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libmachuser.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libmcheck.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libnsl.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libresolv.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/librpcsvc.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/librt.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libutil.a usr/lib + +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/*.o usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/*.so usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/include/* usr/include --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/locales.prerm +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/locales.prerm @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +#!/bin/sh +set -e + +case "$1" in + remove|purge) + if ! [ -f /usr/lib/locales-all/supported.tar.lzma ] ; then + # If locales-all is not installed, clean the locales + rm -f /usr/lib/locale/locale-archive + fi + ;; + *) + ;; +esac + +#DEBHELPER# + +exit 0 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/locales.links +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/locales.links @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +etc/locale.alias usr/share/locale/locale.alias --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc-pic.dirs +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc-pic.dirs @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +usr/lib/libc_pic --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc-alt-dev.postinst +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc-alt-dev.postinst @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +#!/bin/sh + +set -e +export LC_ALL=C + +type=$1 +preversion=$2 + +if [ `dpkg --print-installation-architecture` = "powerpc" ]; then + if dpkg --compare-versions "$preversion" lt 2.4-1ubuntu7; then + if [ ! -L /usr/include/ppc64-linux-gnu ]; then + rm -rf /usr/include/ppc64-linux-gnu + ln -s /usr/include/powerpc64-linux-gnu /usr/include/ppc64-linux-gnu + fi + fi +fi + +#DEBHELPER# --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev.install +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev.install @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +debian/tmp-libc/usr/bin/gencat usr/bin +debian/tmp-libc/usr/bin/mtrace usr/bin +debian/tmp-libc/usr/bin/rpcgen usr/bin +debian/tmp-libc/usr/bin/sprof usr/bin + +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libanl.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libBrokenLocale.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libbsd-compat.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libc.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libc_nonshared.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libcrypt.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libdl.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libg.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libieee.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libm.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libmcheck.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libnsl.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libpthread.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libpthread_nonshared.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libresolv.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/librpcsvc.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/librt.a usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/libutil.a usr/lib + +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/*.o usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/lib/*.so usr/lib +debian/tmp-libc/usr/include/* usr/include --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc.lintian +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc.lintian @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +# ldconfig must be executable even when the libc is not configured, and +# thus must be linked statically +LIBC: statically-linked-binary ./sbin/ldconfig + +# libpthread must be stripped specially; GDB needs the non-dynamic +# symbol table in order to load the thread debugging library. +LIBC: unstripped-binary-or-object ./lib/libpthread-2.10.1.so + +# ld.so must be executable, otherwise the system will not work +LIBC: shlib-with-executable-bit lib/ld-2.10.1.so 0755 + +# pt_chown must be setuid root, otherwise non-root users won't be able +# to login +LIBC: setuid-binary usr/lib/pt_chown 4755 root/root + +# It is normal that the ELF dynamic linker does not need any other +# library +LIBC: shared-lib-without-dependency-information ./lib/ld-2.10.1.so + +# dependency on debconf is not needed, as glibc has a fallback to tty +LIBC: missing-debconf-dependency-for-preinst --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc.preinst @@ -0,0 +1,365 @@ +#!/bin/sh +set -e +export LC_ALL=C + +type=$1 +preversion=$2 + +rm_conffile() { + CONFFILE="$1" + + if [ -e "$CONFFILE" ]; then + md5sum="`md5sum \"$CONFFILE\" | sed -e \"s/ .*//\"`" + old_md5sum="`sed -n -e \"/^Conffiles:/,/^[^ ]/{\\\\' $CONFFILE'{s/.* //;p}}\" /var/lib/dpkg/status`" + if [ "$md5sum" != "$old_md5sum" ]; then + echo "Obsolete conffile $CONFFILE has been modified by you." + echo "Saving as $CONFFILE.dpkg-bak ..." + mv -f "$CONFFILE" "$CONFFILE".dpkg-bak + else + echo "Removing obsolete conffile $CONFFILE ..." + rm -f "$CONFFILE" + fi + fi +} + +linux_compare_versions () { + verA=$(($(echo "$1" | sed 's/\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\).*/\1 \* 10000 + \2 \* 100 + \3/'))) + verB=$(($(echo "$3" | sed 's/\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\).*/\1 \* 10000 + \2 \* 100 + \3/'))) + + test $verA -$2 $verB +} + +kfreebsd_compare_versions () { + verA=$(($(echo "$1" | sed 's/\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\).*/\1 \* 100 + \2/'))) + verB=$(($(echo "$3" | sed 's/\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\).*/\1 \* 100 + \2/'))) + + test $verA -$2 $verB +} + +kernel26_help() { + echo "" + echo "The installation of a 2.6 kernel _could_ ask you to install a new libc" + echo "first, this is NOT a bug, and should *NOT* be reported. In that case," + echo "please add lenny sources to your /etc/apt/sources.list and run:" + echo " apt-get install -t lenny linux-image-2.6" + echo "Then reboot into this new kernel, and proceed with your upgrade" +} + +if [ "$type" = upgrade ] +then + # Remove old /etc/init.d/glibc.sh init script + if dpkg --compare-versions "$preversion" le "2.9-22"; then + rm_conffile "/etc/init.d/glibc.sh" + update-rc.d glibc.sh remove >/dev/null + fi + + # Load debconf module if available + if [ -f /usr/share/debconf/confmodule ] ; then + . /usr/share/debconf/confmodule + fi + + if [ -n "$preversion" ]; then + # NSS authentication trouble guard + if dpkg --compare-versions "$preversion" lt 2.9-5; then + if pidof xscreensaver xlockmore >/dev/null; then + if [ -f /usr/share/debconf/confmodule ] ; then + db_version 2.0 + db_reset glibc/disable-screensaver + db_input critical glibc/disable-screensaver || true + db_go || true + else + echo "xscreensaver and xlockmore must be restarted before upgrading" + echo + echo "One or more running instances of xscreensaver or xlockmore have been" + echo "detected on this system. Because of incompatible library changes, the" + echo "upgrade of the GNU C library will leave you unable to authenticate to" + echo "these programs. You should arrange for these programs to be restarted" + echo "or stopped before continuing this upgrade, to avoid locking your users" + echo "out of their current sessions." + echo + frontend=`echo "$DEBIAN_FRONTEND" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]'` + if [ "$frontend" = noninteractive ]; then + echo "Non-interactive mode, upgrade glibc forcibly" + else + echo -n "Press a key to continue" + read answer + fi + echo + fi + fi + + check="gdm kdm proftpd postgresql xdm" + # NSS services check: NSS_CHECK + if [ -n "$services" ]; then + if [ -f /usr/share/debconf/confmodule ] ; then + db_version 2.0 + db_reset glibc/upgrade + db_subst glibc/upgrade services $services + if [ "$RELEASE_UPGRADE_MODE" = desktop ]; then + db_input medium glibc/upgrade || true + else + db_input critical glibc/upgrade || true + fi + db_go || true + db_get glibc/upgrade + answer=$RET + else + echo "Do you want to upgrade glibc now?" + echo + echo "Running services and programs that are using NSS need to be restarted," + echo "otherwise they might not be able to do lookup or authentication any more." + echo "The installation process is able to restart some services (such as ssh or" + echo "telnetd), but other programs cannot be restarted automatically. One such" + echo "program that needs manual stopping and restart after the glibc upgrade by" + echo "yourself is xdm - because automatic restart might disconnect your active" + echo "X11 sessions." + echo + echo "This script detected the following installed services which must be" + echo "stopped before the upgrade: $services" + echo + echo "If you want to interrupt the upgrade now and continue later, please" + echo "answer No to the question below." + echo + frontend=`echo "$DEBIAN_FRONTEND" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]'` + if [ "$frontend" = noninteractive ]; then + echo "Non-interactive mode, upgrade glibc forcibly" + answer=true + else + echo -n "Do you want to upgrade glibc now? [Y/n] " + read answer + case $answer in + Y*|y*) answer=true ;; + N*|n*) answer=false ;; + *) answer=true ;; + esac + fi + echo + fi + + if [ "x$answer" != "xtrue" ]; then + echo "Stopped glibc upgrade. Please retry the upgrade after you have" + echo "checked or stopped services by hand." + exit 1 + fi + fi + fi # end upgrading and $preversion lt 2.9-1 + fi # Upgrading + + # This will keep us from using hwcap libs (optimized) during an + # upgrade. + touch /etc/ld.so.nohwcap +fi + +# Sanity check. +# If there are versions of glibc outside of the normal installation +# location (/lib, /lib64, etc.) then things may break very badly +# as soon as ld.so is replaced by a new version. This check is not +# foolproof, but it's pretty accurate. This script ignores libraries +# with different sonames, and libraries incompatible with the +# to-be-installed ld.so. + +check_dirs () { + for dir in $*; do + # Follow symlinks + dirlink=$(readlink -e $dir) + [ -n "$dirlink" ] && dir=$dirlink + + # Handle /lib in LD_LIBRARY_PATH. + if expr $dir : "/lib.*" > /dev/null; then + continue + fi + # Skip ia32-libs package on ia64, and similar libraries + # (not sure why these get added to /etc/ld.so.conf) + if expr $dir : "/emul/.*" > /dev/null; then + continue + fi + if test -d $dir; then + output=$(ls $dir | egrep '^(C_SO|M_SO|PTHREAD_SO|RT_SO|DL_SO)$' 2>/dev/null) + + if test -n "$output"; then + # See if the found libraries are compatible with the system ld.so; + # if they aren't, they'll be ignored. Check e_ident, e_type (which + # will just be ET_DYN), and e_machine. If a match is found, there + # is a risk of breakage. + for lib in $output + do + if test -f "$dir/$lib"; then + libbytes=`head -c 20 $dir/$lib | od -c` + if test "$ldbytes" = "$libbytes"; then + echo "Matching libraries: $dir/$lib" + return 0 + fi + fi + done + fi + fi + done + return 1 +} + +if [ "$type" != abort-upgrade ] +then + ldbytes=`head -c 20 RTLD | od -c` + dirs="/lib32 /lib64 /usr/local/lib /usr/local/lib32 /usr/local/lib64" + if ! test -L /usr; then + dirs="$dirs /usr/lib /usr/lib32 /usr/lib64" + fi + if check_dirs $dirs; then + echo + echo "A copy of glibc was found in an unexpected directory." + echo "It is not safe to upgrade the C library in this situation;" + echo "please remove that copy of the C library and try again." + echo "Please check: https://launchpad.net/bugs/81125" + fi + + if test -n "$LD_LIBRARY_PATH"; then + dirs=$(echo $LD_LIBRARY_PATH | sed 's/:/ /') + if check_dirs $dirs; then + echo + echo "Another copy of the C library was found via LD_LIBRARY_PATH." + echo "It is not safe to upgrade the C library in this situation;" + echo "please remove the directory from LD_LIBRARY_PATH and try again." + echo "Please check: https://launchpad.net/bugs/81125" + fi + fi + if test -e /etc/ld.so.conf; then + dirs=$(echo $(cat /etc/ld.so.conf)) + if check_dirs $dirs; then + echo + echo "Another copy of the C library was found via /etc/ld.so.conf." + echo "It is not safe to upgrade the C library in this situation;" + echo "please remove the directory from /etc/ld.so.conf and try again." + echo "Please check: https://launchpad.net/bugs/81125" + fi + fi + for i in ld-2.3.2.so libc-2.3.2.so ld-2.3.6.so libc-2.3.6.so ; do + if [ -e /lib/tls/$i ] && ! dpkg-query -L LIBC 2>/dev/null | grep -q /lib/tls/$i ; then + echo + echo "A non-dpkg owned copy of the C library was found in /lib/tls." + echo "It is not safe to upgrade the C library in this situation;" + echo "please remove that copy of the C library and try again." + exit 1 + fi + done + if [ -e /lib/tls/i686/cmov/libc.so.6 ] || [ -e /lib/i686/cmov/libc.so.6 ] ; then + status_i686=$(dpkg -s libc6-i686 2>/dev/null | grep ^Status: | sed -e 's/^Status: \(.*\) \(.*\) \(.*\)/\3/g') + status_xen=$(dpkg -s libc6-xen 2>/dev/null | grep ^Status: | sed -e 's/^Status: \(.*\) \(.*\) \(.*\)/\3/g') + if ([ -z "$status_i686" ] || [ "$status_i686" = "not-installed" ] || [ "$status_i686" = "config-files" ]) && \ + ([ -z "$status_xen" ] || [ "$status_xen" = "not-installed" ] || [ "$status_xen" = "config-files" ]); then + echo + echo "A non-dpkg owned copy of the libc6-i686 package was found." + echo "It is not safe to upgrade the C library in this situation;" + echo "please remove that copy of the C library and try again." + exit 1 + fi + fi + if [ -n "$LD_ASSUME_KERNEL" ] ; then + if dpkg --compare-versions "$LD_ASSUME_KERNEL" le "2.6.1"; then + echo + echo "POSIX threads library NPTL requires kernel version 2.6.1" + echo "or later. It appears that LD_ASSUME_KERNEL is set to $LD_ASSUME_KERNEL." + echo "It is not safe to upgrade the C library in this situation;" + echo "Please unset this environment variable and try again." + exit 1 + fi + fi + + # glibc kernel version check + system=`uname -s` + if [ "$system" = "Linux" ] + then + # Test to make sure z < 255, in x.y.z-n form of kernel version + # Also make sure we don't trip on x.y.zFOO-n form + kernel_rev=$(uname -r | sed 's/\([0-9]*\.[0-9]*\.\)\([0-9]*\)\(.*\)/\2/') + if [ "$kernel_rev" -ge 255 ] + then + echo "WARNING: Your kernel version indicates a revision number" + echo "of 255 or greater. Glibc has a number of built in" + echo "assumptions that this revision number is less than 255." + echo "If you\'ve built your own kernel, please make sure that any" + echo "custom version numbers are appended to the upstream" + echo "kernel number with a dash or some other delimiter." + + exit 1 + fi + + # sanity checking for the appropriate kernel on each architecture. + realarch=`uname -m` + kernel_ver=`uname -r` + + # convert "armv4l" and similar to just "arm", and "mips64" and similar + # to just "mips" + case $realarch in + arm*) realarch="arm";; + mips*) realarch="mips";; + esac + + # The GNU libc requires a >= 2.6.18 kernel (except on m68k) + if [ "$realarch" != m68k ] + then + # Ubuntu buildd limitation: allow just 2.6.15, although 2.6.18 is required + # for some patches + #if linux_compare_versions "$kernel_ver" lt 2.6.18 + if linux_compare_versions "$kernel_ver" lt 2.6.15 + then + echo WARNING: this version of the GNU libc requires kernel version + echo 2.6.18 or later. Please upgrade your kernel before installing + echo glibc. + kernel26_help + + exit 1 + fi + fi + + # The GNU libc is now built with --with-kernel= >= 2.4.1 on m68k + if [ "$realarch" = m68k ] + then + if linux_compare_versions "$kernel_ver" lt 2.4.1 + then + echo WARNING: This version of glibc requires that you be running + echo kernel version 2.4.1 or later. Earlier kernels contained + echo bugs that may render the system unusable if a modern version + echo of glibc is installed. + kernel26_help + + exit 1 + fi + fi + + # From glibc 2.6-3 SPARC V8 support is dropped. + if [ "$realarch" = sparc ] + then + # The process could be run using linux32, check for /proc. + if [ -f /proc/cpuinfo ] + then + case "$(sed '/^type/!d;s/^type.*: //g' /proc/cpuinfo)" in + sun4u) + # UltraSPARC CPU + ;; + sun4v) + # Niagara CPU + ;; + *) + echo "WARNING: This machine has a SPARC V8 or earlier class processor." + echo "Debian lenny and later does not support such old hardware" + echo "any longer." + exit 1 + ;; + esac + fi + fi + elif [ $system = "GNU/kFreeBSD" ] ; then + kernel_ver=`uname -r` + if kfreebsd_compare_versions "$kernel_ver" lt 6.0 + then + echo WARNING: This version of glibc uses UMTX_OP_WAIT and UMTX_OP_WAKE + echo syscalls that are not present in the current running kernel. They + echo have been added in kFreeBSD 6.0. Your system should still work, + echo but it is recommended to upgrade to a more recent version. + fi + fi +fi + +#DEBHELPER# + +exit 0 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc.README.Debian +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc.README.Debian @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +Q1: Why does the Debian libc6-dev package create /usr/include/linux and +/usr/include/asm directories containing header files from a specific +kernel, instead of using the "established" convention of making those +directories into symlinks pointing to the currently installed kernel? + +A1: Occasionally, changes in the kernel headers cause problems with +the compilation of libc and of programs that use libc. To ensure that +users are not affected by these problems, we configure libc to use the +headers from a kernel that is known to work with libc and the programs +that depend on stable kernel headers. + +[Note: /usr/include/linux is now in the linux-libc-dev package.] + +Q2: What if I want to compile a program that needs a feature from a +later kernel than is used by libc? + +A2: In practice, most programs will not have this problem. However, +depending on the scope of the problem you have several options available: + +If the situation is one like "kernel driver development", where all use +of the machine for development is expected to be against a different set +of kernel headers than are supplied with the "stock" libc6-dev, rebuilding +the glibc packages against that particular kernel will create a full set of +libc6 packages that are "compliant" with the new kernel. All development +done on machines with these packages installed will be done against the +new kernel. To build libc6-dev against your particular kernel, export the +environment variable LINUX_SOURCE, set to the path to that particular kernel +source directory and then build the package. + +If you want this new glibc package to stick against further upgrades, simply +use dselect and place the packages on HOLD. This will keep them from being +upgraded against your wishes. + +If there is just one particular program/package that needs different headers, +and your kernel of choice is installed in the usual place, you can use the +-I/usr/src/linux/include option on the gcc command line, when compiling that +specific program. + +Q3: My program is trying to use a kernel header that is in libc-dev, and +it is causing problems. (or) Why are the kernel headers not the same for +all architectures in Debian, for a given version of libc-dev? + +A3: For starters, you should never use kernel headers directly from user +space programs. You cannot be guaranteed a consistent interface across +different versions of the kernel, much less across architectures (even for +the same version of kernel source). + +Kernel headers are included with libc-dev _only_ to support those headers +in libc-dev. They are not there for userspace programs to include. If you +need kernel headers, then use one of the provided kernel-headers-x.x.x +packages provided for each architectures, or include the kernel headers +(or just the parts of the headers) you need directly in your source for +compilation. Only this way can you ensure a consistent state. + +Q4: Why does Debian's glibc seem to follow the stable CVS branch? + +A4: During our development cycle we follow the stable CVS branch so that +we can cause as little disruption as possible, and catch problems easier. +Differences between minor releases of glibc are known to be very large, +contain many changes, and generally affect all architectures differently. +We sync frequently with CVS so that we can take this large amount of +changes in smaller chunks, simplifying the process, and allowing us to +communicate problems to upstream much easier. + +Q5: How to setup my own language/regional (locale) setting? + +A5: Glibc provides "locale" defined in POSIX. Locale is a framework +to switch between multiple languages for users who can select to use +their language, country, characters, collation order, etc. For +example, some program display messages in your own language, if you +set the appropriate locale. Default locale is C (or POSIX) which +behaves traditional Unix with ASCII message. For more information, +look locale (5). + +If you want to use your own locale, install "locales" package. With +debconf interface, you can setup which locale is generated, and which +locale is used in default on your machine. + +Q6: I get this message when I run a program: + ld.so: Incorrectly built binary which accesses errno or h_errno directly. + ld.so: See /usr/share/doc/libc6/FAQ.gz. +A6: + +The program is broken. It probably says "extern int errno" somewhere, +instead of including . Errno in recent glibc versions is a macro, +which calls the function __errno_location; when glibc is built with +thread-local storage enabled, there is no extern int variable named errno. +In addition, "extern int errno" is not thread-safe. + +NOTE: Currently this error message is suppressed, for the benefit of some +truly buggy programs which redirect stderr into something important, like a +network socket. + +Q7: I get this error when I compile an static linked application that's +compiled with glibc 2.2 or before: + gcc -o foo.o libbar.a + libbar.a(obj.o): In function `func(char *)': + : undefined reference to `__ctype_toupper' + +A7: +During glibc 2.3.x development, some symbols (__ctype_b, __ctype_toupper, +__ctype_tolower) are changed to hidden attributes. This means old static +linked applications/libraries built with glibc 2.2.x cannot be linked on glibc +2.3.x systems any more. + +But it made a lot of user applications unusable, we applied a workaround patch +for glibc in Sarge. Therefore your applications worked OK, and you didn't +need to consider about this problem. However, most other distros already +dropped such local modification. For that reason, we decided to drop +supporting such old static linked applications/libraries from Etch, you need +to recompile them. + +If you want to keep this workaround that was applied in Sarge for the present, +please recompile Debian glibc package with adding "glibc23-ctype-compat" line +at the end of debian/patches/00list, and install it on your local machine. +Note that we don't support this patch nowadays, please use it at your own +risk. --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc.manpages +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc.manpages @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +debian/local/manpages/catchsegv.1 +debian/local/manpages/gai.conf.5 +debian/local/manpages/getent.1 +debian/local/manpages/getconf.1 +debian/local/manpages/iconv.1 +debian/local/manpages/iconvconfig.8 +debian/local/manpages/ldconfig.8 +debian/local/manpages/ldd.1 +debian/local/manpages/locale.1 +debian/local/manpages/localedef.1 +debian/local/manpages/rpcinfo.8 +debian/local/manpages/tzselect.1 +debian/local/manpages/update-locale.8 +debian/local/manpages/validlocale.8 +debian/local/manpages/zdump.1 +debian/local/manpages/zic.8 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc-alt.install +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc-alt.install @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +# This file is used for biarch libraries. +TMPDIR/SLIBDIR/*.so* SLIBDIR +TMPDIR/LIBDIR/gconv/*.so* LIBDIR/gconv/ +TMPDIR/LIBDIR/gconv/gconv-modules LIBDIR/gconv + +BUILD-TREE/test-results-*-FLAVOR usr/share/doc/LIBC-FLAVOR --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev-alt.install +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev-alt.install @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +# This file is used for making biarch libraries development packages. +TMPDIR/LIBDIR/libanl.a LIBDIR +TMPDIR/LIBDIR/libBrokenLocale.a LIBDIR +TMPDIR/LIBDIR/libbsd-compat.a LIBDIR +TMPDIR/LIBDIR/libc.a LIBDIR +TMPDIR/LIBDIR/libc_nonshared.a LIBDIR +TMPDIR/LIBDIR/libcrypt.a LIBDIR +TMPDIR/LIBDIR/libdl.a LIBDIR +TMPDIR/LIBDIR/libg.a LIBDIR +TMPDIR/LIBDIR/libieee.a LIBDIR +TMPDIR/LIBDIR/libm.a LIBDIR +TMPDIR/LIBDIR/libmcheck.a LIBDIR +TMPDIR/LIBDIR/libnsl.a LIBDIR +TMPDIR/LIBDIR/libpthread.a LIBDIR +TMPDIR/LIBDIR/libpthread_nonshared.a LIBDIR +TMPDIR/LIBDIR/libresolv.a LIBDIR +TMPDIR/LIBDIR/librt.a LIBDIR +TMPDIR/LIBDIR/libutil.a LIBDIR + +TMPDIR/LIBDIR/*.o LIBDIR +TMPDIR/LIBDIR/*.so LIBDIR --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/locales.install +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/locales.install @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +debian/tmp-libc/usr/share/locale/[a-z][a-z] usr/share/locale +debian/tmp-libc/usr/share/locale/[a-z][a-z]_[A-Z][A-Z] usr/share/locale +debian/tmp-libc/usr/share/locale/locale.alias /etc +debian/tmp-libc/usr/share/i18n/* usr/share/i18n +debian/local/usr_sbin/locale-gen usr/sbin +debian/local/usr_sbin/update-locale usr/sbin +debian/local/usr_sbin/validlocale usr/sbin +localedata/README usr/share/doc/locales --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc-otherbuild.lintian +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc-otherbuild.lintian @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +# libpthread must be stripped specially; GDB needs the non-dynamic +# symbol table in order to load the thread debugging library. +LIBC-FLAVOR: unstripped-binary-or-object .SLIBDIR/libpthread-2.10.1.so --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc.dirs +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc.dirs @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +etc/init.d +etc/ld.so.conf.d --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/glibc-doc.docs +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/glibc-doc.docs @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +ChangeLog* --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/locales.dirs +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/locales.dirs @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +usr/lib/locale --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libnss-dns-udeb.install +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libnss-dns-udeb.install @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +# FIXME: someday we may need to handle installing into non-lib. +debian/tmp-libc/lib/libnss_dns*.so* lib + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/locales-all.NEWS +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/locales-all.NEWS @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +locales-all (2.7-1) unstable; urgency=low + + * Starting with locales 2.7-1 the deprecated no_NO locale has been + removed. Users who have not yet switched to nb_NO should do it + after the installation of this package. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Mon, 26 Nov 2007 18:56:32 +0100 + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/nscd.dirs +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/nscd.dirs @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +var/cache/nscd --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/locales.README.Debian +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/locales.README.Debian @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +locales +------- + + * Starting with locales 2.7-3, users can provide their own locales in + addition to the ones provided by the package. They will be handled + as other locales in the various scripts. + + Each user defined locale has to be provided as a single file and + placed in the /usr/local/share/i18n/locales/ directory. The list of + user defined locales should be placed, one by line, in the file + /usr/local/share/i18n/SUPPORTED. You can have a look to the locales + provided by the locales package in /usr/share/i18n/ for more details. + + To enable the new locales, just run 'dpkg-reconfigure locales' and + select the new locales. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Thu 29 Nov 2007 18:54:12 +0100 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc-alt.lintian +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc-alt.lintian @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +# libpthread must be stripped specially; GDB needs the non-dynamic +# symbol table in order to load the thread debugging library. +LIBC-FLAVOR: unstripped-binary-or-object .SLIBDIR/libpthread-2.10.1.so + +# Those file are actually .o files not package in a ar archive, and +# thus should not be stripped +LIBC-FLAVOR: unstripped-binary-or-object .LIBDIR/libieee.a +LIBC-FLAVOR: unstripped-binary-or-object .LIBDIR/libmcheck.a + +# ld.so must be executable, otherwise the system will not work +LIBC-FLAVOR: shlib-with-executable-bit .SLIBDIR/ld-2.10.1.so 0755 + +# It is normal that the ELF dynamic linker does not need any other +# library +LIBC-FLAVOR: shared-lib-without-dependency-information .SLIBDIR/ld-2.10.1.so --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/glibc-doc.info +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/glibc-doc.info @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +DEB_SRCDIR/manual/*.info* --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc.postrm +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc.postrm @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +#! /bin/sh +set -e + +if [ "$1" = remove ]; then + if command -v suidunregister >/dev/null 2>&1 && [ -e /etc/suid.conf ]; then + if [ -x /usr/lib/pt_chown ]; then + suidunregister -s LIBC /usr/lib/pt_chown + elif [ -x /usr/libexec/pt_chown ]; then + suidunregister -s LIBC /usr/libexec/pt_chown + fi + fi + # Created in the postinst by iconvconfig + rm -f /usr/lib/gconv/gconv-modules.cache || true +fi + +if [ "$1" = upgrade ]; then + case $(dpkg --print-architecture) in + i386|sparc) + if dpkg --compare-versions "$2" lt 2.3.4-3; then + # Make sure the downgraded package does not support + # ld.so.hwcappkgs mechanism on i686 and sparc. + rm -f /etc/ld.so.hwcappkgs + echo "downgrade-to-old-glibc" >> /etc/ld.so.nohwcap + + echo + echo You are trying to downgrade to glibc 2.3.4-2 or earlier. + echo Such old packages do not support the version mismatch between + echo standard libc and hwcap libc using /etc/ld.so.hwcappkgs + echo on i386 and sparc. To be safe from library inconsistency, + echo hwcap libraries are disabled until glibc 2.3.4-3 or later + echo is installed. + echo + fi + ;; + esac +fi + +if [ "$1" = deconfigure ]; then + :; # blah, do something useful with ldso +fi + +#if [ "$1" = purge ]; then +# update-rc.d mountkernfs remove > /dev/null +#fi + +#DEBHELPER# + +exit 0 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc-otherbuild.install +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc-otherbuild.install @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# This file is used for making NPTL and other +# optimized libraries. +TMPDIR/SLIBDIR/*.so* SLIBDIR + +BUILD-TREE/test-results-*-FLAVOR usr/share/doc/LIBC-FLAVOR --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/locales-all.install +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/locales-all.install @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +BUILD-TREE/locales-all/supported.tar.lzma usr/lib/locales-all --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/locales-all.prerm +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/locales-all.prerm @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +#!/bin/sh +set -e + +case "$1" in + remove|purge) + # Is locales installed? + if [ -x /usr/sbin/locale-gen ] ; then + # If yes, generate locales selected in the debconf question + locale-gen + else + # If not, clean the locales + rm -f /usr/lib/locale/locale-archive + fi + ;; + *) + ;; +esac + +#DEBHELPER# + +exit 0 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/nscd.manpages +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/nscd.manpages @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +debian/local/manpages/nscd.conf.5 +debian/local/manpages/nscd.8 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc.NEWS +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc.NEWS @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +glibc (2.9-8) unstable; urgency=low + + Starting with version 2.9-8, unified IPv4/IPv6 lookup have been enabled + in the glibc's resolver. This is faster, fixes numerous of bugs, but is + problematic on some broken DNS servers and/or wrongly configured + firewalls. + + If such a DNS server is detected, the resolver switches (permanently + for that process) to a mode where the second request is sent only when + the first answer has been received. This means the first request will + be timeout, but subsequent requests should be fast again. This + behaviour can be enabled permanently by adding 'options single-request' + to /etc/resolv.conf. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Thu, 23 Apr 2009 21:14:32 +0200 + +glibc (2.6.1-2) unstable; urgency=low + + Starting with version 2.6.1, glibc ships a /etc/ld.so.conf.d/libc.conf that + enforces /usr/local/lib to take precedence over /usr/lib. This is the + intended behaviour (it works like the $PATH where /usr/local/bin takes + precedence over /usr/bin). + + To revert that (though doing so is discouraged) you can add /usr/lib to the + beginning of /etc/ld.so.conf.d/libc.conf. (see bug#440394). + + -- Pierre Habouzit Sat, 01 Sep 2007 16:58:15 +0200 + +glibc (2.5-1) unstable; urgency=low + + The script tzconfig has been removed from glibc 2.5-1 and following + versions. Please use 'dpkg-reconfigure tzdata' instead to configure + the timezone. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Fri, 16 Nov 2007 15:38:54 +0100 + +glibc (2.5-1) unstable; urgency=low + + Starting with version 2.5-1, the glibc requires a 2.6.1 or later + kernel. If you use a 2.4 kernel, please upgrade it *before* + installing glibc. + + This also means that it is not possible to use LD_ASSUME_KERNEL with a + version lower than 2.6.1. If you have set such a thing in /etc/profile, + ~/.bashrc or any other initialization file (something you should have + never done!!!), please remove that *before* installing glibc. + + Note: This does not apply to the m68k architecture and to non-Linux + kernels. + + -- Aurelien Jarno Tue, 24 Apr 2007 00:26:48 +0200 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc.docs +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc.docs @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +BUGS +FAQ +NEWS +hesiod/README.hesiod --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev.lintian +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev.lintian @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +# Those file are actually .o files not package in a ar archive, and +# thus should not be stripped +LIBC-dev: unstripped-binary-or-object ./usr/lib/libieee.a +LIBC-dev: unstripped-binary-or-object ./usr/lib/libmcheck.a +LIBC-dev: unstripped-binary-or-object ./usr/lib/xen/libieee.a +LIBC-dev: unstripped-binary-or-object ./usr/lib/xen/libmcheck.a --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev.docs +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc-dev.docs @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +CONFORMANCE +FAQ +NAMESPACE +README.libm +NOTES --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc-otherbuild.postrm +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc-otherbuild.postrm @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +#!/bin/sh + +set -e + +if [ "$1" = "remove" ]; then + # /etc/ld.so.nohwcap code: NOHWCAP +fi + +#DEBHELPER# + +exit 0 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/libc-udeb.install.hurd-i386 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/libc-udeb.install.hurd-i386 @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +# FIXME: someday we may need to handle installing into non-lib. +debian/tmp-libc/lib/ld*.so* lib +debian/tmp-libc/lib/libm-*.so* lib +debian/tmp-libc/lib/libm.so* lib +debian/tmp-libc/lib/libdl*.so* lib +debian/tmp-libc/lib/libresolv*.so* lib +debian/tmp-libc/lib/libc-*.so* lib +debian/tmp-libc/lib/libc.so* lib +debian/tmp-libc/lib/libutil* lib +debian/tmp-libc/lib/libcrypt* lib +debian/tmp-libc/lib/librt*.so* lib --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/nscd.install +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/nscd.install @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +debian/tmp-libc/usr/sbin/nscd usr/sbin +nscd/nscd.conf /etc + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/locales.postinst +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/locales.postinst @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +#! /bin/sh +set -e + +# Files +LG="/etc/locale.gen" +EE="/etc/default/locale" + +# Sanitize environnement +LC_ALL=C +LANG=C + +if [ "$1" = configure ]; then + # Load debconf + . /usr/share/debconf/confmodule + db_version 2.0 + + db_get locales/default_environment_locale && DEFAULT_ENVIRONMENT="$RET" + db_get locales/locales_to_be_generated && SELECTED_LOCALES=$RET + SELECTED_LOCALES="$(echo $SELECTED_LOCALES | sed -e 's/, /\n/g')" + + if [ "$SELECTED_LOCALES" = "All locales" ]; then + [ -e $LG ] && rm -f $LG + ln -s /usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED $LG + else + [ -L $LG ] && [ "$(readlink $LG)" = "/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED" ] && rm -f $LG + if [ ! -e $LG ] ; then + cat > $LG << EOF +# This file lists locales that you wish to have built. You can find a list +# of valid supported locales at /usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED, and you can add +# user defined locales to /usr/local/share/i18n/SUPPORTED. If you change +# this file, you need to rerun locale-gen. +# + +EOF + fi + + # Comment previous defined locales + sed -i -e 's/^ *[a-zA-Z]/# &/' $LG + + # Get list of supported locales + if [ -f "/usr/local/share/i18n/SUPPORTED" ] ; then + SUPPORTED_LOCALES="$(sed -e '/^[a-zA-Z]/!d' -e 's/ *$//g' /usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED /usr/local/share/i18n/SUPPORTED | sort -u)" + else + SUPPORTED_LOCALES="$(sed -e '/^[a-zA-Z]/!d' -e 's/ *$//g' /usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED | sort -u)" + fi + + # Make sure all locales exist in locales.gen + echo "$SUPPORTED_LOCALES" | while read locale ; do + if ! grep -q "^[# ]*$locale *\$" $LG; then + echo "# $locale" >> $LG + fi + done + + # Uncomment selected locales + echo "$SELECTED_LOCALES" | while read locale ; do + sed -i -e "s/^[# ]*$locale *$/$locale/" $LG + done + fi + + # Update requested locales if locales-all is not installed + if [ -f /usr/lib/locales-all/supported.tar.lzma ] ; then + echo "locales-all installed, skipping locales generation" + else + locale-gen + fi + + if ! [ -e $EE ] || [ -n "$DEBCONF_RECONFIGURE" ] ; then + # Remove previous definitions + update-locale --no-checks LANG + + # Set default LANG environment variable + if [ -n "$DEFAULT_ENVIRONMENT" ] && [ "$DEFAULT_ENVIRONMENT" != "None" ]; then + update-locale "LANG=$DEFAULT_ENVIRONMENT" + fi + fi +fi + +#DEBHELPER# + +exit 0 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/locales.manpages +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/locales.manpages @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +debian/local/manpages/locale-gen.8 +debian/local/manpages/locale.gen.5 +debian/local/manpages/update-locale.8 +debian/local/manpages/validlocale.8 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/debhelper.in/nscd.NEWS +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/debhelper.in/nscd.NEWS @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +glibc (2.5-5) unstable; urgency=low + + Since this release, hosts caching in nscd is off by default: for some of the + libc calls (gethostby* calls) nscd does not respect the DNS TTLs. It can + lead to system lockups (e.g. if you are using pam-ldap and change the IP of + your authentication server) hence is not considered safe. + + See debian bug #335476 and how upstream answered to that in + http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=4428. + + -- Pierre Habouzit Sat, 28 Apr 2007 11:10:56 +0200 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/bug/locales/presubj +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/bug/locales/presubj @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +locales dependencies on glibc +============================= + + If at some point (in unstable) you get messages like: + + The following packages have unmet dependencies: + locales: Depends: glibc-2.6-1 which is a virtual package. + + then please check for example on [1] that the glibc of the _same_ version as + the `locales` package you are trying to upgrade is in state _installed_ for + your architecture, and for how long. + + If it's not, it is very likely that the corresponding libc has not been + built _and_ uploaded to the mirrors for your architecture yet, and that the + dependencies will be fixed soon. Please wait for the package to be installed + for more than 24 hours before reporting a bug about `locales` dependencies. + + [1] http://buildd.debian.org/~jeroen/status/package.php?p=glibc --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/wrapper/objcopy +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/wrapper/objcopy @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +#!/bin/sh + +case " $* " in +*" --only-keep-debug "*".so"*) + exec /usr/bin/objcopy -R .debug_info -R .debug_aranges -R .debug_pubnames \ + -R .debug_abbrev -R .debug_line -R .debug_str -R .debug_ranges \ + -R .debug_loc -R .comment -R .note "$@" + ;; +esac + +exec /usr/bin/objcopy "$@" --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-mips32-linux-mipsn32 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-mips32-linux-mipsn32 @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for mips32-linux-mipsn32 and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +bug-nextafter.out, Error 8 +bug-nexttoward.out, Error 8 +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +test-misc.out, Error 1 +tst-audit1.out, Error 127 +tst-audit2.out, Error 127 +tst-cancelx4.out, Error 1 +tst-cancelx5.out, Error 1 +tst-cpuclock2.out, Error 1 +tst-robust1.out, Error 1 +tst-robust2.out, Error 1 +tst-robust3.out, Error 1 +tst-robust4.out, Error 1 +tst-robust5.out, Error 1 +tst-robust6.out, Error 1 +tst-robust7.out, Error 1 +tst-robust8.out, Error 1 +tst-robust9.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi1.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi2.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi3.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi4.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi5.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi6.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi7.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi8.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi9.out, Error 1 +tst-timer.out, Error 139 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/README +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/README @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Testsuite Regression Testing +============================ + +This directory contains a file for each arch/os, listing the allowed failures +during a testsuite run for a given arch/os pair. The files are listed as +"${arch-os}-test-results". Where "${arch-os}" is extracted by rules as +"$(call xx,configure_target)". + +A script, "convertlog.sh", can be used to process the normal log-test-* +file into a test-results-* file. + +Since we cannot run the testsuite without "-k", we run the enitre testsuite +ignoring errors. Then we compare the error set with the expected errors, +differences in signal numbers or errors fails the build. If the architecture +does not have a test-results-* file a warning is given and no comparison is +made. + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-x86_64-linux-gnu-libc +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-x86_64-linux-gnu-libc @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for x86_64-linux-gnu-libc and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +tst-cpuclock2.out, Error 1 +tst-timer.out, Error 139 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-i686-linux-i386 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-i686-linux-i386 @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for i686-linux-i386 and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +tst-cpuclock2.out, Error 1 +tst-timer.out, Error 139 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-sparc64-linux-sparc64 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-sparc64-linux-sparc64 @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for sparc64-linux-sparc64 and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +tst-cpuclock2.out, Error 1 +tst-timer.out, Error 139 + +# FIXME Ubuntu +tst-cancel1.out, Error 1 +tst-cancel20.out, Error 1 +tst-cancelx20.out, Error 1 +tst-cancelx21.out, Error 1 +tst-eintr1.out, Error 1 + +# FIXME gcc-4.4 +test-memchr.out, Error 1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-i486-linux-gnu-libc +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-i486-linux-gnu-libc @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for i486-linux-gnu-libc and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +tst-cancelx4.out, Error 1 +tst-cancelx5.out, Error 1 +tst-cpuclock2.out, Error 1 +tst-timer.out, Error 139 +tst-tls4.out, Error 1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-powerpc64-linux-ppc64 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-powerpc64-linux-ppc64 @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for powerpc64-linux-ppc64 and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +tst-cpuclock2.out, Error 1 +tst-timer.out, Error 139 + +# FIXME Ubuntu +test-fenv.out, Error 1 +tst-cputimer1.out, Error 1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-i486-kfreebsd-gnu-libc +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-i486-kfreebsd-gnu-libc @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for i486-kfreebsd-gnu-libc and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +tst-aio10.out, Error 1 +tst-aio4.out, Error 1 +tst-aio9.out, Error 1 +tst-mknodat.out, Error 1 +tst-cputimer2.out, Error 1 +tst-pselect.out, Error 1 +tst-timer4.out, Error 1 +tst-ttyname_r.out, Error 1 +tst-waitid.out, Error 1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-mips64-linux-mips64 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-mips64-linux-mips64 @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for mips64-linux-mips64 and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +bug-nextafter.out, Error 8 +bug-nexttoward.out, Error 8 +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +test-misc.out, Error 1 +tst-audit1.out, Error 127 +tst-audit2.out, Error 127 +tst-cancelx4.out, Error 1 +tst-cancelx5.out, Error 1 +tst-cpuclock2.out, Error 1 +tst-robust1.out, Error 1 +tst-robust2.out, Error 1 +tst-robust3.out, Error 1 +tst-robust4.out, Error 1 +tst-robust5.out, Error 1 +tst-robust6.out, Error 1 +tst-robust7.out, Error 1 +tst-robust8.out, Error 1 +tst-robust9.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi1.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi2.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi3.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi4.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi5.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi6.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi7.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi8.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi9.out, Error 1 +tst-timer.out, Error 139 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-mips-linux-gnu-libc +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-mips-linux-gnu-libc @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for mips-linux-gnu-libc and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +tst-audit1.out, Error 127 +tst-audit2.out, Error 127 +tst-cancelx4.out, Error 1 +tst-cancelx5.out, Error 1 +tst-cpuclock2.out, Error 1 +tst-robust1.out, Error 1 +tst-robust2.out, Error 1 +tst-robust3.out, Error 1 +tst-robust4.out, Error 1 +tst-robust5.out, Error 1 +tst-robust6.out, Error 1 +tst-robust7.out, Error 1 +tst-robust8.out, Error 1 +tst-robust9.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi1.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi2.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi3.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi4.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi5.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi6.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi7.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi8.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi9.out, Error 1 +tst-timer.out, Error 139 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-powerpc-linux-gnu-libc +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-powerpc-linux-gnu-libc @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for powerpc-linux-gnu-libc and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +tst-cancelx4.out, Error 1 +tst-cancelx5.out, Error 1 +tst-cpuclock2.out, Error 1 +tst-timer.out, Error 139 + +# FIXME Ubuntu +test-fenv.out, Error 1 +tst-cputimer1.out, Error 1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-i686-linux-i686 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-i686-linux-i686 @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for i686-linux-i686 and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +tst-cpuclock2.out, Error 1 +tst-timer.out, Error 139 +tst-tls4.out, Error 1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-hppa-linux-gnu-libc +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-hppa-linux-gnu-libc @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for hppa-linux-gnu-libc and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +check-textrel.out, Error 1 +tst-addr1.out, Error 1 +tst-aio10.out, Error 1 +tst-aio9.out, Error 1 +tst-addr1.out, Error 1 +tst-attr1.out, Error 1 +tst-audit2.out, Error 139 +tst-clock1.out, Error 1 +tst-cpuclock2.out, Error 1 +tst-getcpu.out, Error 1 +tst-makecontext.out, Error 1 +tst-posix_fallocate.out, Error 1 +tst-timer.out, Error 139 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-i686-linux-xen +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-i686-linux-xen @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for i686-linux-xen and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +tst-cpuclock2.out, Error 1 +tst-timer.out, Error 139 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-x86_64-linux-amd64 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-x86_64-linux-amd64 @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for x86_64-linux-amd64 and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +tst-cpuclock2.out, Error 1 +tst-timer.out, Error 139 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-x86_64-kfreebsd-gnu-libc +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-x86_64-kfreebsd-gnu-libc @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for x86_64-kfreebsd-gnu-libc and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +tst-aio10.out, Error 1 +tst-aio4.out, Error 1 +tst-aio9.out, Error 1 +tst-mknodat.out, Error 1 +tst-cputimer2.out, Error 1 +tst-pselect.out, Error 1 +tst-timer4.out, Error 1 +tst-ttyname_r.out, Error 1 +tst-waitid.out, Error 1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-mips64el-linux-mips64 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-mips64el-linux-mips64 @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for mips64el-linux-mips64 and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +bug-nextafter.out, Error 8 +bug-nexttoward.out, Error 8 +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +test-misc.out, Error 1 +tst-audit1.out, Error 127 +tst-audit2.out, Error 127 +tst-cancelx4.out, Error 1 +tst-cancelx5.out, Error 1 +tst-cpuclock2.out, Error 1 +tst-robust1.out, Error 1 +tst-robust2.out, Error 1 +tst-robust3.out, Error 1 +tst-robust4.out, Error 1 +tst-robust5.out, Error 1 +tst-robust6.out, Error 1 +tst-robust7.out, Error 1 +tst-robust8.out, Error 1 +tst-robust9.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi1.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi2.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi3.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi4.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi5.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi6.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi7.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi8.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi9.out, Error 1 +tst-timer.out, Error 139 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-alpha-linux-gnu-libc +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-alpha-linux-gnu-libc @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for alpha-linux-gnu-libc and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +noinl-tester.out, Error 1 +tst-cleanup2.out, Error 1 +tst-cleanupx2.out, Error 1 +tst-cpuclock2.out, Error 1 +tst-eintr1.out, Error 1 +tst-mutexpi4.out, Error 1 +tst-mutexpi5a.out, Error 1 +tst-mutexpi5.out, Error 1 +tst-mutexpi6.out, Error 1 +tst-mutexpi9.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi1.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi2.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi3.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi4.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi5.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi6.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi7.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi9.out, Error 1 +tst-signal3.out, Error 1 +tst-timer.out, Error 132 +tst-timer.out, Error 139 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-sparcv9b-linux-sparcv9b +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-sparcv9b-linux-sparcv9b @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for sparcv9b-linux-sparcv9b and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +bug22.out, Error 1 +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +tst-cancel20.out, Error 1 +tst-cancelx20.out, Error 1 +tst-cancelx4.out, Error 1 +tst-cancelx5.out, Error 1 +tst-cpuclock2.out, Error 1 +tst-eintr1.out, Error 1 +tst-timer.out, Error 139 + +# FIXME Ubuntu +tst-cpuclock1.out, Error 1 +tst-cancel1.out, Error 1 + +# FIXME gcc-4.4 +test-memchr.out, Error 1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-arm-linux-gnueabi-libc +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-arm-linux-gnueabi-libc @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for arm-linux-gnueabi-libc and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +bug-nextafter.out, Error 16 +bug-nexttoward.out, Error 16 +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +tst-cpuclock2.out, Error 1 +test-double.out, Error 1 +test-fenv.out, Error 1 +test-float.out, Error 1 +test-fpucw.out, Error 132 +test-idouble.out, Error 1 +test-ifloat.out, Error 1 +test-misc.out, Error 1 +tst-timer.out, Error 139 + +# FIXME Ubuntu +check-textrel.out, Error 1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-s390-linux-gnu-libc +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-s390-linux-gnu-libc @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for s390-linux-gnu-libc and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +tst-aio8.out, Error 1 +tst-cpuclock2.out, Error 1 +tst-timer.out, Error 139 +tst-robust8.out, Error 1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/convertlog.sh +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/convertlog.sh @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +if [ $# -ne '1' ]; then + echo -e "\nUsage: Converts a log-test-* file into a test-results-* file." + echo -e "$0 : < Input testsuite log file >\n"; + exit 1 +fi; + +echo '#' +echo '# Testsuite failures, someone should be working towards' +echo '# fixing these! They are listed here for the purpose of' +echo '# regression testing during builds.' +echo '# Format: , Error [(ignored)]' +echo '#' +grep 'make\[.*\]:.* \[/.*' $1 | sed -e's,^.*/,,g' -e 's/\]/,/g' | sort --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-ia64-linux-gnu-libc +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-ia64-linux-gnu-libc @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for ia64-linux-gnu-libc and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +tst-cpuclock2.out, Error 1 +tst-getcpu.out, Error 1 +tst-mutexpi4.out, Error 1 +tst-mutexpi5.out, Error 1 +tst-mutexpi5a.out, Error 1 +tst-mutexpi6.out, Error 1 +tst-mutexpi9.out, Error 1 +tst-oddstacklimit.out, Error 139 +tst-robustpi1.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi2.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi3.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi4.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi5.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi6.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi7.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi8.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi9.out, Error 1 +tst-timer.out, Error 139 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-arm-linux-gnueabi-vfp +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-arm-linux-gnueabi-vfp @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for arm-linux-gnueabi-vfp and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +bug-nextafter.out, Error 16 +bug-nexttoward.out, Error 16 +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +test-double.out, Error 1 +test-float.out, Error 1 +test-idouble.out, Error 1 +test-ifloat.out, Error 1 +test-misc.out, Error 1 + +# FIXME Ubuntu +check-textrel.out, Error 1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-sparc-linux-gnu-libc +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-sparc-linux-gnu-libc @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for sparc-linux-gnu-libc and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +tst-cancel20.out, Error 1 +tst-cancelx20.out, Error 1 +tst-cancelx4.out, Error 1 +tst-cancelx5.out, Error 1 +tst-cpuclock2.out, Error 1 +tst-eintr1.out, Error 1 +tst-timer.out, Error 139 + +# FIXME Ubuntu +tst-cancel1.out, Error 1 + +# FIXME gcc-4.4 +test-memchr.out, Error 1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-i686-kfreebsd-i386 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-i686-kfreebsd-i386 @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for i686-kfreebsd-i386 and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +test-ifaddrs.out, Error 1 +test_ifindex.out, Error 1 +tst-aio10.out, Error 1 +tst-aio4.out, Error 1 +tst-aio9.out, Error 1 +tst-cputimer2.out, Error 1 +tst-mknodat.out, Error 1 +tst-pselect.out, Error 1 +tst-timer4.out, Error 1 +tst-ttyname_r.out, Error 1 +tst-waitid.out, Error 1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-alphaev67-linux-alphaev67 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-alphaev67-linux-alphaev67 @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for alphaev67-linux-alphaev67 and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +noinl-tester.out, Error 1 +tst-cleanup2.out, Error 1 +tst-cleanupx2.out, Error 1 +tst-cpuclock2.out, Error 1 +tst-eintr1.out, Error 1 +tst-mutexpi4.out, Error 1 +tst-mutexpi5a.out, Error 1 +tst-mutexpi5.out, Error 1 +tst-mutexpi6.out, Error 1 +tst-mutexpi9.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi1.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi2.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi3.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi4.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi5.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi6.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi7.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi9.out, Error 1 +tst-signal3.out, Error 1 +tst-timer.out, Error 132 +tst-timer.out, Error 139 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-s390x-linux-s390x +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-s390x-linux-s390x @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for s390x-linux-s390x and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +tst-cpuclock2.out, Error 1 +tst-timer.out, Error 139 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-i686-kfreebsd-i686 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-i686-kfreebsd-i686 @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for i686-kfreebsd-i686 and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +tst-aio10.out, Error 1 +tst-aio4.out, Error 1 +tst-aio9.out, Error 1 +tst-mknodat.out, Error 1 +tst-cputimer2.out, Error 1 +tst-pselect.out, Error 1 +tst-timer4.out, Error 1 +tst-ttyname_r.out, Error 1 +tst-waitid.out, Error 1 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-mipsel-linux-gnu-libc +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-mipsel-linux-gnu-libc @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for mipsel-linux-gnu-libc and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +tst-audit1.out, Error 127 +tst-audit2.out, Error 127 +tst-cancelx4.out, Error 1 +tst-cancelx5.out, Error 1 +tst-cpuclock2.out, Error 1 +tst-robust1.out, Error 1 +tst-robust2.out, Error 1 +tst-robust3.out, Error 1 +tst-robust4.out, Error 1 +tst-robust5.out, Error 1 +tst-robust6.out, Error 1 +tst-robust7.out, Error 1 +tst-robust8.out, Error 1 +tst-robust9.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi1.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi2.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi3.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi4.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi5.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi6.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi7.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi8.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi9.out, Error 1 +tst-timer.out, Error 139 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-mips32el-linux-mipsn32 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/expected-results-mips32el-linux-mipsn32 @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +# +# Allowed failures for mips32el-linux-mipsn32 and the returned make +# failure number, indicating the signal the process died with. +# Format: , Error [(ignored)] +# +annexc.out, Error 1 (ignored) +bug-nextafter.out, Error 8 +bug-nexttoward.out, Error 8 +check-localplt.out, Error 1 +test-misc.out, Error 1 +tst-audit1.out, Error 127 +tst-audit2.out, Error 127 +tst-cancelx4.out, Error 1 +tst-cancelx5.out, Error 1 +tst-cpuclock2.out, Error 1 +tst-robust1.out, Error 1 +tst-robust2.out, Error 1 +tst-robust3.out, Error 1 +tst-robust4.out, Error 1 +tst-robust5.out, Error 1 +tst-robust6.out, Error 1 +tst-robust7.out, Error 1 +tst-robust8.out, Error 1 +tst-robust9.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi1.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi2.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi3.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi4.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi5.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi6.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi7.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi8.out, Error 1 +tst-robustpi9.out, Error 1 +tst-timer.out, Error 139 --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/testsuite-checking/compare.sh +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/testsuite-checking/compare.sh @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +if [ $# -ne '2' ]; then + echo -e "\nUsage: Compare a test-expected-* file and a test-results-* file." + echo -e "$0 : < Expected testsuite results > < Testsuite results >\n"; + exit 1 +fi; + +expected=$(tempfile) +results=$(tempfile) +grep -Ev '^ *$|^#' $1 | sort > $expected +grep -Ev '^ *$|^#' $2 | sort > $results + +REGRESSIONS=$(diff -wBI '^#.*' $expected $results | sed -e '/^>/!d;s/^> //g') +PROGRESSIONS=$(diff -wBI '^#.*' $expected $results | sed -e '/^= 3.80), dpkg-dev (>= 1.15.3.1), bzip2, lzma, file, quilt, + texinfo (>= 4.0), texi2html, + autoconf, sed (>= 4.0.5-4), gawk, debhelper (>= 5.0), + linux-libc-dev [!hurd-i386 !kfreebsd-i386 !kfreebsd-amd64], + mig (>= 1.3-2) [hurd-i386], hurd-dev (>= 20080607-3) [hurd-i386], gnumach-dev [hurd-i386], libpthread-stubs0-dev [hurd-i386], + kfreebsd-kernel-headers [kfreebsd-i386 kfreebsd-amd64], + binutils (>= 2.19-0ubuntu3), + g++-4.4, g++-4.4-multilib [amd64 i386 kfreebsd-amd64 mips mipsel powerpc ppc64 s390 sparc] +Build-Depends-Indep: perl, po-debconf (>= 1.0) +Maintainer: Ubuntu Core developers +XSBC-Original-Maintainer: GNU Libc Maintainers +Uploaders: Ben Collins , GOTO Masanori , Philip Blundell , Jeff Bailey , Daniel Jacobowitz , Clint Adams , Aurelien Jarno , Pierre Habouzit +Standards-Version: 3.8.2 +XS-Debian-Vcs-Browser: http://svn.debian.org/wsvn/pkg-glibc/glibc-package/ +XS-Debian-Vcs-Svn: svn://svn.debian.org/pkg-glibc/glibc-package/ +Vcs-Bzr: http://code.launchpad.net/~ubuntu-toolchain/glibc/eglibc-2.10-pkg + +Package: glibc-doc +Architecture: all +Section: doc +Priority: optional +Provides: glibc-doc-reference +Conflicts: glibc-doc-reference +Replaces: glibc-doc-reference +Description: GNU C Library: Documentation + Contains The GNU C Library Reference manual in info and html format + as well as the man pages for libpthread functions and the complete + GNU C Library ChangeLog. + +Package: eglibc-source +Architecture: all +Section: devel +Priority: optional +Description: Embedded GNU C Library: sources + This package contains the sources and patches which are needed to + build eglibc. + +Package: locales +Architecture: all +Section: libs +Priority: standard +Depends: ${locale:Depends}, debconf | debconf-2.0 +Conflicts: base-config, belocs-locales-bin, belocs-locales-data +Replaces: base-config, lliurex-belocs-locales-data +Description: GNU C Library: National Language (locale) data [support] + Machine-readable data files, shared objects and programs used by the + C library for localization (l10n) and internationalization (i18n) support. + . + This package contains the libc.mo i18n files, plus tools to generate + locale definitions from source files (included in this package). It + allows you to customize which definitions actually get + generated. This is a space-saver over how this package used to be, + with all locales generated by default. This created a package that + unpacked to an excess of 30 megs. + +Package: locales-all +Architecture: any +Section: libs +Priority: extra +Depends: ${locale:Depends}, lzma +Provides: locales +Description: GNU C Library: Precompiled locale data + This package contains the precompiled locale data for all supported locales. + A better alternative is to install the locales package and only select + desired locales, but it can be useful on a low-memory machine because some + locale files take a lot of memory to be compiled. + +Package: nscd +Architecture: any +Section: admin +Priority: optional +Depends: ${shlibs:Depends} +Description: GNU C Library: Name Service Cache Daemon + A daemon which handles passwd, group and host lookups + for running programs and caches the results for the next + query. You should install this package only if you use + slow Services like LDAP, NIS or NIS+ + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/control.in/i386 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/control.in/i386 @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +Package: libc6-i386 +Architecture: amd64 +Section: libs +Priority: optional +Depends: libc6 (= ${binary:Version}) +Replaces: libc6-dev-i386 +Conflicts: ia32-libs (<= 1.5) +Description: GNU C Library: 32-bit shared libraries for AMD64 + This package includes shared versions of the standard C + library and the standard math library, as well as many others. + This is the 32bit version of the library, meant for AMD64 systems. + +Package: libc6-dev-i386 +Architecture: amd64 +Section: libdevel +Priority: optional +Conflicts: ia32-libs-dev (<< 1.18) +Provides: lib32c-dev +Depends: libc6-i386 (= ${binary:Version}), libc6-dev (= ${binary:Version}) +Recommends: gcc-multilib +Description: GNU C Library: 32-bit development libraries for AMD64 + Contains the symlinks and object files needed to compile and link programs + which use the standard C library. This is the 32bit version of the + library, meant for AMD64 systems. + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/control.in/libnss-dns-udeb +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/control.in/libnss-dns-udeb @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +Package: libnss-dns-udeb +XC-Package-Type: udeb +Architecture: any +Section: debian-installer +Priority: extra +Description: GNU C Library: NSS helper for DNS - udeb + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C library + and the standard math library, as well as many others. + . + This package contains the DNS NSS helper needed for the Debian installer. + Do not install it on a normal system. + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/control.in/opt +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/control.in/opt @@ -0,0 +1,164 @@ +Package: libc6-sparcv9b +Architecture: sparc +Section: libs +Priority: extra +Pre-Depends: libc6 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: Shared libraries [v9b optimized] + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C + library and the standard math library, as well as many others. + . + This set of libraries is optimized for the UltraSPARC v9b ABI. It only + needs to be installed on UltraSPARC machines. If you install this on a + non-UltraSPARC, it won't even be used. + +Package: libc6-sparcv9v +Architecture: sparc +Section: libs +Priority: extra +Pre-Depends: libc6 (= ${Source-Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: Shared libraries [v9v optimized] + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C + library and the standard math library, as well as many others. + . + This set of libraries is optimized for SUN4V Niagara and derivative + processors. It only needs to be installed on machines using + SUN4V Niagara and derivatives. If you install this on a machine without + such chips, it won't even be used. + +Package: libc6-sparcv9v2 +Architecture: sparc +Section: libs +Priority: extra +Pre-Depends: libc6 (= ${Source-Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: Shared libraries [v9v2 optimized] + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C + library and the standard math library, as well as many others. + . + This set of libraries is optimized for SUN4V Niagara 2 and derivative + processors. It only needs to be installed on machines using + SUN4V Niagara 2 and derivatives. If you install this on a machine without + such chips, it won't even be used. + +Package: libc6-sparc64b +Architecture: sparc +Section: base +Priority: extra +Depends: libc6 (= ${Source-Version}), lib64gcc1 +Conflicts: gcc-3.0 (<< 1:3.0.4ds3-11), libgcc1 (<< 1:3.0.4ds3-11), fakeroot (<< 0.4.5-2.7) +Description: GNU C Library: 64bit Shared libraries for UltraSPARC [v9b optimized] + This package includes shared versions of the standard C library and the + standard math library, as well as many others. This is the 64bit version + of the library, meant for UltraSPARC systems. + . + This set of libraries is optimized for UltraSPARC-III and derivative + processors. It only needs to be installed on machines using + UltraSPARC-III and derivatives. If you install this on a machine without + such chips, it won't even be used. + +Package: libc6-sparc64v +Architecture: sparc +Section: base +Priority: extra +Depends: libc6 (= ${Source-Version}), lib64gcc1 +Conflicts: gcc-3.0 (<< 1:3.0.4ds3-11), libgcc1 (<< 1:3.0.4ds3-11), fakeroot (<< 0.4.5-2.7) +Description: GNU C Library: 64bit Shared libraries for UltraSPARC [v9v optimized] + This package includes shared versions of the standard C library and the + standard math library, as well as many others. This is the 64bit version + of the library, meant for UltraSPARC systems. + . + This set of libraries is optimized for SUN4V Niagara and derivative + processors. It only needs to be installed on machines using + SUN4V Niagara and derivatives. If you install this on a machine without + such chips, it won't even be used. + +Package: libc6-sparc64v2 +Architecture: sparc +Section: base +Priority: extra +Depends: libc6 (= ${Source-Version}), lib64gcc1 +Conflicts: gcc-3.0 (<< 1:3.0.4ds3-11), libgcc1 (<< 1:3.0.4ds3-11), fakeroot (<< 0.4.5-2.7) +Description: GNU C Library: 64bit Shared libraries for UltraSPARC [v9v2 optimized] + This package includes shared versions of the standard C library and the + standard math library, as well as many others. This is the 64bit version + of the library, meant for UltraSPARC systems. + . + This set of libraries is optimized for SUN4V Niagara 2 and derivative + processors. It only needs to be installed on machines using + SUN4V Niagara 2 and derivatives. If you install this on a machine without + such chips, it won't even be used. + +Package: libc6-i686 +Architecture: i386 +Section: libs +Priority: extra +Pre-Depends: libc6 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: Shared libraries [i686 optimized] + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C + library and the standard math library, as well as many others. + . + This set of libraries is optimized for i686 machines, and will only be + used if you are running a 2.6 kernel on an i686 class CPU (check the + output of `uname -m'). This includes Pentium Pro, Pentium II/III/IV, + Celeron CPU's and similar class CPU's (including clones such as AMD + Athlon/Opteron, VIA C3 Nehemiah, but not VIA C3 Ezra). + +Package: libc6-xen +Architecture: i386 +Section: libs +Priority: extra +Pre-Depends: libc6 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: Shared libraries [Xen version] + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C + library and the standard math library, as well as many others. + . + This set of libraries is optimized for the Xen hypervisor, and will be + selected instead when running under Xen. + +Package: libc0.1-i686 +Architecture: kfreebsd-i386 +Section: libs +Priority: extra +Pre-Depends: libc0.1 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: Shared libraries [i686 optimized] + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C + library and the standard math library, as well as many others. + . + This set of libraries is optimized for i686 machines, and will only be + used on an i686 class CPU (check the output of `uname -m'). This includes + Pentium Pro, Pentium II/III/IV, Celeron CPU's and similar class CPU's + (including clones such as AMD Athlon/Opteron, VIA C3 Nehemiah, but not VIA + C3 Ezla). + +Package: libc6-vfp +Architecture: armel +Section: libs +Priority: extra +Pre-Depends: libc6 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: Shared libraries [VFP version] + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C + library and the standard math library, as well as many others. + . + This set of libraries is optimized to use a VFP coprocessor, and will + be selected instead when running under systems which have one. + +Package: libc6.1-alphaev67 +Architecture: alpha +Section: libs +Priority: extra +Pre-Depends: libc6.1 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: Shared libraries (EV67 optimized) + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C + library and the standard math library, as well as many others. + . + This set of libraries is optimized for the Alpha EV67. It only + needs to be installed on Alpha EV67/68 and EV7 machines. If you install + this on an older machine, it won't even be used. + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/control.in/ppc64 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/control.in/ppc64 @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Package: libc6-ppc64 +Architecture: powerpc +Section: libs +Priority: optional +Depends: libc6 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: 64bit Shared libraries for PowerPC64 + This package includes shared versions of the standard C library and the + standard math library, as well as many others. This is the 64bit version + of the library, meant for PowerPC64 systems. + +Package: libc6-dev-ppc64 +Architecture: powerpc +Section: libdevel +Priority: optional +Provides: lib64c-dev +Depends: libc6-ppc64 (= ${binary:Version}), libc6-dev (= ${binary:Version}) +Recommends: gcc-multilib +Description: GNU C Library: 64bit Development Libraries for PowerPC64 + Contains the symlinks and object files needed to compile and link programs + which use the standard C library. This is the 64bit version of the + library, meant for PowerPC64 systems. + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/control.in/mips64 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/control.in/mips64 @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Package: libc6-mips64 +Architecture: mips mipsel +Section: libs +Priority: optional +Depends: libc6 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: 64bit Shared libraries for MIPS64 + This package includes shared versions of the standard C library and the + standard math library, as well as many others. This is the 64bit version + of the library, meant for MIPS64 systems. + +Package: libc6-dev-mips64 +Architecture: mips mipsel +Section: libdevel +Priority: optional +Provides: lib64c-dev +Depends: libc6-mips64 (= ${binary:Version}), libc6-dev (= ${binary:Version}) +Recommends: gcc-multilib +Description: GNU C Library: 64bit Development Libraries for MIPS64 + Contains the symlinks and object files needed to compile and link programs + which use the standard C library. This is the 64bit version of the + library, meant for MIPS64 systems. + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/control.in/amd64 +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/control.in/amd64 @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +Package: libc6-amd64 +Architecture: i386 +Section: libs +Priority: standard +Depends: libc6 (= ${binary:Version}) +Conflicts: amd64-libs (<= 1.2) +Description: GNU C Library: 64bit Shared libraries for AMD64 + This package includes shared versions of the standard C library and the + standard math library, as well as many others. This is the 64bit version + of the library, meant for AMD64 systems. + +Package: libc6-dev-amd64 +Architecture: i386 +Section: libdevel +Priority: optional +Depends: libc6-amd64 (= ${binary:Version}), libc6-dev (= ${binary:Version}) +Recommends: gcc-multilib +Replaces: amd64-libs-dev (<= 1.2) +Provides: lib64c-dev +Description: GNU C Library: 64bit Development Libraries for AMD64 + Contains the symlinks and object files needed to compile and link programs + which use the standard C library. This is the 64bit version of the + library, meant for AMD64 systems. + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/control.in/libnss-files-udeb +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/control.in/libnss-files-udeb @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +Package: libnss-files-udeb +XC-Package-Type: udeb +Architecture: any +Section: debian-installer +Priority: extra +Description: GNU C Library: NSS helper for files - udeb + Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on + the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C library + and the standard math library, as well as many others. + . + This package contains the files NSS helper needed for the Debian installer. + Do not install it on a normal system. + --- eglibc-2.10.1.orig/debian/control.in/s390x +++ eglibc-2.10.1/debian/control.in/s390x @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Package: libc6-s390x +Architecture: s390 +Section: libs +Priority: optional +Depends: libc6 (= ${binary:Version}) +Description: GNU C Library: 64bit Shared libraries for IBM zSeries + This package includes shared versions of the standard C library and the + standard math library, as well as many others. This is the 64bit version + of the library, meant for zSeries systems. + +Package: libc6-dev-s390x +Architecture: s390 +Section: libdevel +Priority: optional +Provides: lib64c-dev +Depends: libc6-s390x (= ${binary:Version}), libc6-dev (= ${binary:Version}) +Recommends: gcc-multilib +Description: GNU C Library: 64bit Development Libraries for IBM zSeries + Contains the symlinks and object files needed to compile and link programs + which use the standard C library. This is the 64bit version of the + library, meant for zSeries systems. +